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6000929277 


'« 


ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


AXD  OF 


SPELLING. 


4  • 


\, 


0 
* 


ERRORS   OF  SPEECH 


Ajsj>  or 


SPELLING. 


BT  THB  BIT. 

E.   COBHAM   BREWER,    LL.D. 

(fit  Vtiidtv  |$rQ»  CRinbxQigt)* 

AUTBOB  OF 

"ChUde  to  SHenee"  (iOO.OWHh}; 

"History  of  France"  {brought  down  to  the  preteni  year); 

"  Dictionary  qf  Phraee  and  Fable  **  ( 8rd  edition); 

"  Lee  Ph^nomhies  de  Tone  leeJoure"  (dedicated  by  authority  to  Napoleon  III., 

and  eanetioned  by  Mgnr.  Sibour,  Abp.  of  Parie); 

Jte.,^bo, 


yOLITME  I. 


ILontion  x 

WILLIAM    TEGG    AND    CO., 

PANOBIS  LANS,  OHEAPBISl. 

1877. 


/  • 


•»,  ■ 


•   1 


P&nraxD  ET  HoCosQuoDALa  aud  Go., 
Basotohaiji  Sxebkb. 


FREFACE. 


— ♦" 


Objzot  m  View. 

The  olj ect  of  thiB  Dietionttry  is  not  to  eoUeet  together  all  the 
words  employed  in  the  language,  nor  to  ftmuah  an  ezhaustiye 
list  ai  the  several  meanings  of  each  Woi:d,-*fcnt  simply  to  call 
iftfc^tion  to  errcnrs  of  speech  and  ispelling  made,  not  by  the 
oneduoated,  hM  by  those  who  Wsh  to  speak  ahd  spell  correctly. 

In  pursuance  of  these  oliJM^  the  {dan  adopted  is — 

1.  To  omit  all  words  wfaidi  Are  to  obvious  as  to  present  no 
difficulty  of  meanings,  spelling,  ot  pronunciation.* 

2.  To  supply  the  correct  spelling  and  pronunciation  of  every 
word  likely  to  be  looked  for  in  such  si^manual  as  this. 

3.  Xo  point  out  those  errors  in  spelling,  pronunciaty)n,  or 
nBe,  iSs  he  especially  guarded  against. 

4.  To  give  so  much  c^  the  meaning  of  each  Word  as  may 
suffice  to  identify  it  and  explain  its  general  use. 

5.  To  set  side  by  side  homonyms,  paronyms,  and  synonyms, 
that  they  may  be  readily  compared  aiid  correctly  applied. 

6.  The  plural  of  every  word  (except  those  which  add  s  or  -es) 
is  given,  the  feminine  of  evei^  masculine,  the  past  tense  and 
past  participle  of  every  verb,  the  degrees  of  comparison,  the 
changes  of  -y  into  4eSj  the  doubling  of  consonants,  and  every 
other  variation  which  a  word  in  its  different  phases  undergoes. 

In  carrying  out  the  scheme  some  repetition  has  been  made, 
with  a  vi0w  of  saving  the  searcher  that  tedious  and  most  un- 
satisfiEustory  task  of  turning  to  a  word  which  he  does  not  want, 
after  he  has  been  at  the  pains  of  finding  the  one  which  he 
requires.  As  a  dictionary  is  read  piece-meal  and  not  Consecu- 
tively, the  only  fault  of  these  repetitions  is  that  it  somewhat 
enlarges  the  bulk  of  the  book* 

*  Hie  eailier  letten  of  the  bt)6k  are  not  so  full  as  the  litter.  The 
origiiiid  intention  was  to  lindt  the  sLae  of  the  book  to  about  800  pagea. 


W  PREFACE. 

7.  Attention  is  called  to  all  outrages  of  spelling  and  c(ft^' 
bination;  but,  that  the  corrections  suggested  may  in  no  wi^ 
interfere  with  the  received  spelling  or  pronunciatLon,  fhej  8^ 
invariably  added  as  notes  in  a  smaller  Ijpe.  Thus  equerry  i^ 
pointed  out  as  indefensible  in  spelling,  rhyme  (meaning  tb^ 
clink  of  words  in  poetry),  indelihlet  inngUus  (from  the  German 
*'  hausenblase,"  a  sturgeon's  bladder),  impoathume  for  "  aposteme,*' 
infusible  (both  positive  and  negative),  pedometer  for  "podo' 
meter,"  defence  and  offence  for  "defense"  and  "offense,"  letUf 
and  lettuce t  marry  and  marriage^  manacles  for  "mamclee,"  mar- 
malade for  "  marmelade,"  ospray  for  "  osfiray  "  (the  bone-breakerX 
poMcnger  and  messenger,  with  scores  of  others.  Some  of  then 
errors  may  probably  get  corrected  after  attention  has  been  called 
to  them,  others  may  afford  amnsemeDt  or  gratify  literaiy  curiosity. 

8.  All  hybrids  are  noticed,  all  abnormal  derivations,  all  per- 
versions, all  blunders  of  philology,  all  inconsistencies:  fbr 
ezanipie—pro-ceed  with  -ceed,  and  pre-eede  with  -cede;  primo- 
geniture and  primo-genitor  for  "primi."  (Latin  "  prind-genitos,* 
&c.);  the  introduction  of  ^  in  the  middle  of  some  Greak  com- 
pounds and  its  omission  in  others,  as  philharmonie,  aphelion, 
diarrhaa,  philhellenist,  enhydrous,  &c.,  on  the  one  side,  and 
pan[h]oply,  ex[h}odus,  paTt[h}9rama,  anlh^omaly,  peri[h}od,  Ac, 
on  the  other.  In  some  instances  the  h  is  omitted  even  at  the 
beginning  of  a  word,  as  udometert  although  we  have  fiAy  other 
compounds  of  hudor  with  the  "h"  affixed,  apse  for  "hapse," 
erpetology  for  "herpetdogy,"  endeeagon  for  "hendecagon,"  and 
that  much  abused  word  eurika,  which  ought  to  be  "heurdka." 

Amongst  the  many  instances  of  perversion,  take  the  following 
from  the  French :'  connoisseurt  dishevel,  frontispiece,  lutestring, 
encore,  epergne,  furnish  (for  "  gamir"),  and  furniture  (for  **  mea- 
bles").  Some  of  these  perversions  are  too  well  established  to 
be  disturbed,  but  it  cannot  £eu1  to  amuse  the  curious  to  pry  into 
these  oddities. 

Our  hybrids  are  above  dOO  words  in  common  use:  witness 
octopus  (Latin  and  Greek),  grandson  (English-French  and 
English),  grand-father  (French  and  English),  Jn-monthly  (Latin 
and  English),  demisemi-quaver  (French,  Latin,  and  Spanish). 
In  regard  to  "grandfather"  and  "great-grandfiftther"  we  have 


I 


130  exeme,  as  «Ke6llent  irftds  existed  Ibr  those  relstionsIiipB 
before  the  oonqneet;  '*hi-m<mth]y''  If  retj  ofajeetionahle,  and 
"  oetopos*  IB  a  biHiider. 

BxziiosAev  ijn>  Dbbivatidh. 

Etymology  is  tito  tnusing  of  a  word  back  to  its  original  aonree, 
«od  sherwing  the  ethnologieal  ehanges  it  has  gone  through  in 
its  trarels  thenee  to  its  setdemeni  in  the  langaage  imdw  eon- 
BidelaaoB. 

DeriratieB  is  simply  showing  item  wh«t  sooree  a  peo^  came 
by  a  oertain  word,  regardleeB  of  any  more  remote  origin. 

Take  two  Tery  simple  iHastratioDS.  A  man  offers  me  some 
diannas,  snd  I  ask  him  wivare  they  oome  from,  he  replies  item 
his  own  garden.  TbaH  woidd  be  *' derivation''  if  aj^Hed  to 
langaage;  bat  if  he  wteilt  ialothe  tale  abont  lAonnas  and  the 
Mithridatic  war,  showinfg  that  the  Bomsn  general  transplanted 
tfaem  from  Oerasas  to  his  own  garden  at  Borne;  that  the 
Bomaoff  imp(»ted  the  tree  into  I^Niin,  where  the  word  was 
modzfted  into  eereza;  that  the  French  obtained  the  tree  ftt>m 
their  neighbours,  and,  hadng  the  letter  ir,  changed  the  word  to 
cm$e;  that  we  bonrowed  it  from  the  French,  and  called  the 
word  cherrUB:  this  wocdd  be  etymology,  more  or  less  raluable 
M  each  stage  of  the  process  eouH  be  prored  to  be  an  historical 
fMt;  but  for  everyday  life  the  sim|^  answer,  ^tbey  came  from 
my  own  garden,"  would  be  quite  sufficient,  and  the  learned 
disquisitbn  about  LaeoUus  and  his  wars  would  be  tedious  and 
out  of  place. 

So,  again,  a  labourer  named  Hetty  setfies  in  our  village,  and 
I  ask  a  neighbour  where  the  man  came  from. '  He  replies  from 
Singietcm,  the  other  side  of  the  Downs.  That  is  all  I  require. 
But  another  infi^ms  me  that  the  original  &mi3y  came  from  the 
terra  incognita  called  Arya,  somewhere  near  the  ancient  garden 
of  Eden,  and  that  the  word  may  be  distinctly  traced  in  all  the 
Aryan  family  <^  languages.  Thus  we  have  the  Gothic  hath, 
the  High  German  hadt  the  old  FranMsh  chad,  the  Celtic  ctxth 
in  Gathmor,  the  Scandinavian  Hoedhr  (according  to  Grimm). 
We  have  the  Catti,  a  warlike  tribe  of  Teutonic  origin,  Goto  and 
C(UitUu8  in  Latin,  Cadwalha  in  Welsh,  Chahot  in  French,  from 

b 


vi  PREFACE. 

the  Aryan  word  eod,  meaning  "war."  This,  again,  may  be  very 
well  in  its  place :  "  Fortasse  cnpressum  scis  simolare :  qnid  hoc, 
si  fractds  enatat  expes  naTibns  aero  dato  qui  pingitnr?"  This 
learned  parade  is  too  lengthy  and  too  emdite  for  the  purpose  in 
hand,  and  the  simple  answer,  "the  man  oomes  from  Singleton," 
is  all-safBicient. 

In  this  manual  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  trace  cherries  to 
Pontos,  or  the  name  of  the  ploughman  to  the  hypothetical 
Aryan  word  meaning  ''war;"  bat  to  give  a  fair  idea  of  the 
heterogeneous  character  of  our  language,  and  to  show  the  mean- 
ing of  words,  their  deriyation  is  given.  When  the  French  is 
a  modified  Latin  word,  or  the  Latin  a  modified  Ghreek  word, 
the  earlier  form  is  added  also;  but  no  unravelling  of  etymology 
proper  has  been  attempted,  except  indeed  when  the  change  of  a 
word  (as  sir  from  aruix,  a 'king)  tells  a  tale  startling  to  the  eye, 
but  obvious  the  moment  it  is  pointed  out. 

It  may,  however,  be  mentioned,  that  not  one  sin^e  derivation 
has  been  taken  on  trust,  everyone  has  been  verified  by  personal 
reference  to  some  well-established  dictionary  of  the  language 
referred  to,  be  it  French,  Spanish,  Danish,  Anglo-Saxon,  Latin, 
Greek,  or  what  not.  The  necessity  of  this  precaution  is  fax 
more  important  than  many  would  suppose;  for  not  only  have 
printers'  errors,  manuscript  *'  slips,"  and  authors'  blunders  been 
handed  down  from  dictionary  to  dictionary  in  a  most  incredible 
manner,  but  scores  of  words  have  been  coined  for  the  nonce, 
scores  of  others  have  been  tortured  in  spelling  and  meaning,  or 
dressed  up  so  as  to  make  Jacob  look  like  Esau,  while  not  a  few 
have  been  deemed  foreigners  which  belong  to  our  own  Anglo- 
Saxon  medley  of  words. 

Opening  the  first  English  dictionary  of  established  reputation 
at  hand,  a  dictionary  especially  praised  by  one  of  our  most 
reputed  Reviews  "for  its  accurate  and  very  excellent  deriva- 
tions," we  meet  in  one  page  taken  at  random  the  following 
specimens :  Gale  (Danish  paZui,  a  blast),  whereas  the  Danish 
verb  is  kuU  (to  blow),  and  no  such  word  as  "  galm"  exists  in  the 
language.  Gall  (to  fret)  is  said  to  be  the  French  gaUer,  but  the 
French  verb  is  gaUr  (to  scratch).  Gallon  is  given  (French 
0aUm)t  which  means  "  galoon,*'  and  should  be  galUm  with  double 


PREFACE.  vii 


2  as  in  English.  Oalley,  we  are  told  by  the  same  authority, 
is  Latin  gdleida,  a  word  most  certainly  not  Latin  at  all. 
Game  is  said  to  be  Anglo-Saxon  gan^an  (sport),  which  ought  to 
be  gamen.  Gaol  (Italian  gaiola),  a  word  contained  in  no  Italian 
dictionary,  the  nearest  to  it  is  gdio  (gay).  Garret  (French  garite); 
Bot  to  be  found,  bat  gaUta$  may  be  intended.  These  all  occur 
in  one  page.  Turning  over  the  leaves,  and  taking  the  words  at 
liap-bazard,  we  light  on  the  following :  Gloom  (German  gVumrn) ; 
but  no  snoh  word  exists  in  any  of  my  four  German  dictionaries, 
and  if  it  did,  the  obvious  derivation  is  our  own  gl6m.  Spigot 
(Italian  <pi^o,  a  spigot) ;  now,  it  is  very  true  there  is  an  Italian 
wozdfpi^,  but  it  means  "  lavander  "  or  "nard,"  and  the  word 
^  spigot  is  zipolo.  Lease  (French  laUaement);  no  such  word 
to  be  found,  the  nearest  to  it  is  lm8$e  (a  leash).  Loch  (Welsh 
Uwch,  a  lake) ;  but  the  Welsh  Uwch  means  "  dust,"  and  the  word 
oonesponding  to  "  loch  "  is  Uoc  (a  dam).  Quire  (French  quaier) ; 
no  snch  word  exists,  but  eahier  means  a  quire. 

It  would  be  mere  predantiy  to  go  further.  I  pledge  my  word 
that  these  extracts  are  copied  literaUy  and  exactly,  and  that 
BmOar  examples  may  be  taken  from  any  page  of  the  book.  Of 
eoorse,  I  cannot  mention  the  author's  name,  as  the  work  stands 
in  good  repute,  and  its  publishers  are  in  the  fore  rank  of  their 
profession.  When,  however,  it  is  stated  that  every  word  in  this 
Dictionary  has  been  personally  verified,  and  that  neither  the 
spelling  nor  meaning  of  one  single  word  has  been  tampered  with 
to  make  it  fit  the  occasion,  it  is  a  great  advantage,  which  may 
be  most  confidently  relied  on. 

A  goodly  number  of  the  "derivations"  difilBr  from  those 
nsaally  given,  but  therein  fancy  or  guess-work  has  had  no 
part.  The  word  "confervae"  is  usually  referred  to  the  Latin 
eonfervere  (to  boil  up),  but  the  connection  between  water-plants 
and  ebullition  is  not  obvious.  Pliny  teUs  us  these  plants  "were 
esteemed  cures  for  broken  bones,**  and  "  conferveo"  means  to  "knit 
together  broken  bones,"  a  good  and  sufficient  reason  for  the 
technical  term.  "  Psean  "  (a  hymn  to  Apollo,  and  applied  to  the 
god  himself)  we  are  told,  in  Dr.  Smith's  Classical  Dictionary,  is 
from  Paean,  the  physician  of  the  Olympian  gods ;  but  surely  it 
could  be  no  great  honour  to  the  Sun-god  to  be  called  by  the 


viii  PREFACS. 


name  of  his  own  vassaL  HemiBteifaidi  saggestn  paud  (to  make 
[diseaBee]  oease)  $  bat  paiOf  "  to  dart,"  seems  to  be  the  natural 
parent-word  of  the  "far-darter.**  Again,  the  nsaal  deriTadon 
of  ** mammy"  is  nrnm  (wax);  bat  Diodoras  Sicalas  says,  that 
"  the  pe<^le  of  the  BaleazJe  Isles  used  to  beat  the  bodies  of  the 
dead  with  ohibs  to  fendeit  them  flexibie,  in  older  that  they  might 
be  deposited  in  earthen  pots  ealled  mwnmaJ*  "Morgne  (a 
dead-house)  is  getmr^y  assoeiated  with  the  Latin  moT9  (death); 
but  Bouillet  tells  as  the  word  means  ifUage^  and  was  first 
applied  to  prison  vestibules,  wheM  new  criminals  were  placed 
to  be  somtinised,  that  the  prison  officials  might  familiarise 
themselves  with  the  fitces  and  igures  of  the  new  inmates. 
"Sky-lark"  (a  spree)  has  nothing  in  eommon  with  the  word 
Bhy.  It  is  a  contraction  of  **  Vtdsoi,"  by  which  the  Westminster 
boys  mean  "  snobs,"  and  a  *  sky-lark  "  is  a  lark  or  bout  with  the 
*8ci-men  or  thiet,  a  *^town  and  gown  row.^^  **  Lumber;"  one 
dictionary  gives  Uummet^  which  it  terms  "an  old  Dutch  word 
meaning  hmd»rAnce'**  anotlieer  gives  the  Anglo-Saxon  Uwna 
with  the  meaning  "  atenEBkb"  but  iAnb  only  meaning  of  ledma  is 
"  a  ray  of  light."  Lady  Morray  tells  t»  that  the  real  origin  of 
the  word  is  Iwrnhard  (a  pawnbroker's  shop,  originally  called  a 
"  lumber-room  "):  ^  They  pat  aU  the  little  plate  they  had  in  the 
lumber^  which  is  pawning  ft." 

Sometimes  the  analogy  between  ft  parent  woid  and  its  off- 
spring seems  so  very  remote  that  the  gMieral  reader  cannot 
trace  it:  the  missing  link  has  always  been  supplied  in  this 
Dictionary,  and  in  some  cases  thishas  brought  oat  informatkm 
of  a  very  mteiestmg  chaMotor.  ArehbieAiop  Trenoh  has  pointed 
oat  that  the  word  post  (immovably  fixed)  expresses  the  idea  also 
of  the  utmost  speed.  To  this  examine  many  others  equally 
curious  ar«  here  added:  thus,  "onion"  is  the  same  word  as 
union,  and,  strange  to  say,  both  are  equally  connected  with 
precious  peark.  ^'Complexion"  is  tiie  Latin  compUxum  (to  em- 
brace),  and  "eoKatenanee**  is  from  the  Latin  verb  Mnteneo  (to 
contain);  bat  it  is  by  no  means  obvious  at  isrst  sight  how 
"embraoe"  and  *'eontain"  oame  to  signify  the  "eolknat  and 
OTjimiiitiifn  of  the  fiMBe"  (»ee  complexion  and  distemper).  The 
KUj^iMi  of  ilowets  ȣferd  a  wide  fiefii  fbr  this  eariens  lore. 


^St^FACE. 


Speujno  Befobh. 

The  difficulty  and  Absurdity  of  oiur  fipelliDg  liaye  long  been  a 
very  general  complaint,  and  those  who  interest  themselves  in 
education  will  bear  witness  that  spelling  is  the  greatest  of  all 
stombling-blocks  in  examinations,  even  Lord  Byron  confesses 
*'  he  conld  never  master  English  orthography."  Many  devices 
haye  been  suggested  to  remedy  or  relieve  the  diffioolty,  bnt 
no  system  hitherto  projected  has  found  favour  with  the  general 
public 

In  all  spelling  refbraifl  three  things  are  essential  t  (1)  Nothing 
must  be  done  to  render  our  existing  literature  antiquated  and 
unreadable.  (8)  Nothing  must  be  done  to  render  etymology 
more  'obscure  and  intricate.  (8)  Nothing  must  be  done  which 
would  render  the  task  of  leaniing  to  read  more  laborious  and 
perplexing. 

Keeping  these  three  things  in  view,  much,  very  much,  might 
be  done  to  make  our  spelling  more  uniform  and  simple ;  and 
with  very  little  alteration  the  perplexity  of  pronouncing  words 
might  be  greatly  relieved. 

The  first  reform  in  spelling  should  be  to  abolish  all  printers' 
blunders  which  have  become  perpetuated,  all  wanton  caprices, 
and  all  needless  exceptions  to  general  rules. 

L  Take  those  words  derived  from  the  Latin  eedo  (to  go). 
Why  should  pro-ceed  be  spelt  one  way  and  pre-eede  another  ? 
No  reason  can  be  given  but  caprice.  The  twelve  examples 
belonging  to  this  class  of  words  should  be  made  to  conform  to 
one  uniform  pattern:  thus  aceeed,  anteeeed,  eonceed^  exceed^ 
interceed,  preceedt  proceed,  receed,  retroeeed,  seceed,  succeed^  and 
eeed.  The  termination  -ceed  is  preferable  to  -cede,  because 
the  word  would  remain  unchanged  throughout  all  its  parts, 
whereas  a  final  e  would  have  to  be  cut  off  with  some  affixes  and 
retained  with  others. 

"  Snpenede  "  Is  not  from  udo  to  go,  bat  tedeo  to  rit,  and  to  "  supersede  " 
Is  to  ait  above  another,  to  sit  in  a  higher  place  {Luke  xiv.  S-IO). 

IL  We  have  130  words  ending  in  e  mute  which  take  the 
suffix  -meatp  but  fiye  of  the  group  drop  the  "  e."    It  is  rather 


X  PREPACK 

curious  that  four  of  the  anomalous  words  are  examples  of 
e,  i,  0,  u  before  -dg,  as 

Acknowledg-ment  •  •  •  « before  -dg, 
Abridg-ment  •  •  •  •  •  i  bef oie  -dg, 
Lodg-ment  •  •  •  •  •  o  befpie  -dg, 
Jndg-ment «  before  -dg. 

The  only  other  exception  is  argtie,  which  makes  arffu-metd, 

ILL  The  next  class  of  words  needing  reform  is  much  larger. 
There  are  two  general  rules  which,  if  strictly  observed,  would 
do  much  to  simplify  our  spelling. 

(a)  Monosyllables  ending  in  one  consonant,  preceded  by  one 
Towel,  double  the  last  letter  when  a  suffix  beginning  with  a 
vowel  is  added :  as  "thin/*  thinn-er,  thinn-eBU  thinn-ed,  t^tmi-ing. 

(6)  Dissyllables  accented  on  the  last  syllable,  under  the  same 
conditions,  are  treated  in  the  same  way:  as  '*  defer',"  defeiY-edp 
deferr'-mgj  deferVer,  <fec. 

The  negatives  of  these  two  rules  are : — 

(e)  Monosyllables,  and  also  dissyllables-aceented-on-the-last- 
eyllable,  do  not  double  the  final  consonant  (1)  if  more  than  one 
vowel  precedes  it;  and  (2)  if  no  vowel  at  all  precedes  it:  as 
*' clear"  (more  than  one  vowel  before  the  final  consonant), 
hence  clear-&ty  elear-est,  cZear-ing,  cZ«ar-ed,  <fec.;  "blight"  (the 
final  letter  is  not  preceded  by  a  vowel  at  all),  hence  hright-Qv^ 
bright-est,  &q, 

^)  No  dissyllable  (even  if  it  ends  in  one  consonant  preceded 
by  one  vowel)  doubles  the  last  letter  on  receiving  an  affix,  unless 
the  accent  of  the  word  is  on  its  final  syllable :  thus  "  dif 'fer  " 
(although  it  terminates  in  one  consonant,  and  that  final  con- 
sonant is  preceded  by  only  one  vowel)  remains  unchanged 
throughout,  because  it  is  not  accented  on  the  last  syllable: 
•'  differ,"  differ-iag,  difjer-ed,  differ-er,  dt/'/er-ence,  &c. 

If  these  rules  could  be  relied  on  they  would  be  useful  enough, 
but  the  exceptions  are  so  numerous  that  the  rule  is  no  rule  at 
all.  The  first  palpable  observation  is  that  the  rule  will  not 
apply  even  to  the  most  favoured  examples :  thus  "  defer',"  it  is 
true,  makes  deferr^-mg,  deferr^'edf  <fec.,  but  it  has  only  one  r  in 
dif*er-mee  and  defer-en'tiaL  If  it  is  objected  that  the  accent 
I^^Jfui'disrer.enoe"  is  thrown  back  to  the  first  syllable  and  of 


PREFACE.  zi 

"deferen'tial'' is  thrown  fbrward,  the  reply  is  this,  fifty  other 

examples  ean  be  produced  to  show  that  accent  has  no  part  or 

lot  in  the  matter. 

We  have  nine  dissyllables  ending  in  p  not  accented  on  the 

last  syllable.  Six  of  these  preserve  one  p  thronghoat,  and  three 

of  them  doable  the  p  when  a  snfflx  beginning  with  ayowel  is 

added: — 

Ural  '*  goe'iip*  makes  goMipp-er,  QonXpp-^A,  gotHpp-ing,  goulpp-j, 
"Idd'oAp**  makes  hidnapp^er,  feidnapp-ed,  hidnapp-iag, 
"wox'ship''  makes  wonhipp-et,  «oraAlpp-ed,  loorsAipp-ingi 

Compare  with  the  aBo?e  the  following  examples  :— 

"  KWip,-  ^Kp-ed,  fiUip-big, 

"Gallop,"  gcUlop-ed,  ^ottop-ing,  gaUop-mSB,  &o. 

"ScaHop,"  aeaUop-edf  aeaUop-ing, 

"WaHop,**  lootlop-ed,  toaUop-tng,  wxUop-^r. 

"CDeJreFop,'*  [de]iM2op-ed,  idelvdop-iag,  Idejvelop-m. 

What  reason  can  be  given  why  the  first  three  of  these  words 
should  doable  the  p  and  the  last  six  shoald  not?  It  is  mere 
wantonness,  and  the  saperflaoos  p  of  the  first  three  words  oaght 
to  be  suppressed. 

^  The  case  with  words  ending  in  lis  still  worse.    There  are 

between  ninety  and  one  hundred  words  of  two  syllables  accented 

on  the  first  syllable  and  having  one  consonant  for  the  last  letter 

preceded  by  only  one  vowel.    Of  these  words  about  one-half 

conform  to  the  rule,  and  the  rest  are  a  rule  unto  themselves. 

For  example : — 

"E'qual'*  makes  equaU-ed,  equaH-ing,  and,  to  make  matters  worse, 
equcU'-itj,  although  the  accent  is  brought  to  the  last  syllable  of  the  simple 
word,  eguoMse,  eguoMsed,  e^uaMsing,  eqwU-iaer,  fto. 

"Mar'shal"  makes  tnar«ha{2-ed,  marthaU'tng,  fnarthaU-eit, 
"  SJg'nal "  makes  sigiuM-ed  and  ngnall-ing,  bat  aigjialriae,  Ao, 

Above  twenty  other  words  in  -al  do  not  double  the  I,  as : 

Brutal,  eamcU,  crystal,  feudal,  final,  formal,  frugal,  local,  loyal,  moral, 
regal,  tocial,  tpedal,  venal,  and  vocal.  To  these  add  capital,  federal, 
general,  lih&ral,  mineral,  national,  and  rcdional. 

%  Of  those  ending  in  ^el  some  fifty  double  the  I,  and  seven  or 
eight  do  not:  thus — 

*' An'geL**  makes  angel'-io,  angel'-ical,  &c. 

"Chi'sel"  makes  c^ue^-ed,  chisel-iDg,  chisel-er. 

**  Impan'nel"  makes  impamnel-ed,  impannel-tng,  but  not  panel 

"  Han'sel "  makes  hanad-ed,  hanad-iag. 


xii  PREPACK 

"PaiaUel"  XMtkm  jMrottoI-ed^  psuraJlMring, paeraXte^KJisi^sim,  &c. 

"Tea'sel"  makes  teasel-^,  t«a«eMng. 

"Gospel'*  makes  gospelUet,  but  ^Mpel-lse,  gotptMa&t,  &o. 

The  fifty  which  double  the  I  are-^ 

Apparel,  barrel,  chancel,  ehapel,  corbel^  eoumd,  cudgel,  driwi»  ^'^^* 
embowel,  entrammel,  flannel,  fuel,  gramel,  grovel,  Tiansel,  housel,  hovel, 
impail,  j&nbel,  kennel,  hemel,  label,  knirel,  level,  Hbel,  marvel,  model,  pangl, 
parcel,  pommd,  quuirrel,  ravtA,  revel,  rowel,  eentinel,  shovel,  eniixL,  spoMoel, 
ewvoel,  taseel,  Uauel,  Unael,  ttmnel,  tramm^,  t/roAkl,  vanM,,  vowel,  dca 

§  Of  the  dozen  words  in  -il  there  are  fonr  which  preserve  the 
single  I  throughout  and  eight  which  double  it.    The  four  are — 

"CivU,"  civil'-ian,  cii/iWst,  dviV-iij,  cii/iWse. 
"Devil "  (to  griU),  deviled,  devO-lng,  also  deriMsh,  demMsm. 
"  Fossil/' /oA^^lse,  /oMiMferous,  /o««iMst,  /oMtMsation. 
"Imperil,"  vmperil-%A,  imptriUing,  but  "peril,"  p«ul^ed,  periU-iag, 
and  to  make  the  matter  worse,  fteril-oiis,  perilHsn/iij, 

Those  which  double  the  I  tx&— 

"  Ar'gil,"  ovvilZ-aceons,  orgtill-Ueroas,  «rgri2Mte,  argiZMtif^  atyiU-oiis. 

**  Cavil,"  eavi{l-ed,  caviU-ing,  cavi^^er,  caviU-ouB. 

"Council,*  ODtmcill-or. 

"Pencil,"  pena{^ed,  perveUl-ij^^,  pendU-es, 

"Pedl,"  periXIr^  psrUI-ing,  but  2>erU-ou8,  ftc 

"Pistil,"  pi«t^Z^aceous,  j>i«<«{l-iferous,  i^tiU-ate,  ]>i«f{IMdImn. 

"StencU,"  8fenci2I-ed,  stefuKIMng,  steneill-er. 

"T^ranqufl,**  fran^ili'-ity,  tran'gutll-ise,  (ran^Mill-fser,  &e. 

§  Of  words  in  -ol  only  carol  doubles  the  2,  as  earo2l-ed, 
carolling,  caroll-Qt,  and  this  is  so  doubtful  that  some  diction- 
aries give  it  one  way  and  some  the  other;  gambol,  pistol,  and 
tymbol  retain  one  I  throughout. ' 

Nothing  can  be  worse  and  more  perplexing  than  this  uncer- 
tainty, but  nothing  could  be  more  simple  than  a  substantial 
reform  in  this  respect.  Bestore  to  the  simple  word  the  lost 
letter  where  it  is  due,  and  preserve  it  throughout;  but  where 
the  simple  word  has  but  one  consonant  do  not  foree  upon  it  a 
second  when  a  sufQx  is  added.  For  example,  earnl  (Latin 
cavill-or)  should  have  double  I,  but  counsel  (Latin  consul-o) 
should  have  only  one.  Similarly  gallop  (French  galop-er)  should 
have  only  one  p  throughout.  The  same  should  be  carried  into 
words  accented  on  the  final  syllable :  thus  excell  (Latin  excell-o), 
dUlM  (Latin  distOl-o),  (j^o.,  the  douhle  I  should  Ibe  restored  to 
LJtm  simple  word  and  preseryed  throughout 


M 


»  ... 


fBEFACK  xlH 


IV.  The  Aoct  simple  teforiQ  would  be  tOTeserve  the  pliural  -e« 
to  thoee  words  oiUy  with  whieh  it  makes  a  separate  syllable :  as 
church-es^  6ca;-es,  ^a«-es,  ta«A-6g;  notbing  ean  be  more  absurd 
than  thiev-es,  loav-es,  faalv-es^  beev-^s  (all  of  one  syllable.) 

$  All  noons  in  ^/»  exae/f^  thUf,  thieves,  make  the  plural  by 
adding  «:  as  belief ^s,  brief -s,  Mef-n,  elef-UtJief-Bt  grief -a^  reef^L 
Why  should  thief  form  an  exception?  ** Thief  is  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  thedf  or  thSf,  the  plural  of  which  was  thedfas  or  thifas 
(thie&);  and  as  th^e  was  no  v  in  the  language,  the  substitution 
of  v  for  /  is  most  reprdienaibld. 

W«  hsT6  the  word  &e^  the  fash  of  oxen  daln  for  fbo^  and  the  word 
heemu  liviiif  oxen,  te. ;  but  the  frenob  is  btmft  Imuftm 

§  In  -t/and  -iff,  -of  and  -off,  -uff  and  ^ulf^  with  those  in  -rf, 
the  plural  without  one  exception  is  formed  by  adding  -«:  as — 

Bailiff-B,  caitif-B,  ealif-B  (T),  eliff-B,  coif-Bf  mcutiff-a,  ptairUiff-^ 
Sheriff-B,  skiff-n,  tariff-B,  waff-B,  wh^'B. 
Hoof-B,  proof-B,  rtfproof-B,  rocf-B,  woof-B,  seoff-B, 
Cuff-*,  huff-B,  myiff-B,  puff-B,  ruff%  tni^ff-B,  stuff-B,  0u^-a 
Vwanf-B,  Bcarf-a,  wharf -b,  tw^f-Bp  iwrf-%, 

I  Except  *'  thief,"  thieves,  therefore,  all  the  nouns  in  /  men- 
tiooed  above  are  normal,  but  those  in  -af,  -aff,  and  -If  (except 
gulf)  are  all  abnormal.  Strange  enough,  all  these  nouns  are 
native  words,  not  one  of  which  makes  such  a  plural,  or  indeed 
ooold  do  so.    There  are  ten  in  all : — 

"Calf,"  edheB:  "half,"  halves;  "elf,*  ehes;  "eelf,-  sOtfes;  "ghelf," 

ah^ffes :  irolf ,  wolves, 
"Leaf,"  leaves;  "sheaf," sheaves;  "loaf,"  loaves;  "staff" (a  stick),  staves, 

but  not  staff  (a  body  of  menX  nor  yet  distaff. 

The  original  plural  of  these  words  was  -[fjas,  as  stafas, 
hldfas,  &c,  and  there  is  no  excuse  for  the  present  perversions. 

§  In  regard  to  -fe  the  case  is  worse,  and  even  more  absurd. 
We  have  six  nouns  with  this  ending,  four  native  and  two 
borrowed  from  other  languages.  The  native  words  are  knife, 
Ufe,  wife,  and  strife;  the  boxrowed  ones  are  fife  and  safe  (a 
eloaet). 

The  natite  words  have  for  theii  plurals  knives,  lives,  wives, 
(and  strifes) ;  the  aliens  have  fifes  and  safes.  The  origiual 
plural  of  knives  was  cnifas  Qmifs),  but  wif  and  lif  were  alike 


xiv  PHEFACB. 


in  both  numbers.    The  word  "  strife  "  is  a  oormption  of  $trltht 

plural  Btritfuu  (striths);  there  is,  therefore,  no  excuse  whatever 

for  the  change  of  /  into  v,  in  any  word  ending  in  -/e. 

V.  Come  we  now  to  the  plurals  of  nouns  ending  in  -o.   They 

somewhat  exceed  one  hundred,  and  may  be  displayed  under 

three  groups :  (1)  Musical  terms  and  terms  descriptive  of  the 

size  of  a  book.    All  these  are  Italian  words,  and  make  their 

plurals  by  adding  -« :  as 

Atto-9,  5CM90-8,  foIo-B,  flauto^,  pianuhB,  violoneello-B ;  ocmto-t,  nwuto-s, 
&o.,  with  /olioHi,  quarUMt,  octavo^  duodednuHt,  and  so  on. 

As  this  group  is  consistent  and  without  exception,  no  objection 
can  be  brought  against  it.  The  other  two  groups  are  about 
equal,  thirty-five  of  one  make  the  plural  in  s,  and  thirty-one  of 
the  other  in  -es. 

All  nouns  ending  in  -2o,  -«o,  -vo,  and  -o  after  a  vowel,  make 
the  plural  by  adding  •«,  with  one  exception,  viz.,  &u^a2o-es. 
Thus  we  have — 

Armadillo-a,  hdlo-E,  and  peeeadUlo-B  In  4o;  proviso-t  and  virtuosos  in 
'80;  bravo-B,  relievo-By  and  stdvo-B  in  -vo;  imbroglio-B,  nuncio-a,  oglio-»  or 
olios,  pistachios,  poiifolios,  punctilios,  ratios,  aeraglio-B,  studios^  en^ 
bryo-B,  euchoos,  &o.,  in  -o  preceded  by  a  voweL  To  these  add  six  in  'to, 
not  musical  terms  or  sizes  of  books,  vix.,  centos,  grottos,  juntos,  menM»- 
tos,  pinuntos,  and  gtiUtto-B,  with  all  snoh  proper  names  as  the  Catos. 
The  list  complete  would  contain  about  seventy  words. 

The  third  group  consists  of  thirty  words  which  make  the 
plural  in  -es,  and  there  cannot  be  a  doubt  that  the  e  of  these 
plurals  should  be  expunged.  It  serves  no  good  end,  and  is  in 
every  case  an  interpolation. 

Let  us  take  them  in  terminational  order:  (1)  -cho  and  -eo, 
as  echo,  calico,  fresco,  magnifico,  portico,  and  stucco  (all  having 
their  plural  in  -es).  Echo  is  Greek,  in  which  language  it  has 
no  plural;  in  Latin  it  is  the  fourth  declension,  echo  eckds,  and, 
of  course,  could  have  no  such  plural  as  echoes  ;  in  French  the 
plural  is  ichos.  What  right,  therefore,  has  this  word  to  the 
suffix  '68  f  "  Fresco,"  "  magnifico,"  "  portico,"  and  "  stucco  "  are 
Italian,  like  the  musical  terms  and  the  sizes  of  books,  and 
there  is  no  reason  but  caprice  why  they  should  deviate  fix>m 
those  words.  "Calieo"  is  probably  a  ooimption  of  "Calicut," 
Itfid  ought  also  to  be  deprived  of  the  e. 


PREFACE.  xr 

(2)  In  -do,  as  hravado,  irmuendOt  rotundo,  tornado,  and 
torpedo.  Of  these  "rotondo"  is  Italian,  often  written  rotunda 
in  English;  and,  to  show  our  spirit  of  contradiction,  the 
foreign  words  bravata  and  tomada  we^  make  *< bravado"  and 
**  tornado  ";  innuendo  and  torpedo  are  concocted  firom  the  Latin 
Terbs  innuo  and  torpeo,  so  that  none  of  these  five  words  has  the 
least  pretence  to  a  plural  in  -e*. 

3.  The  words  in  -go  are  cargo,  flamingo,  indigo,  mango,  sago, 
and  virago.  Of  these,  "cargo,"  "flamingo,"  and  "indigo," 
are  Indian.  '* Mango"  is  the  Indian- Talmndic  word  mangos; 
"  sago,"  the  Malay  word  sagu,  in  French  sagou ;  and  "  virago  " 
is  Latin,  the  plural  being  viragines.  So  that  none  of  these  six 
words  has  a  plnral  resembling  its  modem  English  form. 

4.  In  -no  the  only  examples  are  no-es  (persons  voting  "  no  "), 
aUnno-es,  domino-es,  and  volcano-ea.  Of  these  "  albino  "  is  spelt 
both  ways  in  the  plural,  dUnnos  and  albinoes;  "domino"  and 
"  volcano"  are  Italian ;  and  as  for  the  plural  of  "  no,"  if  this  is 
the  only  word  which  stands  out  we  must  write  no^s,  as  we  write 
I's,  m*s,  and  so  on. 

5.  In  -ro  there  are  four  words:  hero,  negro,  tyro,  and  zero. 
"  Hero,**  like  "  echo,"  is  common  to  Greek,  Latin,  and  French, 
in  aU  which  languages  the  singular  is  heros.  Probably  we 
borrowed  the  word  from  the  French,  where  the  s  is  silent,  but 
there  is  not  a  tittle  of  authority  for  heroes.  As  for  "  negro  "  and 
"zero,"  they  axe  Italian;  and  "tyro,"  the  Latin  word,  has 
tyrones  for  its  plural. 

We  have  now  gone  through  every  word  ending  in  -o,  except 
six,  and  can  find  no  reason  why  the  plural  of  all  should  not  be 
f .  By  this  uniformity  an  enormous  difficulty  of  spelling  would 
be  removed,  nothing  would  be  lost,  and  every  word  would  be 
consistent  with  its  original  form. 

The  six  remaining  words  are  those  ending  in  -to.  Of  the 
twebre  words  with  this  termination,  six  go  one  way  and  six 
another.  We  have  already  noticed  the  words  eento-s,  grotto-s, 
juntos,  mamentO'S,  pimentos,  and  stilettos ;  the  remaining  six 
are  manifesto-es,  mosquito-es,  motto -es,  mulatto-es,  potato-es,  and 
tomato-es.  Three  of  these  are  Spanish,  "  mosquito,"  "  mulatto," 
and  "tomato";   two  are  Italian,  "motto*'  and  "manifesto"; 


xvi  PREFACE. 


and  the  sixth  is  a  OQrruption  of  the  Amerioan-Iixdian  word 
baUUai*  In  eyery  case  the  Bn£9x  -es  is  an  abomination.  In 
every  case,  therefore,  it  is  a  violation  of  correct  spelling,  an 
anomaly  in  English  orthography,  where  -€$  should  be  limited  to 
words  ending  in  s,  sh,  -^h  (soft),  and  -x  (with  the  single  word 
topaz-ea  in  -z) ;  it  introduces  great  oonfnsion  and  difficulty ;  has 
not  one  single  excuse ;  and  ought  to  be  aboUshed.  To  use  the 
words  of  Lord  Xytton,  it  may  be  fairly  said  '^such  a  ^stem  of 
spelling  was  never  concocted  but  by  the  Father  of  Falsehood," 
and  we  may  ask  with  him,  "  How  can  a  system  of  education 
flourish  that  begins  with  [such]  monstrous  ffilsehoods  "t 

Indivldual  Lettebs. 

A  &W  words  may  here  be  added  respecting  individual 
letters : 

(1)  c.  This  Latin  and  French  letter  is  one  of  the  greatest 
pests  of  our  language.  It  does  diity  for  c,  f ,  and  k,  and  often 
drives  us  to  vile  expedients  to  determine  its  pronunciation. 
Thus  we  have  the  word  "  traffic,"  but  cannot  write  trc^ed  and 
trafficingt  because  c  before  -e  and  -i  ss «,  and  therefore  we  are 
obliged  to  interpose  a  h.  Why  in  the  world  did  we  drop  the  k 
instead  of  the  c  in  the  word  tradg^k  f  If  we  had  dropped  the  e 
all  would  have  gone  smoothly,  "traffik,"  trekked,  traffiking, 
but  printers  have  set  up  their  backs  against  the  letter  k,  and 
hence  the  spelling  of  the  language  is  tortured  to  preserve  a 
faneiM  uniformity  of  type. 

A  sinular  intrusion  of  e  for  «  is  fSso:  more  serious.  We  have 
only  six  words  ending  in  -eme,  but  above  220  in  -etic«.  Here 
the  c  is  an  intruder  and  ought  to  be  turned  out.  The  six 
words  are  con-demey  dis-perue,  ex-pense,  im-menae,  pre-peme,  and 
recom-pense.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  «  in  all  these  words  is 
radical,  and  cannot  be  touched;  but  what  of  -encef  Take  a 
few  examples  at  random,  **  acquiescence,"  why  not  acquieaeme 
(Latin  acquiescens)?  "adolescence,"  why  not  adolesoerue  (Latin 
adolescens)?  "cadence"  (Latin  cadena)^  "coalescence"  (Latin 
eoaUacena),  "decence"  (La,im  decena)^  "efflorescence"  (Latin 
^ffloreacena)t  "innocence"  (Latin  irmocem),  "licence"  (Latin 
Upim),  "precedence"  (Latin  precedena),  and  so  on.    In  other 


PREFACE.  ZTii 

cases  th«  --ee  reprearaits  the  Latia  -tia  as  n^gn^fteetiM  (Latm 
magnificeiitiA),  fimn(/lc«iiM  (Latin  moidfieentia),  in,,  bat  it 
would  be  no  outrage  to  spell  these  words  magn/yiewMt  snd 
wmnificemet  for  f  is  as  near  to  **  t"  as  « is^  if  not  nearer. 

Another  intrusion  of  c  is  its  being  made  to  do  duty  for  &  in 
Greek  words.  If  the  Greek  k  were  preserved  it  would  tell  the 
^e  at  a  glance  <^  nationality  of  the  word,  whereas  the  c  gives 
no  eertain  cue.  Thus  kardiak^  hriUriom^  hritik  would  label 
the  words  "  Greek  "  in  origin ;  but  cardiac^  crileriont  and  criHe 
may  be  Latin,  Ekeaoh,  or  pcorverted  Gveek.  Nothing  ean  be 
worse  than  the  double  sound  of  this  letter,  wbioh  is  some> 
times  s  f ,  and  sometimes  »  1u 

(9)  A  similar  aecusation  lies  against  the  letter  g  wfaieh  some- 
times is  soft  and  sonvetimes  hard,  and  bence  we  are  driven  into 
all  softs  of  shifts  to  make  it  speak  an  articulate  language.  For 
example :  fatigu-ing,  pltf^t^ng,  leagu-Hg,  We  are  obliged  to 
preserve  the  useless  letter  u  in  order  to  keep  the  g  from  contact 
with  the  i  when  it  would  lose  its  hard  sound  and  » J.  We 
might  spell  fittigue,  plague,  and  leagoe  without  the  absurd  'Ue, 
but  g  before  e  and  t  is  general^  soft,  and  therefore  -ed  and  -ing 
mi^  alter  its  sottod.  Here,  however,  we  are  ineonsisteBt  in 
inconsistency,  for  we  find  no  difficulty  in  begin  and  givt,  Hnging, 
g€ar,  and  get. 

Then  again,  why  has  g  thrust  itself  into  such  words  as  Ught, 
hrightt  night,  sight,  rough,  tough,  and  so  on?  It  does  not  exist 
in  the  original  forms  and  is  a  gross  saleciBm.  Niht,  briht,  siht, 
would  be  §BX  better  and  more  normal^  and  as  for  the  other  two, 
rouh  and  touh  would  do  as  well  as  rough  and  tough,  although  it 
must  be  confessed  that  "xuf"  and  **taf"  would  express  the 
sound  attached  to  these  words  better  than  either  of  the  other 
combination  of  letters. 

(3)  The  final  -e  added  to  words  for  the  sake  of  lengthening 
the  preceding  vowel  is  certainly  one  of  the  cluiosiest  contriv- 
ances which  could  be  devised,  and  quite  as  often  fails  «f  its 
duty  as  not:  thus  live,  give,  festive :  come,  haxe,  love;  gemUmt 
sterile,  handsome,  vine-yard,  examine,  destine,  respite,  discipline, 
and  hundreds  more  are  a  standing  protest  against  this  use  of 
the  letter  for  such  a  purpose.    How  much  better  would  it  be 


acviii  PREFACE, 


to  reintrodaoe  the  accents  of  our  older  forms,  and  write  llf  for 
life,  Uv  for  live  (1  syl.);  mU  for  mile  and  mil  or  mill  for  mlU; 
$W>  for  stile  and  stil  or  still  for  stIU. 

%  As  onr  alphabet  now  stands,  we  are  wholly  nnable  to 
express  certain  sounds.  Thus  no  combination  of  letters  can 
give  the  correct  pronunciation  of  such  simple  words  as  these : 
$pirit,  merits  psalm,  ptus^  push,  put,  foot,  only,  bosom,  whose, 
puU,  fuU,  rule,  qualm,  pudding,  pulpit,  "bush,  prorogue,  rogue, 
fugue,  rugged,  waiter,  calf,  calve,  half,  halve,  sugar,  loaves, 
sheath,  wreath,  beneath,  show,  woman,  and  hundreds  more.  Let 
any  one-  try  to  express  by  letters  the  sound  we  give  to  full  and 
put,  and  show  the  difference  between  full  and  hull,  put  and  hut, 
and  it  will  be  presently  seen  how  difficult  the  task  is.  Or  let 
anyone  try  to  express  the  sounds  attached  to  woman  and  water, 
spirit  and  merit,  pulpit  and  bush,  and  the  necessity  of  some 
more  definite  vowels  will  be  readily  acknowledged. 

Phoneho  SPELLiNa. 

Many  schemes  have  been  projected  of  late  years  to  simplify 
our  spelling  by  making  sounds  the  ruling  principle;  but  there 
are  many  grave  objections  to  all  these  systems.  First  and  fore- 
most any  material  alteration,  such  as  these  systems  contem- 
plate, would  render  our  existing  literature  antiquated  and 
unreadable,  except  as  a  dead  language,  an  evil  which  no  literary 
man  would  sanction.  Next  it  would  fossilise  our  present 
system,  as  if  it  were  already  perfect,  and  perpetuate  errors 
which  are  not  now  immutable.  Those  who  have  lived  for  half 
a  century,  have  seen  numerous  reforms  in  the  spelling  and 
pronunciation  of  words,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that 
we  have  yet  arrived  at  the  period  of  verbal  petrifeustion. 

A  third  great  objection  is,  that  it  not  unfrequently  obscures 
the  derivation,  but  the  great  tendency  should  be  the  other  way. 
The  gnly  fixed  principle  in  language  is  the  parent  stock  of 
words,  and  the  only  plan  to  make  words  living  symbols  of  ideas 
IB  to  show  from  what  "  stock"  they  spring,  and  how  the  present 
meaning  has  arisen  from  the  parent  or  cognate  word :  thus  hare 
and  hair  are  pronounced  exactly  alike,  but  one  is  the  Anglo- 
Bklovl  har,  and  the  other  hara;  so  with  reed  and  read  (redd 


PliEFACK  Tdx 

and  r^^Qia[)^  mare  and  mayor  fmearh  and  Spanish  mayor), 
with  hundreds  more.  If  any  reform  were  made  in  snoh  words 
as  these,  it  shonld  not  be  to  make  them  more  alike,  alike  to  the 
eye  as  well  as  to  the  ear,  but  to  make  them  speak  a  more 
definite  and  articulate  language  by  bringing  them  back  more 
dosely  to  the  primitiye  words,  and  not  to  perpetuate  the  notion 
that  they  are  identical  in  derivation  as  they  now  are  in  sound. 
Before  any  word  is  fossilised  by  phonetic  spelling,  we  should 
feel  quite  sure  that  no  existing  or  ftiture  scholar  either  will  or 
can  imisroYe  upon  the  form  isropoeed ;  for  my  own  part  I  believe 
that  many  of  our  words  are  at  present  in  a  transition  state,  and 
that  the  tendency  of  the  age  is  to  reduce  them  more  and  more 
to  their  etymological  standard,  and  to  pronounce  them  more 
and  more  according  to  the  letters  which  compose  them* 

Old  English* 

Some  reason  may  be  expected  for  the  rather  unusual  substi- 
tution of  "  Old  English  **  in  this  dictionary  for  what  is  more 
generally  termed  **  Anglo-Saxon."  The  main  reason  is  to  force 
upon  the  attention  the  great  fact  too  often  overlooked,  that 
our  language  is  English,  substantially  English,  and  that  even 
numerically  considered  it  is  still  English.  In  the  dictionary 
referred  to,  "  so  highly  commended  by  certain  reviewers  for  its 
etymQlogy,"  not  a  twentieth  part  of  the  words  belonging  to  us 
have  been  acknowledged,  but  they  have  been  fathered  on  the 
Greek,  German,  Dutch,  Persian,  and  often  on  tongues  still  more 
remote.  The  use  of  the  term  Saxon  or  Anglo-Saxon  helps  to 
&vour  the  notion,  by  no  means  uncommon,  that  we  have  no 
words  of  our  own,  but  that  every  word  has  been  imported,  and 
Latin,  Greek,  Hebrew,  and  Arabic,  are  often  most  cruelly  tortured 
to  account  for  a  word  well  known  to  our  forefathers  before 
Harold  fell  at  Hastings. 

Again,  the  language  of  England  before  the  introduction  of 
the  Norman  element  was  not  English  and  Saxon,  as  the  word 
Anglo-Saxon  implies,  nor  yet  English  Saxonised.  One  element, 
no  doubt,  was  Saxon,  but  other  elements  were  Keltic,  Latin, 
Danish,  and  Gallic. 

By  Old  English  is  meant  the  English  language  as  it  existed 


zx 


BREFAClSi. 


before  thfr  introduetkm  of  tiM  Noimfltn  irietnent,  and  no  posGnble 
confttdon  can  aiise  &ot&  tlris  nsd  Of  th6  tem,  as  aU  words  due 
dire&dy  to  tlie  Conquest  tm^  tended  Po^  N&rman,  those  later 
down  are  termed  tMdiaval,  and  those  stfll  later  nrehaie. 

It  is  not  nniunial  to  divide  the  langooge  into  flye  periods  :— 

1.  Old  EiroLisH  dovm  to  the  middle  of  the  twetfOt  oentny  (say  1160).'     . 

5.  TEAHinzDwBv(iuBli,wIuiDlliBoldteadiwti«iswer«strags^ii^       i- 
existenoe  and  onlj  those  best  snited  to  the  langnage  snndyed  CU60-1260). 

3.  Eablt  Enoluh,  from  1250  to  the  Beformation  (say  1620). 

4.  MiDDLB     ,t      from  Oie  Sefonnsctfon  to  Milton'^  death  (152S-1674X 

6.  MoBnair  SinaiiiB,  flrem  MMton'a  ^toatb  to  the  pnaoait  tknac 

The  following  taMe  vfiU  akow  tfte  proportion  of  EngUah,  French^ 
Latin,  Qreek,  and  other  vtordt  in  the  langua§4. 

This  (fiotionaiy  oontidns  17,497  distinct  fionllies  of  words. 
Of  these  groups  or  families  of  words— 

3031  are  English. 

3505  are  borrowed  from  the  French. 
4025  are  borrowed  firom  tiie  Latin. 
2098  are  borrowed  from  the  Greek. 

146  are  English  taken  from  the  Latin  before  the  Conquest 
1862  are  from  miscellaneous  sources,  as  Welsh,  Dutoh,Q«rman. 

211  are  hybrid. 

541  are  from  proper  names. 
37  are  words  in  imitation  of  sounds,  Hke  cuckoo. 
91  are  MedisBYal  or  XiOw  Latin. 


17,487  Total. 


PREFIXES  AND  PRENOUNa 


PMfixes  and  pranoiins  may  be  added  to  words  beginning 
either  with  a  Yowel  or  with  a  consonant. 

When  a  prenonn  is  added  to  a  word  beginning  with  a  vowel, 
the  general  mle  is  to  take  the  genitive  case  of  the  word 
prefixed  withont  its  termination ;  bat  when  added  to  a  word 
beginning  with  a  comonarU  the  vowel  of  the  termination  is  left 
to  form  a  vinculnm:  Thns,  from  the  Greek  "d^mos"  (the 
people)  gen.  dimau,  we  get  dem-agogue  and  demo-eracy ;  from 
the  Latin  "Inmen**  (lig^t)  gen.  luffdinif,  we  get  Vwmin-Bij  and 
iufiitnt-feroas. 

In  Greek  words,  most  nnlbrtonately,  we  convert  " n"  into  y, 
and  "k"  into  c,  after  the  Latm  and  French  method:  For 
example,  ''martur"  (a  martyr)  gen.  martwoi,  gives  mariyrAom. 
and  more^o-logy;  "anthrax"  (a  coal)  gen«  <mthrako9,  gives 
antAroc-erpeton  and  antM'oeo-saaras. 

C'Ch**  if  a  dirtfaictduuncter  in  Greek  (written  thufx):  "th^iialMS 
dittfnct  character  which  existed  in  Analo-Saxon.  but  unhappily  has  been 
dropped  oat  of  use.  How  very  desirable  it  would  be  to  have  two  disUnct 
diaractas  for  iK  (soft)  uid  ih  (hard),  as  in  <A«  and  iMnk.  In  this  Dictionary 
the  chmracter  r  has  been  introdnoed  for  the  hard  letter. 

IrregnlaiitieB.  (L)  In  the  first  Greek  declension  the  final 
vowel  is  changed  to  o.  In  the  first  Latin  dedension  the  final 
vowel  is  changed  to  i. 


(1)  Greek  aitea 

oephalS 

h6ra 

Id&t 

phonS 

phnsa 

psuchS 

rhi26 

sphafza 

■eltad 

dda 

staphul6 

tec^nS 

trachflia 


»9    *aa 


-as 


etio-logy 

ceidudo-pod 

horo-soope 

Ideo-loor 

phono-logy 

physo-gcade 

psycho-logy 

rhiao-pod 

spheio-meter 

seleno-graph 

sdo-maney 

staphylo-raphy 

tecnno-logy 


wwHKu*      ,.    -»•       tracheo-tomy 
(Exception:  ** iMoT  tfOL  UukU,  thekarphore.) 


palma 

if 

peB&a 

>f 

l)6tra 

» 

pinna 

»> 

rota 

M 

Beta 

tt 

spina 

It 

xxii  PREFIXES  AND  PREN0UN8. 

%  The  older  font  oC  the  gen.  case  of  the  first  Latin  declension 
was  'Oi :  as  "  musa"  (a  song)  gen.  musai;  the  "  ai"  ig  generally 
written  a,  bat  in  prenouns  it  is  written  i. 
(2)  Latin  mamma  gen,  -a  (tor  -ai) 

-89  (for  -ai)      palmi-f eroiu 
-89  nbt  -fti)      |)6nni-f OiAa . 
-89  nbt  -ail       petii-Qr 
*  -89  (for  -aiS      pinni-ped 
(for  -at)      roti-fer 
m»r^«i)       seti-ferons 
•«9  (for -ai)       spini-feroiu 
(Exception:  "aqiia'*  gen.  a^uo;,  aqne-duct.) 

(ii.)  The  <fU  K>f  th^  fteoond  Gteek  dedeniiob'  Jb  scnnetfines 
changed  toi:  as  "OMhot"  gem  archou  gives  oroM-p^ago, 
€Tchirtjdct,  but  not  generally,  hence  from  "dainos"  gen..detm>u 
we  get  fl^nno-therium ;  "autos"  gen.  autou  giyes  aiOo-crat; 
mruto$  gen.  amtou  gives  am to-cracy,  <&& 

If  The  "i"  of  the  second  Latin  declension  is  in  some  few 
examples  converted  into  o:. — 

(20  pianos*  (adj.)  phml       plano-concaye 

primtiB    „     priud'     ptimorgeultnre 
&e.  Ac: 

All  snch  words  are  barbarisms:  We  have  the  Latin  fhrnMaqnoM^ 
jptoni-pedia,  ptoni-pes,  pkmi-txiAo,  and  even  in  English  ptoni-sphere. 

Again,  jirimo-genftiis  1^  debased  lAVtH;  dobrottses  |>rifni*^ala,  Vano 
]}rftni-gfniiu,  Lnoretiiu  prAmirgenvs,  then  wa  have  primifMnk  prteti- 
pilaris,  pritiM-pUns,  &c 

IT  The  -48  of  the  foucth. Latin  declension  is  a  contraction  of 
-uU :  as  "  flactus"  (a  wave)  gen.  JIuctuis-  contracted  to  ^fiuet^. 
The  vinculum  vowel  of  this  declension  seems  to  have  puzzled 
bur  word-minters,  and  hence  from  mamts  (a  hand)  we  have 
inona,  mani,  and  manu;  as  mana-de  (a  disgracefal  word,  Latin 
manica}y.  mani-f est,  mofm-faoture ;  bat  tdie  general  vowel  for 
this  declension  is-  -i-^ 

(4)  fractns  gen.  frnctils  (tor  fruduU)      frncti-ibr 

maniis    „    manfia  (for  taat^is)       Baiil-fasfc 
risns       „    ristls     (forritfuia)  riai-hle 

IT  Latin  words  with  Greek  endings  generally  take  o  for  the 

vinculum — 

(5)  lao  gen.  nMtts  lact<»4neM»       5^ftergaAHSbo-BMter 
muscns  ,,  musd  mnsco-logf  „  mosco-logy 
noz  „  Boetls  nocto-graph  „  nncto-graph 
oleum  ,,  del  oleo4Mccharam     „  elsao-sacchanun 
pes  „  pedDi  pedo-meter  „  podo-meter 
pomnm  „  pomi  pomO-logf 

sonus  „    BCfid       sono-meter  „     phono-meter 

spectrum    „    spectlrl    spectro-seope 
(Exception:  "pofiuri-seope.'*   This  would  be  lietter"polaro-scope.'0 

IT  The  usual  vinculum  vowel  b^re  "-pie"  is: 

(6)  centum   -    eantu-pla 
Goto  octn-ple 
quadra-        quaMhr»>de 


quinti*-       quintu-ple 
seztu*        sextu-ple 
septam      septu-ple 


(Bzcepuon : .  "vani^pto."    This  iam-LatlB  iaconairttnogr :  waim-p2etium, 
a handfnii  and  mamirjpuliu,  a handfuL) 


PMnts^  Aim  fifaifOUimsL 


jam 


IT  Most  weeds  of  Modem  inHiiiifwiiUlif  act  derired  from 
classic  soarees,  «r  if  j<iined  tngetliMr  hf  A  l^yplien,  take  the 
vowel  o  ht  the  rinetumn — 

(7)  afauio^en,  F^.  aMm  •tmn  Gothioo-lAtliiiui 

Ai|^>4Mbaw  Lsaaib-Att|lkitt 

Ansteo-PmaiMt  niMO-Qottle 

Iteaev-Praniaa  polttioM«Ugioisi 

f  ^be  Ibflowiag  am  almonnal  or  <ion£rmctdd  forms-^ 

(8)  «iiti- ybr  auto'  atatlKsiitato 

birybrW-  ba-lanoe 

Off'  /iyf  <ileo^  or  orc^       ort^a&tttai 
^tttiK/^  penM* 

Mlf^o*  ^br  solpfaik' 
iMMdiO^  ^br  pseudao- 
tscx>-/tfrtazeo- 

f«n^>bfteEToxf•  iwfi4>ia 

IT  Three  pmftx^d  words  aro  v«rj  ■Bcertaia  in  the  vikMmkiin — 
««"<"™^  cenfl,  centft :  oeMtuia-vlrt  oeliM-pedtt,  caMte-pIe 

nuuMia,  mana^  maai,  &a&ii :  mJEHux-cle;  nkMii-ple,  rtloa»acilpt 


sal|du>*vtad0 
^aaado-^prophti 


PuMixEs  AUD  Pftin^cnis. 


Eo^k  <^  f!roni»  ativy         ••       •• 
Eng.  if,  Intensiya  . .        •« 

Bag;  (t/^  intanaiTe 

^.0/ of,  off 

luDg.  -on,  xtpw^  ttte,  on  . . 

Bog-fe^      ^ 

Lat.  a,  from  (before  -m  and  ■^).. 
Lat  a[(ii,  i^lo^np 
a-J  6k.  a,  without,  negative 
a-  1ft.  a,  to,  for'sn  end- 
ab-  Lat.  a5,reBMiv«llroni,  contrary  to 
abe-  iM.  miUf  ttom  (before  -e  and  -0>  • 
ac-  Lat.  OG  for  dd^  to  (before  -c)     . . 
aero-  Ok.  dkroa,  upwards        . .        .v 
aetiiUH  Oikt,  ccktin  geai.  aktlnoSf  a  ray   .. 
ad-  Lat.  od,  to  •«        ..        ••        •• 
BMuy-  &k.>a(tJUn,  huninoaity  .. 
aeri-  Lat  aer  goa;  aMs,.  air  . .        •• 
Ok.- o^  gaik -aM)s,  air   «, 
afM  Lot.  -4A  Imr  iKi  (before  •/)' 
after-  Eng.  (s/Ker  ..        .■.        ^, 
%^  Lat.  tdgtinad  (before  -g) 
agahnato-  6k.  ogafomi  gem  -matoi,  deUgl^ 
agap6-  6k.  ag&pi,  brotkerly  love 
agatho^  6k.  cUs^thos^  go<Kl 

al-  1^  cBJ,  all,  altogether  . . 

al-  lAt.  dlfor  adt  to  (befero  -Q     .. 

al- Arab.  oZ,  Ihe        


a-go,  a-rise 
a-wake,  a-bide 
a»shamed,  a-ftraid 
a-board,  a-float 
a-way,  a>«ieep 
»like,  a-mong 
a-vert)  a-maouensis 
»-«cend,.i.e.  as-acend 
a-cephalons,  a-conile 
a-vid],  ardiem 
ab-dicate,  ab-oormal 
aibs>tract>  abe-cond 
ac-eede,  ac-oept 
acro-genns,  aoro-Ilth 
actino-orinites  (-kri.nUeB) 
ad-i4^t,  adH>re  (2  lyl.) 
setho-gea 
aer-atAkaeri-fy 
a^ro-Ute,  aero-nant 
al-finn,  af-flz 
aftemoozb  after-math 
ag-ffrandlie.  ag-gDavate 
agumato-lite 
agape-mone  (5  «yl.) 
affwio^phyllam 
al-mighty,  al-ready 
aMege,  iJ-lude 
al-kali,  alHX)hol 


XXIV 


PREFIXES  AND  PRENOUNS, 


aletho 

»l6Zi 

aU 
all-,  allo- 
alun-  ) 
aluno-f 
am- 
am-,  ambi- 
ambly- 
ammo- 
amph-  ) 
amphi- ) 
an- 
an- 
an-,  ana- 
ana- 


QtlL,  aUthM,tMB 

Gk.  oleoBO,  1  ward  off      ..        •• 
Eng.  (b2,  atHt  all,  altogether 
Ok.  aXloa,  another,  different    .. 

Fr.  a{im,  alum     ••        ..        •• 

Lat.  am  for  od  (before  -m)       •• 
Lat  (vmbi,  abont,  around 
Gk.  amhlfuSf  obtuse,  blunt 

Gk.  ammdBf  sand 

Gk.  amphi.  both,  cm  both  sides, 

all  round  

Lat.  an  for  ad  (before  •»)  • . 
Lat.  an-Uf  before  . .  ..  •• 
Gk.  an-a^  without,  free  fh>m  •• 
Gk.  ana,  upwards  . .       • 

Gk.  attO)  sunilar  ..  ..  •• 
Gk.  ana,  into,  up  into  ..  •• 
Gk.  aiM,  without,  apart. .  •  • 
Gk.  anir  gen.  anaroSf  a  man  • . 
Eng.  ang-f  painful,  troublesome 
Lat.  Anglrif  gen.  -oruin,  English 
Lat  Anglicus  (adj.),  English  .. 
Gk.  amii,  reverse  of,  opposite  .. 

Lat.  an<€,  before 

Gk.  aaUMs,  a  flower 

)  Gk.  antfurax  gen.  anthrakos, 

(    coal      

Gk«  ant^ir<)pds,  a  man    .. 

Lat.  atUg,  before 

Ok.  anii,  opposed  to,  reverse  ot 
Welsh  op'  (prefixed  to  men  oi 

"family")  

Lat.  ap  for  ad  (before  -p) 

Ok.  apo,  away  from  (before  •A) . . 

Gk.  opo,  away  from       ..        .. 

Lat.  aqua  gen.  aqua,  water     . . 

Lai.  ar  for  ad  (before  -r) 

Gk.  air,  air •• 

Teutonic  org,  crafty 

Ok.  archot  gen.  archou,  chief  •• 

Ok.  ori^tof,  the  best  ..  •• 
Lat.  a«  for  od  (before  -<)  . . 
Lat.  OMK,  gum  .•        •• 

Lat.  at  for  ad  (before  -0. . 
Gk.  atmda,  vapour 
Lat.  ater,  aira,  airum,  black   . . 
Ok.  auUfs,  one's  ownself . . 

Lat.  M-,  two,  twofold 

Eng.  beee,  behind,  to  the  rear  . . 
Eng.  be-  converts  nouns  to  verbs 
Eng.   be-  converts  intrans.   to 

trans,  verbs        

Eng.  be-  part  of  adv.  and  prep. 
Eng.  be-,  privative 
Bug.  be^.  Intensive 
be-|  Eng.  be-,  to.  in,  for,  at,  about,  ko. 
{Added  to  Bemanee  words 
beati-  Lai  heme  gen.  beati,  blessed  .. 


an-,  ana 
andro- 
ang' 
Anglo- 
Anglic- 
ant-,  anti 
ante- 
antho- 
anthrac- 
anthraco 
anthropo- 
anti- 
ant-,  anti- 

ap- 
aph- 
apo- 
aqua-) 
aque-f 
ar- 
ar- 
arch- 
arch- 
archi< 
aristo 
as- 


} 


at 

atmo 

atra- 

auto 

ba- 
back 

be 

be 

be- 
be- 
be- 


ExAJtPLsa. 
aletho-pterls 
alezi-pharmio 
all-wise,  all-saints 
all-^ory,  allo-pathy 

aluno-gen,  alun-ite 

am-munition 
am-putate,  amU-ent 
ambly-pterous,  ambly-gonita 
ammo-ccBtes,  ammo-dytes 

amph-id,  amphi-theatre 

an-nex,  an-nmilate 

an-cestor 

an-hydrous,  ana-ehronism 

ana-cathartic 

ana-logue 

ana-stomose 

an-archy,  ana-thema 

andro-genons,  andro-id 

ang-nail 

Anj^o-Sazon 

Anglic-[i]sm 

ant-arctic,  anti-septic 

ante-cedent,  ante-diluvian 

antho-soa,  antho-lite 

f  anthrac-erpeton,  anthraco- 

(     saurus 
anthropo-phagi 
anti-cipate,  anti-quary 
ant*agoni8t,  anti-patiiy 

ap*David,  ap' Jones 
ap-peal,  ap-ply 
aph-[h]elion 
ajKHrtasy,  apo-cryi)ha 

aqua-fortis,  aque-duct 

ar-rive,  ar-range 

ar-tery 

arch-ness 

arch-angel,  archi-tect 

aristo-cracy 

as-sault,  as-sume 

asa-foBtida 

at-tend,  at-traot 

atmo-meter,  atmo-sphere 

atra-biliary 

auto-crat»  auto-maton 

ba-Iance 

back-wards,  back-gammon 

be-frlend,  be-night 

be-speak,  be-think 
be-cause,  be-fore 
be-head,  be-reave 
be-daub,  be-smear 
be-long,  be-hold 
:  be-gln,  be-lieve) 
beati<^ 


PREFIXES  AND  PRENOUNS. 


XXV 


M-,  bis 

bi- 

bin- 

bio- 

bitch- 

boar- 

btick- 

earni- 

OUT-    ) 

cMyo-f 
cat-,  cata- 


I] 


) 


cath 
ceno- 
cent- 
centi- 
centu-    > 

centum-) 
cephal- 
cephalo- 
cheir- 
cbeizD- 
chir- 
dairo- 
cUor-  ) 
diloro-r 
ehrom- 
chroma- 
ehromo- 
(f or  thro- 

chrono- 

chrys-   ) 

chrygo-f 

ehiqae- 

circnm 

cLs- 

co- 


oock 

GOg- 

col- 

coleo- 

com- 

con- 


Lai.  hSnit  good 

Lat.  his,  two-fold,  double,  in  pain 
Lat  hiSy  during  two,  once  in  two 
Lat.  &i<  (before -0) 

6k.  hioSf  life        

Eng.  huxe,  a  gender-word  (fem.) 
£ng.  hdtr,  a  gender-word  (malt) 
Eng.  bwif  a  gender-word  (fhaJU) 
Lat.  earo  gen.  eomif,  flesh,  meat 

Ok.  Jbdritdn,  a  nut  •• 

Ok.  Idto,  down,  against,  accord- 
ing to      ..                 .•        .. 
Ok.  ibdto  (before -A)       ..        •• 
Ok.  ken5»,  emp^ 

Lat.  eentwn,  a  hundred  ••  •• 
Lat.  centum,  a  hundred  ••  •• 
Ok.  h^phdU,  a  head  ••  •• 
Ok.  cMr  gen.  eheiroSf  the  hand 
Ok.  their  gen.  eKeiiros,  the  hand 
Ok.  dUtfrtft,  green..  ••  •  •• 
Ok.  dtr&ma,  colour  •.  •• 
gen.  (hr&mdtot. 


} 


Ok.  ehrdma 
colour  .. 


1 


oonch- 
oonehi 
eoncho-) 

dio-     r 

ocml- 
eont-     ) 
eontra-f 
conUx>- 
cor 


Ok.  cftmSffufo,  time 

Ok.  chrOsdt,  gold 

Fr.  eing,  flye         

Lat.  circum,  all  round    ..        .. 

Lat.  cis,  on  this  side 

Lat  ewn,  together  with  (before 

-CI,  -€,  -i,  -O,  -a)  . .  .  •  •  • 

(B^ore  amy  letter  wUh  a  hyphen. 
{Joined  to  Teutonic  toords 
Eng.  coe  (a  gender-word  for  male 

,  birds  and  insects) 
IJat  cum  (before  -natcor,  -nosoo, 

-notnen)  ..        ••        .« 

Lat  cum  (before -Z) 
Ok.  Jb(!(I^()s,  a  sheath 
Lat  eum  (betare  -b,  -m, -p) 
Lat  cum  (before  -c,  -d,  -/,  -y,  -j. 


Ok.  hogchi  or  kogchos,  a  shell  .. 

Ok.  iogcfcdf,  a  shell 

Lat.  cOnus  gen.  coni,  a  cone     . . 
Lat  contra,  against  [law],  the 

contrary 

Lat  contra,  against       . .  •     . . 
Lat  cum  (before -r)       .. 


XZAMPLBS. 

bene^lactor,  bene-flt 
bi-ped,  bia-iextile 
bi-ennial 

fain-ocular,  bin-oxide 
bio-logy,  Uo-graphy 
bitch-fox,  bitch-otter 
boar-pig 
buck-rabbit 
cami-val,  cami-vorous 

cary-opfis,  caiyo-phylUa 

oat-araet,  cata-lepiy 
oath-[h]edral,  oath-lh]olic 
oeno-taph 

cent-ennial,  centi-pede 

oentu-plicate,  oentom-Tlri 

oephal-aspiB,  oephalo-poda 

oheir-acanthus,  ohelro-ptera 

chir-agra,  ehiro-mancj 

chlor-ine,  diloro-iidiyll 

chrom-ate,  chroma-trope 

( chromato-meter,    chromo- 
(     lithograph 

chrono-logy,  chrono-meter 

chrys-anthemum,  chryso-lite 

cinque-ports,  dnque-foil 
chrcum-scribe,  cixcum-spect 
cis-Alpine,  ds-Padane 

co-adjutor,  oo-equal 

co-partner,  co-sine) 

co-worker,  Ac.) 

j  pea-cock,  turkey-cock 

(  cock-sparrow,  cock-chafer 

C(^-nomen,  cog-nate 
col-lect,  col-league 
coleo-pteran,  coleo-rhisa 
com-bine,  com-mit,  oom-ply 

oon-cede,  con-duoe,  con-fer 
conch-ite,  conchi-fer 

concho-logy,  cho-splral 
coni-fer,  coni-form 

cont-rol,  contra-diet 
contro-vert  fJtcU.J 
cor-rode,  cor-rupt 


XWa 


PREFIXES  AND  PSBNOUNS. 


cosm-  ) 
cosmo-j 
coun- 
coanter> 
cmd' 
crypto- 
cyvji-  ) 
cyano-f 
cycio- 
dftis- 
days- 
de- 
der 

de- 
d9 
de- 
deO',4eG^ 
deln-   ) 
deino- r 
dem- 
demo-i 
demi- 
de»]t 
deat 


% 
t. 

dia- 
&^ 

dJA-i 


doe. 

dog- 


dog- 
dog- 
dog 
dolcr  ) 
dulci-  f 
du-,  duo- 
dnum 
dyvA- 

dynamo- 
dFB 
e 


k 


G]^  l!«um4t,  (1^  woi)d   .. 

Lat.  cum,  in  ocajunotton  with. . 
Lat.  nostra,  in  the  (^pocdte  way 
IM.  ortUB  gcsn.  crucify  a  cross  . . 
Ok.  hrupi^  eonoealed,  eecret . . 

6k.  Jbvl^fi^,  deeprblne  ••       ,, 

Ei^.  datgrw^  of  tl\e  day 
Fr.  diaa»,  a  n 


raised  platform 
Fr.  de  (prefixed  to  mniof ' '  fttv^if* 
Lat.  de,  motion  dovmfrom 

Lat.  /lie,  fautansive 

Lat  de,  Kwanifm 

Lat.  cle,  privatiye  . .       ..       ,, 
For  dticKf  as  in  <ffrdke    . .        .. 

Qk*  d^!%o^i  l^n       

Gk.  deinde,  dreadful  [from  its 

^}        r 

Gk.  d^ntde,  the  people    .. 

Fr.  dinvi,  half       . .        .  •        •  • 

Lat.  d^nsg^n.  dentin  (t  tootb  . . 

Gk.  deuUfrds,  a  doable  quota   . . 

two  e<;ii4yalents  of  oxygen 

deutero-  Gk.  deuUrds,  a  second,' another 

di-.  dis-  Q¥>  ^cl  Lat.  di-,  die-,  asunder. . 

^^^Gk.  di«,  two         

Gk.  dia,  through 

In  (Mem.f  donble  equiy.  of  base . 

Gk.  dia,  through 

Lat  4i9,  aauidar 

Lat  »nd  QK  f^^  asunder,  the 

TO  voFSv       ••  ••  •• 

(^dded  Mtp  to  Te^itonie  voordf 

Eng.  dd,  a  gender-word  (the  tt^ 
male  of  cfsrtaUi  animals) 

A  gender-word  (the  muh  of  cer- 
tain wimuSs)  . . 

Pertaining  to  the  dog    ..       .. 

Depreciative,  oeceptiye . . 

Hog.  d^cl],  dodget,  dodgivg  ,. 

Lat.  dul<As,  sweet 

lAtdutf,  two       

Lat  duo,  two       

Gk.  du»dmi»,  power 

\Gk.  dymam*  »n.  dun^medt,  \ 

}     power I 

Gk.  4ht9,  evil,  dii^ased  . . 
Li^t.  e,  out  of  (before  th^  liquidSf 
and  -c,  -d,  -g,  -j,-^) 

e-  Gk,  ek,  up,  ojat  of 

ee-  Gk.  ek         

ec-  l«t  »  (only  «M  exvaapU)      » . 

eco-  Gk.  oikos,  house f 

ef-  L«t.  ^  foy  #»  (b*fpre  -/) 

el-  Gk.  id  tot  ek»  oat 

electii-  JM.  Megtrwn  genu  eUfitH,  wiher 
(toctro-  Gk.  eUetron,  amber 


EXAMPLXS. 

4iqsin-onwft>  «qsm9-gr»phj 

•oun-tenaQQe»  foniHwl 
eew»t«r-act,  conntfr-march 
.cruci-Dr«  crvud-fiMn]! 
eryf)!to-lqgy,  caypto^gmm 

Qran-urio,  grano-g^ 

dai8:y 

days-man 

Perfiaix,  Pe-lolBia 

de-cUne,  de-pavt 

de-«Iare,  dewwlafte 

dMitno^,  da-xnagnetifl^ 

de-capitate,  de-odoiise 

de-coy 

dep-|uid?J|i,  dewkffP* 

dein-orni^,  dfinp-thpilm 
dem-agogue,  demor€{racj 

demi-ged,  demi-lun^ 
d^nti-frice,  denti-^lp 
deut-ozfde  of  copper:  tMiSf 
to  one  of  the  b^  (poi^wr) 
deutero-nomy,  detiterp'jgMBJ 
di-yide,  dis-^olye 
di-cepiui!6us,  di-p^tfUpos 
di-rect,  di-electric9 
^-sulphate  of  silyfr 
dia-gram,  dia-metfr 
4if -f mie,  dif '>fer 

dis-^elieTe,  dls-agnee 

as  dispi^^  dUli¥«>  oMm) 

dog-fox,  dofir-oitter 
dog-8t«r,  dpg-l^ 
diOg'^leep,  dog-Lat|n 
4qg-w»tph  (board  tiMp) 

didc-aniara,  dnlci-fy 

du-p]icat«,  dUP-depimal 

duujvirvixi 

dyna-meter 

dynam-ioB,  dynamiwneter 

dys-pepiia,  dyy-ph^gia 

e^mit,  e-finee,  e4qc^ 
e-lectuary 
•o-lectie,  eo4ipM 
(ic-9Pntxi9 

«D0rnQ|«9^ 

ef-fept,  9t4M» 
eMipstn  (a  Uafim^  tmfy 
eiectri-fy 
eleotrorscope^  elec^ro-type 


FKBrnCES  A1TD  PRXNOUSa. 


udidjKt 
1.  Gk.  •»,  In  . 


■  :  BtaMi.  an-qnln.  sa.tbj 


tjOkcimK 
trt-n,  on 


ttor-,  Offd- 


K 


Siie./a.fl«n«t..       .. 

1*1.  JIm  gen.  Jlirij,  ■  BOWM 
Sag.  J^^r-,  DBgAtlTe,  Mida 
Kog.jtrs-,  betora  ,. 

■■ — .fort-,  front,  befure.. 
.  Arr>  bwUDB,  cbief 
.Aitt.pn«Btlj 


K.  .fte^rbs,  fe  brdtiter    f 


rowkud,  (on-l 
rortb-flofliiiig 


Mn-BroHS,  ggnt-eel 

gain-n«t)0D 

geo-g«phT,  geo-aeOr 

gej-talcon 

glyo-erlne,  gJycyKrliM™ 

gdiTfubH,  Eod-eUld 

arud-fAther,  gTULCl4DD 
:iV.>iJ,  tbrlce  niHied) 
grudl4oqik«it 
gatU-psnh*,  gntti-hniaa 


K«JH 

PREFIXES  AND  FRES0UK3. 

gj™.  } 

Gk.in«n»4..DiA«l        ..        . 

gy!™^.^™ 

B7n-,gjno 

irn-andria,  irjiiD-BleniluBi 

^i^. 

aiLftod™,  hige 

llE^llo 

hiematoi 

4k.  haima  gun.  Aaindtrta,  blood 

tuemalo- 

^Ok,ha<niageii.&a4nilMi,bloo 

biemo-CrJrbigB,  hioroo-ptyiU 

h»gio 

Ok-Sairiiw.lolr     ■ 

liielo««pl.7,  iBgio-logy 

hama- 

Ok.  M™,  togelherirlth 

huai-dirad 

h^rtt  t 

Eng.ftfl™i.lb.laiid      ..        . 

haad-jiel,  hindl^mK 

■^".t. 

Eiig.Af«,.™7 

li&r.bliissr,  hu-boDT 

bsnt 

Fr  ftaui.  long.  Mgb  Bn  fliwotti] 

Ellg./l^,»,BdgB 

liaw-Ebara 

hu^ 

Eng.A™U»P 

baml-EDt 

Ok.fc™fl.,th8.mi         „        . 

boU-antlim,  heUo-trcpe 

haml 

Ok.  AiTmi,  bilf 

Eog,  Am,  ■  gender  word  for 

ieml^aphe™,  heml-pter* 

(omalehlrd        

bf^t 

Ok.Wj)org6n.WjvIM.,U.K  , 

hepat-iHa,hepato-gMWio 

Gk.  Afpta,  Bwn 

hept-uob]',  hepta-gon 

h^r- 

Ok.  iieufilli.  maoOitt      .. 

bei-  heu 
hfu- 
hiera- 

Gk.li«.rii          

hM..aiidrl»,l,eJca,g™ 

Ok.  kiirdt,  ucted,  pilcitly      . 

hipp. 

Ok.Mpp«.»h™         ..        . 

hlpp-Qrito.  Uppo-potamn* 

Eng,W,«l>Dof 

ho^gobllB,  hoh-n^ 

hoi-,  holo 

Ofc.liaf«,thewhol.       ..        . 

bol-Hter.  ho]o*Mut 

i;on.«> 

Ok.  h™(rfM,  likB 

homeo-paUij 

homl. 

■la.t.l>omB  sea.  kemfnU.. 

hoDii-cicle 

bonj-   1 

Ok.  WmSs,  the  uma       .. 

Lom-onTm,  homo-logom 

h^Sii 

Ok.  Iiominoi,  like 

kDmoIo-Hdo 

hom- 

Gk.  Mrs,  tho  bonr,  Ums 

1*1.  *ort«Ben.)iortl,g»fdBii. 

honlHinlm™        ^ 

Eng.  Alij,  booM 

hoe-band,  hiu-nile 

Ok.  fcudor,  *gter 

Gk.  Avgrnt,  molBtiue     .. 
Ok.  Aufaioi  adj.  of  &uM,  vocd . 

hrBTo-ineter,  bj-gro-logy 

hjilOIMHiniB 

hrlo- 

Gk.AuM,  wooil,  mfttler  ., 

hylo-theUm,  hjlo-wlmi 

brsne       *^    ..        .'.        . 

hrioeno-ptera 

hyo-.hTot 

h7por-crilicai,  byper-bole 

h/p^t 

hV 

GkilSS^CdS".'*""..    : 

loiT  1 

Ok.  fcftnot,  tooteUp       .. 

lohn-llejchno-logj 

khli^o- 

Ok.  Uithuseu.  vAlhwi,  i  tub 

iiihUi.o*aunii,-n.phr 

ICO«h 

Qk-fiMngm-Btoia.,  Ml  Image   ioonOHJl^^  Icono-litr/ 

PREFIXES  AND  PRENOUNS, 


XXIZ 


icoe-    ) 
ioosa-f 
ideo- 

iff- 


il- 
fl- 
im 

im- 

im- 

in- 

in- 

in- 

in- 

intor- 

intra- 

intro- 

ll^ 

it- 

is- 

isa- 

iM- 

jack 

ja<^ 

jeo- 

jnrls- 

JQBtt- 

jQxta- 
kjd 
kick 


Gk.  eikdH,  twenty         ••       •• 

■  *  • 

Gk.  idAxy  idea 

Let.  {9  for  in  (before  flye.ezam- 

ples  of  -f»),  not 

Lat.  ignid,  fire 

Lat.  il-  for  in  (before  -2),  in,  into 
Lat.  itr  for  in  (bef pre  -Q,  not  . . 
Lat.  il-  for  in  (before  -I),  mtenslTe 
Lat.  inv-  for  im  (before  -h,  -m,  -p), 

in,  on,  to 

Lat  im-  for  in  (before  -^  -m^  -pX 

not  

BomaAce  for  en-  or  em-  to  rerb- 

alise  words        

Lat  in,  in,  on,  to..        ..        •* 

Lat  in,  not  

I<at  in,  intenslTe 

added  to  Bomance  words  .. 
Lat  inUr,  between,  among 

Lat  in^ro,  within • 

Lat  in^o,  within,  to     .. 
Lat  itr-  for  in  (before  -rX  with, 

OYWE',  on  ..        .. 

Lat.  itT'  for  in  (before  -r),  not  . . 

Eng.  ed  gen.  «fs,  water  .. 

Gk.  iMW,  -a,  -on  equal    ••        .. 

Gk.  i«d«,  equal 

a  gender  word  fmaUJ  ..  .. 
coarse,  laige         ..  ■     ..        .. 

Fr.itfw,  sport        

Lat  jui  gen.  juris,  justice 
Lat  justtu  gen.  justi,  just 
laA.juxta,  ride  by  side  .•        •• 
Gk.  k&loay  beautifal 

Fr.  ouelgues,  some  ..        .. 

Uepto- Gk.iUM9b«,  thief 

knap-|  Germ,  hnapptf  a  boy,  a  senrant 

I  Gk.  le^rifMiOB,  a  maze 

Lat  lac  gen.  lactiSt  milk 
Eng.  land,  land    ..        ..        • 

Lat  lapi»  gen.  lafXdis,  a  stone 

Lat  Wus  gen.  laiiriB,  the  side 
Lat.  IMua  gen.  UUi,  broad 
Lat.  Zaurtw,  a  laurel 

Lat  lego,  to  read 

Lat  IfiB  gen.  legi$,  law    .. 
Lat.  legitimus,  lawful     ..        • 
Lat  Uher  gen-  libi%  a  book      . 
Lat.  liber,  free      ..        ..        • 
Fr.  lieu,  instead  of 
Lat  ligare,  to  bind,  to  tie 
Lat  lignum  gen.  ligni,  wood  • 

Lat  Umaa;  gen.  limdcis  ..        . 


} 


labyrinth- 
labyrinthi 
lact-.lacto- 
land 
lapid- 
lapidi 
lateri 
lati- 
laorus- 
leg- 
legis- 
legitam 
lib-,  Ubr 
Uber- 
Ueu 
Ugar 
lign-,ligni- 
limac-  ) 
limad-) 
lingua-) 
lingui-f 
lique- 
liquld 


•• 


Lat  lingua,  the  tongue .. 

Lat.  Uqueo,  to  melt 
Lat  liquidH%  Uqnid      •• 


Examples. 
ico»andrfa,  icosa-hedron 
idao-graphy,  ideo-logy 

ig-noble.  ig-noramig 
ign-ite,  igni-potent 
il-lapse,  U-latlre 
U-legal.  il-libeial 
il-lustxlous,  il-luminate 

im-bibe,  im-pazt 

im-mortal,  im-perfect 

im-Mtter,  im-txown 
in-cite,  in-cline 
in-attentive,  in-animate 
in-candescent 
in-born,  in-bred,  in-come 
interKMNde,  inter-mix 
intra-mural 
intro-dnce,  intro>it 

ir-radiate,  ir-rigate 

ir-rational,  ir-regnlar 

is-land,  £nn-it 

isa-gon 

iso-eoeles,  iso-thermal 

jack-ass,  jack-daw 

jack-plane,  jack-towel 

jeo-pardise 

juris-diction,  juilt-pmdence 

justi-fy 

juxta-positlon 

kal-eiaoscope 

kick-fihaw 

klepto-mania 

knap-sack 

j  labyrinth-odon 
.  ( labyrinthi-f orm , 

lact-eal,  lacto-meter 
'  land-scape,  land-mark 

lapid-ary,  lapldi-fy 

lateri-folious 

lati-septsa 

laurus-tinus 

leg-ible,  leg-end 

l^is-late 

legitim-ate,  legitim-ise 

lib-el,  libr-ary 

Uber-al 

lieu-tenant 

liga-ment 

lign-ite,  ligni-ty 

limac-ldso,  limad-ous 

lingua-dental,  Ungul-form 

lique-fy,  liqae-factton 
iiquid-iae 


PREFIXES  AN9  PXENVONSi 


lithvUibo-  Ok.  Kttot.  stonet 


load- 


logo- 
long-  .) 
longi-j 
lad 
Imnin- 
lombii 
Inna-ylimi 
Mac- 


ho^  Ok.  loflw^  xatto 


} 


macrw  ) 
macro-) 


Bng.  Icedian},  to  guide 


Ok  loflKW,  aword  ..        ..        •• 

Lat  loNtfM  gen.  longi,  long     •• 

Lai.  iiu3  gen.  luelf,  Sight 

JjtiX,  tumtn  gen.  lundaiif  lig^.. 

Lat.  I«na,  moon  . .        .,       ■»• 

aoatok    VMM   prefixed    to  the 

names  of  men  of  fboMj}    «« 

Gk.  maerds,  large  « 


EXAMPLSS. 

Jitb.-omi4  lUhCHiniph 
load-stone,  load-star 
log^uiituB 
kgof^nqrii,  log»«Mdij 

longHmil,  iQcgl-ptniitte 

teid-f ei^  hid-d 

inmin-aix,  InQdal-feroaa 


*• 


XnoGiecei;  MadDonald 
maer-onra,  macuKtlieriam 


mael-  NcnregisB  mai,  evil 


magneto- 

magn-  ) 

magni- j 

maid 

mal- 

mal-,  malar 

malac-   ) 

malaco-f 

male- 

mnift 

malle- 
mamma- 


mammali- 


man 


mana- 
mani 
mani 
mano- 
manu 
mar 
marcion- 

mari-  ) 
mari»-r 

marit- 

marqu 
marri 
marti. 

Martin 

marl9^ 
mar^TO- 
Mary 
mas 
mast- 
materi- 
matecn- 
matri- 
xne(U- 
mega- 

megalo-J 


ma^-f  Sag.  auisiM»  man  (a  gender  woni) 
Lat.  mantis;  the  band 
Lath  maiMts,  the  band    . .. 
Eng;  «MUii(r,  many 

Gk.  nuMMftudtj 

Lat.  OTOMM,  the  hand    .. 
Eng.  fnaf«,  a  hone         ..        .^ 

Med.  Lat.  mareto  gen.  mafici<niii^ 
amarqpda  


Gk.  mdgmis  gen.  -itds,  magnesia 

Lat.  moiinHi  gen.  magni,  great 

Bng.  nuEgth^gendec  word) 

Fr.  malt  e«£U7*  not 

Lat.  motes  fern,  mala,  naughty 

Ok.«iiaUBbtf9,  soft..        ..        ^. 

Lat.  ttol^  amiss 

ly.  «uUs  4(ender  word)  •• 
Lat.  maiZeMS,  a  hammer..        •• 
Lat.  mamma,  the  breast. . 
Lat.  moMtma  gen.  -a,  the  breast 
Lat.  maimiMUa,  adj.  of 
Fx.  flioMs,  the  hand 
Bng. 


magneto-mfeto^  -elactridty 
m«gn-animoii8,  magni-floent 

mal-treaty  malHwmtMit 
mal-aria»  mala-iie^ 

malao-ostrolagy,  malaoe-lite 

male-dietioa,  male-volent 

male  iw  ¥■■<»  brfia  lale 

malleable 

mamma-haty 

mammirf er,  mammMorm 

mammaU-ferooB 


man-eaaTT^  matt>iiia 
man-shMghter,  miut-tal 
man-aeirant^  Seoteh-aan 


mani-f est,  maai-ple 
maBi>fold 

maaoKmeter,  manoaacne 
i-iaotiue»  maiHMaript 


MariaorHaxy 

IaL  marifws  (mare,  the  aesj   •.* 
lAt.  maritus,  a  husband  • . 

Port  mamMio,  qninoe    ..        .. 
Eng.  mtar^,  borderland..        •. 
LaC  mot  gm.  maris,  man        •• 
Lat.  JMTors  gen.  Marti$  . . 
Martin,  a  man's  name   . . 
)  Ok.  martur  gen.  wiartiMfs,  a 

r    mar^ 

Mary,  the  "virgin  Mary" 
Lat.  maB,  the  male  kind 
Ok.  madoB,  the  breast    . . 
Lai  mater  guL  matris,  a  mother 
LaL  maiemm,  adj.  of  mcUer    .. 
Lat  mater  gen.  matris,  a  mother 
Lat.  we4M»,  tbamiddle. . 
Ok. m^ga, i^eat    ..' 

Ok.  megapn.  fm^dUow,  great  . . 


marchion- 

maii-goUU  mailo-latiy 

marin-er,  martn-orama 
marit-al 


marqQ-is 
»axri-age 
marti^ 
Martin-maa 

martyp^on,  iuarltyw)4ogy 

Mary-bud 

mas-eullne 

mast-itis,  mast^xlBa 

mateil-al 

matem-al,  maiem-ity 

matri-dde,  matxi-mony 

medi-eval,  medi-terranean 

m^r<H»ros,  mega-th«lum 

megal^dhthys,  megalo-sanro-' 


FREFOSa  AND  PREJfOUmt. 


zxzi 


mel«ao- 
mell- 
meUi- 
mel-  ) 
meio-f 
mempr- 
mere- 


meio^  Qk.  Mai(9ftt»  iMi 

meUrn-  I  Qk.md<MgeiLin<MfU)»,black..    meJaa-chdlT, mel»i>o-«litolU 


meso- 


meta- 

met«Ui- 
metal-  ) 
metallo- j 

meteoro- 


■!«**  iOk.  niMOk  «f  ter 


1 


Lat.  m4  fffi»,  9ietti«>  hon«7      ..  m«U-lt6,  meUi-flwmi 

^k.  flwbM,  floQg nxfil-ioie,  mdo-teMOM 

l4at  m0f?w»  xDindfnl      ..       ..  mempr-able,  mem«v-7 

Iiat.  merx  g.  mems,  merchsndise  merc-er,  merc-ery 

Oh,  menthdt  Irnminate . .       ..  meryao-UMaium 

Ok.  «i<s^  in  ttAinidst,  middle  m«Mn»teTMtt|iiiBiim 

Gk.  m^wfo,  middle         ..       ..  meso-carp,  meio-tkQna 


Qk.mHa^Bibm meta-phriiGt, -monboiil 

IM.  mdtaUymt  |ra^•  -Ii»  me^l . .    vataUi-ionn,  meUQi-fonms 

Gk.  nKtoOon^  metal 

{•  Olu  411^091^  »  meteor 
CHc  ««^i«(biCoce-AX  with 

Ok.  m#|rM^  «  m«fwiKe  .. 

IlaL  SMSzo,  middle 

Ok.  «M4pvt9i^  imMtt i»iexo-MO|w,  jnioNHiOiia 

l4it.«»Ue9s«B'«*'tt<^ai<^dier    mllU^My,  mfliti« 


•  ■ 


metaB-nrgy,  meUll«-gnplif 

mfleor-tti^  met#9i»>k)gsr 

metMXNl 
metii-yleMit  metli-f  I 
■mti^-nome,  m«tro-poUi 
meuO'tilDtci,  me»(hfoprano 


L«t.  ^ntOc^  •  Uiouand   ..       ..  mUl-eimiam*  mllle-pede 

Ok.«ie<fmlMi  ..  mto<e»» 

Ens.  mi«-,  wrong,  out  of  pUce..  mi»-b«U«l.  mie-lar 

9k.flM»-«eTil        mii  cihance,  wak^hUi 

Lat.  laJlMwK  uriM,  erU         ^  mte-caleoUte,  mlf-lortime 

Gk.  wtimo,lh9l» BKJi»-«iftliJ»pA,  mUoijiqr 

XiSft^wodw gen.  modi, meMnre..  mod-vie,  modi-ff 

Ija^moU9,mwM$  ..  m<4»-Cille,  mole^ 


gen.  a^rtii,  deelft 

agm 
Itettfr 

amonw 

•ari^awiU 


Mfftt'^daj 
mort-^naim  morHpfe 


anlt-jngnlw;  ^wMt-fotM 

QwnA'flMBt,  mmi^c^al 
mnn^mcst 

mir-al,  mvii-feini 
mnaeo-logy  fhjfbrridj 


mreo-logy 

■njel-itis 


Bight 


od-,  Ddo- 
odont-  I 
odoato-  r 


PREFIXES  AND  PRENOUNS. 

ElAHFLIB. 

•Mkrot,  a  dead  body,.        ».  aecn^toLDCj'^  necro-logj 

nrctoT  EDb.  TitctArii  *  •  nHtar-iDe,  nectArl'TBroiir 

Bnj.  woft,  noK    ..        ..        ..  DBlgh-boni 

....  neo-logj.  nco-phytB 

lo™         ..  neitefli-    Netber-Undi 

..  neur-algla,  nonro-logr 

Eni.-niAt ..  idght-ibsdu.  DJght-niue 

Ok.  ntJrvn,  Dltn  . .       .<        ■■  nitro^gen,  nltro-nieteT 

L«t.li™gBil.iiiMHt        „        ..  nocti-T«gant,  nooto-gmph, 

Lat.  nomen  gen.  funnCnii  ••  nomen-claton,  nominal 

Ok.  lunnaa,  Isw     ..        ..       ..  uonio-gnplii 

t«t.  noini,  ulna    ..       ■.        ■■  non-flllon,  noM^gflslmBl 

Bnf.  RD,  QQt  BUT BO-lfalDe.  ncrbod; 

Ok.  floloi,  wmlb nol«m|j|.  noto-therfam 

l?~"'''"''":'°'°::i3'"!Iir""""" 

lOf'tamllr''')  o°CoDnBu"o'Buno™i 

igiliut ob-lajt,  ob-Btratl 

.,  Jor  nil  (boloM-c)  ..  oe-rat,  e«-flHpr 

' '  I,  eigbi     ..        .*        --  oct4ndrU,  oct&-goa 

>.  elgbb oot-EDDial,  octo-sjlUbl* 

J,  oigbt trelnplo 

Gk.AMdi.iiraj'.iniad..        ..  od-rie,  adL)-aiel«r 

Qi.  oAhv  gaa.  odonUiM  ..        .-  Ddcmt-^lgJji,  odobto-lc^y 

Gk.  fffnoff,  irinfl  ..        -.  -flen^nthJc,  ffuo-tboi* 

Ut  iirrorobCbBfQra/).,        ..  ol-fend,  or-far 

Eng,  o/,  limy  from,  fiom         ..  oMal,  off-68t 

L&t.  ot^m,  oU Dle-flAnt»  al«-\a 

Qk.  alladi,  ii  few  ..        ..       ..  oUi-vcbr,  ollgo-claH 

Bk.  oinfifDa, » nbowoc     ..        .,  orobtiviDotar 

Sng.  on,  upon,  forth      ..        ,.  on-alBoghl,  cm-wudi 

f  Qk.™atiwg.ondiB(I«M,anEiDiB  onomitfllogr,  onom«to-p.i!)ii 

Ltt.  0)'- tor  dA  (before -p)         ..  0|t-pOi«,  op-preW 

Lul.  opin,  plo.  Optra      . .        . .  oparHjDiiUD.  opera-moter 

ak,  tphU,  otpMDi  nerpeat      „  optal-oldde,  DphlD-mency 

Gk,  ept-ikot,  pertaiiLlng  to  dght  opl-lca,  optl-i;r>ph 


PREFIXES  AND  PREN0UN8, 


-xxxiii 


org»n-  ) 
o^gano-f 
ori- 
oA-f  €ftO- 
or-,  oti- 
omlth-    ) 
omltho- j 
oro- 
ortlio- 
os- 

0M-,  OSii 

orteo 
ostrac 

ostro- 

ot-,  oto- 

onimno- 

oufc- 

0T-,  ovi- 

OTer 

ovo- 

ovn- 

OZ-,  ozy 

o«o-     ) 

oioixo-  r 

pMhy 
pftcnyo- 
p«ci 
pal-,  pal»- 
palfldo- 
paU- 
palin-  ) 
palim-j 
palm-  ) 
palmi-f 
palmao- 
palmati- 
pan- 
pan-  ) 
pano-) 
pani- 
pan! 
panta- 
panto- 

panul^o- 
paii- 
parl- 
parri- 
part-  I 
p«rti.f 
pass- 
patem 
patho- 
IMktr- 
patri 
pea- 
pecto- 
pecUn-  ) 
pectinl-) 


} 


Gk.  orgd/Mn^  an  organ  ••       .. 

Lat  OS  g.  crUt  the  mouth,  a  gap 
Gk.  iir(^  oriik,  a  mountidn  .. 
Fr.  or,  gold 

Gk.  ornis  gen.  omithdi,  a  bird . . 

Ok.  of09,  a  mountain     ..        .* 

Gk.  orfAos,  right 

Lai  09-  for  ob  (one  example)  .. 
Lat.  08,  a  kifls  ,i 

Lat.  OS  gen.  of«i«,  a  bone 
Gk.  osteon,  a  bone 
Gk.  ostrdkon,  a  potsherd,  an  oys- 

ter(?)       

Gothic  osfro,  eastem 

Gk.  OU8  gen.  6tda,  the  ear 

Gk.  ourdThos,  the  heavena         .. 

Eng.  lit,  ont         

Lat  otntm  gen.  ovi 

Eng.  <^er,  too  much,  abore 

Gk.  6on  Latinised  (fJiv}on),  an  egg 

Lat  ovum,  an  egg 

Gk.  oonis,  sharp 

Gk.  dU),  to  smell  [offensiTely]  •• 

Gk.  poo^us,  thick 

Gk.  paehuB  gen.  -eos,  thick      .. 
Lat  paa  gen.  paeia         • .        •• 
Gk.  potoios,  ancient       ..        .. 
Gk.  pototos,  ancient 
Gk.  pa2in,  again 

Gk.  polin,  again  ••       ••        .. 

Lat  pcUma,  a  palm-tree.  •        •• 

(as  if  from  palmAcus,  paJma  palm) 
Lat  palmag.  palmdtis  (the  palm) 
Gk.  pas,  pan  everTthing. . 

Gk.  Pan  gen.  P&nds,  the  god  Pan 

Lat.  panua  g.  pani,  a  qnill  of  yam 

Lat.  panis,  bread 

Gk.  pas,  pin.  pa/nta  all  things  .. 
Gk.  pas  gen.  pantos,  everything 
Gk.  para,  from,  by  itself,  near  . 
Gk.  para{2^I<Is,  ptuallel  .. 
Lat  par  gen.  paris,  equal 
Fr.  parler,  to  speak 
For  paM,  Lat  pater,  father    . . 

Lat  pars  gen.  partis,  part 

Fr.  passer,  to  pass 

Lat  patemtu,  adj .  at  pater,  father 
Gk.  pathds,  suffering 
Lat  pcUer  gen.  patris,  father   ) 
Gk.  pater  gen.  palros     „        f 
Dutdi  pije,  a  thick  coarse  cloth 
Gk.  piktOs,  curdled,  crystallised 

Lat  peeten  gen.  pettinis,  a  comb 


EXAMPLXS. 

organ-lc,  oigano-logy 

ori-flee 

ori-ganum,  oro-logy 
or-molu,  ori-flamme 

oxnith-iohnite,  oxnitho-logy 

oro-logy,  orO"graphy 
ortho-graphy,  ortho-doxy 
os-teni[ble 
os-oola,  osHJolate 
oss-eous,  ossi-fy 
osteo-logy,  osteo-graphy 

ostnuvfsm,  o«trao-tto 
ostro<jk>th 
ot-itis,  oto-soope 
ourano-gn^y 
out-side,  out-cast 
ov-ary,  oTi-f erous 
orer-do,  over-come 
ovo-logy,  ovo-viviparous 
ovu-lite,  ovu-le 
ox-ide,  oxy-gm 

oso-kexlte,  oxono-meter 

pachy-derm,  pachy-pteija 

pachyo-pterous 

pad-hr 

pal-icmthys,  palse-ontology 
palsBo-saurus,  palsao-logy 
pali-logy 

palin-drome,  paUm-psest 

palm-er,  palmi-ferous 

palmac-ite,  palmae-eous 
palmati-fid,  palmati-partite 
pan-orama,  {Mtn-theism 

pan-io,  pano-phobia 

pani-de 

peni-faction,  pani-vorous 
panta-morphic 
panto-graph,  panto-l<^;y 
par-allax,  para^;raph 
parallelogram,  -piped 
pari-syllable,  pari-ty 
parl-ey,  parl-our  f 

parri-dde 

part-y,  parti-dpate 

pass-over,  pass-port 
patem-al,  patem-ity 
patho-logy,  pathogeny 

patr-onymic,  patri-mony 

pea-jacket 
pecto-lite 

pectAn-aX,  pectini-lonn 


xxxhr 


PREFIXES  AKD  PMINOUNS, 


SStori-j"  ^^  9ock^%  jMcWri*.  the  ckert 


ped-,pedo- 


ped-,  pedlx  !<•&  pw  gen.  pidis^  a  foot 


pedo* 
pel- 

peo^ 


I 


peiini- 

pennv- 
pent-  \ 
peni»>f 

pente- 


Ok.  pais  90iL-fNud0^  A'^diikl 


For]f(Ni(HjGk.jMm«e.j>da(9«,afoot 
Lat  wl-,  for  per  (one  example) 
Ok.  Ptifopf  gtBlL  Pel<!f^,  PefifiHW 
Lat.  90n«^  n*w]|f»  almost         •• 

Lat.  ptHODA  gtsn.  jpenncB,  a  spring. . 

0&.  petofis,  dye      ..       ..       i. 

Ok.  perUjjkontd],  fili^ 
Lafe  p«r,^Bro«^ . . 


*• 


per-  Lat.jrMr,  Intengive  ...        .« 

per-  pa  €%«iiii.)  a  maadmnm  quaatitf 
p&A-  Gk.  jMriy  roiud^  near     .  .■ 

Setri-  [  '^*'  ^**"*  ^'^^  ^'^»  *  ^"®  •  • 
petro'  Gk.  petrda^  a  ikme,  a  rock       ..< 
Fr.  paii^  little 


petti 

phanta- 

plumtwinii- 

„  -mato 

phartfiaco 


} 


pboBwt^ 
phos- 
photo- 
pnospll- 
phosphor- 
phot-   ) 
plMto-f 
phreB-   ) 
phrena-T 
phyllo 

plursio- 
phyaty* 


} 


P4g- 
pltt' 

pinnr  > 

pinni-)- 

pinnaU- 

piscir 

plMSO- 

plaai 

plano- 

platf-V 

plates- 1 

plMo- 

plen- 

pleni 

pleo- 
juedo-j 


Gk.  pAanAi[Mnai],  a  phantom 

iha 


*v 


Gk.  |>Aa«iMma»  a  phantom 
Gk.  pha-niaxma  g.  -mdtCs 
Gk.  phafMitiOti^,  medioliaa 

J^  JJGk.  p^iW»,  fond  of 

►non-  1  Ok.  p^^hi^  gen.  |)Mn^,  MHnd 
<a8  if  from  phdniHkoBf  pHdng) 
Gk.  phd$  gen.  p^Mte,  light 

I  Gk.  phospMHhy  phosptiioras .. 

Gk.  ph68  gen.  ph6tilJ$,  liglit 

Gk.  phr&n  gen.  p/iii^<i  llltttd . . 

Gk.  phuUon,  a  leaf 

Gk.  phusis,  ]^iU8«68 

Gk.  fAUM  gen»  p^uate,  a  puff  . . 


Eag.pk/a 

Lat»  pintM,  *  pkie-tree   . . 

Lat  ptnna  gen;  -<b,  a  wiiig 

Lat.  pimnaUis  gen.  •<»«.  winged. . 

Lat.  pisciSf  a  fish 

Gk.  pta*i  gea.  pldkSs,  scalf      . . 
jMi.  plamu  gon.  plant   .. 
.Lab.  pbMMM  gen.  pkmi  . . 

Gk.  platiit,  broad 

Gk;  pIMon,  mote  ... 

Lat.  pteniM  gem  pfeiii»  foil*     .. 

Gk.  plAnif  too  much 


'esto-fOk,  plMos,  nuita 


EXAMPLCS. 

peetoar-al,.  pectMitloquj^ 

ped-«flogae*  pedo^-haptJam 
ped«]^  podh-meni 
pedo-meter,  p«doi>man6^ 
pel-ludd 

peBrUunia>  pan-Ttittbra 

penn-nlft,  penlii^fbiA 

pjnui^wort)i»  paitny-wiBe 

pMlt-ailidri«,  pMtia^goti 

pente-eost 

per-ambnlate,  pet-jore 
per-auade,  per-aeeute 
per-ozide,  per-solphata 
peri-gee,  peri-iBoii 

petr*i»l»alii»  p«t»ii4y 

petro-gra{^^  peliro-liogy 
petti^<;oat,  pffUl-ioggeit 
phanta-acope 
phantasma-goria 
phantaamato-graphy 
pharmacc^oaia,  4og7 

phll-aiithMpyv  pitlo-logy 

plkofl-lea^  ph<»o-log7 

phonet-io 

pho^'S^onM,  iHx^tO'graphy 

phosph-ate,  phofl|)hoHto 

phot-opsy,  pfiolo<4ipto« 

phtexMj,  phcraoKlogF 

phyllo-gen,  phjllo-pdd 

phya-icB,  p^jiHo-logf 

phyao-grad)^ 

phyt-elephas,  i^hj^io^ogy 

pig-sty,  pig-t»il 
pin-y,  pin  ltd 

pinA<ate,  pinBi-p«d 

pinnati-ped,  pi&natl-fld 
pisd-fbrm,  pud-cttltitte 
plaMHitom,  plado-gaiioid 
plani-aphere,  phnd-metty 
plano-ooncaVe,  plaAo-oonvei 

platy-orinite^  platyaHomus 

pleio-cene 

I^en-ary,  ptanl-potMitiaiy 

pleon-asm 
plMi<MAHyra4,  -morpbotti 


Airs  pssirommi 


.    pod-iign,  podo'phrllBu 


L.t.polo^I»I«r         ..        . 

I*I«-IK.  pdui*op. 

ak.pdUm^.m..       „        . 

Ok.  fWAii,  mux 

I>ilr-u>h«,  polT-goB 

tBt.poii™tB£io).paIiU,»ppU  . 
L»t.jBmM«(101i.p™t,ipple   , 

pomade,  poml-raotu 

pomo-TuH 

Ltt.  pom  gta.  fontU,  »bddge.. 

pont-acs,  poDtl-la 

Lat.  pitrn,  forwudi 

Ft.  pour,  for.  bj 

Lat.  »«rl<>.  >  (M 

Pr.  i»r(o;  Lilt,  porta,  tocury. 
Eng.pirt;  Liitpnrtiij.iBsiBonr 

Li«.p™,b*«9 

Lat.  prffttr.  mon  ths,  ulde  . 

Lot  prtiniH,  Bri« 

tat.  r^i"",  ftt»... 

lit.  pro,  pratlooi.  haJorn 
at  prfl.,  bofotB 

port-reve,  Port-land 

^ors-p'sxr 

prod-l^pi^-iglm. 

Gk.  jiHlWi,  ohiat  flirt    .. 

Gtpn«*.cUtf 

piWho-notaiy 

OH.  jwolmoi,  pa»lni 

pMnd-qdym,  piBodo-ptophrt 

StSlI^™?™^^    ::    :: 

piVcho-logT,  P«:rcbo-Bi«w 

Qk.i.tSrfl«,.wine         ..        . 

Gt  jrWViu  gen.  pMrflsoi,  ■  wtae 

ptaryg-otnn,  ptn«Ma 

lit.  jHdiw  gm.  yuiiii*rij,  longi 

Lst  puliui.  ths  piilM     ■  ■ 
Lat.  pultii  gro.  puMrlg^  iliut . 

pulmonl-Cer 
pnlMT-iae,  pahflpinii 

Ljit-  pro,  beforduDi^  forlb 


pia-pon,  poi-me 


Xxxvi 


PREFIXES  AND  PRENOUmL 


pur- 

pur- 

pari- 

pari. 

pycn-  ) 
pycho-j 

pjrr-,pyro- 
pyret-  ) 
pyreto-J 
qnadr' 

quaori- ) 

quadra- f 
quali- 
quanti- 
quart- 
quatem- 
quatre- 
.       quin- 
quinq 
qninque- 
quint- 
qulntu 
quint- 
radl-  ) 
radio-) 
.    radio 
ram- 
rami- 
rare- 
rati 
ration 
re- 


} 


re- 
rect- 
recti 


\) 


red 


otT 
«-)f 


(for 
re' 
rere- 


rere- 

retro- 

rhin-  > 

rhino- 

rhiz- 

rhizo- 

rhod- 

rfaodo- 

risi- 

riv 

rota-,  roti- 

rub-,  rubi 

rubel- 

rubigin 

IUS-,  ror- 

8-for«B- 


Fr.  powr^  on,  off,  away  ..  •• 

Lat.  parumt  somewhat  . .  • . 
Lat.  pwruB  gen.  pwri,  pure 

Lat  jMM  gen.  pitria,  pus. .  . . 

Gk.  puJknos,  thick  ..       •• 

Gk.  pwr  gen.  piinw,  flre  ..       •• 

Ok.  jntf^tds,  flexy  heat  ..       .. 

Lat.  guodra,  a  square    .. 

Lai  qMdnu  gen.  qvadxit  four.. 

Lat.  qiuUia,  such  as,  like 
Lat.  guannu  gen.  ^uonfi,  much 
Lat.  (tuarftM,  fourth 
Lat  gtMifemi,  I7  four    .. 

Fr.  {uolrs,  f our 

Lat.  9uin{fue,  five 

j-Lftt  guin^ue,  Ato    ••       ••  4 

Lat.  ({uinttM,  fifth  .. 

Fr.guin^;  Lat  eentum,a  hundred 

Lat  toMm  gen.  raHi,  a  ray    . . 

Lat.  radist  gen.  radicis,  a  root . . 

Lat.  raiMU  gen.  rami,  a  branch . 

Lat.  ranu,  rare    ..        ..    .    .. 

Lat  rattu  gen.  raM^  firm 
Lat  rojtio  gen.  raUonia,  reascm 
Lat.  re-,  again,  back 

(Added  to  TewUmie  ioord»:  a» 
Lat  ree,  matter,  affaira  ..       .. 

Lat  nehu  gen.  recti '     . .       •• 

Lat.  roe  gen.  regia,  a  king        •• 

Seven  examples 

Eng.  hr^an]^  to  raise  oneself 

Qui  the  air]        

Fr.  arrive,  behind         .. 
Lat.  retr(»-,  baekwards   •• 

Gk.  rhinoM,  the  nose       .•       •• 


i 


«a-,8aU 
aalsi- 


Gk.  rhisa  gen.  rhizi$f  a  root    •• 

Gk.  rAiiki^,  a  rose 

Lat  rieue,  alau^ 

Lat  rivuSf  a  bank,  a  riirer 

Lat  rota  gen.  rotoif  a  wheel     « . 

Lat  ruber,  red 

Lat  rv!beUu8,  reddish     .. 
Lat.  ruMgo  gen.  ruMginis,  rust 
Lat  rus  gen.  turis,  the  country 
s-ample,   s-earce,  s-corch;    for 

eetra,  s^tray 
Lat  eoeer  gen.  Mteri,  saored     .. 
Lat  sal  gen.  eolie,  salt  ..        .. 
Lat  mZmw  gen.  »alH 


EXAMFUBS. 

pur-chase^  pur-loin 
pur-blind 
puri-fy 
purl-fbrm 

pycn^odont,  pyeno-ttyle 

pgn>ope,  pyro-techniD 

pyret-ios,  pyreto-logy 

qnadx'Angle 

quadil-dentate^  quadm-ped 

quali-fjr 

quanti-f!y 

quart-er 

quatem-ary,  qnatem-lty 

quatre-foil 

quin-deoemTixl,quin-decagon 

quinq-angular, 

quinque-partite 

quint-essenoe,  qnintn-ple 

quint-al  (a  cwt.) 

ndl-ate,  radlo-lita 

ladic-ate,  radios 

ram-ons,  rami-iy 

rare-fy 

rati-fy 

ration-al 

re-Terse,  re-animato 

re-opei^  re-build) 

re-publie 

reot-angle,  recti-ty 

reg^ 

red-eem,  red-olent 

rere-mouse 
rere-dos  [or  rear-doi] 
retro-grade,  retnHQMct 

rhin-enoephalic,  rhino-oeroe 
rhis-anth,  rl4»>-pod 

rhod-anthe,  rhodo-dendron 

risi-ble 
rlv-al,  riv-er 
rota-lite,  roti-fer 
rub-eola,  rubi-cund 
rubel-lite 
rubigin-ous 
rus[Q-io,  rur-al 


■aori-floe,  sacii-lege 
sal-aiT,  sali-ferous 
aalsi-fy 


PREFIXES  AND  PRElTOUIfS.  nnO 

\jJL  tal\a%BB.  aiatU    ..        ..  nlal-trj 

lAt  HimiK,  »tB nlv-iMe 

Yag-uan,  tuU:  Lal.nrni        ..  um^bUnd 

LaL  taiKtui  gea.  atacti,  sacied  uncti-f;,  «victu4i7 

}  Eog.  Hm,  half uDd-bUnd 

(LaL  tanffitit  gflju  nn^tUnit, 

blood    .■        ungul-feroQi,  i»n|ndiil-oo» 

Lat,  tapitr  geu.  mji^rie,  flaTour.  HapornMiBj  upoil-lla 

Gk.  «I7  gea.  nrioi,  Seab        ..  barc-aam,  urcD-loir 

Lat.  tolur,  ecDngii  ..         ,.  uli-ale,  uUi-tv 

LaL  Mlur.  Ml] satur-Bte 

:Eiig.  SacUr,  ^deltf  10  maea  ,,  Batnr-dsy 

Gk.  MUTOf,  ■  liard        . ,        . .  aaur-Ichlhiu,  laan-piu 

I4>t,  nuniM,  g«iL  lasei,  a  rock, 

Ok.jcAinnag.Khfjrm'ifi>«,BclUsm  Khlaiaat'la 

l&k.  arAi^liw,  «laf t,  oioven     ,.  Hhlaa-pod 

GJl  iJEia  gea.  fHda,  abadoH     ■•  BOlo-mancr 

Gt.  jtWriM,  haul KluWrttinito.  (clero-dflrm 

Ok.  dlei^rra,  hardDoa    ..        ..  Bderol-lo 

Glk.  nunui,  eanfaqiuke..        ..  wlsmo-aiapb, »liaii>~«ia|M 

Gk.  (eMn*,  the  moon      ..        ..  «elan-ita.  Mleno-gtaphj 

Eng,  Mi/,  one's  proper  poraon  ..  wH-langhl,  self  .will 

Ok.  ttran.  >ipi    llgnal     ..  ..  Oema-jjh.irB 

Gk.  jmiHoj.  aelgD,  aejmptoni..  HBmHo-luHf 

EDff.  «^ffAp  leren  ..        ..        ..  len-nJi^lil,  BOD'niL 

Lai.  erptcm,  (spii-eeyan  ..  •epl-cniiiaj,  sepll-lateraL 

Lat  Kjilim,  Bdven  ..        ..  SBptom-ber,  t8ptcii.BlB 

Lat.  wp""«  gen.  KpM,  a  fold   ..  SEpt-ste,  aeptl-f oim 

Lftt!  Aovui.  Doe-aiid-a-half       ..  BeHf^ul.broEiiMe,  .pedaUaa 

lit.  «tii  gen.  «(«.  a  btlstlB     ..  bbl^om,  teli-larom 

Lat,  AS,  ^  >ei-!uiiiita 

Ut.  «!(<«  gen.  (txli,  BlI  ..  Hit-llllon.  wrt-lle 

Lat.Mi(i",BU MitupLe 

Eng.  jcearp,  >hsrp  . ,         . .  iharp-Ml,  aharp-Qo 

Eng.  >(o  (a  geiKter  word,  female)  sbe-ndlf,  Bbe  bsat 

Put  part,  ol  s/ied,  to  throw  off..  Bhodd-y 

Lat.  airfiwgen.  jjrfft^p  aatAr  „  stdere-al 

Gk.  jiiMrSi,  Iron sidet-ita,  aldeio-Bcopa 


^rt.f 


KAiilo.) 

Rle(t>t 
■dsD-  f 

Kd- 
Htsmo- 


Szxviii 


PREFIXES  AND  pnENOUmi, 


slgn- 

signl- 

silic- 

sUici- 

simpli 

simplici- 

ain-,  sine- 

so-  {sub) 

soci-  ) 

socio- f 

BOl- 

soU- 
8oUd 
somn-  ) 
somni- ) 
soni- 

80X10- 

sonor-  ) 
soDori-  r 
soph- 
Bopori- 
spad- 
spectro- 
spher-   ) 
sphero-  j" 
spin-  \ 
spini-  r 
spirit-    ) 
spiritu-  f 
spiro- 

splanohn- 
•planohno- 

spor 

sporid- " 

sporo- 

staphyl 

staphylo- 

star- 

stear-) 

steat-  r 

steneo- 

(for  steno-) 

stentor 

stentoro- 

step- 

stereo- 

stetho- 

stom-   ) 

stoma-  i 

strati- 

strato- 

straw- 

stulti- 

snb- 

snb 

sabter- 

suc- 


} 


ExAMPi^es. 

Lat.  aignwm  gexL  aigM,  a  sign . .  sigii'*!,  signi-fy 

Lat.  sUex  gen.  tUicia,  flint       ..  sOio-ate,  sUld-calQpireow 

)Lat.   simplex  gen.   aimflidat 

)     simple  ..        sUnpIi-fy,  simi^ici-ty 

Lat.  sine,  without sin-cere,  sine-cure 

Through  the  French       ..        ..  io-jonzn 

Lat.  aocius  g.  aodA,  a  companion  sod-al,  sodo-logj 

Lat.  sol,  the  sun sol-ar,  aol-stice 

Lat.  8olu8  gen.  aolit  alone        . .  soli-loqi^y,  8olirj>ed 

Lat.  8oUdu8f  whole,  solid         ..  solid-ungulous 

Lat.  somnum  gm.  somni,  sle^. .  somn-ambuUst,  somni-lerous 

Lajb.  8(mu8  gen.  soni,  a  sound  . .  soni-ferons 

Lat.  ioriAis,  a  sound        . .        . .  sono-meter 

Lat.  aoiMT  gen.  wnSHs,  noise  ..  sonor-ous,  sonori-4c 

Gk.  sophos,  wise soph-ist,  soph-ism 

Lat.  8opor  gen.  soporis,  deep   . .  sopori^flc 

Lat.  species,  appearance,  species  speci-al,  sped-fy  , 

Lat.  spectrum,  a  spectrum        . .  spectro-scope,  8i>ectro-log7 

Gk.  sphaira  g.  sphairds,  a  sphere  i pher-los,  sphero>meter 

Lat.  spina  gen.  spinas  a  thorn. .  spin-ose,  spini-ferous 


Lat.  S2nr{tu<,  spirit 
Lat  spiro,  I  breathe 
\  Gk.  splanchnon,  the  viscera  . . 
Gk.  «poro«,  a  spore 
Gk.  sporos  g.  ^paridos,  a  «(pore.. 

I  Gk.  staphOU,  a  bunch  of  grapes 
Span,  estri,  the  right-hand  side. . 
Gk.  stear  gen.  steatos,  suet       .. 

I*  Gk.  stefnos,  thin,  small 

)  Gk.  stent&r  gen.  stent&rds,  a 

)     Stentor 

Eng.  steop,  orphan,  bereft 

Gk.  stereos,  solid 

Gk.  stethos,  the  breast,  the  chest 

Gk.  stomOt  the  mouth    . . 

Lat.  stratum  gen.  strati,  a  layer 

Gk.  stratas,  an  army 

Eng.  streaw,  straggling  . . 

Lat.  sttMtu  gen.  stuUi,  foolish, 
a  fool       

Lat.  sub,  under,  inferior 

(Added  to  Teutorvie  toords  as  : 

(in   Chem.)   the   article   named 
inferior  to  the  base 

Lat.  suhter,  underneath,  under- 
hand         

Lat  sue-  for  sub  (before  -e) 


spirit-less,  qpiritu-al 

spiro-meter 

splanchn-ic,  splanohno-logy 

spor-«le 

sporid-ium,  sporo-carp 

staphyl-oma,  s^aphylo-raphj 

atar'board 

1  tear-ine,  8t6at4te 

steneo-saums,  sleno-graphy 

stentor-ian,  stentoro-jdionic 
step.-son,  step-mother 
stereo-type,  stereo-scope 
stetho-scope,  stetho-meter 


stom-ate,  stoma-iK)d 

strati-fy,  strati-form 

strato-cracy 

straw-berry 

stulti-fy 

sub-side,  sub-editor 

sub-writer,  snb-wodcer) 

sub-carburet 

snbjber-fuge 
suo-ceed,  suc-cumb 


PREFIXES  AND  PREN0UN8, 


ZZZIX 


gaf- 

im- 

aolpli'  ) 

solpho-f 

sum- 

tompta- 

sup- 

snper- 

sur- 

siir-  (for 

€ir-) 

sva- 

txu- 


Lat.  ttnf-  tar  mb  (before  -/) 
Lat.  tuf'  for  <ud  (one  exftmple) 

Lat.  mi,  oneself 

lAt.    nUphwr    gen.    nUph&ris, 
snlphnr . .    m^h-orei,  nilpho-vinlo 


1 


som-mon 
Bomptn-aiy 
sup-pose,  sap-port 
snper-abonnd,  si^er-oaigo 
snr-base,  sor-moont 

sor-round 

snr-render,  snr-rogf  te 
sor^pUce,  sur-face 
8as4>ect,  SOS-tain 
{Only  one  example  qf  each,  the 

other  two  are sus^septible  and  8n[s]-spect 

gwnrd- £ng.  noord,  a  swcurd       ..        ..    sword-play,  sword-stick 
sycor  Gk.  cttJbo«,  a  flg     ..        ..       -..    syco-more,  syco-phant 
syl-{  6k.  8iU-  for  eun,  with     . .        . .    syl-logism 

Gk.  eum-  for  *un  (before  -b,  -m,  -p)   sym-metry,  sym-pathy 


sym 
i^n' 

»y 

tanto- 
tazi 
tax- 
taxo- 
techn-  I 
techno- f 
tel-,  tele- 
teleo- 
^mpot- 
tenaci- 
tenebr 
ter- 


1 


tergi- 
terr- 
terri 
terri-  (for 

teTTOTt-j 

teeti- 

tetr-  j 

tetra-l 

thaoma- 

thanmat- 

thec-  1 

theca-) 

the-,  theo- 

therm-    ) 

thermo-  f 

thorough 

thuri- 

Thurs- 

to- 

Tom- 

tom- 


ExAMPun. 
8uf-fer,  suf-flz 
sug-gest 
Bui-dde 


Lat.  8um-  tot  tub  (before  -m) 
Lat.  eumptus,  eaqranse    . . 
Lat.  tup^  for  $ub  (before  -p)     .  • 
Lat.  ntper,  over,  above,  extra  .. 
Fr.ewr-  (Lat.  ntper),  over 

Lat.  cireum,  around,  about 

Lat.  tur-  for  tud  (before  -r) 
Lat.  mir-  for  aujMr,  over,  beyond 
Lat.  «tM-for<ud(before-€,  -s,  -p,  -t) 


Gk.  tun,  with 

Gk.  tun  (before  -e,  -z) 

Gk.  to  auto,  the  samd '    .. 

Gk.  ioxu,  arrangement  .. 

Lat.  taxus  gen.  taxi,  a  yew-tree 


syn-onym,  syn-opsis 
sy-stole,  sy-zygy 
tauto-lbgy,  tauto-phony 
taxi-denny 
tax-ite 


Gk.  taxia  g.  taxeds,  classification    taxo-nomy 


techn-lc,  techno-logy 

tel-erpeton,  tele-scope 
teleo-saurus,  teleo-l(^7 
tempor-al,  tempor-ise 
tenaci-ous 
tenebr-ous 


Gk.  tec^n^,  art 

Gk.  tele,  far  distant 
Gk.UflSd8,  perfect,  the  end 
Lat  tempus  gen.  temp&rie,  time 
Lat  tenax  gen.  teTMcie,  adhesive 
laX.tenebras,  darkness     . . 
Lat.  ter  (in  Chem.),  three  atoms  of  the  substance  named,  gene- 
rally refers  to  the  negative  constituent  ter-acetate  [of  lead] 
("  Ter-acetate  of  lead  =  3  atoms  of  acetic  add  to  1  oxide  of  lead 
"  Tiis-acetate  of  lead  =  1  atom  of  acetic  acid  to  3  oxide  of  lead) 
Lat.  tergum  gen.  tergi,  the  back     teigi^versation,  tergi-ferous 

Lat.  terra  gen.  terroi,  earth      . .    terr-aqueous,  terri-genous 

I  Lat.  terror  gen.  terroris,  terror    terri-fjr,  terri-ble 
Lat 


testis,  a  witness       . . 

Gk.  tetra,  four 

)  Gk.  thauma  gen.  thaumdtoe, 
)     a  marvel         

Gk.  ikekS,  a  sheath 

Gk.  theos,  god       the-ist,  theo-logy 

Gk.  (/iemuM,  heat therm-al,  thermo-meter 


testi-fy,  testi-mony 
tetr-arch,  tetra-gon 

thauma-trope,  thaumat-urgus 
thec-odont,  theca-phore 


Eng.  thuruh,  through     .. 

Lat.  thvs  g.  thuris,  frankincense 

Eng.  Ttior  g.  Thores,  a  Scand.  god 

Eng.  adverbial  prefix 

A  gender  word  (male)     .... 

big,  awkward        tom-toe,  tom-fool 

^^  I  Gk.  tosrffctf »>  polsoo       ,,       ..    toz-odon,  toxico-losy 


thorough-fare,  thorough-bred 
thuri-fer,  thuri-ble 
Thurs-day 
to-day,  to-morrow 
Tom-cat,  tom-tit 


PREFIXES  AND  PREN0UN8. 


tracheli- 


} 


trach- 

tracheo 

trade- 

tra- 

traf- 

trag- 

tran- 

trans- 

tres- 

tri 


trigono- 

tri-,  teiph- 

tris 

torn- 

tnr 

twi 

Udo-  (Jor 
huao-) 
xdtra- 
nmbr- 
nn 
nn-,  uni 
nnder- 
and-al- 
ungu-  ) 
imgoi-f 
nni- 
up- 

Qgque- 

ura- 

ut-,  utt- 

nxoii- 


EXAMPLKS. 

Ok.  traehUds,  the  neck  or  throat    tracheli-pod 
("Tracheli-poda"  ought  to  be  trachelo-poda) 

6k.  traeheiOf  the  wind-pipe     ..    trach-itis,  tracheo-tomy 

Eng.  tredde,  a  beat,  a  tread      ..    trade-wind 

Lat.  trc^-  for  troma,  acrosn         ..    tra-montane,  tra<liice 

Lat.  t/nnf'  for  trans  (before  -/) . .    traf-fic 

Ok.  irago$,  a  goat trag-edy  (for  irag-ody) 

Lat.  iran-  for  trans  (before  -«)  ..    tran-scribe,  tran-sept 
Lat.  trans,  across,  elsewhere    ..    trans-fer,  trans-plant 
Romance  (Lat.  tran^    ..        ..    tres-pass 
Gk.  treiSt  three  (in  Chem.),  it  denotes  three  atoms.     It  gene- 
rally refers  to  the  positive  constitntent  -tri8-«cetate 
("  Tris-acetate  of  lead  '* = 1  atom  of  acetic  acid  to  3  oxide  of  lead 
"  Ter-acetate  of  lead  "  =  8  atoms  of  acetic  acid  to  1  oxide  of  lead) 
Ok.  trigdndn,  a  triangle  ..        ••    trigono-metry,  -carpon 
6k.  treif,  three trl-phylloos,  toiph-thong 


Gk.  treis,  thrice 
Eng.  tyrnlan},  to  tnru'  .. 
Eng.  (ur,  ronnd  ..  •• 
Eng.  tw4on,  donbtfnl  •• 
Gk.  tupos,  type    ..       »« 

I  Gk.  hvdor,  water        •• 

Lat.  vXirat  beyond         .. 
Lat.  umbra,  a  shadow    .. 
Eng.  un-,  not,  back 
Lat.  unus  gen.  unitu,  one 
Eng.  under,  beneath,  inferior 
Lat.  wnd-uia,  unda,  a  wave 

Lat.  unguis,  a  nail,  a  hoof 


•• 


tris-agion,  tris-megistns 

torn-stile,  torn-coat 

tor-nip 

twi-light 

typ-ic,  typo-graphy 

odo-meter  (for  hydo-meter) 

xdtra-montane,  oltra-iadical 
ombr-age,  ombr-ella 
on-troe,  on-wind 
on-animoos,  oni-com 
onder-groond,  -fiecretaiy 
ondol-ate 


••  ongo-al,  ongoi-form 

Lat.  unus  gen.  unlus,  one        ..  oni-form,  oni-son 

Eng.  up,  mgh,  over  . .  op-lands,  op-set 

(Prefixed  to  nouns,  verbs,  adjedives,  and  adverbs.) 

Lrish  uisge,  water osqoe-baogh 

Lat.  usus,  ose       oso-froct,  oso-al 

Eng.  au,  oot         ot-most,  ott-er 

Lat  uxor  gen.  uxoris,  spoose  ••  ozozi-oos 


^ 


SUFFIXES  AKD   TERMINATIONS. 


(By  permisHon  from  Dr.  Brewer**  "  Prefixes  and  &uffiaDU.**) 


The  pftrt  ixL brackets  []  h  either  the  ytncolam  of  a  rafflx  or  an  accidental 
part  of  the  termination.  It  is  displayed  in  this  list  for  three  reasons :  (1)  be- 
came tiM  general  reader  will  more  easily  find  the  termination  he  seeks 
for  by  having  it  written  out  in  full ;  (2)  because  it  very  often  aifects  the 
suffix  with  "a  new  shade  of  meaning :  **  thus  -[<r]eM  is  more  than  a  mere 
female  like  -u»  (in  "lion-ess  "X  u  the  i/r  denotes  that  the  word  is  not  only 
a  /emole  but  a  femait  agent :  and  (3)  it  guides  to  a  declension,  conjugation, 
and  sometimes  even  to  a  language. 


-[a]ble 


Romance 
Lat. 

Lat.  habilia; 
Eng.  oXmX 


Koun,  denotes  a  woman 
Koun,  (in  Bot,)  a  genus 

Adj.,  able  to  be,  fit  to  be 


donn-a,  snltan-a 
scabios-a,  achills»-a 

eat-[a]ble,  cnlp-[a]ble 


(Tha  "a,"  in  words  from  the  Lai.,  denotes  that  the  verb  to  which  this 
suffix  is  joined  is  of  the  frst  eonj.,  Imi  the  rule  is  very  loosely  observed. 
Verbs  of  oQur  conj.  take  **  -tble "  instead.    English  verbs  take  only  **  -aJbU. "> 


Lat    -{<4c-iis;  )  AdjeotiTal  Koun,  pos- 

6k.  -Ca]Jb-os     f    sessed  of     .. 
Lat  -[a^»  gen  \ 

■Hs,  -ia]c-ius,  VKonn,  made  of,  pro- 

'iia,-€ia,-€ius )     duced  from.. 
Lat  -{akeos     . .   Koun,  (in  £ot. ) an  order 
Lat  '^OL^oeva   . .   Adj.,  from  a  ooncrete ) 

noun . .        . .  j 

Lat  -oeeus;  ItaL 

-dceto . .  Noun 

Lat  [a>B  g.  -cu  Adj.,  from  an  absfyntct 

noun . . 
Lat  •{aJtry>s-ns,  Adj.,  from  an  abstract 

\acx^-^i»    . .       noun 

Lat  -iayc-itas  . .    Abstract  noun* 
Lat.  -{ayc-ul-um  Houn,  diminutive     .. 
Lat  -{ac]I-um..   lToun,instrument,place 
Lat    -[a]^-ta, 

-{a]e4a 
Gk. -{a]Ua;  Lat 

•tia,  -^ia 

("-ey"  denotes  mnJb,  .oj^m,  jwrisdidtiony  bui  "-sy*' 
psky*  apostasy,  minatrel-sy.) 


-Ia]c 
-Cajoe 

-{a]ce8B 
-[ajceous 

-£a]ehe 

-{aldous 

•{aeijoas 

-lajc-ity 
-Ia)o-le 
-(aehle 
-{a]c-y 

-{•ley 


Abstract  noon* 
Koun,  oflBlce,  rank 


demoni-[a]e 

tenKalce,  men-[a]ce 
amaranth-[a]ce» 
sapon-[a]ceous,  aigil- 
fajceous 

moust-[a]che 

aud-Ca]cioQs,    ten- 

[a]cious 
gT[acil-ous,  sp[aci>ous 
aud[a]o-ity,  teQ[a]c-ity 
tabem-[a]c-le 
recept-[ac]le,  orfacjle 

fall-{a]c-y,  effic-[a]c-y 

cur-{a]cy,  pap-[a]ey 
condition,  the  arts:  <u 


are  those  which  are  formed  from  adjectiyes:  as 

flilaJHiy  from  "wital,*' whiU^ness  from  "white,"  audacity  from  "audax" 
IMIL  anuiancg  from  ''constant" 


xlii 


SUFFIXES  AND  TERMINATIONS. 


-ad 

-ade 

-ade 

-[a]dffi 

-age 

-age 


Gk.  -<u  g.  -adroa 


Noon,  the  concrete  of 
an  idea 


Lat. 


mon-ad 

lemon-ade,  palia-ade 

cannon-ade 

8epHa]d» 

broker-age,  marri-age 

assembl-age,  vint-age 
(Added aUo to  TeuiorUc vu^ns:  as  "till-age,"  ** cott-age,*'  ** "bond-age") 


Fr.  -ade; 
-cUua  .. 
Fr.  -ade;    Lat. 
Gk.  -[ai]de8 


Konn,  concocted,  made 

Verb,  to  nse,  to  employ 

Venn,  a  family,  a  group 

Lat.  agere,  to  do  Kotm,  a  trade,  a  thing 

done 

Ft. -age.,        ..    Noun,  collective,  sea- 
son of 


-age 
-[aig]n 

-[ai]n 

-[ai]n 

-Ta]l 

-[a]l 

-ol 

-[a]l-ity 

-ta]n 

-an 

-ana 

-[a]nce 


Fr.  -age 

Lat.   thro'   the 

Fr.  [agyne 
Lat.  -[ajrMM, 

-{ayn-is 
Lat.    thro'    the 

Fr.  [ag}ne  .. 
Lat  -[a]l-i8  . . 
Lat.  -[a]^tw  .. 
Lat.  -all-u8y  um 
Lat.  -[a]l-ita8  . . 
Lat.  -{a]n-ui8  .. 
Lat.  -an-va 
Lat.  -ana 

Lat.  -[a^  gen. 
-nUe,  -[ajntia 


Noun,  condition,  duty 

Koun,  characterised . . 
Noun,  office,  rank  (good 
or  bad) 

Noun,  characterised . . 
Adj.  from  a  noun 
Adjectival  noun 

Noun 

Abitraot  noun,  state. . 
Adj.,  belonging  to    .. 
Adjectival  noun 
Noim  (plu.),  things  per- 
taining to    . . 

)  Verbal  noun,  act  of, 

)     state  of    . . 


vassal-age,  hom-age 

camp-[aig>i 

capt-[ai]n,  vill-[aQn 

mount-[ai]n 

vit  [a]l,  music-fall 

geher-[a]l,  crin]in-[a]l 

met-al 

vit-[a]l-ity 

veter-[a]n,  public-{a]n 

Bom-an,  equestri-an 

Johnsoni-ana 

viglHa]nc6 


(Also  jovfUd  to  TeiUonic  toorde:  as  "forhear-ancey**  "hvndeir-ane€.'*J 
-[a]n-cy 


-[a]nd 
-[a]ne 
-[a]nt 

-[a]nt 
-ar 

-[a]r 

-ard 

-art 

-[a]ry 

-[a]ry 

-[a]ry 
-[a]sm 

-ass 
-astar 
-aster 
-[a]te 
-[a]te 

-ate 


■la]te 

-[a]te 

-[a]te 

■la]t-ic 


} 


Lat.    'lajns, 

-[a}ntia 
Lat.  -iajnd-ti8 . . 
Lat.  -\a}nu8    . . 
Lat.  -{a]n8  gen. 

-nt-is 


Abstract  noun,  state ) 
of       ..        ..  i 

Noun,  to  be  done 
Adj.,  belonging  to    . . 


Participial  noun,  i^nt 
Lat.  -ialnst  &c  Participial  noun,  state 
Norse -arer;  Lat. 

Noun,  agent 


[a]r-ii« 
Lat.  -[a]r-t»    . . 
Eng.  hard 
Eng.  hard 
Lat.  -[a]ri-t«  .. 
Lat.  -[ajri-iun.. 

Lat.  -[a]ri-t*s  . . 
Gk.  -la}sm-09  .. 
Fr.  -asse 
Fr.  -(utre 
Gk.  -a^tSr^  a  star 
Lat.  -{a]t-tis  . . 
Lat.  -ia]t-u8  .. 
Lat-oi-us 


Lat  i-[a]<rus    .. 

Lat.  •ra]^^ies  . . 
Lat.  -[a]t-or,  -tu 
Lat.  -[a]«-ic-iM 


Adj.,  pertaining  to  .. 

Noun,  one  of  a  class . . 

Noun,  one  of  a  class . . 

Noun,  one  of  a  craft . . 

Neun,  a  d6pdt,  adap- ) 
ted  or  set  apart  for ) 

Adj.,  relating  to 

Neun,  state 

Noun,  made  of 

Noun,  in  depreciation 

Neun,  star-struck 

Noun,  office     .. 

Verbal  noun    . . 

Noun  rin  Chem)  denotes 
a  salt  formed  by  the 
combination  of  an 
acid  in  -ie  with  a  base 

A4j>v  inclined  to,  fa- 
voured by    . . 

Vetb,  to  energise 

Noun,  agent    . . 

A4j<  or  Adjectival  noon 


pU- 


mendic-[a]n-cy, 

[a]n-cy 
muitiplic-[a]nd 
hum-[a]ne 

infonn-[a]nt 
verd-La]nt 


begg-ar,  registr-[a]r 
vmg-[a;h^ 

drunk-ard,  duU-ard 
bragg-art,  sweet-heart 
lapid-[a]ry,  statu-[a]r7 
libr-[a]ry,     gran-[a]]^, 
sanctQ-[a]ry,  sal-CaJry 
liter-[a}ry,  second-fajry 
enthusi-[a]sm,  pleon- 
cuir-ass,  (cuir,  leather) 
poet-aster 
dis-aster 

magistr-[a]te,  advoc- 
postul-[a]te 

nitr-ate  of  soda,  i.e., 
.  nitric  acid  combined 

with  soda  [the  base] 
fortun-[a]te,     passion- 

[a]te 
anim-[a]te,  flnotti-[a]te 
car-[a]te,  deleg-[a]te 
lun-Ca]t-ic«  aqu-[ali4o 


SUFFIXi:^  AND  TERMINATIONS, 


zlilf 


-ber 

-ble 

-ble 

-ble 

-b<Nid 

-bnle 

-{br]ain 

-bund 

■c 

-c 

-{c> 

-ce 

-cede) 

-oeed  r 

-oeUi 

-cello 
■Cc]h 
-dure 

-chre 

-cle 

cle 

-cule 

-cnltim 

-Ccjnnd 

-[c]y 


Sanskrit  vatwx, 
time  . .  . . 
fioin.  -|){0  •. 
Lai  habiliM  .. 
Lst.  -du{-ttm  .. 
IaL  -btmd^fu . . 
Lat.  -InU-um  .. 
Lat.  -[ftrjuwi  .. 
Lat.  -bund^ua  .. 
Lat.  -C-1M 
Lat  -c-tu 


Lat.  -[e]a,  -[c}ta 
Lat  -ei-a,  -ti-a 

Lat  ecdo,  to  go    Verb,  to  go 

ItaL-ceUi;Lat 


Venn,  time  or  month 

oftiiejrear  .. 
VavB,  midtipUcatiTe 
A4J.,fitfor,  full  of  .. 
Koan,  instmment    .. 
Oenmdial  noon 
Koun,  d^pOt    .. 
Kean,  inatmment     .. 
Oenmdial  noun 

Adi 

AdjeotiTal  noon 
Voun,  denotingagemu 
Abttraetneiu.. 


ItaL  -cello 

Eng. 

Ft.   -en;     Lat 

er-um 
6k.  chroa 
Lat  -cul-ui     .. 
Lat  -cul-um   .. 
Lat  -cu^-um   .. 
Lat  -cuZum    . . 
Lat  -{cyund-Ms 
Vt.  -[c}ie/  Lat 

-ti-a  .. 
Lat  -ti-o,  -H^; 

Gk.  -ibi-a     . . 


VovB,  dim. 
Hoon,  dim. 
A4jeetival  noon,  Adj. 
Noun,   d^pOt,   ingtru- 

ment 

Koun,  colonr  of  . .     . . 

Koon,  dim. 

Noun,  dim.  instrument 

Konn,  dim 

Noun,  dim. 

Adj.,  endowed  with  .. 

Abatraot  noun.. 


-den 
-dom 


Noon,     oflBlce,     state, 
Jurisdiction.. 

(For  different  of  -cy  and  -sy,  8a  page  xU.) 

Eng.  -de,  -[e](2e,  Past   tense    of   weak 

-io}d€ . .        . .       verbs 

Eng.  den  for  In  names  of  places,  a 
denu  ..        ..       valley 

Eng.  -ddm       . .  Noun,  rule,  province 


Oeto-ber,  Deoem-ber 
dou-ble,  tre-ble 
hum-ble.  fee-Ue 
sta-ble,  mandi-ble 
vaga-bond 

vesti-bule  (rohe-d6p6t) 
candela-[br]um 
mori-bund 
frant(i]-c,  mst[i>c 
crit(i>c,  mania-c 
angell-[c]a,  laotu-[c]a 
justi-ce,  mali-ce 

pre-cede,  pro-ceed 

vermi-celU 

violon-ceUo 
Scot-[c]h,  Dut-[o]h 

sepul-chre 
o-chre  fegg-coVowr) 
canti-cle,  mus-de 
tenta-de,  ventri-de 
corpus-cule 
animal-culom 
Jo-[c]und 

ezcellen-rc]sr,     oon- 
stan-[c]7 


magistra-cy,  cnra-cy 


hear-d,  fle-d 


Tenter-den 
king-dom,  wis-dom 


^This  suffix  is  also  ttsedvyith  Romance  vx>rd8:  as  "  duke-dom"  martyr-dom." ) 


-{djor 

-[d]ore 

-{djoor 

-e 


Span.  -[d]or 
Span.  -[d]or 
Fr.  -i(}pir 

Lat  -o  ., 


Houn,  agent,  instrum. 
Noun,  agent    . . 
Noun,  instrument 
Verb 


corri-[d]or  fa  runner  J 
mata-[d]ore 
battle-[d]oor 
produc-e,  divid-e 


f  Very  often  it  is  added  merely  to  lengthen  the  preceding  vowel :  as  cloth,  clothe.) 


-[e]«© 

-[ea]n 

-Ce]d 

-[e]d 


Gk.  -C6]ai 

Lat  -[ajn-eus  . . 

Eng.  -de,  -[c]d«, 

-[olds . . 
Eng.    -d,    -[e]d, 

-[o}d  .. 


Noun,  a  sub-genus  . . 
Adj.  or  Adjectival  noun 
Past    tense   of   weak 

verbs . .     . .     . .  '  . . 

Past    part,    of    weak 

verbs        


amygdal-[e]8e 
Mediterran-[ea]n 

leam-ed,  lov-ed 

leam-ed,  lov-ed 


(Also  added  to  nouns:  as  "hom-ed"  '*vnng-ed,"  "foot-ed."J 


•ed 


-ee 


Eng. 
Pr.  4,  -4e 


Added  to  all  verbs  not 
from  native  words 

Noun,  object  of  some 
action       


syllabl-ed  (Gk.) 
expand-ed  (Lat.) 


legat-ee,  mortgag-ee 
(Chiefly  used  in  legal  phraseology,  the  correspsnding  active  noun,  or  that 
which  is  the  subject  of  the  action  being  -or:  as"  mortgag-or,*^  "  legat-or."j 

.  -.  In  some  few  words  this  suffix  is  added  to  nouns  of  an  active  charac- 
ter: as  "devot-ee,"  *'grand-ee,"  "repart-ee,"  "absent-ee." 


^liv 


SUFFIXES  AND   TERMINATIONS, 


-[ee 
-[e 
-[e 
-[e 


1 
1 
1 
1 
-el 


Lat.  -[e\l-i8 
Eng.  -I,  -[e]l    . . 
Lat.  thro' the  Fr. 
Lat.  -[e]2-a,  -us 
Fr.  -eav,  or  -elU 


Adj.,  belonging  to 
Koun,  instrument 
Noun,  instrument 
Noun,  dim. 
Noun,  dim. 


genH^e]! 
8hov-[e]l,  hov-[e]l 
mod-[ell 

lib-te]l,  quarr-[e]l 
tumbr-el,  parc-el 


(The  final  -el  of  many  other  words  is  only  a  part  of  the  termination : 
thus  in  ** gospel"  it  is  -spel,  in  "hydromel"  it  is  -mel,  in  ** rebel"  it  is 
hell-^m,  in  "  excel "  it  is  cell-o,  in  "  dispel "  it  is  jpell-o,  in  "refel "  faXIrO^  &c 


-[eln 

Lat.  -[e]n-iM    .. 

-en 

Eng.  -aw,  -en  .. 

-en 

Eng.  -en 

-en 

Eng.  -en 

-en 

Eng.  -en          .. 

-en 

Eng.  -en 

-[e]n 

Fr.  -[i]n,  -[e]n7W 

-[eig]n 

Lat.  -[a]rirt«   .. 

-[eigln 

Lat.  -[a]7t-us  . . 

-[eo]n 

Fr.  -ieoln,  -Iw^n 

-[eo]n 

Fr.  -[o)» 

-[e]nco 

Lat.     -{eynt-ia; 

Fr.  -[e]nce    . . 

-[e]ncy 

Lat.     •{e'\nt-ia ; 

Fr.  -[e\nc6    .. 

-[e]nd 

Lat.  -[ejnd-tM.. 

-[ejndous 

Lat.  -[e]ndu8  . . 

-[e]nsis 

Lat.  -[«]7ifiM    . . 

-[e]nt 

Lat.  -ie\ns  gen. 

-cutis.. 

-er 

Eng.  -or,  -ra   .. 

-er 

Eng.  -6re 

-[e]r 

Lat. -[i]r, -[e]r.. 

-[e]r 

Fr.  -[eiijr 

-lee]r 

Lat.  -[a]r-iit»  .. 

-erel 

Fr.  -erelU,  -erel. 

-em 

Eng.  -cm         .. 

-[e]m 

Lat.   -[e]m-iM, 

-[^t]r7^-1t» 

-[e]ry 

Lat.    -[e]ri-a. 

-[a}ri-a 

-[e]ry 

Lat.  -[ejri-a,  ) 
-[d]Ti-a          j 

-ea 

Eng. -a«,  later -es 

-es 

Eng.  -e</i,  later ) 
-ea    ..        ..  f 

-es' 

Eng.  -es.. 

Noun,  one  of  a  class  . . 
Plural  of  certain  nouns 
Gender-noun,  female 
Adj.,  made  of . . 
Verb,  to  make 
P.  p.  of  strong  verbs 

Noun 

Adjectival  novn 

Adjective  . . 

Noim,  instrument     .. 
Noun,  instrument     .. 

Noun,  result,  exhibit 

Noun,  result,  exhibit 
Adj.,  to  be,,  to  be  done 
Adj.,  fit  to  produce  . » 
Noun,  instrument     . . 

Participial  noun        . . 
Comparative  d^ree  . . 
Noun,  agent    . . 
Noun,  agent    .. 
Noun,  agent    . . 
Noun,  occupation,trade 
Noim,  agent,  dim.     . . 
Adj . ,  in  the  direction  of 

Noun,  place    .. 

Noim,  d€pOt,  workshop 
Noun,  an  art,  result  of 

art 

PliL   of  nouns  in  cA 

(soft),  sh,  8,X 
S  sing.  pres.  Ind.  of  v. 

in  ch  (sof  tX  sh,  s,  X . 
Possessive     plu.     of  > 

nouns  in -es..  j 


ali-[e]n 
ox-en 

vix-en  fa  she-fox) 
wood-en,  gold-en 
black-en,  thick-en 
writt-en,  shak-en 
gard-[e]n,  warr-[e]n 
8over-[eig]n     (super- 

an\us\) 
for-[eigln  (Lat.  foris) 
haberg-[eo]n,  gall-[eo]i» 
trunch-[eo]n,  escutch- 

pati-[e]nce,  pre»-[e]nc& 

dec-[e]ncy,  cxcel-te]ncy 
rever-[e]nd,  divid-[e]nd 
trem-Le]ndous,  stup- 
amanu-[e]nsi8 

stud-[e]nt,  accid-[e]nt 
near-er,  narrow-er 
learn-er,  robb-er 
mast-[e]r,  defend-[e]r 
labour-[elr,  devln-[e]r 
mountain-Lee]r,  engin- 
cock-erel,  dott-erel 
south-em,  north-em 

cav-[e]m,  tav-[e]m 

rook-[e>y,  8mith-[e]r7 

cook-[elry,  8cen-[e]ry 
)  church-es,    flsh-es^ 

Sg^s-es,  box-es 
reach-es,  wash-es, 
pass-es,  fix-es 
church-es',   fish-es', 
fox-es' 


(The  sign  0  arose  from  a  blunder  of  old  gramma'pians,  wfio  supposed  the 
possessive  case  to  consist  of  "his,*'  and  we  still  have  in  the  Prayer  Book 
"for  Christ  his  sake"  i.e.  ChrisVs  sake,  or  rather  Christes  sake.) 


-[e]8ce 
-[elsoence 
-[eJBoency 


Eng.      ..        ..    Poss.  of  proper  names 

in  -ses,  -xes 

Lat.  -[e]8C-o  ..  Verb,  inceptive  (-sc  in- 
ceptive) 

Lat.  -[e]8eeat-ia  Noun,  inceptive,  incip- 
ient state 

Lat.  •ie]scent-ia  Noun,  inceptive,  ad- 
vanced state 


)  Moses^  sake,  Xerxes* 
)     army 

eflferv-[el8ce,  cottl-[e]8C6 

}conval-[e]scenoe» 
putr-[e]soence 

adol-[e]sGen<jy 


Affixes  and  terminations. 


xlv 


■ie^Bcent 


-ese 


-es8 


Lat.  'ie]9cen8 

gen.  -entia 

Fr,-[i]», -[afM, 

Fr.  -esse;  Lat., 
Gk.  -[i]«»-a 


A4)*«  inceptlTe,  finished 
state 

Adjectival  noun,  denot- 
uig  a  people ;  Adj. 

}Koun,  denoting  a  fe- 
male 


}conTal-[e>cent, 
putr-[ejscent 
)  Chin-ese,     Malt-ese, 
I     Japan-ese 

count-ess,  lion-ess 

^This  suffia  i»  restricted  to  females  of  the  human  family  and  some  few 
qtMdn^peds.J 

A4j.,  like,  of  the  char- 
acter of 

Ad}  .from  concrete  nouns 

Noun,  one  of  a  class . . 

Noun,  a  small  recept- 
acle or  instrument . 

(Added  to  other  nouns  besides  those  from  the  French: 
*'vnck-et,'*  *'thick-et."J 

-[e]fce|Lat -[e]^4M    ..    Past  partioipl*  ..  lobsol-ete,  eff-ete 

The  words  with  this  ending  are  all  compounds :   thus  "  com-plete " 
and  "ro-plete"  (Lat.  v.  pUo),  "con-crete**  (Lat.  v.  eresco),  "de-lete^  (Lat. 
V.  too),  "ef-fete*'(Lat.yat-twX  "ob-solete"  (Lat.  v.  wieo), 
(Lat.  V.  eemo). 

KonB     m^ 


-esque 

-eons 
-et 
-et 


Fr.  "esque 

Lat.  -eus 

Lat  -et-uSf  -et-a 

Fr.  -et,  -ette    .. 


I  pictnr-esque,  Arab- 

}     esque 

calcar-eous  (see  -ious) 
proph-et,  dig-et 

budg-et,  buff-et,  lanc-et 
as  *'dos-et,'* 


and  '*se-orete' 


-ey 

-ey 
-ey 


Fr. -^  .. 

Ft.  -S    •• 

Fr.  -[<]«.. 
Fr.  -aye 
Vt.-U   .. 


•• 


Noon 
Noun 
Noun 
Noun 


all-ey,  chimn-ey.  Journ- 
ey, vall-ey,  voll-ey 
medi-ey  (Fr.  me«^ 
pull-ey  (Fr.  poulie) 
abb-ey  (Fr.  (ibbaye) 
paral-ey  (Fr.  persil) 


("Barley"  is  bar-ley,  Welsh  bora  tty«[ian],  bread-plants.) 


-ey  Fr. -er  ..        ••    verb  and  verbal  noun  parl-ey  (Fr.  jxirler) 
-ey  Eng. -i(jr  ••   Noun  ..        ..    hon-ej  (hunig) 

-ey  EDg.-ig  ..   A4j.i  after  ay-  ..    ciay-ey,  sky-ey 

In  **jock^"  and  "monkey**  the-eyis  diminutive.    See  pp.  644  and  676. 
"  Purvey"  is  Fr.  pourvoir;  "Obey,"  Fr.  obier;  "SurvejP'  and  "Convey," 
Lat.  fjefe[o]. 

-fast  I  Eng.  -faut       •.   Noun,  effectually,  en- 1 

I  tirely I  stead-fast,  shame-faced 

("Shamefaced**  is  a  corruption  ofshomufoest  or  sham^astj 

Lat.  'fac-ttu   .j.   Adj.,  made 

Eng./eald  ..  Afl^.,  repeated,  multi- 
plied . .        . . 

Lat  form-iea.  Noun,  (in  Chem.)  the 
an  ant  ••  ter-oxide  of  a  hydro- 
carbon. So  called 
from  its  resemblance 
to  formic  add 

Eng.  -full  or  -fvZ  Ad j . ,  having  much    . . 

Lat.  fado,  fids  Verb,  to  make,  to  be- 
come   


-fie 
-fold 

-form 


•fnl 

(y 


.-gen 

-head 

-hood 
-ia 


Gk.geno,  to  pro- 
duce ..        .. 
Eng.  -hdd       .. 


Noun  (in  Chem.)  a  gas 
Noun,    person,    state, 
condition     . . 
Eng.  -hdd       ••   Noun,        „        ,. 
Lat -ia..        ..    Noun,  things  belong- 
ing to 
Lat  -ia;  Gk.  -ia  Noun,  (in  Bot.)  an  or- 
der or  genus ;    (in 
J^ooLXadassororder 


beati-flc,  calori-fic 
two-fold,  four-fold 


Chloro-form  the  ter- 
oxide  of  formyle 
(■=.form'M) 

hate-ful,  hope-ful 


versi-fy,  testi-fy 

oxy-gen,  nitro-gen 

God-head 
boy-hood,  girl-hood 

regal-la,  insign-ia 

monog3m-la, 
mammal-ia,  reptil-ia 


xlvi 


SUFFIXJS8  AND  TERMINATIOm. 


-iftd 
-[i]ble 


n-iad,  Dtmc-iad 
tang-[i]ble,  8^ns-[i]ble 


6k.  -iad-08     . .    Noon,  patrohymlo 
Lat.  hdbUia    . .    Adj.,  able,  fit  to 

(8€mit  as  -aible,  but  added  to  Lat.  words  ilot  of  the  Itt  eonjj 

-[i]c  I  Lat.  -{ijiyua     . .    Adj.,  belonging  to     .  •  I  civ-ic,  pflUdf-lc 
-{i]o  I  Ok.  -i/e^«,  -ik-a    Houn,  a  science         ..  |  mos-lc,  log-ic 

(Bxc^  in  the  5  loords  (arithmetic,  logic,  magic,  music,  rhetoric,  derived 
from  the  French)  this  termination  is  always  plural.) 

Gk.  •'ik-os;  Lat.   Adj.,  of  the  nature  of, 

-ie-iM..        .k       like 

Gk.  -ik-08        ..    Adj.,  (in  Path.)  in  an 

excited  state 


-[i]c 
-[i]c 


angel-ic,  basalt-ic 


titan-ic,  chron-ic 


{If  not  excited,  tike  termination  is  -oid  or  -ode :  <m  titanoid  of  tkanode.) 


-[i]c 


Gk.-iJk-M 


Adj.,  (in  Chem.)  de- 
notes an  acid  con- 
taining a  maximum 
of  oxygeii     . . 

(If  it  contains  less  than  the  maximum  the  term,  is  -ous :  as  nitrous,  d;e.J 

astronomical,     qiher- 


nitr-io,  oarbon-le 


-ical 
-ically 

-[i]ce 

-[ilde 
-il}cian 

-ics 

-diet 
-id 
-id 
-id 


-idiB 

-idal 
-ide 


-ide 


-ides 

idion 

-ie 

-ier 

-iff 

-Iflf 

-im 
-in 

-Wn  I 


Lat.  'iml-is     . . 
Lat.  -icdl-is  with 

-{y 
Lat.        -[t]c-ia, 

-[t]<ia..  .. 
Lat.  -l%}eulum., 
Lat.  -dan  with 

Gk.  -ik-os  .. 
Qk.-ik-a 


Adj.,  pertaining  to 
Adverb  .. 


Abstract  noun.. 

Hoiin,  dim 

Koun,  one  skilled  in  a 

dC16i1C6  •  •  •  • 

Noun,      denoting     a 
science 

Verbal  noun    . . 

Noun,  outcome,  result 

_  Noun,  patronTinlo    . . 

Gk.  eidros,  like     Houn  (in  Science),  with 

0  tat  vinculun^  and 
the  two  combined 
into  a  triphthong  . . 

Noun,  patronymic,  a 
family 

Adj.,  of  the  nature  of 
Gk.  eid-os,  like     Noun,  (in  07^m.)a  non- 
acid  combination  of 
oxygen         ..         *. 
Gk.  eid-os,  like    Noun,  (in  Chem.)  the 

more  negative  of  two 
elements  combined 

Noun,  patronymic    . . 

Noun,  one's  own 

Noun,  dim 

}Noun,  characterises 
an  agent  . . 

employed 


Lat.  dict-um 
Lat.  -id-US 
Gk.  4d6s 


G^.-id6s 
Lat.  -idal-is 


Ql^-idgs 
Gk.  idion 
S<^tch  -is 
Ft.  -ier;     Lat, 
-eri/us,  -aHu», 
Fr. -^Z";  Lat. -itnM  Noxm,   one 
_  officially 
Eng.  -ge-rifa  .. 
Lat.   -W^-fa.     1 

Lat.  -[i]^4s 


Heb.  -im,  plural 
Ohaldee  -in,  plu. 
Lat.  -fijn-tM    .. 


Noun,  a  reeve,  a  steward 

Adj.,  from  a  substan- 
tive stem 

Adj.,  from  a  substaur 
tive  stem     .. 

Noun,  plwral  ..         .t 

Noun,  pluraX  . . 

Noun 


iron-ically,  mus-lcally 

avar-ice,  mal-ice 
patt-[i]cle,  art-[ilcle 
polit-ic-ian,   arithmet- 
ic-ian 

mathemat-lcs,  stat-ics 
inter-dict,  ver-iUct 
ac-id,  luc-id 
J5ne-id,  carot-id 


spher-o-ld  =  tfef.roid 
alkal-o-id  =  al'.ka.loid 

can-MsB,  fprmic-idsB 
pyram-ldid 


chlor-ide,  iod-ide 

ox-ide  of  iron 
chlor-ide  of  sodium 
Atlant-ides,  Oaryat-idas 
enchir-idion 
bird-ie,  dogg-ie 

halberd-ier,  brigad-ier 

plaint-iflf 
shto-iff,  baU-ifr 

civ-[i]l 

gent-(l]le,  host-[i]le 
cherub-im,  sen^h-lm 
cherub-in,  seraph-in 
ru-[i]n,  bas-tijn 


SUFFIXm  AND  TERMINATIOm. 


zlvfi 


-in 

-ina 
-ine 

-ine 

-ln« 
-ine 

•tag 


lAt.  •ilMW 

Bom.  -ina      .. 
Lai  -An-ua 

Lftt.  -imrMa 

Rem.  -ifM 
Ok.  in-i«,  an) 
offspring      ) 
Eng.  -ing        .. 


Vovm^    (in   Ckem.)  a 

simple  substance . . 
youn,denotes  a  woman 
Konn,  belonging  to  a 

group 
Noun,  belonging  to,  of 

the  nature  of 
Noan,denotesawoman 
Vfon;  (in  Clhem.)  ah ) 

element       . .         S 
VoQn,  ion  of,  deseelid- 

ant  of 
Participial  noon 
Geruna 


-ing  Bng.  -wng 

-ing  Eng.  -igmde 

-Ing  Eng.  -tndi,  -inda  Pres.  part 
-[i]on  Lat.-[i]o,g.-oni«. 

Fr.  [-Ion      . .    Kwm,  act  of,  ona  of. . 
-[i]on  Lat.-[t]o,g. -ioni«  Verbal  noun    . . 
-Q]or  Lat.  ^i]or       ..    Adj.,  comparative  deg. 

(The  suffix  -CT  is  added  to  the  first  case  of  the  positire  which  ends  in  -t : 
thus  in  tupenu  (high)  it  is  added  to  the  gen.,  but  in  brevi»  to  the  dat.) 


amid-in 
esar-ina 

feline 

marline,  sal-ine 
hero-ine,  landcnraT-ine 

chlor-ine,  iod-ine 


Athel-hur 

the  preach-ing  [of  John] 
the  fear  of  open-ing. . 
loT-ing,  hearting 


compan-r{]on 
admiss-ri]oa,  reIig-[i]on 
super-[ijor,  infer-[l]or 


-ious 

-Ci]ous 

-ique 

-iM 

-Ise 

-ish 


-ish 
-isk 

-[i]8m 


-ist 

-Ister 

-it 

-it 

-ite 

-ite 


-ite 
-ite 

-ite 

-ll]tis 

-li]t7 


Lat. -itts  ..  A4Jm  (iB  Bot.)  pertain- 
ing to  a  class,  order, 
or  group 

Lat  -[<]tts       ..  .A4j.,  from  an  abstract 

noun 

A4j.t  belonging  to    . . 


Fr.    from 

•iquui 
Lat  -it-lttm, 

Gk.-<s-o 


Lat 


Eng.  Att 
Eng.  -<ae 


Lat  -«se 
Ok.  -ish-ot 


Koun,  act  of,  habit  of 

Verb,  to  undertake  to 
do,  to  make 

Adj.,  external  resem- 
blance, hence  folk . . 

Adj.,  added  to  a  noun 
^*Uke'* 
added  to  an  adj.  dim. 

Verb,  inchoative 

Honn,  dim. 

Ok    j^iTjmw)*-)   ^<'^»   *  system.    ») 

Ok.  -Ut-is;  Lat 

-ist-a Koun,  ag^it    . . 

Ok.  -i*t-€9       ..    Noun,  agent    .. 
Lat.  eo  sup.  it-um  Verb,  engaged  in  doing 
Lat. -{«]t-te«, -Km   Houn,         „        „ 
Verb,         „       ., 
Noun,  (in  Chem.)  a  salt 
formed  from  an  acid 
ending  in  -otu 


Lat.  -{t  jt-iM,  -urn 
Lat  -it-ua 


Lat.  -[i]^tt«     .. 

Lat  .[i]Mw     .. 

Ok.  [J:\ithrOB,  a ) 

stone  ..         r 

Ok.  M£mi       .. 

Lat-f^;/^     •• 


Afl^eotival  noun,  one  of 
a  race  or  nation 

Verbal  noun,  svJbjed  of 
an  action 

Noun,  a  mineral,  a) 

fossil  ..     ..     r 

Noun,  (in  JIfed.)  inflam- 
mation 
AbMtr&otnoun.. 


monosyn-ioos 

grao-ious  (see  -eoiu) 

ant-ique,  un-ique 

exerc-ise,  parad-ise 

apolog-ise,  sermon-ise 

Engl-ish,  Ir-ish 

bo7-ish,  girl-ish 
whit-ish,  black-ish 
admon-ish,  fln-ish 
aster-isk 

Calvin-[r)8m,  vulgar- 
[i]sm,  organ-[i]8m 

art-ist,  antagon-ist 

chor-ister 

edit 

mer-it,  pulp-it 

un-ite,  inv-ite 
sulph-ite  [of  potash], 
i.e.,       sulphurous 
acid  with  the  base 
potash 

Oanaan-ite,  infin-ite 

appet-ite,  contr-ite 
ammon-ite 

card-itls 

cario8-[i]ty,  diiplic-li\tv 


xlviii 


SUFFIXES  AND  1ERMINATI0N8, 


-ium 

-ium 

-Ive 

-Ive 

-ix 

-ize 

-kin 

-kind 

-1 

-le 
-le 
-le 
-le 

-le 

-le 

-ledge 

-lent 

-less 

-let 


} 


Lat. -ium;  6k.  )    Nmm,    (in  Chem,) 
-ion    ..         f    .metal..        ..  , 

Lat.  -ium;  Gk.  )   Koun,  (in  Bot)  a  spe-  \ 
-ion  ..  ) 

Lat.  -if)-u» 

Lat.  -iv-u»      .. 

Lat.  -to;..        •• 


Gk.  -iorO  .. 

G«rm.  -cft«n''.. 
Eng.  -cyn  or  -(An 
Lat.  [a,  e,  i,  o, ) 
u]  with  -2-iM  f 
Eng.  -2,  -olf  -ul 
Eng.  -I,  -el,  -ol 
Lat.  -l-um 
Lat.-[cl^u»,-[tlJ- 

U8,  -[U]l-U8    .  . 

Lat.  -[c\ul-ti8  .. 
Ft.  -elU 
Eng.  -lachf  -Uus 
Lat.  -!ent-iM    . . 
Eng.  -leas 
"EiomAnce -let, -et 


cies     ..        '..  ) 

Adj.,  ableorindinedto 

Verbal  noun 

SToirn,  denoting  a 
woman        . .        . . 

Verb,  to  make,  to  pro- 
dace  ..        ••        .. 

Noun,  dim.     ••        .. 

Noun,  race 

Noun,  instrument 

Noun,  instrument 
Adj.,  dim. 
Noun,  instrument 


Noun,  instrument     •. 
Noun,  dim.     ..        .. 

Verb,  dim 

Noun,  gift 
Adj.,  full  of    .. 
Adj.,  privative,  void  of 
Noun,  dim 


potass-ium 

delphin-ium 

cohes-ive,  ezpress-lye 
capt-ive,  nat-ive 

testatr-iz,  executr-ix 

scandal-ijie 

lamb-kin,  nap-kin 

man-kind 

can[a]l,  bu8h[e]l,  pen- 

c[i]l,  ld[o]l 
hand-le,  sett-le,  gird-le 
britt-le,  spark-le 
exami)-le,  temp-le 

ang-le,  cand-le 
circ-le,  obsta[cH6 
crack-le,  dabb-le 
know-ledge 
corpu-lent 
spirit-less 
brace-let,  corse-let 


(Used  with  pure  English  vxtrds :  as  ham-let,  ring-let,  stream-let) 


-ling 

-ling 
-lith,-lite 

-lock 

-lock 
-lock 
-lock 
-long 
-ly 

-ly 

-lyse 


-lyte 

-m 

-m 

-m 

-m 

-m 

-ma 

-me 

-me 

-meal 

-ment 


Eng.  -ling 

Eng.  4ing 

Gk.   'lUh-os,   a 

stone.. 
Eng.     -toe,     a 

pledge 
Eng.  -loce 

-loc 

Uac,  aherb 

-linge 

'lie 

-lice 


Noun,  the  state  or  con- 
dition 
Noun,  offspring  of  , dim. 

Noun,  a  stone,  a  fossil 


Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 
Eng. 


Noun,  a  pledge 
Noun,  a  tuft  of  hair  . . 
Noun,  the  lock  of  a  door 
Noun,  a  herb  or  plant 
Adverb  and  Adjeotive 
Adj.,  like 
Adv. ,  in  the  manner  of 

Gk.  luro,  to  loose  Verb,  to  resolve  a  com- 
pound into  its  ele- 
ments by  the  agency 
of  electricity 

Gk.{u-o,  to  loose  Noun,     a     substanpe 

decomposable 
1st  pers.  sing,  of  verbs 
Noun     ..        .. 
Noun,  done,  made    . . 
Adj.,  established 

Noun 

Noun,  made,  done    . . 

Noun 

Noun     . .        . .        a  • . 

Eng.  -mcel-um. .    Adv.,  part  by  part    . . 

Lat.  -ment-um      Noun,  instrument     . . 


Eng.  -m 
Eng.  -m-a 
Gk.  -m-a 
Lat.  -m-tu,  &a 
Lat.  -m-a        . 
Gk.  -ma 
Lat.  -ma         • 
Lat.  me-n 


world-ling,  hire-ling 
duck-ling,  lord-ling 

mel-lite,  acro-lith 

wed-lock 
fet-lock,  elf-lock 
fire-lock,  pad-lock 
hem-lock,  house-leek 
head-long,  live-long 
god-ly,  man-ly 
vain-ly,  nob-ly 


electro-lyse 

electro-ljrte 

a-m  faiUy  example) 

bloo-m,  beso-m 

epigra-m,  emble-m 

fir-m 

for-m,  pal-m 

panora-ma,  d(^-ma 

fla-me,  f  a-me 

cri-me,  v(^u-m6 

piece-meal 

ezperi-mmt,  flnna- 


(Also  added  to  Teutonic  vjords :  as  fulfll-ment,  acknowledg-ment.) 


-ment 

-mn 
•mGHger 


I 


Fr.  -'tMiA 

Lat.  -[u]mn-iM 
EAg.  m<mger(a) 
dealer)         / 


Noun,  subject  of   an 
action  . .        . . 

Noun 

Noun,    a    dealer,    a 
tsadesmaiL  •• 


} 


move-ment,  judg-ment 
colu-mn,  autu-mn 
iron-monger,  fish-mon- 
ger, cheese-monger 


SUFFIXES  AND  TERMINATIONS 


zlix 


-mony 

-mort 

-mas 

-naut 

-aoe 

-ndnin 


Lat.  -moni^um 
'Eng.nuM 
Lat  -mus 
Gk.  nautSs 
Lat.  *n»,  -fUi-a 
Lat  -nti-a      ., 
Lat  -nd-tu     ^ 
Lat  -luium     .. 


Voan.  state,  condition 
A4j.  (mperlatiye  deg.) 
Noun,  an  instrument 
Noun,  a  sailor.. 
Noun»  outcome,  result 
Abstract  noun . .        • , 
Noon,  to  be  done 
Voun,  something  to) 


be  done 
-nesajEng.  -ties,  -nii.   Abstract  noun.. 

(Also  added  to  Bomance  words,  espedally  with  "ful "  as  a  yinculum,  g.e , 
mCTci{;fnl>nes8,  bounti[ful]-ness,  &o.,  savage-ness,  factious-ness.) 


testi-mony,  patri-monj 
fore-most,  mnd-most 
isth-mus,  cala-mus 
aero-naut 

abund[a]-nce,indulg[e}- 
infa-ncj,  dece-ncy 
leg[e>ncU  garl[a]-nd 
memora-ndum,    oorri- 

ge-ndum 
good-ness,  white-ness 


-nt 

-nt 

-oc 

-{oclity 

-ock 

-od 

-ode 

-ode 

-pedes 

-cecions 


-old 


Lat   -n[«]  gen. 

-nMs.. 
Lat.   •«[«]  gen. 

-nMs..  .. 
WeiBh-og  .. 
Lat  'iocjitai  .. 
£ng.  -itc-a 


Participial  acyeotive . . 


Participial  noun 

Koun,  full  of  .. 

Abftxaot  noun.  • 

Noun,  dim. 
Gk.Ao(ios<away)  Noun,  a  range,  a  way 
Gk.Aoc{os(away)  Noun,  a  range,  a  way 


Qk:ddoa 
Gk.   pous 

podoB., 
Gk.    aikot 

house) 


gen. 


Noun,  an  ode 


Noun,  feet      ..        •• 

A4j.,    (in    Bot)  &T-) 

rangement  of  sta-  >• 

mens  and  pistils      ) 

Gk.  eidos  (like)    Nonn,  (in  Med.)  disease 

in  an  unezoited  state 


abnnd[a>nt,  pmd[e]-nt 

sery[a]-nt,  ag[e]-nt 

hav-oc 

f er[ocHty.  precoc-itF 

bnll-ock,  hul-ock 

peri-od,  syn-od 

epis-ode  (see  p.  815) 

ep-ode 

anti-podfis,  a-podte 

mon-cecious 


tetan-oid  or  -ode 
(IMseose  in  cm  excited  state  terminates  in-ic:  as  tetanic.) 


-old 

-oidal 

-on 

-£i]on 
-on 

-one 

-oon 

-or 


Gk.  eidos  (like)     Noun,  like  (with  o  vin- 
culum)       •  •        . . 


Lat.  -oMs  with 

Gk.  eidos 
Romance  -on, 

-one   .. 
Bomance  -iiym 
Gk. -on.. 


} 


Bomance  -one.. 


Bomance 

-one  .. 

Lat.  -or.. 


•on. 


} 


1 


A4j.,  like  in  nature 
Noun,    act,     instru 

ment,  state  . . 
Absteaot  noun.. 
Noun,    (in    Chem.) 

metalloid  . . 
Noun,  large,  augmen 

tative 
Noun,  large,  augmen 

tative.. 
Notm,  denoting  masc. ) 

gender         ..         ) 


• 

} 


a 


spher-oid,  cyd-oid 

cyd-oid-al 
glutt-on,  apron 
opin-[l]on,  domin-[i]oii 

bor-on,  silio-on 

tromb-one 
ball-oon,  bass-oon 

auth-or,  administrat-or 


(Used  especiaUy  in  legal  phraseology  to  denote  the  active  (tgent  im,  oppost- 
iion  to-eethe  oljectvoe  agent.    Also  a/ter  tors:  as  doct-or,  spons-or.) 

-or  I  Lat  -or..        ..    Adj. (comparative deg.)  |  superi-or,  inferi-or 
(The  nkffix  is  added  to  the  first  case  of  the  positive  lohich  ends  in  -L) 


-or 
-Co]ry 
-[oJt 

-oee 

-(oe]ity 

-ot 

-ot 


ItaL -or  ..    Noun,  a  man.. 

Lat  -[o]ri-ttm..    Noun,  ad^pOt.. 
Lat-Co]ri-ite,&c  Adj.,  pertaining  to, 

province  of . . 
Lat. -OS-US  ..  Adj.,  full  of  .. 
Lat. -[os]itos  ..  Abstract  noun.. 
Ft.  -otf  -otte    . .   Noun,  dim.  .  • 

Lat  -otra,  -ot-es  Noun,  characterises  a 

pOTSOO  . «  . . 


sign-OT 
dormit-[o]ry 

orat-[o]ry,  sanat-[o]ry 
verb-ose,  joc-ose 
pomp-[os]ity  (fse-ocity) 
ball-ot,  cbari-ot 

patri-ot,  idi-ot 


SUrnXES  AND  TERMINATIONS. 


-our 

Lat.-^  thro' the 

Fr. -eur       ..    Abstract  noun.. 

▼al-oor,  hoD-onr 

-Otis 

laX,-08-us      ..   Adj.,(in(7/ieoi.)anacid 

with    less     oxygen 

than -ic  denotes    .. 

nitr-ous,  snlphnr-ons 
fam-oos,  deUd-ons 

-oas 

Lat. -O0-4M      ..   A4J<,  fnllof    .. 
Lat.  [a,  e,  i,  o]«  Adj.,  full  of    .. 

-OU8 

aad[a(d]-oii8,fer[oci]oa8 

(Ua^  also  in  many  modern  formationB :  as  jey-ous,  wondr-ons,  itcj 


-over 

-pie 

-r 

-r 

-r 

-r 

-re 

-re 


-red 
-red 
-rel 
-erel 
-rio 


-ry 

-ry 

-a 


Eng.  ofer        . .    Adv.,  besides 
Lat.  p2i-co,  to  fold  Adj.,  folded 


Eng.  -r-e 

Bomance  -r^; 
Lat.  -r-us    ., 

Lat.  -[a]r-M    ., 

I^t.  -[a,  €}r^. . 

Fr.  -re;    Lai 
-1-^m.. 

Fr.  'iaigj-re; 
Lat.  -r-tu    .. 

Eng.  rid  (coun- 
sel)   . . 

Eng.  hrcBth  (ac- 
tive) 


Gton.  suffix  preserved 
in  the  pronouns    . . 

aUJ  t  •  •  •  •  • . 

AuJ .  •  •  .  .  a , 

Koun  . . 

Noun,    instrnment, 
place  set  apart      ,. 

Axy*      ••        «•        •• 

Proper  name  . . 

Koun,  active,  operative 


Ft.  -[e]r  with)   A4j.,  dim.,  deprec^ 


} 


-el,  dim.        f 
Ft. -erwith-eZ, 

dim.  .. 
Eng.  -rie 

Bomance  -rie . 
Lat.  -rira 
Eng.      •  •        • 


} 


ative 

Acy.,  dim.,  depreci 
ative  .. 

XToun,   dominion,  ju- 
risdiction    . . 

Noun,  collective 

Noun,  d6p0t   . . 

The  ordinal^  plural  of 
nouns 


more-over 
txi-ple  (8-/0M) 

he-r,  thei-r,  ou-r,  you-r 

clea-r.  tdnde-r 
famili-[alr,  regal-[a]r 
ae-r,  cinde-r 

theat-re,  scept-re 

meag-re,  pn^re 

Mild-rpd,  Etheld-red 

hat-red,  kind-red 
mong-rel,  dogg-rel 

cock-erel,  hogg-erel 

bishop-ric 
fai-ry,  poult-ry 
vest-ry,  atmo-17 


boy-s,  tree-s 

(Nouns  ending  in  -  c^  (soft),  -ah,  -s,  -x,  add  -es :  as  chureh-es,  dish-es, 
fox-es.    To  these  add  one  word  in  -z,  topaz-es.) 

good-s,  sweejt-s 


Modem  Eng.  ..   Afl^ectival  noun  (plural 

number) 
Eng.      . .        . .    The  3  sing.  pres.  Ind. 

of  verbs       . .        . .    love-s,  hear-s 

(Verbs  ending  in  -ch  (soft),  -ah,  -a,  -x,  -z,  add  -e« :  as  reach-es,  wish-es, 
guess-es,  box-es,  whizz-es.    Till  the  11th  century  it  was  -th.) 


man-  s,  men- 
boys',  girls' 


-'s  Eng. -«s  ..    Possessive  case  of  nouns 

-[b]'  i  Eng.  -ea  (sing.)     Possessive  plu.  after  rs 

(This  sign  (')  arose  out  of  a  blunder.  Our  old  grammarians  supposed 
the  possessive  -a  was  a  contraction  of  hia,  and  wrote  it  according]^  *8). 
The  plu.  (')  is  a  double  blunder,  as  -e«  is  not  a  plu.  gen.  term. 


-saur  or 

-saurus 

-scape 

-[8]h 

-ship 

-ship 

-ship 

-[s]ion 


)  6k.   aawoa 
§     (a  lizard) 
Eng.  -adpe 
Eng. 
Eng.  -acipa 

Eng.  -adpe 

Eng.  -adpe 


} 


A  prehistoric  reptile 
of  the  lizard  race  . . 

Noun,  view 

Adjectival  noun 

Noun,    tenure,    pos 
session,  office 

Nonn,  form,  state,  con 
dition 

Noun,  skill,  art 


Lat^iogen.|3j^^^^        { 


See  pp.  1050-1058 
land-scape 

EngU-[8]h,  Iri-[s]h  folk 
lord-ship,   guardian- 
ship 

hard-ship,  jFriend-ship 
horseman-ship,    work- 
man-ship 
confu-[s3ion,    ascen- 
[s]ion 


SUFFIXES  ANJ>  TEBMWATIONS, 


It 


-6i)B  Gk.  ••<«..  ..  Koii|i«pn>CMii,it8reiult 

-sm  Qk.'9in-os  ..  Koun,  ivstem,  act 

-^ome  Germ.  "Mm  ..  Adj.,^lllof,oonUi]lillg 

-8on  Eng.  «uti-«  ..  Added  to  proper  names 

-[a]or  Lat. -[«}or  ..  Hcnm,  agent    .. 

i-cr  is  especuUly  used  in  legal  phnueology  to  denote  the  aeiine  pmriy  in. 
opposition  to  -ee  tAe  ottjeat  of  an  action.    It  i»  aUo  used  after  -t  or  -$.) 


analj-aiB,  lynthe-ili 
metnod-[i}nn,  ipa-am 
fflad-aome,  light-eome 
John-ioii,  Diqk-ion 
8pon-[s]or,  8aooes-(8]or 


-isojry  Lat.  •{eoyririu . .  A^j.,  full  of,  able  to. . 

-Csojry  Lat.  -[M>lri-um  Noon,  a  d6p6t 

•fls  Vr.  -{elsi-^-di,,  i^Mtraotnoun.. 

-8t  Gk. -ti-ie        ..  Konn,  agent    .. 

-Iter  Eag.-eter       ..  Sonn,  trade,  skill    .. 

f-Her  does  not  denote  one  of  the  female  sex;  it  is  added  to  any  gen- 
der, and  means  trade,  pursuit,  or  the  skiU  uihich  resuUs  thet^from :  thus 
" malt'Ster**  is  one  idAom  trade  or  purswU  is  piaUing,  ** spi'niter**  is  one 
vjhose  pwrsuit  is  spinning.  J 


illa-[8o]r7,pertna-[io1r}r 
8en-[8o]r7,  insen-CsoJry 
progr-[e]88.  dittr-[e|i8 
antagon-[i]8t.  art-Oljrt 
malt-ster,  spin-tter 


-[8t]ic 
-[8t]ical 

-£8tr}eB8 

[8]nre 

-By 


Gk.  -[st}ik-os  . .  Adj.,  active  qnalitj 
Lat.    -ai    with 

Gk.  -[styUc-os  Ac^.,  active  quality 

Fr.  •{str]esS'e  . .  Noun,  a  female 

Lat.  -is}ur-a   . .  Abatraet  noun . . 

Lat.  -ca,  'ti-a  . .  Noun,  an  art,  office 


8ophi-[8t]ic,  8arca-C8t]ic 

8ophi-[st]io-al 
Bong-(8tr]-688,  mi[8tr]-e88 
mea-[8]ure,  plea-(8>ire 
minstrel-sy,  embas-sj 


f-cy  is  added  to  Abstract  nouns  denoting  rank,  ofUce,  as  aristocra-ey.J 


dai-sy 
eapbra-[8]7 
courte-CsJ',  here-Csly 
tip-sy,  trick-sy 
clef>t,  8pel-t,  <jU«am-t 


-sy  Eng.  •«'-«y0     ..  Added  to  certain  plants 

-is^  Gk.  -sia  . .  Soun,  a  group,  a  genus 

-[s]y  Romance -[<]««  Abatraot  noun . . 

-sy  Romance        .•  A4j.       

-t  Eng. -ed, -d, -<  Past  part 

(In  Ang.Sax.,  verbs  ending  in  c,  h,  p,  s.  t,  z,  took  -t  instead  of-d  in  the 
past  and  past  part.  In  modem  Eng.  the -i  is  limited  to  verbs  ending  in 
f,  1,  Id,  m,  p.) 

Fartidpial^noun 

Houn 


-t 
-t 


-t 
-t 

-t 

-t 
•t 

-te 

-teen 

-teenth 


Ei^.  -ed,  -d,  't 
Eng.  -t  .,        ,, 


Romance  -t,  -te 
Lat.  't-a,  -s  gen. 

-t-is    . . 
Lat  -t-wn 
La,t  -t-us 
Gk.  -t-€8 


Partioipial  noun 


Gk. 

Eng. 

Eng. 


t^s 
-tyne 
theet, 


-theoth-e 


Koun 

Partioipial  noun 

A4^  •  •  •  •  •  •  • 

Noun,  agent    .. 

Noun,  agent    . . 
Numeral,  ten  added . . 

Ordinal  adj.,  ten  added 
wide" 


gif-t,  shoo-t 

lef-t  (the  lef  or  weak 

hand) 
habi-t,  profi-t 


If 


f-th  converts  nouns  to  adjectives:   a« 
•*long" Umg-th,  "deep"  dep-th;  "broad"  lyread-th.J 


ann-t,  ar-t,  monn-t 
deb-t,  rescrip-t 
^ones-t,  modes-t 
prophe-t,  com-et  fone 
who  wears  long  hair  J 
hypocri-te,  athle-te 
four-teen,  six-teen 

four-teenth,  six-teenth 
wid-th,  "hale"  hedl-th 


-Ct]er 
-Ct]er 
-rt]er 
-Ct]er 
-Ctejry 

-th 

-th 
-Lti]a 


Noun,  instrummt     .. 

Noun,  instrument 

Noun,  agent    . . 

Verbal  noun    . . 

Noun,  condition,  state 

Noun,    d6p6t,    place ) 
set  apart      . .  ) 

OonvertB  adj.  to  ab- 
straotnouns 

-t-a,  •ihr4  .    Ordinal  a^j 

iti^       ..    Noun  of  multitude    .. 


Lat.  -i(}r-um  . 
Romance 
Eng.  -l{]er-e    . 
"Eng.  -it]or 
Lat.  -[te}ri^m 
Lat.  -itelrir^m 

Eng.  -th 

Eng. 
Lat 


coul-[t]er,  canis-[t]er 
bols-[t]er,  Qa8Ct>er 
wri[t]-er,  flghCt]-er 
laugh-£t]er,  8laugh-[t]er 
my8-[telry,  ma8-[te]r>' 
baptis-Cbejry,  monas- 
[te]ry 

tru-th,  dep-th 
six-th,  seven-th 
mili[U]-a 


Hi 


SUFFIXES  AND  TERMTNATIONS, 


■mo 

-[tnon 

-[ti]on 

-Ct]or 
-{t]re 

-CtoTiy 
-[to]ry 
-[tr]ess 

-Ctr]ix 

-tude 

-(t]Tire 

-Ct]ure 

-ty 
-[u)ce 

-dooe 

-nle 

■[a]nd 

-ore 

-ore 
•uret 


-ve 
-ive 


-ward 
-wards 

-ways 

-wig 

-wise 

-worth 

-wrlght 

-y 

-y 

-7 

-y 

.[y]er 
-yl,  -yle 


Ok. -Iti]i(H>«    .. 
Lat.    -al    with 

Ok.  'h-08 
Lat.  -itilo  gen. 

-cn-i*.. 
Lat.  '[tilo  gen. 

Lat.  -itVrr 
Lat  -ity-iwa^ 

•{t}ri-a 
Lat  -[to]ri-um . 
Lat  -\td\ri-u8 . . 
Ft.  -[tr]Ma-«    . , 


Lat  -[tr]i» 
Lat  -tiMi-o 
Lat  -[Qur-a 
Lat  -if^-a 
Eng.  -<ig 
Lat  •{«](», 

Lat  -due-o 
Lat.  -[c]u^v«,  -a 
Lat  -{uJnd-iM.. 
Lat  -ura 


Koon,  aotlTe  .. 

A4j<t  active  quality  •• 

Koun,  ak^  of,  state    . . 

Nenn,  a  thing  made .. 
Noun,  agent    . .        • . 

Noun,  instrument  .. 
Noun,  d6pdt,  place  for 
Adj.,  active  quality  .. 
Noun,  female  agent  .. 

Noun,  female  agent . . 
Abstract  noun.. 
Abstract  noun.. 
CSoncrete  noun. .        . . 
Multiple  of  ten 
Noun,  outcome,  pro- 
duct   

Verb,  to  lead  .. 

Noun,  dim 

Oerundial  noun 
Noun,  relating  to  the) 


arts 
Fr.  ant«re(work)  Noun,  manipulated 


Lat   i»r-o 
burn). . 

Lat  -V-1M 
Lat  -io-vs 


(to 


Noun,  (in  Chem,.)  de- 
notes a  combination 
with  an  inflammable 
or   electro  •  positive 

body 

Noun     . .        . .        •  • 
Noun,  Inclination     .. 

(-V,  often  changed  into  "  f  " :  as  «(t-/e,  bailiff,  &c) 

Eng. -iMord    ..    Adj.,  tending  to 
Eng.  -wetvrdes . .    Adv. ,  in  the  direction 

of 
Adv.,  in  the  direction 

of       . .        .  • 


hereCtiK  cri[ti]-c 

here[ti>cal,  cri[ti]-cal 

mo[tQ-on,  no[ti]-on 

poCti]-on,  lo[ti]-on 
audi[t]-or,  fac[t]-or 

8cep-rt]re,  mi-[t]re 
lava-[to]ry,dormi-[to]ry 
inflamma-[to]r7,purga- 
in8truc[tr]-e88,  en- 

chantr-ess 
execu[tr>ix,  te8ta[tr]-iz 
forti-tude,  grati-tude 
na-[t]ure,  adven-[t]ure 
pic-[t]nre,  aper-£t]ure 
siz-ty,  seven-ty 

lett-[u]ce,  prod-[u]oo 
intro-duce,  re-duce 
pust-ule,  q>her-ule 
Joc-[u]na,  rubic-[u]nd 
agricult-ure,    hortt- 

cult-ure 
man-ore,  manufact-nre 


Bng.  •¥)i8 


Lat  -Koa;   Fr. 

uque  .. 
Eng.  -wis 

Eng.    vxyrth 
(Und) 


) 


Eng.     wirht-a  \ 
or  toyrht-a    ) 
Eng.  -ig 
Eng.  -<9 

Gk.  -ia .. 

Lat.  and  Ok.  -ia 
Bng.  -{gu}ere  . . 
Gk.  hiui,  wood 


Noun,  formed . . 

Adv.,  in  the  direction ) 
of       ..        ..  I 

In  names  of  places,  a 
farm  land  belong- 
ing to.. 

Noun,  a  workman  or 
Wright 

Noun,  dim. 

A^.,  of  the  nature) 
of,  like        . .  ) 

Noun,     denoting 
science 

Abfltraot  nouna 

Noun,  an  agent 

Noun,  the  substance) 
from  which  any-  > 
thing  is  made         ) 


n 


sulph-uret,  carb-uret 
octa-ve,  oll-ve 
mot-ive,  pens-ive 


north-ward,80uth-ward 
home-wards,  heaven- 
wards 

side-ways  or  side-wise 


perrl-wlg 

length-wise,  breadth- 
wise 

Words-worth,     Isle- 
worth 

ship-wright,    wheel- 
wright- 
NeU-y,  Johnn-y 

snow-7,  frost-y 

astronom-y,   homeo- 

path-y 
charit-7,  modest-7 
law-[y]er,  i.e.  lagu-^re 

benso-yle  =  banrtoU, 
meth-yl 


EBRORS    OF    SPEECH 

AVD  OW 

SPELLING. 


a,/ate/ 

«»ab<nt<; 

i,/atfter; 

th^tAe. 

e,  meed.* 

8»  he^ray; 

ty  Oik.  looge; 

rh,(Ain. 

i.inf; 

%ia: 

d,  Gft.  loogo; 

J.i««. 

5,1*0; 

tt,on.' 

dw,  grroio/ 

'',  the  stronger  of 

n,  unit ; 

tt,ia; 

fiw,  now  ; 

two  accents. 

A-  (Old  Eng.  ftdyerbial  prefix)  denoting  "away,"  "without,** 
"on,"&c. 

A-  (prefixed  to  verbs)  intensifies,  as  "  awake,"  **  arouse." 

A-  (Greek  prefix)  negative ;  an  before  vowels. 

A  (Article)  is  An  with  the  n  omitted,  before  words  beginning 
with  a  consonant  or  aspirated  h.  Exceptions :  It  stands 
before  otw,  as  "many  a  one,"  before  Eu-  and  w=i/w,  as  a 
eulogy,  a  u-nit,  and  not  before  words  beginning  with  ht 
nnlesB  the  accent  is  on  the  first  syllable,  as  a  his'tory,  an 
histo'rian. 

Ab-  The  Latin  preposition,  used  as  a  prefix,  drops  the  "b" 

before  m  and  v;  and  adds  " s"  before  c  and  t. 

**  AB  "  (preflxt)  means  diminution, 
Bemoval,  or  complete  exclusion ; 
'Tis  "A"  before  both  m  and  t>, 
And  "  ABS  "  before  both  c  and  i. 

Abattoir,  ab.at.twor^t  a  public  slaughter-house  (French). 

French  dbaitre,  to  knock  down  fa  battrej. 
Abbaasides,  Ah'.bas.sides,    A  family  of  caliphs.    (Double  b  and  8.) 

Abbas,  MahomeVs  uncle;  -aides,  -ides  (patronymic)  descendants  of. 
Abbe,  ab.bay.    French  clerical  title  given  for  scholarship. 
Abbot,  feminine  abbess.    Head  of  an  abbey  or  nunnery. 
Abbreviate,  ah.bre^-vi .ate  not  a.bree'-vX.ate,    (Double  b.) 

Abbreyiation,  ab.bree'-vl.a"-8hun.    A  shortened  form. 

Latin  ah  brevidre,  to  shorten. 
Abet,  abett-ed,  abett-ing,  abett-or  (Eule  i.) 

Abhor,  ab.hoT^  not  a.bor^;  abhorr'-er,  abhorr'-ence,  abhorr'-ent, 
abhorr-ently,  abhorred  (2  syL),  abhorr-ing  (Eule  i.) 

A 


ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Abide,  past  tense  abode,  pcLst  participle  abided.  * 

Ablative,  ab'M.tiv  not  ab.lay'.tlv,  a  case  in  grammar. 

-able  (Latin  suflSx  -biliSf  jareceded  by  a).    Added  to  adjectives. 

Tbe  " a"  is  merely  a  copula.    In  worets  derived  firom  the  first  con- 
jugation the  copulative  vow6l  is  a,  otherwise  it  is  i. 

Abnormal,  ab.nor^.mal,  out  of  rule,  irregular. 

Latin  od  norma,  not  aeooxding  to  the  square  [used  Ij  builders]. 

Abracadabra,  db'-r&h-kdh.daV-r&h  not  aV-d.-kd..dah"-rd.h. 
Abridgment  (verbs  in  -dge  drop  "  e"  before  -ment).    Bule  xix. 

Abrotonnm,  a-}yriit\6,numy  often  misspelt  ahrotanum. 

Greek  ahrdtdndn,  the  Immortal  plant,  so  called  from  its  great  anti- 
septic qualities  (a  Irotos,  not  mortal). 

Abstract,  db^stract  (noun),  ab^Pracf  (verb).    Rule  L 

Abuse,  aJbtice'  (noun),  a.buze  (verb).    Bule  li. 

Abuf,  abutt-ed,  abutt-ing,  but  abutment  (Bule  i) 

Ac-  (prefix).    Latin  preposition  ad  before  "  c." 

-ac  (suffix),  Gre^  -ak-ott  Latin  -oo-im,  "possessed  of,**  " of." 

Acacia,  a.ka^hW.ah  not  a.kay'jher,  nor  a.kazef^er, 

Latin  acdda,  a  thorn.    (The  thomj*  plant.) 
Academics,  ak'.d-dem!' ,lks.    Disciples  of  Plato. 

Because  he  taught  in  the  Academy,  or  grounds  of  Academns. 
Academy,  a.kad'.k.my  not  ak'-A.dim-y,   (The  "  e  "  is  long  in  Gk.) 

Oreek  acddimoa,  Latin  acddemia. 
Acalephffi,  ak'-a.lee"-fi.     The  "  medusae,"  as  sea-nettles,  <fec. 

Greek  akaUpM,  a  nettle. 
Acarus,  plu.  acari  (Latin),  aV.&.rits,  ak\ii.ri,  mites,  <fec. 

Acarides,  a-kar^ry.deezy  or  acar^idsB.     Tbe  acari  family. 

Greek  aJcari  and  -ides  (patronymic)  the  acari  family. 
Acatalectic,  a.kaf-ii.lek"-tik  not  a.kat^-a.lep^'-tlk. 

Accede  (not  one  of  the  three  which  end  in  -ceed.)    Bule  xxvii. 

Latin  ae  [ad]  cedo,  to  go.  (N.B.—*'  exceed,"  "  proceed,"  **  succeed  '*). 
Accelerate,  ak.sel\e,rate.    To  hasten.    (Double  c,  one  I) 

Latin  ac  [ad]  eelerare  to  hasten  to  [the  end]. 
Accent,  ak\sent  (noun),  ak.8enf  (verb).    Bule  1. 
Accessible,  not  accessable  (Lat.  ae  [ad]  cedire,  see  -able). 
Accessory,  ak*^i8.86.Ty  not  ak.8es^^d.ry  (Bule  Iv.) 

Law  Lat.  ac  [ad]  cessorius,  one  who  goes  to  or  joins  another  [in  crime]. 

Accidence,  elements  of  grammar ;  Accidents,  mischances. 

Accipitreg,   ak^p'.i.treez.     Such   birds  4is  hawks,  vultures^ 
eagles,  <fec. 
Lsiin  acefpiXer,  plural  oceipCtrcf ,  hawks. 


AND  OF  SPBLUNG.  8 

m 

jlcclimate,  akMi'.mate  not  dk^JiVi.ml6t» 

Aodi'nuttifle,  not  acclimatize;  accslimatiaa'tion  (B.  xxxi.) 
Latin  ac  [ad]  elima  [habituated]  to  a  climate. 

AceliTity,  ak.kUv',Lty  not  a.kl4v\i.ty.    A  slope. 
Latin  ac  [ad]  eHvUas,  a  bending  upwards. 

Aooom'modate,  ftoeoin'niodA''''tion  (double  e  and  m). 
Latin  ac  [ad]  jcommodare,  to  lend  help  to  one. 

Accomplice,  ak.hom'.plU  not  aJkom'^^.    A  confederate. 
Latin  oe  [ad]  eompHeo,  to  fold  up  wlUi  one  [in  mischiefl. 

Accomplish,  ak,kom\pli8h  not  a.konf,pU8h.    To  finish. 
Latin  ac  [ad]  eompleo,  to  complete  entirely. 

Accord,  ak.kord'  not  a,kord\    To  agree  with  one,  to  award. 
Latin  ac  [ad]  eorda,  [hearts]  to  hearts^ 

Accordingly,  ak.kord\inff.ly  not  a.k^,ding.li. 

Accordion,  aA.^ord^^.on  not  a,ko7^.de.<m.    An  instniment  which 
plays  in  accord  with  others. 

Accost,  ak.kosf  not  a.ftost'.    To  address  another. 

Latin  ac  [ad]  co«ta,  to  draw  near  to  one's  side  [to  speak]. 

Account,  ak.kounf  not  a,kounf,    A  bill;  to  yerify. 

Latin  ac  [ad]  comptUo.  A  mercantile  term,  meaning  "  the  particulars 
of  a  bill  set  forth,"  and  hence  "to  state  particulars."  "  Ckunpt*' 
is  a  contraction  of  compute  (comp't). 

Aocoontant,  accountable  (1st  coi\j.,  coirvputare^  R.  xxiv.,  xxv.) 

Accoutrements,  ak,koo' .tre.menU.    I^ilitary  equipments.     (Fr.) 

Accredit,  ak.hred'Xt  not  a.kred'.iU    To  give  trust  to  one. 

Latin  ac  [ad]  crtdo,  to  give  credit  to  one. 

-ace  (sufl&x  of  nouns)  Latin  c  or  t,  preceded  by  "  a." 

Thus  menace  (Lat.  minocice).  preface  (Lat.  prsBfo^io), 
It  means  "of  the  nature  of,    "pertaining  to." 

-ace»  (In  botany)  denotes  an  ''order:"  as  amaranth-ace^. 

-aceous,  -fusions  (suffix,  of  adjectives),  "  of  the  nature  of,"  "  ap- 
pearance of,"  as  saponaceoii^  (Lat.  sajpo,  8apon\i8'\,  soap). 

Acephala,  a.8ef\d.ldh.    In  Geology,  molluscs  without  a  head. 

Greek  a  keph&U,  without  a  head  [as  oysters]. 
Ache,  ake^  pain.    Hake,  a  hook,  a  fieh. 

"Ache,"  Greek  ackot,  pain.    "Hake,**  Old  Bng.,  haecoa,  a  hook. 
The  jaw  of  the  hake  is  like  a  hook. 

Achores,  a.ko'.reez  not  aT^.d.reez.    Pustules  on  the  head. 

Greek  achdr,  an  ulcer  on  the  head  with  an  inflamed  base. 
Achne,  often  misspelt  acne,  ak\ne,    A  pimple  on  the  fieuse. 

Greek  a^chnS,  snrftee  foam. 
-•eitj  added  to  Ahstrstet  Nouns:  as  Midacity,    See  -«e^ 


ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Acknowledgment,  ak.kndV.ledg,ment  not  dk.hnvw^Udg.ment, 
AJl  verbs  ending  in  -dge  drop  the  '*  e  "  before  -mefid  (Rule  xviH. } 
-acle  (Latin  ^alculumj^  "diminutive;"  as  tabemacZ^,  a  little 
wooden  house. 

Acme,  ak.ni&y  (Greek).  The  highest  point,  the  crisis  of  a 
disease.  It  means  "the  edge,"  hence  the  Greek  proverb, 
iwl  ^vpoO  &Kfi7is  (on  the  razor's  edge),  that  is,  "at  the 
critical  moment." 

Acne,  »ee  Achne.    Hackney,  a  horse  kept  for  hire. 

Aconite,  dkf.d.nite.     The  herb  Wolfsbane. 

Greek  akonlton,  the  plant  without  dost,  meaning,  it  will  grow  on 
rocks  where  there  is  not  even  dust  for  a  soil  It  is  called  "  Wolfs- 
bane" because  meat  steeped  in  its  juice  was  used  hj  our  fore- 
fathers as  a  lure  to  i>oison  wolves. 

AcomB,  a\ko.ru8.     "  Sweet  flag,"  (fee. 

Greek  a  kdrSo,  to  stop  diarrhoea,  for  its  astringent  properties.  Galled 
"  flag,"  because  its  powers  resemble  a  flag  curled  by  wind. 

Acotyledon,  a\kdt-y,lee"-ddn,  plu.,  acotyle'dons,  or  acotyle'ddna. 
Plants  without  husks  or  seed-lobes  for  their  seed. 
Greek  a  kotuUd&n^  without  husks  (like  ferns,  mosses,  lichens,  ^.) 

Acoustics,  a.kHw'Miks  not  axoo^sUks,    Science  of  sounds. 
Gcreek  dkoud,  to  hear. 

Acquit,  acquitt-al,  acquitt-ance,  acquitt-ed,  acquitt-ing  (E.  i.) 

Acrogenous  (plants),  a.krodg^^.nHs  not  ak\ro.jee".ne.u8. 

Greek  akro  gSnos,  growth  upwards.  Plants,  like  tree-ferns,  which 
grow  tall,  without  increasing  much  in  bulk.  Plants  which  grow 
in  bulk,  not  height,  are  caUed  amphigens. 

Acroleine,  ak.kro\U.ln,    Acrid  fumes  &om  distilled  oils. 

Latin  acrt  olH,  acrid-product  of  oil. 
Acrolith,  aV.krd.lith.     A  statue  partly  in  stone  or  marble. 

Greek  dkrd-lithos,  stone  extremities  (as  head,  arms,  legs,  &c.) 
Act,  a  deed.    Hacked,  hakty  mutilated. 

Latin  acta,  things  done.    "Hack,"  Old  Eng.,  ha^anl  to  cut. 
Actsaa,  ak.tee^ah.     The  snake  root  genus  of  plants. 

Greek  a  ktaA,  preventive  of  death  [from  the  bite  of  snakes].  Called 
"herb  Christopher,"  because  St.  Christopher  was  invoked  to  w>u:d 
off  evil  spirits,  whic)i  often  assumed  the  form  of  snakes  (Gen.  iii.) 

Actinia,  plu.  actinisB,  ak.tin\i.ahj  ak.tin%.e.    Sea-anemones,  &c. 

Greek  aktia.  a  ray,  because  their  numerous  tentacles  extend  like  rays 
from  the  circumference  of  the  mouth. 

Actinocrinites,  ak'-tin-o.kri" -nitesj  not  ak'-t%n.ok"-ri-nites,     A 
subgenus  of  extinct  "  actinia." 
Greek  aktU  krinon,  ray-lily  (radiated  lily-shaped  animals). 
Actor,  fern,  actress ;  not  acter  as  it  is  a  Latin  word  (R.  xxxvii.) 
-acy  (suflBx)  Greek -[aJ&-o»  (nouns)  "rank,"  "office :"  as  papacy. 


AND  OF  SPELLING. 


-acy  (suffix)  Latin  .[ajfiia,  -tia  (noung)  "state,"  "condition:" 
celibacy. «  • 

Ad-  (Latin  preposition)  to,  for.  As  a  prefix  it  intensifiett  or 
denotes  "  approach,"  "juncture,"  "  addition."  It  changes 
its  conGlonant  in  sympathy  with  the  liquids,  and  with  c 
and  «,  p  and  /,  g  and  t. 

"  At) "  (preflxt)  meahs  augmentation. 
Juncture,  or  approximatioa ; 
But  when  preoedinf  c,  /  9, 
A  liquid,  or  a  p,  <,  t. 
These  letters  it  prefers  to  d. 

Ad  infinitum  (Latin)  ad  in.fi.nt.tum.    Without  end,  for  ever. 

Ad  n*nseam  (Latin)  ad  nau^ .8(i.am,    To  disgust,  to  nausea. 

Ad  valorem  (Latin)  ad  tMi.Zd.Vem.    A  tax  in  proportion  to  the 
market  value  of  the  things  taxed. 
Observe  the  terminations  of  these  last  three  words. 

Adage,  ad'.adje,  a  proverb.    Adagio,  aday'.jH.o  uot  a.dadg\16.o,^ 
" Adage,"  Latin  addgium.    ''Adagio,'*  ItaL,  slow  time  (In  M\uie).' 

Adamantean,  ad^-d'man.tee'''an  not  ad^-d.7nan''-t^-dn. 
Latin  adamantcBut,  hard  or  strong  as  adamant. 

Adamic,  Ad\dm.ik  not  Ajdam'.ihy  as  "  The  Adamic  Covenant" 

^dansonia,  A''dan.8if-n^-dh,   The  boabab  or  Monkey-bread- tree. 
80  called  by  Linn»u>  in  oomp.  to  Michel  Adanson,  a  French  botanist. 

^pia,  adf.d.pU,    An  extinct  animal  resembling  a  hedgehog. 

This  was  the. animal  which  Cnvier  worked  out  from  a  stray  bone  or 
two  by  his  knowledge  of  comparative  anatomy. 

^  to  join.    Had,  pcut  tense  of  "  have."    Aid,  help. 

"  Add,"  Latin  addo.    "  Had,"  Old  Eng.  htf/de,  p.  of  habban,  to  have. 
"Aid,"  ode,  French  aider,  to  assist ;  Latin  adjuddre. 

Addendum,  Tplu.  addenda  (Latin).    Things  to  be  added. 
Addicted,  ad.dicf.ed  not  a.diclf.ed.     Given  up  to  the  habit. 

Latin  ad-dictus,  given  in  bondage  to  [a  creditor  or  habit]. 
Addition,  ad.dish^on  not  a.dUh'.on ;  additional  (double  d). 

Addreas,  odAress^  not  a.dress^    To  speak  to,  to  ^ve  the  due  title. 

French  adresser  (one  d),  bixt  in  English  the  d  is  doubled, 
•ade  (Lat  at-tui)^  termination  of  Nouns :  "  state  of^"  as  blocko^. 
-ade,  as  a  termination  of  Verbs :  "  act  o^"  as  oannona^f^. 

•adaa  (Greek  patronymic  -idis  or  -iadSs\  "descent  from,"  "of 
the  family  of  " ;  generally  -ida  as  c&nida, 

Adephagans,  a.def\d.ganz,    A  tribe  of  voracious  insects. 

Greek  adSphdgos,  voracious. 
Adept,  a.depf  not  ad\ept.     One  skilled  in  something. 

Latin  adeptus,  one  who  has  discovered  [the  philosopher's  stone]. 


6  ERROliS  OF  SPEECH 

Adiantnm,  ad' 4.091" -turn,    **  Maiden-hair"  and  other  ferns. 
Greek  adiantont  dry.    So  called  because  rahi  do^  not  wet  it. 

Adieu,  a.de%  Good  b'je.    Ado,  a^oo,  foss. 

'*  Adieu,"  Frenoli  d  Dieu,  [T  commend  yoxk]  to  Ciod. 
"  Ado,"  Old  Eng.  verb  ad(/n.    The  noon  means  a  fuss,  as  if  there 
was  much  to  do. 

Adipic  (acid),  ad\i.pik  not  a.dip'ik.    Fat  procured  by  add. 

Latin  adep8,  aMpit,  t^i, 
Adipocere,  ad'.t.'po.seer,    A  flnhstance,  called  "  grare  wax." 

Latin  adiposa  cera^  fatty  wax  (found  in  cemeteries). 

Adipose,  ad'.i.poce  not  ad'.i.poze.    Foil  of  fat,  fatty. 

Latin  adipostu,  containing  fat. 
Adjournment,  ad-jum\ment  not  a-jum'.ment.    Postponement. 

French  aJoumemerU,  deferred  to  another  day  {jow^  a  day). 

Adjure,  ad.jure'  not  ajure'.    To  hind  hy  oath. 
Latki  ad-juro,  to  make  one  swear  to  [what  he  says]. 

A^ust,  ad.jtL8t'  not  a.just;  adjustment,  ad.jti8lf.ment, 

Latin  ad-jwtus  [righted]  to  wliat  is  correct. 
A^utant,  ad' .jU.tant.    (This  word  is  incorrect  in  quantity.) 

Latin  ad-jutant,  one  who  aids. 

Ad^utor,  female  adjutriz,  ad.jn\tor,  ad.jik^trix  (B.  xlvL) 

Admin'istrator,  female  admin'istratriz  (Latin)  B.  xlvi. 

Admif,  admitt'-ance,  admitf-able  aUo  admiss'-ible,  admitt'-ed, 
admitt'-er,  admitt^-ing  (Bule  i)    Admittable  (R.  xxiii.) 

Adonis,  A.dd'.nis,    The  plant  called  "  Pheasant's  eye." 

The  flower  of  the  **  com  Adonis  "  is  poetically  supposed  to  have  been 
reddened  by  the  blood  of  the  boy  Adoi^  dropping  on  it. 

Ad'ulator  (Latin),  not  ad^ulatpr  (Bale  xxxviL) 

Advertised,  ad\v^.tizd  (in  a  newspaper). 
ad.vir'.tXzd  (by  private  letter). 

Advertisement,  ad-ver^.tiz-mentf  not  ad'-vir,tizei''-ment. 

Advertiser,  ad'-vir.t%-z9r ;  not  advertisor  (R.  xx3d.) 

Latin  ad  verto,  to  turn  [public  attention]  to  something. 
(Advertiser  is  not  a  Latin  word,  but  an  English  coinage,  and  benee 
the  suffix  is  er,  not  or  (Kule  xxxvii) 

Advice  {n(mn)y  advise  (verb).     Latin  ad  vi80,  to  go  to  see  (B.  li.) 

Advisable,  ad,vl\zH.b'l  (Not  of  the  1st  Lat.  conj.,  K  xziiL) 

Adynamic,  a'.dy-n&nC-Xky  not  dynamic  or  strong. 

Adytum,  ad'.y.tum,  not  a.dy\tum  (Gk.  adutotij  Holy  oi  Holies). 

iEdile,  e\  dile.    A  Bom.  magistrate  who  had  charge  of  the  public 
buildings.     (Lat.  <ed««,  sing.  "  a  house,"  plu. ''  a  temple  "). 

iEgean  (Sea)  E.jee\an  (Sea).    The  Archipelago. 


AND  OP  SPELLma 


iEgicerea,  ei'-jl,»er^ry-iiK    Order  of  plants,  genus  ^Egiceru. 

Ondc  tOgot  Jo^i^Ui,  soat'a  horn.    iEgic«n,  ijltf.i.rah. 
•^^Bgilopi,  i'^jlhdps,    A  sore  in  the  oomer  of  the  eje. 

.  Greek  aigos  ops,  a  goat'e  ej«.    Ooatg  being  inbjeot  to  the  disease. 
JEneid,  Bjnee\td,  not  E'.ni.H,    Virgil's  epic  about  iEne'as. 

•id (a patronTmJo) meaning  "pertaining  to,"  "oonceming." 
iEolian,  B.d'di.Hn.    It  ought  to  be  E,ol\i,an  (o  short). 
JEqUc,  eM\tk,  not  e.d\lik.    Belonging  to  MSL'ixk  (Greece). 
iEmgo,  es^'.go.  (Lat.)    The  green  "rust"  of  bronze  omamentc. 

iBthal  or  Etbal,  lth\al,    (A  word  G(»ned  by  Chevreul.) 
It  consists  of  the  fini  sy^Uables  of  Efh  [er]  and  ^I[oohol]. 

iEsihetics,  ece.ThefJlks,    The  philosophy  of  good  taste. 

Greek  aitXMifQcoi  [betnty  as  it  is]  appreciated  hj  th^senses.    (The  • 
of  the  seeond  s^laUe^is  long  in  Greek.) 

iEthogen,  ethd.jihi.    An  intensely  luminous  compound. 

Greek  aUMn  gin4.    I  produce  luminosity. 
.Sthnsa,  e.ThU\zSh.  A  genus  of  plants  including  "  Fools'  parsley. " 

Greek  aith»%i8a,  bnming  hot.    The  leaves  being  very  acrid. 
£tites,  more  correctly  Aetites,  a'-^.tV-teez,    Hollow  stones. 

Greek  ctttos,  an  eagle.    Supposed  to  form  part  of  eagles'  nests. 

Aer-  (prefix).     All  words  with  this  prefix  (except  a.e^ri.al)  have 
the  accent  on  the  first  letter.    For  example : — 
a'erate  (3«yU.)        a'erog"raphy  a'eronaufics 

a'era''ted  a'erolite  (4  syll.)     a'eropho"bia 

a'era''tion  a'eror'ogy  a'eropbytes  (4  syU,) 

a'erifica''tion  a'eroman"cy  a'ero6"copy 

a'erify  a'erom^eter  a'erostat'ics 

a'ero-dynam'ics       a'eronaut  a'erosta"tion 

Afhir,  af-fair  not  a.fair^,  busioess;  plu.^  transactions  in  generaL 

French  affaire;  Latin  afitA'\fac&re  to  do  [something]. 
Affect,  af-fecf  not  a.fecf;  affec'ted;  affec'tion  (double/). 

Latin  af  [ad]  fectus,  to  act  on  [one]. 
AffettuoBO,  af-fe1f'too,o'^-so,    (Ital.  term  in  Music.)   With  feeling. 
Affianced,  af.ji'.amX  not  a,fi\an8t.    Betrothed. 

Latin  af  [ad]  fido^  to  trust  to  one's  good  faith. 
Affidavit,  af-f\.da"-vit,    ('Davy  is  a  vulgarism.) 

Old  law  Latin  ekffidare,  to  give  an  oath  of  fidelity. 
Affiliated,  af.fiV-Ua-Ud  not  a.fiV-i-a-ted  (double/,  one  V), 

Latin  of  [adj  filiua,  [to  assign]  a  child  to  one. 
Affirm,  af.firm'  not  a.jirm';  affirma'tion  (double/). 

Latin  af  [ad]  Jirmore,  to  make  [something]  firm  to  [another]. 
Affix'  {verb),  affix  {ncmn),    A  postfix  (Kule  1.) 

Latin  af  iMd]  Jixo,  to  fix  to  [aometbingj. 


8  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Afflatus,  af-JUiy'-tus  not  a.jlay'-tu8.    Inspiration. 

Latin  of  [ad]  fiatvs,  breathed  into  one  [by  divine  inspiration]. 
Afflicted,  af.fiiyfded  not  a.Jlihf.ted;  afflic'tion  (double/). 

Latin  of  [ad]  figo,  to  dash  against  one. 
AfEbrd,  af.ford^  not  a.ford\    To  be  a£le  to  bear  the  expense. 

French  afforer;  Latin  af  [ad]  forvm,  according  to  nuurket-prioe. 
AfEright,  af.frighf  not  a.frighf.    To  startle  with  fear. 

Old  Eng.  afyrM  changed  to  afryhV  (the  g  is  interpolated). 
Affront,  af.frwnlf  not  a.frunif;  affronted  (double  /). 

French  affironUr;  Lat.  a/  [ad]  Jrontem  [to  insult  one]  to  his  face. 
A  fortiori  (Lat.),  a  for.8he.o\rl.    For  a  stiU  greater  reason. 

Afraid,  a,fraid'  not  af.fraid.    Filled  with  fear. 

Old  Eng.  afcBrd'  changed  to  afrced*  {"  afeard' "  is  the  older). 
Afresh,  a.fresh'  not  af. fresh'.    Again,  anew,  recently. 

Old  Eng.  a/erse  changed  to  c^resc  (c  equals  ch). 
Aft  (Old  Eng.  aft),  behind.    Haft  (Old  Eng.  haift)^  a  handle. 
Ag-  (prefix)  is  the  Lat.  prep,  ad  before  "  g." 
Agagite  (The)  Ag*.a.gite,    Haman  is  so  called  (Esth.  iii.  1). 

Agabuatolite,  a*-gal.mdf-d-lite,    A  claj  for  statuary. 

Greek  agalmdtos  lithoa,  stone  for  images. 
Again,  a.gen'  not  a.g&ne,    (Old  Eng.  agen.) 

Agama,  plu,  agamas,  ag\d.mdh,  &c.    A  species  of  lizard.    The 
adjective  is  ag^amoid,  as  "  agamoid  Uzards." 

Agama,  plu.  agamsa,  ag'.d.mee,    Flowerless  plants.    The  adjec- 
tive  is  ag'amous,  same  as  cryptogamic,  q.v.     All  the 
species,  &c.,  are  Uie  agamldie  or  '*  ag^ama  "  family, 
Greek  a  gdmos,  without  sexual  organs. 

Ag'anii,  plu,  ag^&mis.     The  gold-breasted  Trumpeter. 

Agapanthus,  ag* 'd.pan" -Thus,     The  African  blue  lily. 

Greek  agap€to8  anthdt,  the  lovely  flower. 

Agape,  ag'.d.pee,  a  love-feast.    Agape,  a.gape^  wonder-struck. 

"  Agape,"  Greek  agapi,  brotherly  love. 

''Agape,"  Old  Eng.  agedp,  open-mouthed  with  amasement. 

Agapemone,  ag'-a.pem''-d-ne.    Love's  abode. 

Greek  agdp4  mOni,  Love's  mansion. 
Agaric,  ag\dr.lk.    A  genus  of  fungi 

Greek  ogdri^on,  fungus :  from  Agdria,  a  river  of  Sarmatia. 
Agathophyllum,  ag'-d-rhdjiV-lum.  Clove  nutmeg  of  IVIadagascaiu 

Greek  agdthon  phuUon,  the  good  leaf. 
Agathotes,  a.gath\d,teez.    One  of  the  gentian  family. 

Greek  agathdtet,  goodness  (from  its  medical  vlrtuesX 
Agave,  a.gii\vi  not  ag.&v\    The  American  aloe. 

Greek  agatU,  splendid  [plants 


AND  OF  SPELLTNO.  9 

-age  (French  suffix),  '* state  of:"  as  pupilage. 

-age  (Lat.  agHre)  "  the  act  of:"  as  ijiilage, 

-age  {Celt,  fulnesi),  added  to  collective  nouns :  as  herba^^. 

Agen'dmn,  plu.  agen'da  (Lat.)    Mem.  of  "  things  to  be  done." 

Ageratnm,  a-jee^sd.tUm  not  a.j^.ra\tum  (Bot)    A  flower. 

Greek  agMLUm,  exempt  from  old  age.  Properlj,  "Everlastings." 

Agglomerate,  ag.glom'-e-rate  not  a.glonC-t-rate  (trouble  ^,  one  m). 
Lat  ag  [ad]  gUvMtSrt,  to  wind  into  a  ball  (jgUmuit  a  clew  of  thread). 

Agglutinate,  ag-glu'-U-nate  not  a-glu'-ti-nate.    To  glue  together. 
Lat  ag  [ad]  gluHtnare,  to  glue  together  {gluten,  glutXnia,  glue). 

Aggiandise,  ag'.gran.dize  not  a.gran\dize.     To  exalt. 
Aggrandisement,  ag-gravf-dlz-ment  not  ag*-gran.dize"-ment. 
Latin  ag  [ad]  grandeaco,  to  make  lazger  and  larger  (Kale  xxxi) 

AggreBsiye,  ag^gress'-iv  ;  aggresslcm,  aggressor  (double  g  and  »). 

Latin  ag  [ad]  gresaio,  a  going  against.    ("  Aggressor,"  Bule  xxxvii. ) 
Aggrieve,  ag.greev'  not  a,greev\    To  do  wrong  to  a  person. 

A  hybrid  word.    Lat  ag  [ad],  French  grever,  to  burden  with  taxes. 

Agilia,  a.jiV.tdK     Squirrels,  dormice,  and  similar  "  Eodents." 
Latin  agilia,  nimble  creatures. 

Agio,  €Ldg*X.o  not  a\j^.o.     The  market  difference  between  banl^- 
notes  and  current  coin.    Ago,  a.go\    Gone  by. 
"Agio,**  ItaL  aggiOf  difference.    "Ago/*  Old  Eng.  agdn,  gone  by. 

Agitator  (Latin),  af-ida'-tor  not  agitater.    (Bule  xxxvii.) 

Agnail  see  Angnall. 

Agnate}  ag'.nate.     Belated  on  the  father's  side;    Cognate,  on 
the  mother's. 
Latin  ag  [ad]  nalu8,  bom  to  [the  same  surname]. 

Agomphians,  a.gom^-fi-anz.     Bodents  without  grinders. 
Greek  a-gomphio8t  without  a  grinder. 

Agora,  ag'.d.rdh.    The  Greek  "  forum.** 

Greek  ageird,  to  assemble ;  the  place  of  assembly ;  the  market-place. 

Agree,  agree-ing,  agree-ment,  agree-able,  agree-ably,  &;c. 
(Observe  the  double  e  is  retained  throughout.) 

Agrimony,  ag*,H.mun\y,    A  genus  of  field  plants. 
Greek  agros  mdni,  the  field  my  abode. 

Aide-de-camp,  plu.  aides-de-camp  (French).    A  military  officer. 
A'Aexcmgy  plu.  aid\de.cong,  sometimes  aids.de.cong. 

Aiguille,  a.gweel  (French).    For  boring  holes  in  blasting. 

Ail,  to  suffer.  Ale,  malt  liquor.  Hail,  frozen  rain.  Hale,  healthy. 
"  AiL**  Old  Eng.  egl  [an],  to  be  in  grief.   "  Ale."  Old  Eng.  eala,  ale. 
"  Hail/'  Old  Eng.  hagol  or  luegl,  hail.   "  Hale/*  Old  Eng.  hdl,  hearty. 


10  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Ailing,  ailMg^  suffering.  Hailing,  hailing,  hail  falling. 

Ain't,  "  am  not,"  "  is  not,"  should  be  written  "  &  n't "  (a  contraction 
of  am  notf  as  nott  "  as  "  being  the  old  form  of  is).  Ar'n't 
is  a  contraction  of  are  tiot,    (Colloquial.) 

Air  (we  breathe)^  Airs,  oZm.,  tricks  of  conceit  Are,  ar,  plu.  of 
**  am."  Hair  (of  the  head).  Hare  (game).  Heir,  air  (of 
property).  Here,  in  this  place. 

"Air/*  Latin  aer,  the  atmosphere. 

**  Are/'  Norse,  plural  of  the  Old  Saxon  rerb  icl>e6,tkA  Ust,  he  byth. 
"  Hair/'  Old  Eng.,  hcer,  hair    *'  Hare/'  Old  Eng.  hara,  a  hare. 
"  Heir/'  Latin  Jueres,  an  heir.    •*  Here,"  Old  Eng.  Mr,  here,  now. 

Airless,  without  air.  Hairless,  without  hair.  Heirless,  airless, 
without  an  heir. 

Airy,  adj.  of  air.  Hairy,  ac^j.  of  hair.  Aerie  or  eyrie,  an  eagle's 
nest. 

Aisle,  lie  (of  a  church)  meaning  **  the  wing  /'  isle,  an  island. 
French  aisle,  now  €Ale;  Latin  oto,  a  wing.     "  Isle  "  (Lat.)  i/naAla. 

Ajuga,  a'.ju.gay  not  a.joo\gah.    The  plant  called  "  Bugle.** 
Lat.  a  JH^ja,  averse  to  Jnno ;  supposed  to  favour  miscarrii^e. 

Alaria,  aXair" -rS-dh.    A  genus  of  sea-weeds,  as  "  badderlooks,  4c. 
Latin  aXa,  a  wing.    "  Badder-locks  "  means  **  locks  of  Balder." 

Albeit,'  awLhef.it.   Although,  notwithstanding  (Rule  Iviii.) 

Albino,  plu,  albinos,  aLhee^no,  aLbee'moze  (Eule  zlii.) 

Al  Borak,  ^aV  Bo,rak\    The  animal  that  carried  Mahomet  from 
the  earth  to  the  seventh  heaven. 
Arabic  al  borclka,  the  shining  one. 

Albucum,  al.hvf-hum  not  al\bu,kum.    The  white  daffodil. 

Albugo,  al.hu' -go.    A  white  speck  on  the  comSa  of  the  eyt* 

Albumen,  al.bu-m^  not  ar,bil.men.    White  of  egg, 

Alcahest,  aV.kd.hesif  (Arabic).    The  universal  solvent. 

Aloaid,  aLknidf ;  or  alcayde,  al.kay'.dS,    (Spanish.) 
Arabic  al  kadi,  the  governor  [of  a  Spanish  fortress]. 

Alcalde,  al.kaV-de,    A  Spanish  magistrate. 

Arabic  al  kaldi,  the  judge,  or  justice  of  the  peace.  (It  is  a  mistake 
to  suppose  the  Alcay<U  and  Alcalde  axe  merely  different  spellingiB 
of  the  same  officer.) 

Alcedo  (Latin),  al,seef,d>o.    The  kingfisher  genus  of  birds. 

Alchemilla,  aV -k^.TrnT -Idh,    The  plant  called  '*  Ladies*  mantle." 

The  "  Alchemists'  plant,"  being  greatly  priiied  by  them. 
Alchemy,  aV,ke,me,  not  aUhymy  ;  alchemist,  al',kSamsU 

Arabic  al  Ji^mia,  the  secret  art.  It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  the  word 
mixt  Arabic  and  Greek,— aa  al,  the ;  chuma,  somethuig  poured  out. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  11 

Alcohol,  aVM.htSL    Th«  epirit  of  f«rment«d  liquon. 

Arabic  al  kokol,  the  TOlatUe  labstanee. 
AloohoUze,  aVMMMze  not  al,kd\h6dize  ;  Al'cSh51iaa''tion. 
Alcorad,  aLko-rad.    Contrariety  of  light  in  planets.   (Astrology). 
Alcoran,  see  Alkoran.     The  Mohammedan  Soriptores. 
Alcoranes,  aV-kS,ray'-neez,  The  high  slender  turrets  of  mosques. 

Alcyonite,  aVJi,S.nite  not  al^V.S,nite,    A  sponge-like  fossil  very 
common  in  chalk  formations.    (See  oelcw,) 

Alcyonlum,  plu.  alcyon'ia.    Halcyon  stones.    Supposed  at  one 

time  to  have  heen  used  by  kingfishers  for  their  nests. 

Oreek  alkiUyn,  a  kinffflsher.    AlkUdTid,  daughter  of  M61xxb  changed 
into  a  kingfiaher.    (With  or  without  an  initial  h. ) 

Aldehaian,  aLdelf-d-Hin,    The  '*  Bull's  eye  "  in  Tatous. 

Aiabic  al  ddbdrcMf  the  follower  [of  the  Pleiades]. 
Alder  (tree),  oV.deri  not  aV^der,  nor  awl\der  (Rule  IriiL) 

Old  English  o^er,  an  alder-tree ;  Latin  alntu. 
Alderliefest,  aV-d^Mef-^U  Best  or  oldest  loved  (2  Hen.yi.  i  1.) 
Alderman,  oV,dSr,m(m,    A  civil  dignitary  (Bule  Iviii.) 

Alembek,  aXem'-hSk,    A  vessel  used  by  alchemists. 

Arabic  al  an&ig,  the  cup ;  Greek  tmJbiXy  a  cnp. 
Alethopteris,  a.lee.rh(yp'-tS-r^,    Fossil  ferns  (coal  formations). 

Greek  aUtho-pUHs,  the  true  fern. 
Aletris,  aV.i,tris  not  cUe^tris,    A  garden  shrub. 

Greek  cUitriBf  a  miller ;  the  plant  being  covered  with  ''meaL" 
Alezicacon,  a-lex'.ik"-d-kon.    A  medicine. 

Greek  aiex6  kdkon,  1 4rive  out  the  evil  thing. 
Alexipharmio,  a-lexf -l,far^ -mlk.    Antidote  of  poison. 

Greek  oieasd  pAarmdA)(>n,  I  avert  poison. 
Alezipyretmn,  a-lex" -l/pyr^ry-tum.    A  fever  mixture. 

Greek  aieaBd  pHriftdt,  I  drive  off  fever. 
Algffi,  aVJee  (Latin).    Sear-weeds. 
Aignn-TJIj  alg'.wajseeV,    A  Spanish  constable. 

Arabic  al  vKuil.  t^e  man  in  authority. 
Alien,  geo orally  pronounced  d\Vl.Sn,    A  foreigner  (Bule  IviL) 

Alienate,  aV.i.^.nate;  alienation,  aV4-^.nay'^-8hun. 

Latin  Alieno,  to  make  another's ;  dUBntu,  one  of  another  country. 
Alike.     *•  Two  "  and  "  both  "  should  not  be  used  together  with 

"alike:"  as  "The  two  are  both  alike;"  say  "The  two 

are  alike ;"  or  "  They  are  both  alike;"  or  "  The  two  are 

exactly  alike.** 
AUke  (adj.),  meaning  similar,  always  stands  after  its  noun,  as 

"  The  darkness  and  the  light  are  both  alike  to  Thee.** 

(Ps.  cxxxix.  12.) 


12  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Alike  (adv.))  means  in  a  similar  way^  eqtiallyt  as  "Whether 
they  shall  both  he  alike  good."  (Ecc.  xi.  6.) 

Alima,  aM'.mdh.    A  medicine  to  assuage  "  craving  for  food." 

Greek  a  I'Smoa,  antidote  for  hunger. 
Aliment,  aVXment,    Food.    (Obs,  only  one  L) 

Latin  dUmentvm,  verb  dlo,  to  nonrish. 
Alimony,  aV.l.mun,y,    For  a  wife's  separate  maintenance. 

Latin  alimonia,  alimony.    (Obs,  The  o  is  long  in  Latifi.) 
Alismaoesd,  aV -Iss.may" -sS-e.     "  Water-plantains,"  &c. 

Greek  alitma,  the  water-plantain. 

The  suffix  -da  or  -eta  means  "of  the  same  sort."    (Gk.  -kiat  -lua.) 

Alkahest,  aV.kd.hest.    The  Universal  Solvent. 

Alkali,  plu.  alkalis,  aV.ka.lif  aV.kddize,    Soda,  potash,  &o. 

Arabic  cU  kali,  the  kali  plant. 

Alkaloid,  aV.ka.loid.    A  substance  analogous  to  an  alkali. 

The  Greek  -eidoa  (-id),  like  oar  -ith,  is  sometimes  a  diminutive. 
Alkaloids  are  substances  slightly  alkaline. 

Alkoran,  aV.kS.ran  not  al.ko\ran.    The  Arab  "  Scriptures." 

Arabic  <U  Koran,  the  Koran.  It  ts  Inoorreot  to  say  "  The  Alkoran." 
*'  The  Koran  "  means  the  Readings.  We  call  our  "  Bible  "  Ths 
Writings  (Scriptures). 

All,  awl,  every  one.    Hall,  hawl  (of  a  house),  a  mansion. 

"AU,**  Old  Eng.  eall,  or  eel  " Hall/'  Old  £ng.  heall,  a  hall  or  mtosion. 

All-     The  perfect  compounds  of  thifi  word  difop  one  I:  as : — 

almighty  already  altogether 

almost  although  dlways 

See  Kule  Iviii. 

But  when  it  is  oldy  agglutinated  to  another  word,  it 
preserves  its  double  I :  as  all-wise,  all-fours,  all-saints. 

All  of  them.  In  this  and  similar  phrases  "a£"  does 
not  mean  dut  of,  but  has  an  adverbial  force,  like  the 
Latin  ex  in  ex  parte  (partly),  e  duobus  (two  by  two,  two- 
ly),  &c.  So  all  of  them  means  "them  whollyi"  "alto- 
gether." Both  of  them  "  them  both-ly,"  or  "  both-toge- 
ther," the  whole  of  it  "  it  entirely,"  "  in  its  entirety,"  <fec. 

Allantoio  (acid),  al.lan'.tSM  not  aV-lan.td"-ik  (see  below). 

AUantois,  al.lan'-to-iss,    A  membrane  like  a  sausage  in  form. 

Greek  aUantd-eikos,  sausage-like. 

Allay,  al.lay\  to  mitigate.    Alley,  aVWy,  a  passage.    Ally,  aLlV, 

an  associate. 

"  Allay,"  Old  Eng.  aUcg  [em],  to  lay  down  ;  French  aUeger. 
**  Alley,"  French  alUe,  a  passage.   "  Ally,"  Lathi  aX  [adj  ligo,  to  tie 
to  one. 

Allege  not  alledge ;  allege-able  (Verbs  ending  in  -ge  and  -ce 

preserve  tie  "e*' before -a&ie).    Eules  xx.  and  xxiii. 

Latin  al  [ad]  leg€ret  to  read  an  indictment  against  a  person. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  18 

Allegiance,  al.lee^-j%.ance.    Obedience  due  to  an  overlord. 
French  cMigMnc^,    HediATal  Latin  oUegicmHa  {ad-Ugem). 

AUegro,  allay' -grii  (Itfd.  term  in  Mxisic).    Bright,  sprightly. 

Alleviate,  al,lee^-vK-ate  not  a.lee.vK.ate,    To  lessen  a  trouble. 
Latin  ai  {ad]  Uviarey  to  lighten  [a  burden]  to  the  bearer. 

Alley,  plwral  aUeys,  not  allies  (Rule  xIy.)     (See  Allay.) 
French  aUi^,  a  passage  (verb  aXUrt  to  go). 

Alliance,  alM'-ance  not  a.li,ance.    Union  by  treaty  or  marriage 
Latin  al  [ad]  ligo,  to  tie  together  [by  treaty,  Ac] 

Alliteration,  aVMt'S.ray*-elwm  not  a\Ut-e.ray''-8kun»     (One  t.) 
Latin  aZ  [ad]  UUfra  [words  or  lines  made]  to  a  letter. 

Allinnij  aV.UMfn  (Latin).    Garlic  and  similar  plants. 

AUochroite,  al.lok'-rS-ite.    Iron  garnet  which  is  iridescent. 

Greek  tUlos  efvrda,  [exhibiting]  different  colonrs. 
AlIocatQr,  aV-l6,kay*'tur.    Cost  allowed  in  a  law  suit 

Latin  al  [ad]  tocdtwr^  placed  to  one's  credit. 

Allodium,  ahld'-d^i-um,    A  free  tenure,  not  held  of  an  overlord. 
Norse  odd,  a  patrimonial  estate ;  Medieval  Latin  allodium. 

Allopathy,  aLlop'-a-rM.    Treatment  of  disease  by  antidotes. 

HoMXOPATHY.— Treatment  of  disease  by  what  causes  it.      "  Like 
coring  like,"  as  curbig  a  bum  by  /Mt  fomentations. 

Allopathist,  aLlop'M.rhXst.    One  who  practises  allopathy. 

Greek  alios  pathoi,  [medicine]  different  to  the  disease. 
Homeopathy  Iwmoioi  pathos,  [medicine]  like  the  disease. 

Allophane,  al\ld.fain.    A  mineral  whieh  changes  colour  before 
the  blowpipe. 
Greek  aUos  phain^omaij,  1  appear  of  different  [colours]. 

AUof ,  allott'-er,  allott'-ed,  allott'-ing,  allot'-ment.    (Rule  1.) 
Medieval  Latin  al  [ad]  lotto,  to  place  to  your  lot. 

Allow,  allow;  allowance,  allow'. ance;  allowable. 

French  allotur;  Latin  cU  [ad]  locdre,  to  place  to  your  share. 

Allude,  allood\    To  hint  at,  reference  to. 

Latin  oZ  [ad]  ludo,  to  play  towards  one  [wit^  nods  and  other  signs]. 

Allusion.  Verbs  ending  in  -d,  -de,  -s,  -se,  change  these  termina- 
tions to  -sion,  instead  of  -tion.  (Rule  xxxiii.)  This  word 
should  be  employed  only  for  vague  and  indirect  refer- 
ences :  thus,  **  Henry  V.  won  the  battle  of  Agincourt  '*  is  a 
positive  statement,  and  a  person  ought  not  to  say  "  the 
battle  alluded  to  was  fought  in  1415,"  but  the  battle 
referred  to. 

AUure,  allure';  allurement,  allured. ment    To  entiee,  &c. 
Latin  ai  [ad],  French  leurrer,  to  decoy. 


14  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Alluvium,  plu,  alluvia,  al.Wji)iMm,  al.lu\vi,ah. 
Latin  al  [ad]  hUfre^  to  wash  to  [the  hank  or  shore]. 

Ally,  phi,  allies,  oLU,  aldize",  allied  (2  syl.).  alli-anoe,  ally-ing. 
Alley,  aU.ley,  a  passage.  Allay,  al.lay't  to  set  at  rest,  tee 
Allay. 

Almanac,  oV.mojndk,    A  calendar  of  the  year.    (Bule  Iviii.) 
Arabic  al  manack,  the  computation ;  or,  Anglo  Sazpn  alm&naght. 

Almighty,  awLmigktf.y.    All-powerfoL    (Eule  Iviii.) 

Almon<^  aN.mvm*  not  aLmon\    The  nut  of  the  almond-tree. 
Greek  dmugdUUS  fdmugd'J;  French  amande;  Spanish  Cblmsndm. 

Almoner,  ah\m6,n^  not  aV.m6.n^.    One  who  diBpenses  alms. 
French  oumonier;  Med.  Lat.  oMMn&riut;  Old  Eng.  CB<me«-man. 

Almost,  oV.most  not  awl\most  (Bule  Iviii) 

Alms,  arms  not  alTfit^    Charity.    Both  singular  and  plural. 

"  Who,  seeing  Peter  and  John,  asked  an  alms  "  {Acti  m.  3). 

"  Thine  alms  are  come  up  for  a  memorial "  {Acts  x.  4). 

Anglo  Saxon  oJmes;  Old  English  oelmeMe/  NotmAn  aimoignea;  Latin 
eUemotyna;  Qreeik.  iU4md»ibnS  (de4m&n,  pitiful). 

Aloe,  phi.  aloes,  a^.o,  al'Mey  a  plant.    HaUoo,  plu>.  hallooB,  to 

shout,  shouts.     Hallow,  hal',lOt  to  hold  saored.     Hal€^ 

hay\lOy  a  "glory." 

''Aloe,"  Greek  aM,  the  aloe.   "Halloo,"  Low  Ger.  Aoito,  outcry. 
"Hallow,"  Old  Eng.  hdlig  [on],  to  hold  sacred.    "Halo/'  Greek 
halAt,  a  halo. 

Aloetic,  aV'6.ee'-txk  hot  aV-oM-ik.    Containing  aloes. 

Greek  cdoitik^.    The  postfix  -ic  means  "  pertaining  to."  To  ezpreia 
acids,  it  means  containing  the  most  oxygen  possible. 

Aloexylon,  aV-o.eex'-U'On  not  aV-o.&c'-U-on.    Wood  of  aloes. 

Greek  aloS  xtUan,  aloe  wood. 
Alopecurus,  a.lo'-p^.ku^-rus.    Fox-tail  grass,  &c, 

Greek  aldpifkds  oura,  fox's  taiL 
Alopecy,  a.ld'-pS-sy,    A  disease  of  the  hair. 

Greek  aUpildUk,  fox's  evil  (o  long,  e  short). 
Aloysia,  a,loy'-zS-ah.    The  Verbena  order  of  plants. 

Greek  aXouaia,  unwashed  ;  because  rain  does  not  wet  the  leaves. 

Alpaca,  al.pak^-dh.  Cloth  made  of  paco  hair.  The  paco  of 
SouUi  America  is  a  kind  of  camel  with  long  wooUy  hair. 

AlpMtldon,  aUfilf-i'dSn.    A  JEracture  with  the  bone  smashed. 

Greek  alphtUm,  bran  (the  bone  ground  like  branX 
Already,  oLred\p,    At  this  time,  in  time  past  (Bule  Iviii.) 
Alsine,  al^sVjn^  (Latin).    Chickweed,  mouse-ear,  isc, 
Alsinia,  aljSfjnMh.   The  "  alsme  "  or  chiskweed  groop  of  phMfes- 
Also,  oV,8S,    likewise,  in  like  manner  (Rule  Iviii) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  16 

■  ..III 

»,  alao'-di^e.    The  Tiol«t  sub-order  of  plants. 
Greek  aUOdU,  woodlukl  plants. 

.  Alutmilft,  alaiSn'-i-dh,   The  Dogbane  tribe  of  plants.    So  name  I 
from  Charles  Alston,  a  Scotch  botanist    (1688-1760.) 

Alstonite,  al'MlSn^ite,    A  white  or  greyish  mineral,  found  in  the 
mmes  of  Alston  Moor,  in  Cumberland. 

Altar  (of  a  church).  Alter,  to  change  (Bule  Iviii.)    Halter. 

"Alttf,**  Celtic  alt;  OlA  Eng..  alter;  Latin  aXtdrt;  JCo. 
"  Halter,"  Old  Sng.  lujOfter,  a  halter  or  heacUtaU.  • 

Alteration,  oV-terjray^'than  not  clV -ter.ray-ihun  (Rule  IviiL) 

Alterative,  oV,fra.f(v  not  (U\terM.tiv.    A  medicine  to  change 
gradually  the  habits  of  the  body  (Rule  Iviii.) 
French  atterer,  alteratUm,  alUratif, 

Altercation,  <it-ter,kay''-8hun  not  <>l'-ter.ka/y'''Mkun, 
Latin  aUertik^  to  talk  one  against  another. 

Alternate,  at,t^,nate  (verb) ;  aLtef^.nate  (ac^ectiye).     Bule  L 

Altemative,  al,ter^-na-flv.    Choice  of  two  things. 
Latin  alter,  [if  not  one]  the  other. 

Although,  alLthdw  not  alLrhSw,    Notwithstanding  (B.  Iviii.) 

Altitude,  at.ti.tude  not  ot.tl.tude.    Height. 
Latin  oUKtHLdo,  from  JaMua,  high. 

Alto,  phi.  altOB,  at  to,  aV.toze.    Counter-tenor  (Bule  xlii.) 

Alto-relievo,  plu.  alto-relievos,  aV.tS  reV.td\vo  (reV.tW.vaze) 
not  al'.to  re.leev\o,  &c.    Term  in  sculpture  (Bule  xlii.) 

Alto-primo,  ^Zu.  alto-primos,  aV.topree'.mo  (pree'.moze). 

Alto-secnn'do,  plu.  alto-secnn'dos  (Bule  xlii.) 

Altogether,  alt-tS.geth'-er.    Wholly,  entirely  (Bule  Iviii.) 

Aludel,  a.W-del.    A^vessel  used  in  sublimation. 

Latin  a  hitum,  [a  pot  or  vessel]  without  late. 
Alumina,  al.loo\mX.n(ih.    Earth  containing  alum. 
Alumine,  a.loo'.mtn.    (Same  as  alumina.) 

Aluminium,  aV.oo.min''.X.um.     Metal  obtained  from  aluminia. 
The  gold-coloured  is  a  mixture  of  aluminium  and  copper. 
Latin  aJumen,  saltstone.    (The  u  is  long.) 
Aluminous,  a.loo\m%.nue.    In  Geology,  means  clayey. 

Aluminiun,  a.loo\m$.num.    The  metallic  base  of  clay. 

Alnnite,  aM>o\nite  not  (U\oo.nite.    Alum-stone. 

French  almn,  alum ;  Greek  lUhos,  a  stone. 
Alunogene,  a.loo'jri6.jene.    An  efflorescence  on  d^vip  walls. 

Fxmeh  aMui,  alom ;  Greek  gm6,  to  produce. 


16  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Alveary,  aV-ve.drp  not  al-vee'-a-ry.     The  hollow  of  the  ear. 
(The  "  a  "  in  ary  is  long  in  the  Latin  word.) 
Latin  cUvedrium,  a  bee-hive.    (Boles  Iv.  and  Ivii.) 
Alveolar,  aV.ve.o.lar  not  al.vee\8.lar.    Containing  sockets. 

Alveolus,  plu,  alveoli  (Latin),  aVJoS.oMSy  aV,vSJ6M. 

Not  al,vee\o.lu8f  nor  al.ve.dWut,    (Both  e  and  o  short.) 

The  hole  or  socket  of  a  tooth. 
No  such  word  as  alveola  used  by  Dr.  Mantell,  Wonden  of  Geology. 
Alveolite,  aV.ve.S.lite.    One  of  the  coral  groups. 
Always,  oV.wayz.    At  all  times,  for  ever  (Bule  IviiL) 

Alyssum,  a.W-8um.      Madwort,  &c.    [To  prevent  madness.] 

Greek  a  lus8(m,  preventive  of  madness  [from  the  bite  of  mad  dogs]. 
Am-  (prefix),  Latin  preposition  ad  before  the  letter  m. 

Am,  was,  been.    These  are  parts  of  three  distinct  verbs. 

Am.  is  Norse ;  Be  is  the  old  English  hed;  and  Was  is  the  old  Bnglish 
Moes  {an}  "  to  dwell."  Bed  is  Indicative  Mood,  and  he  is  still  used 
so  in  rural  districts  and  in  poetry. 

Amadou,  am\d.doo  not  am\d.d6w.    German  tinder. 

French  aTMhdou^  from  the  Latin  am.  [ad]  mMnus  duloe  (a'ma'duO. 
Amanita,  arnf'd.ni"'tah.    A  fungus  common  in  Amanus. 
Amanuensis,  plural  amanuenses,  a.man'-u.eTiP'SU,  'enf.8eez, 

Latin  a  manu  -eiiHs :  a  munu,  a  secretary ;  -ensis  (suffix)  office  of. 
Amaranth,  am'-d-ranth,  or  amaranthus,  am* -a.rarC -rhui, 

Greek  amaranthos,  the  unfading  flower  (a  ma,raino,  I  die  notX 
AmaranthacesB,   am'-d-rdn.Thay"-8e-e.     The   "  order "   of  the 
above ;  -acea,  added  to  plants,  denotes  an  "  order." 

Amaryllis,  plural  amaryllises,  am'-a.riV-liSy  (fee.    A  flower  so 
called  from  the  shepherdess  of  classic  pastorals. 

AmaryllidacesB,  am'-d.riV-li.day*'-ce-e,     The   "  order  " .  of  the 
above;  -acea^  added  to  plants,  denotes  an  *'  order." 

Amateur  (French),  am\a.ture\    One  who  'cultivates  an  art  or 
science  for  his  own  pleasure,  and  not  as  a  profession. 

Amaurosis,  a.maw.ro^sis.    Called  by  Milton  **  the  drop  serene.'* 
Greek  amauros,  blindness  [without  any  visible  defect  in  the  eye]. 

Amazon,  Am'.d.zon.    A  race  of  female  warriors.    Amazo''nian. 
(This  word  is  wrong  in  quantity,  the  second  "a"  is  long). 

Greek  amMZon,  without  a  breast.    The  right  pap  being  cut  off. 
Ambas'sador,  feminine  ambas'sadress,  not  embax^sadoVf  <fec. 

Fr.  airibassadeur ;  Med.  Lat.  amibascia ;  Celt.  ambacM,  a  servant. 
Ambas'sador  Extrao'rdinary,  plu.  Ambas'sadors  Eztrao'rdinaxy. 
Ambas'sador  Ple'nipoten"tiary,  plural  Ambas'sadors,  <feo. 
Ambergris,  anfJf^r.griss  not  am\hSr. grease.    Grey  amber. 

French  amhre  gris  (grey).    To  distinguish  it  from  the  noir  andiAun«. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  17 

Amblyptems,  amMip\t^.ru8.    A  genos  of  fossil  fishes. 
Greek  amblua  pteron,  [fish  with]  obtuse  or  large  flos. 

Ambreiiie,  am\hrS.ln,    The  active  principle  of  amber. 

Ambreic  (acid),  ajnf.hrSXk  not  am.bre'ik,    (See  above.) 

Ambrosia,  am.hrd\z^Mh  not  am,hro\zhe,ah.    Food  of  the  gods. 
Greek  a  hrotoa,  not  mortal  [immortal  food]. 

Ambulacra,   am^'bu.lay^-krah.     Holes  in   the   crast  of  sea- 
urchins  through  which  their  "  walkers  "  protrude.  K* 
Latin  am^nildcra,  walking  places.  ^ 
Ambulatores,  am".hu.ld.t8,rez.     An  order  of  birds;  their  feet 
have  tiiree  toes  before  and  one  behind  (Rule  Iv.) 
Latin  ambulatdret^  walkers.    (The  o  is  long  in  the  Latin  word.) 

Ambuscade,  plu.  ambuscades ;  am\btu.kadef,  am',hu8.kddz\ 
Ambusca'do,  plu.  ambusca'does  (Spanish).    Rule  xhL 

Spanish  emJwsccur,  to  retire  into  the  thickest  ];>art  of  a  forest. 
Amenable,  a.mee'-nd'b'l  not  a-men'-a-h'L    Accountable. 

Italian  ammaincMre,  to  strike  sail ;  French  amener. 

Amend,  a.mend\  to  correct.    Amends,  satisfaction. 

French  omencZer,  to  amend ;  Latin  a  menda,  without  fault. 

Amende  honorable  (Fr.),  a-mend'  on''-o.rah''b'L    An  apology. 

Amenity,  a.mee'-ni'ty  not  a.men''i-ty.    Softness  of  climate. 

Latin  amanitoM,  agreeableness  of  climate  or  manners. 
AmentacesB,  a-men.tay''8^-e.    An  order  of  plants  with  catkins. 

Lat.  aTneniumy  a  catkin  or  thong ;  -dcece  ^suffix)  an  "  order"  of  plants. 
Ametabolia,  a.m€t''a.hol"-l'ah.    Insects  which  change  not. 

Greek  a  metahdle,  without  change  or  metamorphosis. 
Amethyst,  amf.^.Thist.    A  precious  stone  of  a  violet  colour. 

Greek  a  methHstdt,  preventive  of  drunkenness. 
Amianth  or  amianthus,  am' -tan" -Thus.    A  sort  of  asbestos. 

Greek  amicmtos,  that  which  does  not  contract  defilement. 
Amianthoid,  amf -l.an*' -rhoid.    Like  amianth.    (Rule  xlix:.) 

Greek  amianto-eidos,  like  amianthus. 
Amide,  am\ld.    A  chemical  substance  not  unlike  starch. 

Greek  am  [ulon]  -idis  (patronymic)  of  the  starch  family. 
AtwIHin  or  amidine,  amM.cWn.      The  soluble  part  of  starch. 
The  insoluble  part  is  called  amyline,  q.v, 

AmmocoBtes,  am'-mo.see'^-teez,  a  genus  of  sand-fi,shes. 

Greek  ammoa  koiti,  sand-bed  [fish]. 
Ammodytes,  amf-mo.dyf'-teez.    Sand-eels,  &c. 

Greek  ammoa  dvUs,  sand-divers. 
Ammonia,  am^md'-nt'-aK    Spirits  of  hartshorn.    (Double  m.) 
Ammoniacal,  am''mo.ni"'d-kdl  not  a''7nojni'''a-kdl,    (Double  m.) 

B 


% 


18  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Ammoniacnm,  am' -mo.ni^' -a-hum  not  a'-mo,ni*'-S-kum,    Gum  of 
the  Persian  plant  called  [dorema]  amTnonia^mm, 

Ammonite,  am^jno.nite.    A  family  of  fossils  resembling  a  ram's 
horn.    Ammon-ite,  like  [the  horns  of  Jupiter]  Ammon. 

AmmonitidaB,  am'-mo.nU'-i-de,    The  Ammonite  family  of  fossils. 
-ida  (Greek  patronymic  -idis),  of  the  family  or  race. 

.'.     Ammophila,  am.mof-%-lah.    Sand  wasps. 
<^  Greek  ammos  philedf  I  love  tho  sand. 

Ammunition,  am'-mu.nisW-on.    Military  stores. 
Latfn  am  [ad]  nmnitio  munitions  for  [war]. 

Amoeba,  a.mee'.bah.    The  lowest  type  of  animal  life. 
Greek  amoib^f  the  changeable  [animal]. 

Amomum,  a.m3\mum.    The  ginger  species  of  plants. 
Greek  amdntum,  ginger. 

Among,  a.mung'y  not  a.mong.    Old  English  amang. 

Amorphous  (rocks),  a.mor'.fus.    Having  no  definite  shape. 
Greek  a-morphos,  without  [definite]  form. 

Amorphozoa,  a.mor'-f5.zo'-dh.    Zoophytes,  like  sponges,  <feo. 
Greek  Or^norphos  z6a,  living  animals  without  [definite]  form. 

Amour  propre  (French),  a.m^oor'  propr.    Self-respect. 

Ampelic  (acid),  am'.pe.Uk.    Produced  from  coal  tar. 

Ampelin,  am'.p^.lin,    A  liquid  resembling  creosote. 

Ampelite,  am'.pe.lite.    Alum-slate. 

Greek  ampilis.  the  vine.    "Ampelite"  is  so  called  because  it  was 
used  by  the  ancients  for  destroying  the  vine-insects. 

Amphi-  (Greek  prefix).     "All round,"  "on  both  sides,'*  "doubt" 

Amphibia,  am.fib'-i-ah.    Animals  that  live  in  water  or  on  land. 

Greek  avyphi  hios,  having  life  both  [on  land  and  in  water]. 

Amphibichnites,   am'-JiMk"-nite8.     Animals   which  have   left 
their  footprints  in  certain  geological  rocks. 
Greek  amphibia  ichnos,  footprints  of  amphibia. 

Amphibolite,  am.jiV -o-lite.    Parts  of  amphibia  fossilised. 
Greek  amphiJbios  lithoSf  amphibia  [become]  stone. 

Amphibole,  am.Jib'-d-le,    Hornblende. 

Greek   amph4Mlds,  something  doubtful   [whether  hornblende   or 
augite.    It  being  difficult  to  distinguish  them]. 

Amphibology,  am'-fi-boV-d-j^.     Words  which  bear  two  inter- 
pretations, like  the  responses  of  the  ancient  oracles. 
Greek  amphibiflds  logos,  doubtful  words. 

Amphibrya,  amfiV-ri-ah.  Plants  which  grow  in  bulk,  not  height. 

Greek  amphi  bru6,  to  swell  all  round.    Those  which  grow  upwards, 
.  and  not  in  bulk,  are  aordgena. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  19 

Amphigens,  am\fi-gen8.    Plants  which  grow  in  bulk,  not  height. 
Greek  amphi  gifnos,  growth  all  round  (like  lichens).  See  AorogenoUB. 

Amphitheatre,  am'-fLrhee^-a-t^.     A  circular  theatre.     (The 
"a"  is  long  in  the  Greek  word.)    Rule  Ivii. 
Greek  ampM  theatr&n,  a  theatre  all  round. 

Amphora,  ain\f6.rdh,     A  wine  vessel  with  two  handles. 
Greek  amphi  ph^eirif  [handles]  on  both  sides  to  cany  it  bj. 

Ample,  ajnf.p'l,  am'ple.nes8,  am'ply.    (Latin  amplutt  large.) 
Amplify,  amf.pU.fy,  am'plify-ing,  but  amplifies  (3  syl.),  am'pli- 
fied  (3  syl.),  am'plifi-er,  am^lifi-ca''tion.    (Rule  zi.) 
Latin  amplificdref  to  make  ample. . 

Ampulla,  am.puV.ldh  (Latin).    A  bottle  large  in  the  middle. 

Amulet,  am'M.let.    A  charm  worn  about  the  person.     (One  m.) 
Latin  cmvuUtum,  a  charm ;  a  molior,  to  drive  away  [evil]. 

Amuse^  a.muzef,  amuse'-ment,  amused'  (2  syl.),  amu'ses,  amu'ser, 

amus'-ing,  amus'-ingly,  amus'-ive,  amus'-ively.    (R.  xix.) 

French  am/user;  Latin  a  MuHs,  [to  turn]  from  the  Muses  or  study. 

Amygdalesd,  a-mig^daV-S-e,  A  family  of  plants  including  the 
peach,  apricot,  plum,  and  almond. 

Amygdalic  (acid),  a.mig'.ddMk,    Derived  from  amygdaline. 

Amygdaline,  a.inig'dd,V6n,  A  crystalline  principle  contained  in 
bitter  almonds. 

Amygdaloid,  a.mig' .da.loid.     Volcanic  rocks  with  almond-like 
cells  or  cavities  filled  with  foreign  substances. 
Greek  amugdalos  eidos,  almond-like. 

Amyl,  am\il,  or  amyline,  am'.il.Xn.    Insoluble  part  of  starch. 
The  soluble  part  is  called  amidine,  g.v. 
Greek  dny&lon,  starch. 

Amyridacesa,  am'  i-rtday^-se-e.    Plants  of  the  myrrh  kind. 
The  genus  am'yris  (Latin  myrrha,  myrrh),  is  type  of  the  order. 

An-  (prefix)  Latin  preposition  ad  before  n  ;  Greek  an  (privitive) 
before  a  vowel. 

-an  (suffix),  Latin  an-U8  "  belonging  to : "  as  Roman. 

An  (Article),  before  vowels  and  silent  h ;  also  before  h  aspirated, 
when  the  accent  of  the  word  is  not  on  the  first  syllable, 
as  "  a  his'tory,"  but  an  histor'ian.  On  the  other  hand, 
the  n  is  dropped  before  onef  and  also  before  eu  and  u 
pure,  as  many  a  one,  a  u-nit,  a  European. 

Anacathartic,  an^'d'kd.rhaT^'tlk  not  an'-d-ka.rhark"'tik, 

Greek  cma  katharsU,  purging  upwards  [through  mouth  and  nose]. 

Anacharis,  an.akf.d,  rU.    A  troublesome  river-weed. 
Greek  cma  chaHSf  out  of  favour,  a  nuisance. 


20  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Anachronism,  a.nak\ro.nizm.    A  chronological  error. 

Greek  ana  dvronos,  out  of  time. 
AnaBmia,  a,nee\ml,dh  not  a.nernfX,ah»    Deficiency  of  blood. 

Greek  an  aima,  without  blood. 
Anssmic,  ajnee\mih  not  a,nem\ik.     Blood-failing. 

AnsBstdiesia,  an.ece.Thee\ztdh.    Defect  of  the  sense  of  feeling. 
Greek  an  aisthSsia,  without  the  sense  of  feeling. 

Anagallis,  an'-a,gar.li8.    The  pimpernel  gronp  of  plants. 
Greek  a7iagela6,  to  laugh  heartily.    Supposed  cure  of  "  spleen.** 

Anagrammatio,  an'-a-gram.mat" -tlk  (double  m). 

Greek  ana  gramma,  transposition  of  letters. 
Analogue,  an'.drldg.    Something  analogous. 

Greek  analogos,  of  similar  proportion. 

Analogy,  a.7tal'.o,gy,  anal'og-ous,  anal'og-ously.  anaVogist,  anal'- 
ogism,  anal'ogis^,  anal'ogisingj  analogical,  anf-a.lqj"-i-kal^ 
analog'icaUy,  analog'icalness.    Kule  xi.) 
Latin  anaZogia,  analogic;  Greek  ana  Idgds,  similarity  of  words. 

Analysis,  plural  analyses,  amaV.y,8%s,  a,naV.y.8eez. 

Greek  anorlusU,  a  breaking  up.    The  opposite  process  is  syn'thSsis. 
Greek  ntfUJUfais  (sun  tithSiM),  a  putting  together  again. 

Analysable,  analysation  not  analyzdble,  analyzation. 

The  8  is  pf^rt  of  the  word  analysis  (liu6  not  luzd). 
Anamorphosis,  an'-a.mor^-fo-sU,    (Wrong  in  quantity,  Kule  Ivii) 
In  Natural  History ,  development. 

In  Botany  y  when  one  part  of  a  flower  assumes  the  appear- 
ance of  a  higher  principle. 
In  Perspective^  elongating  the  figure. 
Greek  ana  morpJidsis,  upward  shaping. 
Ananas,  a.nah'.ndz  (Brazilian  word).     The  pine-apple  species. 
Ananchytes,  an,an\ki.teez  not  an.anM'.teez,    Fairy  loaves,  &c, 

Greece  anamt68  cfv&ti  (gaia),  steep  mounds. 
Anandrous,  an,an\dru8.    In  Botany,  without  stamen. 

Greek  a/n  a/ndros,  without  a  male  or  stamen. 
Anastomose,  an.a8\t8.moze.    To  interlace  vessels.  &c, 

Greek  ana,  sUfma,  [to  insert  one  vessel]  up  the  mouth  [of  another]. 

Anastomosis,  an'a8''t6,md''-8l8,    Ij^  Botany j  union  of  vessels. 

Anathema,  plural  anathemas,  a.nath\^.mdhj  a.nath'.e.maits. 

Greek  ana-tMma,  a  thing  set  apart ;  hence  a  ban  of  the  church, 
which  sets  a  person  "apart "  from  church  fellowship. 

Anathematize  not  anatkematisey  a,nath\S.md.tize. 
Greek  ana-themdtixd,  to  make  accursed.    (Bule  zzzii.) 

^LnatidsB,  an,af,l.de.    Web-footed  birds,  as  swans,  geese,  ducks. 
Latin  andUs  -idee,  the  duck  family  (-idee,  a  patronymic) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  21 


Anatomy,  a.natf.S.my,  anat'omist;  anat'omise,  not  anaifomize, 
anat'omised  (4  syl.),  anat'omiseT,  anat/omis-ing,  anat'o- 
mls-ation ;  anatomical,  anatomdcally. 
Iiatiii  andtdmej  anaUfmXcut ;  Greek  ana  Uhni,  a  catting  up. 

AnatroiMd,  a.naf.r^i.pal.    In  Botany ^  an  inverted  ovule. 
Greek  anartrSp6,  to  invert  [the  ovnle],  as  in  apple  blossoms. 

-ance  (suffix,  Latin  -ans).    Attached  to  verbal  nouns. 

There  are  nearly  800  words  with  this  termination,  and  not  one 
ending  in  the  more  correct  form  -ante. 

Ancestor,  fern,  ancestress,  an'^Ss.tih;  dtc,    A  predecessor. 
French  anceatres,  ancitrea;  Latin  ante  ces$or,  a  predecessor. 

Anchor,  an.kor  (of  a  ship).    Anker  (Dutch),  ten  gallons. 
Old  English  aneor;  Latin  anchdra;  Greek  a^k&Ufa,  hooked. 

Anchovy,  an'.cho,vy  not  an^cho\vy,    (In  Port,  anchdvy,) 

Ancient,  ai'nf.shent  not  an'^hent  nor  am'^hent,  of  old. 
The  Ancients,  plu.  People  of  the  olden  times. 
French  ancitn,  old ;  Italian  anziano ;  Latin  antiqutu. 

Ancile,  an,8i\le  (Latin).    The  sacred  shield  of  Mars. 
Ancillary,  an'MLld^ry  not  anMl'.ld.ry,    A  handmaid  (Bule  Iv.) 
Latin  andlla,  a  maidservant. 

Andintal,  an.8ip\ttdL    In  Botany,  two-edged. 

Latin  anceps^  andipitis,  two-edged  (am  caput,  head  both  sides). 

-ancy  (suffix,  Latin  -ans,  -antis).    Added  to  abstract  nouns. 

Ancyloceras,  an'-siJos^-e-rahs.    Fossils  curved  like  a  horn. 
Greek  agkulos,  curved  [like  a  horn].    (Greek  "  g "  before  k  =  n.) 

And  (a  copulative).    Hand  (of  the  human  body). 

"  And,*'  Old  English  and.    "  Hand,"  Old  EngUsh  hand. 

And  SO  forth,  et  caetera.    (Old  English  and  swd  forth.) 

Andante,  an.dan',te  (Italian).    In  Music,  moderately  slow. 

Andirons,  an'-d^-riSnz  not  hand'.i.on8.    Fire-dogs. 
Old  En^isfa  brandrisen,  iron  to  hold  a  brand  or  log. 

Androgynous,  an.drof.tnu8  not  an.dr5.jee\ni.u8,     (Botany.) 
Greek  anir  gunS,  man- woman.    (Male  and  female  flowers  united.) 

Android,  plu.  androides,  an\droid,  an.droi\deez.  An  automaton. 
Greek  andro-eidoa,  [an  automaton]  like  a  man. 

Andromeda,  An.drom\^.ddh.    Wild  Rosemary,  &c. 

Aa  Andromeda  pined  on  a  rock  snrrounded  hy  sea  monsters,  so  the 
plant  droops  its  head  in  swampy  places  amidst  reptiles. 

Anellides,  an.eV.ltde8y  or  anellids,  an'.SLlids.    Earth-worms. 

(All  these  words  should  be  spelt  with  one  n  and  double  {.    Latin 
andlu8,  a  little  ring.— Horace's  Satires,  II.  7-9.) 


22  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Anelytrous,  an,eV,y.trus  not  an,S,ly\tru9. 

Greek  an  HUUrdn,  [insects]  without  wing  sheaths. 

Anemone,  a.nem\6.n^  not  a.nen\o,me.    The  wind-flower. 
Plu.  anemones  not  anemonies  (Lat.  anemoncy  Bale  Ivii) 
Greek  anihn6Sy  wind.    These  flowers  love  a  free  open  space. 

Aneroid,  an\S.roid.      The  air  barometer,  which  has  no  mer- 
curial or  other  liquid  column.    (The  "  e  "  long  in  Greek.) 
Greek  a  nMfa  HdoK,  without  [a  column]  resembling  a  liquid  [column]. 

Anethnm,  a.nee'.Thum.     The  dill  genus  of  plants. 

Greek  an^thon,  dill :  and  thein,  to  run  upwards,  by  rapid  growth. 

Aneurism,  an\eu,rizm.    IMorbid  dilitation  of  an  artery. 
Greek  aneurilLnA,  to  stretch  or  dilate. 

Angel,  ain'.jelf  a  heavenly  being.     Angle,  an'.g\  a  comer. 

Angel'-ic,  angel^ical,  angel'-ically  (Rule  iii.  -el).    (This 

is  a  strong  example  of  the  perversity  of  English  spelling. 

Although  the  accent  is  on  the  -ei',  the  "1"  is  not  doubled. 

while  in  travel,  trai/elling,  (fee,  it  is  doubled,  although 

the  accent  is  on  the  first  syllable.) 

**  Angel,"  Greek  aggelos,  a  messenger.    (In  Greek  g  before  gr  =  '*  n." 
"Angle,"  Old  English  angel,  genitive  angles,  a  fish  hook. 

Angelica,  an.geV-l-kdh  not  an' -ge, lee". hah,    A  plant. 

So  called  from  the  "  angelic  "  virtues  of  its  seeds  and  root. 

Anger,  ang'.er,  angered  (2  syl.),  angering  (Rule  ii.) 
Old  English  ange,  vexation ;  Latin  angor,  sorrow. 

Angina,  an.ji.nah  (Latin).    A  disease  affecting  respiration. 

Angle,  a  comer.    Angel,  a  heavenly  being.    (See  Angel.) 

Anglican,  an'.gU.kan.    Belonging  to  England. 

Anglice,  an'.gltse  (adverb).    In  English. 

Anglicism,  an'.glttizm.    An  English  idiom. 

Anglicise,  Anglicised  (3  syl.),  Anglicis-ing.    (Note  s  not  z,) 
Anglo-  (prefix)  English :  as  Anglo -SeLx.on,  Anglo-1^ ormaji,  <fec. 

Old  English  Angel-/  as  angel-cyning,  the  English  Kg. :  angel-thedd, 
the  English  nation.    Angle  or  Engle,  the  Angles  or  English. 

Angnail,  not  agnail  nor  hangnail. 

Old  English  ang-ncegl,  a  nail-trouble.    Similarly  ang-hrei/gt^  a  chest- 
trouble  ^asthma),  ang-mo'd,  a  mind-trouble  (vexation). 

Angry  with  you,  not  "  angry  at  you,"    Angri-ly. 

Anhydrite  not  anhydrate,  an.hy'-drite ;  anhy'drons. 

The  "h"  is  needless.    The  Greek  is  anudria,  and  &vv^pos.    Greek 

an  hvdor,  without  water.    It  would  be  impossible,  in  Greek,  to 
express  by  letters  such  a  word  as  Anhydrite.    (Rule  Ixx.) 

Aniline,  an'.i.ftn.    An  oily  liquid  used  in  "  mauve  "  dyes. 
Arabic  anil,  indigo ;  from  which  it  may  be  obtained. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  23 

Animalcdle,  plural  animalcnlea,  an'-ljmSV'kule,  an^-tmaV'-kUlz  ; 
or,  an'iinal''ciiliiin,  plural  an'imarcula. 
Latin  anXmal-ctU'um  (-culum,  a  diminutive). 

Anlmalise,  an'imalisa^'tion  (with  a  not  z,    Bule  xzxL) 

Anker,  ten  gallons.    Anchor  (of  a  ship).    {See  Anchor.) 

Ankle,  an,k'l    Part  of  the  leg.    (Old  English.) 

Annals  (no  singnlar).    History  arranged  by  years  (double  n). 
Latin  anncUis,  f xom  cmfMM,  a  year. 

Annates,  an'.nates,    First-firnits  on  presentation  to  a  living. 
Latin  awMu,  [the  valne  of  one]  year's  income. 

Annelida,  see  Anelida  (with  one  n). 

Annex,  an\nex  (noun),  an.nea^  (verb).    Rule  1. 
Latin  an  [ad]  neseus,  tied  to  [another  thing]. 

Annihilate,  a7i.m'.M{.a^«,  annihilated,  annibilat-ing,  annihilat-or, 
annihilation.    (Double  n.)    In  Latin  the  -ni-  is  short. 
Latin  an  [ad]  n^ilum,  [to  redace]  to  nothing. 

Anniversary,  plu,  anniyeisaiies,  an'-nuver"-sS-r^,    The  return 
of  the  time-of-the-year  at  which  an  event  happened. 
Latin  anntu  versus,  [the  time  of  the]  year  returned. 
Announce,  an-nounce'  not  a.nounce' ;  annonnce'ment. 

Frendi  annoneer;  Latin  an  [ad]  nund^,  to  tell  to  [others]. 
Annoy,  annoyance,  anmoy',  an,noy\ance  (Bule  xxiv.) 

Italian  annoiare  :  Latin  an  [ad]  nocto,  to  incommode. 
Annual.    Yearly.    In   compounds,  -ennial;  as  hi-ermial,  tri- 
ennialf  per-ennialf  &c,    (Double  n.)    Latin  annus. 

Annuitant.  One  who  receives  an  annuity.  The  i  in  tbe^e 
words  is  a  blunder  taken  from  the  French,  just  as  well 
write  annuilly. 

Annuity,  an.nu\l.ty  not  a.nu'.i.ty,    A  yearly  payment. 

French  annuUd;  Latin  awn/uMim,  yearly,  ann%LaUa. 
Annul',  annull'-er,  annulled'  (2  syl.),  annull'-ing.    (Rule  1.) 

French  annuller  ;  Latin  an  [ad]  nullum,  [to  bring]  to  nothing. 

Annular  not  annz^^r;  annulated;  Skmn]loBe,an'.nu.loze;  annu- 
losa,  an.nu.lo'.8a.    Earth-worms,  (fee,  composed  of  rings. 
Latin  anniilus,  a  ring ;  annularius,  ringed,  full  of  rings. 
Annunciate,  an.nun^sh^.ate  not  a.nun^she.ate ;  annunciator. 

Latin  an  [ad]  nuncidre,  to  cany  tidings  to  one. 
Anode,  an\ode.    The  positive  pole  of  a  voltaic  battery.    (The 
opposite  pole  is  called  the  Cathode.)    Rule  Ixx. 
Greek  aiuirddos,  the  way  up  ;  kata-odos,  the  way  down  (JiodosJ. 
Anodon,  plu.  anodons  or  anodonta,  an\5.don,  <fec.    The  river 
mussel. 
Oreek  an  ddontoi,  without  teeth. 


24  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Anodyne,  an\8.dine,    A  medicine  to  relieve  pain. 
Greek  an  ddHni,  destroyer  of  pain. 

Anoint,  an.oint'  not  a.noinf.    (Note  only  one  n.) 
Norman-French  enoindre  ;  Latin  inungo^  to  anoint. 

Anomaly,  plural  anomalies,  a.nom'M.ly,  a.nom\a,Uz,    In  tfae 
Greek  word  the  o  is  long,  to  compensate  for  the  lost  h, 
Greek  andmalos,  irregular  {h&mdlds,  like).    £ule  Ixx. 

Anomopteris,  an'-6.m8p"-te-ri8.    Fossil  ferns. 
Greek  andmos  pUhris,  anomalous  fern. 

Anonymous,  a.non\y.rrms.    The  name  suppressed. 
Latin  anonymxu  ;  Greek  an  dnifma,  ^thout  a  name. 

Anoplotherium,  plu.  anoplotheria,  arC-op-lo.Thee'-ri-um,  an'-op- 
lo.Theef-ri-dh,      An   extinct  quadruped   without  horns, 
tusks,  claws,  or  other  weapons  of  defence.     (Rule  Ixx.) 
Greek  andplds,  unarmed  (an  kSplos,  but  AvorXos,  without  h). 
-anse.     No  word  in  the  language  has  this  terminadoD. 
Anserine,  an^s^.rine.    Of  the  goose  tribe.    (Lat.  anser,  a  goose.) 

-ant  (Latin  participle  sufl&x).      **  A  "  is  merely  the  vowel  copula 
of  words  beloDging  to  the  first  conjugation. 

Ant-  (Greek  prefix),  contraction  of  antL    "  Opposite  to." 

Ant,  dntj  an  insect.    Aunt,  a  relation.    Haunt,  plaee  of  resort. 

"Ant,"  corruption  of  Old  English  asmete  fcem'tj,  an  emmet. 
"Aunt,"  corruption  of  Latin  amita  fam'tj,  an  aunt. 
"  Haunt,"  French  hanter^  to  frequent  a  house  or  place. 

Antacid,  ant-a^-ld  not  an'-tta^^-id.    Acid  counteracter. 

Antacrid,  ant-ahf-rid  not  an'-ttak'-rid.    Acrid  counteracter. 

Antarctic,  ant.ar¥.tlk  not  an.tar^.tic.     Opposite  the  arctic. 

Greek  anti  arktos,  opposite  the  Northern  Bear. 
Ante-  (Latin  prefix),  "  before,"  as  antedate. 

Antecede,  an\tS.ceed  (not  one  of  the  3  m-ceed).    Rule  xxvii. 

Antecedent,  antecedence,  not  antecedant,  antecedance. 
Latin  ante  cecUfre,  to  go  before.    (Not  of  the  Ist  conjugation.) 

Antediluvian,  an''t^-di.lu".vtan.    Existing  before  the  Deluge. 
Latin  ante  dllUvium,  before  the  Deluge. 

Antelope,  avf.t^.lope,    A  corruption  of  antholope. 

Greek  anthos  ops,  beautiful  eye. 
Antemeridian,  an''te.me-rid"-i-an.    Before  noon. 

Latin  antimiridianus. 
Antenna,  plural  antenna  (Latin).    The  feelers  of  insects. 

Anten'ula,  plu.  anten'ulsd  (Latin)  diminutive. 

The  singular,  antenna,  is  veiy  rarely  used. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  25 

Antepenult,  an'-t^-p^-nulf  not  an'-t^.pee''-mUt, 

Latin  anti fOnif  lUHmtu,  before  the  almost  last  (syL) 

Pene  uUimtu,  the  laat-but-one ;  ante  penultimtu,  the  last-but-two. 

Anthelion,  phi,  Anthelia,  ant.Jiee\U,ah.    A  bright  spot  opposite 

the  sun.     The  *'  h  "  is  needless.     (Rule  Ixx.) 

Oreek  antSlios,  dvri^Xios  (anti  MUoSf  opposite  the  son). 

Anthelix,  anth\S.lix,  The  part  of  the  ear  opposite  the  "  helix." 
The  th  of  this  word  belongs  to  the  first  syl.    (Rule  Ixx.) 

^them,  an'.rhem,  A  corruption  of  the  Old  English  antefen 
(anVfen,  anfem)j  same  as  antiphorij  Greek  antiphdnSs, 
sounds  or  Toices  from  opposite  choirs.  Anthym  (anti- 
humnos)  might  he  "  a  hymn  sung  by  two  opposite  choirs," 
but  anthem  can  only  be  Greek  anthemU^  avdefds,  q.v. 

Anthemis,  anWh^.mU,    Chamomile  and  its  group  of  plants. 

Greek  antMrniSf  verb  anthiA,  I  blossom  [abundantly]. 
Anfherozoides,  an'-rh&r'd.zoi^^'deez,    life-giving  corpuscules  of 
algse,  ferns,  mosses,  and  lichens  {li'.kenz), 

Greek  aidher  mi-eidoa,  life-like  anthers. 
Anfhesis,  an.rhee'Ms  not  an\ThSM8,    In  Botany, 

Greek  amXh^aiSf  the  bursting  or  opening  of  a  flower. 
Anfhodium,  an,TW ,d\,um.    The  flower-head  of  comp.  plants. 

Greek  amlMdia,  fall  of  florets  (amthoa  duo,  I  put  on  flowers). 
Anfholites,  an',ThS,Ute8.    Fossil  impressions  of  flowei*s. 

Greek  <mtho8  litha$,  fossil  or  stone  flower. 
Anthophore,  an'.rho.fore.  The  column  which  supports  the  petals. 

Greek  antho-p?ioros,  the  flower  supporter. 
Anthophylite,  an.Thof\U.ite.     Species  of  hornblende. 

Greek  anthophulUm,  a  clove  (which  it  resembles  in  colour). 
Anthozoa,  an''Tho.zo"-ah,    Sea-anemones,  &c. 

Greek  anthos  z6a,  flower  animals. 
Anthracite,  an^rhrajiite,    Cannel-coal  (Greek  anthrax,  coal). 
Anthracosanrus,   plural   anthracosauri)    an'-Thrdk-o.8aw"-ril.<t. 

Anthracosaur,  plural  anthracosaurs.     An  extinct  saurian. 

Greek  aiUhrax  sauros,  lizard  of  the  coal-measures. 
Anthracotherium,  an'-Thrdk-5.Thee'-ri-um.    An  extinct  beast. 

Greek  anthrax  thirlon,  a  wild  beast  of  the  coal-measures. 
Anthrakerpeton,  an^-Thray.ker".pe-ton.    An  extinct  reptile. 

Greek  anthrax  erpeton,  a  reptile  of  the  coal-measures. 
Anthropophagi  (plural),  an'-Thro.pof'-a-ji.    Cannibals. 

Greek  anthrdpot  pfiagein,  to  eat  men. 
Anti-  (Greek  prefix), "  opposed  to,"  "the  opposite  of: "  as  anfidote. 

See  Ante-. 
Antichrist,  an'-ti.krist.    A  false  Christ,  a  foe  to  Christ. 

Greek  anti  ChrUtos,  antagonist  of  Christ. 


26  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Anticipate,  an.tiss'.tpate.      To  forestall.     Anticipat-ing,  anti- 
cipation, anticipator,  anticipa'tory. 

Latin  anticipdre  (ante  capifrej,  to  take  beforehand.  This  word  and 
cmtiquarian,  antiquity,  Ac,  are  the  only  instances  of  anii-  signi- 
fying b^ore  in  time,  fante-J,  instead  of  antagowistic  (anti-). 

Anticlinal,  an'-ti.kW-naL    (Geology,)    Applied  to  strata. 

Greek  anti  Minein,  [strata]  dipping  in  opposite  directions. 
Anticolic  not  anticholic,    (Latin  colic  [us  J), 
Antipathy,  plu.  antipathies,  an.tijp'.a.Thy^  an.tip'.a.TMz. 

Greek  anti  patMs,  a  feeling  repugnant  to  [something]. 
Antiphonal,   an,tif\o.naL      Eesponsive   or   alternate   singing. 
(This  word  ought  to  be  an,ti.fo'-naL    An,tif*-5-nal  means 
"mutual  slaughter" — dvri'tpSvos.) 
Greek  anti  pkdnos,  6jrri-<l>(OP0St  responsive  singing. 

Antiphrasis,  anM/'-rdsis,    Irony. 

Greek  anti  phrdsis,  [meaning]  opposite  to  the  words  expressed. 
Antipode,  plu.  antipodes,  an'-tl-pode  ;  anMp'-o-deez, 

Greek  anti  podoi,  [people  whose  feet  are]  opposite  to  our  feet 

Antiquary,  an'.ttqua.ry.  A  person  fond  of  antiquities.  Not 
antiquarian  which  is  an  adjective. 

Antiqnate,  an'.ti.quate,  an'dquated,  an'tiquating. 

Antique  (Fr.),  an.teeJsf;  antiquely,  an.teek'.ly  ;  antiqneness. 

Antiquity  (former  ages),   plu,  antiquities,  an,tikf.tDt.tiz, 

Relics  of  olden  times. 
Latin  antiqua^tis,  from  ante  before ;  anticus,  one  before  ns. 

Antiseptic,  an^-ti^ep"-tlk  not  an'-tLskep^-tic,  "Antiseptic'* 
means  a  preventive  of  putridity,  but  "  anti^keptic  "  would 
mean  oue  who  is  not  sceptical  or  a  disbeliever. 

Greek  anti  af-ptikos,  opposed  to  putridity  ((rijircy). 

Antithesis,  plural  antitheses,  an,tith\^.8i8,  an.tith\S.seez, 

Greek  anti  thisiSy  words  set  in  contrast. 
Anvil,  an',vil.    A  smith's  iron  block,    (Old  Eng.  anfilt.  an  anvil.) 
Anxiety,  plu.  anxieties,  anx.l'.SMz.    Distress  of  mind. 

Anxious,  angk'.shus;  anxiousness,  anxiously. 

Latin  anxietaa,  arurius,  from  anxi,  I  have  vexed. 

Any,  en'.ny  not  an'.ny.    Old  English  enig  or  cenig. 

Aorta,  a.or^.tah.    The  great  or  trunk  artery.    (Greek  aorti.) 

Ap-  (prefix),  Latin  preposition  ad  before  p. 

Apartment,  a.part'.ment  (with  one  p).    A  room  set  "  apart.** 

The   corresponding  French  word  has  double  "p"  appartemaid; 
ap  [ad]  parti,  parted  off  for  you. 

Apathy,  ajj'.a.r/i^r;  apathetic,  op'.a.TTwf.tfc.  Without  sympathy. 
Greek  a  pdtMs,  without  passion  or  emotion  of  mind. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  27 

Apatite,  ap*.a.Hte,  a  phosphate  of  lime.    Appetite  (for  food). 

"Apatite,"  Greek  (Mpati,  deceit ;  so  celled  because  it  appears  in  every 

TuAetj  of  colour  and  form,  so  that  it  ia  often  mistaken. 
"Appetite,"  Latin  ap  [ad]  petitus  (appito,  to  seek  for  [food])t. 

Ape,  male  dog-ape,  female  hitch-ape.     (Old  Eng.  opa,  an  ape.) 

Apennine,  Ap\^.nine,    A  range  of  mountains  in  Italy. 

Latin  Apenniiws.    (Single  p,  double  n. ) 
Aperient,  a,pee'.ri,ent,    (The  "  e  "  of  this  word  is  short  in  Latin.) 

Latin  ap^Hent,  opening.    (A  laxative  medicine.  X 
Aperture,  ap\er,ture.    An  opening.    (Only  one  p.) 

Latin  dpertura,  (dp^rio,  to  open). 
Apex,  plu,  apexes  or  apices ;  a.pext  pin.  a\pex.es  or  ap'X,9eez, 

Latin  apex,  plural  dplces,  the  summit  of  ansrthing.  ^ 
Aphelion,  plural  aphelia ;  af,hee'.U.ony  af.hee\ltdh.    The  posi- 
tion of  a  planet  when  it  is  furthest  from  the  sun.    Peri- 
helion is  its  position  when  nearest  to  the  sun. 
Greek  apo  hilios,  away  from  the  sun.     Peri,  near.    (In  Greek  it 
would  be  ap6lion,  similar  to  dTrf\t(irr7js  not  diprjXuanji.) 

Aphis,  plwal  aphides,  a'.fis,  afXdeez,    The  plant-louse.    (Lat.) 

Aphorism,  af\S.rizm,    A  maxim  expressed  with  antithesis. 

Greek  aphdrismds,  distinction  {aphorizd,  to  separate). 
Apiary,  plu,  apiaries,  ap\l.a.riz,    A  place  for  bees  (Eule  Iv.) 

Latin  dpidrivm  (dpis,  a  bee). 
Apiocrinite,  ap'-%.ok''-ri-nite,    A  fossil  sea-lily  or  "  eu'crinite." 

Greek  apion  krinon,  pear  [shaped]  lily  [zoOphyte]. 
Apo-  (prefix)  Greek  preposition,  equivalent  to  the  Latin  "ab,"  q,v. 

Apocalypse,  a-poh^MMps.    The  Book  of  the  Revelation. 

Greek  apokalupsia,  from  apo  kaluptd,  to  un-cover  or  reveal. 
Apocrypha,  apok.ri.fdh.    The  uncanonical  Scriptures. 

Greek  apo  hrS^ha,  things  hidden  from  [the  general]. 
Apocryphal,  a,pokf.ri.fdl.    Belonging  to  the  Apocrypha,  false. 

Apode,  ap\ode.  Fish  without  ventral  fins,  like  sword-fish,  eels,  &c. 

Greek  a  podoi,  without  feet  (or  ventral  fins). 
Apodons,  ap\o.d&n8.    A  generic  name  for  "  apodes  "  (ap'.odes). 

Apogee,  ap\5.jee.    That  point  in  a  planet's  orbit  fiirthest  from 
our  earth.    (The  point  nearest  to  our  earth  is  the  perigee). 

Greek  apo  g4,  away  from  the  earth  {peri  ge,  near  the  earth). 
Apollyon,  A.poV.yon,    The  destroyer  {Rev.  ix.  11). 

Greek  apolliian,  destroying  (Angel  of  the  bottomless  jAt). 

Apology,  plu.  apologies,  a.poV.o^iz,  excuses ;  aporogist. 
Apologetdc,  apologet'ical,  apologet'ically,  apologet'ics. 
Apologize,  apologized,  &c.  (Greek  apo-logizomai.  R.  xxxii.) 
Greek  apdldgia,  an  excuse ;  Latin  apolog€ticii8,  apologetic. 


28  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Apophthegm  not  apothegm,  ap'-S.Them.    A  sententicnis  raying. 

Greek  apo  phtMgma,  [a  Baying  made]  by  a  word. 
Apoplexy,  ap'.S.plex.y,     Suspension  of  the  action  of  the  brain. 

Greek  apopUxia  (apo  pliktos,  one  struck  by  a  fit): 
Apostasy  not  apostacy,  a.po8\td.8y.    Falling  off  from  the  faith. 

Greek  apostdsia  (apo  stasis,  a  standing  away  from  the  faith.) 
Apostatize  not  apostatise,  a.pos\ta-tize.  To  become  apostate. 

Greek  apo  stdtizd,  to  place  oneself  away  from  [the  faith]. 

A  posteriori  (Lat.)  a  po8.ter'ry.d".ri.  Causes  inferred  from  effects. 
(The  opposite  is  a  priori,  effects  predicated  from  known 
causes.  Natural  Philosophy,  being  based  on  data,  is  an 
example  of  the  former ;  Mathematics  of  the  latter.) 

Apostolic,  a.pos.toVXk  not  a.pos^t'lMj  adjective  of  apostle. 

Greek  apostolikos  (apostdlos,  apo  stelo,  to  send  off  on  a  message). 
Apostrophe,  plu.  apostrophes  (Greek),  a.pos'.tro.f^,  a.pos\tro.fiz, 
Apos'trophise,  apos'trophised  (4  syl.),  apos'trophising. 

Greek  apoetropM.    ("Apostrophise  "  is  not  a  Greek  word.    B.  xxxiii.) 
Apothecary,  plu.  apothecaries,  a.poth'.e.ka.riz,     A  druggist. 

Greek  apoihikS,  a  place  for  stores.    "  Apothecary  "  a  drug-storer. 

Apotheosis,  generally  called  ap'-o-rheco^'-siSj  but  more  correctly 
ap'-o.Th^-o'\8is  (ixoOiwa-is).    Deification. 
Greek  apo  the6sis,  [placed  with  the  gods]  by  deification. 
Appal,  appalled  (2  syl.),  appall-ing,  appall-ingly.     (Rule  1.) 
(This  word  would  be  better  with  double  "I" — appalL) 
Latin  ap  [ad]  pall  [co],  to  turn  very  pale. 
Appanage,  ap'.pa.ndje.    Lands  assigned  to  younger  sons. 

Med.  Lat.  ap  [a,d\  pandgium,  f  br  maintenance  (pants,  bread). 
In  French  one  "  p,"  apanage. 

Apparatus,  ap' -pa.ra" -tiis  not  ap* -pa.raf -us  nor  a-par^rat-us, 

Latin  ad  [ad]  pardtvs,  [instruments]  prepared  for  [experiments]. 
Apparel,  apparelled  (3  syl.),  apparell-ing.     (Rule  iii  -el.) 

French  appareU  ;  Latin  ojp  [ad]  paro,  to  dress  thoroughly. 
Apparent,  ap.pair^.ent  not  a.pair\ent.    Evident. 

Latin  ap  [ad]  parens,  parentlis],  visible  to  [men]. 
Appeal,  ap.peaV  not  a.peaV,    To  refer  to  a  higher  court. 

Latin  ap  [ad]  pelldre,  to  drive  or  refer  to  [another  court]. 

Appearance.     (The  spelling  of  this  word  is  quite  indefensible.) 
It  ought  to  be  appearence,  as  "  apparent." 
Latin  ap  [ad] parens;  Med.  Latin  apparentia;  French  apparence. 
Appease,  ap.peez'  not  a'.peez*.    To  pacify.     (Double^.) 

Latin  ap  [ad]  pac^fico  ;  French  one  "  p,"  apaiser  (pax,  peace). 
Appellant,  ap.peV.lanU    One  who  removes  his  suit  to  a  higher 
court. 
Latin  ap  [ad]  peilo.    Medieval  Latin  appellans  (a  noun). 


AND  OF  SPELLTNG.  29 

Appendage,  ap.pen\dage  not  a.  pen'.dage.    Something  added. 
Medieval  Latin  ap  [ad]  peridUia,  hong  on  to  [something  else]. 

Appendant,  appendance.  (These  words  ought  to  he  appendent, 
appendence,  as  dependent,  dependence,  independent,  inde- 
pendence, pendent,  impendent.) 

Latin  ap  [ad]  pendent,  hanging  on  to  [something]. 

Appen'dix,  plural  appen'dixes  or  appen'dices  (4  syl.)    A  sup- 
plement. 
Latin  appendix,  plural  appendices  (4  B7I.) 

Appetite,  ap\p^.tite.    Natural  desire  for  food.    {See  Apatite.; 
Latin  ap  [ad]  petUua  (ap-peto,  to  seek  for  [food]). 

Applaud,  ap.plawd'  not  a.plawd^.    To  praise  hy  clapping  hands. 
Applause,  ap.plawz'  not  a.plawz'.    To  clap  the  hands. 
Latin  ap  [ad]  plavdo,  to  clap  the  hands  [in  approval]. 

Applicahle,  ap\pVLkd.b'l  not  a.pli¥.a.b'le,    Suitahle. 
Latin  ap  [ad]  plicaMlia,  fit  to  be  folded  to  [something]. 

Apply,  applies  (2  syl.),  applied  (2  syl.),  applier,  appli-able,  appli- 
ance, appli-cahle,  appli-cability,  but  apply -ing. 

Latin  ap  [ad]  plico,  to  fold  to  (or)  against  something. 
To  "apply  a  blister,'*  is  to  fold  it  to  the  skin.    To  "apply  to  your 
books,"  is  to  fold  your  attention  or  thoughts  on  them. 

Appoggiatora,  aj^-pof-ja.til"-rdh  not  a-podg'-y-too^-rah.  A 
grace-note  m  Music,     (Italian.) 

Italian  appoggiare,  to  lean  on  something.    A  grace-note  "leans  on  " 
the  note  preceding  it. 

Appoint,  ap.poinf  not  S.poinf  ;  appointment  (double  p). 

French  appointer,  to  give  a  salary  to  a  person. 
(It  is  incorrect  to  say  a  person  is  "  appointed  "  on  a  committee  or 
board,  if  no  "pay'*  is  attached  to  the  office.) 

Apportioned,  appor^^shund  not  a.pot'jihtmd.    Assigned. 
Latin  ap  [ad]  partio,  [to  give]  to  one  his  portion. 

Apposite,  ap\po.zite.    To  the  point.    In  Grammar,  an  amplifi- 
cation without  a  connecting  word:  as  "  Victoiia,  daughter 
[of  the  duke  of  Kent]. 
Latin  ap  [ad]  poHtus,  placed  (or)  put  to  [the  other]. 

Appreciate,  ap.pree'.8he.ate  not  d.pree'.8he.ate, 

Fr.  appredvr.   Lat  ap  [ad]  prtiiiuin,  [to  value]  according  to  its  price. 

Apprehend,  ap.pre.hend',  apprehend-er,  apprehend-ing  (from  the 
root),  apprehens-ible,  apprehens-ion,  apprehens-ive  (from 
the  supine). 
Latin  ap  [ad]  prehend-^re,  appreheM-um,  to  seize  on. 

Apprentice,  ap.pren\ti8  not  d.pren\tlz.    One  bound  to  a  trade. 

French  apprenti,  a  learner  {apprendre,  to  learn) ;  Latin  apprehendo 
or  apjfrmdo,  to  learn. 


30  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Apprise,  ap.prizef.    To  inform,  to  give  one  notice  of  [something]. 

French  appris,  participle  of  apprendre,  to  learn. 
Approach,  ap.proctch'  not  d.proacK ;  approacliable. 

French  approcher  (proche,  near),  to  draw  near. 
Approbation,  ap'-pro.hay"'Shun.    Approval.    (Double  p.) 

Latin  ap  [ad]  prohdtio,  proof  or  satisfaction  given  to  [the  judgment]. 
Appropriate,  ap.pro\pri.ate  not  a.pro\pH.ate  ;  appropriator. 

French  approprier,    Latin  ap  [ad]  proprius,  [to  take]  to  one's  self. 
Approve,  ap.proov*  not  a.proov\    To  admit  the  propriety  ofl 

Latin  ap  [ad]  proho^  to  prove  to  (or)  satisfy  [the  judgment]. 
Approximate,  ap.proa^ .Inmate  not  S>.proz\tmate. 

Latin  ap  [ad]  progdmarey  to  draw  next  to  some  one. 
Appui,  ap\pwe\    (In  honemanship)  reciprocity  between  horse 
and  rider.    If  the  mouth  of  the  horse  answers  readily  to 
the  bit,  the  horse  has  a  good  appui.    If  the  rider  manages 
his  reins  skilfully,  he  has  a  good  appui. 

French  appui,  a  support  or  fulcrum  ;  the  two  ends  of  the  lever  are 
the  reins  and  bit,  the  power  is  applied  by  the  hand  of  the  rider, 
the  fulcrum  is  the  comer  of  the  horse's  mouth.  "Appui"  is  a 
nice  adjustment  of  power  in  the  rider,  and  a  sensitive  response  in 
the  mouth  of  the  horse. 

Appurtenance,  ap.pw/ .tS.nance  not  a.pwr^ .tS.nance.     (The  spell- 
ing of  this  word  is  quite  indefensible.) 
Latin  ap  [ad]  pertinenSt  pertaining  to ;  French  appartejianot. 
A  priori  (Latin),  a  pri.o\ri.    Premising  the  effects  of  a  cause. 

In  Mathematics^  we  argue  a  priori :  thus,  knowing  the 
value  of  2  and  4,  we  conclude  that  2x4=  8,  4-^2  =  2. 

In  Natural  Philosophy  we  proceed  the  other  way  (a  poste- 
riori) :  thus,  we  find  all  unsupported  bodies  fall  to  the 
earth,  and  from  this  fact  we  assume  there  is  a  power  in 
the  earth  to  cause  it.     The  power  we  call  "  gravitation." 

Apron,  a\pron  not  a\pun.  "  An  apron  "  corruption  of  a  nape- 
ron  (French),  a  large  cloth  (nappe^  a  table-cloth). 

Apse  CI  syl.)  of  a  church.  The  bay  or  curved  part  behind  the 
altar.     This  word  ought  to  he  hapse  (Greek  d^/j.) 

Apsis,  plu.  apsides,  ap'.sis,  ap'.si.deez.  Two  points  in  the  orbit 
of  planets,  one  nearest  the  sun,  and  the  other  furthest 
off.    (This  word  ought  to  he  hapsis,  hapsides.) 

Greek  hapsis^  a  hoop,  arch,  bow  {jkrj/ls). 

Aptera,   ap'.tS.ruh.     Wingless  insects,  as  spiders,  fleas,  &c. 
(For  the  singular  we  use  the  word  ap'teran.) 
Greek  a  ptira,  without  wings. 
Aquatic,  a.quat'.ik.    Pertaining  to  water,  living  in  water. 
(In  Latin,  the  second  "  a  "  of  this  word  is  long.) 
Ijatin  agudtictta,  aquatic  (aqua,  water). 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  81 

Aquazinm,  plural  aqnaria  or  aqnaiimns.  Cases  for  the  exhi- 
bition  of  marine  animals  and  plants.  (Thii  word  should 
be  aqna-Ylvarium,  as  the  Latin  word  **  aquarium  "  means 
a  "place  for  watering  cattle,*') 

Aqnednet,  not  aquaduc  nor  aquaduct,  a'.qu^.duct. 

Latin  aqw^-dudtu,  a  duct  or  conduit  for  water.     (Aquse,  gen.  case.) 

Aqueous,  a\qtte.us.  Watery.  (Latin  ?  aqu^.)  (Note,  ague  not 
aqua,)    {The  spelling  of  this  word  is  indefensible.) 

Aquilegia,  a'-quLlee^-gi-ah.    The  Columbine  plants. 

(This  word  is  most  improper  to  express  "An  eagle-like 

plant"    It  exists  in Latin^  and  means  " vessels  to  collect 

water  **  (aqua-lego).   Aqui,  a  cont.  of  the  old  foiTU  aqtuii.) 

Xatin  aquila,  an  eagle ;  from  a  fanciful  resemblance  of  the  flower  to 
eagle's  claws.  "  Columbine  "  is  from  Columba,  a  dove  ;  from  a 
limilar  resemblance  to  the  claws  of  a  pigeoa.  Probably  it  is  a 
corruption  of  aquila-chilea—cheU,  a  bird's  claw  (the  eagle'i-claw). 

Aquiline,  a1(f.qut,line.    Hooked  like  an  eagle's  beak. 
Latin  dquiliniia,  like  an  ei^le  {dgvXla,  an  eagle). 

Ar-  (prefix)  is  the  Latin  preposition  ad  before  r. 

■Mr,  (termination)  of  adjectives  is  the  Latin  -r[t»]  preceded  by 
**a,"  as  vulgar,  ** pertaining  to**  the  vulgus  (mob). 

-«r,  termination  of  native  nouns,  "  agents  " — beggar. 

Aiabeiqne,  Ar^.a.hesk.   Moorish  ornamentation. 
•esque  (French  postfix  for  like\  Arab-like. 

Arabic,  Ar'r&.blk  not  A.rah'.&k.    The  Arabian  language,  from 
Arabia,  Arabian  :  as  gum-arabic. 

Arable,  ar'ra.b'l.    Fit  for  tillage,  cultivated  by  the  plough. 
(This  word  in  Latin  has  the  second  "  a  "  long.) 
Latin  eurdbttis  (verb  arare,  to  plough).  It  is  the  long  a  of  the  1st  conj. 

Arachnoid,  a.rakfnoid.    A  membrane   of  the  brain   fine  and 
delicate  as  a  cobweb.     In  Botany,  soft  downy  fibres. 
Greek  aracni^eidos,  like  a  cobweb. 

AraneideB,  a.rain'.Ldeez,    The  spider  family. 

The  genus  is  called  arachnida,  d.rakf.ntdah. 
latin  ardneoridds,  the  spider  family. 

Arbitrary,  ar^.bi.trar"rp  not  af^.btter"ry.    Dogmatic. 

Latin  arhitrarius  (dra  Mto,  to  go  to  the  altar  to  give  judgment.  In 
swearing,  the  Romans  touched  the  horns  of  the  altar,  hence  the 
phrase  tuque  ad  aras,  to  assert  on  oath). 

Arbitrarily,  ar^.bl.trai^ry.ly  not  aj^M.ter"ry.ly.    Dogmatically. 

Arbitrator,  feminine  arbitratriz.    An  umpire  (Law  Latin). 

Arboretum,  plu.  arboreta,   ar'-bosee^-tum,  ar'-bcree'^tah.     A 
pleasure  ground  of  rare  shrubs  and  trees  (Latin). 


32 


ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Arbour  (of  a  garden)  not  harbour.  Harbour  (for  ships)  not  arhowr. 

"Arbour,"  Latin  arbor,  a  tree  (a  seat  under  a  tree). 
"  Harbour,"  Old  English  here-berga^  an  army-station,  hence  a  place 
for  a  fleet,  and  hence  a  place  for  shiiM  in  general. 

Arbutus,  ar*.bu.tu8  not  ar.bu'.tus  (Latin).     The  strawberry-tree. 

Arc,  part  of  a  circle ;  Arch  (in  architecture). 

Latin  arcus,  a  bow.  "Arch"— this  word  is  a  blunder,  from  the 
supposition  that  architect  means  a  maker  of  arches,  and  not  a 
"directing  builder"  (Greek  oArchiteetdn,  archi  tektOn),  where  the 
prefix  ar^ir  is  from  the  verb  arc/id,  to  direct,  and  not  from  the 
Latin  a/reue,  a  bow. 

Arcanum,  'plu.  arcana   (Latin),  ar.kaif.numy  ar.kay\ndh,     A 
secret  [preparation],  the  secrets  of  a  secret  society. 

Arch-  (prefix),  Teutonic  arg,  "  crafty,**  "  waggish,"  as  archness. 

Arch-  (prefix),  Greek  arkos,  "  chief,"  as  arc/ibishop. 

EuiiE  i. — Arch-  followed  by  a  consonant  is  pronounced  arch. 
EuiiE  ii. — ^Arch-  followed  by  a  yowel  is  pronounced  ark. 
Examples  of  Bule  i. — 


CH-bish'op 

ARCH- duke 

ARCH-mar'shal 

-bish'opric 

-duke'dom 

-ness 

(Archiepiscopal,  E. 

ii.)    -du'cal 

-pas'tor 

-bml'der 

-duch'y 

-philos'opher 

-butler 

-duch'ess 

-po'et 

-but' tress 

-fel'on 

-pon'tiff 

-cham'berlain 

-fiend 

-prel'ate 

-chan'cellor 

-flam'en 

•pres'byter 

-conspir'ator 

-flatt'erer 

-priest 

-crit'ic 

.foe 

-pri'mate 

-dea'con 

-gov'ernor 

-proph'et 

-dea'conry 

-her'etic 

-stone 

-dea'conship 

-her'esy 

-trait'ors 

( Archidiaconite,  E. 

.ii.)    -hyp'ocrit© 

-trea'son 

-di'ocese 

-like 

-ty'rant 

-Dru'id 

-ly 

-wise 

Examples  of  Bule  ii. — 

ARCH-aism                  ARCH.i.epis'copate 

ARCH'.i.tect 

-fle.ol'ogy 

-i.epis'copal 

-Itecture 

-an'gel 

-il 

-Ltrave 

-angel'ic 

-i.loch'ian 

-i.volt 

-e.go.sau'rus 

-ima'gus 

-ives 

-e.type 

-ee.im'edes 

-on 

-ical 

-i.perago 

•on.ship 

-idiac'cnal 

Exceptions: — 

ARCH-apos'tAte 

not  ark. 

.apos'tate 

ARCH-apos'tle 

not  ark 

.apotftle 

ARCH-er,  ARCH-ery,  ARCH-ed,  ABCH-es,  ABCH-ing,  &c. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  33 

Archives,  ark.ives  not  ar'.cheevz.   Historical  records,  their  d6pdt. 

Greek  archeian,  a  public  building,  residence  of  the  chief  magistrates 
under  whose  charge  the  public  records  were  placed. 

Arctic,  arVMh  not  af.tih.    Pertaining  to  the  North  Pole. 
Greek  arktos^  the  [Great]  Bear,  the  chief  northern  constellation. 

-ard  (native  suffix),  "  species,"  "  kind : "  dotard,  dmnkard — one  of 
the  doting  kind,  one  of  the  drunken  kind. 

Ardent,  ardent-ly,  ardency.     (Latin  ardens,  ardentU,  burning.) 

Ardour,  ar^,dor,    Fervency.     (Latin  ardor,  French  ardeur.) 

Are,  dr  not  air.     The  old  Norse  "we,  you,  they  are"  has 
superseded  the  older  form  of  aynd  or  sinden. 

Areca,  a.reef.li&h.    The  betel-nut  tree.    (Malabar  areek.) 

Arena,  plural  arenoB  or  arenas,  a.ree'.nah,  a.retf.nee,  a.ree^.ndz. 

Latin  arSna^  sand ;  that  part  of  the  amphitheatre  where  the  gladia- 
tors fought,  which  was  always  well  sanded. 

Aieola,  plural  areolad,  a.ree'.dMh,  (sing.),  means  the  coloured 
circle  round  the  nipple  of  the  breast ;  a.ree'.o,lee  (plural) 
means  the  spaces  in  the  wings  of  insects  between  the 
nervures  (2  syl.)    Aurelia^  ^'V.,  is  quite  another  word. 

Areopagus,  afree.op^-a-giis  not  ar*ree'-o,pay"^gu8. 

Greek  Ares  pagSs,  Mars'  Hill  (a  cotirt  of  justice  in  Athens). 

Argentine,  ar'.genUln  (a  mineral) ;  ar'.gen.tine  (adj.),  like  silver, 
belonging  to  the  republic  of  La  Plata. 
Latin  argentum,  silver.    (The  metal  is  also  called  orgeuton.) 

Argil,  ar'.gil,  clay ;  argill-aceous,  argiU^iferous,  argill-ite,  argiU- 
itic,  argill-ous,  <fcc.  (with  double  I),    (Kule  iii.  -il.) 

Argonantie,  ar^-go.naufik  not  ar^-g5.nawk''-t%k.    Pertaining  to 
the  argonauts.     (Greek  Argo  nauSy  the  ship  "  Argo.") 

Argue,  ar^.gu;  argues,  af.giize;  argued,  ar^.gude;  arguer, 
ar^.gu.er;  ar'gument  not  arguement,  ar'gmnenta'^tion, 
ar'gumen'^tatiyet  ar^gumen^'tatively.  (The  "e"  in  ar- 
gue is  a  blunder.)  (This  is  the  only  word,  except  four 
verbs  in  "-dgei"  which  drops  the  **e"  before  **ment") 
Rule  xviii. 
French  argu[er]^  a/rgumenif  argumentation,  &c. ;  Latin  arguo. 

Arise,  past  tense  arose,  past  part,  arisen.    Aris-ing. 
A.rize\  a.roze^,  a.rii'M,  a.rize'.ing.    To  rise  up. 
Old  English  arisian],  past  ards,  past  participle  arisen. 

Aristocracy,  plu.  aristocracies,  ar'ris,tok'''ra-8p,  ar'ris.  tokf-ra-siz. 

It  U  now  cuM^mary  to  spell  all  the  words  from  the  Greek  kratia 
"cracy,"  not  crasy  :  thus,  aristocraci/,  autocrocy,  democracy,  with 
the  hybrid  mohocracy.  The  ending  -cy  denotes  ' '  rank, "  • '  office, "  &o. 

Greek  aristokratia  faHston  kraieinj,  rule  of  the  best-bom. 

0 


36  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Ascaris,  plural  ascarides,  asf.kd.ris,  as.kar^ry.deez, 
Greek  ctskdrit,  afl.  intestinal  thread-worm. 

Ascend,  ascended  (3  syl.) :  -ed  after  "d"  or  "t"  forms  a  sepa- 
rate syUable. 

Ascension  not  -tion :  after  "  d,"  "  de,"  or  "  t,"  -sion  and  not 
-Hon  is  added. 

Ascendency,  ascendant  ought  to  be  ascendent  (not  the  Ist 
Latin  conjugation). 

Ascendal^le,  one  of  the  abnormal  words  in  ^ble.     (Rule 

xxiii.)    It  ought  to  be  ascendible,  like  "  descendible.*' 
Latin  as  [ad]  scend^re  (ie.,  scandere),  to  climb  up  to  [something]. 

Ascertain,  as'ser.tain'.    To  make  oneself  sure  by  investigation. 

Latin  cm  [ad]  certus,  to  assure  oneself. 
Ascetic,  08.861' Xk,  a  hermit ;  acetic,  a.8ee\tikj  sour.        • 

Greek  askitds  [asked,  to  honour  a  diyinity). 

Ascii,  as'si-i.    Those  who  have  no  shadow  [at  noon].    For  the 
singular  we  use  the  word  as'cian. 
Greek  a  skia,  without  shadow  (people  in  the  torrid  zone). 

Ashamed,  a.thamed'  not  as^shamed^    "  To  be  ashamed,"  and 
'*To  be  glad,"  are  deponent  verbs,  that  is,  passive  in  form 
but  active  in  sense. 
Old  English  a-scamian,  to  be  ashamed  ;  gladian,  to  be  glad. 

Ask,  dsk  not  ask  (ax  is  a  vulgarism).     Old  English  asc[ian'\, 

-asm  (Greek  termination  -sm  [o«]  preceded  by  "  a."    It  is  added 
to  nouns),  "  system  of,"  "  state  of" — enthusiasm. 

Asparagus,  as.par'ra.gus  not  spar'row. grass  nor  grass. 

Greek  aspdr&gHs,  a  plant  with  turios,  i.e.,  unexpanded  shoots. 
Asperse,  aspersed'  (2  syl.),  aspersMng,  aspers'-er,  aspers'-ion. 

Latin  aspergo,  supine  a^persum,  to  sprinkle. 
Asphodel,  a^.fo.del  not  as.fd'.deh    The  day-lily,  or  Eing's-spear. 

Greek  asphUdSUis  [spdcUfs,  ashesX  from  its  use  in  funerals. 
Asphyxia,  a^.fix'Xuh.    A  lull  in  the  action  of  the  heart. 

Greek  a  sphvais,  without  pulse  (frcmi  suffocation,  &c  ) 
Aspire',  aspired  (2  syl.),  aspir'-ing,  aspir'-er,  aspirant. 
As'pirate,  as'pirated,  as'pirat-ing,  a8'pira"tion. 

Latin  as  [ad]  spirdre,  to  breathe  towards  or  aim  at  [something]. 

>a88  (French  termination  -a^se  added  to  nouns),  means  "  made 
of,"  as  cuirass,  made  of  leather  [cuir). 

Afls,  possessive  case  ass's,  ass'Jlz  ;  plural  assea,  ass\ez. 
Aaeail,  assailed  (2  syl.),  assail-ing,  assail-er.    (Kule  iL) 

Aflsailable,  a8.sail'a.Vl  not  a.sait.a,b'l,    (Rule  xxiii.) 
Latin  a$  [ad]  tolfrs,  to  leap  on  one. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  'S: 


»in,  <u.ia;^s\n.     One  who  attempts  murder  by  surprise. 

AxmeniAn  hashishin,  hemp-eaters  (Lank)  :  hoMo,,  to  lie  in  ambush 
in  order  to  kill  (Volne y).    (06«en«  double  s  twice. ) 

AssaBsinate,  oiJiojif  .i\n.ate.  To  kill  by  surprise.  (Double  « twicv .) 

Assault,  as^salf  not  a^aawlf.     To  attack  violently. 

Latin  aa  [ad]  aaUvmy  to  leap  on  another. 
Assay,  past  tense  assayed  not  assaid.    It  is  no  comp.  of  **  say." 

French  essayer,  to  try ;  Medietal  Latin  assaia,  assay. 

Assemble,   assembled,   as.8em'.Vld^  assem'bl4ng,    assem'bl-er 
assem'bl-y,  assem'bl-age.     (Double  s  throughout.) 

French  assembler,  to  gather  persons  together ;  Med.  Latin  OMeni- 
hUUio,  (as  ladj  aimvX  hUttio,  to  chat  together). 

Assent,  as.senf  not  a.sent\    To  admit  as  true. 

Latin  as  [ad]  sentio,  to  think  as  ynu  think. 

Assertion,  as.sef.shun  not  d.ser' .shun.    An  affirmation. 

Latin  as  [ad]  sertwm.  Not  the  supine  of  "sero,"  to  sow,  which  is 
sdtum,  but  of  ser»«  to  knit  or  weave;  whence  serire  isollomiia 
(Livy),  and  seri^re  sermdnes  (Plautus).  Conversation  Ls  a  "  web  of 
words,"  or  "  knitting  thoughts  with  words." 

Assessor,  as-ses'^sSr  not  a.ses\ser.  One  who  assesses.  (E.  xxxvii.) 

Assessable,  one  of  the  abnormal  words  in  -able,    (R.  xxiii.) 
Latin  as  [ad]  sessor^  a  sitter  [at  a  board  for  adjusting  taxes]. 

AsBets,  as^setsf  (plu.)    Property  available  for  payment  of  debts. 
Latin  as  [ad]  satis,  [to  be  taken  till  there  is]  enough  to  [pay  all]. 

Aflseyerate,  as.sev\e.rate^  assev'erat-ed,  assev'erat-ing,  assev'e- 
rat-or,  assev'era"tion.     To  declare  positively. 

Latin  as  [ad]  severdre,  to  speak  according  to  the  truth. 

AsBidnous,  as.sid'.u.u8  not  dMd'.ju.us.    Industrious. 
Latin  as  [ad]  sedifo,  to  sit  dose  to  [work]. 

Assign,  asMne  not  d-sine^.    To  make  over  to  another. 
Assignor,  as^stnor  not  as.sig\noT  nor  as. sine'. en- . 
Assignee,  a^'.s\.nee  not  as.sig'.nee  nor  as.8ine\nee. 
Assignment,  as.sine'.ment  not  d.sine\nient,    (Double  s.) 
Latin  as  [ad]  sigrio,  to  mark  out  for  another. 

Assimilate,  asMm*.%.late  not  dMrn' .U.late.     To  make  like. 

Assim'ilat-ed,  assim'ilat-ing,  assim'ilat-or,  assim'ila"tion. 
Latin  as  [ad]  simildre,  to  liken  to  something  else  (-mi-  not  -mu-J. 

Assistant,  assistance,  as.sis'.tanty  a8.8is\tance  (Rule  xxiv.) 
Latin  aa  [ad]  aistens,  standing  by  or  near  another. 

Asdze,  plu.  assizes,  as.size',  as.size'.ez.    (Double  s.) 
Law  Latin  osstsa  ^os  [ad]  sessioj,  a  sitting  to  [hear  trials]. 


40  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Atrocious,  a.tro'.shu8  not  at.tro'.shu8.    Very  heinous. 
Latin  o^ox,  atrddSy  black,  heinous. 

Atrocity,  a.tros'.i.ty ;  atrocionsness,  a.tro. shits. ness^ 
(In  Latin  the  "  o  "  of  atrocity  is  long.)    (Atrddta^J 

Attach,  attach' ;  attachment,  at,tach\ment.     (Doable  U) 
French  attadier,  to  bind  to  another.    Low  Latin  attachidre. 

Attack,  attacked,  at.takf  not  d.takf.    To  assault. 

French  attaguer;  Latin  at  [ad]  Greek  ta^sgo,  to  put  an  army  in  array; 
hence  the  Latin  word  tactici,  those  who  array  an  army. 

Attain,  attain.    To  touch  on,  not  to  complete.    Thus  a  man 
attains  his  50th  year  on  his  50th  birthday. 
Attainment,  attainable  (double  t).    Eule  xxiii. 
Latin  at  [ad]  tingre  [tenere],  to  touch  on,  to  reach  till  yon  tonch. 

Attainted,  attaint'. ed  not  a.taint.ed.    Condemned  to  lose  one's 
civil  rights,  stained  with  the  charge  of  treason. 
Latin  at  [ad]  tinctus  {tin^o,  to  dye  ;  Greek  teggo—tengo). 
Attempt,  attempt'  not  d.tempt    An  effort,  to  try. 

Latin  at  [ad]  tento^  to  try  to  [do  something]. 
Attend,  attention,  at. tend',  atten'.shun,    (Double  t.)    To  stretch 
the  mind  to  follow  a  person's  thoughts,  hence  to  follow. 
Latin  at  [ad]  tendo,  to  stretch  out  to  something. 

Attendance,  attendant.    These  should  be  attendence,  attendent : 
as  superintendent,  superintendence.  (Rules  xxiv.  and  xxv.) 
Latin  attendens,  attendentis,  verb  attendi^re,  to  attend. 

Attenuate,  atten'.u.ate  not  d.ten'.u.ate.    To  make  thin. 

Atten'uated,  atten'uat-ing,  atten'ua"tion,  atten'uat-or. 
Latin  at  [ad]  tenuo,  to  make  very  thin. 

Attestation,  aV-tes.tay^-shun  not  d-tes.tay^-shun.    Attestator. 
Latin  at  [ad]  testdri,  to  bear  witness  to  [a  document]. 

Attire,  at.tire'  not  d.tire'.    A  dress,  to  dress  or  adorn. 
Attired'  (2  syl.),  attiK-ing,  attir'-er. 

French  atour,  a  head-dress  ;  dame  d'atour,  lady  of  the  bed-chamber. 
Attorney,  attur'.ney,  plu.  attorneys  not  attomies. 

Law  Latin  attomdtus,  one  who  takes  the  tun  or  place  of  [his  client]. 

Attorney-general,  plu.  attorney-generals,  not  attorDeys-general. 
In  this  compound  '*  general "  is  not  an  adjective,  but  a 
noun.  The  word  does  not  mean  general  or  common 
attornies,  but  head  or  crown  attorneys.  Similarly  lieu- 
tenant-generals,  brigadier -generals,  major-generals^  &c. 

Attraction,  at.trac'.shun  not  d.trac'.shun. 

Latin  at  [ad]  tractio,  a  drawing  towards  something. 

Attractable,  attractability.  These  ought  to  be  attractible,  at- 
tractibilityy  as  contractible,  contractibility  (Bole  xxiii.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  41 

Attribute,  af.tH,bute  (noun) ;  at.trih\ute  (verb)  (Rule  1.) 
Latin  at  [ad]  iriJyuifre,  to  give  or  ascribe  to  someone. 

Attributable,  contributaftZ^,  diatribntable  (Rule  xxiii.) 

Attrition,  at.irish^on  not  a.trUK.on.    Wearing  by  fnctiou. 

Latin  at  [ad]  trUtu,  [one  thing]  nibbed  against  another. 
Attune,  at.tunef  not  d.tune* ;  attuned  (2  syl.);  attun'-ing. 

Latin  at  [ad]  tonuSf  to  put  in  tune  [with  other  instruments]. 
Auction,  awW^ihun  not  ok^shun.    A  sale  by  bidding. 

Latin  audio  (avgeo,  to  increase  [the  amount  of  each  bid]). 
Aucnba,  au^ku.bah  not  a.ku'.ba7i.    A  Japanese  plant. 
Audacious,  au.day'shus  not  ou.day'^shus.    Bold,  impudent. 

French  attdadeux,  Latin  audaa,  atuidds,  bold. 
Audible,  not  audable ;  6o  inaudible.     (Not  the  1st  Lat.  coiij.) 

Latin  avdirei  to  hear ;  avdibilis,  What  may  be  heard. 
Audience.     "  A.B.  had  an  audience  of  Her  Majesty,"  not  "  an 
audience  with — ; "  "  the  queen  gave  an  audience  to — " 

Augean,  Au'.j^.an  not  Au.jee'.an  (short  e).    The  king's  name 
iv&Q  AugSaa  not  Augeas.    A  mythical  king  of  Elis  (Greece.; 

Aught  and  naught ;  ought  and  nought. 

Old  English  dht,  anything ;  ndht  (ne  dhtj,  nothing. 
Also,  6Mf  anything ;  ndht  (ne  dht),  nothing. 

Aiigment,  aug'.ment  (noun) ;  aug.menf  (verb).    Rule  1. 

August,  au\gu8t  (nouH);  au.gusf  (adjective). 

Augustins,  not  Augustines,    Of  the  order  of  St.  Augustin. 

Aimt  not  ant,  a  corruption  of  ami.    Ant,  ant  not  amt. 

Latin  amit[a]  shortened  to  am't ;  similarly  "  ant "  is  a  corruption 
of  emt;  i.e.,  emit  shortened  to  em't.    Incorrectly  emmit. 

Amelia,  au.ree'.li.ah.    It  ought  to  be  au.rel'.tah. 

Latin  aurum,  gold,  with  the  diminutive  ^el,  and  the  termination 
•ia,  the  little  gold  creature.  The  Greek  chrusallis  i&  the  same : — 
(hrusas,  gold ;  chrusallis,  the  little  gold  creature  (our  "  chrysalis  "). 

Anieola,  au'.rS.S.ldh  not  au.red.o.ldh  nor  au.re.d'.lah.     The 
circle  of  gold  or  *•  glory  '*  round  portraits  of  saints. 
Latin  auridlus,  golden ;  auf€(Ha,  the  golden  nimbus  (aurumj. 
Amicula,  au.rikf.u.lah.    The  plant  called  "  bear's-ear." 

Latin  auriSy  and  the  diminutive  -cula,  a  little  ear ;  so  called  because 
the  leaves  resemble  in  sh&pe  a  bear's  ear. 

Auspice,  plu.  auspices,  aiLs'.pUy  au8\pi.8iz.    Augury. 
Auspicious,  aus.pUh'.us,    Lucliy ;  of  good  auj<ury. 
Latin  aiMpictum,  divination  from  birds  [aves  specto,  I  inspect  birds). 

AHfltere,  ausUear^,  comp.  auster'er,  sup.  auster'est. 
Austerity,  plu.  austerities,  avsdey.rXdiz. 
Latin  austirus,  rough;  anuUritas;  Greek  ausUrds,  attstirdtis. 


42  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Anthentic  and  Genxiine,  au.Thcn/.fiky  genf.u.in, 

*'  Authentic  "  book,  one  true  in  what  it  states, 
"  Genuine  "  book,  one  written  by  the  person  to  whom  it 
is  ascribed. 

Author,  feminine  authoress  or  author.  (Latin  autJiorf  E.  xxxvii.) 

Authorise,  not  authorize,    (It  is  not  a  Greek  word.  Eule  xxxi.) 

Autocracy  not  autocrasy.    (See  Aristocracy.) 

Greek  autd-krdtSs,  mling  by  oneself,  absolute. 
Autocrat,  feminine  autocratrix,  au\to,krat,  au,toh,rd-tr%x. 

Greek  auiUkrdt&r,  an  absolute  monarch. 
Auto-da-f6  not  auto-de-fe^  pronounce  au'-to  da-fay'  (Port.) 
Autom'aton,  pin.  autom'ata  or  autom'atons. 

Greek  automaton  (atUos  mattd,  to  work  of  oneself). 
Autumn,  aw'.tum ;  autum'naL     (Latin  autumnvs.) 

Auxiliary,  plu.  auxiliaries,  atuciV.iM.riz,  not  aux.iVM.riz, 

Latin  avxilium,  hdp ;  auaMXdres,  avaUXwriuSy  sent  from  allies ;  verb 
auxUVlor^  to  help,  from  auglo,  perf.  avxi,  to  increase. 

Avail,  a.vair, avail-able,  avail- ableness, avail-ability, <fcc.  (Il.xxiii.) 

Latin  a  [ad]  vaUre,  to  be  strong  against  [an  adversary]. 
Avalanche,  av\a.lansh',    A  vast  body  of  snow  sliding  down  a 
mountain. 
French  avaUmge;   Latin  a  [ad]  vailem  landndre,  to    tear  sway 
towards  the  valley. 

Avarice,  av*.a.r^ ;  avaricious,  avM.rish'.us  ;  avariciousness. 

Latin  avaritla,  avarice ;  avdrus,  a  covetous  man. 
Avenge,  a.venge' ;  avenged'  (2  syl.),  aveng'-ing,  aveng'-er. 

Old  French  avenffier,  to  revenge ;  Latin  a  [ad]  vindicdre* 
Aver,  averred',  averr-ing,  a.ver^y  a.verd\  a.ver'.ing.    (Bule  L) 
Averse,  a.verse' ;  averse-ly,  averse' -ness,  aver'sion. 
Averf,  avert'ed,  av^rt'ing,  avert'-er. 

Latin  a  verto,  to  turn  away,  supine  aversum. 
Aviary,  pLu.  aviaries,  av'X,d.riz.    A  place  for  fancy  birds. 

Latin  dvidriurfiy  an  aviary  {dviiy  a  bird). 

Avocation,  av\o.kay'',8hun.  An  occupation  distinct  from  your 
regular  trade  or  profession.  It  is  incorrect  to  call  your 
ordinary  business  your  avocation^  it  is  your  vocation. 
Thus  building  is  the  **  vocation"  of  a  builder,  gardening 
may  be  his  "  avocation." 
Latin  a-vocation,  a  calling  away  [from  business]. 
Avoid,  a.void\  avoid-able,  avoid-ance,  avoid-er, 

Latin  a  vitdre,  to  shun  from  [seeing  a  person]. 
Avoirdupois,  ai/.wor.du.poiz".     The  ordinary  trade  weights. 

Corruption  of  the  Old  French  a^ers  "goods  in  general,"  du  '*  of,"  and 
poiM  "  weight.*'    A  system  of  weights  for  goods  "  sold  by  wfidght.** 


AND   OF  SPELLING,  4S 

Awake,  piist  awoke  or  [aiDaked,  2  syl.  ],  pcut  part,  awoke  or 
lawaken] ;  awak-iug,  a.%Da1ce\ing.    To  rouse  from  sleep. 
Old  Eng.  aiM(e[a»],  past  aicdc,  past  pi^.  awacen,  to  awake. 

Awaken,  past  part,  awakened  (3  syl.)    (In  a  religious  sense.) 
out  English  awcecnlicmlt  past  avHBcnede,  past  part,  avxxcned. 

Awe,  aw-ing,  aw-ful,  aw-fully,  aw-fulness ;  hut  awe-struck,  awe- 
less.  '   Old  English  ^ge,  dread.  (Rules  xvii.  and  xix.) 

Awkward  means  left  handed;  hence  ungracefuly  clumsy, 

French  gau<^.     Awk,  the  left  hand.     ''The  awke  or  left  hand" 
(HoUand's  "  Plutarch  "). 

Awl,  a  shoemaker's  tool  for  boring  holes.    All,  every- one. 

Haxd,  a  catch  of  fishes.    Hall  (of  a  house),  a  mansion. 

"  Awl,"  Old  Eng.  afl  or  aioel.  »n  awl.     "  AU,"  Old  Eng.  al  or  al. 
"Haul,"  French  haUr,  to  haul.     •'HaU,*'  Old  Eng.  hecdU  a  haU. 

Axil,  aaf.il,  the  armpit.    Axle,  ax.H  (of  a  wheel). 

AyHj  ax'ill-ar,  ax'ill-ary.    (Latin  axilla,  the  armpit.) 

Axle,  axle-tree.    Axled,  a^'.ild.    (Latin  axis,  an  axis.) 

AxiB,  plu.  axes  (Latin),  ax'.iss,  ax'.eez    (The  plural  of  Axe  is 
also  axes,  but  pronouriced  ax'ez.) 

Ay  or  aye  (meaning  yes),  plu.  ayes,  eye,  eyes.    No,  plu,  noes. 

Aye,  a,  meaning  always.     Old  English  awa,  always  ;  Greek  ai. 

Azalea  not  alalia,  ajsay\lif.ah,     A  genus  of  shrubs. 
Greek  azalifos,  dry :  so  called  because  it  loves  a  dry  soil. 

Azoic,  a.zo.ik.     Where  no  trace  of  life  exists,  as  "  azoic  rocks." 
Greek  a  z6on,  without  a  living  creature. 

■ 

Babble,  bab'.h%  to  prate.    Babel,  Barbel  (Gen.  xi.  9). 
Babbled,  bab',b'ld ;  babbler,  babbling.     (Double  b.) 
French  bdbiller,  to  prattle. 

Baboon,  bd.bocm'.    A  large  monkey.     (One  b.)    Rale  Ixi. 
French  boMne,  a  lip,  and  -oon,  augmentative  (large-lipped). 

Baby,  plu.  babies,  bay'. by,  bay'.bez ;  also  babe,  babes  (1  syl.) 
A  word  common  to  the  whole  Aryan  family  of  languages. 

Bacchanal,  hah'.ka.nul;  Bacchanalian.     (Double  c.) 
Greek  Bakt^s,  the  wine-god.    Latin  Bacckdndlis,  Bacchus. 

Bachelor,  batcK.^.lor;  feminine  spinster,  maid. 

Backgammon,  back-gam! .iriSn.     (Double  m.) 

Either  Old  English  hac-gomen,  the  back  game  ;  because  the  art  is  to 

bring  all  the  pieces  back  into  the  adversary's  table. 
Or  Welsh  ba£h  cammaun,  a  little  battle. 
Or  Danish  baJdee  gammen,  a  tray  game. 

Backward  (adj.),  duU.    Backwards  (adv.),  in  a  back  direction. 


44  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Bad,  worse  (comparative  deg.),  worst  (superlative  deg.)    Worse, 
worst,  are  the  degrees  of  the  obsolete  word  wear  (bad). 

Bade,  had  (past  tense  of  *<  bid").    The  final «  is  to  compensate 
for  the  diphthong  in  bced, 

"  Bad  "  is  probably  an  ecclesiastical  word,  taken  from  Bev.  ix.  11 ; 
'*  Abaddon,"  from  the  verb  dbad,  to  be  lost.  If  so,  bad  means 
"lost  eternally." 

Badinage,  had'.Lnarje  not  had'.tnazh  nor  had*X.naje^     Banter. 
Bag,  bagged  (1  syl.),  bagg-ing,  bagg-age  (Rule  i.) 
Bagatelle,  hag'.a.telV  (French).    A  trifle,  a  game. 
Bagnio,  plu.  bagnios,  ban*. yd,  ban'.ydze  (Rule  xlii.) 

Bail,  surety.    Bale,  a  packet.    (Both  pronounced  alike.) 

•'  Bail,"  French  bailler,  to  give  or  deliver. 
**  Bale,"  French  balle,  a  pedlar's  pack. 

Bailiff,  a  steward,  an  officer  of  justice.    Bailey,  a  prison  (R.  vi.) 

"  Bailiff,"  Law  Latin  balllviLs,  a  bailiff. 

"Bailey/*  Law  Latin  ballium,  the  enclostire  6f  a  fortress. 

Bait,  lure  for  fish,  refreshment  for  a  horse.    Bate,  to  lessen. 
"  Bait, "  Old  English  b(U[anl    • '  Bate  '*  or  *'  abate, "  French  dbattn. 

Baize,  coarse  woollen  cloth.    Bays,  plu.  of  bay  (laurel). 
'*  Baize,"  Spanish  bayita  ;  called  in  French  tspagnoletU. 

Balance  not  hallance.    A  pair  of  scales.    (Only  one  "  L") 
Latin  bt-^laruxs,  two  dishes  or  platters.    French  balance. 

Balcony,  pUi.  balconies,  baV.ko.nlz.    Window  platforms. 
In  the  Italian  the  "  o  "  is  long:  balcone  fbal.k&.nej. 

Bald,  bawld  not  bawl.     Without  hair.    Baldness  not  bawl.ness. 

Bale,  a  packet.    Bail,  surety.    {See  Bail.) 

Balk,  bawk.     Old  English  balca,  a  balk. 

Ball,  retains  double  Hn  all  its  compounds !  as  ball-oon,  ball-ot, 
ball-room,  football,  snowball,  <fec.     (Rule  x.) 

Ballad,  Ballet,  Ballot,  bdV.ldd,  baV.lay,  baV.lot, 

Ballad.     A  song  containing  a  tale.     (French  ballade.) 

Ballet.     A  theatrical  dance.    (French  ballet.) 

Ballot,     "  A  little  ball "  used  in  voting.    (French  baUotte,) 

Balloon,  bal.loon\     Ball  with  -oon  augmentative.    (Rule  Ixi.) 

Balluster,  baV.lus.ter.     A  short  ornamental  pillar. 

(The  guard  of  a  staircase  is  corruptly  called  banister.) 

Ballustrade,  bal'.us.trdde\    A  set  of  ballusters. 
French  baliLsire,  balustrade. 

Balm  (the  herb).    Barm,  ferment,  leaven. 

"  Balm,"  contraction  of  haUam  (bal'm),  Latin. 
*'  Barm,"  Old  Bnglish  heortna,  leaven. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  45 

Bamboo,  plural  bamboos  (Malay),  ham^hoo'^  ham'.hooz*. 

Ban,  banned  (1  syl.),  bann-ing.    Banns  (of  marriflge).     Eule  i. 

Latin  hannum,  a  ban  ;  tanna  (matrimonialia),  banns. 
Banana  (Spanish),  hamdh'.nah  not  hd.nay'.nah. 

Bandit,  plural  bandits  or  banditti,  han.ditf,  han.ditf.ty, 

Italian  "banditio,  plural  handittiy  outlaws. 
Bandrol,  hand\rol.    The  little  flag  attached  to  a  trumpet. 

French  haiideroU  (2  sjL),  hande  and  -role  (diminutive). 
Bandyi  plural  bandies  (2  syl.),  ban'died  (2  syL),  ban'di-er,  hut 
ban'dy-ing,  ban'dy-legs,  <fec.     (Rule  xi.) 

Banian  (days)  han'.yan'.    Days  when  no  meat  is  served.    The 
Banians  of  India  abstain  from  animal  food. 

Ban'ister.     The  guard  of  a  staircase.    Corruption  of  ballnster. 

Bankmpt,  banhf.rupt  not  bankf.rup.     One  who  has  failed. 

Bankmptcy,  not  bankrupcy.    State  of  being  a  bankrupt. 

Italian  banco-ruttOf  broken-bench;  because  when  a  money-lender 
failed,  his  bench  was  broken,  and  he  was  expeUed  from  his  office. 

Banner,  ban'.ner,    A  4ag.     (Double  n.) 

Latin  panntM;  Welsh  baniar;  French  bannUre. 
Banns  (of  marriage),  not  bans  nor  bands.    {See  Ban.) 
Ban'qnet,  ban'quet^ed,  ban'quet-er,  ban'quet-ing.     (Rule  iii.) 

i-ed  forms  a  distinct  syL  after  dl  or  i.)    French  banquet. 
Baptize'  not  baptise,  bap'tism,  bap'tiat.    Baptized'  (2  syl.),  bap. 
tiz'-ing. 

Greek  baptiad,  baptisma,  baptiatos. 
Bar,  barred  (1  syl.),  barr-ing,  barr-ister,  barr-ier,    barr-icade, 
barr-ulet,  barr^y.     (Rule  i.)    French  barrer,  to  bar. 

Barbarize,  bar^.ba^rize  not  barbarise.    To  make  barbarous. 

Greek  barbdrizd,  to  make  barbarous. 
BarT)erry.     A  corruption  of  berbery,    (Genus  herheris.) 

Barefoot  or  barefooted.  *' Walking  naked  and  barefoot." 
(Isa.  XX.  2.)     Old  English  bcer-f6t,  bare- foot. 

Barley.  The  plural  barleys  means  different  specimens  or  sorts, 
the  general  crop :  as,  The  barleys  look  well  (the  general 
crop).  Barleys  were  higher  (the  specimens  offered  for 
sale).     Welsh  bar  a  Wy«[iaw],  bread  plants. 

Barm,  leaven.    Bahn,  balsam.    {See  Balm.) 

Baron,  a  lord  (one  r).    Barren,  not  fertile  (double  r). 

Baron,  feminine  baroness.    Baronry,  baronet,  baroniaL 
fca'.ron,  bd^ron.ess,  bd\ron.ryy  ba\ron.et,  but  bd.rU\nl.al. 

"Baron,"  Latin  ftoro  (a  dolt) ;  Barones  dicuntur  servi  militum,  qui 
utique  ttultisaimi  sunt,  servi  videlicet  stultorum^'  (Scholiaatj. 
First  a  serving  soldier,  then  a  military  chief,  then  a  lord. 


46  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Barouche,  ba.roushf.    A  four -wheel  coach  with  a  falling  top. 

Latin  blrdta,  a  cart  with  two  pair  of  wheels  (bis  rota),  through  the 
German  barutsche. 

Barrack,  plural  harracks.  The  plural  is  more  generally  used. 
The  singular  is  used  in  compound  words  as  barrack- 
master,  barrack-life, 

Bar'rel,  bar'relled  (2  syl.)^  bar'relling.    (Eule  iii.  -Eii.) 
Spani^  barrel.    In  Welsh  and  French  barilf  only  one  "  r." 

Barren,  not  fi-uitful.    Baron,  a  lord.    {See  Baron.) 

Barricade,  bar*.ri.hade!.  Originally  meant  to  block  up  a 
thoroughfare  with  barrels  (French  barriques)  filled  with 
stones  or  earth.    (French  barricader,  to  barricade.) 

Barrier,  banvLer.    A  bar  to  keep  out  intruders. 

French  barri^e,  from  barre^  a  bar;  Welsh  bdr,  a  bar. 

Barrister,  har^ris.ter.    One  called  to  the  bar,  a  pleader. 
Bar  and  the  Old  Eng.  termination  -ster,  business,  habit. 

Baryta,  bar^ry.tah,  incorrectly  ba.ryf.tah,     A  heavy  mineral. 
Greek  bariiUs,  heaviness;  so  called  from  its  weight.    (See  next.) 

Barytone,  bdr^ry.tone.    A  deep  tenor  voice. 
Greek  barUa  t&nds,  heavy  tone  of  voice. 

Base,  vile.     Bass  (voice).     Both  pronounced  alike. 
"  Base,"  Welsh  bds,  low,  mean.    **  Bass,"  Italian  baaso. 

Bashaw,  now  called  "  Pasha,"  pah'. shah. 

Basilisk,  ba^.tlisk.    The  cockatrice.    Basilic,  adj.  of  basilica. 

LaUn  basiliseus  (Greek  bastteiis,  a  king).     The  *'  king  serpent ; "  to 

cail«d  from  a  crest  on  its  head  like  a  crown. 
**  Basilica,"  a  royal  hall  of  justice ;  such  a  hall  used  for  a  church. 

Basin,  ba'sin  not  bason.    (The  French  word  has  double  «). 

Basis,  plural  bases  (Latin),  bay'. sis,  bay'.seez.    {See  Base.) 

Bass,  plural  basses;  or  basso,  plural  bassos:  base,  base'.ez; 
bos'. 80,  bas^soze.    {See  Base.)    Kule  xlil. 

Bass-relief,  plural  bass-reliefs;  or  basso-relievo,  plural  baaao- 
relievos:  base  re-leef\  base  re-leefs' ;  ot  bas'-so  rel.i.a\vo, 
bas'-so  rel.l.a\vdze.     (Rule  xlii.) 

Bassoon,  ba8.zoon\    A  deep  bass  wind-instrument. 

Bass  and  -0(m  (augmentative).    Italian  ba^sone;  French  bamm. 

Bastille,  bos.  teeV.    A  State  prison  in  Paris.    (Not  bastile,) 
French  bastir  now  bdtir,  io  build.    It  means  the  building. 

Bastinado,  plural  bastinadoes,  bas'-ti.nah"-doze.     (Rule  xlii.) 

Bat,  batt-ed,  batt-ing.    Bat  (the  winged  mouse),  batt-ish.    B.  i 

"Bat, "  Old  English  bat,  a  bat    French  battre,  to  beat 
'*Bat "  (the  animal),  Welsh  batlwr.  a  dormouse. 


AND  OF  SPELLING. 


Bftto,  contraetkni  of  abate.    Bait,  refreshment.    {See  Bait) 

Bath,  tdXh  not  hath  (noun);  bathe,  hathe  (verb).     Bule  11. 

Bathos,   hatlUiSt   mock  sublime.      Pathos,  patKos,      Words 

which  excite  a  feeling  of  grief. 

^*  Bathos  **  (Gxeek),  depth  ;  the  rerene  of  tviblitu. 
<' Pathos"  (Greek),  feeling  of  grief. 

Baton  (French),  hat.tone.  A  small  staff  used  by  the  leader  of 
«n  orchestra,  a  marshal's  staff  of  office,  &.c. 

Batrachiana,  bo.  tra1i^X.am,    The  frog  order  of  reptiles. 

Greeik  hcdrdLchott  a  frog. 
Battalion  (double  t  and  one  Z),  but  in  French  hata%ll<m, 

Latin  batuo,  to  fight ;  Italian  haUaglUnt 
Battery,  plu.  batteries,  hatfAe.riz,    (French  batterie,) 

Battle,  balf.t'lf  battled,  batted,  battling,  battlement. 

Wiflsh  hatd.    French  bataUle.    Italian  hattaglia.    Spanish  baiaUa. 

Bazaar,  bdjsar^y  a  depot  of  fancy  articles.    Bizarre,  fantastic. 
**  Bazaar,"  Persian  bazar,  a  maiket.    *'  Bizarre  "  (French),  fantastic 

Be-  ^Hrefix)  added  to  nouns,  y^bs,  prepositions,  and  conjunc- 
tions. Added  to  nouns,  it  converts  tbem  into  verbs,  as 
he-friend.  Added  to  verbty  it  intensifies  them,  or  adds 
the  idea  of  about,  at,  before,  for,  in,  on,  over,  <fec.  In 
prepositions  and  conjunctions  it  has  the  force  of  by  or  in. 

e  (▼erb).     Bee  (insect).     "  Be  "  forms  parts  of  the  verb  "  To 

Be."    It  is  used  in  hypothetical  propositions,  as  :  "  If  I 

be,*'  that  is,  "  If  I  should  be.** 

**  Be  "(verb),  Old  English  bedn;  present  tense  <e  be6,  thii  b^st,  he 

hfih. ;  plural  be6th  faU  personsj. 
**Bee  "  insect,  beo,  plural  beon  (without  accent). 

veh,  coast.    Beech,  a  tree.     (Both  pronounced  beech.) 

''Beach,"  Old  £ng.  becc,  a  brook.     *'  Beech,"  Old  £ng.  bice,  a  beech. 

die,  bee'.dl.    A  church  officer.    {See  Bedell.) 

Old  English  badel,  one  who  bids  or  cites  [to  a  court  of  law]. 

l-ioll  not  bead-rol.    A  list  of  those  to  be  prayed  for.    (R.  x.) 

Beadsman,  feminine  beadswoman ;  plu.  beadsmen,  beads- 
women.    One  employed  to  pray  for  another's  welfeure. 

3ld  English  bead  or  bid,  a  prayer, 
pulse.    Been,  bin,  past  participle  of  "To  be." 
Id  English  bean,  pulse.    "  Been,"  Old  English  ben  of  the  verb  beon. 
o  carry),  pa^t  bore  [bare],  po^t participle  borne. 

*r  (to  bring  forth),  past  bore  [bare],  jpa««  part.  bom. 
tear"  (to  carry,  to  produce),  O.  Eng.  birian],  past  beer,  p.p.  boren. 

X  (a  wild  beast) ;  he -bear,  she-bear.    Bare,  naked, 
ear  "  (the  animaU  Old  Mng.  bera.     "  Bare, "  Old  Eng.  bMiomA. 


4«  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Beast,   heest,   beast-ly,  beast-liness :    hut   beBt-ial,  best-iality, 
bestially  (without  "a").    (The  "a*'  of  beast  is  inserted 
to  distinguish  the  word  from  **be8t.") 
-  Latin  bestia,  a  beast ;  hestidlis,  bestial. 

Beat,  to  strike.     Beet,  a  root.    (Both  pronounced  beet.) 

Beat,  past  beat,  past  part,  beaten  or  beat.    (We  say: 

"  He  was  dead  beat,"  but  beaten  is  the  general  past  part. 

Old  English  bedtlan],  past  bedt,  past  part,  bedten. 

'*  Beet  '  (the  root),  German  beete;  Latin  beta;  French  betU. 

Beatify,  be.af.i.fy;    beat'ify-ing ;    but  beatified  (be,afA.Jide) ; 

beat'ifi-ca"tion,  beatif'i-cal.     (Rule  xi.) 
Latin,  bedtus  facto,  to  make  happy. 
Bean,  60,  a  fop.     Bo  I  an  exclamation  to  frighten  children. 

Bow,  plural   bows,   an   instrument   to  propel   arrows. 

(Bow  to  rhyme  with  grow.) 

Beau,  plural   beaux,   65,    boze;    feminine   belle,  plural 
belles,  bell,  bells  (French).  Gentlemen  and  ladies  admire^* 
Latin  bellus,  beautiful.    Beau  is  a  contraction  of  bellus  (be'u*). 

Beau  ideal,  plural  beaux  ideals,  bo  i.dee\al,  boze  i.dee'.al 
(French.)    A  fauoy  model  of  beauty  or  excellency. 

Beau  monde,  bo  mdnd  (French).     The  fashionable  world. 

Beauty,  plural  beauties,  bu'.tiz ;  beautirful,  beauti-rfully,  beauti« 
fy,  beauti-fying,  beauti-fied  (3  syl.),  beauti-fi-er  (Rule 
xi.) :  beaute-ous,  beaute-ously,  beaute-ousness  (with  e). 

French' &6aitM.  (There  is  no  sufficient  refison  for  the  change  of  voweL) 
Beautiful,  bu.Hful.    In  poetry  the  superlative  beautifulest  is 

sometimes  used. 
Becafico,  ought  to  be  beccafico,  be¥^kafee''-ko.    The  fig-pecker. 

Italian  beccafico  (becearejico,  to  pick  the  fig  or  fig-tree). 
Becalm,  be.carrnf  not  be.calm ;  becalmed,  be.carmd. 

Fr.  calme:  Ital.  and  Sp.  calma,  quiet,  with  prefix  5e-,  '*to  make.** 
Become,  past  became,  past  part,  become,  pres.  part,  becom-iiig. 

Old  English  becum{an'\,  past  becom,  past  part.  becv/iMn. 
Bed,  bedded,  bedd-ing;  but  bedpost,  bedstead,  &c.    (Rule  i) 

Old  English  bed  or  bced  (noun) ;  bed[ian\  to  go  to  bed. 
Bed-clothes,  bed-cloze  (no  sing.)    Sheets,  blankets,  and  quilt. 

Bedell  not  beadle,  bee'. dell.    A  university  or  court  mace-bearer. 

Always  styled  the  Squire  bedell.    (Latin  bedellus.) 
Bedim,  be.dim\  bedimmed  (2  syl.),  bedimm-ing.    (Rule  i.) 

Old  Eng.  dim,  dark,  with  prefix  &e<,  which  converts  nouns  to  TertM. 
Bedlam,  bed'lum.    Corruption  of  Bethlehem,  the  name  of  a 
religious  house  converted  into  a  lunatic  asylum. 

Bedouin,  Bed'.win,    An  Arab  tribe  (dwellers  in  the  desert). 
Arabic  bedawi  (from  bodw  or  bedto,  a  desert). 


AXD  OF  SPELLING,  4f) 

Bee,  the  insect.    Old  £ng.  heo.    Be  (the  verb).    Old  Eng.  he6. 

{See  Be.) 
Beech,  a  tree.    Beach,  a  coast.    {See  Beach.) 

Beef,  the  flesh  of   slain  oxen;  plural  beevet,  living  oxen. 
(Rnle  xxxviii) 
Frendi  bmi/,  plural  hce^f$  ;  Latin  hoves,  oxen. 

Beef'^teak,  beef  stake  not  beef-steek. 

**  Steak  "  iB  Old  None  tUk ;  Danish  tUg,  a  broil,  or  sUce  to  roast. 

Beef-^ateiB,  beef  .eat.er8.    Yeomen  of  the  guard. 

Korman  French  bvffetien  or  boufititrs^  waiters  at  the  boufets. 

Been,  bin,  past  part  of  ''  To  be."    Bin  (for  com,  wine,  refuse.) 
''Been,**  Old  Eng.  be&n.  "Bin,"  Old  Eng.  bin  or  binn,  a  crib,  hutch,  &c. 

Beer,  malt  liquor.    Bier,  beer,  barrow  for  the  dead. 

"  Beer/*  Old  English  bear,    **  Bier,"  Old  English  bdr, 
BeeetingB,  beest.ingz  not  beestlings.    First  milk  after  calving. 

Old  English  batting,  which  is  the  better  spelling,  and  sing,  number. 

Beet,  a  root.    Beat,  to  strike.    (See  Beat.) 

Beetle,  be^.t%  an  insect;  a  mallet.    Betel,  beg'M,  a  shrub. 

Old  English  beM  or  biM^  a  beetle ;  bytel  or  bytl,  a  mallet. 
''Betel/'  an  East  Indian  plant,  the  leaf  of  which  is  much  used. 

Beeves,  beevz,  black  cattle ;  plural  of  beef.     (See  Beef.) 

BefisU,  befell,  befallen ;  not  befal,  befel,  befalen.    (Rule  x.) 

Beftf ,  befitt-ed,  befitt-ing.    To  suit,  to  become.    (Bule  i.) 

Befool,  Old  Eng.  prefix  be-  makes  verbs  of  nouns.    (Eule  Ixii.) 

Beg,  begged  (1  syl.),  begg-ing,  begg-ar,  beggared  (2  syl.)  beggar- 
ing,  beggarly,  beggarh-ness,  beggary,  beggar  man  (all  with 
double  g.)  Rule  i.  "  I  beg  to  inform  you  "  means  *'  I 
beg  leave  to  inform  you." 

Beggar,  a  corruption  of  begiarer  (Norse).    This  accounts 
for  the  termination  "  -ar." 

Begef,  past  begot"  [begat],  past  part,  begotten   [begot],  be- 
gett-er,  begett-ing,  begott-en.     (Rule  i.) 
Old  English  beged^an],  past  begedt,  past  part,  begoten. 
Begin",  p<ut  began'  [begun],  past  part,  begun,  beginn-ing, 
beginn-er.    To  commence,  <fec.     (Rule  i.) 
Old  Eng.  begiwn{(m'],  past  began,  past  participle  begunnen. 

Begird,  pa^t  beglrded,  past  part,  begirded  or  begirt. 

Old  English  begyrdlan],  past  begyrde,  past  participle  btgyrded. 
Begonia,  |>2ura{  begonias,  be.gd'.nlMh,  Elephant's  ears  (a  plant.) 

So  called  from  M.  JBegon,  French  botanist. 
BegidiiB,  Beg'.winz,    A  sect  of  religious  women  of  Germany. 
So  caUed  from  a  linen  cap  (or  beguin)  which  they  wear. 


I 


60  ERROnS  OF  SPEECH 

Behalf.    A  cormption  of  the  Old  English  heh€fe  fhenefit). 

Behold,  past  and  past  participle  beheld.     The  more  ancient 
participle  beholden  means  "  under  an  obligation." 
Old  English  Uheald\!am.\  past  hiiuold,  past  pari  behealden. 
Behoof  (noun),  behove  (verb),  Old  Eng.  be.h6f[ian].    Rule  li. 

Belay,  past  a.nd.  past  part,  belayed  (2  syl.),  not  belaid.  (R.  xiv.) 

Old  English  beldw[an],  past  beldtode,  past  part,  heldwed.  LdwOf  a 
betrayer,  and  prefix  be-  which  converts  nouns  into  verbs.  It  has 
no  connection  with  the  verb  "lay."    (Old  English  lecgan.) 

Beldam  (French  belle  dame).  A  euphemism  for  "  an  old  hag.** 
Similarly  the  French  say  bel  age  for  great  age. 

Belemnite,  beV.em.nite  not  beV .emdte.    **  Thunderbolt." 

Greek  hSUlntmony  a  dart.    (These  "  stones  "  are  fossil  molltucs.) 

Belie,  be.ll\  past  be.lied',  part.  pres.  bely'-ing.    {See  b^y.^ 
Old  Eng.  helec^an\,  past  htlege,  past  participle  beled. 

Belief  {noun),  believe  {verb);  be.leef,  be.leeve.    (Rule  K.) 

Believe,  believ-ab)e,  believ-er,  believ-ing,  beliov-ingly. 

Belle,  plural  belles,  feminine  of  Beau,  plural  beaux  (French), 
belly  bells  ;  bo,  boze.    Pretty  girls  and  their  admirers. 

Belles  lettres  (plu),  bel  lettr.    Polite  literature.    (French.) 

Bello^ni  (plural),  may  refer  to  a  single  pair,  but  always  requires 
a  plural  construction  :  **  The  bellows  are  broken." 
Old  English  bylig,  bellows  (from  bcelg,  a  bag). 
Belly,  plural  bellies,  beV.llz ;  bellied,  beV.lld.     (Rule  zi.) 
Belly-ing,  belly-ache,  belly-ful.    {See  Belie.) 
Old  English  belig  (from  bcelg,  a  bag) ;  Welsh  boly. 
Belong  requires  to  after  it :  as  **  This  belongs  to  me." 
Old  English  gelang,  belonging  to,  property  of. 

Belvedere,  beV.ve.deer^.    A  lookout  in  a  garden. 
Italian  bel  vedere,  fine  sight ;  Latin  bellus  videre 

Bend,  past  and  past  part,  bent;   bended  (a^j.),  as  '*0n-  my 
bended  knee." 
Old  English  bend[an],  past  bende,  past  participle  bended. 
Beneath,  be.neetK  not  be.neerK.     Old  English  beneothan. 

Benedick  or  Benedict.  A  man  who  vows  not  to  many. 
"  Benedick ''  (in  Miu:h  Ado  about  Nothing)  vows  he  will 
not  marry,  but  afterwards  marries  Beatrice.  "  Benedict" 
is  a  play  on  the  proper  name.  It  means  **  Blessed,"  or 
"  Made  happy,"  and  is  applied  to  an  old  bachelor  who 
has  become  a  bridegroom. 

Benefactor,  feminine  benefactress,  ben.ef&kf.tor,  ben.e.faW.tren. 
-or  is  more  common  than  -er  after  t  and  s.    Unhappily 
no  uniform  rule  is  observed. 
Lattn  hmspKio,  tedo  well ;  benefieivm,  a  benefit  or  good -deed,  fte. 


AND  OF  SPELUNG.  (A 


Benefit*  poM  and  past  part,  benefited  not  "benefitted  ;  benefiting 
not  benefitting.    (Latin  beneficio.)    Hole  iii. 

Bemgn,  benignly,  bejititufy  be.niiU'.ly  ;  but  benignant,  benig- 
nantly,  benignity,  be.nig" .nant,  be.nig\ni.ty,  &c. 
Latin  henigntu,  benignant  (b^n%u  old  form  of  b&ims,  goodX 

Benmnb,  be.num'.    To  make  numb  or  insensible  from  cold. 

Old  English  .&enim[an],  past  bendm,  past  participle  henumen,  to  stn- 
T^ty,  to  bennmb.    (The  b  is  interpolated.) 

Benzine,  benjseen\    A  fluid  obtained  from  coal-tar. 

Better  BenzolB,  ben-zoUf  as  tbe  termination  -ine  denotes 
a  gas.  So  called  by  Mitscberlich,  who  obtained  it  from 
benzoic  a^id.  It  was  Ftuuday  who  discovered  it  in  whale 
oil  and  coal  tar. 

Benzoin,  &en.2;a^n^  resin  of  the  Benzoin  plant  (Styrax  Benx<nn), 
In  French  Styrax  Benjoin,  and  hence  called  *'  Gum  Benjamin." 

Benzoine,  benjso^ln  not  ben.zoin\  Obtained  from  bitter  almonds. 
Beqneef  (noun),  bequeath  (verb),  be.kweeth\  0.  Eng.  bectoHhlan], 
Berbeiis,  ber^M.ris  (Latin).    The  barbeiiy  genus  of  plants. 

Bereave,  past  and  past  part,  bereft  or  bereaved  (2  syl.) 
Old  Sng.  bered{f[ian],  past  bered^ode,  past  part,  beredfod. 

Berg,  a  mountain.    Burg  or  burgh,  a  fortified  place :  as 
"  Heidelberg,"  the  heather-hill  (Germany) ; 
"  Edinburg,"  the  fortified  town  of  Dimedin  (Scotland). 
Old  English  berg,  a  hilL    Bwrh,  genitive  bwrQe,  a  f<Mrt. 

Bemardine,  Be'/.nar.dine  not  Ber.nar^.dine.    Adj.  of  the  next. 

Bemardins,  Ber^.nar.dins.     So  called  from  St.  Ber'nard. 

Berry,  plu.  berries,  ber'.rizy  a  fruit.  Bury,  to  inter  (only  one  "  r  "). 
Both  Old  Eng. :  Berie  (only  one  "  r  "),  a  berry.    Buriian],  to  bnry. 

Berth,  a  place  to  sleep  in.    Birth,  the  act  of  being  bom. 
Both  Old  Eng. :  Btir,  a  bed-room  ;  Beorth  or  berth,  birth, 

Beiyl,  ber^.nl.    A  precious  stone  somewhat  like  an  emerald. 

Greek  hirullda.    (In  tbe  Greek  word  the  "  e  "  is  long.) 
Beseech,  pMt  and  past  part,  besought.  (The  "  g  "  is  interpolated.) 

Old  Eng.  besedian] ;  past  besdht ;  past  part,  besffht. 

Beset',  past  and  past  part,  beset ;  pres.  part,  besett-ing  (R.  i.) 
Old  English  besettan;  past  besette;  past  part  beseten  or  beaetten. 

Beside,  by  the  side  of.     Besides,  in  addition  to,  moreover. 
Besom,  beei'.zum  not  bee^sum.    A  large  broom.     (0.  Eng.  besm.) 
Besot',  besott-ed,  besott-edly,  besott-edness,  besott-ing,  besott- 

ingly.     (Old  English  besot.)    Bule  i. 
Bespeak',  pcut  bespoke;  past  participle  bespoken  [bespoke]. 
Old  English  &espr^e[an] ;  past  be^prcec;  past  participle  besprooen. 


52  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Besprinkle,  past  besprinkled,  past  part,  besprinkled  or  be- 
sprent.    (The  prefix  be-  added  to  verbs  intensifies  them.) 

Old  English  bespren^an],  past  hesprengde,  past  participle  he*prenged  ; 
also  hesprinciim^f  past  hespranc,  past  participle  bespruncen. 

Best  (superlative  deg.)  Good,  better,  best.  (Obsolete  positive 
bet  more.*)  At  best;  at  the  best :  as  ''Life,  at  best,  is  but 
a  shadow ;  *'  "  Life,  at  the  best,  is  but  a  shadow."  "  Life 
at  best"  means — to  say  the  best  of  it,  "Life  at  the  best  " 
means — in  its  best  condition^  taking  the  most  favourable 
example.     The  two  ideas  are  not  identical. 

Bestial,  bestiality,  bestially  (Latin  bestia).    See  Beast. 
Bestir",  bestirred  (2  syl),  bestirr-ing.     {Be-  intensifies  "  stir.") 

Old  Eng.  bestyT^ian],  past  bestyrde,  past  participle  bestyred. 
Bestrew,  past  bestrewed  (2  syl.),  past  part,  bestrewed  or  be- 
strewn. (The  prefix  be-  added  to  verbs  intensifies  them.) 

Bestrew,  past  bestrewed  (2  syl,),  past  part,  bestrewed  or 

bestrewn.     To  scatter  thoroughly,  to  strew,  well. 
Old  English  be8treow[ian],  past  bestreowode,  past  part,  besbrwwod. 
Bestride,  past  bestrode  or  bestrid,  past  part,  bestridden. 

Old  Eng.  bestT(Bd{(m\y  past  bestrode,  past  part,  bestrxeelen.. 
Bestud,  past  bestudd-ed,  pa>st  part,  bestndd-ed  or  bestad,  be- 
studd-ing.    To  decorate  with  studs.     (Rule  i.) 
Old  Eng.  stvdUy  %  stnd.  Be-  added  to  noons  converts  them  into  yerbs. 
Bet,  pa^t  and  paxt  part,  bet  or  betted.   Bett-or,  bett-ing.   (R.  i) 
(**  Bettor,*'  with  -or,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  adjective.) 
Old  Eng.  I>eu2[tan],  past  badode,  past  participle  badod. 
Betake,  pa^t  betook,  past  part,  betaken ;  pres.  part,  betaV-ing. 

Old  English  betd(ian\  past  betdhte,  past  participle  betdht. 
Bethink,  past  and  past  part,  bethought.    To  call  to  mind  by 
thinking.    (The  "  g  "  is  interpolated.) 
Old  English  bethenc[an],  past  bethdhte,  past  participle  bethdhi. 
Betray",  betrayed'  (2  syl.),  betra/ing,  betray  al,  betray'er.  (R.xiii.) 
The  prefix  be-  added  to  "  traitor  "  converts  it  into  a  verb. 
Betroth,  be.trSth  not  be.troth.     To  pledge  to  marry. 

Old  Eng.  tr^owth,  troth,  pledge.  The  prefix  be-  makes  verbs  of  noiuu. 
Better,  more  good.    Bettor,  one  who  bets.    {See  Best.) 
Betonia  (no  such  word).    It  should  be  Petunia,  pe.tu\ni,aK 
Bevel,  bevelled  (2  syl.),  bevell-ing,  bevell-er.     (Rule  iiL  -el.) 

French  biviau  or  biveavk  (nonn),  a  sloping  edge. 
Beware-of.  No  past  tense,  participle,  or  gerund.  Without  an 
auxiliary  it  is  used  only  in  tbe  Imperative  and  Infinitive 
present.  {The  auxiliaries  used  with  it  are  shall  and 
should,  may  and  might,  also  the  verbs  must,  needn,  can, 
and  could,  but  not  do  or  did,  have  or  had,  am,  be,  or  was.) 
Old  Eng.  «M^,  caution.    Prefix  be-  converts  nouns  to  verbs. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  53 

Bey,  a  Turkish  prince.    Bay,  a  smaU  gulf;  a  laurel. 

"  Be^,"  Tnzkish  Ug     "  Bay,"  French  bote,  Old  French  b^ 

Bi- or  Bis- (prefix).  Latin  &M.  Twofold,  doable.  "Bis  "drops 
the  8  before  consonants.  The  two  exceptions  are  biscuit 
and  histextile.  Before  "  o  "  it  is  written  bin  as  bin-oxidf, 
bin-oxaZaU,  &o.  (This  prefix  it  often  added  to  Greek 
words,  instead  of  dis.) 

In  Chemical  nomenclature  the  Greek  and  Latin 
numeral  prefixes  have  an  arbitrary  force :  Thus  in  meta- 
loids,  if  the  base  is  in  excess  the  Greek  prefixes  are 
employed :  di-  (2),  tris-  (3),  &c. ;  but  if  the  gas  is  in 
excess  the  Latin  prefixes  are  used :  pro-  (1),  sesqui-  (li), 
di-  (2),  ter-  (3),  &c.  Thus  a  "  dinoxide  of  A  "  (tlie  base), 
wotdd  mean  2  quotas  of  A  to  one  of  oxygen  ;  but  "  bin- 
oxide  of  A"  would  mean  2  quotas  of  oxygen  to  one  of  A 
(the  base). 

Bias,  ii^xu,  A  leaning  or  tendency  in  one  particular  way, 
(verb)  bi'assed  (2  syL),  bi^ass-ing.  (French  biaiSy  bias.) 
The  doubling  of  the  s  in  this  verb  is  an  outrage.    (B.  ii.; 

Kb|  bibbed  (1  syL),  bibb-er,  bibb-ing  (Rule  i.),  but  bib-a^cious, 

bib-aclty,  bib'-ulous,  bib'-io  (the  wine-fly). 

Latin  bibo,  to  drink ;  bihaXf  genitive  bibdcis,  given  to  drink ;  M6iUu«, 
having  the  ci^iacity  to  sop  up  like  sponge. 

BtUe,  bi.ble.     The  Book  [of  Books].     (Li  Greek,  the  t  is  short.) 

BibMI.cal,  bib'Ji.og"-ra-pher,  bIb'-H-o.ma"-ni-a,  bib'.U.pole. 

"Bible)'*  Greek  bibUfs,  a  book. 

*'Bibli(%rapher,"  Greek  biblidgrapTios  or  bihlio-grapter,  a  writer  of 

books. 
''Bibliomania,"  Greek  bibli(Hnomia,  book  madness. 
"Bibliopole,"  Greek  biblio-pdUs,  a  bookseller  (pdUo,  to  sell). 

SSoarbonate,  bi.kayM.natA,     A  salt  with  two  equivalents  of 
carbonic  acid  to  one  of  a  base. 

Latin  bi  [bis]  ca/rbo  (-aU,  in  Chem.,  means  a  salt  formed  by  the  anion 
of  an  add  with  a  base).    The  ' '  acid  "  two  to  one  of  the  ' '  base. " 

Biocaroon.    No  such  word.   S6€Bigaroon.   A  white-heart  cherry. 

Biceps,  biceps.     Any  muscle  with  two  heads,  as  that  between 
the  shoulders  and  elbow.    Bicipital,  not  bicepitaly  bicipl- 
tous.    (Note  -ci,  not  -ce.) 
Latin  bi  [bis]  capui,  genitive  HcflpiHtf  with  double  head. 

Bicephalous,  bi,8ef\d,hu.    Having  two  heads. 

An  ill-oomponnded  word:  Latin  bi  [bis],  Greek  kgphdlSt  a  head. 
(It  ought  to  be  dicephalovs :  Greek  di  [dis]  kephaU,) 

Bfeliiomate,   bi.kro\mate.      A  salt  with    two    equivalents   of 

chromic  acid  to  one  of  the  base. 

Latin  bi  [bis],  Greek  chrdma  {-ate,  in  Chem.,  means  a  salt  formed 
by  ihe  union  of  an  acid  with  a  base).  Bi-  is  used  in  Chemical 
nomenclature  to  denote  that  the  gas  prevails.  JH-  (Greek)  to 
denote  that  the  base  prevails. 


I 


54  ERRORS  OF  8PEECB 

■» 

Bicuspid,  }n,lnu'.pid.     Having  two  points  or  two  fangs. 

Latin  hi  [bis]  cuapis,  two  spear-points  (as  a  tooth  with  two  itaiffi). 

Bid,  past  bade  (bad),  past  part,  bidden  [bid].    {Bod  is  a  tuI- 
garism.)    Bidd-er,  bidding,  bidd-en  (Rnlei.) 
Old  English  bidd[an],  past  bad,  past  participle  hedm,  to  M«L 

Bide,  past  bode  or  bided,  past  part,  bided,  bV.ded.     To  abide. 

Old  EngUah  bid[an],  past  bdd,  past  participle  Hdtn,  to  aUde. 
Biennial,  huen^niMl.    Lasting  two  years,  once  in  two  years. 
It  should  never  be  used  in  the  sense  of  "  twice  a  year." 
(See  Bi-monthly.)    Annual  becomes  -ennial  in  the  com- 
pounds bi-ennialy  tri-ennial,  per -ennial,  &c.    (Double  n.) 
Latin  biennis  (Jbis  annus,  doable  year),  one  year  twice  over. 
Bier,  a  barrow  for  the  dead.    Beer,  malt  liquor.    {See  Beer.) 

Biestings  or  beestings.     The  first  milk  of  a  cow  after  calving. 

Old  English,  bystingi,  byst,  or  beast. 
Biffin,  bif\Jm,  An  apple  which  is  dried  in  an  oven  and  flattened. 

Bifurcated,  bi.fw/'ka-ted.    Forked,  divided  into  two  branches. 

Latin  bi  [bis]  f'ttirea,  [like  the]  two  prongs  of  a  fork. 
Big,  bigg-er,  bigg-est ;  big-ness,  big-ly  (Rule  i.) 

Cormption  of  ''btig,"  swollen.    (Old  £ng.  verb  fttigfcm],  to  fwelL) 
Bigamy,  big\a.mp  ;  big^amist.    A  man  with  two  living  wives. 

An  ill-compounded  word :  Latin  bi  [bis],  Greek  gdmds,  donble  mar- 
riage.   The  word  ought  to  be  digamy.    Greek  dir^amos. 

Bigaroon,  hi(f.&.roon\     Corruption  of  Bigarreau. 

French  bigarreau,  the  mottley  cherry  (a  "White-heart ") ;  Low  Latin 
bigarella,  a  corruption  of  bivarella  (bis  variiu,  doubly  mottled). 

Bight,  a  small  bay.    Bite  (with  the  te+'th).    (Both  bite.) 

*',Bight,"  Old  Eng.  biga,  a  bay.    "  Bite/*  Old  Eng.  &«[on],  to  bite. 

Bignonia,  big.nd\ni.dh.    The  trumpet  flower,  yellow  jasmine,  *c. 

So  called  by  Toumefort  from  the  abb6  Bignon,  a  botanist. 

BignoniacesB,  big-nd'-ni.a'*-8^-e.    The  order  of  which  Bignonias 
are  types  (-acea,  in  Botany,  denotes  an  order). 

Bigot,  big\ot,  bigoted  not  bigotted.   A  religious  zealot.   (B.  iiL) 

Old  Eng.  b{f^an\  to  worship.    Suffix  -ot,  dim.  or  depreciatory. 
Bijou,  plu.  bijoux  (French),  bee\zho&,  bee'jshooz\    Trinkets. 
Bijoutry  (French),  bejshoo\try  not  b^outery.    Jewellery. 
Bilbo,  j^^u.  bilboes.    The  singular  means  a  "rapier,"  so  eaDed 
from   Bilbao,  in   Spain.     The  plural  means  "fetters.** 
Latin  bi  [bis]  boia,  double  collar  of  iron. 
Bilious,  biV.yus,  having  the  bile  out  of  order.    {N,B, — One  I.) 
Biliary,  biV.tS.ry  not  biWd.ry.    Relating  to  the  bile. 
BHiary  duct,  MV.tS.ry  duct  not  biVM.ry  due, 
UUn  biliOsus,  full  of  bUe  (Jbilis,  bUe). 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  55 

Billet,  &ir.l^    A  log  of  wood;  to  quarter  soldierg.     BiU'et-ed, 
bill'et-ing.     (One  t.    Kule  iii.) 

"BiUet  of  wood,'*  French  hilUt.  "BiUet"  (to  quarter  •oldiert). 
French  biUet,  s  ticket  (Latin  hyUa^  a  seal  to  authenticate  the 
order)  ;  Low  Latin  bUetuty  a  billets 

BOlei-doiix,  pttL,  billets-doux,  bee'.ya.doo',  he€\yu.dooze\  not 
billo.doo,  billy.dooze  (French).    A  love-letter. 

Billian,  biV.ytm.    A  million  million. 

L«Un  &i  [bis]  million,  a  milUoa  twice  over. 
Billy-goat,  a  male  goat.     Nanny-goat,  a  female  goat. 

Bilobate,  ln.W-hate,     (Botany,)     A  leaf  with  two  lobes.     This 
word  is  wrong.    The  o  is  short,  and  the  Bi  should  be  Di. 
Oreek  di  Wwm.    '*  Bilobate  "  is  part  Latin  part  Greek. 
Bimana,  ln.7na^-ndh  not  bima'nia.    It  ought  to  be  hV.mdn-ah. 
Animals  with  two  hands  like  men.    ("  Bima'nia  "  would 
mean  triad  on  two  subjects^  double  madness.) 
Latin  hi  [bisl  mdnu9,  having  two  hands. 
BiiDoiithly,  bi.manth'ly.    Twice  a  month.    In  this  sense  tbe 
word  is  quite  indefensible.    It  can  only  mean  "Every 
two  months; "  as  Biennial^  "every  two  years."    Besides, 
bi  (Latin)  monthly  (Anglo-Saxon)  is  a  filse  compound. 
It  should  be  Tifrymonthly  (twice  montlily). 

Binade,  bin*.a.cle.      Corruption   of  the  French   habitfacle  or 

'bitacle,    a    box    containing  the    compass    and    lights. 

Bin'ode,  a  telescope  with  two  tubes. 

"  Binacle,"  Latin  hahitdcutwrn,  a  small  house  or  abode. 
"Binocle,"  Latin  Mn  [bis]  oaUtu,  for  both  the  eyes.    (Set  B1-.) 

Binary,  bi\nii.ry  not  bin'.a.ry.    Combination  of  two  bodies  (as 

double  stars),  two  compounds,  two  figures,  <fcc. 

Latin  blndrinii  (binus,  Le.,  bi  [bis]  unus,  one  twice). 

Bind,  past  and  past  participle  bound,   to  fasten  by  bonds. 

Boiinden  (adjective),  obligatory  :  as  *•  My  bouuden  duty." 

Old  English  bindian],  past  band,  pa«t  participle  bunden. 

Binnacle  or  binacle.     (See  Binacle.) 

Binoxalate,  bin.ox' .&.late.  Binoxide,  bin.ox\ide.  In  Chemistry 
the  Latin  numerical  prefixes  j>ro-  (1),  sesqui-  (li),  hi-  (2), 
ter-  (3),  denote  that  the  ga^  is  the  part  refeiTed  to,  and 
prevails.  The  Greek  di-  (2),  tris-  (:)),  <tc.,  denote  that 
the  base  is  the  part  referred  to,  and  is  2,  3,  <fec.,  to  one  of 
the  gas.  {See  Bi-.) 
Latin  bin  [bis],  Greek  oxMis,, 
Biography,  bl.og'.rd.fy.     The  written  history  of  a  person's  life. 

Greek  bios  grapho,  I  write  the  person's  life. 
Bblogy,  M.oV.d.gy.    The  science  which  investigates  the  pheno- 
mena of  life,  whether  animal  or  vegetable. 
Oreek  bios  logos,  a  treatise  or  discourse  about  "  life." 


56  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Biped,  bi\ped.     One  who  has  two  feet,  like  men  and  birds. 

Latin  M  [bis]  pifdes,  two  feet 
Bipennate  or  bipinnate,  bLpen\nate  or  M.pin^nate, 

Latin  b%  [bis]  penna  or  pinna,  having  two  wings. 

Bird  {common  gender).    Cook-bird  (male\  hen-bird  (female). 
Old  Eng.  bird,  a  bird ;  brid,  a  young  bird  or  a  brood. 

Birr,  ber^  a  whirring  noise.    Burr,  a  prickly  plant. 

"  Birr/'  an  on'omatope  (4  syL)  "  Burr,"  Old  Eng.  bwre,  the  bnrdock. 

Birth,  act  of  being  bom.    Berth,  a  sleeping-place.    {See  Berth.) 

Bis-  (prefix),  Latin  bis,  "two,"  "twofold,"  "double."  The  "s"  is 
dropped  before  consonants  (except  in  bis-cuit  and  bU-sex- 
tile.  Before  "  o  "  it  becomes  bin-,  as  bin-ode^  bin-oxide. 
In  Chemical  nomenclature  it  denotes  that  the  gas  is  two- 
fold the  quantity  of  the  base.  Thus  bi-carbonate  of 
potash  means :  two  equivalents  of  carbonic  acid  gas  to 
one  of  potash. 

Biscuit,  bis'.kit  (Ft.  bis-cuit,  twice  cooked ;  Lat.  bis  coctlus]). 

l?his  word  and  "  bis-sextile "  are  the  only  two  which 
retain  the  8  of  "bis"  before  a  consonant. 

Bisected,   bi.sek\ted.    Cut  into  two  equal*  parts. 

Latin  bi  [bis]  sectua,  cut  into  two  parts  (called  biseg'ments). 

Bishop.    In  the  Saxon  period  called  bisceop  or  biscop,  and  his 
diocese  a  bisceopdom  or  biscopdom.    Contraction  of  Greek 
episkdpos,     Latin  episcopus  ('piscop'). 
Greek  epi  8k6p6$,  an  overseer  (of  the  clergy) ;  verb  dOpfy,  to  look. 

Bismuth,  biz.mUth  not  biss.muth  (French).    A  metaL 

In  German  it  is  h^mulh  or  vfismnth. 
Bison,  bi'.8on  (Greek  bison).    A  wild  ox  with  a  hunch. 
Bissextile,  bis. ses^. tile.    Leap-year.    {See  Biscuit.) 

Latin  bis  sextilU,  the  sixth  [of  the  calends  of  March  or  February  24, 
*       counted]  twice.    Now,  a  day  (29;  is  added  to  February. 

Bisulphate,  bi.suV-fate,    A  salt  containing  two  equivalents  of 
sulphuric  acid  to  one  of  the  base. 

Latin  hi  [bis]  mlphur,  sulphur  twice.  The  suffix  -ate  denotes  a  salt 
where  the  acid  is  mo<tt  oxidised,  and  therefore  ends  \n  -ic:  as 
sulphu'ric  acid  ;  -ite  denotes  a  salt  where  the  acid  is  less  oxidised, 
and  therefore  ends  in  -ou«,  as  sulphite  a  salt  formed  of  suXphUnnu 
add  with  a  base. 

Bit,  a  morseL    Bitts  (plural),  two  pieces  of  timber  in  the  fore- 
part of  a  ship  round  which  cables  are  fastened. 

Bit,  bitt-ed,  bitt-ing.     To  put  the  bit  into  a  borse's  mouth. 

Bitt,  to  put  the  cable  round  the  bitts ;  bitt-ed,  bitt-ing. 

"  Bit,*'  Old  Eng.  U^anl  P^t  hdt,  past  part,  hiten,  to  bite. 
"  Bitt,"  Old  Eng.  hitol,  a  bridle  fa  cable  is  the  ship's  bridle]. 
{The  second  "t "  i«  added  to  distinguish  the  ttoo  vords.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  57 

Bitch,  femxnine  of  dog.    Also  a  gender-word  as  hitch-fox^  dog- 
fox ;  biteh-ape,  dog-ape ;  bitch-otter,  dog-otter,  &o. 
Old  English  bioee  or  bycge,  s  bitch. 
Bite  (with  the  teeth).     Bight,  a  bay.     {See  Bight.) 

Bite,  past  hit,  past  part,  bitten  [bit] ;  bit-ing,  bit-er.  H.  xiz. 

Bitter,  bi1f.tert  aeiid.    Biter,  bVAer,  one  who  bites. 

*'  Ktter,"  Old  £ng.  biter,  bitter.    **  Biter/'  Old  Eng.  bitt,  s  moraeL 
BittB  (for  cables).     Bits  (for  horses).    See  Bit. 
Bitumen,  bttu\men  not  b%f,u.men.     Mineral  pitch  or  tar. 

Bitn'miniae,  bita'minisa"tion  (s  not  "z.")    Kule  xxxi. 

Latin  bitumen;  (Greek  pUia,  pitch  or  tar.) 

BiYonao  (French),  biv\oo,ak.    To  encamp  in  the  open  air. 

It  onght  to  be  pronounced  biv.wdkf  '*  on  **  in  French  being  equal  to 
«:  thus  "25ouave'*  (1  syL),  Zwarve,  "Edouard,"  Ed.ward. 

Biweekly,  bi.weekly.  Twice  a  week.  This  word  is  quit<«  inde- 
fensible. It  means  **  Every  two  weeks "  (once  a  forr- 
night).  The  compound  is  also  abnormal.  Bi  (Latin) 
weekly  (Ang.-Sax.)  It  should  be  Twyweekly,  twice  a  week. 

Bizam  not  bizzarre  (French),  &i.za/.    Fantastic. 

Bazaar  is  a  mart  or  d^pdt  of  fancy  articles.    (See  Bazaar. ) 
Blab,  blabbed  (1  syl.),  blabb-ing,  blabb-er  (to  tell  tales).     (R.  i.) 

Norse  blahble,  to  gabble ;  QArman  plappem,  to  blab. 
Sadder  (double  d).    The  old  form  has  but  one  "  d,"  blcedre." 
Blain,  a  sore.    The  old  form  was  bUegen. 

Same,   blam-able   (not  blame-able),  blam-ably   (B.  xix.  xx.), 
blame-ful,  blame-less,  &c,,  blame- worthy.    (Rule  xvii.) 
{Only  words  ending  in  "  -ce  *'  and  "  -ge  "  retain  the  "  e  " 
before  the  postfix  "-able.") 

Blancmange,  blam-mo'nj\    A  white  jelly-like  confection. 

An  English  i)erver8ion  of  the  French  blancmanger. 

Blaze,  blair  (like  a  cow).    Blear,  ble'-ar,  sore :  as  "  blear-eyes." 

"  Blare,**  Low  Oerman  blarren,  to  cry.  "  Blear,"  Danish  blcere,  a  sore. 

Bbufpheme',  blasphe'ming,  blasphemed'  (2  syl.),  blasphe'raer ; 

but  blas'phSmous,  blas'phSmously,  blas'phSmy.      (The 

"  6  "  long  in  Greek.) 

QnekbUuphimed  (blapris  ph4mi),  to  opeak  hnrtfol  words.     "Blas- 
phSmy/'  Greek  iUupfUmia;  "  blasphemous,"  Greek  blaspMmds. 

-Ue  (postfix)  Lat.  -bil[i8],  added  to  nouns :  "  able  to,"  "full  of,"&c. 
Bfeach,  bleech.    To  whiten.    (The  '  *  ea  "  is  the  diphthong  d.) 

Old  Eni^h  Uddian]  or  blddiicm],  to  bleach. 
Bleak,  bUek,     Cold.    (The  *•  ea  "  is  the  diphthong  d.) 

Old  Eng.  bUhe  or  bUUs,  pale,  bleak.    So  Lat.  pallidiis,  pale,  bleak. 
Bear,  bleer,  sore.    Blare,  blare,  to  bellow.    {See  Blare.) 


58  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

^BA&bX,  hleet  (like  a  sheep).    (The  "  e&"  is  the  diphthong  a). 

Old  Eng.  hUxt^  a  bleating ;  verb  hlasUm,  to  bleat. 
Bleed,  past  B^ndi  past  participle  Ued;  blooded,  by  venesection. 

Old  English  bUdJian\,  to  bleed,  or  to  draw  blood. 
Blend,  past  blended,  past  participle  blended  or  blent. 

Old  English  &2encl[an],  past  blond,  past  participle  bUmden. 
-blende,  a  word  added  to  several  metals :  as  "  horn-blende,'*  &c. 

German  hlendejit  to  dazzle.    The  metals  so  named  are  Instrow. 
Bless,  to  make  happy.    Bliss,  happiness.    Old  Eng.  hliSy  joy. 
Bless,  past  blessed  (1  syL)  or  blest,  past  participle  blest 

Blessed    (a4j.,   "happy,"    "extolled"),    bUss'-ed    (2    syl.) 

(Blessed  be  the  dead  which  die  in  the  Lord. — ^Rev.  xiv. 

Blessed  be  the  God  of  Abraham.)    Similarly,  blessedly, 

bless'. eddy  ;  blessedness,  ble82f.ed.ness. 

Old  English  hU88[ian\,  xMut  hUstode,  past  participle  hltuodf  to  bless. 

Blight,  blite.    A  disease  of  plants  by  which  they  are  withered. 
Old  English  btoctA,  nut,  mildew. 

Bliss  (Old  English  &2m,  joy).    Bless  (Old  English  bUs»\ianlX/o 
make  joyful). 

Blithe,  not  bllrh,  cheerful    Old  English  blUhCy  joyful. 

Blithely,  blitheful,  blithesome,  blithesomeness,blithesomely. 
(Only  "  whole"  "  due,"  and  "  true"  drop  the  "  e  "  before  -ly,) 

Bloat,  blote ;  bloated,  bloater.    A  herring  slightly  dried. 

Blond  (adj.) ;  blonde  (noun),  a  woman  of  fair  complexion  and 
light  hair.    A  dark  woman  is  a  brunette.     (French.) 

Blossom  (double  s).    The  old  form  had  but  one  "  s,"  bldsm. 

Blood,  bliid ;  bloody ;  bloodi-er,  blud\\.er ;  bloodi-est,  blud^'X^estt 
bloodi-ly,  blud\i.ly ;  bloodi-ness,  blud'.i.ness. 
Old  Eng.  bldd,  blood ;  bUSdig,  bloody ;  blddgian  (verb). 

Bloom,  not  blume.    Old  Eng.  bldsm,  softened  into  bWm  (B.  Ixi) 
Old  Eng.  bl6sm\ian\,  past  bldsmode,  past  part,  bldsmod,  to  bloom. 

Blot,  blott-ed,  blott-ing,  blott-er,  blott-y  (Rule  i.) 

Old  Eng.  bldt,  black  [spot] ;  verb  blatian],  past  blatode,  p.  p.  blatod. 

Blouse,  blooz  not  blduze.    A  short  blue  smock-frock  worn  by 
French  artisans.    German  blau-los,  loose  blue. 

Blow,  past  blew,  past  participle  blown. 

Old  Eng.  bMtcian],  past  bUow,  past  part,  bldtoen,  to  blow,  or  bresQM; 
but  bl&w[ian],  past  bl&wode.  past  part.  bl&u)oa,  to  blow  or  blossom. 
"  Let  the  pealing  organ  blow,"  is  correct,  because  ths  organ  toundi 
only  when  the  organ  pipes  "  blow  "  or  trantmit  the  blast  of  the  M- 
lows.  "  Let  the  fire  blow,"  would  be  nonsense,  beeaui*  the  fire  dom 
not  bum  by  trammUiing  ike  liUuA  qf  t/M  beUotos. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  69 

flue,  a  colour.    Old  Eng.  hUo.    Blew  (did  blow),  tee  above. 

BlneneaB,  blnebeU,  <fec.    **  A  fit  of  the  bliies,"  spleen  (B.  xvii.) 
Bla-ish,  blu-ishly,  blu-ishness  (Bule  xix.) 

nor,  blurred  (1  syl),  blorr-ing.    To  blemish.    (Bule  i.) 

Soft  (a  serpent),  hd'jih.    Boar  (a  pig),  hd\ar.    Bore  (to  make  ^ 
hole),  tore.    Boor  (a  rustic),  hoo'r. 

"Boa,"  Latin  hoa,  from  hos,  s  cow,  which  it  was  snpposed  to  snok. 
"  Boar,"  O.  Eng.  Mr.  "  Bore,"  0.  Eng.  h&r,  %  bore ;  Mrfian],  to  bore. 
"  Boot,**  Ihiteh  how,  a  farmer ;  Old  luglish  ne-hir,  s  nutic. 

kMT,  bd^MT,  a  male  pig ;  female  BCfW,    {See  Boa.) 

kMxd,  hdrd,  a  plank ;  to  famish  with  lodgings  and  meals. 

Bored,  bordy  perforated.    Bawd,  a  procnress. 

"Board,"  Old  Eng.  hdrd,  a  plank ;  alio  "food  and  lodging." 
**Bored,"  Old  Eng.  bdr[ian],  past  bdrode,  past  part,  bdrod,  to  bore. 
"Bawd,"  French  haude  (baudir,  to  incite.) 

Board-of-Trade,  plural  Boards-of-Trade,  &c. 

{Phrases  compounded  with  aprep.pluralise  only  the  Ist  word.) 

Boarder,  one  who  boards.    Border,  an  edging.   (Both  alike.) 

Borderer,  one  who  lives  on  a  frontier  or  border-land. 

Boarding,  pree,  part,  ef  board.  Bordering,  making  a  border. 

BoMt,  botte ;  boaster,  boasting,  boast'fol,  boast'fully,  &c. 

Welah  host,  a  boast ;  hostiad,  a  boasting ;  hostiior,  a  boaster ;  hostio,  v. 
Boit,  bote,  a  vessel  urged  by  oars.    Boot  (for  the  foot). 

Boated,  past  tense  of  boat.    Booted  (wearing  boots). 

Boating.    Boatswain,  a  ship's  officer  in  charge  of  the  boats. 

Boatman,  one  whose  trade  is  to  manage  a  boat. 

Boatsman,  an  amateur  manager  of  boats :  as  Lord  Star  is 

a  good  boatsman,  not  boatman. 
Old  English  hdt,  a  boat ;  hdt-swdn,  a  boatswain. 

Bob,  bobbed  (1  syL),  bobb-ing.     To  fish  with  a  bob,  <fcc.  (B.  i.) 
Bop.     (Provincial.)    To  duck  to  avoid  something. 

Bobbin.    A  spool  on  which  cotton  is  wound.    (Double  b.) 

French  bcibine  (only  one  h).    Bobbin,  in  French,  means  "  bobbinet." 

)ode;  boded,  bo\ded;  bod-ing,  bonding.    To  portend. 
Bodied,  bod\ed,  is  the  past  tense  of  body,  bodying,  &c. 
"Bode,"  Old  English  bodiian],  past  badode^  past  part,  bodod. 

lodioe,  bod\is8,  a  corset.    Bodies,  bod'.iz^  plu.  of  body. 

Old  Eng.  hodig  utu,  a  restraint  or  stay  for  the  trunk.    {See  Body.) 

Odleian  (library),  Bod\le.an.    A  library  at  Oxford.     So  called 
in  honour  of  Sir  T.  Bodley,  its  founder. 


60  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Body,  plu.  bodies,  bod\iz  ;  bodied,  bod\ed  ;  bod'i-ly,  bod'i-less ; 
possessive  singular  hod^y'^y  possessive  plural  bodies';  body- 
guard, body-lmen,  body-politio  (Rule  x.) 
Old  Eng.  hodig,  the  trunk  of  a  man,  the  whole  body  was  called  Uc 

Bog,  boggy  (full  of  bogs).    Bogy,  ho.gy,  a  hobgoblin. 

*         Bog,  Gaelic ;  Irish  hogcuik,    **  Bogj,"  Welsh  bwg,  with  -y  diminntive. 

Boisterous,    'boice\te.rus ;     boisterously,    boisterOusness,    not 
hoistrouSy  hoistroushff  boistrousness, 
Welsh  hwystiis,  savage,  ferocious  (Jbwyst,  a  savage,  f eroci^X 
Bold,  intrepid.    Bowled,  6oM,  past  tense  of  "  to  bowL** 

"  Bold,"  Old  Eng.  h6ld  or  hiUd.    "  Bowled,"  French  hotUe,  a  bowL 
Bolder  (more  bold).    Boulder,  a  large  rounded  stone. 

Bole  (1  syl.),  the  truilk  of  a  tree.    Bowl,  bole,  a  basin. 

"  Bole,"  Welsh  hoi,  the  belly.    "  Bowl,"  Old  Eng.  bolla,  a  basin. 

Bolero,  plu,  boleros^  bo,lai'/,ro,  bodair^,oee,    A  Spanisb  dance. 

Boletus,  ho.leel'.tus  (Latin).    A  species  of  fungus* 

Bolster,  a  long  pillow.    Bolsterer,  one  who  bolsters-up  another. 

Old  English  holfter,  a  pillow ;  i.e.,  bol,  a  sleeping-room,  -ster,  some- 
thing habitual  or  common  to  a  bedroom.    (See  -ster.) 

Bomb,  bom,  an  explosive  shell.    Boom  (of  a  ship). 

"  Bomb,"  Latin  bomhiis,  a  blast.     *'  Boom,*'  Dutch  boom,  a  spar. 

Bombardier  (Fr.),  bSm' -bar, deer".    The  soldier  who  fires  bombs. 

Bombasine,  b8m\ba.zeen.    A  cloth  made  of  sUk  and  cotton. 
It  ought  to  be  bombycine,  bom\by.tiin, 

Ladn  btymbydCnva,  made  of  silk  (hombyx,  silk  or  fine  cotton  jram ; 
Qreek  bombux,  the  silk- worm). 

Bon  mot  (French),  bohn  mo,    A  witticism. 

Bon  ton  (French),  boKn  to'gn.    Good  in  the  opinion  of  fashion. 

Bon  vivant  (French),  boh*n  veeiVah'gn,    One  who  loves  to  eat. 

Bonne  bouche  (French),  bon  bou^cK    A  dainty  or  "  tit  bit.*' 

Bona  fide  (Latin),  bo\nafi\dS,  In  good  faith,  without  deception. 

Bona  fides,  bo\nafi\deez.    An  equitable  intention. 

-bond  (postfix,  Latin  -bund[vs])k    Added  to  gerundial  nouns : 
as  vagabond,  a  wandering  person  or  vagrant. 

Bond-man,  /<m<  bond-woman,  plu,  bond-men,  -women,  a  slave. 

Bonds-man,  fern,  bonds-woman,  a  surety. 

Bone  (1  syl.),  boned  (1  syl.),  bon-ing,  bon-y.    Bon  (Fr.),  good. 
'*  Bone,"  Old  Eng.  Mit,  a  bone.    "  Bon,"  Latin  bonlus],  good. 

Bonito,   plur,  bonitoes  (Spanish),  boMee\toze,     A  species  of 
tunny-fish. 


AND  OF  SPELLING. 


Boa'^net  (for  the  head).    Bonnette,  him'et  (in  fortification). 

doQ^neted,  bon'neting  (with  only  one  t).    Role  ii. 

Both  French  (eonnected  witii  hen,  tiie  head  or  top,  as  Ben-NeTU). 

Bonny,  bon\ny  (jolly) ;  boni-ly.    Bony,  bd'.ny,  full  of  bones. 

*'  Bonny,"  Latin  bomu,  good,  with  -y  diminutive. 
"Bony,"  Old  English  bdnen,  adjectiye  of  bdn,  bone. 

Booby,  plu.  boobies;  pos.  sing,  booby's,  pos.pla,  boobies',  hoo'.'bez, 

Spanish  b^bo,  a  dolt. 

Book,  booh  not  hooke,    (Old  English  h6c.)    Rule  Ix. 

Boom  (of  a  ship).    Bomb,  &^,  an  explosive  shell.    {See  Bomb.) 
Dat<di  hoom,  a  spar.    Bonunon,  to  sound  like  %n  emptj  tub  (B.  IxL) 

Boon,  a  &YOur ;  corruption  of  the  Old  Eng.  &^,  a  petition. 
Boon  (companion) ;  Latin  bonus,  good  (Rule  Ixi.) 

Boor,  a  rustic.  Bore,  to  perforate.  Boar  (pig).  Boa,  a  serpent,  q.v. 

Boot  (for  the  foot).    Boat,  bote  (for  the  water).    {See  Boat) 

French  botte,  a  boot    "  Boot,"  profit.  Old  Eng.  Me,  profit  (B.  IxL  / ) 

Bootes,  Bo.d\teez,  a  constellation.    (Greek  bodtia,  a  herdsman.) 

Booth,  boothe  not  boorh,  a  shed.    Both,  both,  the  two  (R.  Ixii.  b). 

**  Booth,"  Gaelic  bdth :  Law  Latin  botha,  a  tent 
"Both,**  Old  English  bd-t%od,  both  two. 

Booty,  spoiL  Beauty,  bu\ty,  what  is  handsome,  Botty,  priggish. 

"  Booty,**  French  bwtin,  spoil    "  Beauty,  French  heaut4, 
"Botty,"  Welsh  bostiwr,  a  boaster ;  verb  bostio,  to  brag. 

Borado,  bo,ras',lky  adjective  of  "  borax."    (French.) 

Borage,  hS'.rSge  not  bur.ridge.    A  herb. 

Corruption  of  Garage,  Latin  eor-ago,  to  act  on  the  heart :  so  called 
from  its  cordial  virtues :  Ego  Bardgo  gaudia  semper  ago :  that  is. 
"  Burrage  gives  courage,"  or  "  Borage,  X  ween,  drives  away  spleen." 

lorder,  baw\der,  an  edging.    Boarder,  one  who  boards,  q.v, 
tore,  to  perforate.  Boor,  &oo'r,  a  rustic.  Boa,  &d.a^,  a  serpent,  g.v. 
oreoole,  bdr.kdle  (a  vegetable).    Welsh  bore  cawl,  early  cabbage. 

am  (to  life).    Borne,  bom,  carried.    Bourn,  bo'um,  a  Hmit. 

"  Bom  "  and  '*  Borne,"  Old  English  boren,  verb  birianl  to  bear. 
"  Bourn,"  French  borne,  a  limit  or  boundary. 

rough.  Burrow,  Borrow,  Barrow. 

Borough,  bur'rdh,  a  town  "  represented,"  but  not  episcopal 

Burrow,  bur^ro,  a  rabbit's  lodge. 

Borrow,  bor^ro,  to  take  on  loan. 

Barrow,  bar^ro,  a  hand-cart,  a  mound  over  the  dead. 


''Borough,"  Old  English  buruh  or  burug,  a  city.    Also  bturh. 
"Burrow,    Old  English  hurigen,  a  sepulchre,  or  bwruh,  a  dwelling. 


"Borrow,"  Old  English  horhor  boro,  a  loan. 

mi   " 


"Barrow,"  Old  EngUsh  bereiM,  a  wheelbarrow :  htorga,  a  mound, 
tw,  see  above.    (Double  r.) 


62  ERRORS  Oh  SPEECH 

Bob  (in  Zo6logy)y  the  ox  gena«  of  animaXs.    Boss,  a  knob. 

"  Bos,"  Latin  &o«,  ox,  bull,  cow,  &e.    ''Bou,"  French  hoitt,  %  hump. 

Boeom,  hooz\om  not  buzzum.    Old  Eng.  b^m.    (Rule  Ix.  <L) 

Botany,  bot.a.ny,  (Greek  hotanS,  herbage.)  This  word  sboold 
be  limited  to  fodder  and  herbage.  The  science  of  plants 
should  be  phytology,  fi.toV.o.gy.  (Greek  phutSn  ldg58, 
plants  the  subject.) 

Both,  both  not  borth.  Booth,  boothe,  A  tent-shop.   {See  Booth.) 

Both  of  tlLem,  "  Both-of ''  has  an  adverbial  sense.  It  does 
not  mean  both  out  of  them,  but  them  both4y  or  both- 
together.    {See  All.    All  of  them.) 

Bottle,  botf.tl  (for  wine,  &c,)    Bottel,  a  bundle  (bottel  of  hay). 

"  Bottle,"  French  bouteille;  Low  Lathi  btsHeiUa  or  huUieuia,  a  littl* 

6u«aor  *butt" 
"  Bottel,*^  French  boUU  a  little  botte  or  bundle. 

Bottom  (double  t).    The  older  form  was  botm. 
Boudoir  (French),  boo'.dwor,    A  lady's  private  room. 
Bough,  bow  (of  a  tree).    Bow  (of  a  boat),  to  bend  the  head. 

*'  Bough,"  Old  English  boh,  genitive  boges  (2  lyL) 

"Bow,"  to  bend  the  head,  Old  English  biig[<m]  imperfect  &if^ 

Boulder,  bold\er,  a  large  rounded  stone.    Bolder  (more  bold). 

"Boulder,"  corruption  of  Ixnolder,  a  [stone  which  has  heen]  bowled 

about. 
"Bolder,"  Old  English  hdldra,  more  b<dd  fb(UdJ. 

Bounty,    plu.    bounties,    boun.tiz ;    bounti-ful,    bonjitt4iiIly, 
bounti-fulness ;   but  bounte-ous,  bounte-ously^  bonnte- 
ouBDess.    [There  is  no  sufficient  reason  for  this  change  of 
the  vowel.    See  Beauty.) 
French  h<mt4,  Latin  bdnitas,  goodness  (bdnus  good). 

Bouquet,  plural  bouquets  (French),  boo\kay\  boo.haze^. 

Bourgeois,  bourjshwoiz  (sing  and  plural).  A  citizen,  a  burgess. 
(Pronounced  bour-zhwoi  in  French.) 

Bourn,  bo'um  not  bom,  ia  limit,  a  country.  Bom,  brought  fbrtli. 
Borne,  carried.    {See  Bom.) 

Bow,  biHw  (to  rhyme  with  now) :  (1)  a  salutation  with  the  heed, 
(2)  the  fore  part  of  a  boat  or  ship,  (3)  to  bend.  Bough 
(of  a  tree).    See  Bough. 

Bow,  bow  (to  rhyme  with  grow):  (1)  the  propeller  of  arrows, 
(2)  a  curve,  (3)  an  instrument  used  with  a  violin,  Ste, 

**  Bttw  •*  (to  bend) :  tM.  Eng.  he^an\  h€6i^an\  or  bUf^anl 
**  Bow  "  (for  shooting  arrows)  is  from  the  same  verb. 

%*  Compounds  in  which  "  bow  '*  rhymes  with  v<m  : — 

£5w-grace  (sea  term),  bdwman  (first  oar),  bdwpieee  (of  a 
ship),  bdwline  (in  ships),  the  Spanish  bolina. 


AXD  OF  BPELLING,  63 

%•  Gompounds  in  which  **  bow  "  rhymes  with  grow  : — 

Bow-bearer,  bow-bent,  bow-dye  (so  called  from  Bow,  near 
London),  bow-hand,  bow-instruments  (as  violins,  &c.\ 
bdw-legged,  bow-less,  bow-man  (an  archer),  bow-net,  bow- 
saw, bow-shot,  bow-sprit,  b$w«string,  bow- window,  &c. 

Bows,  bSwz  (of  a  ship).  Bows,  bdwz  (of  a  saddle).  Bouse, 
to  drink.    French  huveWy  a  drinker,  boire ;  L.  Lat.  buo. 

Bowed,  bSwd  (term  in  heraldry).  Bowed,  bowd,  bent. 
Bode,  to  portend.    Old  English  bod[ian'\,  to  tell. 

Bowing,  bSW'ing,  saluting.    Bowing,  bow-ingy  curviDg. 

{Am  "  bSw  '*  and  "  bow  "  are  from  the  same  verb,  the  only 
excuse  for  the  twofold  pron/tmeiation  is  that  of  making 
the  ttnse  more  clear,) 

Bowel,  |)2tiraZ  boweb,  bSw.elj  bSw.elz  ("h6w"  to  rhyme  with 
voir),  bowell-ed,  bowell-ing.    (Bale  iii.  -el.) 
French  hod,  Latin  boteUtu,  the  gut 
Bower,  bdwer  (in  a  garden),  a  boudoir.    Old  Eng.  biir,  a  bower. 

Bower-anchor,  bihvxr  an.kor  not  bow.er  an.kor.  The 
second  anchor,  carried  at  the  ship's  bdws. 

Bowie  Knife,  bow\ee  nife  not  bSw'.ee  nife.  Used  in  North 
America.  So  called  from  "  Jim  Bowie,"  one  of  the  most 
daring  characters  of  the  United  States. 

Bowl,  bowl,  a  basin.    Bole,  a  clayey  earth. 

"  Bowl,"  French  houU,  a  bowL    ** Bole,"  Greek  bdlds,  a  elod. 

Bowler,  bowLer  not  b8w,ler.    One  who  bowls. 

Bowling'-green,  bowl.ing  green  not  bSw.Ung  green, 

Bo^ed,  bowld  not  bSwld,    Bold,  intrepid.    {See  Bold.) 

Boy,  plu.  boys,  feminine  Girl,  plu.  girls.    Buoy,  a  float. 

"B07,"  Old  English  byre,  a  son  (verb  byriiari],  to  raise). 
"  Buoy/'  French  houie;  Butch  boH,  a  float. 

Brace,  a  tie ;  two  head  of  game,  <S;o.    Brass,  a  mixt  metal. 

Brace  (verb),  braced  (1  syl.),  brac-ing,  brac-er ;  but  brace-let. 

"Brace,"  French  brat,  the  arms,  hence  embosser,  to  hug. 
"Brass/*  Old  English  brcu,  hvass. 

Brachial,  bray\ki,dL    Pertaining  to  the  arms. 

Latin  brdehicUis  (Jbrdehlwn,  the  arm) ;  Greek  brachidn. 

Brachiopod,  plu.  brachiopods  or  brachiopoda,  brdk\td.pdd, 
ln'Sk'.i.5p'\S.day,    Molluscs  with  feet  like  arms. 

Greek  brachidn  potts  fpodotj,  arms  [for]  feet. 

Brag,  bragged  (1  syl.),  bragg-ing,  bragg-ingly,  bragg-er,  braggart. 

Braggadocio,  plu.  braggadocios.     (Bule  xlii.) 

Old  EngUah  braglani  to  pretend  to  arrogate  to  oneself. 


64  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Brahman  or  Brahmin,  plu.   Brahmanf  or  Brahmins,  never 

Brahmen,    The  termination  -man  is  merely  bj  accident 

like  our  word  **  man/'  as  Boiman,  &c.    It  arises  from  the 

addition  of  -n  to  a  noun  ending  in  -mat  as  Brahma[n], 

Boma[n].    Brahmanlc,  Brahminlcal,  Brah'manism. 

**  Brahman,"  from  BrahmA  :  *'  Brahmin,"  from  Brahm, 
Brahma  or  Brahm,  chief  of  the  Hindti  Trinity. 

Braid,  brdde,  trimming.  Brayed,  past  tense  of  bray.  (See  Bray.) 
"  Braid/'  Old  English  hrede  (verb  hredian],  to  weave). 

Brain,  brcme  (of  the  head).    Old  English  IrcBgen^  the  brain. 
Brake.    A  female  fern,  a  skid,  a  carriage  for  training  horses,  (fee 

Break,  brakes  to  fracture 

"  Brake  "  Cbl  fem\  Danish  hregns.    Welsh  bnog,  bracken. 
''Brake  "  (a  skid),  Latin  brodiiiifit,  an  arm,  a  lever. 
*'  Brake  "  (a  carriage),  Old  Eng.  brecCt  a  [carriage  for]  breaking-in. 
*'  Break  "  (to  fractnre).  Old  English  breeian],  to  rupture. 

Bramble,  bram\b'l.    The  older  spelling  is  brarnbel  or  brembeL 

Bran,  brSn.    The  husk  of  ground  com.    Brann-y.    (Bule  i.) 
French  bran :  as  bran  de  scU,  sawdust. 

Bran-new.    Quite  new,  with  the  sheen  or  brightness  still  there. 

Old  Eng.  breTie  or  bryne,  shining ;  verb  bymian],  brennlan],  to  bum. 
The  word  occurs  with  a  difference  in  "  Brown  "  bnin,  tiie  colour  of 
things  burnt :  "brim-stone,"  burning  stone ;  "brand"  fhran^J  d 
being  added  to  convert  the  participle  into  a  noun  ;  "Bum-idi," 
to  make  the  surface  glow.    Not  a  corruption  of  Brandrnno, 

Brandy,  plural  brandies,  bran'.diz ;  brandied,  bran*. did, 
(German  brannt-wdn,  Dutch  brandTvrijn,  burnt-wine. 

Brass,  brds  (a  mizt  metal).  Brasses,  monumental  slabs  of  brass. 
Brassy,  brassi-ness ;  brazen,  brazier  (a  worker  in  brass). 
Old  Eng.  brcBSf  brass ;  brcesen,  braien  :  bratian,  to  brase. 

BT2LYSud.o,plu,hiAYSud.oea,bra.vah'.do,bra.vah\doze.  Brag,  (xlii) 
Spanish  bravdta,  the  brag  of  a  bully  ;  braveadir,  a  bullj. 

Brave,  braver  or  more  brave  (eomp.)y  bravest  or  most  brave  (sup,), 
braved  (1  syl.),  brav-ing,  brav-ery,  brave-ly.   (Fr.  bnive.) 

Bravo,  plu.  bravos,  brah\voze.    Assassins  for  hire.    (Rule  xlii) 
Italian  brdvo  (noun  and  adj.)  ;  Spanish  brdvo  (adj.),  ferocious. 

Bray,  brays,  brayed  (1  syl.),  bray-ing,  bray-er.  (Fr.  braire.)  R.  xiii. 

Braze,  to  solder  with  brass.    Braise,  charcoal  used  in  a  brasier. 

Braize,  a  method  of  cooking  over  a  slow  fire.  Bn^ya,  Srd 
per.  sing,  of  bray.    Breeze,  refuse  coke,  &q. 

"  Braze,"  Old  English  brcuiianl,  to  cover  with  brass. 

"  Braise,"  French,  prepared  charcoal  for  cooking  purposes. 

"  Braise."  French  hraiMT,  to  bake  over  braise. 

"  Brays  "  (i>oubds  in  a  mortar).  Old  Eng.  &roe[an].  to  bruise. 

'  Breese,"  French  bn«tf,  broken ;  Latin  briso,  something  trodden  on. 


tt 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  65 

Brazen,  ought  to  be  hasen^  adj.  of  hratt,  not  "  soldered." 
Old  Engliah  brauen,  made  of  brass  [hrcu). 

Brazier,  one  who  brazes  or  works  in  brass.    Brasier,  a  pan 
to  hold.  "  braise  "  or  charcoal  in  ignition. 

Breach,  breechy  a  gap.    Breech,  the  thick  end  of  a  gun,  &c. 

**  Breach/'  Old  Eng.  brice  (c=ch),  a  fracture  :  French  breche. 
**  Breech  "  (the  hinder  part  or  bottom),  Old  Eng.  briCf  breeches. 

Bread,  hrSdy  food.    Bred,  past  and  past  part,  of  breed. 

*'  Bread.**  Old  Eng.  bread  or  bread,  bread,  food  generallf. 
"  Bred/^  Old  Eng.  breed  of  the  verb  6r^cQan],  to  nourish. 

Bi-eadth.  "Length,"  "depth,"  "breadth;"  "height"  not  heighth. 

Old  Eng.  brddy  broad,  with  -tk.    This  suffix  added  to  adjectives 
converts  them  into  abstract  nouns,  as  strong,  gtrengih;  &c. 

Break,  brake  not  breeky  to  rupture.     Brake,  a  female  fern. 
Break,  pa«t  broke  [brake],  j7a«t  part,  broken  [broke]. 

BreakfjEUStt,  brek'.fdsU    The  morning  meal  (break  [the]  fast). 

Breaking,  brdke.ing  not  breek.ing.    (See  Break.) 

Bream,  a  fish  of  the  carp  family.    Brim,  brim,  a  rim,  a  brink. 

"  Bream,"  French  britne  {bramd].     **  Brim,"  Old  Eng.  brymme. 
Breast,  brest  (of  the  body).    Old  Eng.  bredst,  the  breast. 
Breath,  brith  (noun) ;  breathe,  breethe  (verb).    Bule  li. 

Breath  (6r^tA),  breath'-less,  breath'-lessly,breath'-les8ness. 

Breathe  (breethe)  y  breathed  (1  syl.),  breath' -ing,   breathes 

(1  syl.),  breath'-er,  breath'-ing-time. 

Old  Eng.  brdthy  breath,  an  odour,  exhalation. 

Breccia,  brech\e.&h,    A  rocky  mass  of  angular  fragments.    A 

mass  of  rounded  fragments  is  a  Conglomerate. 

It  ought  to  be  bricia  (Italian),  a  fragment.    The  Italian  word  breccia 
means  a  "breach." 

Breech,  plural  breeches,  breech,  britch\ez.    In  the  singular  it 
means  the  hinder  part,  as  the  "  breech  "  of  a  gun.    In 
the  plural  it  means  trousers  terminating  at  the  knees. 
The  verb  (breech)  means  to  flog ;  and  also  to  change  the 
petticoat-suit  of  young  boys  for  jacket  and  trousers. 
Breach,  breech,  a  gap,  an  opening.     (See  Breach.) 
Breed,  bredey  to  hatch,  to  generate.    Bread,  bred,  food,  q.v. 
Breed,  past  bred,  past  participle  bred. 
Old  English  br4d{an],  past  brdd,  past  part.  brSden,  to  nourish. 
Breeze,  refuse  coke.    A  gentle  wind.    A  gad-fly. 

** Breeze"  (refuse  coke),  French  bris^,  broken  ;  Latin  brisa. 

"  Breeze"  (a  gentle  wind),  French  brise,  a  breeze. 

**  Breeze"  (a  gad-fly),  also  spelt  Brlse,  Old  Eag.  briose,  a  gad-fly. 

BresBommer.    It  ought  to  be  Bretsumer,  a  beam  over  a  shop 

window,  <fec.,  to  support  the  weight  above  it. 

German  bret,  a  plank  or  beam,  and  tvrnier  (Welsh)  supporter. 

E 


66  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Brethren,  plural  of  brother,  chiefly  need  in  Scripture  language 

For  all  general  purposes  the  plural  of  brother  is  bioUierB. 

"  Brethren  "  is  altogether  a  Unnder.    The  Old  BagUah  was  tfr&thor, 
plural  brdthra  or  brdthru^  later  form  tnithft. 

Breve  (1  syl.),  &  note  in  Music.    Brief,  brefe  (of  a  barrister). 

*'  Breve."  not  Ital  but  French  hrboeOn  Mtuic).    Ital.  is noto iiUierm. 
''Brief/'  Latin  ItrevU,  short.    A  short  sumnuuy  of  a  oaase. 

Brevet,  brev\et  [rank].    An  honorary  degree  in  the  army,  being 
one  grade  higher  than  that  which  takes  the  pay. 

French  hrtwt,  brevet  rank,  a  commission. 
Brevier,  brev,veet^.    A  small  type,  like  that  used  in  this  line. 

Latin  hr§vi$t  small    Said  to  have  been  tbe  type  of  brwvUvrim. 

Bridal,  bruddl,  acljective  of  bride.    Bridle,  bri.d%  for  a  horse. 

BHddl  or  Brydal  was  the  marriage  feast,  the  "bride  ale."     The 

adjective  of  bride  in  Old  English  is  ftridUc  or  brydMc. 
*'  Bridle,"  Old  £ng.  bridel  ox  brydd  (verb  brid\icm],  to  eurbX 

Bride,  moiculine  bridegroom,  a  corruption  of  bridegume. 

Old  Eng.  brid  or  bryd ;  brid  or  bryd  gvma 

N.B. — Gum-  (prefix)  denotes  excellence.  Oumrmann,  the  famous  man. 

Oum-eyntif  man-kind;  Gttmo,  man  "iMur  raroellence." 

Bridesmaid,  attendant  on  the  bride.  Best  man,  attend- 
ant on  the  bridegroom,  (JBrtdcmaid  is  incorrect.  It 
does  not  mean  the  bridal  maid,  as  "  bridecake"  means 
the  bridal  cake,  but  the  maid  of  the  bride* 

Brideca.ke,  not  bridescake.  It  means  the  bridal  cake  not 
the  cake  of  the  bride. 

Bridge  (over  a  river).    Brig,  a  ship  with  two  masts. 

"  Bridge,"  Old  Eng.  bricg.    "  Brig,"  a  contraction  of  brxgantin€. 

Bridle,  bri\d'l  (for  a  horse).    Bridal,  br%\dal,  adj.  of  l»ide,  q.v. 

Bridled,  br%\d'ld;  bridling,  brWd'ling;  bridler,  bri^A'Ur, 

Brief,  brefe,  the  summary  of  a  cause.    Breve  (in  Music),  q.v. 

Brier  or  briar  (a  plant).    Briery  (Old  Eng.  brter,  a  brier). 

Brigade  Major,  plwral  brigade  majors,  bri.gdde',  <fec. 

Brigade  General,  plural  brigade  generals,  bri.gdde\  &c. 
Bright,  brUe,  shining,  clear.  (0.  Eng.  beorht  corrupted  to  breoM^ 

Brighfen  (verb),  brightened  (2  syL),  brightening. 

Bright-ly,  bnght-ness,  bright-eyed,  bright-shining,  &c. 

Brilliant,  briV.yanU    (French  brilUmt,  verb  briller,  to  shine.) 

Brim,  a  rim.    Bream,  a  fish  of  the  carp  family.    {See  Bream.) 

Brimm-er,  brimmed  (1  syl.),  brimm-ing.    (Rule  i.) 

Brim-lesB,  brim-ful  (fall  to  the  brim). 

("Full,"  "fill,"  and  "all,"  drop  one  I  in  the  compounds.) 

Bzim3toii6|  tnlphiir.    (Old  Eng.  bryne-8t<me,  the  homing  stone.) 


1 

1 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  67 


ftrinded,  tabl^,  streaked.    Brindled  (diminative  of  the  aome)* 

Italian  trfnofo,  ^eokled,  spotted. 
Brine,  bdn-ish,  brin.islmess,  brin-y  (t  long).     Rale  xvii. 

Old  Bug.  Wync,  lalt  iiqvor.    {jBrgnt,  Iramia^,  hat  no  aoeani.) 
Bring,  fast  liimiglLt,  past  part,  biougtit.     To  carry  to  the  place 
where  wt  art,  to  carry  elsewhere  is  <*  to  take." 
Bring-er  and  bring-ing,  not  briti-ger  and  brin-ging  like 
finger  and  fingering,  where  the  n  stands  for.y  f jigger). 
0.  Eng.  hrin{fiflm>\  past  }yr4Me  or  bran^,  part  part.  xft-hroM  or  bnMt(7«nw 
Bristle,   bristles,    bristled,   brlttl-ing,  bristl-y,  bristli-ness, 
hri^.^1,  hri^Ji'U,  brU'yid,  bristling,  brU'.ly,  brig'.li.nets. 
Old  Eng:  hfrrt,  a  bristle.    Bj  metatj^esia  bry«i  and  dim.  le. 
BSTFAIir,  Briir:n;  Briton,  Brit  Jin;  British  (one  t). 

Britut'iiiA,  Britan'nie.    {Latin  Britannia,  Britannicus*) 
Briftany.    (Doable  t.    The  y  is  diminutive.) 

"Britain/'  Old  Eng.  Brittan,  Brytten,  Bryten,  Brtoten,  Ac. 

"Britisli,''  Old  Eng.  BHttise,  BryttUe. 

''Briton/'  Old  Bng.  BrU  or  BritU,  plu.  Brittas  (i  or  y). 

Brittle,  1nitf.t'l;    brittler  or  more  brittle,  farittlest,  or  most 
brittle;  not  britteler,  hrittelest.    Easily  broken. 
Old  Eng.  hrytlic,  rerb  hrv^anlf  to  break. 

Britzska,  Mts'^kdh  or  briz.kah,    Bussian  britshka.    An  open 
carriage  which  can  be  closed  at  pleasore. 

Broach,  to  tap.    Brooch,  an  ornament  for  the  neck  or  breast. 

'^ Broach,"  Fr.  broche,  a  qpigot.    **  Brooch/'  8p.  hroche,  a  clasp. 

Broad,  hrawd,  wide.  Brod,  a  sharp-pointed  instrument  Brood. 

"Broad."  Old  Eng.  hrdd  or  brdd,  broad. 

"  Brod,   same  as  prod,  an  awl,  a  goad  ;  Danish  broad,  a  goad. 

"Brood,"  Old  Eng.  brdd,  a  brood ;  brddig,  brooding. 

Broadwise,  not  broadways.    In  the  direction  of  the  broad  part. 

Old  Eng.  suffix  -iois,  in  the  direction  of ;  wisa,  a  director. 
Brooooli,  plural  biocoolis,  brok\  kd.li,  brok'.ko.lxz  not  hroccolow. 

Frendi  brocoH  (one  e),  a  spring  eanliflover.    (Not  Italian.) 
Brogue,  brog  {g  hard),  a  twang  in  speech,  as  the  ''Irish  brogue." 

Gaelic  brog,  a  shoe  made  of  rough  hide. 
Bzomelia,  bro.me\U.dh.    A  genus  of  plants.    So  named  from 
Olans  Bromel,  a  Swedish  naturalist.    The  pine  apple,  &c. 
Bromeliacen,  bro-m^-li.a*'-ae-e.  The  order  containing  the  above. 

In  Botany  -acem  denotes  an  order. 
Brome  (I  syl.),  or  BromiBe,  bromln.    A  non-metaUic  element. 
Brom-al,  a  fluid  obtained  flrom  brome  by  alchohol. 
Brom-ide,  a  non-a/sid  combination  of  brome  and  oxygen. 
Bxom-ic,  an  octd  combination  of  brome  and  oxygen. 
Bcom-ate,  a  salt  from  the  union  of  bromie  acid  and  a  base. 
Greek  br&mMt  txBUx.    (So  called  from  its  fetid  smell.) 


68  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Bronchia,  plural  Bronchisa,  hr^\k\.ah,  hron* , kl.ee.  The  rami- 
fications of  the  tubes  called  bronchi,  terminating  in  the 
vesicles  of  the  lungs.    Bron'chial,  bron\kl.al  (adj.) 

Bronchos,  plural  bronchi,  br&n\ku8j  bron\ki.    Bronchns, 
either  of  the  two  branches  of  the  windpipe  (bronchus 
dexter  or  bronchus  sinU^ter)^  the  two  are  the  bronchi. 
Greek  brdgehds,  the  windpiiM.    (Note  "  g  "  before  g  or  ch=**  n.**) 

Bronchitis,  hron.ki\ti8.    Inflammation  of  the  bron'chns. 

In  Medical  phraseology  the  snffix  -itis  denotes  "  inflammation  ; "  as 
carditis,  inflammation  of  the  heart ;  periton%<i«,  inflammation  of 
the  peritoneum ;  pneumonitis,  inflammation  of  the  longs. 

Bronze  (1  syl.),  bronzed  (1  syl.),  bronz-ing,  bronzes  (2  syl.), 
bronz-ite,  bronz-y.    (Italian  bronzOy  bronze.)    Bule  adx. 

Brooch,  an  ornament.    Broach,  to  tap.    {See  Broach.) 

Brood,  a  progeny;  (verb)  to  sit  to  hatch.  Broad,  hrawd^  wide  (q.v,) 
Old  English  brdd,  a  brood ;  hrddig,  brooding.    Brdd,  broad. 

Brook,  a  stream.    Broke,  broke^  past  tense  of  break,  brake. 

*'  Brook,"  Old  Eng.  brde,  a  rivulet.    "  Broke,"  broedian],  brae,  broeen. 

Broom,  a  brush.    Brougham,  broom  {q.v.)    Brome  {q.v.) 
**  Broom,"  Old  English  brdm,  the  broom  shrub. 

Broth,  brauth  not  broth.    (Old  Eng.  brdth^  broth.) 

Brothel,  broth\el.    Corruption  of  the  Fr.  bordel.    Ital.  bordeUo. 

Brother,  plu.  brothers.  In  Scripture  language,  plu.  brethren  (q.v.) 
Brother,  feminine  sister,  plural  sisters. 

Brother-in-law,  plural  brothers-in-law,  by  marriage. 

Step-brother,  plural  step-brothers,  sons  of  different  fami. 
lies  made  brothers  by  the  second  marriage  of  their  sur- 
viving parents. 
Old  Eng.  step[an],  to  bereave.    Brothers  bereaved  of  one  parent, 

Foster-brother,  plural  foster-brothers,  nursed  together. 

Old  Eng.  fdsteTy  to  feed.    Food-brothers,  fed  by  the  same  parent. 
Old  Eng.  br6ihor,  plural  br6ihra  or  hrdthrUy  later  form  br&ih/rt. 

Brougham,  broom  not  broo\am.  A  light  four-wheeled  carriage. 
So  named  from  Lord  Brougham,  whose  name,  says  Lord 
Byron,  "is  pronounced  Broom  from  Trent  to  Tay." 
Similarly  Vaughan  is  Fatim,  and  Maughan  is  Mom. 

Brow,  br5w  to  rhyme  with  "  now, "  not  brow  to  rhyme  with  **  grow/ 
Old  English  brcBto,  the  eye-brow. 

Brown,  brown  to  rhyme  with  "  gown,**  not  with  grown. 

Old  Eng.  hnin,  the  colour  of  burnt  things,  brunen  or  bumen,  bumL 
Browse  (1  syl.),  to  graze.    Brows,  eye^-brows.    {See  Brow.) 
'Browse,"  Greek  [bijbr^skd,  to  eat ;  brdHa,  food. 


<f  - 


AND   OF  SPELLING,  69 


Bmcine  or  Bmoiiia,  hru',sin  or  hru' jii.nSh.  An  extract  some- 
what  like  stryehnia  {striW ,nS.dK),  Named  after  Dr. 
Bruce,  minertdogist  and  trareller,  New  York. 

Bmin,  hrii'M,  a  bear.    Brewing,  brew.ing,  making  beer. 

Brain  is  so  named  from  Sir  Bruin,  the  bear,  in  the  German  beast- 
epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox.    (The  brun  or  hrown  animal.) 
"  Brewing/'  Old  Eng.  brethoian],  past  bredw,  past  participle  brotoen. 

Bruise,  hruse,  a  contusion.    Brews,  8rd  person  sing,  of  "  Brew." 

**  Braise/'  Old  Eng.  bryt{an],  to  braise,  past  brysde,  past  part,  brysed. 

Bruited,  bru\ted,  noised,  rumoured.    "  It  got  bruited  abroad." 

A  verb  made  from  the  French  bruit,  a  noise,  report. 

**  To  bruit,"  in  French,  is  Ripandre  un  bruit  au  loin. 

Brunette  (French),  broo.nef,    A  woman  of  dark  hair  and  com- 
plexion.     A  fair  woman  is  a  blonde  (French). 
Bms'qae  (French),  brush,  abrupt,  blunt  in  manners. 

Brate  (1  syl.),  a  dumb  anim&L     Bruit  (French),  a  rumour. 
Brut-al^  bruf-ally,  bruf-ality,  brut'-alise,  brut'-alising, 
-   bruf-alisa"tion,  brut'-ish,  brut'-ishness,  brut'-ishly,  brut'- 
ism,  brut'-ifyi  brut'-ifying,  bmf -ifles  (3  syl.),  brut'-ified 
(3  syl.)    Bole  xviL 
Latin  bruJta  [animdXia\  brnte  animala. 
Bratnm  fulmen  (Latin),  brudum  fuLmen,    A  harmless  threat. 
Bryony,  bn'Mjny,    The  wild  vine,  the  lady's  seal,  &c. 

Oreek  brutf,  to  sprout  out ;  no  plant  makes  longer  shoots. 
Babble,  bubbles,  bubbled,  bubbl-ing,  bubbl-y. 

buh',b%  bub\b'lz,  bub'.b'ld,  bub\b'ling,  bubWly. 
Dutch  bobbelf  a  bubble. 
Bucaneer  not  buccaneer  buk.a,neer,    A  sea-robber. 

Trench  b&ucemier  from  boiicaner,  to  smoke  flesh ;  boucan^  a  smoking- 
I>laee.  Boucaneers  originally  hunted  wild  beasts  for  skins,  and 
smoked  the  flesh  for  food.    {Boucan,  a  Caribbean  word.) 

Buck,  lye  in  which  clothes  are  soaked  to  bleach  ;  hence  Buck, 
a  fop,  whose  clothes  are  "  buck,**  or  well  bleached  and 
got  up,  and  Buck-basket,  a  basket  for  dirty  linen. 
Cterman  beiuihen,  to  steep  clothes  in  lye. 
Buck,  feminine  doe.    Fallow  deer.    (Old  Eng.  bue,  a  stag.) 

Buck  (a  gender-word) :  as  buck  rabbit,  doe  rabbit ;  buck 
hare,  doe  hare ;  buck  goat ;  roebuck. 

Buck-bean,  corruption  of  bog-bean.    The  marsh  or  bog  vetch. 

Buck-wheat,  corruption  of  &t^c^-wheat     Beech-wheat. 
Gorman  bvuhwe^sen,  beech-mast  or  buck-wheat. 

Bucketful,  plwral  bucketfnls  not  bucketsful.  Bucketful  is  a 
noun,  and  means  the  quantity  which  fills  a  bucket.  Two 
bucketftils  is  twice  that  quantity,  but  two  "buckets-full" 
means  two  buckets  Med  full, — quite  a  distinct  idea. 


72  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Bush,  booth  not  hiUh,  This  and  Push  are  the  only  two  words 
in  -tuh  with  the  **  u  "  like  oo.  AU  the  others  have  "  u  " 
short.  They  are  "blush,  brush,  crush,  flush,  gush,  hush, 
lush,  plush,  rush,  thrush,  aod  tush." 

"Bush  "  la  French  houchon,  a  tayem  bufh,  a  wisp. 

"  Push  **  is  French  pousser,  to  push.    (The  **  u  "  represents  Fr.  ou.) 

Business,  biz'.nez.    Vocation,  employment.    (See  Busy.) 

Bus,  a  contraction  of  Omnibus  (q.v,)    Buss,  a  kiss. 
"Btjm"  Spanish  bva;  Latin  basium,  a  klst. 

Busy,  busies,  busied,  biz'.y,  biz'.iZt  Mz'.idj  busy-ing,  busi-er 
(comp.),  busi-est  (super.),  busi-ness,  biz\nez,  busi-ly,  busy- 
body, &c.    (Eules  xi.  and  xiii.) 
Old  £ng.  bysgiian],  to  occupy  ;  bysguiig,  buiiness. 

But  (conj.)    But  [end],  the  big  eod.    Butt,  a  tun ;  to  toss. 

"  But "  (conj.)>  Old  Eng.  b^tan  or  bdta,  except,  but,  without. 

"But  [end J,"  French  bout,  the  end. 

"  Butt "  (a  large  tub),  Old  Eng.  butt  or  byt,  a  tun. 

*'Butt "  (to  toss  or  thrust),  Welsh  pwtian,  to  poke  or  butt. 

Butcher,  boofxher  ("but-"  to  rhyme  with  foot,  not  with  "Tit"). 
This  is  the  only  instance  of  but  so  sounded.  Of  the  nine 
other  words  one  has  "  u"  long  as  in  "  unit," — ^viz.,  butif^ric ; 
and  eight  have  "  u''  short, — ^viz.,  but  and  butt^  butler,  but- 
ment,  butter,  buttery,  button,  and  buttress, 

**  Butcher,"  French  houcher.    The  "tf"  in  bush,  push,  and  butcher 
owes  its  abnormal  sound  to  its  representing  the  French  ou. 

Butt,  a  mark ;  to  toss.    But  [end].    But  (conj.)    See  But. 

Butts,  plural,  A  place  where  archers  meet  to  shoot  at  butts. 

Butter,  bUUter.    (Old  Eng.  butere  or  butyre,  butter.) 

lAtin  bHiyrwm  ;  Greek  bouiHron  (Oen.  xviii.  8),  botts  turos,  qow  curd. 

Buttery,  plural  butteries,  butf.t^.ry,  but'.t^.riz.  In  the  Univer- 
sities the  college  buttery  supplies  all  sorts  of  food  to  the 
students,  from  a  penny  roU  to  a  banquet. 

Butyric  [acid],  bu.ty'.rik  not  buf,y.rik.    Obtained  from  butter. 

Butyrine,   bu.ty'.rin  not  butf.y.rine.      An  oily  substance 
obtained  from  butter.    (Latin  biityrum,  butter.) 

Buy,  to  purchase.    By  (prep.)    B'ye,  as  Good  b'ye. 

Buy,  past  and  past  part,  bought.    Buy-er,  buy-ing,  buys. 
*'  Buy,"  Old  Eng.  byc^an],  past  biSht«,  past  part,  geboht. 

Buzz.  One  of  the  monosyllables  ending  in  a  double  consonant. 
(Rulevii.)  The  others  are:  Add,  odd;  burr,  err;  ebb^' 
egg;  buzztfuzz;  fizz,  frizz;  butt,  bitt,  mitt. 


AND   OF  SPELLING,  73 

ly  (preposition).  Spelt  anciently  &«,  6t,  hig^  and  by  (be-cause). 
When  both  agent  and  instnunent  are  expressed,  hy 
follows  the  agent,  and  with  the  instrumeiit :  as  *'  The 
bird  was  killed  hy  a  man  with  a  gun."  If  only  the  in- 
Btmment  is  expressed,  hy  follows  passive  and  neuter 
verbs:  as  "London  was  destroyed  hy  fire,  in  1666." 
"  Socrates  died  hy  poison."  "  Burnt  with  fire/  "  Killed 
with  poison."    "  Slay  him  with  the  sword." 

By  (gerundial) :  as  "  It  may  be  had  hy  applying  at  the 
ofl&ce."  This  is  good  EngHsh.  The  Gerund  with  the 
preposition  hy  or  with  being  used,  both  in  English  and 
Latin,  to  express  the  mannery  cause,  or  means,  "  It  may 
be  had  (how  ?)  by  paying  sixpence.'*  "  It  may  be  had 
(how?)  merely  by  asking  for  it." 

By  (past,  near).    "  The  train  has  gone  hy,"    By-gones. 

By  and  by,  not  hy  and  hye  (adverbial).  Soon,  presently. 
Near,  in  point  of  time,  that  is,  soon.  "By  and  by" 
means  soon  and  nearly  [now],  almost  immediately. 

By  or  Bye,  a  borough,  house,  place,  way;  [adj.)  local,  private. 

TOWN:  By-word,  town  talk. 

By-lawB,  town  or  local  laws,  not  statute  or  national 
la^'B.    (Latin  leges  privdta,) 
SBivATE  :  By-lane,  by-path,  by-play,  by-road,  by-way. 
sxcBET,  underhand,  sly  :  By-stroke. 
OUT  or  BUiiE  :  By-ball  or  Bye-balL    {See  helow  Bye.) 

By  the  by,  by  the  way  {en  passant,  French ;  in  transitu,  or 
ob'iter,  Latin).    (Old  Eng.  hy  or  hye,  a  way,  a  pluce.) 

B'ye  as  Good  b'ye,  Good  hy,  "God  be  wi*  ye"  {d-dieu,  Fr.) 

Bye,  plural  byes  (in  Cricket).  "  A  bye "  is  a  bnll  which 
passes  the  batsman  and  eludes  the  grasp  of  the  wicket- 
keeper  behind  him. 

CSabtl,  kaJ>aV,  a  junto.    Cable,  ka'.h'l,  a  rope. 

Oftbal,  caballed'  (2  syL),  caball'-er,  cabaU'-ing.     (Rule  i.) 

''CUmI,**  French  ecUxiU,  a  club.  It  is  merely  by  strange  coincidence 
that  the  initial  letters  of  the  British  Cabinet  in  1671  formed  the 
woid  "  CABAi..''  .  "  Cable,"  French  caibU,  a  rope. 

QablMigi0,ea6^.M49e,  a  vegetable.  Gab'bage,  to  pilfer.  (Double  b.) 

Italian  eappuceio,  a  cabbage  lettnce ;  Latin  capiU,  a  head. 
"Cabbage**  (to  pUfer),  Dutch  kaboMtn,  to  pilfer. 

QririB,  kdb\in,  a  hut.    (Welsh  cah  and  eahan,  a  booth.) 

iUie,  iafJb*l,  a  lope.    Cabal,  ha,haV,  a  junto.    {See  Cabal.) 


76  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Gall,  to  shout.    Gaul  (of  a  wig),  a  membrane.    (Old  Eng.  cawL] 

Gall,  Uawl,  called  (1  syL),  oall-ing,  caU-er. 

Catcall,  recall,  oallboy,  &c.  It  retains  the  double  "1"  always. 

Latin  cdlo,  Greek  leMed,  to  calL 

Galliopd,  haV,U,6.'pS  not  kal.IV .o.p^y  as  it  is  generally  called. 

Greek  KallidpS,  the  muse  of  epic  i>oetry  {kalldSf  beauty). 

GallouB,  kaV.luSf  insensible.    CaUns,  bone  gluten. 

Latin  calldsua,  callonB.    Callus,  a  glutinons  substance  growing  about 
the  fracture  of  bones,  serving  to  solder  them. 

Galm,  harm;  calmer,  more  calm ;  calnieBt,  most  calm.  {Fr.ealme.) 

Calomel,  kal\o,mel,  prepared  mercury.  Ghamomile,  kam\omile 
(a  flower).     Calamine,  kal\a,mXny  a  fossil  (q.v.) 

Caloric,  ka,W.rik  not  ka,l6r^,rik  nor  kal\6»rik.  The  principle 
of  heat.    (Latin  cdlorj  caXorUy  heat ;  caXeOt  to  be  hot.) 

Caltrop,  koV.trop,    Ought  to  be  coltrap.    A  kind  of  thistle. 

Old  Eng.  coltroeppe,  a  whin,  thistle,  or  caltrop. 
Calumet,  kaV.u.met,    A  pipe  smoked  by  American  Indians  when 
they  make  a  treaty  or  terms  of  peace. 

Calumny,  plu.  calumnies,  kaV.um.niz,    A  slander. 

Calum'niate  (4  syl.),  calum'niated,  calum'niat-ing,  calum'. 
niat-or,  calum^'nia'^tion,  calum'niatory,  calum'nious,  ca- 
lum'niously.    (Latin  calumnia*) 

Cal'vary,  the  place  of  Christ's  crucifixion.  Cavalry,  horse- 
soldiers.  (Second  "a"  of  "Calvary"  is  long  in  Latin, 
No  such  word  in  the  Greek  text  of  Luke  stxiii,  3d.) 

*'  Calvary,"  Latin  calvdria,  a  cemetery  (ealva,  a  skull). 
'*  Cavalry,"  French  cavalerie;  Latin  ectballuSf  a  horse. 

Calve,  karvey  to  bring  a  calf  into  life.    Carve,  to  serve  meat 

Calves,  plu,  of  calf.    {See  Calf.) 

**  Calve,"  Old  Eng.  ce<ilf-ian,  to  bring  a  calf  into  the  world  (c=:k). 
"Carve,"  ceorf-aUy  to  cut,  hew;  or  carve  (c  =  k). 

Calvinism  not  Galvanism,    The  religious  tenets  of  John  Calvin. 
Galvinist.    One  who  entertains  the  religious  views  of  Calvin. 

Calx,  plu.  calxes  or  calces,  kal\seez,    lime,  chalk. 

Old  Eng.  cealc  or  cdic;  Latin  ecUx,  plu.  ccUca,  chalk. 

Cal'yz,  plu.  cal'yzes  or  cal'yces,  kaV.y.seez.    Galix,  a  cup  (9. v.) 

Latin  cAlyx^  plu.  edlyoes;  Greek  kaiux,  plu.  kalUkifSy  the  empalemenl 
of  a  flower. 

Cambric,  kame'.hrik.    Fine  linen  made  of  flax. 

From  Cambray,  in  Flanders,  where  it  was  first  manufactured. 
Camelion,  better  Chamoeleon,  ka.mee\le.on. 

Latin  chamcUeon;  Greek  chamaile6n,  the  reptile  lion. 

Camellia,  generally  called  ka.mee'.li.ah,  better  ka.meV.UM, 

These  beautiful  plants  are  named  after  0.  J.  KanUl  (Latinised  into 
Camelliu)t  a  Moravian  Jesuit,  and  botanist 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  TJ 

CSamelopard,  generally  called  JcamfM.S.pard  or  kam'-eLlep'-ard. 

Latin  edmilopivrddlU,  the  giraffe.  The  word  is  compounded  of 
eamSlo-pardaXU,  the  parded  camel,  the  camel  spotted  like  the  pard 
or  panther,  and  shordd  be  pronounced  ka.metf  .lo.pard. 

Gameo,  plu,  cameoB,  ham^S.o,  kam\S.oze.    Stones  cut  in  reliel 
Intaglio,  in,tal.yo,    A  stone  .cut  in  hollow,  like  seals. 
Italian  cammeo  and  vnt(iglio. 

Camomile,  better  Chamomile,  kami^^o.mile,    A  plant. 
Calomel,  kalf,o.mel,    A  preparation  of  mercury. 

'*  Chamomile,**  Greek  chamai  m/lds,  an  apple  on  the  ground.    So 

called  from  a  resemblance  in  the  smeU. 
"  Calomel,"  Greek  kdlds  miUU,  beautiful  black  (bleached  hj  heat). 

Campaign,  kam.pain\     The  time  an  army  is  in  "  the  field." 
Champagne,  9ham.pa\n\    Wine  made  of  Champagne  grapes. 
"CamxMkign,"  French  campoipiet  a  field  or  open  country. 
Gampaagner,  kamjpai'nf.er.    One  who  has  served  in  campaigns. 

Campana,  kam,pay\nah  (Latin).    The  pasque-flower. 
Campanile  not  eampanely  kam'.pa.nile.  A.  bell-tower. 
Latin  eampdnlle,  a  bell-tower.    (The  *' i "  is  long.) 

Oampannla,  kam.pan'.ii.lah.  Hair-bell,  blue-bell,  Canterbury-bell. 
Latin  eampdm&lat  the  blue-bell,  also  the  woodbine  {-pd-  long). 

GampannlacesB,  kam-pan-uXay^'-scee.  The  "  campanula  "  order. 
The  sufGbE  -[dlceast  (i?  Bqtany)  means  aji  "  order"  of  plants. 

Campannlaria,  plu,  campanularisa,  kam.pan\u,lait"ri.ah^  &c. 
Corals  with  beU-shaped  cells. 
Latin  cam/pdnOXat  a  little  bell. 

Camphine,  better  camphene,  kam'.feen^  cont.  of  camfphogen. 
A  mineral  oil,  identical  with  rectified  oil  of  turpentine. 
Latin  ccvrnphOra,  Greek  g^nd,  I  produce  camphor.     (Its  protoxide). 

Camphor,  kamf.for.    A  gum  from  the  camphor  laurel. 
Latin  eamph&ra.    Br.  Ure  gires  **  Kamphv/r,  Arabic." 

Campion,  kam\pi.on.    Both  catch-fly  and  cuckoo-flower. 

"Corn-campion,"  the  common  catch-jly;  "white  and  red 
campions,"  lychnis  or  cwckoo-Jlower ;  "  rose  campion," 
bachelor's  button. 

Can,  past  tense  could.     This  is  never  an  auxiliary  verb,  but  it 

stands  in  regimen  with  other  verbs  without  to  between 

them :  as  "  I  can  write,"  "  I  could  write."    Here  lorite  is 

infinitive  mood,  being  the  latter  of  two  verbs  in  regimen. 

(I  ken,  to  write.) 

Old  Eng.  eunnan,  pres.  tense  can,  past  cdthe,  past  part.  c6,th, 
(The  **l"  U  interpolated,  amd  the  " tA"  changed  to  "d.**J 

Oaoaille  (French),  ka.nah,*e.  The  rabble.   (Lat.  canes,  hounds.)  , 


78  BnnORS  OF  SPEECH 

■   ■ 

Canal,  Ghannel,  Keimel,  ka,naVt  char^.nel,  hen'.nel, 

"Canal'*  (French),  an  artificial  river ;  Latin  candUs. 
^Channel"  (a  watercourse),  Old  Freadi  ehenal,  a  gutter. 
"Kennel,"  Italian  earUle,  a  place  for  dogs.    (Latin  canU,  •  <log.) 

Ganoel,  kan'sely  to  obliterate.    Ganoelled,  karfseld;  ean'cell-ing, 
can^cell^ate^    (In  Botamy)  lattice-like.    {Rule  in.  -ki^) 

Canceller,  one  who  cancels.    Ohanoellor,  a  dignitary,  q.v, 

Latin  <MnioiU»,  to  make  like  a  lattice  (eaneetti,  lattioea). 

When  a  document  is  cancelled  a  pen  crosses  the  writing  into  lattices. 

Canoer,  kan^ser,  "  the  cbab  "  of  the  Zodiac     Canker,  a  worm. 

Latin  eancir,  the  crab,  sign  of  the  summer  soUttce. 
"  Canker, "  Old  £ng.  tancer  or  waiters  <e = k). 

Oandelabnim,  pin,  eandelabra,  kan\de,lay'\hfumf  kan'jd^da^'^ 
brdh.    (The  *'e'^  of  this  word  is  long  in  Latin.) 
Latin  ^a/ndilaibrum;  candUa^  a  candle ;  tandeo,  to  glow  like  fire. 
Candid,  frank.    Candied,  kan\did  (with  sugar).    See  Candy. 

"Candid."  Latin  candidus,  white,  sincere. 
"  Candied,"  Italitia  candito,  eandire,  to  candy. 

Candidate,  kan'.dudate.  One  who  offers  himself  for  a  vacant  poet. 

Latin  caruUd&lnu,  clothed  in  white;  bacauie  Soman  iwvlldattT 
dressed  in  white  when  they  solicited  the  people's  Yotea. 

Candle,  karCd'U    (The  older  spelling  is  the  better,) 
Old  Eng.  en/ndel;  Latin  eandMa;  eandeo,  to  glow. 

Candlemas,  kan.d'Lmas.     Feb.  2,  when  "  Catholics  '*  consecrate 
all  the  candles  to  be  used  in  churches  during  the  year. 
(-mas  [post^tl  da-ops  one  **s'*:  Ohristnuu,  Miohaelmaf.^ 

Candy,  kan\dy;  candied,  kan\did;  candy-ing,  kan'-dyji-ng, 

Ital.  eandtre,  to  oandj. 
Cane,  kain^  a  reed.     Cain,  brother  of  Abel. 

"  Cane,**  Latin  eanna;  Greek  kamna,  a  reed,  a  cane. 
Canicula,  ka,nik\u.lah,  the  Dog-star.    Canicular  (sdj,) 
(The  "  i  '*  is  long  in  the  original  Latin  words,) 

Latin  ecvnUy&la,  tbe  dog-star ;  aanio&ldris,  adj.  (oanieMrss  dies). 
Canine,  ka.nine*  not  ka,neen\  a^j.  of  canis^  a  dog.  (Lat.  ^onimtf.) 
Canister,  kan',iss,ter,    A  eonall  box  for  tea,  Ac. 

Latin  canistrum,  Greek  k<VMutron,  a  wicker  basket. 
Canker,  to  corrode;  a  worm.    Cancer,  a  disease;  "the  crab." 

"  Canker,"  Old  Eng.  cancer  or  oancn  (c = k),  a  canker. 
"Cancer,"  Latin  ctMcer,  the  crab;  Old  Eng.  eanetr,  the  diaeaae. 

Cannabis  (Lat.),  kan\nd,lns.    Hemp.    (Greek  kannSbit,  hemp.) 

Cannel-ooal,  kcm'.nel  cole.     Corruption  of  Oandle-coal.    So 

called  because  it  bums  with  a  brilliant  flame. 

Cannibal,  kan\nLbal.  A  human  being  who  eats  man.  (Double  «.) 
Columbus  says:  "  The  natives  Hve  in  great  fear  of  Uie 
caanibalB  (that  is,  Caribals,  or  people  of  Cariba).*' 


AN1>  OF  SPELLINO,  70 


CSmb'hob,  ordnanee.    Oan'on,  a  church  dignitarj.    It  is  difficult 

to  i^eoXiect  which  of  these  two  words  has  the  double  n, 

A  "ouman^  la  a  rted  for  holding  gunpowder;   Greek  kanna; 
Latin  and  Italian  muma;  Treneh  ecume  (all  with  donble  n). 

Can^noB^ade,  oan'ndn-ft'^ded,  oan^non-a'ding,  can'non-eer'. 

**  C^OM  "  is  the  Onek  ioM&n;  Latin  canon,  a  rod  for  measaring,  a 
"  role/' kence  a  etandiMrd  or  model  of  exeellenoe,  and  hence  the 
hooks  admitted  as  oar  Scriptures,  and  a  church  dignitarj-. 

CmioiiMc&I,  canon'^-ically,  canon'-icals ;  can'onist,  can'on- 
ide,  can'on-ry,  can'on-lsa'lion  {not  A  Greek  word,  B.  xxxi.) 

Oaimot,  kan\not,  familiarly  contracted  into  can't,  kamt  not 
kanU    It  is  in  reatil^y  "  cd*n*t  (ca  =  kah). 

Gaimy,  kan\ny,  cautious,  knowing.     CSany,  kain'.y,  adj.  of  cane. 

**  Cann;^ ,**  Old  Xng.  c^ne,  from  cwnJMun  to  know  or  ken. 
"Qaaj,"  Latin  cannons,  adj.  of  eanna,  a  oane. 

Oanoe,  pht,  eanoes,  kcunoo^  ka,nooz\  (Rule  xlii.)  This  word, 
meaning  a  boat  made  of  skins  or  bark,  is  said  by  Spanish 
historians  to  be  of  Indian  origin :  "Ilia  in  terram  suU  lin- 
tribusy  quas  *  c(uio<u'  vaccmtf  edfuxerunt.**  (Hist,  of  Amer.) 

Ganon,  a  church  dignitary.    Gannon,  ordnance.    {Sm  Gannon.) 

Canopy,  plu.  canopies,  kan\8,pyt  kan*.o.piz,     (Rule  xiii.) 

GanopiBd,  kan\a.pidj  can^'opy-ing.    To  cover  with  a  canopy. 

Ifow  Lat.  cancjfeum/  Oieek  h&n6peidn^  a  pavilion  to  keep  off  goAta 
Qe&n6pSi  a  gnat).    The  -n6-  is  long  both  in  the  Gk.  and  Lat.  words. 

Gant,  hypocritical  whining  complaints.    Gan*t,  for  "  cannot,"  q.v. 
Latin  tan69,  to  repeat  the  same  thing  often,  to  sing. 

Cantata  (Italian),  kan.tar^.tah  not  kan,tay',tah,  A  poem  set  to 
music  (Latin  cantdre,  to  sing). 

Canteen.    A  soldier's  tin  vessel  for  holding  drink. 
ItaUaa,  ^aiatiata,  a  wine-cellar. 

Canter,  one  who  cants.  Canter,  a  Canterbury  gaUop.  The 
Canterbury  gallop  refers  to  the  easy  pace  of  pilgrims. 

Oaatharig,  plu»  cantharides,  kan'.thd.ris,  kan.tha'/riJUez, 
Ladn  canthdvUt  the  Spanish  fly ;  Greek  kaiUMurot,  a  beetle. 

Ganthna,  the  comer  of  the  eye.    Acanthus,  a  thorny  plant. 

Greek  kanthos,  the  comer  of  the  eye  ;  Latin  i^nth^i8,  a  wheel-tire. 
'**  Aeantkus,**  Latin,  from  Greek  akemthos  (aikantha,  a  thorn). 

Oantide,  plu.  canticles,  kan\  ti.  k%  <fec.    A  religious  song. 

•♦Solomon's  Song"  in  the  Bible  is  called  "The  Canticles." 
Italian  teuUica;  Latin  oanhu,  a  tune,  and  -c2«,  diminutive. 
Gmlo,  pltL  cantos  (Italian),  kan'.toze.     Divisions  of  a  poem. 
Onton,  kan\ton,  a  temtorial  division.    Oantle,  a  fragment. 


Canton,**  French,  from  the  Greek  kanthoSy  a  corner. 
Cantle,"  French  SchcmtiUon,  a  sample,  our  ''scantling." 


80  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Gan'yas  (one  «),  plu,  canvases,  cloth.    Gan'yass,  to  solioit  votes. 

Gan^'vass,  can'vasses,  canVassed  (2  syL),  can'vass-er,  <fec. 

''Canvas," French caneveu;  lAtin cannabis ;  Greek ]bann<!H>w, hemp 
"  Canvass,"  Old  Fr.  carmdboMer,  to  sift  thro'  hemp,  hence  to  sift  rotes. 

Cany,  kay\ny,  adj.  of  cane.    Ganny,  knowing  (q.v,) 

Caoutchonc,   koo.tchook'  not  ka.oufxhouk  (Indian).      India- 
rubber  prepared  for  waterproof  cloths. 
Cap,  capped  (1  syl.),  capp.ing,  capful  plu.  capfuls.     (Kule  L) 
Cap-a-pie,  kap'  ah  pay'.    From  head  to  foot. 

Spanish  [de\cdb&ta  a  piu.  Not  French.  Fr.  would  be  de  pied  en  eop. 
Capable,  kay\pa.b%  ca'pableness,  capability. 

French  capable;  Latin  eapax,  eapdcis  (verb  capio). 
Capacity,  J) 2u.  capacities,  ka.pa8\ttiz;  capacious,  ka.pay'.8hug^ 
capa'ciously,  capa'ciousness.    (Latin  capdcitat,  capacity.) 
Caparison,  kd,pa'/ry  .zon.    To  decorate  a  horse.    (This  word  is 
corruptly  spelt  ** caparison"*  for  " caparason,") 
Spanish  caparaxon  (with  a  and  z) ;  French  caparapon. 
Capillary,  plu.  capillaries,   ka,piV.la.riZt   the  extremities    of 
arteries,  fine  as  hairs.    Capillary,  adj.,  fine  as  a  hair. 
Latin  cdpilldriSy  like  a  hair  {eapilltu,  a  hair). 

Capital  (of  a  column),  chief  city.     Capitol,  a  temple  in  Kome. 

Cap'ital-ly,  cap'ital-ist,  cap'ital-ise,  capitalised  (4  syL), 

cap'italis-ing  («  not  «),  cap'ital-isa"tion.    (Eule  xxxi.) 

" Capital"  (chief  city ;  excellent),  French  capital ;  Latin  eapitdlis, 
"Capital"  (of  a  column),  ought  to  be  capltell;  Latin  capiUMuM, 

The  termination  is  the  dimin.  -ellua  (-el),  and  not  the  adj.  -<d. 
**  Capitol,"  Latin  capitolium,  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  erected  on  the 

Cap'itoline  Hill  of  Home. 

Capitoline,  kap'.tto.line  not  ka.pit\o.line.     (Latin  capitolmus,\ 

Capitular,  ka.pif.u.lar.    Member  of  an  ecclesiastical  chapter. 

Capitulary,  plu.  capitularies,   ka.pit\u.la.riz.     The  laws 

of  an  ecclesiastical  chapter. 
Latin  capituldris  fcapUulum,  a  chapter  a  summary). 

Capitulate,    ka.pit\u.late    not    ka.piif .chu.late ;    capitulated, 
capit'ulat-ing,  capitula'tion,  capit'ulator.  -^ 

French  capitulation,  verb  capituler,  to  surrender  on  terms ;  LatiB 
capitula,  chapters  :  hence  articles  of  a^eement. 

Capivi,    ka.pee'.vi    or    ka.piv\i,    corruption  of  copaifer.     A 
balsam  of  the  copaifera  officinalis  of  South  America. 

Capriccio,  phi.  capriccios  (Italian),  ka.prit'.shot  ka.pritf .shoze 
(3  not  4  syl.)    In  Music,  a  caprice.    Kule  -gin. 

Capriccioso  (Italian),  ka.prit.sho\zo.  In  Miuic, "  ad  libitum^" 

Caprice  (French)  ka.preece\  whim.    Capricious,  ka,prish'AU 

capric'ious-ly,  capric'ious-ness. 
Latin  capra,  a  goat,  our  "caper." 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  81 

,  plu.  capsicimiB,  kap^Mkumy  &c.  The  cayenne-pepper 
plant.  {This  word  ought  to  be  capeacum  instead  of 
"  capsicum") 

JjMn  eapta,  %  coffer,  referring  to  the  pod  which  contains  the  seed. 
Capstan  (of  a  ship).    Gapstone,  a  fossil  sea-urchin. 

"Capstan/*  Fr.  eabestan ;  Old  Eng.  ccBbwUr ;  Lat.  eapittrumy  a  halter. 
"Capstone,"  so  called  from  its  resemblance  to  a  cap. 

Capenle,  kap'sule  (2  rwi  3  syl.)    The  seed-vessel  of  a  plant. 

Latin  eapgiUa  (capa  and  -vXa  dim.),  a  little  chest  (or  pod). 
Captain,  kap\t'n.    (French  capitaine;  Latin  caputs  the  head.) 
Captaincy,  plu.  captaincies,  kap\tan.8iz.    Rank  of  captain. 
Suffix  -cy  denotes  "rank,"  "office,'*  "condition"  f-cy,  not  -tyj. 
Caption,  kap'^shun.    The  act  of  taking  hj  judicial  process. 
^  Captions,  kap'^skusj  disposed  to  find  fault ;  cap'tionsness. 
Latin  captio,  eaptiSstu  (verb  eapio,  eapto,  to  en^p). 
Gaptiyate,  kap\tl.vate ;  cap'tivated,  cap'tivat-ing,  cap'tivat-or, 
cap'tiva"tion.    {-oTj  after  t  or  s,  is  more  usual  tian  -er.) 
Latin  captiv&re,  to  make  captive  [by  charms  or  otherwise]. 

Captivity,  plu.  captivities,  kap.tii/.%.tiz,    (Rule  xliv.) 

Captor,  he  that  captures.    Capture,  kap\t8hur,  to  take  prisoner. 

Captured,  kap'.tshurd ;  capturing,  kap'.tshur.ing. 

{'tor  and  -sor  for  agents,  rarely  -ter  and  -ser.) 
Viench  capture,  vorb  oop^urer;  Latin  captHra,  a  capture. 

Oapoodo,  plu.  capuccioB  (Ital.),  ha.pute\8h0y  ha.pute\shoze. 
(The  plural  of  this  word  is  Anglicised.) 

Gapnchin,  hap\u.shin.     A  monk  of  the  order  of  St.  Francis. 
So  called  from  the  "  capuchin  "  or  hood  worn  by  them. 

In  French  capucin,  the  monk :  but  caprichon,  the  hood. 
Li  Italian  capuccino,  the  monk ;  and  cappucdo,  the  hood. 

Cap^'nt  mor^tnum  (Latin).    What  remains  in  a  still,  &e.,  when 
all  the  volatile  matters  have  been  driven  off. 

Car,  a  small  one-horse  vehicle.    Char,  to  carbonise  by  fire. 

**Car,"  Latin  carrum,  a  cart  or  car :  carrun,  a  wagon  or  wain. 
"Char,"  French  eharr^e,  cinders ;  Latin  carbo,  coal. 

Carafe  (French),  car^raf,    A  water  decanter ;  not  craff  nor  craft. 

Carat,  caret,  carrot ;  kar'rat,  haif.et,  kar'rot. 

Carat  (French),  4  grains  Troy.    24  carats,  standard  purity. 

Caret  (Latin),  term  in  Gram. "  wanting,"  as  "  Vocative  caret." 

Carrot,  a  vegetable  root.    (French  carotte.) 

Gir'avan''  ("ne  r).    It  is  not  derived  from  "  carry,"  but  from  the 
Armenian  word  karawan  ;  verb  karau,  to  journey. 

Pwsian  karvan,  a  merchant ;   French  caravane,  a  company  of  mer- 
chants travelling  across  deserts,  &c. 

F 


82  ERRORS  OF  SPEECB 


Garavaiiflaiy,  hvfvok.van" jiOnxy,    A  station  for  caravaDS. 
Perslaii  "kflirwM  aarai,  a  lan^  pIao9  tot  traTelUog  merchjoit*. 
Carbine,  kar^Mne,  a  gan.    Carbon,  pure  oha|:t:oaJi. 

GarHxm,  car'bonise,  oar'bonised  (8  syL),  <Murl>oniBa"tion. 
Latin  earbo,  coal,  tiharooaL    <Biil«  zxsd.) 
Carbonado^  plu.  carbonadoes,  kar^-bo.na'/'-doze,    (Bole  zlii) 
Spanish  ecurbtmada,  a  steak  or  chop  broiled  on  oarbon  or  diarcoal. 
Carbonate,  kaT^Jxknate^    A  "  salt "  formed  by  tbe  onion  of  car- 
bonic acid  and  a  base:  as  **  Carbonate  of  lim«,"  Sse. 

Car^nated,  car^nating  (carbon  and  suffix  -ate,  q.y.) 

Carbnnde,  kar^^hunJt^U    A  gem  of  a  deep  red  colour ;  a  red  ulcer. 
Latin  oaArbo,  and  l^e  diminutive  ^^ulwn,  a  little  [live]  ooal. 

€arburet,  har^.fm.ret.    Carbon  in  union  with  some  other  sub- 
stance, tbe  compound  not  being  an  acid. 
(•uret,  in  ChemiUry,  denotes  a  "  base.") 
Car'burett-ed,*carT)urett-ing,  car'burett-er.    (R.  iii.,  t.) 
The  "  t "  (mght  not  to  be  ^Umbled  in  these  words,  (R.  iii.) 

Carcass,  kahkds,  a  dead  body.    Carcasse,  a  projectile. 

French  eweasse,  a  dead  body,  a  sort  of  shell,  && 
Cardamine,  Cardamom,  Cardamum.    (N,B. — da  not  -di.) 

Cardamine.   A  plant  called  lady's  smock,  cuckoo-flower,  &g. 

Ccurdamom.  -  An  Indian  spice  plant — ^tbe  seeds  are  useful. 

Cardamum.    Garden  cress,  nasturtium. 

"  GardamiDe,**  dim.  of  Lat.  carddmtmi;  Gk.  JeardAmifn,  a  cress. 
'^Oardamom,"  Lat.  earddmomvan.;  Gk.  karddmOmum,  an  Ind.  plant. 
"  Cardamum,"  Latin  carddmum  ;  Greek  karddmdn,  a  garden  cress. 

Greek  kdra  dartuid,  to  afiUct  the  head  [with  its  acrimony]. 

Xf  apdt  "-di-"  U  vxmld  be  the  Greek  "  Jkordia,"  tfu  heaH, 

Cardiac,  kar^,di,ac.    Ac|j.  of  the  Greek  kardia,  the  heart. 

Carditis,  kar.di\tis.    {-itit  denotes  "  inflammation.") 

Greek  kardAa  -itw,  inflammation  of  the  heart. 

Cardinal,  kar'.di.nal.    An  ecclesiastical  prince ;  principal* 

Latin  candindUa  fcardo,  a  hinge) ;  the  election  of  the  pope  "hinges'* 
on  the  cardinals.    "  Cardinal  yirtues,"  on  which  minor  ones  .hinge. 

Care,  cared  (1  syl.),  car-log ;  care-ful,  care-less,  care-folness. 

Old  English  cea/r,  care  (verb  cdrian,  past  ocfrode,  past  part,  ecfrsd). 
Careen,  ka,reen\    To  lay  a  ship  on  its  beam-ends  for  repairs. 

French  cor^ns  (verb  cariner) ;  Latin  carina^  a  kedi. 

Career,  ka.reet'.  A  course  of  action.    (French  carri^e,  a  career.) 
(This  word  ought  to  have  a  double  *•  r.''j 

Latin  carrum,  a  oar ;  oorrus,  a  wagon  (from  cum  to  run). 
Caress,  ka.ress'.    To  hug,  to  "  dear"  one;  an  act  of  endearment 

French  earesser,  to  caress :  Latin  oortM,  dear. 
Caret,  kair^ret,  wanting.    Carat,  Carrot    (See  Carat) 


AND  OF  SPELLIXO,  83 


Cargo,  plu,  caxgoes,  hn^.goze,    (Spanish  eargo^  a  ship's  load.) 

Garicatnie,  hv/riJeaAuref,  This  word  has  no  eonnectioii  with 
Charcteter.  It  is  the  Italian  eairieatura,  from  caricare,  to 
load;  and  means  to  overcharge  blemiihea  and  faults. 

Oar^icatiiTed'  (4  syl.),  car'ioatur".ing,  car'ioatuz"-ist 

Cariea,  plu,  caries,  kair^ri.eez^  mortification  of  the  bone  during 
me,    Oarries,  kar^.rezy  drd  pen.  sing,  of  the  verb  carry, 

Oariotu,  kcnv^fi,'ut,  a^j.  of  caries.    Gariosity  (abst  noun). 

LsCfai  edrieMt  sfaig.  and  pin.,  decaj  of  bone  or  wood. 
Garlovingian,  kar^ -levin" -jl-an.    Adj.  of  Karl  (G^erman). 

Carftloi  (Latin).    The  dynasty  of  Charles  (HartelX 
Carminatiye,  kar.min\a,tiv.    A  medicine  to  cure  flatulence. 

French  carminatif:  Latin  ^vrmindre,  to  card  or  elean. 
Garmiiie,  kar.mi7ie\    A  brilliant  crimson  colour. 

French  earmin,  from  the  Arabic  Juirmet  (2  lyL),  an  insect  which  gives 
a  brilUant  sciuctet  dye. 

Garaal,  bar^.nal,  sensuaL  Ohamel,  tchar^.nelj  animal  refuse  of 
a  churchyard.     (French  chamiery  a  churchyard.) 

Oar^nal,  oar'nage,  camalMty ;  cama'tion,  flesh  colour. 

"Carnal,**  Latin  ocxmAUs,  carnal  (caro,  eainU$,  flesh). 

Gamelian  not  cornelian.    A  carnation  or  flesh-coloured  stone. 

Latin  cami%»,  and  liaa  a  word  used  by  miners  for  a  allicioas  or  cal- 
caxioos  stone.    "  A  flesh  [coloured]  silicious  stone.  ** 

Ganilval  not  camevalt  ha/.nt.val.    The  Saturnalia  preceding 
the  abstinence  of  meat  in  the  season  of  Lent. 
Latin  eami  vale,  farewell  to  meat 

CSamivora  (Latin),  Hear. mv\6, rah  not  har^ .ni.vo" .rah,  flesh-eating 
animals.    Gamivorous,  flesh-eating. 
Latin  eaum/Mims  (caro^  covrnM,  voro,  to  devour  flesh). 

Carol,' ixi/roZ;  car'olled  (2  syl.),  car'oU-ing,  car'oU-er.  (R.  iii.  -ol.) 

Gar'ol-lit'ic  (in  Architecture),  a  garlanded  pillar. 
Welsh  carol,  a  love-song ;  Italian  carolOy  a  dance  or  caroL 

Carotid,  ka,rot\%d  not  kar^ro.tid  [artery].     An  artery  of  the 
neck  (there  are  two)  to  convey  blood  to  the  head. 

Latin  eardttde*,  the  arteries  of  the  neck,  from  cdrdticus,  producing 
sleep.    The  ancients  supposed  these  arteries  controlled  sleep. 

Carouse,  ka,rowz^  not  ka.rooze,  caroused  (2  syl.),  carous'-er, 

earouft'-ing,  oarous'-aL    To  revel,  &c. 

French  eommss,  catroustl.    ▲  "carrousel*'  consisted  of  four  quad- 
rilles of  mounted  knights,  two  quadrilles  against  two,  in  a  tournay. 

Oar'penter,  car'peatry  not  car'pentery.    A  worker  in  wood. 

Latin  earpeaUdriui,  a  coach-buUder  (carpentum,  a  chariot). 
Oar'pet,  car^pet-ed,  car'pet-ing  (with  one  t.    Rule  iii.) 


I 


«4  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Carriage,  kar^ridge.    A  coach.    {See  Carry.) 

Carrier,  kd//ri.ert  one  who  carries.    Career',  a  conrse  (q.v,) 

Carrion,  kar^ri.on.  Corrupting  flesh.  (Ought  to  have  onlj 
one"r.")    (Latin  caro,  flesh.) 

Carronade,  kar^ro.nade,  A  short  cannon;  so  called  from  the 
Carron  Foundry  (Scotland),  where  they  were  first  made. 

Carrot,  Carat,  Caret,  kar^rot,  karrdt,  kair^.et.    (See  Carat.) 

Gar'rot-y,  red  like  a  carrot.    ( N.B. — Double  r,  one  t,  R  iii.) 

Car^ry,  carries,  kar^riz;  carried,  kai^rid;  car'ry-ing,  car'rier, 
carriage,  kar'ridge,    (Bule  xliv.) 
Welsh  cario,  to  carry ;  eariwr,  a  carrier ;  Latin  oorriM,  a  cari 

Carte  blanche  (French),  kart  blamsh.  A  piece  of  paper  to  be 
filled  up  at  discretion,  tiie  giver  being  responsible. 

Carte  de  visite,  plu.  cartes  de  visitie  (Fr.),  kwrf  deo^-zeeif^  <fec. 

Cartload,  ylu.  cartloads  not  carUload^  as  "  two  cartloads." 

Carthagin'ian  not  Carthagenian.     Adj.  of  "  Carthage." 

Itatin   Carthago,  Carthaglnis,  Carifiaginientia  (adj).    Our  "e"  in 
"Carthage"  Is  merely  to  soften  the  ^'g," 

Cartilage,  kar^.ttlage,  gristle,    Cartilag'inons  (ac^j.)  (g= j.) 

French  cartilage,  carHUigineux ;  Lat.  ea/rtildgo,  eartildgindsus. 

Cartouch,  kar.tooshf.    A  cartridge-box.    (French  cartoiuihe^ 

Cartridge.  The  charge  of  a  gun  in  an  envelope  of  paper ;  the 
charge  of  a  cannon  is  put  into  a  serge  envelope.  When 
the  charge  contains  hall,  as  well  as  powder,  it  is  called 
Bidl-cartridge ;  when  it  contains  oi^y  powder,  and  no 
balls,  it  is  c^ed  Blank->cartridge. 

Cartridge-box.    A  small  leather  case  to  hold  cartridges. 

Cartridge-paper.    The  paper  used  far  cartridges. 

"Cartridge,"  a  corruption  of  cartoudie;  Italian  cartoecio. 

Carve,  to  cut  meat  at  meals.   Calve,  karve,  to  bring  forth  a  calfl 

Carves,  third  person  singular  of  carve.    Calves,  karvea,  the 
plural  of  calf,    (Rule  xxxviii.) 

Old  Eng.  ceof[an\  to  carve  or  cut ;  cealf[ian\,  to  bring  forth  a  calf ; 
cea^,  a  calf ;  plural  cea^fru,  calves.  We  have  lost  these  distinotiona. 

Caryated,  plu.  caryatides,  ka.ri.af .id,  ka.ri.af.X.deez.  (Ln  ArcK) 
Female  figures  employed  as  pillars  or  supporters.  So 
called  from  Carfa  (Peloponnesus),  conquered  by  the 
Athenians.  To  celebrate  their  victory  they  made  the 
supporters  of  the  trophies  represent  women  of  Carjse  in 
their  national  costume. 

Caryophyllacesa,  ka^-ri.of-U.lay'^'Ce.ee.    Clove- carnations,  &c. 

Latin  caryophyllum,  the  clove  gilly-flower,  with  the  suffix  -aoea, 
denoting  an  "order"  of  plants ;  Greek  haruophiMifn. 


J 


AND  OF  SPELUNO.  85 

Caryophyllia,  ka'-H-S.JiV'-U-ah,    A  section  of  flowery  corals. 

Latin  earf^phylkun,  the  dove  gUly-flower,  with  the  suffix  -ia,  de- 
noting an  "order"  or  section ;  Greek  karuophuWfn. 

Caryopsis,  kar^ry,op'\8i8.    Technical  name  of  a  corn-grain. 

Greek  kdriUfn  lifpsis,  a  nnt  in  appearance. 
Gasaya,  better  Oassava,  ka8^ah\vah.  Starch  of  the  cassava.plant. 

Spanish  ecoMbe;  French  ausdU. 
Caacaiilla,  hu'Jka.r%V\lah,  A  tonic  bark.   (Span,  eascdra,  bark^) 
Oaae,  cased  (1  syl.),  cashing.     To  put  into  a  case.    (Fr.  caisse.) 

Gaeeine,  kay'jsSJin,  the  curd  of  milk.  CaseonB,  kay'jiS.ut,  cheesy. 
Latin  cSMha,  cheese ;  French  coM/ine. 

Caahier,  haxh'.eer  (cash-clerk) ;  ka^heer^  (to  dismiss  in  disgrace)^ 

French  caissier,  cash'-keeper  (cai»$e,  a  till); 

"  Gariiier"  (to  digmlssX  French  ixuser,  to  break  off.    (Lai  caatus.) 

Caano^pluicaanoeafka^ee'.noze.    A  dancing  saloon.    (R.zlii.) 
Italian  caHno  or  eanna,  a  small  house  (ctua^  a  house). 

Gaak,  a  tab*    Gasque  (French)^  kask,  a  helmet. 

"  CaBk,"  Spanish  caseo,  a  wine-tub.    Casket,  dim.  of  "  eask." 

Gassava^  k<u^ahf,vah.    Starch  of  the  cassava  plant.- 

GasMXsk,  kas'^ok,    A  clergyman's  robe  worn  under  the  gown^ 

French  edsaque,  the  "  par-clessus  **  of  a  clergyman'*  official  dress. 

Gast,  past  and  past  part,  cast,  to  throw.     Gaste,  tribe. 

Old  Ebg.  cedst,  strive,  verb  ced^an],  to  fight  [or  throw  darts]. 
**  Caste/'  PorfuguAe  eastd,  hereditiiry  class  distinction. 

Castellan,  kas\tel.lan.    Warden  of  a  castle. 

Low  Lat.  casteUantu,  Spanish  castellan,  warden  of  a  castle. 

Castellate,  kas'.telXate^  cas'tellated,  cas'tellat-ing. 

Low  Lat.  castelidtio,  the  building  of  forts  (caatellunif  a  fort). 

Caster,  a  cruet,  plu,  casters,  a  set  of  cruets  in  a  stand. 

Gastor.     A  beaver ;  a  small  wheel  for  furniture. 

"  Castefs  "  (i  set  Of  cruets),  Latin  casUHa,  a  placti  for  the  stowage  of 

small  utides.     "Casters "  hold  in  a  frame  small  condiments. 
**  Castor  "  (a  beaverX  Latin  castor,  the  beaver. 

CSastigate,    kas'.ttgate,    cas'tigated,    cas'tig&t-ing,    cas'tigat-or. 
cas'tiga'^tion.    (Latin  castigdre,  to  chastise). 

Castle,  kars^'l  not  kSs^s'l;  castled,  kars^j'id;  castling,  kar^. sling. 
(The  older  spelling  of  thie  word  is  preferable.) 
Old  Eng.  casUUf  Latin  castdlum,  a  castle. 

Castor,  a  beaver,  a  little  wheel  for  furniture.  Gaster  {see  Caster). 

Castar-€il,  a  corruption  of  Castus-oil.    It  is  not  an  animal  oil, 
extracted  from  the  castor  or  beaver,  but  oil  expressed 
from  the  Palma  Christi,  and  used  in  religious  rites. 
Latin  eastus,  a  rOigioas  rite ;  Castiis  olfttm,  oil  for  sacied  xVloa. 


86  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

II  I II  ~ 

Casualty,  plu.  cftsnaltieB,  'ktui^u.al-Hz,    An  aeciddnt. 

French  camuiliUf  casualty ;  Latin  eomtf,  accident. 
Gat,  Tom-cat  (male),  Tabby,  plu.  Tabbies  (femaU), 

Latin  eattta,  a  cat  (from  eaitts,  wOy,  sly,  cunidng). 
Cata- (prefix),  Greek  kata,  "down,"  "against,"  "according to,"  &c. 

Cataclysm  not  cataclasm,  haf^dMizm.    Cataplasm,  a  poultice. 

Lat.catoc^«imw,adeli]{[e ;  Gk.  katakltumoafkata  JUtfoo,  to  wash  down). 
Catacomb,  kaf.d.korfte,    A  cave  for  the  burial  of  the  dead. 

French  eata,combe,  from  the  Greek  kata  kumboB,  a  caye  undergronnd. 
Catalepsy,  kafM.lep.8y.    A  trance,  a  fainting-fit 

Greek  katalSpais  (from  kata  lan^bdno,  to  hold  down,  to  teiae  on). 
Catalogue,   katf.a.log;    catalogued,  haf.a.logd;  Cfttaloe^ning, 
kaf.a,log,ing;  cataloguer,  kaf,a.log.er. 

lAtcatdldgua;  G^.katdl6go8fkata  2d0o«,[anranged]aecordingto  words). 
Cataplasm,  kaf.a.plazm.  A  plaster,  a  poultice.  (See  Catadysm.) 

Latin  eatdpUuma;  Greek  katdplasma  (ka^OrpUuw,  to  plaster  over). 

Cataract,  katf,a.ract  not  ka1f,a.rak,    A  waterfall;  a  disease  of 
the  eye. 
Latin  oaMrooto,  from  tiie  Greek  kaia  aroMo,  to  dash  down. 
Catarrh,  ka,tay.  A  cold  affecting  the  secretions  of  the  eyes,  <fee. 
Catarrh'-al,  adj.  of  catarrh.    (Latin  catarrhm,  rheum.) 
Greek  katarrdda  (ftom  kata  rhed,  to  flow  down).   The  "  r "  is  repeated 
to  compensate  for  the  lost  aspirate  in  P^ot.    In  "caturh,"  either 
the  "h"  or  one  "r"  should  have  been  omitted. 

Catastrophe,  plu.  catastrophes,  ka,ta»\tro.fet  ka.tas\troJiz, 

Latin  catastrdphi;  Greek  kata^trdpht  (katii  xt/riphb^  to  overturn). 

Catcall  not  catcal.    Only  "  fill,  fWl,  still,  thrall "  (postfixt)  drop 
an"l."    (Ruleviii.) 

Catdi,  past  and  pott  part,  caught  not  eatchedt  catch^g,  not 
ketehj  ketcKing. 

Low  Lat.  caiofSmu,  a  hunter ;  eatafSuro^  to  go  hunting  f  take  in  hunting). 
*' Caught,**  a  contraction  of  catznuratus  fcaUmrat,  cauHJ. 

Catchpoll,  kateh.pole^  a  parish  constable.     (Poll,  the  head.) 

Catchup,  Ketchup,,  or  Catsup.    Extract  of  mushrooms. 

East  Lidian  ketjab,  soy  sauce. 
Catechism,    katf.e.kizm;    catechist,    katf.e.Hst;     catechizer, 

kalf.e.ki'ze.er;  cat^hize,  kaif.e.kize;  cat'eohized  (9  syL), 

cat'echiz-ing  (Rule  xxxii.),  catechetical,  kat.e.kef.i,kal; 

catechetically,  kat.e.ket\i.kal.ly.     {In  the  Oreek  word* 

the  "  e  "  of  all  these  words  is  long  ij  not  e.) 

Greek  kaUthiamoa,  katSchiat^Sf  katichizd  (from  kata  iehed,  to  din  into 
one,  to  teach  the  elements  of  religion  orally). 

Catechumen,  kat.e.ku'.men.  One  being  prepared  for  confirmation. 

Latin  catichuminua :  Greek  katSchoum^noa,  one  learning  the  cate- 
chism or  rudiments  of  religion.    The  plural  is  catOChUmens. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  87 

Category,  jpto.   oatdgoiies,  kaf.e,g9r.t^y  Jfaf,e,g$r.riz;  more 
correctly  ka,tee\go.1ry,  bat  rarely  ao  prondimoed. 

Categorical,  kaif,e.gef^'fi.kdlj  a^j.  of  eateg^olry. 

(In  Latin  and  Qreek  the^e"  &f  aU  ihete  w&rdt  U  long, ) 

,  LatiA  mtlffMA,  eatigdrimA;  Oraek  katSgOHa,  haUgdr^iM  (ftrdm  katet 
dffdremd,  to  apeak  in  public  agaixut  a  penoA,  to  prove). 

Cater,  kaa/,ter.  To  provide  food.  (Norm.-Frenoli  acater,  to  buy.) 

Olttere^,  f^,  oatetMa,  hay*,tgjrer,  ka^»Uf,res8,    One  who 
caters.    Chaucer  uses  the  word  achator  for  caterer. 

Cathartie  not  catharetiCt  ka.rhar^.tik,    A  purgative  medioine, 
Lat.  cafkartXcui  ;  Gk.  kaUiarWtos  (kata  hoArM,  to  oarrjr  downwards). 

Cathedral,  fta.rhee' .drSU  A  chttrch  oontaining  a  bishop's  seat 
(This  word  shows  the  perversity  of  the  English  language^ 
We  outrage  quantity  to  throw  the  accent  back  fxom  the 
penultimate,  and  si^  "  CRs'^lTate  "  for  eastigatey  "  bias'- 
phemy"for  blasphemy,  "bal'jony"  for  halcdnyj  <*meta- 
mor'ph58is"  for  metamorphuaiSy  "apothe'5Bis"  for  apothi- 
0818,  and  hundreds  more;  but  here,  where  accent  and 
quantity  favour  our  favourite  system,  we  actually  change 
short  e  (e)  into  long  e  (ij),  and  say  '* cathedral"  instead 
of  cath\i.dral,  or  kt  any  rate  eath.ed\ral,) 

Latin  edOvecBta,  Greek  kiUMdra  (Kt^diSpa)  kaia  hSdra,  a  eeai 
Cathode,  kath.ode.    Where  electricity  makes  its  way  out. 
Anode,  is  where  it  makes  its  way  in. 
Greek  kcUa  Mdo$,  the  way  down  or  oat.  Ana  kddos,  the  wsjr  np  or  in. 

Catholic,  kath\S.lik,  universal.    Catholics,  or  *'Eoman  Catho. 
lies,"  are  those  who  adhere  to  the  Church  of  Rome. 

Catholicism,  ka.thoV.Lsizm,    The  creed  of  Catholics. 

Catholicity,  kath^o.W.tty,    Universalily. 

liat.  eathdUcui:  Gk.  kathdlikda  fkatd  hSlikoSi  according  to  the  whole). 

Catholicon,  ka,rhoV.l.kon.     A  panace'a,  or  universal  medicine. 

Latin  eatMlicum  Irtmifdluml  Greek  kaihdHkon  [idma],  a  universal 
remedy. 

Cato,  plu.  CatOB  not  Catoes,  ka\toze,    (Rule  xlii.) 

Proper  names  in  o  add  *«  (not  -es)  to  form  the  pluraL 

Catoptrics,  ka.top'.trikf.  The  science  of  reflexion  and  refraction. 

Greek  hatdptrikos  fkaidptron,  a  mirror). 
Caucasian,  kaw.k&8\%.an  not  kaw.kay^st an.     (Gk.  kaukusios,) 

In  Latin  tlie  word  is  spelt  both  GaucasScm  and  Cau$aHan. 

Candal,  pertaining  to  the  taiL     Caudle,  kaw.d'l,  a  sort  of  food. 

"  Caudal,*'  Lat.  cauda,  a  taiL    "  Caudle,"  Lat.  ixUidus,  warm  [food]. 
Capl,  a  membrane.    Call,  kawl,  to  speak  with  a  loud  voice. 

"  Caul,"  Old  Bng .  caul  or  cawli  a  basket.    *'CaU,"  Lat.  edlo,  to  call. 


88  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Cauliflower,  koV.Lflow.er  ("  flow-"  to  rhyme  with  now), 

Latin  cavXisfiOrexu,  flowering  eole-wort. 
Gause,  caused  (1  syl.),  caas'-ing,  caus'-er,  caus'-ative. 
Cause-less,  cause-lessly,  cause-lessness. 

Gaiisation,  kaw.za^shun.   Gansality,  kawjsaVJtty,  B.  xxxii. 
Latin  eaus<i,  eausdlis,  causdtio.    The  reason  or  canse  of  an  effect 
Ganseway,  a  corruption  of  the  French  chausSe,    A  raised  way. 

Ganstic,  kaws^tik,  nitrate  of  silver.    Gansticlty.  kaws.tias'Xty, 
Latin  cavsticus;  Greek  kaustikos  fkaiina,  burning  heat). 

Cauterize,  kaw\tS.rize,  oau'terized  (3  syl.),  cau'teriz-ing,  cau'- 
terization,  cauteriz-er,  but  cauterism.    (Rule  xxxii.) 
{In  the  Greek  and  Latin  words  the  middle  "  e*'  is  long.) 
Lat.  oauterizo:  6k.  k<mUridzy,  kavUr-ism  (from  kaiOf  to  bom). 

Caution,  kaw\ihun;  cau'tioned  (2  syl.)    To  warn,  a  warning. 

Cautionary,  kaw\8hun.d.ry ;   cau'tional,  cantious,  kaw',- 

shus  ;  courteous,  kor/te.us^  polite,  q.v, 
Latin  cautiOf  eautionaliSt  cauttts  (from  edveo,  to  beware). 

Cavalcade,  kam\al.kade,    A  procession  of  horsemen. 

Latin  eahcUlus,  a  horse. 
Cavalier,  kav.a^leer^,  a  knight    Cav'iller,  one  who  cavils. 

Cavaliers  (plu.)    Eoyalists  or  partisans  of  Charles  I. 

Cavalierly,  kav.a.leer^.ly.    Haughtily,  arrogantly. 

*'  Cavalier/*  French,  a  horseman ;  Lai  eal>alldri%u  fcabdUus,  a  horseX 
"  CavUler,"  Itatin  cavillor  (deponent  verb),  to  cavil. 

Cavalry,  kav\dl.ry.     Horse-soldiers.    (French  cavalerie.) 

Latin  cabcUhu,  a  horse  ;  caboUldritts,  a  horseman. 
Cave,  caved  (1  syl.),  cav-ing,  kay'.ving ;  cav-ity,  kav'.tty, 

Latin  edv^a,  a  cave ;  cdtjltas,  a  cavity  {caoare,  to  hollowX 
Cavern,  kav\em,  cav'emed  (2  syL),  cav'emous.    (Lat.  eavema.) 
Cavil,  kav'.il,  cav'illed  (2  syl.),  cav'ill-ing.     (Rule  iii,  -il.) 
Caviller,  kav\il.ler,  one  who  cavils.    Cavalier  (q.v.) 

Lat.  eaviUor,  to  cavil ;  eavilldtor,  a  caviller ;  cavilldtianf  a  cavilling. 
Cavity,  plu.  cavities,  kav'.i.tiz.  A  hollow.  (Latin  eavlta^.) 
Cayenne,  kay.enn\  Red  pepper,  from  Cayenne  (South  America), 
-ce  (suffix)  Latin  -(;e[a],  -cila'],  -ti[a'],  added  to  abstract  nouns. 
Cease,  sece ;  ceased  (1  syl.),  ceas'-ing,  cease^less,  cease'-lessly. 
Cessation,  8es.sa\8hun.    A  pause  or  leaving  off. 

Latin  cessatio;  French  ceuer,  Itatin  ceaadre,  to  leave  off. 
Cedar,  se\dar,  a  tree.    Cedry,  adj.  of  "  cedar,"  not  cedary. 

Old  BngliBh  eeder;  Greek  hidr6$:  Latin  cildru$t  adj.  cedratus. 
Cede,  seed ;  ceded,  seef,ded ;  ced-ing,  seedling.  Seed  (of  plants), 

"  Cede/'  Latin  eed^,  to  yield.    "  Seed,"  Old  £ng.  seed  (Lat  aJlum\ 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  80 

GedilUt,  8€e.dil\lah,    A  mark  under  e  (9)  to  indicate  that  it  is 
to  be  pronounced  like  s  (hard). 

Spudsh  eediUa.    It  occurs  only  in  9a.  qo,  and  qa, 
Cefl^Seal,  SeeL 

GeiL    To  cover-in  the  ceiling  of  a  room  with  plaster. 

SeaL    A  sea-calf;  a  stamp ;  to  fasten  with  sealing-wax. 

Seel.     To  close  the  eyes  of  hawks,  to  hoodwink. 

"GeU,"  Latin  ecelttm,  heaven  ;  French  del ;  Ital.  and  Span.  eido. 
"Seal,''  French  acelle  ftceauj;  Latin  aigillum,  contracted  to  aigl. 
''Seel,"  French  ciUer  fcU,  an  eye-lash :  Latin  eiliumj. 

Gefled,  seeld,  past  and  p.p.  of  cell.  Sealed  (1  syl.),  with  wax. 
Ceiling  (of  a  room),  ceilinged  (2  syl.)    Sealing  (with  wax;. 

Gebuidine,  8el\an.dine,    Swallow-wort    A  blander  for  chelidine. 

Latin  eheUdHnia;  Greek  ehel\d6ni6n  (from  cheliddn,  a  swallow). 
80  called  because  swallows  cure  their  young  ones  of  blindness  with 
this  herb,  according  to  an  ancient  fancy.    fPlin.  25,  60 J 

Celebrate,  teV.S.hrate  ;  ceFebrat-ed,  cerebrat-ing,  cerebra'^tion. 
Gerebiator  {-or,  the  Latin  termination  for  an  agent). 
Gel^'ebrant.    An  officiating  priest  at  a  religious  rite. 

Celebrity,  plu.  celebrities,  se.leV .i%.Hz,   One  known  to  fame. 

Latin  ceMyrSre^  uUbrator,  cdebrant^  celebHtas,  &c. 
Cdeiity,  te.le/ry.te.    Swiftness,    (-ty  added  to  abstract  nouns.) 

Latin  eelifrUaif  swiftness  (verb  ciflirdre,  to  hastenX 

Celery,  8eV.S,ry  not  8aV,e.ry,  a  vegetable.     Sal'ary,  wages. 

"Celery,"  French  c£Uri;  German  aelleri;  Greek  tifllndn,  parsley. 

A.  species  of  jwrsley  ^opium  gravidlenaj. 

"  Salary,  "Lat.  solarium,  money  for  salt,  i.«.,  condiments;  (pin-money). 

Celestial,  te.let^M'al  not  se-Us'.tchaL    Heavenly. 

GelestialB,  plu.    The  heavenly  deities  of  heathen  mythology. 

Celestially,  »e.les',t€al.lyy  adv.    In  a  heavenly  manner. 

Celestialise,  seMs'.ti^al.ize.   Gelestialised  (4  syl.)    B.  xxxi. 

Latin  ocsJestis,  celestial,  from  ccelum,  heaven. 

Celestine,s6l'.«s.t^n«not«e.2««^t^7l«,amineral.  Gerestin  (amonk). 

"Celestine,"  Latin  calestis,  so  called  from  its  sky-blue  colour. 
"Celestins,"  an  order  of  monks  named  from  Pope  Cel'estin  V. 

Celibacy,  8eV.tha,8y,  an  unmarried  state.     Celibate,  seVXhate. 

Latin  easMu,  a  bachelor;  celi^dttu,  single  life  (from  the   Greek 
hoUip$f  Le.,  koiU  leipd,  I  avoid  the  bridal-couch). 

Cell  (of  honeycomb),  a  small  room.    Sell  (for  money). 

CeUular,  iel\l%.lar.    Gellnlated,  formed  with  cells. 

OeUnle,  seV.lule.    A  little  cell. 

GeUnlose,  seV.lu.loze.    The  cell-matter  of  plants. 

"CeU,"  Old  Eng.  eeiUas,  cells  ;  Latin  eella  (Greek  hnlS,  a  hollow). 
"Sell,"  Old  Eng.  «yll[an],  past  atalde,  past  part,  aeald,  to  sell. 


I 


90  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Cellar,  a  room  for  stores  underground.    Seller^  one  .wha  Bells. 

Old  Eng.  eOlas,  cells ;  Latin  tOMiriMm,  %  o«liar  {ekXHa,  %  cell), 
-celli,  -cello  (Ital.  diminatiyeB),  -cullus]  Latin  dittiinntiTe. 

Gelt,  Kelt.  "Celt,"  a  bronze  cutting  instrument  found  in 
tumuli.  The  people,  called  CelU,  shotild  be  called 
"  Kelts,"  for  distinction  sake.  Siknilarly  Keltic,  adj.  of 
kelt;  and  Oeltic,  acy.  of  celt. 

*'  Celt,**  lAtin  eeU%8,  a  chiael  (verb  eceZo,  to  carve  or  etubdn). 
''Kelt,"  Greek  KtUai  or  QiU&iai;  Latin  Gdldtce;  Old  Sng.  CeU. 

Cement,  scmenf  not  8em\ent  (noun),  but  verb  and  noun  alike. 
French  cement :  Latin  camentv^  {ecBmenta,  mortar). 

Cem'etery,  plu.  cem'eteries  (for  burials),    dyithmetry,  harmony. 
Cemetery  not  cemetry.    Symmetry  not  symetery  (double  m). 

(In  Greek  and  Latin  the  "  e "  of  " cemetery^ i»  l&i^,) 
Latin  eoemetirium  ;  Greek  koimitMon  (verb  iboifluXo,  to  sleep). 
"  Symmetrj,"  Greek  eummetria,  nm  tne^ron,  [measured]  witii  [one 
and  the  same]  measure. 

Cenotaph,  sen'.o.taf.    A  monument  without  the  dead  body. 

French  c&notapht;  Latin  eihidlcmhivm;  Grefek  hlfnlltnpkUm  (hiMi 
tojphdsj,  an  emptj  tomb.    (N.B. — ceno-  not  ceito-,) 

Censer,  Censor,  Censure,  ten^sevy  sen^^or,  8en\8her, 

Censer.    A  vase  for  incense. 

Censor.    A  Boman  officer  to  enforce  decorum. 

Oenso'rioua,  censo'riously,  censo'riousness,  censorBhlp. 

Censure,  censured  (2  syl.),  cen'snr-ing,  cen'sur-er,  cen'sur- 
able,  cen'sur-ably,  cen'sur-ableness.     To  blame,  &c. 

''Censer,"  French  eneensoir;  Latin  incemtum,  incense. 
"Censor,"  Latin  censor ^  censorius  (verb  ceruire,  to  think  and  Judged 
"Censure,"  Latin  cenetura,  the  office  of  censor ;  and  henee  the  jiMlf> 
ment  or  blame  of  censors  (verb  oeneers). 

Census,  Censers,  Censors,  Censures,  sen'just  sen^serzt  sen^^orz, 
sen^ihers. 

Census  (Latin).    Begistering  the  number  of  the  inhalatanti^ 
(  The  other  three  words  are  the  plural*  of  words  given  ahove.^ 

Cent,  Scent,  Sent,  all  pronounced  alike,  sent    (See  Cetitum.) 

Cent,  hundred :  as  5  per  cent,  written  thus  5  7o 

Scent,  perfume.    Sent,  past  and  past  part,  of  send. 

"  Cent,*'  Latin  centum,  a  hundred ;  French  cent. 

"Scent,"  Fr.  senteur,  scent.    (Lat  eentire,  to  observe  by  the  lensf 

"  Sent,"  Old  Eng.  sendlan],  past  sende,  past  part  sended,  to  send. 

Centaur.     A  fabulous  being  half  man  and  half  horse, 

Latin  centawnu;  Greek  kentauros.    The  centaurs  Were  Greek  boji 
neers,  or  horsemen  who  hutited  wild  bulls.    Grade  keitted  ton 
to  prick  or  spear  bulls. 


AND  OF  SPELUNG.  91 

Ooitiiiiy,  am\tau.fy,  not  emtory,  a  herb.    Oen'tury,  100  years. 

"Oentetiry,"  Lattn  MntattfAi,  the  oentavr,  Buned  from  the  centaur 
(Gbiron),  who  cored  with  it  a  wound  m  hia  foot  from  one  of  the 
strowB  of  HerctUfis. 

Omtam.    (1.)  written  cent,  before  yowelB. 

Genienaiian,  $en\U.nair^'ri,an,     One  who  is  100  years  old. 

Centenary,  plu,  centenaries,  8en\tSMerriz.    The  return  of 
a  period  af ler  the  lapse  of  100  years. 

Csnteimial,  8en.ien'MijaL    Once  a  century. 

«  Annua]'*  Bufftxt  becomes  -enntal,  as  bimmal,  tnennial,&c, 

Gentesinial,  sen.tM'.i.mol,  adj.    Gentes'imally,  adv. 
Latta  mUmtOriuMt  cmtisimiu  feentwn,  a  hundred). 
Centum.    (2.)  -i-  after  "  cent-"  (next  letter  -c,  -/,  -^,  -m,  or  -pe.) 
OentifsepB,  sen'Ul^eps.    Hariog  100  heads.   {Capita,  heads.) 
Oentifolia,  -fo'M,ah,    Having  100  leaves.    {FoUa,  leaves.) 

CSentigrade.    Having  100  degrees  between  the  freezing  and 
boiling  point  of  water.    {Qradus,  a  degree.) 

GentigraiiL     The  100th  part  of  a  gram.    (French  measure.) 

Oentime,  tcMndeem.    The  100th  part  of  a  franc.    (Fr.  coin.) 

Gentianetre.     The  100th  part  of  a  metre.    (Fr.  measure.) 

Centipede,  pla.  centipedes,  sen'M.peeds.    Insects  with  100 
feet.    (Latin  pea,  pidU,  plu.  pidest  feet.) 

Osrtmn.    (8.)  -«-  after  "  cent-"  (next  letter  -m,  -p,  or  -r.) 

Centumviri,   8en.tum\vtH.      Government  lodged    in  the 
hands  of  100  men.    (Latin  eentwn  viri,  100  men.) 

Gentmnvirate,  8en.tum'.vi.rate.    The  office  of  the  above. 
Centuple,  sen'.tu.p'l.    A  hundred  fold.    {Plico,  to  fold.) 
Centuplicate,  ien.tu\pli.kate.    To  make  centuple. 
Centurion,  8en.tu\H,on,    Captain  of  100  men. 
Century,  plu,  centuries,  8en\tu,riz.    Period  of  100  years. 
Letin  emUnmvirif  centuplex,  eentuplicdttu,  eentvHon,  centiiria. 
From  centtun  -wn  mnat  be  effaced 
Whene'er  before  a  vowel  placed. 
CenM  appean  with  e,  /,  g. 
Or  when  preceding  motpe; 
Cent-u  ia  reckoned  better  far 
When  Joined  to  m,  or  p,  or  r. 
^«  o  **memoria  technica  '  the  voorn  •  hnu  '  (ns)  will  denote  when  k  is 
•as€±  arid  tha  vxyrd  *'  Umpire"  (mfr)  when  u  ia  used.     All  other 
vordi  htUmg  to  the  »BCOnd  category.) 

Cento,  plu.  centos.    A  patchwork  poem,  each  line  being  from  a 
different  author,  and  used  in  &  perverted  sense. 

SpeaUh  om*<m/  Latin  cenio,  a  patch  or  poem  of  patches.    Greek 
XMitrdM,  a  patch,  a  cento. 


92  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

^ • 

Centre,  ten'.ter,  the  middle;  centred,  sen'.tefd,  placed  in  tl 
middle ;  centrings,  tending  to  the  centre. 

Gen'tric,  cen'trical,  cen'trically, 

Gen'tral,  cen'trally,  oentral'ity,  cen'trftUsin. 

Gen'traliBe,cen'traii8ed  (3  s7l.),centrali8'-in^,6en%aiito"tioi 

t^nch  centre;  Greek  JUfntrifn,  a  point ;  Lfttin  centrum. 
(It  wUl  be  seen  that  the  word  center  ie  quite  indefensible.  J 

Centrifugal,  ten.trif'.u.gal.    A  force  directed  from  the  eentre  1 
the  circumference,  a  tendency  to  fly  from  the  centre. 
Latin  eenirumfugio,  to  fly  from  the  celitre. 

Cehtripetal,  8en.trip\e.taL    Tending  towards  the  centre^ 
Itatin  centrum  pito,  to  seek  the  centre. 

Centuple,  oentnrioii^  century,  <fec.,  see  above.  Centum^ 

CephaliOj  te.faV.ih,      Pertaining  to  th^  head. 

Lat  cSphallcum,  egphaltcue,  adj. ;  Gk.  kgphaifkos  (hiphdU,  ttes  hea^ 

Cephalopod,  plu.  cephalopods  or  cephalopida,  ief'M.lo,pod 
sef^'a.iop^'-i-dah,    MoUuscs,  like  cuttle-fi^ 

Greek  kiphdU  pddfti,  feet  [placed  round]  the  head. 
Cephens,  8e\fuce.    A  constellation  containing  thirty-five  stai 

GepheuB,  husband  of  Cassiepeia,  both  made  conatellationa. 
Cerastium,  9e.ra8\tlum.    Mouse-ear  chickweed. 

Greek  keraation  (from  keras,  a  hom).  "  The  homed  plant,"  retaadb 
to  the  shape  of  the  capsule  (2  syl). 

Cerasug,  8ei^ra.8U8,    A  genus  of  plants  containing  the  cheny. 

Latin  oSrdteue;  Greek  leirdsos,  the  cherry-tree.  So  called  from  OMUt 
(now  Kerdsun),  whence  it  Was  bfought  by  LucaUas. 

Cerate,  Serrate,  Serried,  seef.ret,  tefrate,  ser^rid. 

Cerate.    A  thick  ointment  containing  -v^ax. 

Cerated,  see'.ra.ted.    Covered  with  #ax. 

Serrate  (in  Boidhy).    Leaves  with  saw-like  edges. 

Serried.    Compact,  set  in  close  array. 

"Cerate,**  Latin  cSrdtum;  "cerated*,"  Latin  eirdtv4. 
"Serrate,"  Latin  serrdtus,  like  a  saw  (»erra,  a  saw). 
"Serried/*  French  serri,  closely  packed^  crowded  together. 

Cere,  seer,  to  cover  with  wax.    Seer,  a  prophet.    Sear,  dry. 

Cerement,  seer^.ment,    A  waxed  wrap  for  dead  bodies. 

"  Cere,"  Latin  eera,  wax.     "  Seer,"  Old  Eng.  aedn,  to  Me. 

"  Sear,"  Old  Eng.  Mar[tan],  to  dry.  , 

Cereal,  pertaining  to  grain.    Serial,  a  periodical. 

Cereals,  plu.,  all  grains  used  for  food.    Serials,  periodical 

'  Cereal,**  Lat.  eeredlia (Cerie,  goddcM  of  com).  " Sexial,**  ftom  mHi 


**i 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  98 

CfiEebnim,  ^lu,  cerebra,  %e7're,}irumy  se/reMdK    The  brain. 

CerebeUum,  plu,  ceiebella,  8er^re.beV'-lumt  ser^re.hel'ldh. 
The  hinder  part  of  the  brain,  where  the  animal  spirits 
are  sapposed  to  be  generated. 

Latin  cerebrum,  the  brain  proper ;  cfirebeUwn,  the  little  brain,  the 
animal  npt  the  intellectual  part. 

Cenmony,  plu.  ceremoniee,  8er're.mun,y,  ser^re.mun.iz , 

Geremonial,    »«rVe.mc>".ni.aZ;   xier'*»mo"niall7,    cer'emo". 

nious,    cer'emo"nioii8ly,    cer'enio"niousness.     Outward 

forms  of  courtesy. 
Latin  eSrimdnia;  French  e^^monie,  cdrSmonicU,  &c. 

GereoiiB,  waxen  (Latin  cer^).    Serious,  grave  (Latin  sSrius). 

Cerei,  See^seez,  goddess  of  com.    Series,  se'.rLeez,  sequence. 
"Series,*'  Latin,  tMu,  aix>nnected  succession. 

Certificate,  ser.tif^i.kate,  certificated,  certif  icat-ing,  certif 'ica"- 
tion.    A  written  testimony ;  to  testify  in  writing. 
French  certificat;  Low  Latin  eertifiMtorium.    (See  CerUtyJ 

Oertifjr,  ter^.tify;  cer'tifies  (3  syl.),  cer'tified  (3  syl.),  cer'tifi-er, 
cer^tiiy-mg.    To  attest  in  writing ;  to  assure.    R.  xlir. 
Frendi  certifier;  Latin  eerti6rem/<icihre,  to  make  certain. 

OoHation,  ses^sa'^shurif  a  pause.    Cassation  (French),  appeaL 
Latin  eeesOfio,  cessation  (from  eesso,  to  leave  off). 

Ghijoii,  ses'^shuUt  a  yielding.    Session,  an  assize,  &c, 

"Cession,"  Latin  cessio,  a^ving  up  (verb  cesso,  to  leave  off). 
"Session/*  Latin  eesHo,  an  assijse  (verb  sedeo,  to  sit). 

OeMpool,  sei'.pool  not  cispool,    Eeceptacle  for  liquid  filth. 
Old  Eng.  8e»»e-p6l,  a  pool  settle  (verb  ees^ian],  to  settle). 

Cetaoea  or  cetaceans,  sing,  cetaceaii,  se.tay\8^.ah,  seday'^scanz, 
sing,  seday* '8£.an.    Whales  and  other  marine  mammals. 

Geta'ceouB,  adjective. 

Latin  cHe;  Greek  lUU  or  leitoe;  adj.  petdceue,  kiteioe  (8  syl). 
Cetiosanms,  8^-ti-8.saw'\ru8.    The  fossil  whale-saurian. 
Greek  kiteie-eauroet  the  whale-like  lizard. 

Ostotolites,  8e.to1f.8.Ute8,    Fossil  ear-bones  of  whales. 

Greek  hiiM^ta  Hthoe,  whales'-ear  stones. 
Ch-  represents  three  distinct  sounds,  and  three  distinct  charac- 
ters.   The  sounds  are  sh,  tch,  and  k.    The  characters 
are  e  (before  a,  e,  i  and  eo),  ch,  and  the  Greek  x* 
(N.B. — In  this  dictionary  "ch^'  is  sounded  "tch,*'  unless 

otherwise  expressed.) 
An  words  (except  two)  beginning  with  "  ch-"  =  A,  are  of 
Greek  origin.    The  exceptions  are  chem'istry  (Arabic), 
and  chiaWo-oscu'ro  (Italian). 


94  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

"  Ch  "  in  EnglUh  toord$  sounded  <u  "  tch,"  vnks$  othenoue  expressed. 

All  Dative  words,  and  two-thirds  of  those  borrowed  from 
the  French  beginning  with  *•  eh-**  hare  the  sound  of  tch. 

There  are  eighteen  words  beginmng  with  **  ch-"  b  sK  siH 
of  whieh  are  from  the  French,  to  which  langnage  iadeed 
most  of  our  irregularities  are  due.  The  eighteen  words 
are  chad,  ehaff'riny  ehoMe^  eham'oiBt  ehaw^paffne,  eham' 
paign,  ehampigjum,  ehandelief^,  'ekapeau'^  ehap'tron, 
charadef,  ehaf'latan,  ekas^seur,  chateau,  ehemiU*',  cheva- 
lier', chiea'nery,  and  ehiffonie'/. 

-ch  (Old  £ng.  sufiGlx  of  adjectives), "  pertaining  to  " :  fioh,  Scotch. 

Chafe,  chafe,  to  rub.     Ohaff,  e^/not  chaf,  husks  of  grain. 

Chafe,  chafed  (1  syL),  char-ing,  ehaf'-er,  chaf'-ery. 

Chafing,  chay'-fing,  rubbing.    Chaffing,  ehdj-jing,  quizzing 

*'  Chafe,*'  French  4diattff^r,  to  warm,  to  chafe. 
"  Chaff,"  Old  Eng.  cea/,  chaff  ("c"=cfeX 

Chafer,  chay\fer,  a  beetle.     Chaffer,  chdf.fer,  to  haggle. 

"Chafer,"  Old  Eng.  cea/or,  a  chafer,  a  beetle  ("c "=<*). 

"  Chaffer/'  Ger.  8^a4Jierei,  chaffering  (verb  smachem,  to  bargalBi). 

Cbaff,  chaffed  (1  syL),  chaffing,  to  quiz.    Chafe.  (See  above.) 

Chaffer,  cMf'.fer  (noun)  j  chaf.fer  (verb).    Rule  1. 

Chagrin  (Fr.)  shag^rin  (n.),  sha.grin'  (v.).  Shagreen,  sTia.greeti^, 

Chag'rin,  vexation :  chagrin',  to  vex.  (Bulel.)  Shagreen'', 
a  sort  of  leather  prepared  from  the  shagree  whale. 

Chagrin^  chagrined,  $ha.gr%nd^,  chagrin'-ing  (only  one  fi> 
( One  of  the  few  exceptions  to  a  very  general  rule.    Rule  %.} 
Chair,  cheer,  share,  shear,  sheer. 

"  Chair"  (a  seat),  French  cftatr«,  a  pulpit;  Lat.  cathedrti. 
*'  Cheer'*  (to  console),  French  dih^t  cheer,  welcome. 
**  Share  "  (a  portion).  Old  Eng.  «<r.  a  part  cut  off. 
^ Shear"  (to  cut).  Old  Eng.  scir[an],  to  cut  off,  to  divide. 
*'  Sheer  "  (entire,  pure),  Old  Eng.  scir,  pure,  clear,  ftc  . 

Chaise,  shdze,  a  one-horse  carriage  with  two  wheels.  Chaae,  honi 

"  Chaise,"  French  chaise.    **  C^iase,"  French  chasser,  to  hunt. 

Chalcedony,  kal.see'.do.ny  not  kaL8ed'.8.ny.    A  precious  stone. 

(The  "  e  "  and  the  "  o  "  are  both  long  in  the  Greefc  word,) 

Greek  ehatkSd&n:  Latin  ehdloSddnMU.  So  named  ftrom  "GhaloMoOk" 
a  Greek  city  of  Bithinia,  where  the  first  was  found.  , 

Chaldee,  koLdee'  not  chal.dee*;  Chaldean,  kal,de4^.an, 
Chaldaio,  kal.day\ik;  Ohaldaigm,  hal.day\ixm. 
Latin  ChcUdeei,  Chaldeana ;  Chaidaieus;  Gk.  Chaldaia,  Chaldaios. 

Chaldron,  chauV.dron  not  chaV.dron.  Thirty-six  bushels  [of  coke] 
Caldron,  kawV.dr%n  not  kaV.drihi,    A  large  boiler. 

"C!haldron."  French  ehcUdron,  an  old  dry  measure  of  1906*516  Utns 
"'  Caldron,'  French  <haudron;  Latin  ealddriwn,  m  luge  kettle. 


AND  OF  SPELUXG.  f>5 

"Ch**  iift  MmtHUk  fwrdf  munded  as  **  toh,"  wnleit  ot/i«nfiM  eaggpretfed. 

GhaUoe,  eA9r.bt,  a  oop.    GhaUced,  e?MV.ut,  full  of  onps. 
TT;^  word  ought  not  to  have  an  "  h  "  after  the  *  c"; 
QU  Sng.  taUCg  •  goblet;  French  ealie$:  Latin  ecUiat;  Qtuk  kulix. 
Chilk,  dkawik.    GaUc,  AoirJb,  to  fill  the  seams  of  a  ship.    Cork. 
GhalksF,  eAoifiiE'.y,  ao(j.  of  dhalk.    OoriEy,  like  cork. 

"CSialk,"  (Md  Bnc.  MiI«or  «fle,  UnM :  Latin  oato;  Qraek  ehalix. 
**C§¥tt**  Latin  eoMo,  to  tread  down  (from  cdkt,  tlie  heel). 
"Coric,"  ^paniah  eoreko;  Latin  coricae,  bark. 

Cbilleiige  (2  syL),  challenged  (2  sjL),  challenger,  challenging. 

GhalleiigeAble,  ehaV.le!f^.&.VL    (Only  verbs  in  -C6  and  -ge 
retain  the  "  e  "  before  -able,) 
Low  Latin  oalangivm,  a  diaUenge ;  Greek  kaXeo^  to  nimmon. 

Chalybeate,  l6&.lW,S.aU    Femiginous  water. 

French  cAa2y5^;  Latin  chdlybUfiu,  adj.  of  e?UI2y&«,  steel;  Greek 
dUO/iOa,  steel,  from  *'  ChUnps/'  one  of  the  nations  of  the  ChdlyUs, 
in  Fontns,  f amona  for  working  in  iron  and  steeL 

Chamber,  ehdm\ber,  ch&ral>efed  (2  syL),  chaml)er-ing. 

French  thambrt;  Latin  oAmfru;  Greek  kdmdra,  a  Tanlted  room. 

Qwaneleini,  ka.mee\U.on.     A  lizard,  able  to  change  its  hue. 
Latin  chanwdeim;  Greek  chamai  ledn,  the  reptile  Hon. 

(Suttnoifl,  87um,'.tDor(nGnn\8ham\my  (adj.):  as  "  chamois-leather." 
Fteocih  thamoUf  Spanish  gamuzat  a  species  of  antelope  or  goat. 

Chamcimfle,  kam\S.milet  a  plant.    CSal'Qmel,  prepared  meroory. 

Calamine,  kal\a.mfn.    Carbonate  of  2inc. 

"Chamomile,'*  Latin  ehamcemHon:  Greek  kamaimSldn,  the  ground 

apple,  so  called  ab  odore  maU  Man'oni.    (Plin.  22,  21.) 
(Onr  word  is  qnite  misspelt,  and  as  usual  we  have  taken  the  error 
'  from  the  Frwich,  camomille  for  chamSmel.) 

Champaign,  8ham\pain\  a  wine.    Gamiiaign,  kam.pain^  (q-v.) 

Champioa,  eham'.ptont  a  defender.    Campion,  kam'.pl.on  (q.v.) 

'*  Champion,"  French  ehampumt  Low  Latin  iximpio  f champ  pionj. 
"Campion/'  both  the  Silene  (catch  fly)  and  the  Lychnis. 

Chmoe  (1  syL),  chanced  (1  syl.),  ohano'-ing.     To  happen. 

FroDch  ehofics;  Latin  cadeHs,  cadmHa^  things  that  occur. 
^huicol,  ehSn\»el  (of  a  chnrch).    Cancel,  to  obliterate. 

Ghaneellor,  ehdn'^ellor^  a  dignitary.    Cancellet,  one  who 
cancels.    Chancery,  chdn^se.ry,  a  court  of  equity. 

Latin  eaneelUi  a  chancel;  eaneeUoHuSf  can^xllaria  (from  canceUi, 
lattioea,  whieh  divided  the  clergy  and  lawyers  from  the  laity). 

Ckiideiler,  8h&n.diS.leei^,    A  hanging  candelabrum. 

Chandler,  chSnt^,ler  not  ehdnd'.ler,    A  dealer  in  candles. 

i  ehmuMitu^,  ebandeliaraiid  chandler ;  Latin  eandHa,  a  candle. 


96  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

"  Gh  "  in  English  foords  sounded  as  **  tch,**  unless  othenoise  expressed. 

Change,  change  ;  changed  (1  syL),  chang^-ing,  chang^-er. 

Change'-ahle  (verbs  in  -ce  and  -ge  retain  the  "e"  before 
-able)y  change'-ableness,  change'-ably,  change^fnl.change^- 
fully,  change-less,  change-ling.    To  alter,  an  alteration. 

French  t^nger;  Latin  cambidre,  to  change,  cambiumf  dumge. 
Channel,  c^n^ne{;  channeled,  ehanf.neld;  chan^nel-ing.  (B.iii.) 

Canar,  an  artificial  river.    Ken'nel  (for  dogs),  a  gutter. 

'* Channel**  and  "canal,"  Latm  candlis;  French  canal. 

**  Kennel "  (a  gutter),  Fr.  ehenal.   ( A  dog's  house)  thenil  (eMeUt  %  dog). 

Chanter,  fern,  chantress,  chan'.ter^  chan' .tress.    One  who  chants. 

Chanticleer,  chan'.ti.cleer,    A  corruption  of  cantie^uiar. 

Chantry,  chan'.try  (should  be  ehantery),  A  chantry-chapeL 

"Cbant«r,"  Old  Eng.  cantere;  Fr.  chanter,  v.;  Lat.  eaaitare,  coMtdter, 
*'  Chanticleer,**  Latin  canticUldrius,  a  Uttle  singer,  the  cock. 
"Chantry,*'  Fr.  ehantererie;  Low  Lat.  cantaria  {chanteTf  to  shig). 

Chaos,   kay\58.    The  materials  of  the  world  before  "  creation." 

Chaotip,  hay. off. ik.    Adj.  of  chaos.     (Greek  and  Latin.) 

Chap  (the  cheek),  not  chop.    Chap  (to  crack  from  cold),  not  chop. 
chap,  chapped,  chapt;  chapp'-ing,  chapp'-y.    (B.  i) 
"  Chap  "  and  *'  chop  '*  are  the  samfi  words,  hut  **chop  **  if 

now  used  to  signify  a  cut,  as  a  "mutton  chop,**  or 

to  cut,  as  to  "  chop  wood.'* 

**  Chap  **  (the  cheek).  Old  Eng.  eeaplas,  the  jaws ;  eeafelf  the  snout. 
"  Chap  "  (as  chapped  hands).  Low  Latin  colpo,  to  cut ;  Fijanch  eoup. 

Chapel,  chdp\el,  chap'el-ry.    Chapel  was  originally  the  canopy 
placed  over  the  altar  when  mass  was  performed. 

Low  Lat.  capelluSy  a  cap  or  hood,  capettdria,  a  chapelry;  Yx.  dMptXU, 

COiapel  Boyal,  plu.  chapels  royal.    ("  Royal,"  a4j.  no  pin.) 

Chaperon  shap\S.rdne  (noun),  chaperone,  shap'Xrone  (yerfo). 

Chaperone,  chap'eroned  (3  syl.),  chap'eron-ing. 

French  cTutperon,  a  hood  worn  by  an  attendant,  hence  an  attendaat 
on  young  ladies,  a  guide  or  protector. 

Chapiter,  chup'.tter,  the  capital  of  a  column.  Chap'ter  (of  a  book). 

*'  Chapiter, "  Latin  cajAtellum  or  fxip/CtiUum  (caput,  a  head,  and  -€liiMi 

or  -ulum,  dim. :  French  chapiteau,  a  chapiter. 
"Chapter,"  Old  Eng.  capital;  Latin  cdpitHlum;  French  ehapUre. 

Chaplain,  chup\lan.    A  clergyman  to  a  private  family,  ship,  &o. 

Chaplaincy,  chaplainship.    (It  would  be  better  chapelain,) 

French  chapelain;  Latin  capelldnus  (one  who  wears  a  hood,  oopettiMX 

Chaplet,  chup'.letj  a  wreath  (Fr.  chcpelet;  Low  Latin  capeUut). 

Chapter,  chap\ter  (of  a  book).  Chapiter,  chap'X.ter  (of  apillar),  q,Vi 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  97 

"Gb"  <»  JffngKaPk  V)ord$  toundtd eta  "tch,"  wnieu  olherwiw  exprtMed. 

Char,  to  bom  to  carbon.    Ohiir,  chair,  to  work  by  the  day  at 
house-work  (applied  to  women).    Gharr,  a  lake  fish. 

Ohar  (to  bum).    Charred,  ehard.    (Rnle  i.) 

Gharring,  burning.    Charing  (one  r),  doing  char-work. 

"Cbkr**  (to  bom),  a  contraction  of  the  French  eharbcnner  fcharcocUJ. 
**  Char,"  Old  £og.  cirre,  a  turn  of  business  (verb  e&rran). 
f**Chdring**  is  one  of  the  few  exceptions  to  a  very  general  nUe.    £.  i ) 
"Cbanr"  ^the  fish},  Gaelic  oear,  one  of  the  salmon  famllj. 

Character,  kar^,rak.ter.    Caricature,  ka7^H.kd,ture  (q.v.) 

Charactered,  kar^rahJerd ;  ohar'actering,  char'acterlees. 

Ghar'acterize,  ohar'acterized  (4  syl.),  char'acteriz-ing. 

OharacteriBtic,  kar^rak,ter.'U" .tik ;  char'acteris^'tical,  char'- 
acttriB^'tically,  char'acterisni.    Bule  xxxii. 

Oreek  eharaUiTy  charaettrizo  (from  eharassOy  to  impress  coin);  Latin 
ehaauUiTy  characUrismtu,  the  distinguishing  of  characters. 

Charade  (French)  iha/rard\    A  riddle.    {See  Enigma.) 

(%arge  (1  syl.),  charged  (1  syL),  charg'-ing,  charg'-er. 

Charge-able  (Verbs  in  -ee  and  -ge  retain  the  "e"  before 

-able),  charge'-ably,  charge'-ableness,  charge-less. 
French  charger,  to  load,  ftc :  Low  Latin  carco,  to  load  (our  cargo). 

Chazgg  d^afbiree,  plu.  charges  d'affaires  (French),  shar'.zja 
dafjair.    One  entrusted  with  diplomatic  business. 

(Aariot  (French)  cha'/ry.ot,    A  coach  with  only  a  front  seat 
Charioteer,  chaf^ry.S.teer^.    The  driver  of  a  chariot. 

Charity,  |72i^.  charities,  char'itable,  chai'itably,  char'itableness. 
French  chariti;  Latin  ch&ritas,  not  caritas  (Greek  (iharitis,  favours). 
Charlatan  (French),  shar^.ld.tan,  a  quack.    Charlatanism. 
Chair,  a  fish  of  the  salmon  family.    Char,  to  burn.    (See  Char,) 
Oiart,  chart,  a  map.    Cart,  a  two- wheeled  vehicle  for  stores. 

Charter,  a  royal  grant  in  writing.    Carter,  one  who  has 
charge  of  a  team. 

"Chart," Lat.  charta;  Gr.  charUs,  papers.    "Cart,"  Old  Eng.  orcet. 

Oiasahle,  chase!'. a.b%  that  may  be  chased.    Chas'uble  (q.v.) 

Oiaae,  chase,  chased  (1  syl.),  chas'-ing,  chas'-er,  chas'-able. 
(Only  verbs  in  -ce  and  -ge  retain  the  " e"  before  -able.) 
French  chtusex,  to  chase ;  Low  Lat.  chacea  or  (^uuea  (verb  chaceo). 

Gbaam,  kSzm,  a  gulf.    (Greek  chasma,  a  yawning ;  Lat.  chasma.) 

Chaste,  cJutst,  chaste^-ly,  chaste'-ness,  but  chas'Uty. 

French  chaste,  chasteU;  Latin  castus,  castttas. 

Q 


98  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

''Gh**  in  BngUsh  vwrdi  founded  m  "toh," imlest  oiherwiu  «xprt$md. 


Chaeten,  ehSseJn  not  eheute'n  ;  chastened,  chase'Jnd, 

Ohastening,  ehasefMAng ;  chastener,  ehase','ner» 

GhastiBe,  ehca.tize' ;  chastised' (3  8jl.),chSstis'ing,chSstis'-e 
chastls'-able.    (Not  in  -ee  or  -ge.    Bale  xx.) 

Chastisement,  cha/Mz.menL    Correction,  ponishment 
Old  Fr.  chattier,  now  chdtier;  lAtln  tastigdre,  to  correct,  puiiiBh. 

Ohastity,  chas^tLty,    Purity  of  body  and  mind.    {See  CHiaste 

Chasnble,  8haz\u.h%  a  priest's  robe.    Ghasable,  chatif.a.Vl  (q.\ 

"  Chasuble, "  French :  Low  Lat.  «uvMla,,  dim.  of  eatHiek,  a  rarplic 
It  is  worn  over  the  alb  when  the  priest  performs  mass. 

Ghat,  chatt'-ed,  chatt'-ing,  chatt'-er,  chatf-y.    (Rule  L) 

Chatter,  chatt'ered  (2  syl.),  chatt'ering,  chatt'erer.  To  prattl 
French  ^cuer,  cormpted  first  to  chdtam'  then  to  fSuMer. 

Chatean,  jplti.  chateaux  (Fr.),  8haf.0y  8h3f.oze.    A  country  sea 
Chattels,  cAat'.t'b.  Goods  in  general.  (LowLat.cato2{a,chatteh 
Chaumontelle,  8hau\m(m,teV  not  shar^.mon.teV.    A  pear. 
So  called  from  Chaumont,  in  France. 

• 

Cheap,  cheep;  cheapen,  eheep'M;  cheapened,  eheep\*nd;  chea] 
ening,  cheep^'ning.    Low  in  price,  to  lessen  in  value. 
Old  Eog.  eedp,  a  bargain,  oedp[ian],  to  bargain,  cedpan,  to  boy. 

Cheat,  cheet.  Contraction  of  "escheat."  Esoheators  we] 
ofiScers  appointed  to  look  after  the  king's  escheats.  Th 
gave  many  opportunities  of  overcharging  and  of  fraud. 

Cheafer,  one  who  cheats.    Cheetar,  the  hunting  leopard. 
Old  Eng.  oeatta,  cheats.    ''Chetar,**  nr  cheeta,  is  a  Mahratta  word. 

Check,  a  restraint,  to  restrain.    Check  or  cheque  (for  money). 

Checker  or  chequer.    To  form  into  checks  or  squares. 

Old  Eng.  eeae,  a  fetter;  French  ichee,  a  repulse,  hinderance. 
"Cheque  or  check"  (for  money),  exchequer,  a  treasury. 

Cheek.    Side  of  the  face.    (Old  Eng.  cedca,  the  cheek  or  jaw.] 

Cheer,  Chair,  Char,  Sheer,  Shear,  Share. 

Cheer.    To  gladden.     (French  ch^e,  cheer,  welcome.) 

Chair.    A  seat.    (French  chaire,  a  pulpit;  Latin  cathedra 

Char,  chair.    To  do  domestic  work  by  the  day,    (Old  Euj 
cirran,  to  do  a  turn  of  business ;  cSrre,  a  turn  of  buBiness 

Sheer.    Entire,  pure.    (Old  English  scir,  pure,  dean.) 

Shear.    To  cut    (Old  Eng.  scirlan],  to  cut  off,  to  divide.' 

Share.    A  portion.    (Old  English  sdr,  a  part  cut  off.) 

Chee'tah,  the  hunting  leopard.    Cheaper,  one  who  cheats  (q.v. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  1)9 

"Cb"  iM  BnqliUh  wcrdi  founded  at  "  Uh,"  wUett  0th»ryri$e  e3Bprta$td, 

Owf  d*OBfiine,  plu,  ehefii  d'oBnTie,  $hay  cTurv.    (In  art)  the 
best  prodaotion  of  an  artist  in  his  particular  line. 

Chair-  (Qreek),  hire  or  ki'.r...    The  hand.    Except  in  Zoologi- 
cal nomenclature,  wpeit  ehir-  {q.v.) 

GhdzacanfhuB,  ki\ra.kan".thu8.   A  fish  armed  with  spines. 

Oheixolepls,  ki.roT.^.pit.    A  fossil  fish.    (Gk.  UpiSy  a  scale.) 

Quiiaptextk,  ki,rop\te,rah.    Bats.    (Greek  |>f^on,  a  wing.) 

Oheimms,  hLru\nu.    A  trll5bite.    (Greek  cheir  oura,  hand- 
tail;  i.e.,  having  a  tail  with  five  finger-like  spines.) 

Chels,  hee'dee.    A  daw  (of  a  crustacean).    (Gk.  chSlS,  a  talon.) 

^^'^^^A^'ft,  ki-UfMuah.    The  tortoise  family.    Ghelo'nian  (n.  or 
a4f*)    (Gk.  chSldni^  a  tortoise.) 

Gbenuse  (French),  sM^meez'.    An  undergarment  of  women. 

Ghemiaette,  shim^ejiet',    A  sort  of  female  waistcoat 

Oienustry,  chemist  (e  not  y),  hemWsdry^  kem'.ut.     Chem'io, 

chemical,  chemically. 

The  same  root  m  al-chemy,  withont  the  article  tU.  Arabic  kimia, 
the  occult  art.  Even  if  taken  from  the  Greek,  the  first  vowel 
wonld  be  i  not  y  {eM6,  to  melt ;  not  ehv/d). 

Cheque  or  check.    An  order  for  money.    {See  Check.) 
Oierish,  eher^ruh  ;  cher'ished  (2  syL  )    Fr.  ehirir ;  cJieVy  dear. 

Cherry,  che/ry  (ought  to  have  only  one  r).    A  fruit. 

Old  Eng.  eirse;  Fr.  cSrise;  Lat.  efriUus;  Gk.  kHrdsfis  (from  Cerasus, 
on  the  Pontine  coast,  whence  Lucullus  imported  the  cherry). 

Cher'abypZu.  cher^ubs  {Heh.  plu.  cher'nbim.  Chaldaie  chembin). 
[The  Bible  word  " cherubimt " [Gen.  Hi.  24]  is  indefemibU.) 

Chervil,  cher^.vil,  a  herb.  (Old  Eng.  cerfille ;  Lat.  cJiarephyllum.) 
Greek  eftairo,  to  rejoice,  and  pfwUon,  a  leaf,  an  exhUarating  plant. 

Chesfnnt  not  Ohes'nnt     (Latin  cattSn^ce  nux.  Virg.  Ecc.  ii.  62.) 
Old  Eng.  eixier^niii,  a  diestnnt.    (From  CastdnSa,  in  Thes8al7.) 

Oievauz  de  frise  (French),  she-vo'  d^-freeze'.    A  military  fence. 

Cheoaux  defrise,  the  horse  [bar]  nsed  at  the  siege  of  Frite. 
Chevalier  (French),  8hev\d.leer,    A  cavalier. 

Chew,  ehoo,  chewed  (1  syl.),  chewing.    To  masticate. 
Old  Bng.  ee&v^an],  past  eedw,  past  part,  cotoen,  to  chew. 

Odaio-oecoro  (Ital.),  ke.ah'ro  os.ku'.ro.    Light  and  shade. 

OUhoDk  or  Chibougue  (Turk.),  cM.booke\    A  Turkish  pipe. 

GUcane,  shS.kain' ;  chicanery,  sM.kain'.^.ry,    Trickery. 
French  thioane,  chicanerie,  pettifogging  trickery. 


100  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


"Gh"  in  Engliah  vwrds  founded  at  "teh,"  unless  otherwise  expressed. 

Chick  or  chicken,  plu.  chicks  or  chidkens.  (Chicken  is  not  plural.) 
Old  Eng.  eicen,  pin.  ctcenu.    "  Chick'*  is  a  contraction  of  cidien]. 

Ghide,  past  chode,  past  part,  chidden  [chid].    To  reprove. 
Chid'-er,  chid'-ing,  chid'-ingly. 
Old  Eng.  cid[an],  past  odd,  past  part,  eiden,  to  chide. 

Chief,  plu.  chie&  (Eule  xxxix).     Chieftain  (French  chef). 

Chiffonier,  shif'.fo.nee/t  not  cheffoneer,    A  piece  of  furniture. 

French  ehiffpnnieTt  a  rag-picker  (from  chiffon,  a  rag). 
Chilblain,  chiV.hlain.    A  blain  or  sore  from  chill  or  cold. 

Old  Eng.  cele-hlegen  or  hloegan,  a  chill  blister  or  sore. 

Child,  plu.  children,  chUd^  chiV.dren.  Childe,  a  youns:  nobleman. 

"child,"  Old  Eng.  did,  plu.  cUdra,  later  form  cildre /'n interpolatedX 

Childhood,  the  child  period.   (0.  Eng.  -hdd,  state,  condition.) 

Childish,  like  a  child.    (0.  Eng.  -isc  [added  to  nouns]  means 
"  like,"  but  added  to  acUectives  is  dimiTtutivet  as  "  blackish.** 

Chiliad  (Greek)  kiV.l.ad,  1,000.  Kilo-,  used  in  French  weights 
to  express  a  multiple ;  niille-  (Latin  1,000)  to  express  a 
fraction.  Thus  kilo-gramme  =  1,000  grammes ;  milU' 
gramme,  y^^u  part  of  a  gramme. 

Chill,  chilled  (1  syl.),  chill'-ing,  chill'-er  (eomp.),  chill'-est  (sup.), 
chiU'ingly,  chiU'ness,  chiiry,  chill'i-ness.     (Rule  viii.) 

Chilli  [vinegar]  ;  chillies  (plu.),  chiV.liz,  pods  of  Guinea  pepper. 

Chime,  chimed  (1  syl.),  chim'-ing.    To  make  bell-music. 

Danish  Hme,  to  chime ;  Hmen,  chiming. 
Chimera,  plu.  chimeras,  kl.mee'.rah,  kl.mee\rdz.    A  monster. 
Chimerical,  ki.mer'ry.kal  (imaginary) ;  chimer^ically. 

Lat.  chinuBra;  Gk.  chimaira,  a  lion,  dragon,  and  goat  united. 

Chimney,  plu.  chimneys,  not  chimnies.    Chimney-piece. 

(The  word  "  chimhley  "  is  a  common  error  with  children,) 
French  cheminde;  Latin  cdminus;  Gk.  kdmlnds,  a  chimney. 

Chimpanzee,  chim\pan.zee\     African  name  for  the  orang. 

Chin  (of  the  face).     Chine,  the  back  bone,  a  "joint "  cut  from  it 
'  *  Chin,"  Old  Eng.  cin.    '*  Chine,"  French  ichine,  the  spine. 

Chinese.  Sing,  a  Chinese  ot  a  Chinaman,  plu.  Chinese  (indefi. 
nite),  Chinamen  (definite),  as  1,  2,  3,  &c..  Chinamen. 

Chintz,  plu.  chintzes.    Cotton  prints  with  more  than  two  colours. 
Hinddstan'ee,  chint;  Persian  ehinz,  spotted  cotton  cloth. 

Chip,  chipped  (1  syl.),  chipp'-ing,  chipp'-er.    (Rule  i.) 

German  kippen,  as  kippen  und  wippen,  kipper  und  toipper,  appHad 
to  money-clipping  and  money-clippers. 


AND  OF  SPEIJJXG.  ^n 

''Gb  "  M  Bnglith  vjords  sounded  cu  **  tch,"  unfe»9  othenoiw  expressed. 

Gfajr-  (Greek  cheiVt  the  hand),  kV.r,„  ( prefix),  hand.  {See  Cheir-.) 
CSiirography,  ki.rog'.rd.fy.    Art  of  writing. 
Chirograph,  kV.rS.graph.    An  official  written  document. 

CShirographic,  ki\ro,graf*'.iky  a^j.    Ohirog'rapher. 
Greek  ehmr  grapho,  to  write  with  the  band.  b«nd-writing. 
Ghizamancy,  ki\ro.man^,  Diyining  by  looking  at  the  hand. 

CShiramancer,  ki\ro.manjer.    One  skilled  iu  the  above. 

Greek  cheir  marUeia,  hand-diviiuttion,  &c 

Chiropodist,  ki,rop\o,di8t,    A  com  and  wart  doctor. 

Gredc  eheir  podes^  hand  and  feet  (-ist^  an  agent). 
Ghifl'el,  chis'eled  (2  syl.),  chis'el-ing,  ohis'el-er.    (Rule  iii.  -et..^ 

French  eiseler,  to  chisel  {ciseau,  sdsson) ;  Lat.  casum  {eatdo,  to  eat). 
GSdfBlzy,  shif/Ml.ry ;  chivalric,  8hiv\aLrik ;  chiv'alroiia. 

French  ehewxltris  (S  syLX  from  duval,  a  horse ;  Lat.  cabcdUu. 
Qdoriiie,  Icto'.ffn.    In  Chemistry  -ine  denotes  a  gas. 

Chloride,  klo\rid.    In  Chemistry  -ide  denotes  a  base.    If 
'*  lime  "  is  the  base,  the  compound  is  chloride  of  Ume. 

Chlorate,  klo\rate.  In  ChemUtry  -ate  denotes  a  salt,  the 
acid  of  which  ends  in  -ic.  The  salt  of  chloric  acid  with 
a  base. 
Greek  thl&ros,  pale  green.  CMorine  is  a  greenish  yellow  gas. 
Gbloroform,  kU/.ro.form.  A  compound  of  chloiine,  carbon,  and 
hydrogen,  -form  in  CliemUttry  denotes  the  '*  ter-oxide  of 
a  hydrocarbon,"  which  resembles  **  formic  acid." 

Chlorophyll,  kU/.ro.Jil,    The  green  colouring  matter  of  plaTits. 

Greek  cfUdro*  phuUcn,  the  green  of  leayes. 
Chocolate,  choW.o.let,    (French  chocolate  Spanish  chocolate.) 
Choice,  choic'-er  (camp.),  choic'-est  (sup.)  Worthy  to  be  chosen. 

Old  Eng.  eedsian],  to  choose  ;  cedsung,  a  choice. 
Choir,  quire.    A  band  of  singers ;  the  place  where  they  sing. 

Old  Eng.  dufr;  Latin  ch&rus;  Greek  chOrds. 
Chidce,  choked  (I  syl.),  chok'-ing,  chok'-er.     To  block  up. 

Welsh  cegio,  to  choke,  (from  eeg,  a  moothX 
Choler,  kot.er,  aoger.    Collar  (for  the  neck). 

Choleric,  koV.e-rik,    Irritable,  passionate. 

Greek  and  Latin  ehdUfra.    (Greek  choU  rheo.  flow  of  bOe.) 
"Collar,"  Old  Eng.  eeolr,  a  collar ;  Latin  collum,  the  neck. 

Gholexa,  koV.e.rah.    A  flow  of  bile,  bile-flux.    (See  above.) 

Choote,  past  chose,  past  part,  chosen,  chooz,  chGze,  chvzen ; 
cboos^-ing,  choos'-er.    Choice,  choic'-er,  choic'-est. 
Old  Eng.  ce6^an\  past  eeds,  past  part,  e&rtn. 


102  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Ch*'  ^ BniM^wvrdM  mnmiad  M  ** U^"  wdtn  ttkenoim 


Chop,  to  cut,  to  exchange.    Chap,  the  jaw-part  of  the  cheek,  &c 

Chop,  chopped  (1  sjL),  ehopp'-ing,  ehopp'-^.    (Bole  L) 

"  Chop"  (to  eat,  &«.),  Hmw  Lat.  eolfw,  to  eat ;  Frendi  eimper,  to  cut. 
"  Chop  **  (to  exciumgeX  Old  Eng.  oeap,  a  bari^dii ;  Terb  ee^on]. 
"  Chap  **  (the  jaw),  Old  Eng.  eeapUu,  the  jaws. 
"  Chap  **  (to  crack  with  cold).  Low  Latin  colj^^  to  eat. 

Choral,  ko'sal,  a^j.  of  choir  (quire).    Coral,  kat^ral  (q.v.) 

Chord,  kord  (in  Music).    Cord,  kord,  rope.    Cawed,  p.  of  eaw. 

**  Chord,"  Greek  chordS,  the  string  of  a  late,  kc;  Latin  chorda. 
'^Oord,**  French  eorde,  string:  Greek  tkordS;  Latin  efcorda. 
**  Cawed,**  hvrd,  past  tense  of  "  eaw/'  an  imitation-word ;  Old  Eng. 
ear,  a  erow ;  Latin  eor«[iM] ;  Greek  coraz. 

ChoruB,  ho'. rut.    Cho'ral,  adj.    (Latin  ehoras,  Greek  ehSr^iB.) 

Chough,  chuff y  a  jackdaw,  a  crow.  Cidl^  itu/,  a  blow.  **  Chongh  " 
was  originally  pronoanced  chow,  like  *'  though  "  tho\ 

Old  Eng.  eeo—th'ow;  Fr.  thcmeat;  Lat.  cormu  (**caw.'*  the  07). 
"  Caff,"  French  coup,  to  blow ;  Latin  cOAphuB  (Greek  hdlaptd). 

Chiism,  krizm,  consecrated  oiL  Chrisom,  kris^om,  a  child  that 
dies  within  a  month  of  its  birth. 

"Chrism,"  Greek  and  Latin  ehrisma,  ointment  (Gk.  d^HA,  to  anoint). 
"Chrisom,"  so  called  from  the  "chrism  doth,**   anointed  with 
"  chrism,"  or  consecrated  oil,  and  plac«d  orer  the  child. 

Christ,  krist ;  Christ-IesSi  krisfless.    Short  in  the  compounds : 
Christmas,  krxsf.nuu,   F^om  Dec.  35  to  Jan.  6.   (Rule  Tiii.) 
Christen,  kris'.'n  not  fcr{g'.t«ii;  christened,  kr%8\*n€L 
Christening,  krit''n.ing;  chrintener,  kris'^n-cr. 
Christendom,  kri8''n,dom.    All  (]!hristian  countries. 
Christian,  kris'.tl.an;  Christianity,  kru^'ttMn"'Lty. 
Christianize,  kris\ti.an.ize ;  christianized,  kiitCPLanAzed. 
Christianizing,  Christianism,  kris'.ttan.izm.    (R.  xxzii.) 

Greek  Christos,  ehristidnds,  dirisHanizA,  ehristianismot. 
Latin  Chr^st^^8,  chriatidnuB,  duritUanittMU,  ^rutidniUu. 

Chromate,  kr^.mate.  In  Chemistry  -ate  denotes  a  salt,  from 
the  union  of  a  most  highly  oxidized  acid  with  a  base. 
Thus  chromic  acid  and  potash  is  the  chromate  of  potash* 

Chromite,  krd'.mite.  In  Chemistry  -ite  denotes  a  salt,  from 
the  union  of  a  less  oxidized  acid  with  a  base.  Thus 
chromite  of  iron  is  an  oxide  of  chromium  (inferior  to 
cbromic  acid)  in  union  with  iron. 

Chromium,  kri/,m\,umy  a  metal;  also  called  chrome  (1  sjL) 

Greek  dirtfma,  ooloor.    The  metal  "chrOmiom"  is  so  called  beeaosa 
it  is  a  powerful  eolooring  substance. 


AND  OF  SPELLLVa.  103 


"Cai"  i»  Enfi^iA  Vfordt  Mounded  at  "toh,"  ut^tts  othervi$e  txprtMttd. 

GhnmmtioB  (plu.),  kro,maf.ik8t  soienoe  of  colours. 

Ghromatic  Scale  (Mtisic),  so  called  from  the  intermediAte 
notes  being  printed  in  colours. 

Ghromatrope,  kro\ma.trdpe.    An  apparatus  for  showing  a 

stream  of  colours.    (Greek  tr6pad,  to  turn  round.) 

Ctoeek  dvr&ma,  colour.  All  sciences  in  -^  art  plural  except  logic, 
mnsic,  and  phytdc  (French  wordsX  Gk.  ehHhnatikot;  Lat.  ckrc- 
m&UiOua,  chromatic  music. 

Chianic,  kran\ik  or  chion'ical.     Continuing  a  long  time. 

Chronicle,  kron\tk'l.    History  arranged  in  order  of  time. 

Ghnmialed,  kr6n\tk'ld;  ohronid-ing,  kr8n'.i,kUng. 

Ghzoniel-er,  hr8n'.l.kler.  One  who  chronicles,  an  historian. 
Ofeek  dvHMkfy;  Latin  6lvHMLou9  (Greek  tiiHindn,  time). 
Chronology,  plu,  chronologies,  krS.n5V,6.jiz.     Science  of  dates. 

Ghronol'^oger  or  chionorogiBt.    One  who  arranges  dates. 

Ghnmological,  kr5n'.5.lodg".%.k&l,  chronolog'ically. 

Greek  ^rdndUfg^,  ehr(hidldg(fB  (from  ehr&nds,  time). 
Chionometer,  hrb.nSmf  .S,ter,    A  watch  or  time  instrument. 

GhranoBn'etry.    The  art  of  making  chronometers. 
Greek  durdnAt  metrcn,  time  metre. 
QiryBaHfli,  plu,  chrysalieeB  not  chrysales,  kris*.a,ll8,  kris^ui.  lit.ez, 

Chiysalid,  plu.  chryBalidB,  are  better  and  more  modem 

forms ;  "  chrysalid  "  is  also  used  as  an  Hdjective. 

Gfeek  chnuaUU,  gen.  ehru8allid[os],  with  double  I  (chrtuot,  goM) ; 
Ladn  ehryadlUy  gen.  chry9dlld{i8\,  one  I.    {Su  Aurella.) 

GhiyBanthemuin,    kriMn'.Thi.mum   not    chrysanthenum^  plu. 

cfaryBonthemums  not  chrysanthema,    A  genus  of  flowers. 

Gfeek  ehnuantMmOn  fehnuds  antMmdn,  gold  flower) ;  Latin  chry- 
$anth€muni,  the  jeUow  crow-foot,  ox-eye,  moon-daiqr,  &c. 

Chrysolite,  kris'.o.lite.    The  topaz  of  the  ancients,  now  im- 
properly applied  to  a  green  crystaL 
Latin  ekry»6Uth%t:  Greek  chruto$  lUhdt,  the  gold  stone. 
ChrjH^raee,  kriti'.o.praz  not  chrysophrase.    A  green  stone. 

Latin  e&rys^yrdnu;  Greek  ehnuifprdgifs  fehrwtd  prdson,  gold  leek). 
"Qnod  rit  wrioris  porraeei;  Le.  yiridis,  anreis  intervenientOms 
gottis  Uid.'    (See  also  FUn.  37,  20.) 

niiM»Mj>  ckuiTl;  diuckled,  chuWJld;  chuckl-ing,  ehuJ^ding. 

CopupUon  d  the  Latin  eddiinno  ;  Greek  kagchaza,  to  laugh. 
Cteich.     Old    £ng.    circ€  =  chirxhe ;     Scotch    kirk ;     Greek 
kur{t09}  the  Lord,  with  the  suffix  -ch,  "  belonging  to." 

Cfaid,  a  surly  fellow.     Gnil,  kurl,  a  ringlet 

"CSmrl,*'  Old  Eng.  eeorf =efc*or(,  a  freeman  of  the  lowest  rank. 

"  Gul,'*  (»d  E^.  eircMl,  a  drele ;  Welsh  eivr,  with  dim.,  a  little  drele. 


104  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

**  Ch  **  in  English  words  sounded  as  "  tch,"  unXess  oihenoise  ea^pressed. 

Chum,  to  make  butter.    (Old  Eng.  eerenet  a  churn,  verb  cem[an]. 

Chyle,  kile,     A  milky  fluid  separated  from  food  by  digestion. 
Greek  ehiUos;  Latin  ehylus  (Greek  ehifo,  to  pour  out). 

Chyme,  kime.    Digested  food  before  it  is  converted  into  chyle. 
Greek  ehumos;  Latin  ehym/its  (Greek  chu&f  same  as  eMo,  to  poor  out). 

Cicada,  plu.  cicadsB  (L&t,)y  stkai/ .dah^  stkay'.dee.  Tree-hoppers. 

Cicatrix,  plu.  cicatrices  (Lat.),  8ik'.d.triXj  sik' .a.ti^jsez.    A  scar. 

(jic8i.tna&,8ik\a.trize;  cicatrised  (3  syl.),cic'atris-ing.(Il.xxxi. ) 
In  Latin  the  "  a ''  of  these  words  is  long :  cicatrix,  &c. 

Cicerone  (Ital.),  8i8\e,rd'\ne  or  che'.ch^.ro'\ne.    A  guide. 
The  •'  orator  "  or  Cicero  who  shows  over  a  show-place. 

Ciceronian,  8i8.e.ro'nl.an,  A  manner  of  writing  or  speak- 
ing in  imitation  of  the  style  of  the  great  Roman  orator. 

Cider,  8i\der,    Wine  made  from  apples.     (Old  Eng.  cider.) 

Latin  sMfra;  Greek  sikifra,  any  fermented  drink  except  grape  wine. 

Ci-devant,  see  d.vah'n  (French).    An  ex.[official],  former. 

Cigar,  sS.gdy  (Spanish  cigarro,  French  cigare). 

Cigarette,  8%g,a.retf  (French).    Tobacco  in  a  paper  envelope. 

Cilia,  8iV.%.ah,  hair-like  organs.    Sillier,  more  silly. 

Latin  dUium.y  plu.  ifllia,  the  eye-lash  Tfrom  eilleOt  to  twinkle). 
"Silly,"  Old  £ng.  saelig.  German  selig,  innocent.    Idiots  are  termed 

"innocents."   and  Jesus  Christ  is  called  "the  hiurmleas  silly 

babe."    "Silly  sheep,'*  i.e.,  innotent. 

Cinchona,   sin.ko'.nah.   Peruvian  bark.      So  called  from  the 
Countess  del  Ciuchon,  wife  of  the  Viceroy  of  Peru. 

Cincture,  «infc'.fc?itfr.  A  girdle.    (Latin  cinc^Mra;  ctn^o,  to  gird.) 

CmdeXj  sin'.der.  Burnt  coal.  (OldlRng,  sinder;  Lat.cin^e«,ashep.) 

Cindery,  sinf.de.ry,  not  cindry.    Full  of  cinders. 

Cineraria,  sin\e.rair''ri.a.    Eag-wort;  some  are  "  ash  "  coloured. 

Cinerary,  sin'.e.rd.ry.  Applied  to  sepulchral  ams.  It 
ought  to  he  cin'ery.  (Lat.  cinSreus),  Cinerdriua  means 
a  tiring-man,  or  maker  of  wash-bulls. 

Cinnamon,  sin'.nd.mon.    The  inner  bark  of  a  kind  of  laurel. 

Greek  kinndmon;  Latin  ciwnamum  or  cinnamOmum. 
Cinque-  (French),  sink.    Used  as  a  prefix  to  denote  6. 

Cinque-cento.     Degraded  or  15th  century  style  of  art. 

Cinque-foil,  sink-foil.   Five-leafed  (French  -feuillt,  a  leaf). 

Cinque-ports.   Hastings,  Romney,  Hythe,  Dover,  Sandwich.. 
Cipher,  si'.Jety  the  figure  0;  to  do  sums.  Ci'phering,  doing  sums. 
Arab,  s^r,  lero  :  Low  Lat.  dphra;  French  chiffre;  Italian  dfra. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  105 


(Stomh,  Birjie^jam  not  S^.t^,an.   Adj.  of  Circ^  (Lat.  Circatu). 

Gilde,  ter^.kl;  dided,  ser^.h^ld;  circling,  set'.k'ling ;  circlet. 

Lfttin  eSreSUut  (eireiM,  around)  ;  Greek  kirkot ;  French  eereU, 
Qiiciiit  (French)  ser^.kit.    The  route  of  a  judge. 

Gircoitons,  ser.ku'.i.ttUf  round-about.  Circnitotis-ly. 
CSicnlar,  8er^.ku.lar,  aelj.  of  circle.  Circnlar-ly  (Lat.  eirculdriif.) 

GSieiilate,  8e/,ku.late;  cir'culat-ed,  cir'ciilat-iDg,  cir^cula^'tion, 
dr'culator  not  circulater,  {-ed  sounded  after  d  or  tu 
lAtin  eireCUare,  cireulator ;  French  eirctder,  eircuJation. 
CSnmm-  (Latin  preposition),  "  nround."    Used  as  a  prefix. 

(Hicamainbient,  8er.-kum.am"-bi-ent ;  circmnambiency. 

lAtin  eireum  crnibio,  to  encompass  or  go  all  round. 
Giicimi-ambnlate,   -am\bu.late :  -am'1>nlated,  -am'bnlat-ing, 
-am'bnlat-or  (Rule  xxxvii),  -am'bula'tion. 

Latin  drcum  ambtUdre,  to  walk  all  round. 
CSienm-dse,  circnm-cised  (3  syL),  -ci'ser,  cir'cam-cis'ion. 

Latin  eireum  eado  feouumj,  to  cut  all  round. 
Oixcmnference,  8er,cum'.fS.rence.    Tbe  line  that  bounds  a  circle. 

Latin  drcum  fero,  to  carry  all  round. 
(Sz^cumflex,  dr^cnmflexed  (3  syL )    A  mark  ( ^)  orer  a  letter. 

Latin  eireum  jUdo  fflexumj,  to  bend  round. 
(Sicam'-flaent,  drcnm'-fluence,  circmn'-fluous,  flowing  round. 

Latin  drewmjhiens,  circumjluus,  flowing  all  round. 
(Hieimifiue,  8er'Cum.fuze\  -fused',  -fussing,  -fu'sion. 

Latin  eireum /undo,  supine /umm,  to  pour  all  round. 
Cizcnmjacent,  8ei^ -cum.ja'* ^ent.    Lying  round  on  all  sides. 

Latin  eireum  jaeens,  lying  all  round. 
Otzcmn-locn'tion,  circnmlocntory,  8er^'Cum.loV-u-t6  ry. 

Latin  eireum  lociUio,  a  round-about  manner  of  speaking. 
Giicam-nay^igate,    -nav'igat-ed^   -nav'igat-ing,  -nav'i.ga".tion, 
-nav'igat-or  (R.  xxxvii.),  circunmavigable,  -nav'.i.ga.h  l. 

Latin  drcum  navigdre,  to  sail  all  round  {navis,  a  ship). 

Oinmrn-flcribe,  nscribed',  Hwjrib'-ing,  -scrib'-er,  -scrip'tion. 

Latin  dreum  seribo,  to  write  or  draw  a  line  all  round  [a  place, 
beyond  wliich  combatants  must  not  pass],  hence  to  limit. 

OboomHfiipeot.     Cautious.    (Lat.  eireum  8pectOf  to  look  round.) 

Circom-spection,  -8'pec^-8hun.    Caution.    {See  Rule  xxxiii.) 
lAtin  drcum  spieio,  supine  spectum,  to  look  round. 

CKxcam-stance,  -etanced,  '8t€m8t;  Hstantial,  -8tan'.8hal. 
Oironm-Btan'tials  (plu.),  incidents ;  drcuniHstan'tially. 
Oircma-fltantiate,  -«  ton^«/ttf  .a^«,H3tan^tiat-ed,  -stan'tiat-ing. 

Latin  drcvmstantiaf  drcum  stans,  standing  all  round. 
"  Gireumstances  "  are  the  details  of  time,  number,  names,  incidents, 
Infloeiiees,  qualities,  &c.,  &c,  which  contiibute  to  an  eUect. 


lor,  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Circum-vallation,  'Val.W.shun,    A  military  trench  all  round. 
Latin  cMXfu.m  vallSre,  to  m«ke  a  vaOwm  (trraoh)  all  loiind. 

Gircnm-vent,  -vention,  -ven\8}mn.    {See  Rule  xxxiii.) 

Latin  cvrcumventio,  circwm  vewio,  rapine  ventmn,  to  oome  all  vexud, 
and  hence  to  impede,  to  out-trick. 

Cironm-volve,  -volved,  -volvd;  -volv'-lng,  oirciim-voln'tion. 

Latin  eircum  volvo,  to  roll  all  round,  drcumvolHtus, 
Circus,  plu,  circuses  not  drci,   A  circalar  place  for  equestrians. 

Latin  eir&u8,  plu.  eirei ;  Greek  Hrkos,  plu.  kirkoi. 

Cirrus,  plu.  cirri  Curled  filaments  [for  locomotion].  "  CiiTUS 
clouds  "  curly  clouds.    Scirrhus,  tkir^.ruSf  a  tumour. 

Cirrous,  adj.  of  cimis.     Scirrhous,  skir^.rus,  tumourous. 

*'  Cirrus,"  Latin  dmu,  a  lock  of  hair  ;  Greek  keraa,  a  crumpled  horn. 
'*  Scirrhus,"  Latin  adrrhus,  a  hard  swelling ;  Greek  skirrhoa. 
("  Cirrhi"  80  often  written  in  soientijie  books  to  denote  **ewrl-elou4»*' 
is  a  miatake.  The  Greek  ' '  kvrrhoe  '*  means  yeUovo  or  flesh-ccUmredJ) 

Gis-  (Latin  preposition),  prefix  to  acyectives,  "  on  this  side." 
Gis-Alpine,  this  side  the  Alps ;  t.«.,  the  south  or  Boman  side. 
Cis-Padane,  this  side  the  "  Padus  "  or  Po;  i,e.,  the  Rom.  side. 

Cistern,  sis'.tem.    A  box  for  water.    (Latin  cUtema.) 

Citadel,  8i1f.d.del.    A  fortress  in  or  near  a  city. 

French  dtadelle ;  Italian  cUtadeUa  fdtta  -deUa,  a  little  cityX 

Cite,  site,  sight ;  all  pronounced  alike. 

Cite,  cit'-ed,  clt^ing,  cit'-er,  cit-able,  cita'tion.    (Rule  xix.) 

Sight,  sight-ed,  sight-ing.    To  come  in  view  of. 

"Cite,"  Latin  eitdre,  to  quote,  to  call,  to  summon. 

"  Site  "  (a  building  plot),  Latin  situs,  a  situation. 

"  Sight, '^  Old  £ng.  gesiht,  vision  {g  of  "sight"  is  interpolated). 

Citizen,  8lt'.i.z^n.    There  is  no  such  word  as  citizeness. 

Citizenship.     State  of  having  the  privileges  of  a  citizen. 
-eUf "  one  belonging  to  " ;  citi-z-en,  one  belonging  to  a  city. 
(As  there  is  no '*z'*  to  Latin  wordSt  it  ought  to  be  ^^citUen,") 
Latin  civitati  (dative  case)  contracted  to  Htfit'i,  eVti,  to  a  oitj. 

Citrate,  sit'.rat.  In  Chemistry  -ate  denotes  a  salt  formed  from. 
the  union  of  an  acid  ending  in  -ic  and  a  base :  Thu0 
«  citrate  of  magnesia  "  is  citric  acid  united  with  magneeiA. 

Citric.  In  Chemistry  -ic  denotes  an  acid  most  highly  ozidiied- 
Citron,  sitf.ron.    Fruit  of  the  citron  tree. 
French  citron;  Latin  oitrus  (eitrvm,  citron  wood). 

City.  A  corporate  and  cathedral  town.  (0.  Eng.  eite,  Lat  cttHEtOf.) 
Civet.     A  substance  taken  from  the  civet-cat. 
Civic,  8iv\ik.    Pertaining  to  a  city.    {Ci-  long  in  Latin.) 
Latin  clvlow,  adj.  of  tlvis,  a  dtixen ;  aivitcur,  a  dty. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  107 

ChU,  fw'.iZ,  d^firet  (eomp.),  dv'il-ett  («fp,);  civil-ly; 

chdlifle,  sH/.iLize;  dy^ilised  (3  syl.),  otvilis-ing,  dvil- 

ifler,  nt'Alize.er;  otviliBation,  nv'.iLi,za''jhun  (B.  xxzi.)  ; 

dyilitj,  $i.viV,i.ty ;  dviliaii,  ttviV.yan, 

Latin  tiiMii,  courteous  like  a  oitixen :  ^vil/Uat,  drilitx. 
Vrench  oiml,  ewilisaUur  (ciTiliser),  HvUUation,  elviliser,  civiliU. 

(3ack,  dacked,  klakd.    To  chatter.    (French  claquery  to  dark.) 
daim,  AiftimiMi  (1  syL),  daim-ont,  claim-able  (Ist  Latin  conj.) 
Meant  originally  to  demand  with  noisy  clamour. 

Old  £ng.  hUmmian],  to  make  a  noise ;  Latin  damdre,  to  ezelaim. 
CSair-Yoyant  (Fr.),  one  who  sees  without  eyes.  Glair-Yoyanoe. 
Glam,  clammed  (1  syl.),  damm-ing,  danmi-y,  olammi-neas. 

OM  Eng.  elam,  sticky  mud,  Ac  ;  verb  eUBmiian],  to  smear.    (K.  i.) 

(3aiiioiiri  kl&m*.er,  outcry.    Glamour,  glam'.er^  a  charm  whinh 

acts  on  vision.    C^jrmore,  a  Highland  broad-sword. 

''Clamonr,'*  (one  m).  Old  Eng.  Memm[a?i],  to  make  a  noise  ;  French 

tlamewr;  Latin  eULmor  (verb  olam&rtt  to  clamour). 
**  GlMnonr,**  Scotch,  same  as  glimmer. 
"Caaymore,"  GaeL  claid  mor,  great-sword. 

Oamp,  damped  (1  syL),  damp-ing.    (The  p  not  doubled.  R.  ii.) 

Old  Eng.  elam,  a  bandage.    To  "  clamp  "  is  to  fasten  with  clamps. 

(San,  dann'-iflh,  dann'-iahly,  dann'-ishnesB.    (R.  i.) 

Glan-Bhip,  dans-man  not  clanmcm.    One  of  the  same  clan. 

Gaelic  JUannf  children ;  Latin  aliens,  a  client,  a  tenant,  &c. 
(Sandestine,  kl&n,dei',finf  dandestine-ly.   In  an  underhand  way. 

Latin  elandestlriuSf  secret,  private,  &o.  {elam,  secretly). 
dang,  danged  (1  syl.),  dangor,  klang'ger  not  klang'.er. 

"Clangor"  not  elangovr,  it  is  not  through  the  French,  but  direct 
from  the  Latin  clangor,  verb  dango,  to  cry  like  a  trumpet,  &c. 

GUp,  dapped  (1  syl.),  dapp'-ing,  clapp'-er.     (Rule  i.) 
Old  Eng.  e2app[anl  to  clap,  to  strike  the  hands  together. 
Cluet  (French),  kULr^ret.    A  red  wine,  the  colour  of  the  wine. 

Latin  vinum  elaretum,  darifled  wine. 
dadfy,  klar^n.fy;  dar'ifieB  (3  syl.),  dar'ified  (3  syl.).  clar'ify- 
ing,  dar^lfica^'tion.    To  make  &ee  from  impurities. 
French  cUtrifier;  lAtin  eldrifieio  (eUxrus  facio,  to  make  clear). 
Clarion,  a  trumpet.    Clarinet,  klar^ri.nety  not  clarionet, 

C**  Clarionet "  meana  a  small  clarion,  which  it  is  not.) 

**  Clarion,''  Ital.  t^rino  ;  Iksw  Lat.  clarigarius,  a  herald. 
**  Clarinet,  **  Spanish  elarineU;  French  cUurinette. 

diM,  daased  (1  syL),  daes-ing,  to  arrange  in  a  class. 

Clafls'io  or  dasB'ical  (adj.),  dasslcal-ly,  dasslcal-ness. 

Clasmcs,  the  best  authors.  (Latin  classXcuSy  highest  of  the 
six  divisions  of  Roman  citizens  made  by  Servius  ;  hence 
eUusiei  auctores,  the  highest  class  of  authors.) 


108  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Claas'ify,  class'ifies  (3  syl.),  classified  (3  syl.),  claaslfi-e] 
class'ify-ing,  class'lfLca^'tion  (Lat.  cUssis-Jicio  [/octoj). 
Latin  classiSt  one  of  the  six  divisions  of  Roman  citizens. 
Clat'ter,  clattered,  klaf.terd;  olafter-er,  olafter-ing,  clafte] 
ingly.     (The  r  not  doubled.    Rjile  ii.) 
Old  Eng.  clatnmg,  a  clatter,  a  drum ;  Welsh  eletotianf  to  datter. 
Clay,  plu.  clays,  clay-ey  (not  clay-y),  day-ish. 

{There  are  three  words  which  take  the  postfix  -ey  inttea 
of  -y, — vw.,  clayey^  sky-ey,  and  whey-ey.) 
Old  En?,  eldg,  clay ;  Danish  kUeg^  loam,  clay. 
Claymore,  a  Highlander'a  broa<l -sword ;    Glamonr,  glam'.er 
Glamour,  clam'.er.    (See  GXamour.) 
"  Claymore,"  Gaelic  claid^mor,  great  sword ;  "Welsh  cledd^mo. 
-cle  (sufl&x),  diminutive,  as  parti-cle,  a  little  piece ;  also  writte: 
-cuUf  ns  animal-cuUf  a  little  animal ;  -ule^  as  gloh-ule^ 
little  globe  or  ball ;  -el,  as  satch-el,  a  little  sack ;  -cle  o 
'kUy  as  sic-kle  Isik'.k^lj,  a  little  scythe.    (Latin  -cuZ[tM] 
Clean,  kleen;  cleaned  (1  syl.),  dean'-er,  one  who  cleans ;  dean' 
ness;  clean-ly,  in  a  clean  manner;  clean-er,  clean-esi 
clean-ly  (ac^.),  klen'-ly ;  deanli-ness,  kIen\Vl.ne88, 
Old  Eng.  ddn,  verb  eldn[an],  cUhilice  and  elirUice,  cleanly. 
Cleanse,    klenz ;    cleansed,    klenzd;    deans-ing,    klen^zmg 
cleans-er,  klen'.zer.    To  purify,  to  make  clean.    (R.  xix. 
Old  Eng.  cU6n^ian\  past  eldnsede,  past  part,  ddnsed. 
Clear,  clear-er  (comp,),  dear-est  (swp.),deared  (1  syl.)  dearer  (n] 

Welsh  doer;  French,  elair;  Latin  ddrus;  verb  cldro,  to  clear. 
Cleat  not  elate.   A  piece  of  iron  for  the  heels  of  shoes  and  boot; 

Old  English  cleot  or  eliit,  a  clout ;  Welsh  clwtj  a  patch. 
Cleave  (to  stick),  past  deaved  (1  syl.)  [el&ve],  past  part,  deaved 
cleav-ing.    "  Clave  "  occurs  in  the  Bible  (Acts  xviL  84). 
Old  EngUsh  clif[an],  past  eldf,  past  part,  di/en,  to  adhere. 
Cleave  (to  split),  past  deaved  (1  syl.),  or  cleft  (obsolete  formi 
"  clave  "  and  "  clove  "),  past  part,  deaved  or  deft  (oba 
"cloven").     "Clave"  (split)  occurs  often  in  the  Bibu 
(See  Gen.  xxii.  3).    "Cloven"  is  used  as  an  a^j.:   ai 
"cloven  foot,"  ** cloven  tongues." 

Cleaver,  one  who  cleaves,  a  butcher's  chopper,  dev'er  (q,v, 

Cleav-age,  klee'.vage  not  cleaver-age.    The  act  of  splitting 

cleavable  structure.    Cleav'-able.    (Rule  xix.) 

Old  English  eliif[an],  past  cledf,  jMst  part,  elofen,  to  split 
(Ttu  two  verbs  were  originally  quite  distinct  in  all  their  parU,  am 
it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  distinctions  are  not  preserved.) 

Clef,  plu.  clefs  (of  Music).    Cliff,  a  precipice.    Cleft,  a  crack. 

( Monosyllahles  ending  in  "/"preceded  by  one  vowel^dovbl 

the  f.    The  exceptions  are  "  i/,"  "  of"  and  "  cUf:'    R.  v. 

'  Clef/'  French ;  Latin  cUivis,  a  key.    "  CUff, "  Old  Eogliah  ci<r. 


tt. 


c* 


«• 


AXD  OF  SPELIJXa,  10!) 

Clfift.    A  crack.    (Old  Eng.  eUofa,  verb  c{6/[afi],  to  cleave.) 

CSeia'atis,  plu,  dem'atises  not  kl^.mdy'.tis.    "  Traveller's  Juy," 
»*Vi.-gin's  Bower,"  "Old  Man's  Beard,"  "White  Vine." 
(The  "  e  '*  M  long  in  the  Latin  and  Greek  wordi.) 

Latin  ffrndtia;  Greek  hlimSLtit  (from  klitML^  a  vine  twit;). 
"TravellHr's  Joy,"  beeause  it  decks  the  hedges  in  antumn. 
"YiTgin's  Bower,"  beeause  it  clinnbs  and  overhangs,  bower-like. 
"Old  Man's  Beard."  because  it  looks  like  grey  hair. 
"White  Vine,"  becaose  it  is  a  "  vine"  and  bears  a  whitish  flower. 

dsmency,  pZu.  clemencies,  kJ^'.enj^'iz,    Gentleness,  mercy, 
^,  snffix to  abstract  nouns.  ( Lat.  dementia^  elemens,  mild.) 

Clench,  clinch.     "  Clench  "  (to  grasp),  as  "  he  clenche'l  my 
hand  ";  (to  8ettl<*),  as  to  "  clench  an  argument."    Clencher, 
a  settler,  a  finishing  stroke,  as  "  that  was  a  clencher." 
"  Clinch,"  to  turn  a  nail,  to  rivet.    We  use  both  words. 
Ihitch  Jb'inJben,  to  rivet ;  Danish  kUnkey  to  clinch. 

dawrtory,  kler^ris.tS.ry,    Corruption  of  the  French  cUrist^re^ 
and  generally  csdied  clear-storey. 

Clezgy  (no  plu.).    A  noun  of  multitude.    (French  clergi,) 

Cler'gy-man,  plu.  clergy-men.    One  of  the  clergy.    (R.  xi.) 

Clerical,  kler^ri.kaL    Pertaining  to  the  clergy. 

Old  Fng.  elerie  or  elere,  a  priest ;  Latin  elirtu,  cUricus ;  Greek  klirds, 
a  lot  or  heritage.  The  "  church  "  is  Ood*t  heritage  (1  Peter  v.  S), 
and  the  priestly  tribe  was  *'  God's  lot.*' 

(Me,  klurky  a  clergyman ;  klark,  a  church  servant,  Ssc. 
Old  Eng.  elere,  a  priest ;  Latin  elinis  ;  Greek  kUrde. 

Clever,  klev'.er,  clev'er-er  {comp.\  dev'er-est  {tuper.)  See  Cleaver. 

Old  Eng.  gUdu),  talented,  changed  to  gU.wd,  corrupted  to  clever. 
Clew.    A  hint.     (Old  Eng.  cleoweUt  clieioe,  cHwe  or  cldwe.) 

Latin  globus,  a  ball  of  thread,  by  which  strangers  were  guided 
through  labyrinths.    Incorrectly  spelt  clue. 

CUfl;  clef,  deft,  clift. 

OlifL    A  hill  by  the  sea. 

Clef  (of  Mvsic),  q.v.  Cleft  or  Clift,  a  fissure,  a  crack. 
In  the  Bil.le  " cliff,"  " clift,"  and  "cleft,"  a  fissure,  are 
used  indifferently.  "  I  will  put  thee  into  a  clift  of  a 
rock"  (Exod.  xxxiii  22);  "To  dwell  in  the  cliffs  of 
the  vaDeys  "  (Job  xxx.  6) ;  «  Thou  art  in  the  clefts  of 
the  rork  "  (Cant.  ii.  14). 


The  distinction  should  be  preserved  thus : 


Clifft  cliffs  {of  the  sea) ;  clef,  clefs  {of  Music), 
CUftf  clifts  (fissure) ;  cleft  {cut),  as  •'  cleft  wood.'* 

" Cliff, "  Old  Eng.  elif,  a  rock,  a  cliff  of  the  sea.    "  Qef,"  Fr.,  q.v. 
"CUft"  or  "deft**  (a fissure),  Old  Eng.  eUofa,  a  cleft,  elyfth,  spUts. 


112  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Coalesce,  ko'M.less'  (to  assimilate),  coalesoed,  ko\a.les1f;  ooalea- 
cing,  ko\a,le8'' Mng ;  coalescent,  ho\aM8*' ^ent ;  oo^ales'- 
cence;  coalition,  ko\aM8h\on;  coalition-ist. 

Lat.  CO  [con]  alesco,  to  grow  closer  and  closer  together  (oZo,  to  cherish^ 

Coarse,  horse  not  co.orse  (gross).   Corse  (a  corpse).  Course  (g.v.) 

Coars-er  (comp.),  coars-est  (super. ),  coarse-ly,  coarse-ness. 

Old  Eng.  gorst  (roughX  as  in  goose-berry.  CM-Iettnee ;  vrrinion,  or 

euridnion,  a  coarse  onion  (corrupted  to  Latin  allium  urainum). 
*' Curse,"  a  poetical  form  of  Corpse.    ** Course"  (a  process,  a  chaaeX 
French  course;  Latin  cursus,  a  course. 

Coast,  kost,  land  lying  next  the  sea.     Coastwise  not  coastways, 

French  coste  now  cdte ;  Low  Lat.  eosWra,  Lat.  eosta,  a  rib  or  side. 
Coat,  kote,  coat-ed,  coat-ing;  coatee,  ko.tee^  a  half-coat. 

French  cotte;  Germ,  kutte;  ItaL  cottCL    (Our  word  is  ill-spelt.) 
Coat-of-arms,  plu,  coats-of-arms,  not  court-of-arms, 
Coat-of-mail,  plu.  coats-of-mail,  not  coat-of-male. 
Coax,  kdxe;  ooaxed,  kOxd;  coax-ing,  coaxing -ly,  coax-er. 
Welsh  eocr,  to  coax ;  cocru,  to  fondle :  French  coeasse,  fonnj.- 

Cobble,  koh\h'l  (to  botch);  cobbled,  kohWld;  cobbler,  kob'.ler; 
cobbling,  kohWing;  cobbling-ly  (double  &,  root  cob,  B.i.) 
Welsh  cdh,  a  tbnmp ;  cdhio,  to  thump ;  eoblyn^  a  thumper. 

Cobra  da  Cax)ello,pZtt.  Cobras  or  Cobra  da  Capellos.  Hooded  snake. 
Portuguese,  "  the  hooded  snake ; "  eapeUOy  a  hood. 

Cob'web;  cobwebbed,  kob'.webd;  cob'webb-ing,  oob'webby. 

(The  double  "b"  would  be  contrary  to  Rule  tii.,  hut  ihe 
word  was  originally  joined  with  a  hyphen, ) 

Cob  or  cop,  a  spider ;  as  Old  £ng.  atter-cop  the  poison-spider ;  Dutch 
ipinne-kop  ;  Chitldee  kopi,  a  cobweb. 

Coca,  ko^'kah  (a  narcotic).  Cocoa,  ko/ko  (a  nut),  or  substance 
prepared  from  the  Cacao  (ku.kay\o)  plant 

**Coca,"  the  dried  leaf  of  the,Erythrox'ylon  Coca,  of  Pern. 
"Cocoa,"  the  fruit  of  the  Theobrdma  Cacao  (West  Indies). 

Cochineal,  koch\i.neel  not  kok\i.neel.     Crimson  dye-stufEl 
8i>anish  cochinilla,  the  wood  louse ;  French  eochenille,  cochineaL 

Cochlea,  kok\le.ah  (part  of  the  ear) ;  Cochlear,  kdk'.W.ar  (In  Bot) 

Cochleary,  kok'.lS.d.ry.    Spiral,  like  a  sbelL 

Cochleate,  kdk'.le.ate ;  cochleat-ed,  k5k\le.ate^.ed.  (R.  xix.) 

Latin  cochUa;  Greek  kochlias,  a  snail's  shell. 

Cock,  fern,  hen ;  cock'erel,  fem.  puUet.    Barn-door  fowls. 
Cock  and  hen  are  also  gender- words :  as 

Cock -bird,    fem.  hen -bird;    cock-sparrow,  hen-sparrow^ 
cock -pheasant,  hen -pheasant;   moor- cock,  moor -hen; 


AXD  OF  SPELLING.  113 

peacock,  pea-hen ;  tarkey-cock,  fern,  turkey ;  cock-lobster, 
hen-lobster.    Woodcock  is  b<)th  mas.  and  fern. 

Old  Eng.  eoe  or  eocc.  And  hen  or  henn  ;  French  eoq,  pouU. 

("JPuM<<,"  like  "bw/,"  "mutt(yn,"  ''veal,'*  tt-e.,  shotos  that  (he  Nor- 
wuMn  lords  retained  their  names  for  the  ** meats,"  while  the  Saaoon 
serfs  retained  their' s  for  the  Utdng  animals  which  they  tended.) 

Ooekide  (2  syL)    A  livery  worn  on  the  hat    (French  cocarde,) 

Coekatrice,  hSJ^.S.tri8  (French  cocatnx), 

Coekehofer,  k61^.chafe,er.    The  May-bug.    (Old  Enjj.  ceafor.) 

CocUe,  hSy.k^L    The  com-rose.    (Old  Eng.  coccel,  the  darnel.) 

Cockle,  kSy.k'l.    SheU-fish.    (T^tin  cochUfa,  Greek  kocms.) 

Cookie,  k61^,1cl;  cockled,  kSk^.eld;  cockling.     To  pucker. 
French  re-coquiUeTf  to  cnrl  up,  dog*s-ear,  or  cockle. 

Ooekroaoh,  kW.rotch.    A  black  beetle.    (Old  Eng.  hreoce.) 

CookBOomb  (a  plant).    Coxcomb,  a  fop.    Both  kojf,ko7ne. 

The  licensed  jesters  were  called  coxcombs^  because  they 
wore  a  *•  cock's  comb  "  in  their  caps.     Spelling  incorrect. 

Coddle,  kod'.d^l.    To  parboil,  to  pamper;  one  pampered. 

Coddled,  kod\d'ld;  coddling,  kod\ling ;  coddler,  kod'.d'ler. 
Codling.     A  young  cod. 
Old  English -Ung,  ** offspring  of,**  "young  of." 

Codlin.     An  apple  fit  for  coddling  or  cooking  {-in  not  -ing), 

Latin  eoHillis'],  fit  for  roasting  or  baking.  Old  Eng.  cod-asppel,  the 
cooking  appde.  "  Cod  "  (the  fish),  is  a  corruption  of  Oadius].  Lat. 
the  codfish :  "  had(i[ock] "  is  another  form  of  the  same  word. 

Code  (of  laws),  codex,  kd'.dex  (Latin).    An  ancient  manuscript. 

Codicil,  kod\i.cil,  a  supplement  to  a  will  (Lat.  codlcillxu,  a 
little  book) ;  codicillary,  kod\ixiV\ld.ry  (adj.  of  codicil). 

Codify,  kd\dl.fy ;  codifies,  ko.dX.flze ;  codified,  kd\dtfide  ; 

eo'difi-er;  codify-ing;   codifl-cation,  ko\duji,ka'\shun ; 

codist,  ku.disU  one  who  reduces  laws  to  a  "  code."  R.  xi. 

lAtin  cddpx,  a  volume  (from  caudex,  the  stock  of  a  tree),  books 
being  at  one  time  made  of  boards  (from  ccedo,  to  fell). 

Coehom,  ko'hom.    A  military  projectile.    {See  Cohom.) 

Coequal,  ko.^.qual,  coequal-ly;  coequality,  ko\e.quoV\i.ty. 
Latin  co  [con]  aqudlis,  lall]  alike  equal. 

Coeree,  ko-erse' ;  coerced,  ko.er8f ;  coerc-ing,  ko.e'/.sing; 
ooero-er,  ko.er'.8er ;  coerc-ion,  ko,er\8hun;  coerc-ive, 
ko.er^Mv;  coercive-ly;  coerc-ihle,  ko.eT^,8l.h'l.    R.  xix. 

Latin  eoere^o,  eo  [con]  ard^o,  to  drive  or  press  together.  The  word 
'* compel"  t^eom-pelloj  means  the  same  thing. 

CoeaaentiAl,  ko\es.8en''.8hal,  same  in  essence;  coessential-ly ; 
coeasentiality,  ko'.es-sen'-sM.aV'-i-ty,  coessential  state. 

Latin  00  [con]  essentidlis,  partaking  of  the  same  essence. 

H 


114  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

■■  ■  I  ■■■■■■■»■■    I  pi  I  I  11  P    ^.M    !■■         .         ■  ■  I  ■  ^— ^— ^M^^^^^,^^^^—  ,^ 

Ooetemal,  W .e.ter^nal,  coetemal-Iy;  eoetemliy,  ho' .e.tii^\ni.ty, 

Latin  CO  Ccon]  cetemus,  eo  [con]  «<em{to«,  equally  eternal,  iSEc. 
Coeval,  ko.e\va:ly  coe'^-ly.    (Latin  co[conJ€BVum,  equal  ages.) 
Ooezecntor,  fern,  coexecntriz,  ko\ex.ek'\ii.tory  ho\ex.ek"u.tnx. 

Latin  CO  [con]  e^bedUor,  ftc..  Joint  executor  witb  [another]. 
Coexist,  ko^x.iitf ;  eoexiBf-«d,  ooeifiBf-ing,  tQe^sAf-^iia^  eo- 
ezist'-ence  not  coexUt-antt  coexUt-ance. 
Latin  eo  [con]  eteifMre,  to  exist  at  tiie  same  time  (followed  \]j  vfifh.) 
Coextend,  ko\ex.tend*'  (to  extend  equally) ;  coextend'-ed,  coex- 
tend'-ing,  coextent,   k(/.ex.tenf ;    coez^ension,   ko'.ex.- 
ten"^hun   (Kale    xxxiii.),  eoextemdve,    ho\^x.ten''jiiv ; 
coextensiYe-ly,  eoextengive-liels. 
Latin  co  [con]  extwndOt  supine  -ieiuum,  «o-e«e<en«fv««,  eo-txkunlo. 
Coffee,  kof*fe.    The  berry  of  the  Caff'ea,  ardb'tea,  from  Caffii 
or  Kaffa,  a  province  of  Abyssinia. 
French  cd/i:  Spanish  cafe;  Italian  caffc^;  Danish  kaffe. 
Coffer,  kof.fer  (a  chest),  coffer-ing;  coffered,  kof.ferd. 

Coffin,  kof,fln;  coffin-ing,  coffined,  kof.finnd, 

{The  douhU  "/"  is  French^  our  chief  source  of  error.) 

Old  Eng.  cofa,  a  box :  Low  Lat.  oofihra  or  cofra ;  ItaL  eofanoj  Latin 
cdphintu;  Greek  kdpMnda,  a  basket 

Cog-  (prefix).    The  Latin  con-  before  the  derivations  of  naseor, 

nosoOj  and  nomen :  as  connate,  oopnition,  copnomen. 

Gog  (of  a  wheel),  to  trick ;  cogged  ( 1  syl.\  cogging.    Cog^  a  boat 

"Cog'*  (of  a  wheel!,  Welsh  eoeos,  cogs  of  a  wheel. 

"  Cog  "  ao  trick),  Welsh  coegio,  to  trick ;  eoeg,  a  trickster. 

"  Cog,"  Low  Latin,  coggo,  a  sort  of  small  boat 

Cogent,  fco'.jVnt,  cogent-ly;  cogen-cy.  Urgent,  urgently,  urgency. 

Latin  cogens,  cogentis,  co  [con]  ago,  to  uxge  together. 
Cogitate,  kofXtate  (to  think),  cog'itat-ed,  cog'itat-ing,  cog'itat- 
ive  (Rule  xix.),  cogitative-ly,  cog'i taction,  cogitabliB'. 
Latin  cdgitdrct  supine  -tdttvm,  (to  think) ;  eogitatio,  cogUabilit. 
Cognac,  kon\yaky  not  cogniac.    The  best  French  brandy. 

So  called  ^om  CognaCy  in  Charente.    (French  cogruic^ 
Cognate,  related  on  the  mother  s  side ;  Agnate,  on  the  &tk~erU 
Cogna'tion,  relationship  on  the  mother's  side. 
Agna'tion,  relationship  on  the  father's  side. 

An  uncle  on  the  father's  side  is  an  agnate,  because  ht 
bears  the  same  surname ;  an  uncle  on  the  mother's  sidt 
is  a  cognate  only,  he  is  related  by  birth,  but  does  nol 
bear  the  same  surname,  or  belong  to  the  same  "  gens." 
Cognisable,  kSg\rA.z&.h'l  (B.  xxiii.);  oognifwnt,  kdff'.fi^afUi 
cognisance,  k5g\ntzance ;  cognisee,  kog'.nljiee. 

Latin  cog  [con]  noseifre,  to  know  for  the  first  time. 

"To  recognise,"  is  to  know  not  for  the  first  time,  to  recall. 

(These  w&rHs  ought  not  to  be  speU  tnth  a  "  s. "    Bidd  xj!xi.) 


AXD  or  SPELLIXa,  115 

CfognoBoenie,  fin.  eognoflcenti,  ko^.n68^en,te,  kog\n69'Sen*'.ti. 
One  learned  in  art    (Italian,  from  the  Latin  cognoscSre.) 

Cognomen,  j>lu.  oognomenB)  h5g.nlf.men  not  hog" .n^.men, 

Latin  tog  [eon]  iimimm,  a  name  wtfh  [joor  penonal  name]. 
Cdiabiti  ko.haV.it.     To  live  together  not  in  a  married  Rtate. 
Cohablt-ed.oohablt-ing;  cohftbitatioii,  TcoJijai/jLta'\thun. 
(" ed,*"  after  **d"  or**t "  makes  a  separate  tyUdbU.) 
Latin  eo  [con]  hdWto,  to  dwell  together ;  eo-ZtobiidMe. 
Ooheir,  fern.  coheireaB,  ko.air,  ko.air^.e*8.    Cohere,  ko.hear^  (q<T-) 

"Coheir"  (joint  heir),  Latin  oo  [con]  hcens,  heir  with  (others]. 
{Only  Jive  iffords  hate  the  initial  "A"  mvte:  they  are  heir,  hoar, 
honert,  honour,  and  humour.) 

Cohere,  ko.hee/  (to  stick  together),  cohered'  (2  8yl.),  coher'-ing ; 
ooher'-ence;  eoher'ency;  coher'ent,colier'ent-ly.  (R.xix.) 

Cohedoii,  ko.h^.zkun;  ooheaive,  ko.he'Mv,  cohe'sive-ly,  cohe'- 
Bive-ness;  eohe'aihle;  cohesibility,  ko.he^M.hiV\i.ty. 
lAtin  90  [oon]  AcerAv,  sup.  eohaeum,  to  stick  together ;  eo-han-entia. 

Oohom,  ko.hxynu  This  is  the  French  spelling,  and  is  better  than 
eoehom.  A  mortar  invented  by  Baron  de  Colwm  (Coe- 
hoom)  of  Holland,  called  the  Dutch  Vauban  (1641-1704). 

Cidu^  1u/'hort  not  ko\ort.    A  body  of  soldiers.     (Lat.  cohors.) 

Coif;  koyf  (Ft.  coiffe).    Ooififtire,  hoyf.fure  (Fr.),  a  headdros. 

Ooil,  koyl;  coiled,  hoyld.    To  gather  a  rope  together  in  rings. 

French  eueilUr,  to  coil ;  Latin  eoUigifre,  to  colleot. 
Coin,  koyn  ;  coined,  koynd;  coin-er,  coin-ing,  coin-age.   "' 

French  coin,  a  wedge ;  Latin  euniiu,  a  die  for  stamping  money. 

Coineide,   ko\in.8ide'*    (to    agree),    coincId"-ed,    coincid"-)np:; 
coincidence,    ko.in'.8i.den8e    not    ko.in.8V .dense ;    coin- 
cident, ko.in\8i.dent;  coincident-ly  (simultaneously). 
Latin  eo  [con]  ineld&re,  to  fadge  in  together  (coders,  to  fall). 
Coke.     Goal  deprived  of  its  volatile  matters  by  heat. 
Old  English  eolk,  refuse,  the  core  of  an  apple,  Ac. 

CoU  (Latin  prefix).    Con  before  "1"  is  so  written.    {See  Ck>n-) 

Colander,  kul\an.der.    A  strainer.    (Latin  eolanSf  straining.) 

••  Cdldtorlium]f*  not  " colander[iumy  is  the  Latin  word. 

Colehienin,  kSV.chl.kum.    ]tf  eadow-saffiroo,  Naked  lady. 

From  ColchiSt  on  the  Euxine  sea,  where  it  flourishes. 
"  Naked  Lady,**  because  the  flowers  are  without  leaves. 

Cold,  cold  er  {comp.)t  coldest  {superl.) ;  coldish,  ratber  cold. 

Old  £ng.  eild  or  eeald,  cold.    (-t«h  added  to  adj.  is  diminutive.) 
Ooleepter,  plu.  coleoptera,  kol\^.op'*.ter,  k5l'.Kop".te.rah,  also 
Coleoptexan,  kol\e.op'\te.ran, beetles,«fec.  Coleop'terous  (adj.) 

Ok.  UflMs  fMr^,  sheath-wing.    laeeots  with  sheaths  to  their  wings. 


116  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Goric  not  Gholic,  a  bnwel  attack.    Gholeric,  koV.€.rik,  passionate. 

Latin  cdlieus,  the  colic  (from  Greek  kdUfn^  the  intestine). 
"Choleric,"  Latin  chdUrictM  (from  Greek  (MU,  bUe). 

CSoIisenm,  hdl.i.see' .um.    The  largest  amphitheatre  in  Borne. 
The  same  spelling  is  kept  in  '* Rue  de  ColUie"  Paris. 

CSoloflseum  is  the  more  usual  spelling  in  English. 

The  BonL  *'  Colfsenm  "  was  so  called  from  the  "  Colossus  "  or  gigantic 
statue  of  Nero  which  stood  near  it,  as  well  as  from  its  great  siM. 

Collapse,  koLlaps' yjioi'ko.laps' ;  collapsed,  kSLlapsf;  coUaps'-ing. 

Latin  col  [con]  IShor,  lapstts,  to  sink,  or  tumble  all  together. 

Collar  (for  the  neck).    Choler,  k6V.ery  anger. 

"  Collar,"  Old  Eng.  ceolr,  from  ceoU,  the  throat ;  Lat.  collwm,  the  ne<^ 
"Choker,**  Latin  chdUra;  Greek  cMlS,  bile,  anger. 

.Collate,  ki^lMte'  not  ko.laU^;  collated,  collat-ing.    (Bale  xix.) 

GollatioQ,  kdl.la'.8hun  not  "Co-lation"  (a  very  common 
error);  collai'-or  (R.  xxxvii.);  Collaf^-able  (an  error  in 
spelling);  the  Latin  colldtdre  means  "to  make  wide."* 
Collat-ible  is  the  proper  derivative  of  conferre,  coUatum, 

Latin  con-ferroy  supine  eol-latum,  to  bring  together,  to  compare. 

Collateral,  kdLlaf .e.ral  not  ko.laf.e.ral ;  coUaferal-ly. 

Latin  col  fcon]  Jaterdlis,  indirect  {col  Idttu,  HtUrU,  the  side),  nomiaf 
on  the  side,  proceeding  from  one  side. 

Colleague,  kM.leeg  (noun),  kol.leeg'  (verb);  colleag^ed,  koL- 
leegd';  colleagu-ing,  kol.leeg\ing.    To  league  together. 
French  colligue  :  Latin  collega  (from  eon  lego,  to  gather  t<^therX 

Collect,  koV.lect  (noun),  kol.lecf  (verb),  collect'-ed,  colleof-ing, 
Collect'-ive,  c(»llpct'ive-ly,  collective  ness ;  colleot-itale, 
Collection,  kdl.lec\8hun  not  ko.lec\shbn  (Rule  xxxiii.) 
%9X..col  [conj  legSrey  -Uctum,  to  gather  together ;  collectio,  eolUeHvui, 

College  not  colledge ;  collegian,  kSllee^ji'an ;  collegiate,  ft52.- 
lee'.ji'ate.    A  society,  a  superior  school  institution. 
Latin  collegium  (from  col  [con]  legOt  to  gather  together). 

Colley  or  collie,  a  cur.    Cooley  or  eoli^,  a  porter  (East  Indies). 

Collier,  isidhyer;  collier-y,  koLyS/ryj,    (See  CoaL) 

Colliflion,  kbl.lizK.un  not  kodizh'.un.    A  striking  together. 

Latin  coUisio  (from  collldo,  col  [con]  Icedo,  to  hurt  mutually  hf 
"strilcing  together";  so  elisio  (e  kedoj,  to  strikeout). 

Collocate,  kbV.l5.kate;   coHocat-ed,  collocS-t-ing ;   collGcatioBff 
koV ,lo.kay'\8hun,    A  setting  side  by  side.     (Rule  xxxiii.} 
Latin  coUocdtio  from  col  [con]  locdre,  to  place  together. 

Collodion,  koUo.dton  not  ko.lo\di.on  nor  ko,lo'.di.um,    A  solo* 
tion  of  gun.cotton  in  ether,  used  in  photography,  Ac 

Greek  holla  eidos,  glue-like.    It  was  first  used  in  surgery,  because  ll  i 
diying  it  left  a  gluey  tilm  over  wounds.    (An  ill-formed  word.) 


AND   Of   SPELLING,  117 

CoUoqinal,  iSl.W.qutdl  not  ko-W^quLal;  eoUo'qiiial-ly; 
Oollo^qiiial-ism,  form  of  expressioii  in  common  use. 
Oolloqny,  plu.  coUoqnies,  kdV.lSJtwij  kol.l3.kwU. 

Oolloqiiist,  kdV.WJtwUt.    A  speaker  in  a  dialogne. 
Lat.  col  [con]  loquor,  to  speak  tc^ther :  French  coUoque,  conference. 
Cdlliide,  to  conspire  in  a  fraud ;  collusion,  koLlu'ahun  (B.  xxxiii.) 
GoUnsi^e,  koLlu'^iv,  coUu'^sive-ly,  collu'hive-ness ; 
Ocdlnsory,  koLlu\z5,ry,     Of  the  nature  of  a  fraud. 

Latin  col  [con]  ludo,  rapine  Ulgum;  collado,  to  play  into  each  other'i 
handa,  with  the  view  of  deceiving  a  third  partf . 

Cdocynth,  kol\dJlnth  (only  one  I).    The  bitter-apple. 

'     JaMn  dUdeynthia ;  Qrtek  kdWmnthU,  bitter-gourd. 

Cdkm,  kd.Wn,    The  largest  intestine.    A  stop  made  thus  (:). 

Latin  colon;  Greek  kdUfn,  a  limb  or  member  of  anything. 

Colonel,  ker^.nel;  colonel-cy,  ker^.neLsy  (-cy  denotes  "rank"); 

colonelHship,   kf/ .nel.»hip    {-ship    denotes   "tenure    of 

office.")    In  "  Hudibras  "  we  have  "  coloneUing  "  (4  syl.) 

(Our  pronunciation  ie  a  vulgar  contraction,  **  Oo'n-eL") 

l^nch  eoUm^  (from  eolonru  a  column),  a  commander  of  a  column 
or  r^[iment  of  loldiers ;  till  the  reign  of  Fran^oia  I.  called  oapi- 
taine-colonel.    Low  Latin  colorttllus. 

Cdiaimade,  kdV.8n*nade,    A  covered  walk  with  columns. 

French  colonnade  (from  colonne,  a  column).    Latin  columndt'iu. 

Oolony,  plu*  colonies,  koVJ6*niz ;,  coronlst ;  ool'onise,  col'onis-ed, 
coronis-ing,  coronis-er  (R.  xix.),  coronisa"tion  (R.  xxxi.) 

Golonial,  ko.l5.ni.al  (Dot  collo'nial),  belonging  to  a  colony. 
Latin  coldnia,  a  colony.  (In  Latin  the  -16-  is  long  ) 
Ooilophoii,  plu.  odlophons,  kdV.o.fon.  The  printer's  impress  at 
tbe  end  of  a  book.  (Greek  kolophdn,  a  finishing-stroke.) 
C51dphon,  a  city  of  I5nia,  the  inhabitants  of  which  wei-e 
such  good  horsemen  that  they  could  turn  the  issue  of  a 
battle;  hence  the  phrase  colophdnem  addere  (Ko\o(pwva 
hriTiSivai),  to  put  a  finishing  stroke  to  a  matter. 

Cdlo0B6iim,  k6l.68^ee'\um  or  Coliseum.  The  great  Eomnn 
amphitheatre  was  called  "  Colisfieum,"  but  as  the  word  is 
from  "  Colossus."     Colosseum  is  the  l)etter  spelling. 

ColoBsal,  ko.lo8\8al  (not  colossial) ;  colossean,  ko.l6s.see' .an. 

Lat.  edlosaius;  Greek  kdlossds,  kdlossnids.  The  "  Colossos  of  Rhodes  " 
was  a  gigantic  statue  of  Apollo,  near  the  harbour. 

Colour,  kul\er;  coloured,  kuV.erd;  corour-able,  corour-ably. 

French  wuleur;  Latin  cSlor.    (Our  word  is  neither  Fr.  nor  Lat.) 
Golportear,  kdV.pftr.teu/,  a  book  hawker.    Gorportage  (French.) 

Latin  eollwn  portdre,  to  carry  round  the  neck. 
Goit,  fern,  filly,  both  called  foal,  fdle.    A  young  horse  or  ass. 

(Md  Eng.  colt ;  Lat.  fttia,  a  daughter;  Old  Eng.  fola,  a  foal. 


lia  ERRORS  OF  SPEECU 

Golnber,  k^\uJber  (Latin).    A  genus  of  serpents. 

Golnmbine,  k^humMm,     k  plant,  so  called  &om  the  Latin 
columba,  a  dove.    The  flower  resembles  a  dove's  claw. 

Golnmella,  k5V.u.meV\la.  The  column  in  the  capsule  of  mosses ; 
the  axis  of  fruits.    (Latin  columella,  a  little  column.) 

Colmnellia,  kSVM,meV\liuih.    A  genus  of  Peruvian  shrubs. 

Column,  koV.um,  a  pillar.    Columnar,  ko.lum\nar  (a<Jlj.) 

Latin  columna.  Tbe  adjective  columnar  is  ill-chosen,  as  the  Latin 
word  columnarium  means  a  "tax  on  columns."  The  adjective  of 
"  columna"  is  eolumndttM  (eolumnate). 

Golure,  plu.  colnres,  ko.leur8\     Two  great  circles  cutting  at 

right  angles  the  four  cardinal  points  of  au  artificial  globe. 

Greek  kdUytvrds  (kdloa  oura,  a  mutilated  tailX  these  eirolea  are  "  eur- 
tailed  "  or  cut  by  the  artificial  horixon. 

Colza,  koVjsak.    A  variety  of  cabbage  which  afiTords  an  oil. 

French  colza;  Old  English  cawl,  cole-wort ;  Flemish  hohuuid. 
Com-  (prefix),  for  con-  before  b,  m,  and  p.    Also  in  the  English 
words  comfit  and  ccm/ort,  in  Lat. "  con-ficio,'* "  con-fortps]." 
Coma,  ko'jnah,  lethargy.    Camber,  ho\mert  one  who  combs. 
Comatose,  ko\7nS,toze,  lethargic ;  comatous,  ko'.ma.tik. 

"  Coma,"  Lat.  cdma,  lethargy ;  Gk.  k&ma  (koimdo,  to  put  to  sleepX 
''Comber,"  Old  Eng.  camb,  a  comb ;  Germ,  hammer;  Lat.  covm. 

Comate,  ko\mate,  a  companion.    This  word  should  be  commate. 

"Comate"  (from  the  Latin  comdtua),  should   mean  "hairy."     If 
from  &>  and  maie^  it  ought  to  be  joined  with  a  hyphen.  {SU  GO-.) 

Comb  (b  mute),  combed,  komd;  comb-ing,  kdme'Ang  ;  oomb-er. 
Old  Eng.  eamh,  a  comb ;  Latin  cGmo,  to  dress  the  hair  (odmo,  hairX 
Combat,    kom'.bdt ;    com'bat-ed,    com'bat-ing,    oom'bat-ant, 
oombat-ive,  kom\bdtJiv ;  ccnn'batiYe-nesB..    (Bule  iii) 
French  combattre  ;  Latin  com  baiHOf  to  fight  together. 
Combine^  combined'  (3  syl.),  combin'-ing,  coml»n-er  (B.  xix.), 
combin-able ;  combinalion,  kom\bi.na'\8hun.  To  unite,  A'c. 
Lat.  combinare,  to  combine  (from  com  binus,  two  and  two  together). 
Combustion,  kom.bu8\tchun,  a  burningr ;  combus^ble,  not  -able; 
combus'tibil"ity,  combus'tible-ness,  connbus'tive  (B.xxii.) 
Latin  combiistio:  eomhurSre,  sup.  eon^uitum,  to  consume  with  flre. 
Come,  past  came,  past  part,  come,   kum^  kdme;   com'-ing, 
com'-er  (Rule  xix.)      To  arrive  at  liie  place  where  tc« 
are;  hence  A.  says  to  B.  "I  am  coming  to  pay  you  a  visit." 
"  I  am  going  to  pay  you  a  visit,"  would  mean  J  intend, 
I  am  about  to... 

To  come  about,  to  happen :  "  How  did  that  come  about?  " 
„  come  at,  to  get-to,  or  obtain :  "  I  cannot  eome-at  it." 
„  come  of,  to  arise  from ;  *»  What  came-of  it  ?  ** 
„  come-oft,  to  escape :  "  We  came-off  with  flying  colours.** 


AND  OF  SPELUXQ.  119 


To  oovDe  on,  to  pjrpce«d :  "  Tl^e  train  came-.on  quickly." 
„  come  out,  to  publisli : "  Tbe  book  c^me-oat  l^t  month." 
„  oome  over,  to  get  the  better  of:  ^  You  cannot  come- 
over  me." 


oome  xoiind,  to  recover :  "  The  man  will  oome-roogid." 
come  np  to,  to  amount  to :  *'  It  oon^es-up-to  9Q0." 
„  come  upon,  to  attack :  **  He  came-upon  me  anawaces." 
Old  Eng.  €umian\  past  eon^  past  part,  tumen;  cuma,  a  oomer. 

Comedy,  plu.  comedies,  k5m\e,diz ;  Oomedian,  ko.7nee\dll.<m, 
(In  Latin  and  Greek  the  first  two  vowels  cere  long; 
^'c&midtu''  [short]  means  "one  who  eats  with  you") 

IjLtlJX  eOrncedici,  cUnuxdtu.'  Oi^ek  h&mddia.  k&m6do8f  te.,  kdmS  6di, 
a  Tillage  song,  an  ode  sung  at  a  viUage  iniz]. 

Comely,  kum'.ly.    Nice-looking  (applied  to  peasant  girla,  &c.) ; 
comeli-ly,  kum\U.ly ;  oomeU-neiB,  kum\U.ness  (B.  xvii.) 
From  come.  So  in  Lat.  conrviniens,  suitable,  ftc,  is  from  utmio,  to  come. 

Comeetible,  kdm.ess'M.b'l  (adj.),  edible.    Comestibles  (plu.) 

French  comestible;  Latin  eomessor,  to  revel ;  Greek  kdrrMzo,  to  revel 
The  proper  meaning  of  " comestibles"  (eatables)  is  extra  fobds^  foods 
ill  addition  to  those  which  form  the  "  meals." 

Comet,  kom'-et,  a  <' hairy  ^tar";   cometazinm,  phi.  oometaria, 
kdm\e.tair^'r^.um,  a  machine  to  show  how  comets  move. 

Cometary,  kom\^td.ry  (a4).);  Com'mentary,  a  comment. 

Cometography,  konif-e._tog'\ra,fyf  treatise  on  comet9. 

Latin  eSmSta  (from  ednui,  hair) ;  Greek  kdmSUs  (kdrpA,  hair). 
Most  comets  have  some  sort  of  "  hairy"  light  about  them ;  sometimes 
it  forms  a  "  tail,"  sometimes  a  "  beard,"  sometimes  a  "nebula,"  &c. 

Comilt,  Comfort ;  Comfiture,  Comforture ;  Dis-  (negative). 

Comfit,  a  seed  coated  with  sugar.    Comfort,  consolation. 

Comfiture,  k^rnf  .fideur,  preserved  fruit  (French  c(mfi(ture), 

ComfQrture,  kSmyor.tchurf  what  gives  comfort. 

Big-KX>mfit,  to  rout.    Bis-comfort,  inquietude. 

ms-comfiture,  defeat.    Dis-comforture,  want  of  comfort. 

Com^fort  (to  console),  oom'forted,  com'forting,  com'forture ; 
ccpnforter,  fern,  comfortress  or  comforter ;  com'fort-able, 
com'fort-ably,  com''fortable-ness ;  com'fbrt-less,  com'fort- 
les»-ly,  comfortless-ness,  absence  of  cofufort. 

"Oomftt,"  French  oonfit;  Latin  eorkfeotua  (pur  ''confection"). 

"  JWs-comflt,"  "  dis-comflture,"  French  dSconfire,  dSeonJituri ;  Latin 

<Hs  configo,  to  unfasten.    Both  French  and  English  are  ill-formed. 
**  Dia-comfort,"  French  d^confort;  Latin  dis  con  ffortiSy  strong). 
**  Comfort,"  French  oon,fiorter;  Latin  "  con/or^ri,"  to  be  strong. 
(There  is  no  teason  why  "con"  should  he  (Ringed  to  "com"  before  fit 

wnd  fort,  and  it  violates  aU  analogy.     At  aU  «ven4«,  "eomftt** 

should  be  conflt,  a  " confection." J 


120  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Comic,   kom'.ik,   drolL      Com  leal,   com'ical-ly,  com'ical-neBs 
comicality,  koTnf.i.haVW.ty,  drollery. 
Latin  eSmXcua  (the  o  long) ;  Oredc  hOmikda.    (See  Comiedy.) 
Coming,  kum'.ing,  approaching.     {See  Come.) 

Comma,  plu,  commas,  kom'.mdz.  A  stop  made  thus  (,).  Co'ma,  q.v 

Latin  comma;  Greek  komma,  a  part  cut  off  fkoptd,  to  lop;. 
Command,  kom.mdnd' ;   command'-able,   command'-ant,   com 
mand'-atoiy,  command'-er,  oommand'-ment.    To  order. 

Comman'der-in-chief,  plu.  comman'ders-in-chief. 

French  commande,  eommandcmt.  commander,  commandement ;  Latii 
co7i-m>anddre ;  to  give  orders  vdth  [others]. 

Commemorate,  kom.mem'-o.rate,    (Double  m  followed  by  one  m. 
Gommem'orat-ed,  commem'orat-ing,  commem'ora'^tion. 

Commem^orative,  kom.mem'.o.ra,tiv ;  commem'orable. 

Latin  com  [con]  m^mdrdret  commimdrdbilis,  eomm^mdrdtiOf  com 
m^mdrdrCy  to  call  to  mind  with  [souue  special  act]. 

Commence,    kbm.mense'^   to    begin ;    commenced,   kom.menst'i 
commenc'-ing  (Rule  xix. ),  commence'-ment  (Rule  xviii.) 

(""  Comince  "  would  have  been  tetter,  hut  as  usual  we  havt 

followed  the  French,  and  copied  their  error.) 

French  commtncer,  commencement.    Corruption  of  the  ItaL  eomin- 
dare;  Lat.  cum  initio,  with  the  beginning. 

Commend^  commend'ed,  commend' -able,  commend'-ably,  com- 

mend'able-nesB ;  commendation,  kom' .men.day" .shun, 

Commend'er,  one  who  praises.    Commendator,  k6m.men\' 

da.tor,  one  who  holds  a  living  in  trust  (in  commendam). 

Commendatory,  kom.men\dd.t5.ry,  Inudatory.    Commen'da- 

tary,  one  who  holds  a  living  in  trust  (in  commendam). 

("  Commendatary"  is  often  apelt  commendatory,  hut  the 

distinction  should  he  observed.) 

French  commender  to  recommend :  Latin  com  [con]  menddre,  to 
entrust  one  with  [a  commlssioo],  (manddre,  to  give  to  one's  ctuag^). 

Commensurate,  k6m.men\su.rate  not  kdm.men'shu.rate ;   oom- 

men'surate-ly,  commen'surate-ness ;    commen'snrable, 

commen'surably,  commen'^urabir'ity,  commen'sura'^tiou. 

French  commensurable,  eommensurdbilit^ ;  Latin  com  [con]  mouw- 
rdre,  to  measure  a  thing  proportionate  with  [something  else]. 

Comment,  kom\m,ent  (noun),  kom.menf  (verb).    Rule  L 

Commenf-ed  (R.xxxvi.);  commenf-ing  (followed  by  on). 

Comment,  kom'Tnent ;  com'ment-ary.   A  book  of  comments. 

Commentate,   kom\men.tate,  to    m>ike   comments;    com'- 

mentat-ed,  com'men tat-in  g  (R.  xix.) ;  com'mentator  (not 

'ter\  R.  xxxvii.;  com'mentator"ial,  com'menta^tor-ship. 

French  comment;  Lat.  commentdri,  to  write  comments,  eommentdtns. 
commentdri%,m,  commentator  (from  comminiscor  commentus,  to  call 
to  mind  many  things  together,  menitcor,  Le..  memtni,  to  remember. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  121 


Oominerce,  hom^jnersettnAe;  commercial,  kom.mer^.8hal  (adj.\ 
commer'cial-ly.    (French  commerce^  commercial.) 
Lttin  oom  [con]  meteor,  to  trade  with  [others],  commereium. 

Commingle,  k&m.min'.g^l;  commingled  (3  syl.),  oommingling. 

Old  Eng.  menegian\  or  mtn4[ian\,  to  mingle,  with  the  Lat.  prefix  eom-. 
It  would  hare  been  better  with  the  English  prefix  ge-  ("gemingle  '*). 

Oomminute,  kihn'.mtnute.     To  reduce  to  small  pieces,  to  pul- 
verize.     Gom'minut-ed  (Rule   xxxvi.),  com'minut-ing 
(Rule  xix.);  comminution,  k5m\ml.nu*\8hun. 
ft.  eomminutian;  Lat.  eom  [con]  minuo,  to  break  into  minnta  parts. 

.  Commiserate,  kSm.miz'.^.r ate,  to -pity;  commis'erat.ed(R.xxxyi.); 
commis'erat-ing  (R  xix.);  commis'erat-or  (R.  xxxvii.i; 
commiseration,  k^m\miz.S.rdy" .shun^  pity.    (Double  m.) 

GommiseratiYe,  k8m.miz'.i.raMv  ;  commis'erative-ly. 

GommiBerable,  kom.miz\Kra.b'l,  deserving  of  pity. 

French  eommisdraiion ;    Latin  nommlnifrdri,  to  condole  with,  com- 
wlLaSr&iio  (muAiM,  to  pity ;  miitr^  wretched,  an  object  of  pity). 

OommJasary,  'plu.  commissaries,  kom*.ml8.8a.riz.    A  person  em- 
ployed to  provide  an  army  with  personal  requisites. 

Gom'mi88ary-general^2>2u.  com^'missary-generals,  chief  of 
the  commissaries ;  com'missary-ship,  office  of  commissar.\ . 

Oommissariat,  kSm',mi8.8dr^ri»at.    Commissary  department. 

French  eomvnissaire,  eommisBariat ;  Low  Lat.  wmmissariita ;  Latin 
eom  [con]  mUeue,  sent  with  [the  army],  verb  mitto,  to  send. 

Oommiflsion,  kSm„mi8h\8hun ;   commissioned  (3  syl.),  commis^ 
sion-ing ;  commis'sion-er,  one  authorized. 

Fr.  oommiseion;  Latin  eommUHo,  (com  mitto,  to  send  with  [orders])^ 

Gommif ,  to  give  in  chnrge ;  commitf-ed,  committ'-ing,  com- 
nltt-al,  committ-able  (R.  i.,  R.  xxiii.);  Gommit'-ment. 

Committer,  one  who  commits.    Committor,  the  Lord  Chan- 
cellor when  he  commits  a  lunatic  to  a  trustee. 

Ocmmiittee,  phi.  committees,  kom.mit\  ty,  kom.mit\tiz. 
French  eomm^ttrtf  eomitd;  Latin  com  [con]  mitto,  to  send  together. 

Gammix',  commixed,  k6m.mixt ;  commixture,  kom.mix\tchur ; 
oommix'-ible  not  -able.   (Not  of  the  1st  Lat.  conjugation.) 
Latin  eom  [con]  miscere,  supine  commixtum,  to  mix  together. 

Goounodions,  kom.mr/.di'u8  not  k6m.mo\ju8 ;   commo'dious-ly, 
commo'dious-ness  (Lat.  commodus,  convenient,  suitable), 
commodity,  phi.  commodities,  kom.mod\i.tiz,  wares. 
LakiB  eommddUas;  French  commodity,  a  conrenience. 

Ooounodore,  kdm\rn5.  dor.  Commander  of  a  detachment  of  ships. 
Italian  eomandatore,  a  commandant ;  Spanish  comendxidor. 


i:2  ERRORS  or  SPEECir 

Gorn'mon,  com'moxier  (co7np.)>  coin'moniBflt  {guj^er.\  common-ly, 
coiu'mon-ziess;  com'mon-able,  held  in  common ;  cam'- 
mon-aKe,  right  of  pasturing  on  a  common;  com'mon- 
alty,  the  common  people ;  Gom'xnon-er,  one  under  the 
rank  of  a  nobleman ;  Cnrnmona,  proviaiona. 

House  of  Oommons,  plu.  Houses  of  Commons. 

Ck)nmion-council,  plu.  Common-councils. 

Common-councilman,  plu.  common-councilmen  {not  -sel). 

Commonweal,  k6m.mon-we€k     The  public  good. 

Commonwealth,  plu,  oommonwe^ths,  hfiv/^'.mon.'weUht, 
French  wnvtmn;  Latin  communi*,  oommon  {munUt  tied  to  duty). 

Commotion,  kom.mS'^hun  not  ko.mo\8hun.    Disturbance. 
Latin  commotio  (can  [con]  moveo,  to  move  together). 

Commune,  kdm'.mune  (noun),  kSm.mune'  (verb).    Kul^  L 

Communed'  (2  syl.);  commun'ing;  communion,  kom.ma',- 
ni.on;  commu'nity;  commu'nicant  (of  the  Lord's  Supper). 

Com'munist,  ccon'munal;  com'munlsm,  com^munistio. 

Fiench  comnvune,  commv/fuxl,  communion^  GomnvumttM,  eomoKiuiiiU ; 
Latin  communio,  communion ;  communiUu. 

Communicate,A;^m.mu'.ni/Eat«;commu'mcat-ed,commu^nicat-ing 

(R.  xix.),  commu'nicat-or  (R.  ;Lxxvii.) ;  commu'nicat-ive, 

commu'nicative-ly,    commu'nicative-ness ;    commu'nica- 

torj;   communicable,  k6m.mu\nukti.b%  commu'm«ably, 

commu'nicable-ness,  freedom  in  imparting;   coxnjDiuni- 

cation,  kdni.mu\ni.kay'\8hun ;  conunu'nicabil'lty. 

French  communication,  communic(U\f,  communicabiliU;  Li^ia  eom* 
municdre,  communicdtio  (communis,  common). 

Community,  plu.  communities,  kdm.mu'.nutXz.    Body  poUtic. 
French  communauU  ;  Latin  communitas,  the  commmiity. 

Commute,  kom..mute  (to  exchange);  commut'-ed,  conJmnt'-ing, 
commut'-er,  commtit'-able,  commut'-ative  (Rule  xix.) 

Commutation,  kSm'.mu.tay^\8hun;  Commu'tQbbil'lty. 

French  commutation,  commutati/:  Latin  commutdre,  to  oon^nnte; 
commutdtio  (com  [con]  muto,  to  change  with  [anotherl). 

Compact,   kom'.pact  (noun);    kom.pacf  (adj-)     Rule  L    Com- 
pact'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.)»  compact'ed-ly,  compacf-ly. 

Compaction,  kSm.pak'jhun ;  compact'-ible  (not  -able). 

French  compacts :  Latin  compadus,  compact ;  eompadum,  a  cove- 
nant ;  compaction  compaction ;  compactilis,  compatible  (^oqt  fom 
fcon]  patigo,  sup.  pactum,  to  drive  olotie  togethec). 

Companion,  kom.pan\yun ;  compan'ion.able  (not  a  Lai.  word), 
compan'ionably,  companion-less,  companion-^bjp. 
(•ship  Old  Eng.  postfix,  meaning  tenuref  atate,  betnff,) 
French  compagnion;  (cum  pennon,  under  the  same  flag). 


ANB  OF  SPEILIXG.  1J3 

GoBLpfmy,  phi.  oompaiiies»  k8m.pa.niz,    A  party,  a  toa,  d?c. 
("A  firm"  ia  contracted  into  "Co.,"  as  "  Smith  and  Co." 

fkuch  eompagnit  (not.  cKtn  panin  [eating]  bread  together,  as  is 
QsnalJb^  given,  but  eum  pennon,  under  the  same  flag). 

Compare,   k8m.pai!r^;    compared'  (3  syL),  oompar'-ijig.   com-  ^ 
pSr'-er  (R.  xix.)    Comparable,  h($m'.pa,ra.b%  worthy  t<> ' 
be  compared,  followed  by  to  (Lara.  iv.  2) ;  htimpaii^ .a.h'U 
able  to  be  compared  with  each  other,  as  "  The  two  th^i^'S 
are  not  comparable,**  cannot  be  compared  together. 

Gomparative,  kom'.par^ra.tiv.    In  a  more  or  less  degree. 

Compcuiaon,  kSm.par^ri,nm  not  comparason. 

Latin  eornpardre  {com  [con]  paro,  to  majce  or  set  things  tc^ether.) 
(The  "i"  of  compariwn  is  indefensible;  it  is  the  conjugational 
letter,  and  transfers  the  word  from  eornpardre  "to  compare,"  to 
eomparire  '*  to  be  extant."  We  are  alone  in  this  outrage,  which  is 
a  great  stumbling  block  to  young  spellers.  Latin  eomparaUo, 
Itidian  companmon^,  Spanish  comparacion,  French  comparaison.) 

Oofflpartment.    A  special  department  or  part  of  a  niachine. 
French  compartiment,  but  appartementt    (Latin  com  pars,  partis  ) 

Com'paaB.  plu.  com'passes ;  com'passed  (2  syl.),  com'pas«(-ing. 

French  compos,  verb  oompasser,  to  measure ;  Latin  com  [con]  pcusutt, 
a  stride  or  paee  in  common. 

Oompaaaion,  kSmpa8h\un ;    eompassion-ate,  -compassionated, 
compassion at-ing   (Kule   xix.),   compassionate-ly  '  (Bule 
xvii.),  eompassion-able.     (French  compoision.) 
Latin  eomptuaio  (from  com  [eon]  pdtioT^  to  suffer  with  [another]). 
Compatible.  k}5m.paf  ,%.Vl  not  -cible  (not  of  the  Ist  Lat.  ouiy.) 
Gompafibly,  compatlbil'^ity,  compatlble-nees. 

French  compatible,  compatibility;  Lat.  com  [con]  pSt^re,  to  seek  the 
same  thing,  not  compdHor,  to  suffer  the  same  thing. 

Ckimpatriot,  kamp(it\ri.ot.  A  fellow  patriot.  (Ita).  compatriotto.) 
Gcmpeer',  an  equal.  Compare,  kompair^,  to  judge  by  comparison. 

*' Compeer,"  French  eompbre;  Latin  compar,  a  compeer  or  equaL 
Compel'  (to  force);  compelled'  (2  syl.);  compell'-ing,  compell'-er, 
eompell'-able  (Bule  i.) 

Latin  compellire  (com  [con]  pello,  to  drive  together). 

{** Compellai>le"  is  quite  incorrect,  a«  it  would  he  derived  from  com- 

pell&re,  to  address  or  accost  some  one.  It  ought  to  be  "-ible;"  and 

^*  eompel "  would  be  better  wilh  doubU  "  £.") 

Gompen'dinm,  plu.  compen'diiima  or  compendia  (Latin). 
Compensate,    kihn'pen^sate ;    eom'pensat-ed,    com'pensat-ing ; 

compensator,  kom'pen^a.tor  (not  -ter,  Rule  xxxyii.) ; 

oompensation,  kom\pen.say'* .shun,  amends  (Bule  xix.); 

compensatiye,  kom.pen' ^a.Viv  ;  compen'sative-ly. 

lAtin  eompenswre,  to  make  amends,  eompensdiio;  French  wmpenser, 
to  compensate,  compensation^  compensatoire. 


124  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

QorsL'peiie^'k&m.peef ;  compet'-ed,compet'-ing;  coinpet'-er(R.xix. 
Gompetitor,  fern,  competitress,  competitrix,  or  competitor 
k5m.pef,i.tor^  hSnupetfA.tress ;   compefitory;    competi- 
tive,  kom.pet'.i.ttv ;    coxftpefitive  ly,   by   competiiion ; 
eompetition,  kdm.pe,tish'.unt  rivulry  in  merit. 
lAtin  compitUor,  eompiHre  (com  [con]  pito^  to  stek  with  [another]). 
Gomp'etence  or  cOm'petczicy,  jplu.  coiii'i)etenrie8,  -teme-ez, 
Gom'petent  (not  competant),  able ;  competent-ly  (adv.) 
Latin  (see  above)  compi^tenter  (adv.),  eompitenst  gen.  -teniis. 
Ck)mpile,  kom.plle'  (to  pile  or  get  together),  compfled  (2  gyl.), 
compir  ing.compil'-er  (R.xix.);  compile'-ment  (R.xviii.1[) 
Gompilation,  kom'.pi.lay'\8hun»    A  b(><  -k  compil*^d,  <fec. 

French  compiler,  compilatum;  Latin  compllo  eompUdtio  (from 
com  [con]  pilo,  to  pile  together.    Our  word  *'  pillage.") 

Complacent,  k6m.play\8ent.    Gomplaisant.  kdm^pUusaTW. 
Gompla'cent,  affable ;  com'plaisanf  (French),  courteous. 
Compla'cent-Iy,  affably;  complaisanf-Iy,  courteously. 
Gompla'cence,  affability;  com'plaisance'  (French),  courtesy. 
Gom'placency,  kom.play'^en.sy  (same  as  compla'eence). 

Latin  eompldcens  -centis  (com  [cnn]  placirej,  to  please  altogethT 
(All  the  French  words  [com/plaisanif  &c.]  are  wrong.  If  from 
compldceo  the  -a  of  the  last  syL  should  be  -« ;  if  from  compltiedrt 
[compldcana,  to  pay  court  to  one]  the  -s  of  the  last  syl.  should  be  -eX 

Gomplain",  complained'  (2  syl.),  complain'-iug.    To  find  fault. 

Complaint'.     Dissatisfaction  expressed  in  words. 

Gomplain'ant,  a  plaintiff.   Complain'er,  one  who  complains. 

French  complainte,  eomplaignant ;  Latin  com  [con]  plangert,  niphie 
planctuniy  to  bemoan  with  [someone  about  a  grievance]. 

Complaisant,  kom'.pla.zant\     (See  Complacent.) 

Complement,  kom.plee'.ment ;  compliment,  kom'.pltmenL 

Comple'ment.  That  which  completes  or  supplies  a  defioienc^. 

Com'pliment.    An  expression  of  praise  or  civility. 

Complemenf-al  or  complemenf ^ry.  Adj.  of  comple'ment 

Complimenf-al  or  compliment'-ary.   Adj.  of  com'plIm«nt 

Com'plemenf-ing.    Supplying  what  completes. 

Com'pliment-ing.     Paying  a  compliment. 

"Complement,"  >  atin  complementum  (com-plere  to  oompleta). 

" Compliment,"  French  compliment  (from  Latin  complire).  In  Italiaa 
complim^nto  and  Spanish  complimiento,  both  meanings.  French 
compUmeni,  compliment ;  German  complemeni,  complimtid. 

Complete,  kbm.pleet ;  complet'-ed,  complet'-ing,  complet'-er  (one 

who  completes),  complet'-er  Ccomp.;,  complet-est  (superl,)^ 

complet'-ory  (R.  xix.)     (Suffix  -oryj  l.at  .on[t«]  added 

to  adj.),  completely,  complete- ment,  complete- ness  (Bule 

xvii.)  Completion,  kom.plee'^hun,  finish.   (Rule  xxxiii) 

French  completer,  completemtni  :  Latin  compleo,  complHwai. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  125 

Oomploz,  hm^.plex  (noun),  k^nupleaf  (verb).    Rule  L 

Oomplexed,  kom.plexfs  complex'-ing,  complez'-ity,  com- 
.  ^xedness,   kdm.plex\ed.ne88 ;  complicaUon,   kom'.pVL- 

kay^^hun,  a  mixture  of  several  things. 
Wxtnch  complext;  Lat.  eomplexuM  (com  [oon]  plecto,  to  twine  together). 

Oomplezion,  k»m.plek'^hun.    The  hue  of  the  face. 

JFraneh  complaeUm.  An  old  medical  term,  from  the  notion  that  the 
■kin  *'  embraced"  or  contained  a  hue  corresponding  to  the  humour 
or  element  of  the  body :  If  the  element  of  the  body  is  Jire,  the 
humour  is  Hie,  and  the  hue  yelloto;  if  air,  the  humour  is  blood, 
and  the  hue  red;  it  earth,  the  humour  is  black-bile  or  " melan- 
choly," and  the  hue  livid  grey;  if  vxiter,  the  humour  is  phUgm, 
and  the  hue  of  the  skin  dead  tohiU.    What  contains  the  *'  key/' 

Gooiplicate,  kofnf.pVi.kate  (to  involve);  com'plicat-ed  (R.xxxvi.); 
com'plicat-ing  (Rule  xix.);  com'plicat-er  (Rule  xxxvii) 

OompUcation,  kdm^pVLkdy^^hun.     Intricacy. 

Gomplicacy,  k5m\pli,ka.8y  not  kom.plik\a.8y, 

Gomplicative,  kom'.pli.ka.Viv  not  kom.plikf .a.tlv. 

Latin  eomplicdre  (com  [con]  plico),  to  fold  together,  to  tangle. 
Complicity,  k5m.pli8\i.ty.    Participation  [in  guilt]. 

French  complidtd  (complice,  an  accomplice) ;  Latin  eompli^re. 

Domplimeiit,  kom\pVi.ment.  Complement,  kdm.plee'.ment  (q.v.) 
••  Present  my  compliments  "  (salutations),  not  complements. 

Gomplimenter  not  -tor,    (It  is  not  a  Latin  word.) 

"jcmpValff  cowiplott'-ed,  complott'-ing,  complott'-er.     (Rule  i.) 

UmjfiY,  complied'  (2  syl.),  complies  (2  syl.),  compli'-er,  compli'- 
ance,  compii'ant,  compli'-antly,  compli'-able,  compli'-ably, 
coropli'-ableness,  but  comply'-ing.     (Rule  xi.) 

Latin  eomplicdre  {com  [con]  plico,  to  fold  with  [yon],  to  agree). 
It  is  not  from  compleo,  nor  yet  from  ompUiceo,  generally  given. 

ompo^'nent  not  compo'nant.    Constituent.    (Latin  componens.) 

omport,  kom.port%  to  suit ;  comported,  <fec. ;  comport'-able. 
Fr.  eomporter;  Lat.  comportdre,  to  carry  together  (com  [con]  portoj. 

ompofle,  k6m.poze^;  composed'  (2  syl.),  compos'-ing,  compos'-ible. 

Oompofledly,  kom.pd'jsed.ly,  calmly;  compo'sednoss  (4  syl.) 

Composure,  kSm.po'jshur,    Tranquility.    (Rule  xix.) 

OompoBition,  kom\p8.zi8h'\on.    A  putting  together. 

Compositor,  kSm.p8z'.i.tor,  One  who  sets  up  type  in  printing. 

Composer,  kdm.po'j:er.    One  who  composes. 

Composite,  kom\p6z.zite.    Not  simple,  mixt. 

Cami>ositiB,  kom\pdz\i.tee.    An  order  of  plants. 

French  composer,  composite,  composition;  Latin  comp^ire,  eompo- 
9Uio,  eompd*Uor  (cum  [con]  p&ito,  to  put  together). 


126  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Compound,  hmi'.pownd  (nonn),  kom4>ound'  (verb).    Eule  L 
Gomponnd'-ed  (-ed  forms  a  sepiarate  bjI.  aftar  4  dr  t). 

Oompound'- able  (Rule  xxiii);  compound^er. 

Latin  componderdre  (com  [con]  pondgro),  to  weigh  out  (Vlifferei 
tilings  for  a  mixture].    (Not  from  eompwngto,  to  put  t(^;etiMr.) 

Oo1lIpreheIld^  comptehen'sfble,  comprehen'sibly. 

Gomprehensidn,  k5ni'.pre.heri".8kttn,    (Rule  xxxiii.) 

Gomprehen'flive,  comprehens'ive-ly,  comprehen'sive-ness. 
Latin  eomprihendire,  sup.  -hentum  {eom  [eon]  prifhendo,  to  grasp). 
Gompress,  kdm'.prees  (noun),  kSm.presa'  (yerb).    Rule  1. 

Compress',  compre88ed'(2syl.),  compress' -ing.  To  press  clo8( 
compress'ive,  compress'-ible  (not  -a&Z«),  compress'lbil'lt; 

Cdmpression,  kdm.presk'.un ;  oompressore,  kSm.pre8h\itr. 

Compress-or  (not  -er).  That  which  serves  to  ccmipress.  (R.  xxxvii 

Latin  compressi^y  tompreasor,  eomprfmot  sup.  oompr€$awn  (earn  [coi 
pr^mo,  to  i^ress  or  squeeze  together). 

Comprise,  kom.prize'  («  between  two  vowels =z),  to  include 

comprised'  (2  syl.),  compris'-ing,  compris'-al.   (Rule  xix 

French  comprU,  past  part,  of  oomprendre;  Lat.  eomprthennum,  siq 
of  etympr^endo  (cum  [con]  prehendo,  to  seize  hoid  of). 

Compromise,    k5m\pro.imze    not    kom.prom\iz^    com'promise 

(3  syl.),  com'prorais-ing,  com'promis-er.     (Rule  xix.) 

French  compromis;  Latin  eompromisaum  (cum  [con]  pro  mUtOf  i 
send  forth  with  [a  bond] ;  i.e.,  to  give  bona  to  abide  by  arbitration 

Compt,  county  an  account  (nearly  obsolete) ;  comxitroUw,  k^ 
troJ^.er,  an  officei*  to  control  or  verify  accounts. 
French  compte,  an  account ;  Latin  eomputo  [comp'tl,  to  compute. 

Ccmipulsion,  k5m,pul\shun  (force);  compnlBive,   kom.ptiV^v 
compul'sive-ly,  compul'sive-ness.    (Rule  xvii.) 

Compulsory,  kom.puV.8S.ry  (adj.),  compul'sori-ly  (adv.) 
Latin  compello,  sup.  compulsum  {cum  [eon]  pello,  to  drive  together). 
Compunction,  kSm.punk\8hun.    A  pricking  of  conscience. 

Compunctious,  kdm.punk'shu8.  Having  quarms  of  conscieno 
Latin  nompunctiOy  twrn  [con]  pungo,  to  prick  wltii  [remorse]. 

Compute'  (2  syl.),  compiit'-ed,  compfli'-ing,  comput'.er,  oomput 
able  (Rule  xix) ;  computation,  kom\pu.tay'\8hun, 
French  camput,  computation;  Latin  compvMre,  to  compute. 

Comrade,  kdmWad,     Companion.     (French  camerade.) 

From  camSrat  a  chamber,  one  who  occupies  the  same  chamber.    Oi 
word  has  quite  lost  sight  of  the  true  meaning. 

Con-;  also  co-,  oog-,  col-,  com-,  and  cor-.    (Latin  prefix.) 

Co-,  before  a,  e,  t,  o,  and  fu  Also  before  any  letter  "vith 
hyphen,  as  "co-mate,"  "co-partner,"  " co-tmstee."  1 
Mathetnatict  ^  complement,  as  "  co-sine, '  "  co-secant  ** 


AND   OF  SPELLING.  127 

iSOg.,  befbre  naseoT^  noscoj  tUimeny  with  their  derivatives. 

Coi-,  before  I,  as  **  col-lect." 

Com-,  before  h^  m,  jp,  and  u.    Also  with  fit  and  /ort. 

C^n-,  before  c,  «  ;  d,  Z,  e  ;  q,  v,  /  (except  "  fit "  amd  "  fort " ). 

Cor-,  before  r,  as  "  OGr-rect." 

Coxl:  As  pro  ai*d  eon,  "for**  and  "against"  [a  proposal].    In 
this  sense,  it  is  a  contraction  of  contra  (Latin)  against. 

Oon  (to  learn  by  repetition),  ooimed,  kSnd  ;  conn'-ing  (Rule  i.) 

Old  English  cof»n(an]  or  eimnCftn],  to  know ;  ooh,  can. 
Ooneatenate,  ko^Jk&tfXnate ;  concat'enat-ed,  concat'enat-ing. 

Goncatenation,  k8n,kaf.e.nay^\8hun.    To  link  together. 

(In  Latin  the  "  e  "  of  all  these  words  is  long, ) 
Latin  eoncdtinare,  to  chain  together  {catina,  a  chain).    Bule  ziz. 

Concave,  hSn^.hdve.    Hollowed  out.    "  Bulged  out "  is  con' vex. 
T'he  inside  of  a  C  ^s  "  concave,**  the  outside  is  "  convex." 

Gon'cave;  concaved,  kon\kdved;  concav-ing,  kdn.kdve\ing 
(B.xix.)  Concavity,  kon.  kdv'.tty.  The  reverse  is  Convexity. 
(When'put  in  opposition  the  accent  is  thrown  on  the  final 
tyllahte,  om  glasses  for  short  sight  are  concave",  for  fur 
sight  the^  are  convex'. ) 

Ijttfn  etm-edvuSf  aHogether  hollow ;  conc&vUcts  fcdvtu,  a  cave). 

OOkie^al,  kihi-seer  ;  concealed'  (2  syl.),  conceal'.er,  coucear-able. 
Latin  eon-elldre,  to  hide  altogether  foSlo,  to  hide). 

Concede,  kon.seedf.  One  of  the  seven  verbs  in  -cede.  The  three 
in  'teed are  "exceed,** "proceed," and  "succeed."  (R.  xxvii.) 

Conceded,  kSn,8eed\ed;  conceding,  kon.8eed'ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Conceesion,  kSn.ses\shun.    Something  conceded. 
French  oonotder  ;  Latin  eon-eSdo,  to  go  vdth  [you],  to  yield  to  yon. 

Conceit,  kdn^seef,  vanity.    Conceited,  k6n,8eef.ed,  vain.    (Rule 
xxxvi.)    Conceit'ed-ly,  conceit'ed-ness.    (Italian  concetto.) 
Latin  oondHjAo,  sup.  eonceptum,  a  conceived  [opinion  of  oneself]. 

Conceive,  kdn.seev'  (to  suppose,  to  comprehend,  &g.)  ;  conceived' 
(2  syl.),  conceiv'-ing,  conceiv'-er,  conceiv'-able  (Rule  xxiii.), 
conceiv-ably,  conceiv'-ableness  (Rule  xix. ) 

Conception,  kdn,sep* .shun.    Notion,  impregnation. 

('"  'Ceives ''  take  e  first,  *'  -lieves ''  take  i  first.  Rule  xxviii. ) 
Iiatin  eoncipire,  c&nceptio,  (con  cdpio,  to  take  with  [you]  X 

Concentrate,  kdn' .8en>.trdte  (to  bring  together);  con'centrat-ed, 
eon'oentarat-ing  (R.xix.);  concentration,  -tray" .shun. 

Omoentrative,  k&n.8en\tra.tiv ;  concen'trative-neflfl. 
ItaUan  eolt6Mt¥are,  to  concentrate ;  ooncenirazione,  concentration. 


1:>«  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Concen'tre,  to  bring  to  a  point.    Gonsen'ter,  one  who  coDsents. 
Goncentre,  kSn.sen'.ter ;  concentred,  kdn^en'.terd; 
concentring,  kon.8en\tring  not  1(dn.8en'.ter.ing  ; 
concen'tric,concen'trical;  concentricity,  kdn'.8en.trU^.i.ty, 
French  eoncentrer;  lAtin  conceatrtcus  {eon  centrum,  oommon  eentreX 
Conception,  k8n.8ep'^hun.    Notion,  impregnation. 

Conceptiye,  k5n.8ep\t%v,    {See  Gonceiye.) 
Concern'  (noun),  affair;  (verb)  to  take  interest  in  something. 
Concerned,  kdn,8emd\    Moved  with  interest  or  sympathy. 
Concernedly,  kon^er'.ned.ly.    Sympathetically. 

French  coTuxmer;  Latin  concemirit  to  separate  {cum  eerno,  to  sepa- 
rate and  put  together  [what  belongs  to  each]). 

Concert,  kon'sert  (noun),  k(m,8erf  (verb).    Rule  L 

Con'cert,  a  musical  entertainment.    Concert^,  to  schema. 
Concerto,  plu.  concertos,  not  concertoe8.    (Rule  xHi.) 
Concertina,  plu.  concertinas,  kdn\8er.tee'\naht  &c 
Concert-ed,  kdn.sertf  .ed ;  concert-ing,  kon.8ertf.ing, 
French  concert;  Ital.  concerto;  Lat.  con  certdrCt  to  strive  togeihar. 

Concession,  kdn.8esh'-dn,  a  grant;  concession-ist,  a  granter. 

Concession-ary,  kdn.8e8h\dn.a.ry ;  concessory,  kon^e8'.$6.ry. 

("  Conce88ion-ery  "  would  be  more  correct.) 
Latin  conceasio  and  concessum,  a  concession  (con  cedSre,  to  gire  way). 
Conchifera,  kdn.kif  .e.rah.  The  mussel,  oyster*  and  other  bivalvei* 
A  single  specimen  is  a  Conchifer,  kon\ki,fer. 

Conchoidal,  kon.koy'.dal.    Having  a  concave  and  convex 
surlace,  like  a  bivalve  shell.  (Gk.  kogchi  eidos,  cockle-like.) 

Conchology,  kdn.koV.d.gy.    The  natural  history  of  shells. 
Conchologist,  kon.kSV.d.gist.     One  skilled  in  conchology. 
Greek  kogcM  Idgda,  shell  lore ;  Latin  concha,  a  shell. 
Conciliate,  kdn.siV.l.ate,  to  propitiate;  concillat-ed  (R.xxxvi); 
conciriat-ing  (R.  xix).    Conciliatory,  kdnjsil\%.d,t5.fy. 
Conciliator,  fern,  conciliatrix,  kdnMV X.a.toT,  -trix. 
Conciliation,  kdn.s\V .i.d'\8hun.    Reconcilement. 

Latin  conciliator,  conciliatrix,  conciliatio,  concilidre,  to  reconcile /'eoM 
cAlo,  to  call  together,  hence  to  unite  or  bring  together). 

Concise,  k6n.si8e'  (brief),  concise'-ly,  concise'-ness,  brevity. 
Latin  concleus  {concldo,  to  cut  small ;  con  ceedo,  to  cut  entlreljX 
Conclude,    kdn.klude',  conclud'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  condud-ing, 
conclud-er  (Li.  xix.).    To  detei*mine,  to  end,  &c. 

Conclusion,  kdn.hW .shun^  the  end  (R.  xxxilL);  Oonelnsiye, 

k6n.klu.8iv  ;  conclusive-ly,  conelusive-ness  (Rule  xvii.) 

Latin  conclusio,  verb  conciado,  supine  eoncUtsum,  to  ooneliide  (frooi 
con  claxulo,  to  shut-up  altogether,  hence  to  tlnish). 


AXD  OF  SPELLING,  129 

Coniooct',  oonooct'-er  (not  -tor);  concoction,  kSn.koh\8hun, 
Latin  etmeodiOt  e(m-c6qw)y  to  oook  together,  to  concoct. 

Concomitant,  concomitance,  concomltaDt-lj,  concomltancy. 
Latin  ooneHmXtans,  -tantU  {con  cdmitdre,  to  go  often  together). 

Concord,  k8n\kord  (noun),  k6n.kord'  (verb).    Bule  1. 

Goncord'ance  (not  kon'.kor,dance).    An  index  of  words. 

Conoord'ant,  concord'^ant-ly,  concord'anoj. 

Concor'dat.    A  convention  between  a  king  and  the  pope. 

Latin  eoncordta;  eoncorddre,  to  agree  (con  corda,  hearts  together). 
French  eoneordancef  concordant,  concordat,  ooncord«r,  to  agree. 

Con'eourse,  not  con'cottrce.  (Fr.concowr*,  a  throng;  Ital.  concor^o.) 

Latin  eoncursu«  {con  ctirro,  sup.  cursum,  to  mn  together). 

(This  is  one  of  the  puzzles  of  spelling :  course,  source.  Bulk. — Every 
word  beginning  toith  "c"  is  followed  by  "»,'*  and  every  word 
beginning  toith  "«"  is  followed  by  "c";  coarse,  corse,  course, 
** eon-course,"  ** dis-cov/rse,'*  *' inter-course,**  <kc.:  source,  "re- 
source,**  sauce,  <kc  The  only  other  words  in  "-ee**  of  a  siv^ilar 
sound  are  force,  with  its  compounds  "en-force,"  *' per-foreCf'*  **r§- 
mfvrct^*  and  divorce.^ 

Concrete,  kon\kreet  (noun),  kon.kreef  (verb).    Rule  1. 

Concret'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  concret-ing,  concret-ive  (R.  xix.) 

Concretion,  kon.kreei'^hun,  A  concreted  mass,  union  of  parts. 

Con'crete  (noun),  a  cement;  adj.  having  a  real  existence, 
not  abstract.     White  is  abstract,  white  paper  concrete. 

French  ooncret,  ooncretion;  Latin  concritum,  concritio,  a  concretion 
(from  eon  creseo,  supine  crUum,  to  grow  together). 

Concubine,  kdn'.kuMne.    A  woman  who  acts  as  a  wife. 

Concubinage,  kSn.kil\b%n.age ;  concubinal,  kon.ku' .hln.ah 
Latin  WMuXyinus,  a  concubine  {con  cQbdre,  to  lie  togetherX 

ConcupiBcence,  kSn.ku^pis. sense,  lust ;  concu'piscent,  lustful. 
(  The  -8C-  is  the  Latin  frequentative  or  intensifying  prefix.) 
IsUn  eoncupiscentia  (con  oupiscens,  -entis,  greatly  desiring). 

Concur,  kihi.kur^,  to  agree;   concurred'  (2  syl.),  concurr'-ing, 
concurr'-ence,  concurr'-ent,  concurr'-ently.     (Rule  i.) 
Latin  eoncwrrens,  -entis  (con  currifre,  to  run  together). 

Cououflsion,  kon-kOsh^on;  concussive,  kon.kus'jtiv. 

Latin  eoncussio,  a  striking  together  {con  gudtio,  to  shake  together). 

Condemn,  k8n.dem';  condemned,  kon.demd';  condemning,  kSn.  - 
dem'.ing  (not  k6n\dem.ning) ;  condenmer,  k6n.dem\er ; 
condemnation,  k8n\dem\nny'\8hun ;  condemnable,  kon.- 
dem'.na.Vl  (not  kon.dem\a.b'l),  censurable;  condemna- 
tory, kon.dem\nd.tS.ry,  worthy  condemnation. 
Latin  condemndtio,  eond&nndre  (eon  damno,  to  cast  in  a  law-suit). 


1.10  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

GondenBe',  condensed'  (3  syl.),  oondens'-ing,  condens'-er  (Rule 
xix.),  condens'-ity,  condens'-able,  condensation,  kihi'.- 
den.8ay'\8hun.    To  shorten,  to  make  more  close. 

Latin  condensdtio,  eondensdref  to  condense  {eon  deruo,  to  make  thick). 

(There  are  nearly  seven  hundred  toords  ending  in  *'nce,**  and  only 
nine  in  "-nse":  viz.,  dense  and  condense;  dispense,  expense,  pre- 
pense, and  recompense ;  immense,  sense,  and  tense.  The  larger 
part  of  the  seven  hundred  have  as  rnuch  claim,  to  **$**  a$  these  nine.) 

Condescend,  kdn\de.8end\Xo  %U)0^  (morally);  conde8cend''-ence; 
condescension,  kon\de.8en' ^hun  (Rule  xxxvii.) 

Latin  con  descendi^e  (de  scando,  to  climb  down,  dis-moont). 
Condign,  kon.dine't  deserved ;  condign'-ly,  condign'-ness. 

French  condigne,  appropriate ;  Latin  con  dignus,  wholly  deserved. 
Condiment,  kdn'.dl.merU.    (FreDch ;  Latin  condimentum,  sauce.) 

Condition,  kdn.disK.on;  condition-al,  condition-ally,  condition- 
ary,  condition -ing ;  conditionality,  kdn.di8h\on.aV\i.ty ; 
conditioned,    kdn.dish'-ond;  condition-ate. 
French  condition;  Latin  conditio,  eonditionaUs  (adj.) 

Condole,  kdn.dole';  condoled  (2  syl.);   condol'-ing,  condol'-eTf 
condol'-ence  (Rule  xix) ;  condole'-ment  (Rule  xviii.) 
Latin  condolentia,  con  dolere,  to  grieve  with  [those  who  grieve]. 
Condor,  kon\dor.    The  vulture  of  S.  America.     (Span,  condor.) 

Conduce,  k&n.duse';  conduced'  (2  syl.),  conduc'-ing,  condiic'-ible 
(not  -a6i«),  conduc'-ibly ;   conducive,  kon.du\B\v;   con- 
du'cive-ly,  condti'cive-ness  (Rule  xix.)    Tending  to. 
Latin  oonducibilis^  con  ducirCy  to  lead  with  [you],  to  conduce. 

Conduct,  kon\duct  (noun),  behaviour;  kori.duct'  (verb),  to  guide; 
conduct'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  conduct'-ing,  conducf -ive. 

Conducfor,  jem.  oonduct'ress ;  conduction,  kfm.dxL}^ .ihxoi, 

Conductibility,/r^.^i«A;'.t{.Mr'.{.t^.  Capacity  of  transmittiDg. 

French  cxyndAuAicm :  Latin  oondujdiOy  con  ducire,  to  lead  with  (yon]. 
Conduit  (French),  kon\dwit  not  kun'-dit,  a  duct. 

Latin  con  dtico,  supine  ductum,  to  convey  [by  pipes,  &c] 
Cone,  kdne.     A  shape  like  a  sugar-loaf;  the  fruit  of  a  fir  tree. 

Conic,  kdn'.lk;  conical,  kdn'.i.kul  (adj.),  cone-shaped. 

Conies.    The  geometry  of  conical  figures.    (All  the  9cienee$ 
in -ic, except " logic"  " music," and  "'rhetoric " are phtraU) 
(The  "o"  of  "conic**  in  Latin  and  Greek  U  long,) 
French  coiu;  Latin  convA;  Greek  h6n6s,  a  cone. 
Conifer,  plu.  conifers,  k(f.nl.ferz;  Coniferss,  k5.n^.e.ree,  tl^ 
cone  bearing  plants.    (Latin  conus  f^o,  to  bear  cones.) 

Coniferous,  ko.nif.e.ru8,  cone-bearing ;  co'niform. 
^lonoid,  kd'.noid  (Greek  kdnds  eidos,  cone-Hke). 

Conoidal,  ko.no%d\al;  oonoidic,  kd,noy*dik;  conoi'dical. 


AXD   or  SPELUXG.  V,X 


ConfiOnilmto,  kSn.fab'.uJaU,  to  chaA;  confab'alat^  (Rxxxvi.), 
eoDtab'iiliiUiiig,  confab'olat-oir  (not  -er.  Role  xxx\-ii.) 
Oonftkbiilstoiy,  kdn.fab\u.la,rry  (Role  xix.).     Gossip. 
CgnAbnlatlini,  kSn.fab'.u.lay^ahun,    Gossip. 

French  coi^abu!er,  eonfabulatum  ;  Latin  eon  fahuUUt,  to  tell  stories 
or  gooipy  tales  together,  hence  to  ch«t,  fte. 

CoofSsetUm,  k5n,fiyjhun;  oonfec'tion-er,  confec'tionery  (not 

-ary).    Sweetmeats,  the  maker  or  seller  of  pa8tr\ ,  Jtc. 

ftvndi  oo^feeUon;  Latin  om^ecfio,  eon^/Mo,  rapine  -ftduwiy  to  make 
ivith  (flogar,  kc] 

CoofBdarate,  kSn.fed^Xrate^  to  lea^rae  together ;  confedVrat.fd. 
confiMi^erat-ing  (R.  xix.).  confed'er&t-or  (not  -er,  R.  xxx\  ii.) 

OonfedAration,  kSn.fe^.€.ray"jihun,    A  league. 

Oonfederaoy,  plu,  oonfederaoiea,  konJeiT .e.rHMz    (R.  xliv.) 

(In  Latin,  the  first  **e"  of  aU  these  words  in  long.) 
Latin  con  faderatio,  a  confederation  (eon  fceduty  a  leagueX 
Confei^,  cmferred  (2  syl.),  conferr'-ing,  oonferr'-er  (Rule  i.) 
Confer-enoe,  kon*.fer,ence  (not  -once,  and  only  one  r). 
(This  abnormal  word  is  borroved  from  the  French.) 
Frendi  eonfifwr,  eonfSrence  ;  Latin  eonfiro,  con/fretu,  to  confer. 
Coofiarva,  phi.  oonfervas,  k^n.fer^.vah,  kon.fer^.vee,  fresh- water 
plants.    Confefyaceous^  kon'.fer.vay" uthtis  (adv.)     Con- 
fervoid,    kon.fer^.void,    articulated    like    the    confervH*. 
Confervitef  j7{ii.  confervitas,  kon.fe/vites,  fossil  couftTvn'. 

Latin  conferva,  from  conferveo,  to  Join  together  like  broken  bones. 
Pliny  tells  ns  the  covfervce  were  so  called  because  of  their  efficacy 
in  knitting  together  broken  bones,  f Pliny,  27,  45 J 

GonfeBs',  ooofeBaed'  (2  syl.),  confessed-ly,  kon.fes'.sed.ly* 

ConfeaB-or  (not-er,  R.  xxxvii.)  A  priest  who  hears  confessions. 

Oonfession,  k9n.fe8h'.on ;  confesslon-al,  confeRs'ion  Sry. 

French  confessor,  to  confess ;  confession,  confessiovcU ;  Latin  con/tsaio, 
eonfessdritu,  conJUeor,  -fessus  (confaieor,  to  confess). 

Coniide,  kSn.fide'  (to  rely  on);  confided,  kdnfi'.ded  (R.  xxxvi.); 
conf idling,  confid'-ingly,  confid'-er.     (Rule  xix.) 

Coiifldaiit,/em.coiifidante  (Fr.),  *on'./«.danf.  A  bosom  frien<l. 

Gonfident,  konff\.dent  (positive) ;  con'f ident-ly,  con'fidence. 

OonfldentiaU  kon\fl.den*\shal ;  confidential-ly. 

(In  Latin,  the  "i"  of  all  these  words  is  long.) 

Lat.  eof^fidentia.  confidence ;  confidens,  -entis,  confident ;  eon  -fldAre, 
to  tnut  one  wholly ;  French  confidence,  confident,  cor^idant,  &o. 

Oonflne,  kSn\fine  (noun),  a  limit;  k^n.fine'  (v.),  to  imprison  (R.  1.) 
Oonfined,  kon.fmd\  confin'.ing,  confin^er  (Rule  xix.),  con- 

fin'-able  (Rule  xxiii.),  confine'-ment  (Rule  xviii.  ^). 
Conflnity,  kdn^n\l.ty, nearness.   (In Lat.  the  "i"  is  long.) 

French  eor^ner,  to  confine ;  Latin  eonflnium,  eonflnitas,  eonflndlis 
(adj.),  09»  fUortf  to  finish  with  [some  limiting  boundary]. 


1.12  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Gonfiim',  conflrm'-able,   (not  -iftle),   confirm'-Stive,  confirm'- 

atively ;  confirm'-er,  one  who  corroborates ;  conflrmat-or, 

kon.Jir\md,tor  ;  confirm'atSry  (the  "a"  w  long  in  Latin); 

confirmation,  kon\Jir. may'* , shun,  corroboration. 

Latin  eon  jirmdre,  to  make  strong  with  [additional  assurance],  eon- 
JwmatiOy  c<mfirm&tor;  French  conjirmatif,  conjwrmation,  eonjirmer. 

Confiscate,  kon* .fis.kate  not  kon.Jis^kate,  to  alienate ;  con'fiscat-ed 
(R.  xxxvi.),  con'fiscat-ing  (R.xix.),con'fi8cat-or  (R.  xxxvii.) 

Can&Bcakiiou.fk<m\Ji8.kay'*jihun,  A  forfeiting  to  the  exchequer. 

Confiscable,  kon.Ji8\kd.b'l ;  confiscatory,  k8n.Ji8\k(i.to.ry. 

Latin  confincdtio  ;  con  fiscdre,  to  confiscate  ffisciu,  the  exchequer}. 
Conflagration,  kbn*Jla,gray*\8hun  (not  k(m\fii.gay'' ^hun), 

Lat.  wnfidgrdtio,  eonjidgrdre,  to  bum  wholly  ;  Greek  phligo,  to  bum. 
Conflict,  kon\Jlict  (noun) ;  kdn.Jlict*  (verb),  to  contend  (Rule  1.) ; 
conflict'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.);  confiict'-ing,  confijictive,  kon.- 
JlW.tiv;  conflictive-ly ;  confliction,  kon.fi\k' ^hun. 

Latin  conjlictio,  conflictus,  conjligdre,  jllgire,  to  dash  together. 
Confluence,  kon* .Jlu.eTice.    The  meeting  of  two  or  more  streams. 

Con'fluent,  flowing  together.    Conflux,  a  crowd,  a  flood. 

Latin  confiHentiay  confl/Aena  (confltto,  sup.  Jhueum,  to  flow  together). 
Conform',  conformed'  (2  syl.),  conform'-able,  conform'-ably. 

Confirmation,  kSn.Jir.may'^^hun.    The  act  of  confirming. 

Conformation,  kon*. for. may** ^hun.    The  act  of  conforming. 

Conform'^ty,  conformist;  non-conformity,  non-conformist 
('*  Conform,'*  "  conformable,"  are  followed  by  "  to,*'  as  **Be 
not  conformed  to  this  world "  [Rom.  xii,  2].  **  C<mfarm' 
ity  "  m^y  have  either  "  to  "  or  "  with,"  as  *'  In  conformity 
with  your  wish,"  "  In  conformity  to  your  order.") 

"CoDformare  se  ad  [to]  voluntatem..,''  or  "mentem  meam  ifA 

cogitatione  [m</i]..conformabam."  f  Cicero  J 
Lat.  cov/ormdtio,  conformttas,  con  formdre,  to  form  like  [something]. 

Confound'  (to  confuse),  confound'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  confound'-er. 
Confuse',  confused'  (2  syl.),  confus'-ing,  &q.    {See  Conftuse.) 
ItoXij^  fionfund^e,  sxipine  fuavm,  to  pour  together. 
Confront,  kon.frunt*  (not  konfronf),  to  bring  face  to  face;  con- 
front'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  confront'-ing ;  con£ront-er. 
French  con/ronter,  to  QOi^front ;  Lat.  confrons,  front  with  [front]. 
Confuse',  confused',  confus'-ing;  confused-ly,  kon.fil*jsed.ly; 
confused-ness,  konju* .zed.ne8s  (with  -ly  and  -ness);  con- 
fusion, kdn,fil*.zhon,  disorder;  confus-er,  kon,fitjser» 
Latin  confund^e,  supine  fusum,  to  pour  together.    {See  Confoimd.) 
Confute',  confut'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  confut'-ing,  confiit'-er,  confat'- 
able  (not  -ible),  confut'-ant  (R.  xix).    To  prove  wrong. 
Confutation,  k5n*.fu.tay**.8hun.  Disproving,  a  denial  pro?ed« 
Latin  eonfutdtio,  co7^/iltdre,  to  argue  against  [another]. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  l^n 


G(mg6  (French),  kdm^Jtjaf,  Leave  of  absence,  discharge,  farewell. 

Gong^  d'61ire,  Tton^.zja  de-leer^.    The  sovereign's  request 
to  a  dean  and  chapter  to  elect  a  bishop. 

P.P.O.  (pour  prendre  congS),     To  take  leave.     (Written  on 
cards  on  leaving  home.) 

Congeal,  kon.jeeV  (to  freeze) ;  congealed'  (2  syl.),  congear-able. 

Congelation,  k6n\j^.lay''.8hun  (not  congealation), 
{The  "a"  of  "congeal,"  (&c,  is  a  great  error.) 

Latin  eongi^latio,  eongil&biUs,  eon  g^o,  to  freeze  thoroughly;  French 
congder  {:=conge-lerf  2  ajh),  oongilable,  congHation. 

Congener,  kon.jee\nSr.  Of  the  same  origin  or  kind.  Gongener'ic. 

Latin  con  ginery  of  the  same  itock.    (The  -ge-  in  Latin  is  short.) 
Congenial,  konjee'.ntal  (social) ;  conge'nial-ly,  conge'nial'lty. 

Latin  con  g^nidlis,  genial  with  [others],  con  g^nialltiu. 
Congestion,  k5n.je8\tchun;  congestive,  kon.jesWlv;  conprest-ible. 

Lat.  oongtstiOy  con  gSrire,  sup.  -geatum,  to  bring  together,  to  amass. 

Conglomerate,  kon,glom'.e.rate  (one  m),  to  amass;  conglom'- 
erat-ed     (Kule    xxxvi.),    conglom'erat-ing    (Rule    xix), 
conglomeration,  kon* .glom.e,ray'\8hun,  a  collection* 
Latin  congWrn^raxCt  to  wind  into  a  ball  (gl6mu$y  a  ball). 

Congratolate,  kfyn,grdif.u.late;  congrat'ulat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
congrat'ulat-ing,  congrat'ulat-or  (not  -ter.  Rule  xxxvii. ) 

Congratulatory,  kSn.grSf.ii.ld.t*ry.    Expressing  joy  (R.xix.) 

Congratulation,  kSn.grafM.lay^'.shim,    Expression  of  joy. 

Lat  congrdiiUdtio,  congrdtHldtor,  congrdtiUdre,  to  rejoice  with  [you]. 

Congregate,  kSn\gre.gate  (to  assemble  in  a  crowd) ;  con'gregai-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  con'gregat-ing,  con'gregat-er  (Rule  xix.) 

Congregation,    kon\gr^.gay'\8hun ;    congreo:ation-al,    con- 

gregutional-ly,  congregational-ism,  congrei^ational-ist. 
LUln  congrifgdiio,  con  gr^gdre,  to  herd  together  {grex  grggis,  a  herd). 

Congress,  kon'.gress,  a  senate;  congressional,  kbn.gr es' .shun. al. 

Latin  congresses,  a  meeting;  congridior,  sup.  -gressum.  to  meet  to- 
gether {eon  grddior,  to  go  with  [others] ;  grddus,  a  step). 

Congmity,  k&n,gru\\.ty  (fitness);  congruous,  kbn'.gru.us,  &q. 

Lai  congruus,  eongmire,  to  nock  together  like  cranes  {gnis,  a  craneX 
"Biitls  of  a  feather  [which]  flock  together,"  exactly  meets  the  idea. 

Conia,  kd.n%\ah.  Hemlock  and  other  plants  of  the  same  genus. 

Coneine,  ko.nee'.in.    The  poisonous  alkaloid  of  hemlock. 

Greek  k&neidn,  hemlock.    ("  Goneine," A;o.ne^  i»,  is  not  well  formed.) 

Oonic,  kSn\ik;  conical,  Hke  a  cone;  conies,  kovfdks.  (See  Cone.) 

Conifer,  ko.ntfer;  oooiferons,  kd.nlf.&nu;  conifersB.   See  Cone. 


134  ERnonS  OF  SPEECH 

Conjecture,  JcihtJ^.tekur  (a  sannise,  to  snnnise) ;  eoDJec'tnred 

(8  syl.),  conjee'ttir-ing,  coDJec'tnr-er ;   conjec'tur-al,  con- 

jec'iural-ly  (Rule  xix.).  ccnjec'tur-able  (Rule  xxiii). 

Latin  eovjectura,  a  guess,  coi\}tctur&lis :  eonjidre,  to  aanoiie  (eon 
jdcio  to  cast  [two  and  two]  together  [to  form  a  gneas]). 

Gonjngal,  kon'.ju.gal.    Pertaining  to  marriage. 

Latin  conjugdlis  (from  amjux,  a  husband  or  wif eX 

Conjugate,  kdn\ju.gate;  con'jugat-ed  (R.  xxxyL),  con'jugat-ing. 

Conjugation,  kdn\ju.gay^'.8hun;  con'jngat-or (R.  rix,  xxxvii.) 
Lat.  eonjUgatio,  eonjUgator,  eoniX&gdre  (eonjugo,  to  joke  together). 

Conjunction,  k6n.junk\8kun  (union);  conjunctive,  kSn.junk.tiv; 
conjunc'tive-ly,  conjunc'tive-ness  (Rxvii.);  conjunctuie, 
k8n.junk^,tchur,  a  crisis,  a  critical  period. 
Latin  conjunetio,  eor^ungo,  supine  -jwictum,  to  join  together. 
Conjure,  kun'jer,  to  play  tricks ;  konjwre\  to  implore. 

Con'jure,  kun'.jer;  con'jured  (2  syl.),  con'jur-ing  (R.  xix.), 

con'jur-er ;  conjuration,  kun\ju.ray'\shun. 
Conjure,  kdn.jure'  (to  implore) ;   conjured'  (2  syl.),  coiy fill- 
ing: conjur'-er,  one  who  conjures';  conjuratioiL,  k9n\ju.- 
ray^\8hun,  invocation  to  a  prisoner  to  answer  on  his  oath. 

Both  these  are  the  same  word.    A  con^jurer  is  one  who  acts 
with  a  confederate  bound  by  oath  to  secrecy.    A  eoiytir'er 
is  one  who  calls  on  another  to  answer  on  his  oath. 
Latin  eon  jwro,  to  swear  together. 
Connect",  connect'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.) ;  connective,  kon\nek^.VSv. 

Connection,  a  junction  of  substances ;  connexion,  a  relative. 

("  ConTiexion  "  is  not  required,  ** connection  "  answers  both  meanings.) 
Latin  con  necto,  supine  nexum,  to  bind  together. 

Connive',  connived'  (2  syl.),  conniv'-ing,  connlv'-er  (R.  xix.X 

conniv-ance  (R.  xxiv.)    (Ought  to  be  connivence.) 

French  connivence,  conniver,  to  connive ;  Latin  connivena.  tmmivirt 
(con  nlveo,  to  wink  with  [the  eyes],  to  pretend  not  to  see). 

Connoisseur  (bad  French),  kdn'.nis.seur'.  A  judge  of  the  fine  arts. 

French  connaisseur:  Latin  cognosco,  to  know  thoroughly. 
(It  is  surprising  that  the  host  of  bad  French  words  which  diagraee  ow 
language  shmUd  be  suffered  to  remain.  J 

Connubial,  kon.nu\M.al.     Pertaining  to  wedlock, 

Latin  conwuhidlis,  con  mubo,  to  many  together. 

Conquer,  kon\kwer  not  kSn'.ker;  conquered,  kon^ktoerd: 

conquering,  k6n\kwer.ing  ;  conqueror,  kfin\-kwer.or ; 

conquer-able,  kon\kwer.a,h'l ;  conquest,  kon^kwest, 

French  con/guerir,  to  conquer ;  Old  French  eongueste^  now  ^omquMt, 

Latin  eonqutr^re  (qucero,  to  seek,  to  acquire,  to  conquer). 

Consanguinity,  kon\8an,gwin'\\,ty.     Relationship  by  blood. 
Consanguineous,  k6n.8an.gwin'\e.u8.    Related  by  blood. 
Latin  consanguXnitas,  oonsangulnifus  (oon  sanguis,  same  UoodQi 


AND  OF  SFELLINO.  ir,') 

Conscieiioe,  kSn'jkVenee;  conscience-less;  ooiucious,  kdn.$h^ii*; 
conscions-ly,  conscious-ness  (Latin  conscius^  conscious) ; 
conscientious,  Aon^^^.en''^/ius,con8cientiouBly,  coDscien  - 
tious-ness  (French  consciencieux,  conscientious) ;  oon- 
scionable,  kdn\8hun,a.b'l,  consoionably,  conscionable-ness. 
**For  conscience  sake"  (not /or  conscience'  sake,  nor  for 
conscience's  sake).  *'  Conscience  "  has  no  possessive  case. 
Only  nouns  personified,  and  those  which  denote  animal 
life  have  possessive  cases. 

(Note  the  "-sc-*  which  are  the  initial  letters  of  "  science,") 

Latin  con  scientia,  knowledge  with  [another].  Man  being  supposed  to 
be  a  dual  being,  conscience  is  the  privacy  of  the  "  inner  man"  to 
^e  acts,  &c.,  of  the  "  outer  man";  French  cotucience. 

Conscription,  kon.8krip\shun.    Enrolment  for  military  service. 

French  conseriptio;  Latin  conscripHo  (which  is  incorrect),  con  scribd, 
supine  -gcriptum,  to  write  with  [other  names]. 

(kmsecrate,  kon' .sS.hrate,  con'secrat-ed,  con'secrat-ing  (R.  xix.), 
con'secrat-or  (not  -er,  R.  xxxvii);  consecration,  k6n'.sf..- 
kray*\shun,  dedication  to  sacred  uses. 
Latin  consecrdtio,  consecrdre  (eon  aacrOf  to  hallow  with  [sacred  rites]). 

ConsecutiYe,  k6njiekf.u.tiv.  following  in  systematic  order;   con- 
secutive-ly,  consecutive-ness  (Rule  xvii.) 
French  consecutif,  consecutive;  Latin  consequA'e,  to  follow  in  order. 

Consent,  kM^senf,  to  agree  to,  an  agreement.    Consenf-er. 

Consentaneous,  kon*.sen.tay'\nSMSy  consistent  with;   con- 
sentaneous-ly,  consentaneous-ness  (suitableness). 

Consentaneity,  kon.8en\ta.nee'\i.ty,    JVIutual  agreement. 

Consentient,  kSn-sen'.she'ent;  consentingly,  kon.sen'ting.ly. 

Latin  coTisensus,  consensu),  eonsentdneus,  consentiens,  -eniis,  verb 
consentio,  sup.  -sensum  {con  sentio,  to  think  with  [another]). 

Consequence,  kon* .s^.kwence ;  consequent,  kon^se.kwent;   con- 
sequent-ly  (therefore);  consequential,  kon'.se.quen'\8hal 
(important) ;  consequential-ly  (conceitedly). 
French  consequence;  Latin  consi^quentia  (con  siquor,  to  follow  upon). 

CotDBerve,  kon'.serv  (noun),  a  jam ;  k6n.8erv'  (verb),  to  preserve. 
Conserve,  kSn^serv^;  conserved'  (2  syl.),  conserv'-ing,  con- 
serv'-er,  conserv'-able  (R.  xx.),  conserV-ant,  conserv'-ancy 
(R.  xix.);  conservation,  kon\8er.vay"^hon;  conservi^ 
tive,  kdn.ser'.va.tiv ;  couser'vative-ly,  conser'vative-ness ; 
conservatism,  kdn.ser'.va.tizm ;  conservator,  kdn^se/.va.- 
tor  (R.  xxxvii.);  conservatory,  kon.8e7^\va.t5.ry ;  con- 
servatoire, k6n.8er^ .va.twor  (Fr.),  a  public  school  of  music. 

French  eonserver,  to  keep :  conserve,  fruit,  &c.,  preserved  in  sugar. 
J^atin  wnservdioT,  conservaru,  con  servdre,  to  preserve  with  [sugar,  Ac.] 


136  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Consider,  Tt^in.std'.er  {to  think  about);  considered,  k6n^%df.erd; 
consid'er-ing,  consid'ering-ly ;  considerable,  kSn.$ld\er.- 
a.Vl;  consid'erable-ness,  conBid'er-ably. 

Considerate,  kSn,8id\e.rate ;  coD8iderate-l7,considerate-ne8S. 

Consideration,  k5n.8id\e.ray''^hun.    Mature  thought. 

French  eortsdderahley  consideration^  eonsiderer;  Latin  conaidfirdtiOf 
eon  ndirdre,  to  consult  the  stars  (Hdira,  the  stars),  contemplate. 

Consign,  konMne';  consigned'  (2  syl.),  consign'-ing,  consign'-er, 

consign'-ment ;  consignee,  k8n\s%,nee,  one  to  whom  goods 

are  consigned;  consignor,  kon^si.nor'f  he  who  consigns 

the  goods. 

French  eonsi^pier,  to  consign :  Latin  eon-Hgndre,  to  seal  with  (your 
own  seal]  as  a  Toucher  that  the  consignment  is  authorised. 

Consist^,  consist" -ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  consist'-ing,  consist'-ent,  con- 
sist'ent-ly,  consist'-ence,  consist'-ency.    To  be  made  up  ofl 

*' Consist  of"  =  composed  of.     "Consist  with"  =  to  be  in 

accordance  with. 
French  consistert  to  consist ;  Latin  con  aisUfre,  to  stand  together. 

Consistory,    k5n.8i8\tS.ry,  a  *'  spiritual "   court ;    consistorial, 

kon'.sis.tdr^'ri.al ;  consistorian,  kSn'.sls.tdf'H.an, 

French  eonsistoire,  consistory,  consistorial;  Latin  con$ist6rittm,  a 
council,  the  priTate  council-chamber  of  Roman  emperors ;  now  it 
is  applied  to  the  college  of  cardinals,  the  court  of  the  bishops,  &c. 

Console,  kon\8ole  (noun),  an  ornamental  bracket;  kon-sole'  (verb),- 

to  comfort;  console',  consoled'  (2  syl.),  consol'-ing,  con- 

sol'-er,  consol-al)le  ( R.  xix.) ;  consolation,  &d7i'.«^.2a^''^Au7i, 

comfort;    consolator,   kiSn.8})l\a.tory  one  who  consoles 

another;  consolatory,  k6n.86l\a,to.ry,  comforting. 

Fr.  consoler,  to  console,  consolation^  consolahle,  console  (in  Architee.) 
Lat.  consOldtio,  consdldtor,  con-s6ldri,  to  solace  with  [words]. 

Consolidate,  kon.8oV.i.date,  to  form  into  one  mass;  consol'idat-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  consol'idat-ing  (Rule  xix.) ;  consolidation, 
kon.8ol\uday".8hun,  condensation,  union. 
French  consolider,  consolidation;  Latin  consdliddrc,  to  Join  together. 

Consols,  kon.86lz\  "  3  per  cents."    Consuls',  Roman  magistrates. 

"Consols,"  i.e.,  consol-idated  stocks.  Govornment  has  borrowed 
money  at  different  times  from  various  sources,  and  at  different 
rates  of  interest.  In  1751,  the  several  sto<^  were  consolidated, 
with  a  uniform  interest  of  3  per  ceiit. 

Consonant,  kon\8o.nant  (adj.),  agreeable  (followed  by  to  or  with). 

Consonant,  plu,  consonants.     All  letters  except  vowels. 

Consonance,  concord ;  consonancy,  kon\8}i.nan.8y, 

(In  Latin  it  i8  followed  by  "  to" :  a8  "8ibi  consSnam,**) 

Latin  consdnans,  -nantis,  consHnantia,  con-sdndre,  to  sound  together. 

A  "consonant"  is  a  letter  which  carries  in  its  sound  another  letter^ 

thus :  "  B  "  carries  with  it  the  sound  of  e,  and  "  K  "  the  loand  of  a! 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  1,17 


Gonflort,  k^*^ort  (noun);  k^.sorlf  (verb).    Con'cert,  concert'. 
Oonsort,  kSn'^ort.    Husband  or  wife  of  a  crowned  head. 
Ck>n8ort,  kSn^orf.  To  associate  together  (followed  by  "  with"). 
Concert,  kSn'jierU    A  musical  entertainments 
Gonsert,  h6n.8erif  (to  league) ;  consert^-ed,  conserf -ing. 

**Con'8ort,'*Lat.(Jorw(>r«,  -«orfi«, a  partner  (eon  sors,  same  lot  with  fyoul). 
"Gonaort'/'  a  verb  coined  from  the  Latin  eonaortio,  partnership. 
"Concert,**  Fr.  concert;  Ital.  concerto;  Lat.  concertdre,  to  concert. 
"Goncertv*  Lat.  con  eertare,  to  strive  together,  hence  to  plot. 

Oonspicnons,   kon.8pik'ku.iL8    (obvious) ;     conspicuous-lj,    con- 
spicuous-ness ;  conspicuity,  /c(5n.sp{./(u'.t.t2^.  visibility. 
Latin  eonspicuMS,  conapidre  (con  apecio^  to  see  with  [clearness]). 
Coogpire,  kon.8pvre';  conspired'  (2  syl.))  consplr'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Clonspiracy,  plu,  conspiracies,  k6n.8pi7^raMz,     Plot  for  evil. 
Conspirator,  k^^pir^rador  (R.  xxxvii.)    One  of  a  conspiracy. 
French  eonapirer;  Lat.  eonspirdtiOt  eon  spvrdre,  to  breathe  together. 
Constable,  2:un^8^a.&'Z,a  peace-officer.  Constablery, constabulary. 
Constabulary,  kun.8tay.ii.ld,ry  (acy.)    Pertaining  to,  Stc. 
Constablery,  kun' Ma.VLry  (noun).     The  whole  body,  &c. 
Constablewick,  hun\8ta.h'l-wik,    A  constable's  district. 
Lord  High  Constable,  plu.  Lords  High  Constable. 
High  Constable,  plu.  High  Constables.     Of  a  county. 
Petty  Constable,  plu.  Petty  Constables.     Of  a  parish. 

French  constahU:  Latin  cdmea  stahUliy  superintendent  of  the  impe- 
rial stables,  then  *' Master  of  the  Horse,"  then  "  Commander-iu' 
chief  of  the  army  "  (Obsolete). 

Constaot,  kSn*. slant  (frequent) ;  con'dtancy,  persistency. 

Latin  eonstantia  (eon  stdre,  to  stand  together,  to  be  con-sistent). 

Constellation,  kon'MeLlay'^^shun  (double  2;,  a  group  of  stnrs. 

French  constellation  ;  Latin  consiellatio  {con  stella,  stars  together). 

Consternation,  kdn\8ter.nay'\8hun.    Amazement  with  terror. 

French  consternation;  Latin  eonstemdtio  (con  stemo,  to  cast  down). 

Constipate,.  kdn'Mtpdte,  constipated  (R.  xxvi.) ;  constipat-ing. 

Constipation,  kSn\8ti.pay'\8hun,  costiveness  (Rule  xix.) 

Fr.  eonstipation;  Lat.  constlpdtio  (con  stlpdre,  to  cram  together). 

Constltaent,  kSn.8tif.u.ent  (adj.),  essential,  elemental. 

Constitnent  (noun).    One  who  is  an  elector. 

Constituency,  k5n.8titf.u,en.q/.    An  entire  body  of  electors. 

Lat.  eonstUuo,  part  constltuens,  to  constitute.  A  ''constituent"  is 
one  who  by  his  vote  "constitutes"  or  elects  a  member  of  parliament. 

Constitate,  k<5n\8t\,tute  (to  establish) ;  constitut-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 
constitut-ing ;  constitiit-er,  one  who  constitutes  (R.  xix.) 
Constitation,  khn' Mi.tvf^shun  (frame  of  body,  of  a  govern- 
ment, &c.) ;  constitution-al,  constitution  al-ly ;  constitu- 


ins  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

tional-ist,  a  lover  of  a  constitutional  government;  oonstl- 
tntion-ist,  one  who  advocates  snch  a  government. 

(**G(mstituiion-al*'  should  be  **  constitution-el."     TJie 
French  have  preserved  the  right  vowel, "  constitutionneL" ) 
Fr.  constitution;  Lat.  eonstUHtio  (con  statu£rt,  to  set  up  together). 

CJonstrain,  konMrain^  (to  compel) ;  constrain'-able  (B.  xxiii.) 
Ck>n8trained^  constrainedly,  k5n.strain\eddy  (Rule  zxxvi.) 
Constraint,  kon.strainf.    Restraining  influence  in  action. 
French  contraimdre,  contrainte;  Latin  con8tringir$,  to  bind  fast. 

Constrict,  konMricif  (to  bind) ;  constrict'-or  (not  -<r,  R.  xxxviL) 

Boa  Constrictor,  plu.  Boa  Constrictors,  Bore  Kon,strik' ,tor 
The  serpent  which  with  its  coils  binds  its  victim  fiist. 

Lat  coTMtringOy  supine  tonstriduin,  to  bind  fast. 
Construct,  kon.strucf  (to  make),  oonstruot'-or  (not  -er,  R.  xxzvii.) 

Construction,  k8nMruk^,8hun,  construction >al ;  constmctiye, 

k5n.8truk\t%Vf  constructive-ly,  constructive-ne^s  (R.  xvii.) 

Frvnch  construction;  Latin  eonstructio,  constructor,  construire,  to 
heap  together ;  Greek  str66,  stdrid,  to  spread,  &c. 

Construe,  kon'-stru;  construed,  kon' strode,  (not  k6n.stru\  k^n,- 

strude*) ;  con'stru-ing,  con'stru-er  (R.  rix.)    To  translate. 

Fr.  construire,  to  construe ;  Lat.  eoTistruire,  to  build,  to  heap  together. 

Consubstantiation,  k6n'-suh.8tan'-8he.a^''8hun,  the  Lutheran  no. 
tioD  that  the  body  and  blood  of  Christ  are  in  union  with 
the  eucharistic  bread  and  wine. 

Transubstantiation,  the  Roman  Catholic  notion  that  the 

eucharistic  bread  and  wine  are  veritably  changed  into 

the  body  and  blood  of  Jesus  Christ. 

Latin  con  substantia,  [in  union]  with  the  substance  (i.e.,  Ohrlat); 
trans  substantia,  transferred  into  the  very  substance  of  Christ. 

Con'sul,  plu.  Con'suls,  Roman  magistrates.  Consols^  British 
3  per  cents.  Consular,  kon^sUMr  (acy.) ;  consulate, 
k^n\8u.late,  the  term  of  a  consul's  office;  consul-ship, 
the  tenure  of  the  office  of  consul.  Consul  graeral,  plu, 
consul  generals  (not  consuls  general). 

Latin  consul,  consiUo,  to  consult  (con  aiUo,  Lt.,  »i  vdlo,  to  emniiM 
and  seH  if  each  one  is  willing,  or  approves  of  a  decree). 

Consult,  kon.8uUf;  consulf-er;  consultation,  kSn'^suLtay^'ahun, 

•*  Consulter"  ought  to  be  **  consultor"  Latin  consudtor. 
Fr.  consulter,  consultation;  Lat.  consultdtio,  consultare,  to  consult 
Consume,  kon^sume';  consumed'  (2  syl.),  consum'-ing,  oonsum'-er 
( K.  xix.),  consum'-able  (R.  xxiii.)     To  devour,  to  bum. 

Consumption,  k8n.8U7np\8hun ;  consumptive,  kon^sump^.tSiv, 

consiimpiive-ly,consumptive-ness  (consumptive  tendency). 

Fr.  coTisumer,  to  consume ;  Lat.  eontumpiio,  eonsumirtf  to  t^T«^int- 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  ir,a 

OoBsiimmate,  kSnMtw,\maU  (a4j.) ;  hm^jium.mate  (verb). 
CoiiBii]n''iiiate,  complete ;  consam'mate-ly  (Rule  xvii.) 
Con''8iuiuiiftte,  con'summat-ed,  con^samm&t-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

CoTwnTnTnation,  k<Sn\8um.7nay'\shun.    Completion,    (-mm-.) 

"ConBtun'mate,**  Latin  consummate,  folly  (fummo,  the  sum  total). 
"Con'sommate,"  Latin  ooiumnwnare,  to  aam  together  [all  the  figures]. 

ConsmDaptixnL,kSn.8ump'jhun;  consumptiYe.    (5^^  Oonsnme.) 
Contagion,  kSn.tay\jun,    Communieadon  of  disease  by  contact. 

Contagions,  k6n,tay\juSy  contagious-lj,  contagious-ness. 
Fr.  €owta4jion:  Lat.  eontdgio  {con  tago  =  tango,  to  touch  together). 
Contain''  (to  hold),  contained'  (2  syl.),  contain'-able  (Rule  xxiii). 
(The  spelling  of  all  these  words  is  indefensible.) 
French  contenir^to  contain ;  Lat. continue  (con  Uneo,  to  hold  together). 
Contaminate,  h6n.tam\%.nMte  (todefQe),  contam'inat-ed  (R.xxxvi), 
contamlnat-ing,  contamlnat-er  (ought  to  be  -or),  R.  xix. 

Contamination,  klin.tamW.nay" .shun.    Pollution,  taint. 

Yr.  oontamineTf  contamination ;  Latin  corUdmfnatio,  con(diMtnd<or, 
eontdminare  {con  tdmlno,  to  defile  with  [assoolationl. 

Contemn,  Condemn,  kon,t^nf,  kdn.dem'  ('*  n  "  not  sounded). 

Contemn,  to  despise ;  Condemn, to  blame,  to  pronounce  guilty. 

Contemned,  kon.t^d\  despised ;  Condemned,  kon.d^md\ 

Gontemn-ing,  k6n.tem\ing ;  Condemn-ing,  k<5n.dem\ing, 

Contemn-er,  k6n.t^\ery  despiser ;  Condemn-er,  kdn.dem'er. 

Latin  coniemTiSre,  to  oontemn  {con  temaio,  to  despise  altogether) ;  but 
eondemndre  {con  damno,  to  doom  with  penalty). 

Contemplate,  kdn\t^.plate  (not  kdn.tem\plate),  to   meditate 

upon ;    con'templat-ed,  con'templar-ing  (R.  xix.),  con'- 

templat-or  (R.  xxxvii.) ;  contemplation,  kon\tem.play'\  - 

shun,  meditation ;  contemplative,  kon.tem\pla.t%v  ;  con- 

tem'plative-ly,  contem'platiLve-nefls  (Rule  xvii.) 

Latin  contem^ldre,  to  contemplate,  contempldtio,  contemplativua,  con- 
templator.  The  Roman  augurs  having  taken  their  stand  on  the 
Capit'oline  Hill,  marked  out  a  space  called  the  templum.  Watching 
on  this  space  to  see  what  would  happen  was  called  "contemplation. " 

Cont^nporaneoiiB,  k5n\t^.p5.ray'\ni.u>i  (not  cotemporaneous) 
(adj.),  of  the  same  period;  contemporaneous-ly.  contem- 
poraneous-ness ;    Contemporary,   plu.    contemporaries, 
kbn.tem\po,Ta.ry,  k6n.tem\po.ru,r%z  (not  cotemporary). 
(*'  Co-"  precedes  a,  e,  i,  o,  and  h.    '*  Con-"  precedes  c,  d,  t ; 

f,  v»  q ;  g  J ;  » <wid  s.) 

Contemporary  of  or  with  f    If  an  article  precedes,  of  must  fol- 
low ;   if  not,  with.     "  He  was  a  contemporary  of  mine." 
"He  was  contemporary  with  me."     In  the  former  ex- 
ample "contemporary"  is  a  noun,  in  the  latter  an  adj. 
Latin  eontempdr&neus  {eon  tempus,  the  same  time). 


140  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

CJontempt,  kon.temf  (scorn) ;  contemptnonsness,  'tem\tu.U8.ne88, 
Gontempt'-ible (worthless);  contempt'uous  {-tu.us)  scomM. 

Oontempt'-ibly (worthlessly);  contempfuons-ly,  scornfully. 

"I  gave  him  a  contemptuous  look"  (not  contemptible). 

"He  treated  them  contemptuously"  (not  contemptibly). 

"He  is  a  contemptible  fE?llow,"  wortbless. 

Latin  contempttts,  disdain  {con  temn^re,  sup.  temptum,  to  scorn  wholly). 

Contend'  (to  dispute);  contention,  kon.ten\8hun,  strife. 

Contentions,  kon.ten\8hu8 ;  contentions -ly,  contentions-neas. 
Latin  contentio,  contentiOsuSf  contencUfre  to  strain  with  [force]. 
Content,  satisfaction ;  (Dis-Content,  dissatisfaction). 

Content'-ed,  content'-ment.     The  negatives  are  "  discon- 

tent'-ed,"  "  disconteni'-ment." 
Gontenfed-ly,  discontent'ed-ly ;  content'-ing. 
Hal-content,  plu.  mal-contents,  persons  not  satisfied. 

Non-content,  plu.  non-contents,  lords  who  negative  a  "  bill." 
Those  who  approve  of  it  are  called  "  Contents." 

Contents  (no  sing.)  of  a  cask,  book,  &c. ;  i.e.,  wbat  it  contains. 

Vr.  content f  contentement  (3  eyl.);  Latin  eontentus.  continiref  supine 

contentum  (con  Un^o.  to  hold  together,  to  contain). 
(*•  Contentus    belongs  to  two  verbs — contendo  to  stretchy  and  conttneo.) 

Contest,  kdn'.test  (noun) ;  kdn.tesf  (verb).    Knle  1. 

Contest,   kdn:te8f  (to  dispute),  contesf-ed,    contesf-lng, 
contestlng-ly ;  contesf-able  (not  -ible)y  contest'able-ness, 
contestation,  kon\te8.tay'\8hun,  strife,  joint-attestation. 
French  contester^  to  contest,  contestation,  contestable;  Lat  contMtdHo, 
con  testdri,  to  call  witnesses  to  prove  a  case  {testis,  a  witnessX 

Context,  kon'.text.    The  part  bearing  on  a  "  text"  or  quotation. 

French  contexte;  Latin  contextus,  eon  texo,  to  weave  together. 
Contiguity,  kon'.ttgW.tty.     Proximity,  contact.    Cowper  uses 
the  word  for  "uninterrupted  extent,"  "continuation": 

Oh  !  for  a  lodge  in  some  vast  wilderness. 
Some  boundless  contiguity  of  shade. . . 

Contiguous,  k6n.tig\u.u8 ;  contiguoiis-ly,  contiguous-ness. 
Fr.contiguitS ;  Lat.  eontigHfos,  adjoining  (con  tango,  to  touch  togetherX 
Continent,  kon'.ti.nent;  continent-ly,  continence,  k6n'.ti.fienee; 
continency,  applied  to  man  as  "  chastity  "  to  women. 

Con'tinent.     A  large  extent  of  land  not  severed  by  sea. 

Continental,  kon\ti.nen*'.tal.    Pertaining  to  the  Continent. 

Fr.  continence,  continent,  continental.  Latin  eontinenUa,  chMtltj ; 
eontinens  -nentis,  mainland ;  contlnire,  to  contain  or  restrain  <meMlf 
{con  tinere,  to  hold  together,  like  different  lands  on  a  "oontinmt.'*) 

Contingent,  kdn.tin\jent  (dependent),  contin'gent-ly. 

Oontingence,  Icon.tin'.jence ;  contingency,  kSn.tin\jen.sy. 

Fr.  contingent,  contingenee;  Lat.  contingena  (con  tangirt,  to  toii6h)L 


ASD   OF  SPELLIXG,  141 

Gontiniial,  kdn.tin\u.al.     (See  next  article.) 

Goiitinne,  kdrLtin\u  (to  last) ;  contm^Tied  (3  syl.),  contin^u-ing. 
Oontixi'ii-er,  one  who  continues;  contin'^na'tor,  one  who  con- 
tinnes  a  book  or  poem  begun  by  another ;  contin'u-able ; 
contin^u-al,  oontiii'iial-ly,  contm'uance,  contmnation, 
kdn.tin'.u.d'\8hun;  contiD.TumB,k5n.tin\u.u8 ;  continuoxis- 
ly,  continiiity,  kon\ti.nu'\i,tyy  uninterrupted  succession. 

Fr.  wnixnuvr,  eo^itinviU;  Latin  cont{nuan«,  continuation  eoniinuvLt 
eontXnuittu,  eontinudre,  to  continue.    (Fr.  continiiel  is  incurrect.) 

CkmtGrt'  (to  twist),  contortion,  kon,tor'jthun,  a  twist. 

Latin  coniortio  or  contorsio,  con  torqueo,  to  twist  wholly. 
Contour,  k&n^toor'  (not  kon.tocy/).    The  outline  of  the  face. 

French  contour,  outline,  turn ;  Latin  con  tomo,  to  turn. 

Contra-  (Latin  prefix),  against,  in  opposition  to. 

Per  Contra.    A  commercial  term,  used  in  ledgers,  &c.,  on 
the  "credit"  side :  as  "  Dr."  (left  side),  "  Per  Contra,  Cr." 

Gon^traband,  illicit  [traffic] ;  contrabandist,  kdn^-tra,banf''4§t, 

Contrabandibta,  kon* -traJban-dU* -tah,  plu.  -Ua,    Sminggler. 

ItaL  eontraJbbando,  to  smuggle ;  Lat.  contra  hannus,  against  tbe  edict. 
Contract,  kdn', tract  (noun) ;  kdn,tracf  (verb;.    Rule  1. 

Con'tract,  a  bargain;  contract^ ,to  make  a  bargain,  to  shorten. 

Contract^ ,  contract'-ed  (xxxvi.),  contract-or  (not  er),  xxxvii. 

Gontracf  (to   shorten),  oontracf-ed,   contracted -ly,  con- 
tracted-ness ;  c6ntraction,  kdn.trac\8hunf  abridgment. 

Contractile,  kon,trac^..U.    Able  to  contract  itself. 

Contr&ct-ible  (not  -able).    Capable  of  being  contracted. 

Contractility,  k5n-trac.tiV'-i-ty,  Having  a  contractile  force. 

Contractibility,  kon-trac-t\.biV*-i.ty,    Having  a  contractible 
property.    The  opposite  property  is  dilatability, 
(**Air  *'  is  contractible^  but  not  contractile^  and  we  speak 
of  its  " contractibility"    Animal  muscle  has  a  '•  contrac- 
tile "  force,  and  we  speak  of  its  "  contractility" 

French  contracter,  to  contract,  contraotite,  contractility,  contraction. 
Lat.  contra^io,  contractus  (fion  PrdMre,  sup.  tractum,  to  draw  together.). 

Contradict,  kdn'-traMct"  (to  gainsay) ;  contradict'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.) 

Contradict'-^r  (not  -or.    Not  a  Latin  word.    Rule  xxxvii.) 

Contradiction)  kdn\tra.dic'' ,shun.     A  flat  denial. 

Contradictious,  kdn/traAic/'shus ;  contradictious-ness. 

Contradictory,  k^\tra.dic'\t5.ry ;  contradictori-ly  (adv.) 

French  contradiction,  contradictoire,  contradictory;  Latin  contra- 
dietio,  contra  dicire,  to  say  the  opposite. 

Contralto,  plu,  contraltos,  kon,traV .toze  (Italian).    Rule  xlii. 

"  Contralto  "  is  a  low  female- voice ;  Soprano  (jso.prah'.noX 

a  high  female-voice. 


142  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Contrariety,  plu.  contrarieties,  k^\tra,ri'\^.tiz.  Antagonism. 
Frendi  etmtratieti;  Latin  oontrSrieUUt  disagreement,  opposition. 

Contrary,  plu.  contraries,  kon\trd.ry,  -riz  (not  k5n.trair^ryt  &c.) 
Contrari-]y,  kdn\trd.H.ly;  con'trari-ness,  con'trari-wiBe(xi.) 
Contrarions,  kSn.trai'/ri.us ;  contrarions-ly,  -ness. 

Contrariety,  kdn\tra.ri'\e.tyy  plu.  -ties,  -tiz.    Antagonism. 

French  contraire;  Latin  contrdrie  (adv.),  contrdrius,  ▼.  contrdHo. 
' '  Contra'ry  "  -is  more  correct,  but  i8  not  in  vm.    Shakespeare  vsa  both : 
"Had  faUely  thrtut  upon  contra'ry  /eet.'*—K.  J.,  iv.,  2.) 

Contrast,  kdn^trast  (noun);  kon.tra8f  (verb).    Rule  1. 

Con'trast.  The  opposite.  (Followed  by  to :  **  A  contrast  to...**) 

Contrast^.     To  show  the  difference  of  things  by  comparison. 

(Followed  by  with:  "Contrast  God's  goodness  with..") 
Fr.  contraster  (v.),  contra^te  (n. ) ;  Lat.  contra  stdre,  to  set  in  opposition. 
Contravene,  kSn,tra.veen'  (to  thwart);  contravened'  (8  syL), con- 
faaven'-ing,  contraven'-er  (R.  xix.),  one  who  thwarts. 
Obntrayention,  k5n'-tra.ven'\8hun.    A  thwarting,  &g. 
y  Wr.  contravention,  v.  contrevenir;  Lat.  contra  venio,  to  come  against. 
Contretebips  (Fr.),  kohW.trd.tah'n'.    Something  inopportune. 
Latin  contra  tempus^  fcoming  at]  the  wrong  time. 

Contrihnte,  k6n.trlb\ute ;  contribut-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  contribut-ing, 
contribut-or  (not  -er,  R.  xxxvii.),  contribut-able  (R.  xxiii.), 
contribnt-ive,-trl6'.M.fCz?;  contribution,  kon\tri.hu"^hun, 

Contributary»-<ri6'.w.ta.ry.  Payingtribute  to  thesamecrown. 

Contributory,  -trib\u.tSry.  Contributing  to  the  same  object. 

Fr.  contribviixm ;  Lat.  contrihutdrius,  contriMiio,  corUrUnUor,  etm- 
tribiUlre  {con  trilmo,  to  give  with  Lothers]). 

Contrite,  kdn\trite  (penitent);  contrite-ly,  kon.trite\ly  (adv.) 

Contrition,  kon.trish\un  (not  -«ton,  R.  xxxiii).  Sorrow  for  sin. 

Fr.  contrit,  contrition:  Lat.  contrltus  {con  tiHfre,  sup.  trit/wm,,  to  mb 
together.     "A  conUite  heart "  is  one  broken  or  bruised  with  rubs. ) 

Contrive,  kon,trive';  contrived'  (2  syl.),  contriv'-ing,  contriv'-er, 
contriv'-able,  contriv'-ance  (R.  xix,)     To  devise,  to  plan. 
Corruption  of  the  French  controuver,  to  find  out,  to  invent. 
Control,  kSn.tr die'  (to  keep  under  restraint) ;  controlled'  (3  syL) 
Controll'-ing,  controll'-er  (R.  i.) ;  but  contior-ment  (R.  ii.  %,) 

Comptroller,  k8n,trole\er.    One  whose  duty  it  is  to  examine 
tax-gatherers'  accounts ;  an  officer  of  the  royal  household. 

Comptroller  of  the  Pipe.    An  exchequer  officer  connected 

with  the  "pipe,"  or  great  roll.    Both  these  words  are 

now  spelt  controller.   {Loyr  Jj&t.  eontrardt&ldtor.)  "Gomp. 

troller  "  is  computus  rotuldtor,  keeper  of  accounts. 

Fr.  contrdle,  i  e.,  contra  r6le;  Lat  contra  rdtiUtu,  a  ooianier  register. 
All  contracts  were  at  one  time  enrolled  in  a  pnbHc  register. 


AXD  OF  SPELLTXG,  \\r> 

Ckmtrovert,  kdn\trS.ver%  to  dispute;  oontrovert-ed  (B.  xxxvi.) 

Controveii'-ear,  one  who  dispates  a  stfttement;  ocmtrovert'- 
ist,  oontroverf-ible,  controvertlbly. 
(The  second  t  in  the$e  words  is  an  error.     The  root  verb 
is  not  ^'vert^e"  to  tum^  hut  "versdri,"  to  dispute,) 

Controveisy,  jjZu.  controversies,  kSn'.trd.verMz,  dis^ui&iion. 

Controversial,  kon.tro.ver^jhal;  controversial-ly  (adv.) 

CSontrovendal-ist.     A  profeBsional  writer  of  controversies. 

Fr.  oontroverse  (n.),  et/ntrtwerser  (▼.).  corUrovers-aJble ;  Latin  contro- 
tergiOf  controverAdri  (not  controverUfre,  to  torn  against). 

(kmtiimacy,  k6n\tu,md,sy  (not  kdn.til\ma.sy)t  obstinate  resistanc^e 

of  authority;   oontumadoiis,  kSn\tu.may*\shus ;  contu- 

madons-ly,  oontumacions-ness. 

Fr.  contuvfMce,  contnmacf;  Lat.  contAmdcia  (eon  tumirt,  to  swell 
aealnst  one.    ContHurMix,  gen.  contiJumdcis.) 

Ckxntnmely,  plu,  contumelies,  kfin'.tii.mi.ly,  kSfi\tu.m^.llz  (not 
k8n.til,'me,ly),  insolence,  affronting  language. 

Contumelious,  kiin\tu.mee'\U.us ;  contumelious-hf. 

Contumelious-ness.     (Same  root  as  "  contumacy.") 

Latin  contHmiHa,  contHmeliCma,  abusive  {con  tumere,  see  tibove). 
Cotttiise^  (to  bruise),  contused  (2  syl.),  contus'-ing,  contus'-er, 
contusion,  kdn.tii',shun  (Bule  xxxiii.),  a  bruise. 

Fr.  contusion;  Lat.  eontusio  (con  tundo,  sup.  tusum,  to  pound). 

Connndnun,  plu,  connndrnms.    A  punning  riddle. 

(Hd  £ng.  cunnan  to  know,  dredm  ton,  **  fun-knowledge."  Like  JUredfnr 
crc^  joy-craft,  i.e.,  music,  &c. 

Convalescence,  k&n\va,les'' ,sense.  Renewal  of  health  after  illness. 
Convalescent,  kbn,va.les",sent.     Restored  to  health. 

("Sc-"  denotes  that  the  action  of  the  word  ij  '^progressive.^') 

Fr.  convalescence,  conval£8cent ;  Lat.  con  vdlesco  (vdleo  to  be  well, 
vcUesco  to  grow  stronger  and  stronger). 

Ocmvene,  kon,veen'  (to  assemble) ;  convened'  (2  syl.),  conven'-ing, 
conven-er  (Rule  xix.),  conven-able  better  conven-ible. 
(The  vyrong  conjugation,  as  untal,  is  a  borrowed  French  error.) 
French  convenir,  contenahle;  Latin  eon  v^ire,  to  come  together. 
Convenience,  k5n.vee\ntense.    Something  commodious. 
Conve'niency ;  oonve'nient,  conve'nient-ly. 
Lat.  conveniens,  oonvinientia  {con  ven/S/re,  to  fadge  together). 
Convent,  k^\ventt  home  for  nuns  [or  monks] ;  conven'tual, 
(monastic) ;  conventional,  -shun.aly  customary. 

A  **  conventional  phrase  or  manner,**  i.e.,  in  vogue,  usudL 
A  '*  convcTiitMl  prior,"  dec,  the  prior  of  a  convent, 

Gonventicle,  kbn.ven\tl,kX     A  dissenter's  chapel  (a  word  of 

contempt),  it  means  a  "  little  "  convent  or  assembly. 

Conventicler,fc^.i;ew'.«.fcl«r.  A  dissenter  (word  of  contempt). 

French  convmJticuU;  Latin  eonneniiciUwm  (-«uZ,  -de,  &o.,  dim.) 


lAi  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

CJonvention,  kon.ven\8hun,    A  meeting  of  delegates,  a  contract. 

Gonven'tioii-al  (customaiy),  conven'tioii-ally  (adv.) 

Conventionality,  kon.ven'^hun,aV\i.ty.    Formality. 

Conven'tional-ism.  Manners  in  accordance  with  the  fashion. 

Gonventionary,  kon.ven\8hun.d,ry.    Settled  by  convention. 

Gonven'tion-er,  a  party  in  a  convention.    Gonyen'tian-ist, 
one  who  makes  a  contract.     (See  Convent  note,) 

French  convention,  conventionnd :  Latin  conventio,  conventiondlii 
{con  venio,  supine  ventum,  to  come  together). 

Converge,  kdn.verj\  to  incline  to  one  point ;  converged'  (3  syl.), 

converg'-ing,  converg'-ent,  converg'-ence,  -ency  (R.xix.) 

French  converger,  convergence  ;  Latin  eon  vergSre,  to  bend  tORether. 

Converse,  kon'.verse  (noun  and  adj.) ;  kon,ver8e'  (verb).    Rule  1. 

Con'verse,  a  proposition  turned  round :  thus,  the  converse 

of  "  every  A  is  a  B,"  is  "  every  B  is  an  A."  Gonverse'-ly. 
Gonversion,  kon.ver\shun,  complete  change.  (See  Convert.) 
Converse'  (to  chat) ;  converse^'  (2  syl.),  convers'-ing,  ccm- 

vers'-able,  convers'-ably,  convers'able-ness.    (Rule  xix.) 
Conversant,   kon\ver.8ant    (not    kon.ver^,8ant)t  acquainted 

[with  an  art,  &c.]  by  familiar  use ;  oon'versant-ly. 
Conversation,  kon.ver.say'\8hun  (chat);   converBation-al, 

conversational-ly,  conversation-ist. 

French  conversation,  converse,  converser  (v.) ;  Latin  eonvertdrif  eon^ 
versans,  conversatio  (con  versor,  to  converse  with  another). 

Conversazione,  plu.  conversazioni  (Ital.)  kon''Ver'8&f'Zl.5''ne, 
A  party  in  which  conversation  is  to  furnish  the  amusement. 

Convert,  kon'.vert  (noun) ;  kon.verf  (verb).    Rule  L 

Gonverf,  convert'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  convert'-er,  convert'-ing. 

Gonvert'-lble  (not  -able),  convert'-ibly,  convert'-ibil'"ity. 

Gonversion,  kon.vet'.shun.    Entire  change.    (Rule  zxxiii.) 

French  convertir,  convertible,  conversion;  Latin  converaiOf  amveri^ 
bilis,  convertire  (con  verto,  to  turn  completely). 

Convey,  kon.vay^  (to  transmit);  conveyed'  (2  syL), oonvey'-ing, 

convey'-able  (R.  xxiii.),  convey'-ance  (R.  xxiv.),  oonvey'- 

anc-er,  a  lawyer  who  draws  up  writings  for  conveymg 

properly ;  convey'anc-ing,  the  business  of  a  conveyance. 

Low  Latin  conveiancia,  a  conveyance ;  conveidre,  to  convey ;  Latin 
conviMre,  to  convey  by  [horse  and  cart,  &c.] 

Convict,  k5n\victj  a  felon ;  k5n.vict\  to  prove  guilty.     (Rnle  L) 

Convict',  convict'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  convicf-ing;  oonviotioii, 

kon.vik' .shun,  strong  belief,  proof  or  detection  of  gailt. 

Gonvictive,  kon.vik'.tlu,  condemnatory ;  convictive-ly. 

French  conviction;  Latin  convictio,  v.  convindre,  supine  eonvietvm 
(con  vinco,  to  overthrow  altogether).  In  Latin  there  are  two 
supines  tdike,  "  convivo  "  (to  live  together)  and  *'  convince. **  Henoe 
convictio  means  either,  "  a  living  together  "  or  a  "  oonid<^on." 


AND  OF  SPELLIXq.  145 

CcniTiiioe^  (3  syL),  oonvin'ces  (3  eyL,  R.  liii.),  convinced'  (2  syl.), 
oonyinc'-er,  convinc'-ing,  convin'cing-ly,  convinc-ible. 

Latin  eommneirt^  to  conyfnce  ;  same  root-verb  as  conHet  fq.v.) 
Hence,  Jno.  viiL  46 :  "  Which  of  you  canviTicts  [convicts]  me  of  sin  f* 

OonyiTial,  kon,vWXdl  (jovial);  oonyivial-ly,  convivial-ist. 
Conyiyiality,  konxW .\.aV\l.ty,   Festivity,  social  indulgenre. 
French  eofucivialilU ;  Latin  conioivialis,  com^vo,  to  live  together. 
Convoke^  convoked'  (2  syl.),  conv6k'-ing,conv6k'-er  (Rule  xix.) 
Oonvocation,  k8n\vo.kay'',8hun,     A  clerical  couDcil. 
French  convocation ;  Latin  convdcdtio,  eon  rdcdre,  to  call  t(%ether. 
Goavolntion,  kon\vo.lu'\8hun.    A  fold  or  coil. 

Latin  convdlutus  (eon  volvo,  to  roll  together). 
GoBVolvnIiiB,  kon.voV.  vu.ltu.   The  garden  bindweed  (-tti.  not  -vo). 
Latin  and  French  convolvUltu  {-ithu  dim.),  the  little  twisting  plant. 
CoAVolvnlacefB,  kon-vbV .vu-ldy" ^S.ee.    The  order  including  the 
above.     Tbe  suffix  -acecB  denotes  an  order  of  plants.  • 

Convoy,  kihi'.voy  (noun),  kon.voy'  (verb).    Rule  1. 

Ckm'voy,  an  attendant  for  defence.    Ck)nvoy',  to  attend,  &e. 

Ckmvoy',  convoyed'  (2  syl.),  convoy'-ing.     (Rule  xiii.) 
French  eonvoi;  Low  Latin  convHo;  Latin  convifho,  to  convey. 
Convulse'  (2  syl.),  to  shake  emotionally ;  convulsed'  (2  syl.) 

Ckmvnls'-uig  (R.  xix.);  convulsive,  kon.vuVMv;   convul- 

sive-ly,  convulsive-neBs  (R.  xvii.)    (Fr.  convulsion^  &c.) 
Lat.  eonvulsio,  from  eon  vello,  sup.  vuhum,  to  pluck  or  tear  to  pieces. 
Coo  (like  a  pigeon),  cooes,  koozj  cooed,  kood;  coo'-ing  (R.xliii.) 
An  imitative  wordL 

Go(d£  (to  dress  food),  cooked  (1  syl.),  cookery,  kook\^.ry. 

Old  English  o6c  or  c&e,  verb  cucodan] ;  Latin  c6quo,  noun  cdquus. 
Cool,  oool'-er  (comp.),  cod'-est  (super.)  ;  cooled  (1  syl,),  cool'- 
ing ;  cool'-er  (a  vessel  for  cooling  liquids);  cool'-ly,  coor- 
ness,  cool'-ish  {-ish  added  to  a<^.  is  dim. ;  added  to  nouus 
it  means  *|like,"  as  hoy-ish,  like  a  boy). 
Old  English  c6l,  cool ;  verb  c<il[ian],  c6l-nea,  coolness. 
Coolie,  kooV.^y  a  porter  (East  Indies).    Cool'-ly,  chilly. 
Coom,  koom;  Coomb,  koom;  Comb,  kome. 

Coom.     Refuse  such  as  collects  in  carriage- wheels,  &c. 
Coomb.     Four  bushels  (dry  measure) ;  a  valley. 
Comb  (for  the  hair),  verb  to  dress  the  hair. 

"  Coom,*'  (Jerman  kahm,  mould. 

"  CJoomb/*  O.  Eng.,  a  liquid  measure  ;  a  valley ;  Gk.  kumbS,  a  hollow. 

**  Comb '  (for  the  hair),  Old  English  camb. 

Coop  (a  pen  for  fowls,  to  pen  fowls),  cooped,  koopt. 

Latin  e&pa,  a  butt,  a  coop  ;  Old  English  cofa,  a  box,  a  chamber. 

K 


146  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Oooper,  koop\er,  one  who  makes  tubs.    Oooperage,.  hoeffjeryo^tt 

the  workshop  of  a  cooper,  charge  made  for  coopor's  work. 
Li^in  mpOi  a  butt  or  tub  (-agt  something  done,  -099  to- do).*' 

Ck^-qperate,  ho.bp'.e.rdte  (to  work  in  unison),  co-op^erat-ed  (B. 
xxxvi.),  co-op'erat-ing  (R.  xix.),  co-op'erat-or  (not  -er 
IL  xxxvii.),  co-operative,  kd.op' .S.ra.t%v  (acfj.) ;  oo^ypera- 
tion,  ko^-8p-S.ray**-shun;  co-op'erant  (a^j.) 

French  cooperani^  concurring,  cooperation^  eoopeiw  (Terb);  Latin 
codp^dtio,  codpifrdtor  {co[con]op£rdri  to  work  with  [oUi^rslX 

Co-ordiiiate,  ko.o7^,dl.ndte  (adj).  Of  equal  order,  rank«  or  degree. 

Go-or'dinate-ly,  co-or'dinate-neB8.    Equality  of  rankv  Ac, 

Go-or'dinate,  plu.  co-or'dinates.  Lines,  &c,  ranged  in  order. 

Oo-ordination,  ko.or^.dl.nay'\8hun.    Just  arrangement. 

French  coordination,  coordonner!  (verb}:  Latin  eo-ord{nd<i<>,  eo-ordl- 
ndtlw^,  oo-ordindtus  (coi.con]oi-(2-rndre,  to  arrange  togetherji, 

Gooty  a  water-fowl;  Cote,  a  pen  for  doves  or  sheep;  Goat  {q.v.) 

"CJoot,"  "Welsh  cwtiar,  a  coot  (cwta,  the  bob-tail  [bird]); 
"Cote,"  Old  Eng.  cdte,  a  cot ;  Welhh  cwt,  a  cot,  sty,  &c. 
"Coat"  ca  garment),  French  cotte;  Italian  cotta;  Qerman  ]n»M«. 

Copaiba,  kd.pay'.bah.    A  balsam.    {See  OapiTi.) 

Copal,  'ko'.pal  (not  ko.paV).    A  vamisb.    (Mex.  copalH,  resins.) 

Go-part'ner  (a  joint  partner) ;  co-part'nery,  or  co-part^nexshipi. 

Ckipe,  a  hood ;  Cope,  to  vie  with  others ;  Coop,  a  pen  for  fowls. 

'  Cope "  (for  the  head ],  Old  Eng.  cop,  a  cap  or  hood ;  Welsh  eob^  acoafc. 
' Cope"  (to  vie),  Danish  kappes,  to  vie  with  others. 
'Coop"  (for  fowls),  Latin  cupa,  a  butt  or  coop. 

Coping,  kd\ping.    The  uppermost  tier  of  a  wall  (cqpe»  a  hood). 

Copious,  ko'.ptus  (plentiful),  co'pious-ly,  co'pioua-neasi 
Latin  cdpiosus,  cdpia,  plentf  (co[con]opts,  very  rich). 

Copper.    A  metal,  made  of  copper,  to  case  with  copper,  ajeoin. 
Cop'per-ish.    Having  a  slight  taste  or  smell  of  copper. 

Coppery,  hSp'.pe.ry.   Containing  copper,  resembling  copper. 
Latin  cuprum^  Le.,  ces  Cyprium,  Cyprus  brass ;  German  hu^t^. 

Copperas,  kop\pSr,rds,  Green  vitriol.   (It  ought  to  be  eoppen$y 

Fr.  couperose;  Ital.  copparosa;  Lat  cupri  roa,  liquor  of  cojf^pn,. 

Coppice,  kbp'.pis.    A  wood  consisting  of  brushwood. 

Low  Lat.  copieia;  Gk.  kdptd,  to  cut,  so  called  because  the  treea  are  eat 
to  the  ground  every  few  years,  to  make  underwood  as  oovarfor^came. 

Copse,  kops.    Same  as  Coppioe.    {See  above,) 

Copula,  plu.  copulas,  kbp*.u.ldh,  &c.  The  verb  which  lonites  or 
couples  the  predicate  with  the  subject :  via.,  {«  Of  jit  not. 

Copulate,    k6p\u.late    (to    pair    sexually);    oopfulfit.edi 
cop'ulat-ing  (H.  xix.);  copulation^  k6p\u,ki^''^hm' 


AND  OF  SPBLLJNO.  147 

Oopabktm,  X^^u.2ai<U;,  connectiye,  as  '*  copulative  •on* 
iuQctions."    Copiilatory,  kdp'\u.ld.tb,ry, 

French  eopvXation^  copulative ;  Latin  eOpAio^  eiplUMiOt  dipAlattvui, 
▼.  eSpHUre,  to  unite,  to  couple. 

CopYfplu.  copies,  kSp'py^  kdp'piz,    A  transcript,  a  pattern* 

Cop'y,  copies,  hop'plz ;  copi-ed.  kSp'pXd;  copi-er,  k9p\ter; 

cop'y-ing,  cop'y-ist,  cop'yright,  cop'ybook,  cop'yfaold. 
Fr.  eopie,  » tr&nscr^t ;  Low  Lat.  o&pta,  a' transcript,  Y.  dfpidm, 
Coqnet,  kd.ketf  (verb),  to  *'  play  "  love-making.    Ooqiiette  (non»)« 
Coquet',  coqttetf-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  coquetf-ing  (R.  ii.,  6.) 
Coquette,  kd.kSf ;  coquett^-isb,  coquett'ish-ly  (jauntily). 
French  coqueter  (v.)^  eoquettet  coquetterU  (cd^  [to  imitate]  a  cockX 
Cor-  (Latin  prefix),  con  before  r. 

Coracle,  k8i^rd.k%  a  Welsh  boat;  Curricle,  kur^,ri.k%  a  carriage. 

"  Oorade,"  Welsh  ctorxogl  (cwrtog.  a  frame  6t  carcase). 

*'  Cunicle,"  Latin  curriciUus,  a  little  carriage  (-deot-cuhUf  dlm.^ 

Coral,  ka/ral  (a  zoophyte,  the  shells  conglomerated).    • ' 

CoraU-aceouB,  kdr^raLlay'^skus  (&^j.);  oom^-ine,  M9i^fdl.Ui, 

Corall-iferouB,  kdr^rallif.^.rus.    Containing  coraL 

Corallifomi,  kofrdLLform,  resembling  coral ;  cor'all-ite. 

Coralloid,  kor^ralXoid ;  coralloid-al,  kofral.loid\al. 

Greek  koraUion  eidos^  coral-like. 

C  *Coral '  <mght  to  have  double 'H/' or  iUcompoundi  only  one* 'I."  B.iil.) 
Ft.  corail,  coraline,  C4tmlUflde ;  Lat.  oUrallium,  cdroUum,  or  CMnUiitm; 
6k.  kdrcUlion  or  kourdlionf  coraL 

Gozaiiacli,  kofra.nak.    Lamentation  for  the  dead. 
Gkielie  comh  rdnaich,  crying  together. 

Covbeil,  k&r'.hel  (used  in  sieges).  Corbel,  kcrf.hel  (used  in  archi- 
tecture). The  base  of  a  Corinthian  pillar,  the  projecting 
knob  (often  cnrved)  on  which  an  arch  rests. 

Corl)el,  corT)elled  (2  syl.),  cOr'belling. 
Fr.  eorbeille,  a  small  basket,  a  corbel ;  Lat.  eorbUla,  a  little  basket.    ' 
Cord  (string) ;  Chord  (of  music);  Cawed,  past  tense  of  caw. 

Cord,  to  fasten  with  cord ;  cord'age,  cord  collectively. 

French  eorde;  Latin  chorda;  Greek  ckordi  {-age  snflix  collective). 
Cordelier,  kof'.de.leer^.    A  grey  friar  who  is  girded  with  a  rope. 

French  cordelier  {eorde,  a  rope),  one  Who  wears  a  rope. 
Cordial  (n.),  Ad/.dt'aZ.     A  cheerini?  draught;  (adj.)  hearty. 

Cor'dial-ly,  cor'dial-ness,  cordiality,  k^t'MMV'.i.ty. 

Frendi  cordial,  cordiality  (Latin  cor,  gen.  cordis,  the  heart). 
Cordovan,  kor^.dcvdn  (not  kor.doiVun),  Spanish  leather.     So 
called  from  Cofdova  (not  Corcio'va), where  it  was  first mude. 
Ccoduroy,  kord'roy,    A  thick  ribbed  cotton  for  trousers. 

Fx«aeh  cord  du  roij  the  king's  cord. 


148  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Gordwainer,  kord\way-ner,    A  worker  in  leather,  not  cord  maker. 

French  eordouannier,  bow  cordonniery  a  corruption  of  coTdova/nitr^  » 
worker  in  Gor'dovan  leather. 

Gore,  Corps,  Gaw,  kdr.    Core.    (I^at.  cor  the  heart,  Gk.  hear,) 
Gore  (of  an  apple),  v.  to  take  out  the  core ;  cored,  cor'-iiig. 
Corps,  hor^  a  body  of  soldiers.    (Fr.  eorps^  Latin  corpua.) 
Caw.     The  cry  of  a  crow,  an  imitation  word. 

Coreopsis,  /i;ar're.5p".«l».    The  tick-seeded  sunflower. 

Oreek  Icdris  dpns,  a  bug  in  appearance  [referring  to  the  seed]. 

Coriander,  k5r^ri.an'\der,    A  plant  famed  for  its  seed. 

Old  English  corion;  Latin  cdriandrum'  Greek  kdriannon  or  hSrUfn 
(kdria,  a  bug).    The  bruised  seed  smells  like  that  insect. 

Cork,  Calk  or  Caulk,  Cauk.    All  pronounced  kork. 

Cork  (of  a  bottle),,  v.  corked  (1  syl.),  cork'-y,  tasting  of  the 
cork ;  cork'i-ness,  having  the  buoyancy  of  a  cork. 

Calk.     To  close  the  seams  of  a  ship  with  oakum. 

-€aiik.     A  sulphate  of  bary'ta.     (A  miner's  word.) 

"  Cork,"  German  kork  ;  Latin  cortex,  the  bark  of  a  tree. 

"  Calk,"  Latin  calco,  to  tread  or  press  (calx,  the  heel  of  the  foot). 

Cormorant,  kdr^.mo.rant.    A  glutton,  the  sea-raven. 

French  cormoran;  Latin  corvtts  marirms^  the  sea-raven. 
Com.     Grain;  an  excrescence  on  the  feet;  to  salt  meat. 

Com  (grain),  has  no  plural,  except  when  the  general  crop  or 

different  varieties  are  referred  to,  as  "  Corns  are  better." 
Old  English  com;  German  kom;  Danish  kom;  Latin  gramwn. 
Com,  plu.  corns  (on  the  feet);  com-y;  cor'neous,  homy. 
Old  English  com;  Welsh  cotti;  French  come;  Latin  comu,  hem. 
Com  (to  salt  meat),  corned  (1  syL),  com'-ing. 
German  komen,  to  com  or  salt  meat. 
.€omefb,  kor\ne.ah.    The  membrane  in  front  of  the  eye. 
French  corn^e;  Latin  eom^tts,  homy  (comu,  horn). 

Cornelian,  kor.nee'.luan,    A  chalcedony.    (See  Cameliaa.) 

Comet,  ko/.net,  a  cavalry  ensign;   a  horn.      Cor'net-cy  (-cy 

denotes  "  rank  ").  Cor'net-a-piston,  a  musical  instrument. 

French  comette,  a  cavalry  officer ;  comet,  a  horn  ;  comet  d  pisUm. 
T^e  officer  so  called  carries  the  "  comette  "  or  ensign  of  his  company. 

Cornice,  k5r^.nl8  (not  comUh,  as  it  is  very  often  prononnoed). 
The  border  round  the  ceiling  of  a  room. 
Italian  cornice;  Greek  kdr&nis,  the  end  or  finish  of  anytiiing. 
Comn-arn'monis  (not  -ammo'nU),  the  ammSnite  (q.v,) 
Cornucopia,  kof-nuxd'-pl.ah.     Emblem  of  abundance. 

Latin  comii  cdpia,  horn  of  plenty.    It  was  the  horn  of  AmalfthSa 
(nurse-goat  of  Jupiter)  which  AchSloiis  gave  t<.*  HerotUte. 


ANi)  OF  SPELLING,  MI> 


Corolla,  fto.roZ'iWtA,  blossom ;  coroUaceOns,  koi^.rhl.lay'\shu8{BjA']. 
of  corolla) ;  coroUet,  kor^rUMt^  one  leaf  of  a  blossom. 
Latin  edroUc^  » little  crown  (dimin.  of  cOrOTuiy  a  crown). 

Corollary,  kor^rol.ld,ry  (not  ko.roVM.ry  nor  kor^rol.lairWy), 

An  inference  which  rises  out  of  an  inference :  Suppose  it 

is  proved  that  matter  was  created,  then  it  foUows  as  a 

"  corollary "  that  there  was  a  creator  anterior  to  the 

existence  of  matter,  and  that  matter  is  not  eternal,  <&c. 

Latin  eSTOlldrium^  a  consectary  (from  edrolla,  a  garland  which  was 
given  invariably  to  an  actor  who  had  performed  his  part  well). 

Coronilla,  kofrSMiV.lah  (not  coroneUa),    A  plant  so  called  be- 
cause the  flowers  crown  the  branches  in  a  corymb. 
French  eoroniUe  (Latin  cdrorui,  with  a  diminutive  ending). 

Corona,  ko.ro'.nah,  a  halo ;  the  upper  surface  of  molnr  teeth;  the 
margin  of  a  radiated  compound  flower ;  a  drip,  &c. 

Coronal,  koT^ro.nalj belonging  to  a  crown;  coronet,  k6/ro.neU 
the  crown  worn  by  a  nobleman ;  a  downy  tuft  on  seed. 

Coronation,  kor^ro.nay" ^hun.    The  ceremony  of  crowning. 

Coroneted,  kor^ro.net.edt  entitled  to  wear  a  coronet;  coro- 
nated, kdr^ro.ndy.tedy  crowned ;  coronary,  kor^roma.ry, 

French  coronal  ("coronation"  is  one  of  the  very  few  words  in  -tion 
which  is  not  fVenCh) ;  Latin  cdrdna,  cGrdndtiOy  e6r6ndiu$. 

Coroner,  koi^roMer,     So  called  because  he  has  chiefly  to  do  with 
"  Pleas  of  the  Crown."    (Low  Latin  corondtor,  a  coroner.) 

Corporal,  Corporeal,  ko7^.po.ralt  kor,po\r^.dl  (adjectives). 

Corporal.     Pertaining  to  the  body,  bodily,  of  the  body. 

CorporeaL     Having  a  material  body. 

"Corporal  punishment,"  bodily  punishment;  not  corporeal 
punishment  (punishment  having  a  material  body). 

"Corporeal  substance,"  "This  corporeal  frame,"  that  is  a 
substance  or  frame  having  a  material  body. 

"  Corporal  pain,'*  pain  of  the  body ;  "  Corporal  injury." 

Corporeal  rights,"  rights  over  material  substances. 

Corporal "    is    opposed    to    Mental;     "  Corporeal "    to 
Spiritual  or  Immaterial, 

Cor'poral-ly,  bodily.    Corpo'real-ly,  in  a  material  form. 

"  He  was  present  corporally"  bodily,  in  his  proper  person. 

"  The  ghost  in  Hamlet  is  shown  on  the  stage  corporeal-ly," 
that  is,  not  as  a  spirit,  but  having  a  material  form. 

Corporallty,  bodily  state.    Corporeality,  materiality. 

Baleigh  speaks  of  the  "  corporality  of  light,"  it  should  be 
«*  corporeality,"  meaning  that  light  is  material,  according 
to  Newton's  theory;  but  it  would  be  quite  correct  to  speak 


15#  JCJiRORS  OF  BPEECE 

of  the  "corporaMty  "  of  ihe.^host,  meaning  his  embedied 
state,  or  Laviog  his  own  veritable  body. 
Cor'poraL    The  lowest  ofi&eeor  in  a  company  of  foot^oldlers. 

Corporale,  kor^.po.rdle.  The  cloth  which  covers  the  <«ii(duur- 
istic  elements.     Hence  a  Corporal  Oath  (or  Corporale 
Oath\  one  taken  while  touching  the  efucharistic  cloth. 
(The  spelling  of  "  Corporal,*"  for  an  officer  is  ineorreet.    It 
ought  to  be  eaporal.    French  caporal;  Italian  caporale; 
Spanish  caporaU  a  ehi^;  Latin  caput,  a  head  .-(head  of 
the  men  under  him). 
"Corporal,"  Fr.  corporcU,  corporaliti;  Lat.  eorpirSlis,  torfOreKtas. 
Oorporate,  ko/.po.rate,  united  in  a  corporation ;  corporarte-ly. 

Corporation,  ko/ .po.ray'^ ,shun,    A  body  politic. 
French  corpora,tion  ;  Latin  corp&rdtio,  eorp&rdtus  (corjnu,  a  bodj). 
Corporeal,  kor-po* sS.dL    Material,  opposed  to  spiritual. 

^rpo'real-ly,  csorporeal'-ity,  corpo'real-ism,  raateriakHsm. 

•Ctoipo^real-ist,  one  who  denies  the  existence  of  spirit  inde* 

pendent  of  matter;  corporeity,  fcor'.p^.rcg't.tt/,  materiality. 

(Corporeal  or  Corporal,  see  tt»<icr<)orporal.) 

French  corportl,  corporeity;  Latin  corpSreu»,  bodily  (corpta,  a  body). 

Corps,  plu.  coips,  kor,  plu.  korz,    A  body  of  soldiers.    {SeeKkae,) 

Covpse,  plu.  corpses,  korps,  plu.  korps\Sz.    A  humian  dead  hody. 

Freneh  eorps;  Latin  eorptM,  a.body  [twpo  itpifre,  flesh  fashionedX 
Corpulence,  ko'/.pUMnse  (not  corpnUance),  oor'.pulMicy,  bulki. 
ness  of  body;  cor^iileat,  stout;  cor'pulent-ly,  fleshily. 
French  corpuUnee,  corpulent;  Latin  corpulewtiat  corpulerUe  (adv.) 

Corpnscule,  plu.  corpuscules  or  corpuscula,  kor.p^l8'.kute,  pin. 
kor  pus^kulz  or  kor. pits'. kii.lah.     A  minute  particle. 

Corpus'cular  (a^j.),  corpnscularian,  kor.pu8\ku.laif^\tan. 

One  who  maintains  that  corpuscules  were  the  germs  of 

all  material  substances,  and  not  the  *•  Divine  Word." 

French  corpu^yule,  eorpuseulaire ;  Latdn  corpwcAkim  (oeipus  a  body, 
and  -ciUum  a  diminutive). 

CoEFOct.  The  degrees  are :  nearly  correct,  more  nearly  correct, 
very  nearly  correct,  quite  correct.  More  correct  is  the 
comparative  of  "incorrect;"  most  correct  means  quite 
correct,  the  moKt  correct  means  that  all  otjiers  jve  iooQcreot. 

Corveot  (adj.),  right;  (verb)  to  punish,  to  put  right. 

Correction,  k5r.rek'ishim.    Emendation,  punishment. 

Correc'tion-al.    (This  word  ought  to  be  correcHom'^) 

Corrective,  khr.re^.t^.    That  which  corrects. 

Oorrect-or  (not  -«r.  Rule  xxxvii.).     One  who  corveets. 

French  corredif,  oorrectum,  correctiormel :  Latin  oorrsetio,  corrtchu, 
V.  eorrig^re  {cor  [con]  rego,  to  regulate  or  set  quiJle  x^^). 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  151 

'  Oof^retpond,  to  hold  intercourse  by  letters ;  correBpond'-faig, 
writiDg  letters,  similar;  eorretpond'-ent,  one  who  cor- 
responds, something  which  *'  pairs  "  with  something  else. 

Oonre0pGDd''hdnoe.    Intercourse  by  letters,  similarity. 

Oorrespond'^stJy.    In  a  corresponding  manner. 

Ooitedpond-ing-ly,  by  let  tnr ;  Oorresponsiye,  kor'.TfjpiotC'jiiv. 

Prencfa  ootr^pondance  (incorrect),  etyntspondant  finoorreet),' t.  tor- 
rtspondrt:  Lat.  eor  [con]  rtspondirt,  to  answer  with  or  to  [another]. 

Oozfeidor,  har^.fijdor  (French).  A  gallery  communioating  with 
diiOferent  apartments  of  a  house.    (Latin  curro^  to  run.) 

Ccmlgendam,  plu.  corrigenda,  kor^,ri.jen'\dum,  plu.  hof^si.- 
jen'\dah.     To  be  coriecce*!  (Latin).     Kule  xlvi. 

Corrigible,    k(y/,ri,jiVl,  capjible  of  correction.     Incorrigible, 
hopelessly  bad,  regardless  of  reproof. 
French  corrigible,-  Latin  corrigibtlis  (corrigire,  to  correct). 
Corroborate,  kor.r5b\o.rate  (not  kosob'.e.rate),  to  confirm. 
OorroVorat-ed,  corrob^orat-ing  (E.  xix.),  corrob'orat-or. 
Corroborat-ive,  kor.rob\o.ra.tiv ;  corroborant,  kor,rS6',o.rant. 

Corroboration,  kor.rob\o.ray" .shun  (not  ko.r5b\e.ray"^hun), 
(In  Lat.  "  -ro-"  is  long ;  koi-.rO'.bC.rate  would  he  better.) 

French  corroborer,  corroborant  corroboration;  Latin  eorrSb(MI/r€(e&r 
[con]  rdb&ro,  to  strengthen  with  oalc,  rCbur,  oak). 

Oouhxlde,  kor.rode'  (not  ko.rode'\  to  eat  away  by  degrees,  as  by 
rust,  &c.;  corrod'-ed,  oorrod'-ing.  corrod'-ent  (not  -ant) ; 
oorrod^ble  (not  -able),  corrOd'-er  (U.xix),  corrodlbil'lty. 

Corrosion,  kor.rS'.shun  (not  ko.ro'. shun).     A  fretting. 
Corrosive,  kor.rd'.siv ;  corro'sive-ly,  corro'sive-ness. 
Corrosibility,  kor.ro'.si.bil" .iJy  (not  ko.ro\8i.bil'\i.ty). 
Fr.  oorroder,  eorros\f  corrosion ;  Lat.  cor  [con]  rOdSre,  to  eat  away. 
Cormgate,  kor'.ru.gate,  to  wrinkle ;  cor'rugat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.) 
Oor'iragat-ing  (R.  xix.),  cor'rugat-or  (R.  3fixvii.) 

6omigation,   kor^ .ru.gay^.i'hun,   a  wrinkling;    cor'ragant 
(not  corrugent,  as  many  diciioiaries  j^ive). 

Trencih  cormgcdion ;  Lat.  corruffitio,  corrugans  -antis,  corritgdre  (cor  • 
[con]  rugo,  to  make  into  wrinkles  with  [frowning],  ruga,  a  wrinkle^. 

Cormpt,  kor.rupt'  (not  ko.rupt').  to  spoil ;  oorrupt'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 
eorrupt'-ing,  corrupt'-er  (more  corrupt),  oormpf-est 
(most  corrupt),  cormpt'-or,  one  who  corrupts  (R.  xxxvii.), 
fern,  corrup^tress ;  corrupt -ly,  corrupt '-neas,  corrupt- 
ible (not  -able),  corruptibly,  corrupt'ible-ness,  corrupf - 
ibil"ity  (not  A;^7.rM;)'.^/6ir'/.///),  corruption,  kor.rup'.8hun. 

■Ft.  oorruptibiliU  corruptihle,  c/)rrup>i'>n;  Lat.  corruptio,  corruptor* 
fern,  eorruptrix,  oorrump&e,  sup.  -rttp  <um  (cor  [con]  rumpo,  to  break). 


152  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Corsair,  k&r.sai'/,  a  pirate.    Coarser,  kor^^er.    Courser,  ko'r-ser. 

"Corsair,"  Fr.  corsaire  (fr.  Ital  coraa,  a  race).  The  word  was  first 
applied  to  ships  of  chase  during  war,  then  to  the  captains  who 
had  "letters  of  mark,"  and  ultimatelf  to  sea-rovers  and  pirates. 

"  Coarser/'  comp.  of  coarse,  q.v.    *'  Conrser,"  a  swift  horse. 

Corse,  Coarse,  Course,  Corps,  Cores,  Caws,  Cause. 

Corse,  korse.  Poetical  for  "  corpse."  (Latin  corptu,  a  body.) 
Coarse,  ko'rse.  Bough,  not  refined.  (Old  Eng.  gorstt  rough.) 
Course,  koo'rse.  A  race.  (Latin  cursuSy  a  race.) 
Corps,  korzy  plu.  of  corps,  kor  (French).  Bodies  of  soldiers. 
Cores,  korzj  plu.  of  core.  Hearts  of  apples,  &c.  (Latin  cor,) 
Caws,  korzj  3rd  per.  sing,  of  caw.  Applied  to  the  cry  of  crows. 
Cause,  korz.   The  reason  or  motive.    (Latin  causa,  a  cause.) 

Corset,  Cosset,  Corslet,  kor^set,  kos'^et,  kors'.let 

Corset  (Fr).  A  bodice  for  women  (corps,  a  body,  and  -et,  dim.) 
Cosset.  A  pet  (Old  Eng.  cos,  a  kiss,  a  little  thing  for  kisses). 
Corslet.   A  little  cuirass  (Fr.  corselet,  corps,  a  body,  -letj  dim). 

CoTSD.edtkor' ^ned,  A  piece  of  consecrated  bread  used  for  an  ordeal. 

Old  English  corsncede  cors  sruxd  curse  morsel  The  person  under  trial 
said,  "May  this  morsel  prove  a  curse  if  I  am  guilty,  and  torn  to 
wholesome  noiCrishment  if  I  am  innocent" 

Cortege,  kof,taje\    A  train  of  attendants.    (French  cort^e,) 

Latin  corpiLS  tig^re,  to  cover  the  body,  a  body-gaard. 
Cortes,  kor^.tiz  (Spanish).    The  parliament  of  Spain  or  Portugal. 

Spanish  corte,  a  resident  of  a  town,  the  reprei^entatives  of  towns. 
Coruscate,  kor'.us.kate,  to  glisten;   cor'uscat-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.), 
cor^uscat-ing  (B.  xix.);  coruscation,  kbr'.us.kay'*^hun. 
French  carusccUuyn, ;  Latin  cdruscdtio,  cdrttscdre,  to  glisten,  to  flash. 
Corvet  or  Corvette,  kor.vet',    A  sloop  of  war.    (French  corvette,) 

Latin  corhita,  a  hoy ;  corhltdre,  to  freight  a  ship. 
CorylacesB,  k^ .rLlay'' ,se.e.    An  order  of  plants,  including  the 
oak,  beech,  chestnut,  and  hazel. 
Latin  corylus;  Greek  kdriUds,  a  hazel  (-aceas  denotes  an  "  Order  *7. 
Corymb,  k5,rimb,  a  bunch  or  cluster ;  corymbiated,  k8,rim"M,~ 
d\ted  (not  corymbated),  having  btrries  or  blossonis  in 
clusters;  corjrmbiferous,  k(5.r%mMf\S.ru8y  bearing  clus- 
ters ;  corymbose,  ko.rim'.hose  (adj.) 

Latin  e&rymhifer,  a  berry-bearer,  like  ivy,  e&rymbus,  a  duster. 
Greek  korvanboa,  a  cluster  of  fruit  or  flowers  (kOrua,  a  headX 

CowMcant,  ko'-8ee'\kunt.     The  secant  of  the  complemental  arc 
Co-sine.     The  sine  of  the  complemental  arc. 
Latin  aicanSf  gen.  gifcantis,  cutting.    Sinus,  a  curve  or  baj. 
Cosey.     Should  be  cosy,  adv.  ooai-ly,  kd\zy,  ko'jstly, 

(The  adv.  **  cosily  "  cannot  be  formed  from  "cosey."  Rxiii) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  l^iS 


Cosmetic,  k^sjnut.ic,    A  preparation  for  beautifylDg  the  face  by 
remoying  freckles,  <&c.    Also  an  adj. 
GJk.  hOnmitikSSt  a  beautifyer ;  Tcdsmid,  to  adorn ;  Fr.  coanutique. 
GoBmogony,  Goemography,  CkMsmology,  Geology,  Geography. 

Cosmogony,  kos.mdg'.OMy,  An  *'a  priori"  theory  of  the 
world's  origin.  (Gk.  kosm^s  g6niy  the  world's  generation.) 
Gen*  i.  is  tibe  Bible  theory  of  the  world's  origin. 

Qeologytjeei'.dl.o.jy.    An  "  a  posteriori"  view  of  the  wrrMs 
origin.     It  explains  from  known  facts,  how  the  rockn, 
&c.,  of  the  earth  have  been  produced. 
Greek  gi  graphS,  a  description  of  the  earth,  in  detaiL 

Cosmography,  kos.mbg'.ra.fy.    A  description  of  the  struc- 
ture, figure,  and  order,  of  the  world,  the  relation  of  its 
parts,  and  how  to  represent  them  on  paper. 
Greek  hOsmds  grapM,  description  of  the  earth,  as  a  whole. 

Cosmology,  kd8.mSV.o.jy*  A  treatise  on  the  elements  of  the 
earth,  the  laws  of  nature,  and  the  modifications  of  ma- 
terial things.    (Greek  kosmos  logSs,  treatise  of  the  world.) 

Geography,  je.8g\ra.fy.     A  df^scription  of  the  puiface  of 

the  earth,  its  countries,  inhabitants,  and  productions. 
Greek  gi  graphs,  description  of  the  earth  in  detail. 

Fhysical  Geography  treats  of  climates,  elevations,  configu- 
rations, influence  of  coast,  tides,  winds,  &c. 

Gosmog'ony  (v.8.),  cosmog'onist.    A  writer  of  cosmogony. 

Gosmo'graphy  (v.«.),  cosmog'rapher,  a  writer  of  cosmography ; 
cosmographical,  kos'.mo.graf'd.kal;  cosmographical-ly. 

Cosmology  {see  above)  cosmologist,  a  writer  of  cosmology ; 
oosmological,  kds.mo.ldf.i.kdl;  cosmological-ly. 

Cosmopolite,  kds.mdp'.o.lite.    A  citizen  of  the  world. 
Cosmopolitan,  k58\mo.p8V\i.tan  (adj.) 

Cos'moporitan-ism.    A  system  which  regards  man  (regard- 
less of  nationality)  as  a  citizen  of  the  world. 
Qteok  kdsm68  pdlitSa,  citizen  of  the  world  (-ism,  doctrine,  system). 
Cosmorama,  plu.  cosmoramas,  kos\mo.rdh'\mdh,  plu.  -mds,     A 
representation  of  the  world  in  large  panoramic  pictures. 

Cosmoramic,  kos^mo.rdm'* dK     Pertaining  to  the  above. 
Greek  kdamds  hordma,  a  view  of  the  world. 
Cosmos.     The  world  considered  as  a  whole.     The  word  means 
the  "beauty  of  arrangement."  and  was  first  applied  to 
creation  by  Pythagoras.    Cos'mical,  cos'mical-ly. 
Greek  kdsm&s,  the  world  ;  kdsmSo,  to  arrange. 
Oonack,  khs'.sak.     One  of  the  Cossacks;  a  Russian  tribe. 
Goaset,  a  pet  lamb,  brought  up  by  hand.     Corset,  a  bodice  {q.v.) 
Old  English  cos  and  -ei  dim.    A  little  thing  to  be  kia&ed. 


i:.i  ERROllS  OF  SPEECH 

Oost,  past  cost,  past  part.  eost.    Ooast,  koste  (of  the  sea). 
Costly,  kSstf.ly ;  costli-ness  (R.  xi. ),  expensiveness. 

Ital.  costo  (n.),  expense :  costare  (y);  Lat.  eonsto,  to  eo«l    (#6  nj, 
"  What  did  it  stund  you  in?"  [cost];  eon  5to,  to  stand.) 

Gestermonger,  kSs'-ter.mun^-ger,    Cormption  of  eoritortf^Mm^^r, 
a  seller  of  "  costards ;"  thut  is,  apples. 
Old  English  costard,  a  species  of  apple ;  monger,  a  d^er. 
OoAtive,   kds'.tlv,  contraction   of  "con'stip.itive";    ofMT^i^e-ly, 
cos'tive-ness,  having  the  bowels  con'stipated. 
Latin  constipo,  to  cram  close  together  (con  riipo,  to  stiiff  togeiherX 
Goetnme,  kds.tume'  (French).    National  slyle  of  dress. 

Cosy,  kd\sy,  snug  and  comfortable.    Gosi-ly«  'kd'M.lyf  fomgly. 
Scotch  cosie.    Old  English  cos,  a  kiss  (not  etwey). 

Got,  Gote,  Goat,  Goot,  kdt,  kdte,  kdte,  koot. 

Cot,  a  cottage ;  an  infant's  bed,  &c.  Gott-ar,  a  cottager. (R.  L) 
Cote.    A  pen  for  sheep,  dovei),  &c.,  called  sheepeote;  Ac 
Coat.    A  raiment  for  men  or  boys.    (Fr.  cotter  Ital.  eottaJ) 
Ccot.    A  small  black  water  fowl.    (Welsh  cwtiar,tk  coot.) 
Old  English  cdt  or  edte,  a  cottage,  a  bed,  a  pen. 

Go-tangent.  The  tangent  of  the  complement  of  an  arc.  (8§e  Go-.) 

Gotemporary,  cotemporaneoiis.     (S««  Contemporary.) 

Cotillon,  ko.tlV.ydn.    The  ''petticoat"  dance,  so  called  because 
ladies  hud  to  hold  up  their  gown  and  show  their  petlicoat. 
French  cotillon,  a  i>ett.icoat ;  a  dance. 
Cottage,  kdt'.tage  a  peasant's  house.    Cot'tag-er,  ooftier,  1;^.- 
ti.eTt  a  squatter,  an  independent  peasant  (ObsoUte), 
Low  Latin  cott<igium,  a  cottage ;  cottantu,  a  cottager. 
Cotton,  kofMt  thread  made  from  the  cotton  plant,  a  f  ibric  made 
of  cotton ;  cotton-y,  containing  cot  ton,  feeling  like  cotton. 
Cottons,  cotton  threads,  cotton  fabrics.    Cottoki  (verb),  to 
ding  to  a  person  fondly,  as  cotton  clings  to  one's  clothes.' 
French  colon,  verb  coUnmer  :  Arabic  dl  goton,  the  cotton-plant. 

Cotyledon,  kot'-i.lee''-don.     The  seminal  leaf  of  plants  iirhidl 
first  appears  above  ground,  and  forms  part  of  the  embiyo 

Dicotyledons,  di'-.    Plants  with  two  seminal  leaves. 
Konocotyledons,  mSn'-o-.    Plants  with  one  cotyledon. 
Acotyledons,  a'-.     Plants  without  a  seminal  leaf, 
Lat.  coty'idon,  the  hollow  of  the  huckle-bone ;  Gk.  UiMlHUlii,  aaoelD 

Coneh,  k6wch  (n.),  a  sofa ;  (v.)  to  hi-'e,  to  fix  a  spear  in  itb  rer 
couched  (1  syl.),  couch'-ing,  couch-er,  conch-ant;  kawe 
ant  or  koo'.shong  (in  Her.)  Inug  down  with  head  raise 
Fr.  cowUm,  a  bed ;  cowker  (▼.),  couchant;  Lat  eoH  [ooi|]  foeAra,  to 


AiYB  OF  SPELLING,  165 

GoiigiL,^M/(n.  andv.);  coughed,  X^/t;  coughing,  hHifAng, 

There  aro  twentj-ifive  words  ending  in  -ough,  with  eight 
.distinct  sounds, — viz.,  ok,  of,  uf,  tfp;  ow,  ow,  oo,  rer. 
Only  two  ("  cough"  and  "  trough")  have  the  sound  of  of. 
These  are  both  native  words,  coh'  and  trohy  guituraL 
(Not  one  of  the  twenty-Jive  words  have  any  right  to  the 
diphthong  **  ou,"  and  if  the  original  vowels  had  been  pre- 
served much  of  the  present  absurdity  of  pronunciation 
would  have  been  avoided.)  (Rule  xliv.) 
Old  English  eohh*,  contraction  of  coJutian  {—koft.an),  to  congh. 

Gonld,  kood  (to  rhyme  with  "good"),  past  tense  of  Can,  "to  be 
able,"  "to  know  how,"  never  an  auxiliary,  but  it  stann^fl 
in-ve^men  with  other  words  without  to  between  them  : 
as  "I  could  write."  Here  write  is  infinitive  mood,  being 
the  latter  of  two  verbs  in  regimen. 
Our  word  "  could"  is  a  blunder.  The  Old  Eng.  cunnlan] 
"to  know  how  to  do  a  thing,"  makes  can  in  the  present 
tense,  and  cUthe  in  the  past;  but  the  verb  ciithlian]  "  to 
make  known,"  has  cUthode  for  the  past  tense,  contracted 
ito  eu'd  our  "eouM"  {I  interpolated). 

Council,  Counsel,  Connoillor,  Counsellor. 

Ocfun'ciL  An  assembly  met  for  consultation.  (L&t.conmium.) 
Gknm'sel.     Advice,  a  pleader.    (Latin  consXUum,) 
Goun^cill-or.    A  member  of  a  council.     (Bule  iii.  -il.) 
OomiBellror.    One  who  gives  advice,  a  barrister.   (R.  iii.  -il.) 
Coiui''Belled  (2  syL),  advised ;  coun'sell-ing,  advising. 
Council-board,  plu.  council-beards. 

(E'Cumen'ical  council,  plu.  OB'cumenloal  councils. 

The  distinction  may  be  remembered  thus :  Council  is 
concilio,  con  calo,  to  call  [the  board]  together ;  but  counsel 
is  consUlo,  to  consult.  You  consult  a  "  counsellor,"  you 
eall  together  "  coimcillors." 

Count,  a  foreign  title,  fern,  countless.  We  retain  the  feminine, 
but  have  substituted  our  native  word  "  earl"  for  count. 

Countless,  plu.  count'es^es,  poss.  countess's,  plu.  countesses'. 

Comt-y,  plu,  counties,  coun'Mz.    We  have  retained  this 
word,  and  also  our  native  word  "  shire,"  [a  count's]  share. 

IMliancotUe;  Fnnoh  compte;  Latin  ctfme«,.gen.cdmi<i«,  a  companion 
of  the  chief  or  leader ;  cemitdhu,  a  county  or  share  of  the  cSmes. 

OoQUt,  to  reckon ;  counter,  one  who  counts,  base  money  to 
asdst  in  reckoniMg,  a  shop  table  where  accounts  are  paid; 
(adv.)  the  wrong  way,  contrary  to ;  a  prefix. 

Italian  eontare;  French  compter;  Latin  computdre,  to  compute,  con- 
tvaoted  to  eomp^t,  and  corrupted  into  count. 


156  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Counteract,  kovm'-ter,ac1f.    To  frustrate,  to  act  contrary  to. 

Latin  contra  ago,  supine  actunif  to  act  in  opposition  to. 
Coimterbalance,  kovm'-ter.hdV-ance,    (Only  one  {  in  balance.) 

Latin  contra  Hlanx,  [balance]  against  balance. 

Counterfeit,  kown'-ter.feet  ^noun),  kowvf-ter.fU  (verb); 

connterfeit-er,  kown-ter.fUer;  coiinterfeit-ed(R.xxxvi.) 

Latin  contra  ficSre,  supine  fectum  [facia],  to  make  against  Paw],  to 
toTge,  to  imitate  without  authority  or  right. 

Counterfoil,  kownf-ter.foiL    Part  of  a  check  kept  by  the  drawer. 
Latin  contra  fdlium,  the  corresponding  leaf. 

CoTintermand,  kown'-ter.rmnd*.    To  withdraw  a  command. 

Latin  cordra  mando,  to  command  the  opposite  [of  a  command]. 
Countermarch,  kownf-ter. march'.    To  march  back  again. 

Low  Latin  contra  marchio,  to  march  in  the  opposite  direction. 

Countermine,  kown'-ter.mine ;  coun'termined"  (3  syl.), 

ooun'termin"-ing,  coun'termin"-er.     To  <Ug  a  gallery 
underground  in  search  of  an  enemy's  mine. 
Low  Latin  contra  mvnero,  to  make  a  mine  in  the  contrary  direction. 

Counterpane,  kown'-ter-pain.     A  bed  quilt. 

A  corruption  of  the  Latin  cul&Cta  puncta,  a  quilt  worked  in  a  pattern. 
French  courtepointe,  a  counterpane. 

Counterpoise,  kown'-ter.poyz^  to  counterbalance ;  coun'teipoised 
(3  syl.),  coun'terpois-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Latin  contra  penso,  to  weigh  against  [a  given  weight] ;  French  eotUrt 
poise,— i.e.,  poids,  [weights]  agaiubt  weights.   (See  AYOlrdopolBe.) 

Countersign,  kown'-tersine,  to  sign  a  document  in  attestation 
of  a  signature;  countersignature,  kown'-ter.8i^\na,tchur: 
countersignatories,  kown'-terMg''-na-t5.Hz, 
Latin  contra  Hgno,  to  alga  against  [another  signature]. 

Countess,  plu.  coun'tesses,  hown'.tessy  hown'tess.ezy  poss.  sing, 
countess's,  kown\tes8.iz ;  poss.  plu.  countesses',  houm',- 
tesa.ez.     The  wife  of  an  earl  or  of  a  foreign  count. 
Italian  contessa;  French  comtesse;  Low  Latin  comitissa. 

Country,  plu.  countries  (R.  xi.),  kiin'.try,  kun'.triz  (Fr.  contrfo); 
coun'tryman,  fern,  coun'trywom'an,  plu.  coun'trymeii, 
countrywomen,  -wlm'.en;  poss.  sing,  -man's,  -woman's, 
po88,  plu.  -men's,  -women's,  -wim'.enz. 
(Obs.   The  y  is  not  changed  to  i  in  these  words.  Bole  xi) 

Countrify,  hun.tri.fy  (B.  xi.),  to  give  the  air  and  mien  of  a 
rustic ;  counttified,  kun\tri.Jide,  having  the  air  and  mien 
of  a  rustic.    (Latin  con  terra^  land  contiguous  [to  a  town].) 

County,  plu.  counties  (E.  xi.),  hown'.ty^  kown'.tiz, 

Norman  French  covmU,  French  comU;  Latin  comXtaUu,  a  eountj. 


AXD   OF  SPELLIXG.  157 

oup  (Fr.),  &00,  a  stroke.    Goup6  (Fr-)»  koo.pay\  part  of  a  coach. 

Gonp  d'etat,  koo'.da-tar^.    A  sudden  raid  on  political  foes. 

Goup-de-grace,  koo'd'.grds.     The  victor's  last  blow. 

Ck>np-de-inaiii,  koo'd\mdh'n.    A  sudden  attack  on  a  fort. 

Ck>up-d'(Bil,  koo\dy'*e.    A  comprehensive  yiew  of  a  scene. 

Conp-de-soleil,  koo'd^sd-lay^'e.     A  sun-stroke. 

oap6  (Fr.),  hoo.pay'.     The  first  division  of  a  stage  coach,  a 
private  railway  carriage  furnished  with  only  one  bench. 
French  cowper,  to  cut.    A  part  cut  off  for  travellers. 

onple,   kupHy  a  pair,  to  link  together;    coupled,   kupWd; 
conpling,  kup'.ling,    (Fr.  couple;  Lat.  cDpulay  a  couple.) 

onpon,  koo'.pone.    The  part  of  a  bond  presented  for  a  dividend. 
Fr.  eouper,  to  cut  off ;  because  they  are  cut  off  as  the  claim  falls  due. 

oarage,  kur^rage,  bravery ;  courageous,  ko.ray'.jus  ; 

coura^geous-ly,  coura'geous-ness,  boldness  of  heart 
French  eouragey  cotirageux;  Latin  cor  ago,  to  move  the  heart. 
^arant.  Currant,  Current,  koo\rdh'n,  hifrant^  ku/rent. 

An  courant,  o  koo\rdh'n.     Posted  up  to  the  time  being. 
Fr.  itre  cm  cowraiU  (2e . . .to  be  posted  up  in . . .    (Lat.  ciirro,  to  run.) 
Cur^rant,  a  fruit.    (Lat.  uv<e  Corinthidca  or  Corinthia.) 
CiUTent,  kur^.rentf  running.     (Lat.  currens,  gen.  currentis.) 

lonrier,  koo\ri.er,    A  special  messenger  sent  with  a  dispatch. 
(This  word  ought  to  be  spelt  with  double  "  r."    As  it  now 
stands  its  base  would  be  coeur,  the  heart ;  or  cura,  care.) 
French  cownieT:  Latin  corriere;  Latin  curro,  to  run. 

loiUBe,  Corse,  Coarse,  Corps,  Cause,  Caws. 

Course,  korse,    A  career,  to  hunt.     (Lat.  cursus  ;  Fr.  cours.) 
coursed  (1  syl.),  cours'-ing,  cours'-er,  cours'-es  (2  syl.) 

Corse,  korse.  Poetical  form  of  corpse.    (Lat.  corpus,  a  body.) 

Coarse,  ko'rse.    Gross,  not  fine.    (Old  Eng.  gorst,  rough.) 

Corps  (plu.),  korz.    Companies  of  soldiers.     (French  corps.) 

Cause,  kawz.    The  reason,  a  plea.    (Lat.  causa,  a  cause.) 

Caws,  kawz,  third  person  sing,  of  caw,  to  cry  like  a  crow. 

knixt.     The  royal  palace,  those  attached  to  it,  a  place  for  trying 
criminals,  &c.     To  woo,  to  strive  to  please,  &c. 

Court  (a  palace),  courtier,  kor^dVer,  one  of  the  court. 

Oourt'-ly  (adj.),  fit  for  a  court;  courtli-ness  (Eule  xi.) 

Courteous,  kor.te'v^  (not  kort.tchus  nor  kur^.tchus)f  affable ; 
cour'teous-ly,  courteous-ness,  hy/.tS'us.ness. 

Court-plaster,  kort  plas\ter  (not  play\ster).  Black  sticking 
plaster,  once  used  by  court  ladies  for  beauty-spots. 


158  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Ooortesan,  koY.t^.zan  {not  kur^dejsan,  nor  kor1f,e,zan),    A 
woman  of  immodest  characteF.    (French  courtisane.) 
(This  word  meant  originally  a  "female  courtier,'*  and 
tells  a  sad  tale  of  the  past  history  of  courts.) 

Oonrt  ( of  justice),  Court  of  Fqnity,  plu.  Courts  of  Bqvity ; 
court-martial,  plu.  court-martials,  >es8ioD8  of  the  same 
court ;  courts-martial,  different  courts  {7nar^.shal)^ 

Court.    A  paved  way.    (French  court,  curt,  a  short  [cut}*) 

Court-yard.  A  yard  before  a  house.  (Latin  eohors,  gen.  co- 
hortiSj  a  yard  with  outhouses  for  poultry,  cattle;,  pigB,  &c.) 

Court  (to  woo),  courf-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  court'-ing,  Gourt'- 


"Oourt"  (a  palace  or  hall  of  justice),  Fr.  cour;  Ital.  eorte;  Lat.  euria 

(from  cura,  care),  where  the  "  pablic  cares  "  are  attended  to. 
"Court"  (to  woos  Fr.  faire  la  cour,  to  make  a  [love]  suit,  cauriisar. 

Courtesy,  plu,  courtesies,  kor^.tesy,  plu.  kor^.tejiz  {kur^,te^  ia 

nearly  obsolete),  civility. 

Courtesy,  plu.  courtesies,  herf.sy,  kerf  .Ax,    Woman's  act 
of  reverence.    A  man's  is  a  bow  (rhyme  with  now). 

Courtesy,  kerf.sy  (verb) ;  courtesies,  kert.sU  ;  courtesied, 
kertf.sid;  oourtesy-ing,  kertf^sy.ing.   To  make  a  woman's 
act  of  reverence  by  bending  the  knee. 
('Sy  postfix,  denotes  an  act.    A  "courtesy"^  is  an  act  of 
reverence,  situilar  to  that  which  is  used  at  court.) 

Cousin,  Cousin-german,  Cozen.    All  pronounced  Auz'n. 

Cousin.      The  children  of  my  aunt  or  uncle  are  my  first 
cousins ;  the  children  of  my  great  aunt  or  uncle  are  my 
second  cousins;  the  children  of  my  aunt  or  uncle  by  a 
second  marriage  are  my  step  cousins. 
"Step"  is  the  Old  £ngli8h  steop,  an  orphan,  one  parent  being  losl 

Cousin-german,  plu.  cousins-german.    First  cousins. 

Latin  germdnus,  of  the  same  stock  {germen,  a  branch). 

Cozen,  to  cheat.    (Italian  cotzerie,  cheating.    HalliwelL) 

*'  Ck>uflin "  French,  a  male  cousin ;  cousins,  a  female  ooudn.    Wf 
want  a  similar  distinction ;  Latin  coicsofynnus,  a  couabi. 

Covenant,  kuv\e,nant.    A  stipulation  on  stated  terms. 

Covenant-er,  kiiv\e.nant.er.    One  who  joins  in  a  coYemar 

French  covenant,  a  contract :  Latin  convent%m,  an  agreement  (m 
venio,  to  come  together  [to  make  teroM]). 

Cover,  kuv'.er,  to  overspread ;  cov'ered  (2  syl.),  oov'ez^-iBC.' 

Coverture,  kUv'.er.tchur.     Shelter,  the  state  of  a 
woman  who  is  under  the  "  cover  "  of  her  husband. 


French  eouvrir,  to  cover :  eouveriure,  not  in  the  Esglisk 
meaning  a  eonef  for  a  book,  &c.    ' '  Coyeitore  *'  ia  J^ack  is  ah 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  159 

OaWti,  buv'.ert,  secret.    Coyet,  kuv\et,  to  desire  eagerly. 
O^r^rt^  cov'ert-ly,  cov'ert-ness.    (French  convert.)  • 

Coret,  kiiv.et  (see  above);  cov'et-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  cov'et-ing, 
oov'etiDg.lj ;  cov^et-er,  one  who  desires  wrongfully  4 
oovetoos,  kuv'.it.us  (not  kUv'.e.tchua),  greedy  to  obtain ; 
o^yetons-ly,  kiiv'.iUus.hf  ;  covetons-nesa,  kuv\H.ii9.nes»; 
cove4»«ble,  kuv'M.d.b%  worthy  to  be  wished  for. 
(Dean  Alford  says  covetous  and  covetousness  are  **  eom- 
menly  mangled  by  our  clergy"  into  *'covetioas"  anil 
••  covetiousnes'*." — Queen's  English,  p.  76.  j 
Lattn  eAjMus,  greedy  (from  cOpio,  to  desire). 

Corey,  kiiv\y,   A  brood  of  partridges,  &c.    (Fr.  couvie,  a  brood.) 

Cow,  plu,  cavn  or  kine.    Cow  rhymes  with  now  (not  coo). 

(Of  the  sixty-eight  words  ending  in  "  ow,"  ten  monoRylla- 

bles  and  two  dissyllables  have  the  "  on  "  sound,  like  *'  cow/' 

and  fifty-six  the  "o"  sound  like  ** grow."    See  Rule  lix. ) 

(Md  English  cH,  plu.  cy  (=ky).    Kine  is  a  collective  plural,  Jby-cin, 
corrupted  into  k-ne.    The  plural  suffix  -en  is  seen  in  ox-ttt, 

Obw  (to  dispirit),  cowed  (1  syl.),  cow-ing.  (Danish  kite,  to  subdue.) 

OowBxd,  kSw'.ard;  cow'ard-ly,  cow'ardli-ness  (Rule  xi.), 

cowardice,  kow'.ar.di8,  want  of  sourage.    {ow  as  in  noir.) 

French  couard,  eounrdise,  a  corruption  of  culvard  nr  culvert  (etUwr^ 
Old  English  cul/re,  a  pigeon).  In  heraldry,  coward  means  an 
animal  with  its  tail  between  its  leg*.     Latin  cHlum  vertifre. 

Oozeomb,  koaf.kdmey  a  fop ;   coxcombry,  kox'.kome.ry  (not  eox- 
conibery) ;  coxcomical,  kox.kom'.i.kdl,  foppish. 

The  ancient  licensed  jesters  were  called  coxcombs,  because  they  wure 
a  cock's  comb  in  thf  ir  caps. 

Coy,  shy,  demure :  coy'-ly,  coy'-new,  coy'  ish  (Rule  xiii.),  coy'isli- 

ly,  ooy'ish-ness  {-ish  added  to  adj.  is  diminutive). 

Fr.  e9i;  Lat.  quietus  (from  quies,  rest ;  6k.  k&,  to  lie  down  to  sleep). 

Ootea,  to  cheat.     Cousin,  a  relative,     {See  Cousin.) 

Oiabv  ft  crustacean,  a  wild  apple,  a  machine ;  crabb'ed  (2  syl.), 

unamiable;  crabb'-ed-ly,  crabb'-ed-ness  (Rule  i.) 

"The  crustacean,"  Old  Eng.  craJbba\  Lat.  caTdb\us] ;  Gk  kardhds. 
"  A  morose  person,"  Lat  crdbro,  a  hornet  or  waspish  person. 

Orack.    Excellent,  to  boast,  to  split,  to  make  a  sharp  noise. 

'•  In  a  crack  **  (instantly),  French  crae  ;  Latin  crepltu  digit&rium. 

Cracked  (1  syl.),  crack'-er,  a  small  firework. 

"Crack  **  (excellent),  T  at.  crepdre.  to  boast :  Fr.  crnquer.  to  boast 
"Crack"  (to  split),  Old  Eng.  erac[ian] ;  Germ,  krach  (n.);  Fr.  crae. 

Oriokle,  krak'.'l  (dim.  of  •*  crack  ") ;  crackled,  krakWd ;  crack- 
ling, krak\lingt  part.,  also  the  skin  of  roast  pork. 

^^ticknel,  krak'.vel,  a  brittle  cake.    A  corruption  of  the  Freach 
eroquignole  (kro.kin.yol),  from  croquet,  crisp. 
("  Take  with  thee  ten  loaves,  and  cracknels.,,''  X  Zgs.xxM.^,^ 


iro  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Cradle,  kray\d'l,  an  infant's  bed,  to  put  into  a  cradle ;  cradled, 

kray\d'ld ;  cradling,  kray\dling.    ("  Cradel "  is  older.) 

Old  English  cradel;  Greek  krddao,  to  swing. 

Graft,  a  trade,  guile,  a  small  ship.    Crafty,  kraf\ty ;  craf' ti-ly 

(Rule  xi.),  craf 'ti-ness,  skill  in  device,  cunning. 

Old  English  craft.  This  word,  like  ''cunning,"  had  originally  no 
reference  to  underhand  dealing,  but  referred  to  skill  in  workman- 
ship, knowledge  of  one's  trade,  contriyance,  &c. 

Crag,  cragg'-ed  (2  syl.),  rugged;  cragg'-ed-ness  (3  syl.),  Rule  i.; 
cragg'-y,  of  a  rugged  character;  craggl-ness,  a  craggv 
state;  craggl-er  (more  craggy);  craggi-est  (most  craggy.) 
Welsh  eraig,  a  crag  ;  Greek  7irac/i,[ia],  a  crag  or  rock. 
Cram,  crammed  (1  syl.),  cramm'-ing,  cramm'-er  (Rule  i.) 

Old  Eng.  crammtiianX  to  stuff ;  past  &rammode,  past  part  orammod. 
Cramp,  a  contraction  of  a  muscle ;  v.  cramped,  krampU 

Crampoons^  cramp-irons  for  raising  stones ;  crampons  (in 

Bot.)t  the  roots  which  serve  as  supports  to  ivy,  &c. 

Old  Eng.  hramma,  a  cramp ;  Fr.  crampon,  a  crampon  or  crampoon. 

Cranberry,  plu.  cranberries,  krdn\ber.riz  (not  cramberry), 

German  kranheere.  the  crane-beny,  so  called  because  the  fruit-stalks, 
before  the  blossom  expands,  resemble  the  head  and  neck  of  a  crane. 

Crane  (1  syl.),  a  bird,  a  lifting  machine. 

Old  English  erdn;  Welsh  garan,  the  long-legged  bird  (from  gar,  the 
shanks,  our  "gaiter").  Heron  or  hem,  is  a  variety  of  the  same 
word.    Greek  g^rdnJs;  Latin  flfru*. 

Cranium,  plu,  crania,  kray'.ni.um,  plu.  kray\n%.dhy  the  skull; 
cranial,  kray'.ntal,  pertaining  to  the  skuU. 

Craniology,  kray* .ni.oV\o.gy ^  now  called  phrenology, 
Craniologist,  kray\ni.oV\o.gi8t,  now  called  phrenologist, 
Lat.  crdnium,  the  skull ;  Gk.  krdnion  ("a"  short  in  Lat.,  long  in  Gk.) 
Crank  (a  machine),  a  conceit  or  twist  of  the  mind ;   cran'ky, 
crank'i-ness  (R.  xi.),  liable  to  be  upset,  crotchetinebs. 
Crankle,  kran'.Vl;  crankled,  kran'.kld;  crankling  (dim.) 

"Cranky"  (weak),  German  kranklich  (krank,  sick). 
"Crank"  (a  machine),  French  cran,  a  cog,  crank,  or  notch. 

Cranny,  a  chink ;  crannied,  krdn.nid  (adj.),  full  of  chinks. 

French  cran,  a  notch ;  Latin  crena,  a  notch  or  split. 
Grantara,  krun.tdh^rdh.     The   fiery  cross  which  formed  the 
rallying  symbol  of  the  Scotch  highlanders. 

Gaelic  crean  tari^fh,  cross  of  shame ;  because  disobedience  to  tha  sum- 
mons incurred  certain  infamy. 

Crape.    A  fabric.    (French  crSpe,  from  crSper,  to  curl  or  wrinkle.) 

Cratch,  a  rack,  a  manger.    Scratch,  a  slight  skin-wound. 

' '  Cratch, "  Ital.  craticia,  a  rack  or  crib :  Fr.  creiehe :  Lat.  er(Ue«,a  hordla. 
"Scratch,"  German,  kratze,  v.  kratzen,  to  scratch. 


J 


AKD  OF  SPELLING.  161 


Grater,  kray'.ter.    The  mouth  of  a  yolcano. 
Latin  crdier;  Greek  kraUr,  a  cup  or  bowL 

Graimch  or  Gnmch,  to  crash  with  the  teeth  (not  scrunch); 
crannched  (1  syl.)*  craonch'-ing;  cnmched,  cninch'-ing. 

Cravat,  kra.vaf  (not  krav'.at).    A  necktie. 

Trench  eravaU,  said  to  be  from  the  Crahats  or  Cro&U,  whose  linen 
and  muslin  neck  bands  were  introduced  into  France  in  1G36.  We 
have,  however,  the  Danish  kravtt  a  collar,  and  hravetf  a  little  collar. 

Crave,  to  long  for;  craved  (1  syL),  crav'-ing,  crSv'-er  (Rule  xix.) 

Old  English  erOffiianl  to  implore ;  Welsh  or^,  to  crave. 

Craven,  kray^-ven.    A  coward. 

In  former  times,  says  Blackstone,  controversies  were  decided  hj  an 
appeal  to  battle.  If  one  of  the  combatants  cried  out  Craven  (i.e., 
I  crave  mercj)  he  was  deemed  a  coward,  and  held  in  infamy  for 
not  defending  his  claim  to  the  utmost. 

Ciaw.     The  crop  or  first  stomach  of  a  hird. 

Norse  hraaty  the  crop  or  craw ;  Gkrm.  kragen,  the  neck  (our  "scrag"). 
Grawffih.    A  corruption  of  icrevUse  (French),  a  crustacean. 

Latin  eardbvs;  Qreek  kdrdboa,  a  crab  or  lobster. 
Crayon,  kray\on,  a  chalk  for  drawing.     Crayons,  chalks  for 
drawing,  drawings  done  in  chalk.    Crayoned  (2  syl.) 
French  crayon  (from  oraie,  chalk ;  Latin  oreta). 
Craze  (1  syl.),  to  distract ;  crazed  (1  syl.),  craz'-ing,craz'-y  (Rule 
xix.),  cr^i-ly;  crdzi-ness  (R.  xi).    Fr.  ecraser,  to  crush. 

Creak,  kreek,  to  make  a  grating  noise.     Creek,  a  small  bay. 
C^eak,  creaked  (1  syl.),  creakMng. 

Welsh  crech,  a  screech,  creg,  hoarse ;  French  criqtier,  to  creak. 
"Creek,"  Old  English  crecca,  a  bay  or  creek ;  French  criqiie. 

Cream,  kreem  (n.)  (v.  to  skim) ;  creamed  (1  syl.),  cream'-ing, 
cream'-y  (adj.),  creaml-ness  (R.  xi.),  cream -faced,  pale. 
Old  English  ream;  French  crime;  Latin  cr^mor,  cream. 

Crease,  krecej  a  mark  made  by  a  fold,  to  mark  by  a  fold,  <tc. ; 
ereased  (1  syl.),  creas'-ing,  R.  xix.  (Welsh  creithen,  a  scar.) 

Creasote,  kre\d.sote.    A  liquid  obtained  from  coal-tar. 
Greek  kreas  s6zd,  I  preserve  meat  (being  an  antiseptic). 

Create,  kre.ate\  to  make  out  of  nothing ;  creat'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
creat'-ing  (R.  xix.);  creat'-or  (R.  xxxvii.) ;  creative,  kr^.- 
aWiv ;  crediive-ly,  credtive-ness;  creation,  kre.d^shun. 

Creature,  kree\tchur.     Every  created  animal  or  thing. 
Latin  credtio,  creator,  crcdtwra,  a  creature ;  credre,  to  create. 
Credence,  kree'dence  (not  -dance),  belief;   credential,  kre.den\' 
shal;  credentials,  -shalz,  letters  of  testimony.     Creed. 
Gredendum,  plu.  credenda,  kre.den\dah.    Articles  of  faith. 

Credence-table.  A  small  table  to  hold  the  bread  and  wine 
before  consecration.    (Ital.  credenzat  a  shelf  or  buffet.) 

L 


1G2  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Credible,  krH\i.Vl  (not  -dbU),  worthy  of  belief  (Lat.  eridl- 
hilis))  credlble-ness,  credibly,  eredUiility,  krSd\%MK''i.ty, 

(Credulous,  kred'.uXm;  cred'ulons-ly,  ered'ttlouflvnaai. 

lAtin  cnMlut.    (The  '*  e  "  is  long  in  Latin.) 
Credulity,  kre.du'.li.ty.   Prone  to  belieye.   (Lat.  eridSUtat,) 

Fr.  or^denoe,  or^ibUiU,  cr4d%UiU;  Lat.  crid/ent,  eridSn,  to-btliere. 

Credit,  krSdf.itj  trust,  to  trust ;  cred'it-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  cxedlt-ing, 
credlt-or,  credit-able,  credltable-ness,  creditably. 

Credible,  worthy  of  belief;  creditable,  praiseworthy. 

Credibly,  trastworthily ;  creditably,  praiseworthHy. 

Oredlbleness,  probability ;  credltablenesa,  estimation. 

Fr.  cridit,  v.  oriditer;  Lat.  credit,  be  trosts,  eridUor,  erido,  to  tmst. 

Credulous,  kr^d'.u.liLs.    (See  Credence.) 

Creed.  Articles  of  religious  faith.  (Lat.  crS(2o,  I  believe ;  Fr.or^tiai) 

Creek,  kreek  (not  krik),  a  small  bay.    Creak,  a  harsh  noise. 

•*  Creek,"  Old  Eng.  crecea  ;  Pr.  erique.    "  Creak,"  Welsh  ertg,  bo«M. 

Creep,  past  and  p,p.  crept,  creep'-ing,  creep'-iog-ly,  creep'-er. 

Old  EngUsh  credp[an],  past  credp,  pant  part,  cropen,  to  creep. 
Latin  r^,  to  creep ;  Oreek  hirpd,  to  crawl. 

Cremation,  kre.may^shun,  a  burning  of  the  dead.    (Lat.  cr^mdUo.^ 

Cremona,  kre.m^.nah.  Violins  made  by  the  Amad  fiimily  and 
by  Straduarius  of  Cremona  (Milan).    See  CromornA. 

Creole,  kr^.ole.  A  Spanish  American  bom  of  European  parents. 

French  Creole,  a  West  Indian ;  Spanish  eriollo  (cria,  a  brood). 
The  word  means  a  "little  nurseling"  (criar,  to  nurseX 

Crepitate,  krep\i.tate,  to  crack ;  crepitat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  crepitat- 
ing, crepitation,  kr^' .i.tay'' ahun,  a  cr&ckling  noise.^ 
French  cripUation;  Latin  crSpUare,  to  crackle  {cripo,  to  raU^X 
CrepuBCule,  kre.pus'.kule,  twilight;  crepus'cular  (a^.) 

French  erepuscule,  orepusculaire ;  Latin  crgprucfUnji^  twilight  (from 
cripira  [luzl,  doubtful  light ;  -culum  diminutive). 

Crescendo,  plu.  crescendos,  kre.8hen\do,  plu.  kre»8hen\doze  (Ital.) 
A  mark  (•<:)  in  music,  to  denote  that  the  force  is  to  increase. 
The  contrary  word  is  diminuendo  and  the  mark  (:>»). 

Crescent,  kres'^ent,  shaped  like  the  "homed"  moon;  poetical 
for  Tarkey,  a  crescent  being  the  national  symbol;  growing. 

Latin  crescens,  gen.  orescentis,  increasing. 
Cress,  plu,  cresses  or  cress.    A  spring  vegetable. 

Old  English  eerse  or  oresM;  French  oresson;  German  hrt$m. 

Cresset,  kri^,8^t.  A  beacon-light,  so  called  because  it.  was 
originally  surmounted  by  a  little  cross. 

French  eroiaetU  (dim.  of  eroix,  a  cross).    It  was  bf  canyiam  alKrai  a 
'*fleK7  croa"  arniw  were  at  one  time  aMemblcid  In.ibMeJtliiiidi. 


AND   OF  SPELLING.  163 

An  annorial  device,  &  bird's  comb,  the  cone  of  a  helmet. 
French  eruU  now  erHe;  Latin  eritttkt  a  erett. 

Cretaeeons,  kte.tay' x^ui,  chalky.    (Latin  crlta,  chalk.) 
Crevice,  Gtetis,  Grevaase,  hrSv\U$t  kr^.vee^,  krS.vasi'. 

Greyice,  a  chink.    CreTifl,  a  crayfish.    Crevasse,  a  huge 

rent  in  a  glacier,  &c. 

"  Crerioe  **  and  *'  OTOvaase  **  French  orertane,  a  cranny,  a  chink. 
*'  CmylSt**  Pr-  icrevis$e,  a  crayfish ;  Lat.  edrdbus;  Ok.  kdrOMs. 

(keW,  kroOy  a  ship's  company ;  pott  tense  of  oiX>w.     {See  Crow.) 

Cre'wal,  fine  worsted  yam.    Gmel,  inhuman  (both  krew'.el.) 

(Shakegpea/re  epeaki  of  "  cruel  garters." — K.  Lear,  ii,  4.) 

''Crewel,'*  corruption  of  clewd,;  eUw,  a  ball  of  thread  ;  Old  EagUsh 
^inoe,  a  hank  or  ball  of  wormed.    *'  Cmel,"  Latin  erudHis,  cmeL 

Cxib,  a  stall  for  cattle,  a  bed  for  infants,  to  pUfer ;  cribbed  (I  syL)^ 
eiibb'-iag,  cribb'-er  (B.  i.);  eribV-age,  a  game  at  cards. 
Old  English  cri^,  a  stall  or  crib ;  Welsh  eribddaU,  piUi^,  extortion. 

Cribble,  ftn6'.67,  a  corn-sieve ;  eribbled,  krih'.h'ld;  cribbling. 
(The  double  b  [as  if  from  "  crib  '^  is  a  blunder.) 
Fr.  eri&I«,  a  riddle ;  t.  eribler;  Lat.  eribrare,  to  sift ;  eribeUwn,mienre. 

Crick,  stiffness  in  the  neck.   Creek,  a  cove.  Creak,  a  harsh  noise. 

"Crick,"  Welsh  crlg,  a  crick ;  Old  English  hrase,  rheumatic  pain. 
" Creek,"  Old  English  orecca.    **  Creak,**  Welsh  creg,  hoarse. 

Criek'et,  an  insect,  a  game.    Crick'et-er,  one  who  plays  cricket. 

"Cricket"  (the  insect),  Welsh  erieiad;  Pr.  criquet-  Lat.  a-erid-ium. 
**  Cricket"  (the  game).  Old  English  criCy  a  club,  and  -et  diminutive. 

Crier,  kri\er,  one  who  weeps;  cries  (1  syl.),  cried  (1  syl.),  cry'-ing. 

Cryer.     The  town-cryer  or  bellman.    {See  Cry.) 

Crime,  sin  ("i"long  in  the  simple,  but  short  in  all  its  compounds). 

CriBiinal,  kfim'.i.nal;  crim'inal-ly,  crim'inal'lty ; 
criminous,  krim'.i.nus;  crim'inous-ly. 

Criminate,  krim\i.nate ;  crira'inat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  crim'* 
inat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  crim'inat-or  (not  -er,  Rule  xxxvii.) 

Criminatory,  krXm'.i.na.fry.    Involving  crime. 

(In  Latin  the  "  cri-"  is  long  in  every  instance.) 
Latin  crimen,  erfmlneUis,  crVm/Cndtio,  ertmlndtor,  crlmXnosus,  &e. 

Crlxn.  CoA.     Contraction  of  "  Criminal  Conversation,"  meaning 
adultery.     Crim.  Con.  actions  cannot  now  be  brought. 

Crimp,  to  frizzle;  a  decoy ;  to  decoy  [sailors  and  fleece  them]. 

"Crimp"  (to  frixzle),  Old  English  ge-crympi,  curled;  Welsh  eriv^. 
"Orimp"  (a  decoy),  the  same  word,  meaning  "to  pinch  or  squeese." 
To  "crimp"  a  collar  is  to  pinch  it  into  litUe  furrows. 

Crimson,  krim\z'n,  a  colour;  orim'soned  (2  syl.),  crim'son-ing. 
ItalDu^  ertmt^no  (from  heriMS,  the  cochineal  insect). 


1^4  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Cringe,  kfinj,  to  fawn  with  servility;  cringed  (1  syl.),  czing'-ing, 
cring"  er  (Rule  xix.).  cringes,  krinf.ez. 

Old  English  crin^anl,  or  crindian\  to  cringe,  to  fawn. 
Crinkle,  krin'.Kl,  to  run  in  bends.    Cringle,  krin^g'lf  a  loop. 

Danish  kririkelrkrog,  a  place  with  tortuous  ways. 
Crinoline,  krln\o.lin  (not  krWodiney  nor  krin' .o.leen), 

French  crinoline  (from  erin,  hair :  Latin  crlnis  llnum,  hair  linen). 
(An  ill-formed  word,  which  ought  to  mean  "reddish  Virun^**  from 
crlnon,  a  reddish  lily.    "  Crinis  "  cannot  make  crino. ) 

Cripple,  krip\p%  one  who  is  lame,  to  maim ;   crip'pled  (2  sjl.) ; 
crippling,  krip\pling  (O.  E.  crepel,  a  creeper,  v.  cre6p\an]). 

Crisis,  plu.  crises,  kri'.sist  kri^seez,  A  decisive  or  turning-point. 

Latin  crisis;  Greek  hrisis  (from  krlno,  to  judge).  HTpocrfttfis  said 
that  all  diseases  had  their  tidal  days,  when  physicians  could 
"  judge  "  what  turn  they  would  take.    (First  syllable  short  in  Lat.) 

Crisp,  brittle,  to  curl;  crisped,  krlspt;  crisp'-ing,  crisp^nees. 

Old  English  crisp;  Latin  crUpus,  frizzled. 
Criterion,  plu.  criteria,  krl.tee' .ri.on,  kri.tee\ri.ah,    A  standard 
by  which  judgment  may  be  formed. 

Greek  kritSridn,  means  of  judging  (from  kritis,  a  judge.    Short  i.) 

Critic,  krif.ik;  critical,  krU\i,kal;  crifical-ly,  critlcal-nesB, 
criticise,  A;ri^.t.st2;«;  criticised  (:3  syl.),crit'icis-ing  (K.xix^), 
crit'icis-tr;    criticism,    krif.iMzm;    critique,   kri.teek^; 
criticisable,  krlf.i  size'\a.h%  open  to  criticism. 
Fr.  critique:  Lat.  critlcus;  Gk.  krltikds  (from  krind,  to  judge). 

Croak,  kroke  (like  a  frog).     Crook,  a  shepherds  staff. 

Croaked  (1  syl.),  croakMng;  croak'.er,  one  who  grumbles. 
Old  Eng.  cracet[an],  to  croak;  Lat,  crocio;  Gk.  kr6z6,  to  croak. 
Crochet,  Crocket,  Croquet,  kro^sha,  krok'.et.  kr<y.ky. 

Crochet,    krd^sha ;     crocheted,    krd'.shed ;     orochet-ing, 
krd^.8ha.ing,   fancy-work   done   with  a    hooked    needle.  • 
Also  (a  term  used  in  fortification.) 

Crocket,  krok\et  (a  term  used  in  architecture.) 

Croquet,  krd\ky,  a  game ;  v.  croqueted,  kro'.kade^  <fec. 

"Crochet,"  French  crochet  (croc,  a  hook,  and  the  dim.  -e<). 
"Crocket,"  French  crochet  (in  Arch.),  a  crocket. 
"Croquet,"  French  baton  armi  d'un  croc  (Du  Cange). 

Crock,  an  earthen  pitcher.     Crock-ery,  kr6¥.e.ry,  earthenware. 

Old  Eng.  croc,  a  pitcher ;  Welsh  crochan,  a  pot :  croche/twi^  pottery. 

Crocket,  krok'.et  (in  Arch.)    French  crochet,    (See  Crochet.) 

Crocodile,  krok' .o.dile  (not  kr6kf.o.dill),tL  reptile  of  the  lizard 

kind.    Crocodilea,  krok\o.diV'.e.ah,  the  crocodile  order. 

Crocodilean,  krbk'.o.dil.e.an  (adj.  of  crocodile). 

Latin  crdcddlUis,  crdcddllea ;  Greek  hri^ddeilds,  a  lizard. 

(" Crocodilea" not  " crocodilia," which Tneans thittUs.-^PHn. 27, 41.^ 


^  AND  OF  SPELLING.  165 

Groeus,  plu.  crocuses,  krd'.hus,  krS'.kus.iz;  croceous,  krd^fte.iu. 

Lat.  crdcus,  plu.  crdeif  the  saffron  flower ;  6k.  JbrdX^«,  the  crocus. 
GTomlecli,  krSm\lek,    A  huge  stone  supported  by  uprights. 

Welsh  cromlech  (erom  Uech^  an  incumbent  flag-ttone). 
Gromoma,  kro.mor^.nah  (not  cromona).    An  organ  stop. 

Cremona,  kre.mo.nah^  a  violin.    {See  GremOna.) 

French  cromome;  Italian  cromomo  ;  (German  krump-hom. 
Crone,  an  old  woman.    (Irish  crion^  withered ;  crionay  old.) 
Crook,  a  shepherd's  staff.   Croak,  kroke  (like  frogs).  Crock  iq.v.) 

Crook,  to  bend  into  a  curve ;  crooked,  krookt ;  crook'-ing. 

Crooked,  krook'.ed  (adj.),  not  straight;  crooked-ly,  krook\ 

ed.ly  ;  orooked-ness,  krook\ed.ne88, 

'*  Crook,"  Welsh  croca,  tortuous,  croeaUj  to  make  crooked. 
"Croak,'*  Old  Eng.  cracet[an] :  Latio  crOcto,  crocUo;  Greek  krdzd. 
*'  Crock,"  Old  Eng.  croc,  a  pitcher ;  Welsh  croehan,  crochenu,  pottery. 

Crop,  the  produce  of  a  field ;  the  craw  of  a  bird ;  to  lop  or  reap. 

Crop,  crept  or  cropped  (1  syl.),  cropp'-ing,  cropp'  er  (R.  i.), 
a  pigeon  with  large  craw ;  crop'ful  (Rule  viii.) ;  to  crop- 
out,  to  shew  itself  on  the  surface ;  to  crop  up,  to  reappear. 

Old  English  crop  or  crapp,  a  crop,  a  craw,  a  top,  whence  to  lop  or 
reap ;  WeUh  cropa;  Low  Latin  oroppa,  a  crop  of  corn. 

Croquet,  krS'.ka,  a  game.    Crochet,  kro'^ha,  work  done  with  a 

hooked  needle.    Crocket,  krdk^.et  (in  Arch.) 

"Croquet."  ordqiie,  oroguebois,  croouet:  *'Bdton  armS  d*un  croc,  ou 

qui  est  recourbi"  (Du  Cange,  viii.,  p.  115). 
"Crochet"  and  "Crocket,"  French  crochet,  dim.  of  croe,  a  hook. 

Crosier,  kro\zher.    A  bishop's  staff  surmounted  with  a  cross. 

Low  Latin  crocia,  crodarius,  one  who  carries  a  crosier. 
Cross.    A  gibbet,  ill-tempered,  to  pass  over,  to  cancel. 

Cross,  plu,  crosses,  kro8'.8ez.    A  gibbet  made  thus  (f,  X  +). 

Cross,  ill-tempered;  cross-ly,  cross'-ness,  cross-grained. 

Cross  (v.),  crost  or  crossed  (1  syl.),  cross^ing,  cross'-es. 

Crossette,  kr8t.8etf  (in  Arch.);  cross'-let,  a  little  cross. 

Crosswise  (not  cro88way8\  adv.,  transversely. 

Welsh  eroes,  a  crucifix,  transverse  :  Latin  crux,  gen.  cr&cig. 
"Cross"  (ill-tempered),  contraction  of  the  Fr.  courrouc6,  angered. 

Crotch,  a  hook  or  fork.     Crutch,  a  staff  for  the  lame. 

Crotch,  crotched  (1  syl.),  hooked;    crotch'-et,  a  note  in 

Music,  a  whim ;  crotch'et-y,  full  of  whims ;  crotch'et-ed. 

French  crochet,  a  little  hook,  dim.  of  croe,  a  hook ;  croehe,  a  note  in 
muflic ;  erocheter,  to  make  "crochets"  for  porters. 

Gr6ton-0il.     Oil  expressed  from  the  Croton  Tiglium. 
Crouch,  crouched  (1  syl.),  crouch'-ing.    Crutch.    {See  Crotch.) 
Wdah  erweoM,  to  bow,  cryeydu,  to  squat.    Old  Eng.  orue,  a  crook. 


1C6  EBRORS  OF  SPEECH  ?, 

Group.  loflammation  of  the  larjnx,  d^c;  the  buttocks  of  a  horse. 

French  tnmp  (the  disesse),  crvupe  (the  huttooks). 

Gnmpier,  kroc/.pX.^  or  kroo\pi,a,  the  ns^^istaixt  of  a  gaming 

table.    Crupper,  krup\per,  a  strap  of  a  saddle. 

*'  Croapier  **  sits  at  the  '*  oroup  **  or  hottom  ol  the  table. 

Grow,  a  bird,  an  iron  lever,  to  cry  like  a  cock,  to  triamph ;  crow, 

past  crew  [crowed,  1  syl.],  pant  part,  crowed  [crown]. 

Old  English  crdw,  a  c<x)w ;  Greek  h)r&n4,  a  crow. 
**  Crow-bar."  6k.  Jlrur<}n^,  a  plough  beam :  Wrieh  er»e»4>ar,  Acrom^bar. 
''Crow"  (verb).  Old  English  erdw[a»],  peat  creow,  p^p.  crifwen. 
Latin  crddfO ;  Greek  kr6a6,  to  crow. 

Crowd,  krmid  (to  rhyme  with  loud)^  a  throng ;  a  fiddle. 
Crowd  (verb),  crowd'-<ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  crowd'*ing. 
Old  English  crydlian\,  past  credd,  p.p.  ge-cr6den;  eredd,  a  crowd. 
"Crowd "  (a  fiddle),  Welsh  crwth,  a  crouth  or  violin. 
Crown  (to  rhyme  with  town),  crowned  (1  syL),  crown'-ing. 

French  couronne;  Latin  cdrona;  Greek  kdrdni,  agariand. 
Crucial,  kru'MMl  (not  cru\8hejil),  severe,  crosswise. 

Lord   Bacon  says  that  two  different  diseases  may  run 
parallel  for  a  time,  but  must  ultimately  cross  each  other. 
The  point  where  they  cross  will  tell  their  true  nature. 
Hence  "  crucial"  means  that  which  tents. 
Crucible,  kru'M.bl.    A  vessel  for  melting  metals,  &c. 

Low  Latin  cruHbulwn,  the  little  tormentor  (from  crUclo,  to  torment), 
because  the  metals  were  "tortured"  by  fire  to  yield  up  tJieir  secrets. 

Crucifix,  krn' ,sx.jix.    (Latin  cruciiixuSy  fixed  to  the  cross.) 

Crucify,  kntM.fyy  to  fix  to  a  cross ;  omcifies,  kru'.8l.fiz€ ;  cru- 
cified, hrv^Mjide;  cru'dfi-er,  hut  cru'cify-ing.    (R.  xi.) 
Gru'cifix ;  crucifixion,  kru.si.Jik^ .shun,  hung  on  a  oroas. 

Latin  crU&(flgo,  supine  erik^Jiamm  (eruci  figtrt,  to  fix  to  a  ctom)  : 
French  crucifix^  cruG\ftxion,  cruc\fUr,  to  crucify. 

Crude,  krood,  not  complete ;  crude'-ly,  crude'-ness ; 

crudity,  plu.  crudities,  kru'.dl.tiz,  immaturity  (Rule  xi.) 

French  crudiU:  Latin  crvdus,  erUdttas;  Greek  kntdddM,  that  is» 
kruds  eidds,  resembling  cold,  henoe  uncooked,  raw,  ^o. 

Cruel,  kru'.el,  inhuman.    Crewel,  fine  worsted  {see  Crewel). 

Cru'el-ly;  cru'el-ty,  plu.  cruelties,  kru\el.t%z,  inhumanity. 

French  cruel;  Latin  crudelU,  cruel ;  orOdiliUUf  cruelty. 
Cruet,  kru'.et.  A  glass  "  castor."  (Fr.  cruche,  a  glass  vessel,  -et  dim.) 

(There  is  no  word  in  French  for  "  cruet-stand/'  or  a  "  set  of  caston.**) 
Cruise,  Cruse,  Crews,  all  pronounced  kruze. 

Cruise,  to  rove  about  the  sea;  cruised,  kruzd;  croi^ing, 
kru\zing ;  cruis-er,  hru\zer,  a  cruising  ship.   (Rule  xix.) 

Cruse,  a  small  cup.     (French  cruche,  a  jug.) 
Crews,  plural  of  crew,  a  ship's  company. 
French  eroiMr,  to  cruise  or  cross ;  German  ItreMonitf,  hnmtm 


•7  ^^^  O^  SPELLTN'O.  167 

Crumb,  kruTii,  a  morsel.  (The  "b"  %$  an  error.)  Cmmbed, 
krumd;  onunb-ing,  krUmf.ing,  breakiDginto  crumbs. 

Onuniny,  krum\my,  {IJ  ''crumb  "  is  accepted,  this  adj.  ought 
to  he  crumb-y.    Either  "  crumb**  or  "  crummy  "  is  wrong.) 

Cmmble,  hrum'.h%  to  break  into  crumbs ;  crumbled, 
kriimWld;  crumbling,  krum\bling;  crum'bler. 

Old  English  crume,  a  fragment.     (N.B.  crumb  meant  "crooked.") 
Oerman  krume,  a  cmmb ;  krumen,  to  crumble. 

Cmmple,  krum\p%  to  ruffle ;  crumpled,  krUm'.p'ld;  crumpling, 
krum'.pling ;  cmmpler,  krum'.pler,  one  who  crumples. 
Old  English  crump,  wrinkled :  crumb,  crooked,  awry. 
Cninch.     To  crush  between  the  teeth.    {See  Crannch.) 
Cmpper.     A  strap  which  passes  under  the  tail  of  a  horse. 
Croupier,  kroo\pi.er.    An  assistant  at  a  gaming  table. 
Both  from  French  croupe,  the  romp,  a  crupper,  Sm. 
Crusade,  plu.  crusades,  krU-sade,  krit-sddz,    "  Holy"  wars. 

Crusade  (v.),  crusad-ed  (B.  xxxvi.);  cru8ad-in<?  (R  xix); 
crusad.er ;  crusado  (a  Portuguese  coin,  with  a  cross). 

Cruse,  kruze,  a  small  bottle.     Cruise,  to  rove  about  tBe  sea. 

Crews,  |)2u.  of  crew.  (Fr.  cruche,  a  jug;  creuset,  a  crucible.) 
Crush,  to  squeeze ;  crushed  (1  syl.),  crush'-ing,  crush'-er. 

Italian  cro8ciOt  to  crush ;  Latin  crucio,  to  torment. 
Crust,  the  external  coat;  crusf-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  crust'-ing; 

crust-y,  hard,  morose;  crust'i-ly,  crust'i-ness  (Rule  xi) 

Latin  crusta,  crust ;  verb  cruMdre,  to  cover  with  a  crust. 
*'ftru8ty,"  morose,  is  ari'haic  erus,  wrathful;  c^oas,  corrupted  into 
curst,  a  contraction  of  the  French  courr(yuc4,  angry 

Crustacean,  plu.  crustaceans,  krus.tay\8S.anz,  oue  of  tbe  "crab" 

family.    Crustacea,  krus.tay' Jie.ah,  the  crustacean  class. 

Crostaceous,  krus.tay' .se.us  (adj.);  crustaceology,  krus,- 

tay' -scoV -o-gy',  a  description  of  crustaceans. 

French  crustacS ;  Latin  crusta  [animals  inclosed  in]  a  shell 
('*  Crustaceology  **  isa  vile  hybrid.    "  Ostrftcorogy  "  ioould  be  a  Greek 
compound,  but  "crustaceology"  is  haJf  Latin  and  half  Orede.) 
If  Mtradan  had  been  adopted  instead  of  "crustacean,"  it  would 
have  been  far  better. 

Crutch,  a  staff  f  ^r  the  Jame.    Crotch,  a  book,  a  fork ;  cmtched- 

friais,  krutcht  fri' .ars  (not  crotchedfriar8),fneiis  badged 

with  a  cross.     (Latin  crux,  crucidtus). 

" Criitch,"  Ital.  croccia,  a  fcrutch.    "Crotch,"  Fr.  erdchet,  a  hook. 

Cry,  cries,  krize;  cried,  kride;  cry'-ing;  cH'-er,  one  who  weeps. 

Cry,  plu.  cries  ( 1  syl.),  street  cries ;  cry-er,  the  bellman. 

Welsh  cri,  a  cry,  a  clamour;  French  crier,  to  cty. 

Crypt,  kript,  the    underground   compartment   o^  a  Cbureh; 

cryptic  or  cryptical,  krip\tl.cal,  secret,  hidden. 

Latin  erypta,  a  vault ;  Greek  krupU  {kruptd,  to  hide). 

Crypto-  (Greek  prefix).    Secret,  concealed. 


168  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH  '• 

. . _ * 

Cryptogamia,  krip''to.gSm"-tdh  (in  Bot.)    Plants,  like  mush- 
rooms, mosses,  ^c,  in  which  the  stamens  and  pistils  are 
not  manifest.    Crjrptogamio,  krip^-to.gdm^'-ik  (a(y.) 
Greek  kruptos  gamoa,  concealed  marriage. 
Cryptography,  krip,tog\ra.fy.     The  art  of  writing  in  cypher. 
Cryptographer,  krlp.tdg\ra.fer.    One  who  writes  in  cypher. 
Cryptographic  or  crjrptographical,  krip\to.grd}'\i.kdl, 
Greek  hniptos  grapJU,  secret  writing. 
Cryptology,  krip.toV.o.gyy  secret  language ;  cryptorogist. 

Greek  kruptos  logos^  secret  language. 
Crystal,  kris^taZ  (not  chrystal  nor  cristal)  n,  and  adj. 

Latin  crystaUum  ;  Greek  krustallos;  French  cristal  (wrong). 
Crystalline,  kris^tul.Un,  clear  as  crystal.     Milton  more  cor- 
rectly caUs  the  word  krls.tdV .lin,    {See  "  Paradise  Lost.") 
Latin  cryatalttnv^:  Greek  krustaXUnoa,  like  crystal. 
Crystallize,  krU' .tdLlize  (R.  xxxii.);   crys'taUized  (3  syl.); 
crys'talliz-ing.crys'talliz-er  (R  xix.);  crvstalliz'-ahle,cryB- 
tallization,  krW-tal-li.zay"'Shun,  congelation  into  crystals. 
Greek  krustcUlizo,  to  shine  like  crystal. 

Crystallography,  J{ri8\tdl.l6g'\rd.fyyScience  of  crystallization; 
crystaUographer,  kfU' .tdl.log'\ra,feryOne  skilled  in  the  above ; 
crsrstaUographic,  krls'.tdl.lo.grdfWk;  crystaUographicaL 
Greek  hmstoMoa  graphi,  a  writing  about  crystals. 
Crystalloid,  kri8\tul.loid.   (Gk.  krustallos  eidos,  like  crystaL) 

Cuh,  kuhy  a  young  fox,  bear.  &c.;  to  bring  forth  a  cub; 

cnhhed  (1  syl.),  cuhh-ing  (Rule  i.).     Cuhe,  kube,  q.v. 

Cube,  kubcy  a  solid  body  with  six  equal  sides.  A  number  multi- 
plied twice  into  itself,  as  3  x  3  x  3  =  27,  whence  27  ig 
the  "  cube"  of  3,  and  3  is  the  "  cube-root"  of  27. 

Cuhed,  kubed  (1  syl.);  cuh-ing,  kube'.ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Cuhic,  ku\b%k  (adj.);  cuhical,  ku'M.kul ;  culiiicaloly ; 
cuhiform,  kU'MJorm;  cuhoid,  kvf.boid,  or  cnboid'-al, 
an  imperfect  cube.    (Greek  kubos  eidos,  like  a  cube.) 

Cuhiture,  kvfM.tchur.    The  cubic  contents  of  a  body. 

Latin  cQJbua,  a  solid  square,  a  die  ;  Greek  hObds. 
Cubit,  ku'.bit,  20  inches,  the  length  of  a  man's  arm  from  the 
elbow  to  the  end  of  the  middle  finger.    Cubital,. A;a'.&{.taZ 
(adj.);  cubited,  ku^.blted. 
A  gallows  50  cubits  high  {Esther  vii.  9). 
A  gallows  of  50  cubits  high  (Esther  v.  14). 
In  the  former  of  these  sentences  "which  is"  must  be  sup- 
plied: "Behold  a  gallows  which  is  60  cubits  high,*'    The 
latter  is  not  good  English. 

Latin  cUMtum.  a  cubit ;  Greek  hOhitdn  (eu5o,  to  recline  at  t4ble  rwt> 
tag  on  the  elbow,  cf&btt?u8,  the  elbow). 


4  AND  OF  SPELLTXG.  169 

Cuckoo,  phi.  cackooB,  kook'.kot  kook'.kdze  (Kule  xlii.) 

French  catusott;  Latin  cUcUltLSi  Greek  kokkux,  a  cnckoo. 

Cuckold,  kuk'.kold.    A  husband  whose  wife  is  faithless  to  him. 

Cackoldy,  kuk'Ml.dy  (adj.);  cnckoldom,  kuk'.kdl.dum,  the 
state  of  being  a  cuckold;  cuckoldry,  kuk'.kol.dry. 

This  word  is  not  derived  from  cuckoo  (Latin  cHlcQIus),  but  from  cur- 
ruca,  the  bird  which  hatches  the  cuckoo's  egg  The  French  word 
is  eocu  not  coucou,  a  cnckoo.  The  Old  English  sutUz  -ol  [-old] 
means  "of  the  nature  of,"  "Uke,"  "full  of":  so  that  "cuckold" 
is  ciMrruc'-old,  like  a  bird  which  hatches  an  egg  not  its  own. 

Cacomber,  ku\kum.ber  (not  koo'-kum.ber,  nor  kow\ktim.ber). 

French  coiico7n&r«  /  Latin  dtct1m«r.    (Vaaro.) 
Cuddle,  kud'.dl,  to  fondle ;  cud'dled  (2  syl.),  cud'dling,  cnd'dler. 

Welsh  eueddol,  fondly  loving ;  tuedd,  fondness. 

Cud'dy.     A  ship's  cabin.    (Welsh  cauedig,  an  inclosure.) 

Cudgel,  kUd'.j^y  a  knobbed  stick,  to  beat ;  oud'gelled  (3  sjl.) ; 
cud^gell-ing,  cud'gell-er.    (Rule  iii.,  -el.) 
Welsh  cv)g,  a  knob ;  cwgyn,  a  knuckle ;  with  -d  dim. 

Caff^  a  wristband,  to  box ;  oafEed,  kuft ;  cofT-ing,  cufT-er. 
(For  rrumosyllahlea  in  /,  f,  «,  see  Rule  v.) 

Welsh  Cfwf,  something  put  over  another  thing,  hence  cwji,  a  hood. 
**Guff  "  (to  strike);  Greek  koptd,  to  strike ;  kop6,  a  striking. 

Ciri  bono,  ki  ho', no  (Lat.)    What's  the  good  of  it  ?    Who  will  be 
the  better  for  it?    Literally,  "  For  what  good  ?" 

Cniiafis,  kwe.rds'  (not  ku.ra8').    A  metal  breastplate. 

French  cuirasae  (from  c^cir,  leather,  of  which  breastplates  were  origi- 
nally made) ;  Latin  corium,  a  skin  or  hide. 

Cuifline,  kwe.zeen'.    The  cooking  department.    (French.) 

Col  de  sao,  plu.  cols  de  sac  (not  cul  de  sacs),  ku'd  sdk  (French). 
A  blind  alley.     "  The  bottom  of  a  bag." 

-cole,  -de,  -kle  (dim.  Lat.  suffix  -cul[u8']\  added  to  nouns. 

Culinary,  kvf .ll.na.ry  (not  kuV.i.ner'ry  nor  ku'.ntler'ry).    Per- 
taining to  the  cooking  department 
Latin  ciUlTUi,  a  kitchen ;  dllindrivs,  culinary. 

Cull,  to  pluck ;  culled  (1  syl.),  cull'-ing,  cull'-er  (Hule  v.) 

Ft.  eueUlir,  to  pluck ;  Lat.  colllgo  (con  fcol]  ligo,  to  gather  together). 

Cnlleiider  better  colander,  kuV.an.der.    A  strainer. 

Latin  colana,  strahiing;  c6lum,  a  strainer.  "Cullender"  is  quite 
indefensible,  it  is  wrong  in  three  places. 

Cnllifl  (bad  French,  for  coulis).    Strained  gravy.    (See  above.) 
Culm,  kiilm.    Stalk  of  corn,  anthrScite  shale. 

"  Colm  **  (stalk  of  com),  Lat.  culrmu,  straw ;  Gk.  kdldmds,  a  reed. 
«<  Calm  "  (shale) ;  Welsh  cwlm;  Old  English  c6l,  coaL 


170  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Culminate,  kuV,mtnate,     To  reach  the  highest  point. 

Cul'minat-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  cul'minat-ing  (Bule  xix.) 

Culmination,  kul\mi.nay"^hun.    The  highest  point. 
French  ctUminationf  ctdminer;  Ijatin  eulmen,  the  veitex. 

Culpable,    kul'.pd.b%    blamable ;     oul'pably,    cul'pable-iu 
culpability,  kul\pa.biV\i.ty,  blame-worthiness. 
Latin  culpSMlia  (from  culpa,  fault,  blame);  French  culpdbiHU. 

Culprit,  kul.prit.    One  guilty  of  a  crime. 
Latin  culpa  redtiu,  one  accused  of  a  crime. 

Cultivate,  kiiV.ttvdte,  to  till ;  cui'tivat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi),  cul'ti- 
vat-ing  (R.  xix.),  cul'tivat-or  (not  -«r,  R.  xxxvii.) ;  coltii- 
vable,  kuV.ti.va.b'le  (Fr.  cuUivery  cultivable);  cultiTa- 
tion,  kuV -t\.vay" 'ShuUi  tillage,  refinement. 

French  eultiver;  Italian  coUivare,  coltivazione,  coUivatore;  LatSn 
eulttu,  tillage.  "Cultivation"  ia  one  of  the  few  words  In  -Hen 
which  is  not  French. 

Culver,  a  pigeon.    (Old  English  culfre;  Latin  c^urnba,  a  dove.) 

Culverin,  kuV.vS.rin.    A  long  slender  gun.    (Fr.  eouleuvine.) 

From  couleuvret  a  snake;  Latin  dfliXber;  Italian  oolvbrina.  The 
resemblance  of  this  word  to  "  culver  "  is  merely  accidentid. 

Culvert,  kiiV.vert,     An  arched  passage  under  a  road,  dte. 
French  convert,  formerly  culvert,  v.  coumrir,  to  cover. 

CumHser,  to  overload;  cumbered,  kUm'.berd;  cum'ber-ing,  cmn'- 
ber-«r;  cumbersome,  kum\ber.8um  (-some,  Old  Eng.  suf. 
fix  meaning  "full  of");  cuml)erBome-nefl8,  Gumbxoua, 
kUm'.brus  ;  cum^brous-ly,  cum^brous-ness. 
French  enoomhre,  v.  enctymhrer ;  Latin  cUm/Sklare,  to  beiq»  up. 

Cumbrian,  kum\bri.an  (adj.),  applied  in  Oeol.  to  a  system  of 
slaty  rocks  developed  in  **  Cumbria,"  that  is  Cumberland. 

Ouml>erland,  properly  Comhra-land  or  ComharUmd,  the  land  of  val- 
leys ;  comba,  valleys  or  coombs  (Celtic).     Welsh  curm. 

Cumulus,  kitmf.it.lus  (not  ku' .mu.lus),  applied  to  clouds  when 
they  look  like  mountains.     (Latin  cumulus,  a  pile.) 

Cumulo-stratus,  kiim'.u.lo  atrd'.tUs  (not  ku'.mu.to  $trdh',» 
tfUe'),  the  cumulus  cloud  flattened. 

Cirro-cumulus,  sl/ro  kumf.u.lus,  small  camulous  clouds. 

If  e&milblus  is  from  the  Greek  kHma,  a  wave,  the  length  of  the  u  mm 
changed  when  the  word  was  adopted  in  the  Latin  language. 

^nind  (a  Latin  termination  denoting  "  fulness : ''  as  fo-eund,  fall 
of  speech  ("faii,"  to  speak);  fe-cund,  fiill  of  ifruit  ("fee," 
a  foetus);  jocund,  full  of  joy  ("Jove,"  "juvo,"  to  delight); 
v«r«-cun(2,  bashful  ("vSrSor,"  to  fear);  fuM-tftiiMi,  Aill  of 
redness  ("ruber,"  red). 


AND  OF  SPELLIXG.  171 

Cnntnl,  hu^.nSMy  wedge-formed;  ooneate,  W.ni.ate  (adj.) 

dmeated,  ku\nS.dXed,  tapering  like  a  wedge ;  caneiform, 
ku'.neXform,  applied  to  certain  letters  made  like  wedges. 
Thej  are  found  in  old  Babylonian  and  Persian  inscrip- 
tions.   (Latin  euneuSf  a  wedge ;  French  euniiform,) 

0«n''iibig,  artful ;  caii'ning-47,  ean'ning-nesB.     Originally  these 
words  denoted  **  skill  derived  from  knowledge." 
Old  Eng.  «unn[a»],  to  know  how  and  be  aUe  to  do.    (Ken  and  can.) 

Cap,  kup^  a  drinking  vessel,  part  of  a  flower,  to  scarify ;  cupped, 
kupt;  cupp'*mg,  cupp'-er  (R.  i.);  cupboard,  kub'.b'rd: 
cnpfnl,  plu.  cupfnlB  (not  eupsful).  Two  **cupB  full" 
would  mean  two  cups  filled  full;  but  two  ^'cupfuls'* 
would  mean  a  cupful  repeated  twice. 
Old  English  euppa  ;  Latin  cupa  or  cup^,  a  enp  or  tab. 

Cupidity,  k^.pidf.i.tyy  greed.    (Lat.  cUpiMtM ;  Fr.  cupidiU.) 

Cupola,  pUt.  cupolas,  ku'.pd.lah,  ku\p5.ldhz  (not  ku.po'.lah  nor 
eupulo),    Italian  cupola^  from  cupo,  deep. 

CupreuB,  ka'.prif.tu  (not  eupritu),  coppery ;  cuprite,  ku\prit,  red 
oxide  of  copper ;  cuprifezous,  /ete.|wi/'.«.ri&,yielding  copper. 

Latin  eupreus,  from  cuprum,  copper. 

Cur,  kur,  a  degenerate  dog ;  curr'-iBh  (Rale  i.),  like  a  cur  (-ish 
added  to  nouns  means  '*  like/'  but  added  to  adj.  it  is  dim,) 
Welsh  eor,  a  dwarf ;  Irish  gyr,  a  dog ;  Dntch, horre,  a  housedog. 
Curable,  ku'.ra.Vl;  curability,  ku'.ra.hW.i,ty.    {See  Cure.) 

Cura^oa,  ku\ra.8o'y  a  liqueur.    Curassoe  or  Curaasow,  ku.ras^io, 
a  South  American  bird,  like  a  turkey. 

dm^oa  is  made  from  Curofoa  oranges.    The  Curofoa  Islands  are 
near  Veneznela.    French  eurapao. 

Curate,  ku'.rate.    A  clergyman's  licensed  clerical  assistant. 

Curacy,  plu.  curacies,  ku\rajs%z.  The  parish,  &c,,  of  a  curate. 

Curator,  ku,ray'.tor.  One  who  has  the  charge  of  something. 

Latin  cw&tar,  euratio  (from  cfiro,  care). 
Curb,  kurb ;  curbed  (1  syl.),  curb'-ing,  curb-stone. 

French  courhe,  a  curb ;  cowber,  to  bend ;  Latin  eunnis,  crooked. 
Curd,  kurd ;  curd'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  curd'-ing,  curd'-y. 

Curdle,  kut'-dH;  curdled,  kuf.d'ld;  curdling,  kurd'. ling. 

Welsh  crwd,  a  round  lump;    archaic  crvd  and  erudle.     The  old 
form  is  the  more  correct.     (Latin  crudus,  crude. ) 

Cure,  kure;  cured  (1  syl.),  cur-ing,  kur^.ing;  cur-er,  kure\er ; 
onr-able,  ku'.rd.b'l;  curable-ness ;    curability,  fcfi'.ra.- 
hiV\i.ty,  possibility  of  being  cured ;  curatiye,  ku'.ra.tiv. 
French  cure,  cwrcMft  ewer  (v.) ;  Latin  eO^ra,  eUraMlii. 


172  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

•   -•  -       —  I- 

Curfew,  kur^.fu.  A  bell  rung  in  former  times  at  8  o'clock  p.m., 
to  announce  that  it  was  bed-time. 

French  couvre-feu  [time  to]  cover-fire.    Where  wood  is  burnt  the. 
ashes  at  bed-time  are  thrown  over  the  logs  ;  and  nelt  morning  the 
whole  is  easily  rekindled  by  drawihg  the  blower  down.    In  some 
places  a  sort  uf  meat-cover  iis  put  over  the  logs. 

Curious,  ku'.H.ti8.  inquisitive,  remarkable ;  ca'rious-ly,  ca'rions- 
nesfl;  curiosity,  plu.  ooiiOBities,  ku.r%.d8\i.tU,  a  rarity, 
&c. ;  curioso,  plu.  coriosos,  ku.ri.d^so,  ku»ri.d' .soze,  one 
fond  of  collecting  curiosities.  (Rule  xlii.) 
(In  the  sing.  num. "  curiosity'*  ':neans  also  "inquisitivene$8.** ) 
Latin  curiosus,  c&ridsitas;  Italian  cwrioso  (from  cv/ra,  care). 

Curl,  curled,  kurld ;  curl'-ing,  making  curls,  a  game ;  cnrr-er, 
plu.  curl'-ers,  a  pLiyer  at  the  game  called  "curling," 
curling-ly;  curl'-y;  curli-ness  (Rule  xi.) 

Welsh  cwr,  a  circle,  with  -{  dim. ;  Latin  circfOXtLS^  a  little  circle ; 
Welsh  cwr;  Old  Eng.  circul;  Lat.  drcHlus;  Gk.  Mrkds,  a  circle. 

Curlew,  kw/.lu.    A  sort  of  snipe.    (French  eourlieu.) 

Curmudgeon,  kur.mud'.jun.    A  churlish  fellow,  a  miser. 
Old  English  ceorl-mddigan,  churl-minded  or  tempered. 

Currant,  kw/.rantt  a  fruit.     Current,  hut'. rent,  a  stream. 

"  Currant,"  a  corruption  of  Corinth,  the  **  Corinthian  grape. 
"  Current,"  Latin  cwrrens,  gen.  currentis,  running  [water,  &c.J 

Currency,  kui^ren-sy,  current  coin ;  current,  kur'rent,  v.s. 
Curricle,  kur^ri.l^l.     An  open  ciuriage,  with  two  wheels. 

Curriculum,  kur  rik'M.lum.    A  course  of  study. 
Latin  curriculvm,  a  race  course  (curro,  to' run,  and  dim.  -eulumy, 

Curry,  kur^ry,  to  dress  leather;  curried,  kur'rid;  cttiries, 
kur'riz ;  cur'ri-er,  one  who  dresses  leather  (R.  xi.),  hvt 
courier,  koo\ri.er,  an  expi'ess  messenger.    (Fr.  courrier.\ 

Curry,  to  clean  a  horse ;  to  curry  favour,  a  corruption  of 
curry  fawoel,  to  clean  the  bay-horse ;  currycomb. 
(**  Curry"  ought  to  be  spelt  cory.    "Currier'*  ought  to 
have  only  one  r  (corier),  and  "courier"  ought  to  kaoe 
double  r  (courrier).    Latin  "  ciurro,''  to  run. ) 
French  corroger,  to  curry;  corrogeur;  Latin  cdrium,  a  hide. 

Curry,  a  condiment,   a  food  prepared  with  curry ;   cnzried, 
kur' rid;  curry-ing,  hwi^ry.ing ;  curry-powder. 
The  mixture  invented  by  James  Curry. 

Curse,  hirse;  cursed  (1  syl.)  or  curst,  curs'-ing.     (Bule  xix.) 
The  adjective  is  curst  (yr  cursed,  kuj^-sed;  cni^sed-ly 
(3  syl.),  cur'sed-ness  (3  syl.) 
Old  English  cwrs  (noun),  cttr^ian],  to  corse ;  curaod,  cursed. 


AXD  OF  SPELLrXG.  173 

CaniTe,  kur^sfv,  flaent ;  omsive-ly,  cimiYe-nesB.    (Rule  xvii.) 

CiUfBory,  kur^^S.ty  (adj.),  snperficia];  canoii-ly  (adv.)  R.  xi. ; 

ciUBori-neflB;  omsitOT,  kuf'M.tor,  a  chancerr  otlicer. 
Trench  ewsim;  Latin  euraoritts  (from  curao,  to  run  aboutX 
Cnit,  angry,  a  corruption  of  cun^  cross,  whence  "  crusty." 

"  Cunt"  cows  [angry  cows]  have  curt  horns  [short  horns]. 

Trench  eourroueer,  to  anger :  eourrouXj  angrj,  cross  {c'rouct  cross, 
ftnd  e*uree  eur»  corrapted  into  curti). 

Curt,  hurt,  short,  abrupt ;  curf-ly,  oort'-ness.    (Latin  curtus.) 

Curt*  A  contraction  of  currenty  meaning  the  ••  present  [month]." 
The  month  past  is  ultimo^  the  month  to  come  is  proximo. 
"  Ultimo  *  and  **  proximo  "  are  nouns.  We  say  the  btk 
uUimo  or  proximo ;  but  "  cum^nt "  is  an  ai^j.  and  mu^t 
have  the  word  "month"  expre^seil :  as  tJie  current  month. 

Cozxente  calamo  (Lat.)  kur.ren'.te  kuV.a.mo.  Off  hand  (apptied 
to  composition).    Literally  "  with  h  running  pen." 

Curtail,  kur.tail\  to  cut  short;  curtailed'  (3  syl.),  ourtail'-ing, 
cortail'-er  (French  court  taller,  to  cut  short). 

Cnrtain,  kur^.fn;  curtained,  kur^.fnd;  cur|»dn-ing,  kur't'n.intj, 

French  oourUne;  Latin  Cortina^  a  curtain. 
Curtsy,  plu.  curtsies,  kur1f.sy,  kurt'.sxz ;    curtsied,  kurt^s^d ; 
ciurfsy-ing,  curfsi-er,  one  who  makes  a  curtsy.     Alo 
spelt,  but  less  correctiy,  curtsey,  plu.  curtseys,  curtseyed 
(2  syl.),  curtsey-ing,  curtsey-er.     {See  Courtesy,) 
French  courtoisie,  courtesy,  the  nianners  of  the  court. 
Curve,  a  bend,  to  bend;  curved,  kurvd;  curv'-ing  (Rule  xix.); 
curvature,  kur^.va.tchur ;  curvated,  kur'.va.ted. 
Latin  cwrvdrt,  to  curve ;  cwrvatura,  curvdtus,  bent. 
Curvet,  kw/.vet;  cur'vet-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.) ;  cur'vet-ing. 

French  courhette:  Latin  cttrpdre,  to  bend.    In  a  '•  curvet,"  the  horse 
bends  his  body  together  and  springs  out. 

CoBhlon,  koosKn  (not  JcusKn),  a  pad  to  sit  on ;  cushioned  (2  syl.), 
cushion-ing;  cushiouret,  a  little  cushion. 
French  covMin,  a  cu&hion ;  caussinet;  German  kissen,  a  cushion. 
Custard,  kus'.trd.    A  food,  a  slap  on  the  hand  with  a  stick. 

"  Custard  "  (the  food),  derivation  uncertain,  cus  is  a  cow  and  may 

acC'  unt  for  the  first  syllable. 
** Custard"  (a  slap)  is  a.corruption  of  custid,  Latin  custia^  a  dub. 

Custody,  kits'. t^.dy,  protection,  keeping ;  custodian,  kuH.t(/.d%.any 
one  who  has  the  custody  of  something ;  custos,  kus^tos, 
as  custos  rdtiUdrum,  keeper  of  the  rolls. 
Latin  custodiaf  custody ;  custos,  a  custodian. 

Custom,  kus^.tdm;  custom-er,  one  who  frequents  a  shop;   cus- 
tomary, kus\t6m.d.ry,  usual;  cus'tomari-ly  (adv.) 
Italian  coiiuiiM,  ooHumare,  customary ;  Spanish  costimbre.  ^ 


174  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Cut,  past  cut,  paxt  fart,  oat.'  Cut,  a  wound,  ta  wound,  a  print, 
a  make-up  in  dress,  to  divide  a  pack  of  cards ;  cutt'-er, 
one  who  cuts,  a  boat,  a  vessel  with  one  mast;  catf-ing, 
dividing,  sarcastic ;  cutting-ly  (Rule  i.) 

Derivation  oncertain.    Perhaps  a  corruption  of  curi,  Latin  etirtuc, 
short ;  cwrto^  to  shorten.  There  is  the  Welsh  word  cwtan,  to  tiiattem. 

CutaneuB,  ku.tay\ne.u8.    Pertaining  to  the  skin. 

Cuticle,  hu'.tLk%  the  scarf-skin;  cuticular,  kudW M.lar, 

French  cutaiU,  cutaneous;  cuticule,  the  cuticle.    Latin  OHtis,  the 
skin ;  c&tlciiia,  the  cuticle ;  cuticuldria,  cuticular. 

CutLasB,  kilif.la8.    A  sword.    (French  coutelas;  Latin  cuUelhu.) 

Cutler,  a  maker  of  knives,  <fec» ;  cufler-y,  kSi\le,ry, 

French  coutelier,  a  cutler :  coutellerie  (3  syL),  cutlery.    Latin  cuUer, 
a  knife ;  cultelltis,  a  little  knife. 

Cutlet,  kiif.let,    (French  cdtelette  ;  Latin  cultello,  to  cut  small.) 

Cuttle-fish,  a  molusc.  (Old  Eng.  cttdele  [Jise] ;  Germ.  JsutteUJUeh,) 
(From  kuttel  (guts),  referring  to  the  bladder  under  the  throat) 

Cwt.,  that  is  C  (100)  wt.  {weight)^  pronounced  hundred-weight, 

"  C  "  is  the  initial  letter  of  the  Latin  eentvtm^  a  hundreds 
-cy  (French  suffix  -cie),  added  to  abstract  nouns. 
-cy  (Lat. suffix -c[tt8]  or -t[i«]), denoting  "office, state, condition." 
Cyanate,  cyanide,  cyanite,  cyanosite, 

Cyanate,  si'.d.natey  a  salt  (cyanic  acid  and  a  base.      If 
potash  is  the  base,  the  "  salt"  is  cyanate  of  potash). 
(-ate  denotes  a  "  salt"  from  the  union  of  a/n  acid  and  a  bas€,) 

Cyanide,  sWd.nidey  a  compound  of  cyan'ogen  and  a  base. 
Thus,  if  iron  is  the  base,  the  compound  is  "  cyanide  of 
iron."    {-ide,  Greek  eidos^  resembling  kuanos,) 

Cyanite,  sl'.a.nite,  au  azure  bine  garnet. 
(-ite,  in  Geol.,  denotes  a  stone^  or  something  resembling  a 
stone,  as  ammon-ite,  cyan-ite.) 

Cyanosite,  si.an\5.8itethhie  vitriol,  native  sulphate  of  copper. 
Greek  kudnoa-iUy  a  blue  stone-like  substance. 
Cyanogen,  si.an\o,jen,  a  gas  which  burns  with  a  deep  blue 
flame  (Gk.  kHiunos  gennao,  I  produce  a  deep-blue  [flame]). 

Cyanosis,  si.an'.S,8^,  a  disease  characterized  by  blneness  of 
the  skin.    (Greek  kudnos  niisos,  the  blue  disease.) 

Cjranometer,  sud,nom\e.ter,  an  instrument  for  measuring 
how  blue  the  sky  or  sea  is.    (Greek  mi^trdn^  a  measure.) 

Cyanotype,  8i.an\8.type,  photographs  in  Prussian  blue. 
(Greek  kudnos  tupos,  deep-blue  type). 

Latin  cydnus,  a  blue  garnet,  cydnetu,  deep  blue ;  Ghreek  kudnos^  a 
deep-blue  substance,  kuanios  (adJX 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  176 

Cyebunen,  «{&^2a.9?i^  (not  ii.hlay' .meftC),  The  plant "  sow-bread." 
(This  word  ought  to  he'*  cyclamine/'  ail^.ld.min.) 

Latin  eydaminus;  Greek  kuklamlnos  (from  hukloa^  a  circle,  the  root 
being  globular^    The  chief  food  of  the  wild  1x>arB  of  Italj. 

Cycde,  si'.k'h  an  erer-recurring  period ;  eydical,  8ik\Vl.kdl  (adj.) 
French  cycle  ;  Latin  cydus;  Ghreek  huJdos,  a  circle  [of  phenomena]. 

Cydoid,  si'.kloidy  a  geometrical  cnrve;  cydoidal,  8l.kloy\ddl; 
cycloidean,  plu.  cycloideans,  8i.kloy\de.am,  the  fourth 
order  of  fishes  (Agassiz),  inclading  salmon,  herrings,  &c. 

Greek  kuJeld-eidis,  like  a  circle.  Imagine  a  nail  in  the  circnmferenee 
of  a  wheel.  Let  the  wheel  revolve  and  move  on  in  a  stndght  line. 
The  nail  would  describe  in  tlie  air  that  doable  motion,  and  the 
figure  thus  described  would  be  a  cjcloid. 

Gydoae,  phi.  eydones,  sV.klone,  8i.klonz.    A  rotatory  storm. 
Latin  cydua;  Qreek  kukHoSt  a  circle,  and  -9ne  augmentative. 

Cydopean,  8i.kl5\p^.an  (not  8i.klo.pee\an).  Huge,  the  work  of 
the  fabled  Cyclops. 

Latin  cydopeSf  cyclopitu;  Greek  huJddps,  huMGpeios. 

Cydopodia,  plu.  cydopiBdias,  si' .klo.pee" .di.ah,  plu.  -dz,  or 
en-cydopfedia,  a  dictionary  of  general  information. 

Greek  kuklda  paideia^  a  circle  of  instruction. 
CSydopterifl,  8i.kl5p\te.ri8.    A  genus  of  fern-like  plants. 

Greek  kuldds  pUria,  circle  [shaped]  fern ;  the  leaflets  are  round. 
Cygnet^  sig'.nit  (not  cignet).    A  young  swan. 

Latin  cygnua  or  cycnus,  a  swan  ;  Greek  huknds  (-and  -et  dim.) 

Cylinder,  siV.in.der,  a  drum-shaped  article ;  cylindrical,  stlln'.- 
drukal,  shaped  like  a  cylinder ;  cylin'drical-ly. 
Latin  cylindrus,  a  roller,  &c. ;  Greek  kiUindd,  to  roU. 
Cymbal,  sim'.bdl,  a  musical  instrument.    Symbd,  a  sign  or  type. 

"  cymbal,"  Lat.  eymbdlum;  Gk.  kvmbdlon  (from  kumhoa,  hollow). 
"  Symbol,"  Lat.  aymMla:  Gk.  aumbdUn,  a  mark  or  token. 

Cynic,  plu.  cynics,  8^\ik,  sW.iks^  a  misanthrope;  cynical, 
«{n^iA;aZ,  snarling;  cyn'ical-ly,  cynlcal-ness ;  cynicism, 
tlin\iMzmy  churlishness,  the  manners,  <&c.,  of  a  cynic. 

These  words  are  formed  from  the  ancient  sect  called  '*  Cynics,"  who 
snarled  at  every  article  of  luxury  [kunihOa^  dog-like). 

Csrnosnie,  8i\n5.8hure.    The  pole-star,  an  object  of  attraction. 

Latin  cyndaura;  Greek  kundaoitra  (from  kunda  ovra,  the  dog's  tail), 
meaidng  the  star  in  the  tail  of  Ursa  Minor. 

CypresBi  sV.press,  a  tree.    Cypris,  Cyprus  (see  below) ;  cyprine, 
iip'.rin,  adj.  of  cypress.     (Properly  the  &dj.  of  Cypris.) 
Latin  eypdriaaiu;  Greek  k&pdriaada,  kiipdriaainda  (adj.) 

Cypris,  sip^ris,  one  of  the  cyprididsB,  stprid'.i.dee,  a  genus  of 
minute  biviJyes  of  great  beauty  (Greek  Kuprii^  Venus). 


176  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Cyprus,  8i\pru8.    An  island  in  the  Levant',  sacred  to  Kuprit. 

Cyprian,  8ip\H.iin.    A  woman  of  immodest  habits.  . 

Cypriot,  slp.i^M,    An  inhabitant  of  C3rprus. 

Cyst,  a  bag  containing  morbid  matter.    Cist,  a  stone  box  for 
books  or  other  valuables ;  a  stone  coffin. 

Cystic,  8i8\tik,  adj.  of  cyst;  cysticle,  8l8\ti.k%  a  little  cyst; 
cystidisB,  8l8.tid'.i.e,  little  bladder-like  animals;  cystidia, 
sis.tid'.i.ah  (in  Bot.)  sacs  containing  spores  (1  syl,) 
*'  Cyst/*  Greek  kustis,  a  bladder.    **  Cist,"  Iiatin  cista,  a  chest. 
Cytherean,  8Uh\e.ree^\an,  pertaining  to  Venus  or  love.      So 
called  from  the  island  Gytbera,  sacred  to  Venus. 
Latin  CytMrelus  (adj.),  CytMrea,  Venus. 
Czar,  zar,  the  emperor  of  Russia ;    Czarina,  za.ree'.nahj  the 
empress  of  Bussia.   Czarowitch,  zar^ro.vitZy  the  eldest  son 
of  the  Czar;  Czarevna,  zd.rev\nahyvnfe  of  the  Czarowitch. 
Czar  is  the  Polish  form  of  the  Bussian  kaiser  (Csesar  or  emperor). 

Da  capo,  da  kah\po  (in  Mu8ic),  from  the  beginning. 

Italian  da  capo,  [repeat]  from  the  beginning  [to  the  end]. 
Dab,  a  ti>it  fish,  a  slap,  a  small  lump;   to  slap,  to  wet,  <bc.; 
dabbed  (1  syl.),  dabb'-ing,  dabb'-er.     (Rule  i.) 

Dabble,  da6'.67,   to  play  with  water,  to  do  in  a  small  way; 
dabbled,  dah'.h'ld ;  dabbling,  daVMing;  dabbler. 
"  Dab,"  Fr.  dauber,  to  beat  with  the  fist ;  "Dabble"  dim,  of  dad. 
Dace,  a  fresh -water  fish ;  Dais,  da\i8,  a  raised  floor. 
"  Dace,"  Dutch  daas.    *'  Dais,"  French  dais,  a  canopy. 
Dactyl,  dak\tll,  three  syllables,  the  first  being  long  and  the  other 
two  short ;  dactylic,  dakf.til.lk  (adj.) 

Latin  dactylus,  dactylicus ;  Greek,  daktiUds,  a  finger  (which  consists 
of  one  long  juint  and  two  short  ones ;  daktiilikds). 

Dad  or  daddy.     A  word  for  father  used  by  the  infant  children  of 
the  peiisantry.     (Welsh  tad,  father.) 

Dado,  pill,  dadoes,  da\dOy  da\doze,  (Italian.)   A  panel  round  the 
base  of  a  room,  just  above  the  skirting  board.    (R.  xlii.) 

Dffidalian,  better  dsedalean,  de.dal.e.an.     Cunningly  contrived, 
like  the  works  of  Diedalus. 
Latin  daddUiU  ;  Greek  daildU6s,  skilfully  made. 
Daffodil,  daf.d.dil.     The  Lent  lily,  a  pseudo-narcissus. 

Latin  asphddiliis;  Greek  aspMdiflds,  the  da€fodil. 
Dagger.     A  short  sword,  a  mark  in  printing  if). 

Low  Latin  daggeriiLs,  a  da^er ;  Italian  daga;  French  dagut,  a  dirk. 
Daggle  or  draggle,  dag\g'l  or  drag'.g'l,  to  trail  in  the  wet; 
daggle-tailed  or  dmggle-tailed,  having  the  skirt  of  the 
gown  bedabbled  with  wet  and  dirt. 
Old  English  ddg,  to  dangle  or  hang  in  a  slovenly  manner. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  111 

Daguerreotype,  da.gai'/ro.tipe,      A  process  of  taking  likenesses 
by  sunlight,  discovered  by  M.  Daguerre.    (1841.) 

Dahlia,  plu.  dahlias,  generally  pronounced  day\ltdh,  but  ddh\- 
llMh  is  more  correct.    A  genus  of  plants. 
So  named  from  Andrew  Dahl,  the  Swedish  botanist. 

Daily.    Becurring  every  day.    {Daily  and  gaily  are  exceptionB  to 
a  very  general  rule.    B.  xiii.)     See  Day. 

Dainty,  plu.  dainties,  dain\t%Zy  something  "  toothsome  " ;  dain'ti- 

ly,  dain'ti-ness,  dain'ti-er  (comp.),  dain'ti-est  (super.) 

Welsh  danteiddiol,  dainty  (from  dant,  a  tooth);   Latin  dens,  or 
French  daintier,  a  venison  pasty  (from  daine,  a  deer). 

Dairy,  plu.  dairies,  dai'/ry,  dair^Hz,  the  place  where  milk, 
butter,  and  cheese,  are  made  and  kept  in  store ;  dair3rman, 
dairymaid,  dairywoman  (with  y),  (When  man,  maid, 
woman;  hood,  like,  ship;  ish,  ing,  ism,  are  added,  the 
"  y  "  final  is  not  changed.  Rule  xi.)  Chaucer  uses  the 
word  dey  for  a  servant  who  has  charge  of  a  dairy ;  Sir 
Walter  Scott  speaks  of  "the  dey  or  farm-servant";  and 
Junius  says  dey  means  "  milk." 
**  Dairy  "  is  the  cley's  ric ;  that  is,  the  farm  woman's  room. 

Dais,  {2a^M.    That  part  of  a  banqueting  ball  which  has  a  canopy, 

the  part  for  honoured  guests,  generally  raised.     Days 

(1  syl.),  plu-  of  day.    Deys,  plu.  of  dey  (of  Algiers). 

French  data,  a  canopy ;  sous  le  dais,  in  the  midst  of  grandeur :  doffiis 
Low  Lat.  ("  a  panni  genere  dcUt  dicto  "),  chief  table  in  a  monastery. 

Daisy,  plu.  daisies,  da\zy,  da\z%z ;  dasied,  da\zed,  covered  with 

daisies.     A  corruption  of  day's-eye.     (Rule  xi.) 

Old  English  dasges-edge,  a  daisy  or  day's-eye. 

Dale,  a  valley ;  dalesman,  -woman,  one  who  lives  in  a  dale. 

Old   English   dedgel,    obscure;    dedgelnes,  a  solitude.    Low  Latin 
dahu,  a  dale  ;  German  thdl;  Norse  dal. 

Dally,  dally,  to  toy;  dallies,  ddV.Uz;  dallied,  daV.Ud;  dally- 
ing ;  dalli-er,  one  who  dallies ;  dalli-ance.     (Rule  xi.) 
German  ddhlen,  to  dally. 
Dam,  damn,  dame. 

Dam,  a  maternal  quadruped ;  a  mole  to  confine  water ;  to 
stop  the  flow  of  water ;  dammed  (1  syl.),  damm-ing  (R.  i.) 
Damn,  dam.    To  condemn.    (Latin  damndre,  to  condemn.) 
Dame,  ddim.    (French  dame ;  Latin  domina,  mistress.) 

"  Dam  "  (mother  of  a  young  beast),  Fr.  davM  :  Ital.  dama,  a  lady. 
A  mill  [dam],  Danish  daTn,  a  pond  or  dike. 
German  damm,  a  dam ;  verb  dammen,  to  dam. 

Damage,  ddm'.idge,  injury,  to  injure ;  damaged  (3  syl.),  dam'ag- 
ing  (R.  xix.);  damages,  dam'.a.jez  (-s  added  to  -ce  or  -ge 
forms  a  distinct  syl.,  R.  xxxiv.);  dam'age-able  (words 
ending  in  -ce  or  -ge  retain  the  "  e  "  before  the  suflBx  -able). 

Old  English  dem,  hurt ;  French  dommage;  Latin  damnvm,  loss. 

M 


178>  '  EMii<mS  Of  SPEECH 


Bajnaak,  dam'. ask,  cloth  with  flowers  wioiight  ka  it;  Viorb 
damiwked,  dam^asht;  d^Qifuak-iAg. 

Da^joasJ^een,  dam\&i,keen\  to  inlay  steel  witik  gold  or  silver ; 

dam'askeeQed'  (3  syl.))  da«^'a«keeQ,'-iag. 
Bamaskii^  dam\as.kihiz,    Damascus  blades. 

Dan^son,  a  corruption  of  "  damascene  "  (dam':a.seen'),    A 

plum.    (AU  from  Damascus^  in  Syria.) 
Fr.  diim(uqu.i(MT,  to  damaskeen ;  damoMer,  to  damask,  damat  (n.) 
Dame  (1  jsyl.),  fem.  of  baronet  or  knight,  now  called  "  lady." 
Thie  word  is  still  used  in  the  compound  dame's-iBchool, 
a  school  for  poor  chilc^ren  kept  by  an  elderly  woman. 
French  dame  (Madame) ;  Latin  d&mina  (from  ddmtu,  the  honse). 
Damn,  to  condemn.    Bam,  the  mother  of  a  young  quadruped. 

Dam^ied,  damd;  di^mairing,  dokta'-rimg  (not  damping  like 
the  pres.  part,  of  danif  q.y.,  stopping  the  flow  of  water.) 

Damnable,  dam'.nd.h'l  (not  d&m\d.Vl) ;  damnably. 

Damnation,  dammay'^hun;  damnatory,  dam\nd.Vry. 

Latin  danvnart,  to  condemn,  damndtio,  damndtoriut. 
French  damnable,  damnation,  damTier  (verb.) 

Damnify,  ddm'.nM.fy,  to  injure.  Indemmfy,  to  insure  against 
injury,  to  repair  an  injury. 

Damnifies,  dam'.ni.fize;  Indemnifies. 
Damnified,  dam\ni.fide ;  XnAemnified. 
Di^mntfication,  dchm'-nUfi'Caitf'ihiu.n;  IndemnlQcaticm. 
Latin  dam.'oXS'icSxe  (danvMimfa/sw,  to  cause  loss.) 

Damp,  moist,  to  make  moist;  damped,  dampt;  damp^-iog; 
damp'-er,  a  contrivance  to  abate  a  draught  or  sound,  one 
who  damps;  damp'-er  (n;iore  damp),  damp'-est  (most 
damp),  damp'-ness ;  damp^-ish,  rather  damp  {-u^  added 
to  adj.  is  dim.) ;  dampish-Iy,  dampish-ness. 

Dampen,  to  make  damp ;  dampen,ed,  damp\end  ;  daa^n- 

ing,  damp'-ning ;  dampen-er,  damp'.ner. 
German  damp/,  damp ;  damp/en,  to  damp  ;  dampfer,  &c. 

Damsel,  ddm\zel^  a  girl  (Low  Lat.  damisella,  Old  Fr«  daaoUeUe 
(ma-demoiselle),  dim.  of  darne  and  maddTM,  onginally 
damoisel  was  applied  to  the  sons  of  noblemen  ajad  kings. 
"  Pages  "  were  so  styled  (from  Latin  dSminw). 

Damson,  ddm\z'n,  a  plum.  Corruption  of"  damascene**  {ddm\ 
d8.8een).    From  Damascus,  in  Syria. 

Dance,  danced  (1  syl.),  danc'-ing,  danse'-ing;  d^i^c-er,  dmse'^er 
(Rule  xix.)    (French,  darvsery  to  dance). 

Dandelion,  dan* -d^.U-^y  a  flower.  (Fr.  dent  de  lion,  lion's  tooth). 
Its  leaves  4ro  suppose4  to  resemble  the  teeth,  of  Uo^^ 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  179 


Bftndla,    4tei^d%  to   fbndle;    dandled,   dcm'.dld;    dftndliniTf 
dan'Ming ;  dandier,  dam^dUrt  one  who  fondles. 
ItaHan  dmdola,  a  child's  doU,  4imMar$,  to  to«  MMltwteg  aboat 
Dandriff  or  DandmfiE.    Scurf  on  the  head. 

Old  Eng.  tdnede  dr^,  one  diseased  with  dirtf  or  troublesome  tetter. 
Dandy,  plu,  dEmdies,  dSn\dftz,  a  fop ;  dandy-ish,  dandy-inn. 

French  dand/y,  dandin,  a  ninny ;  dandiner,  to  "tndpse  "  about. 
Dane  or  Dansker,  a  natiye  of  Denmark.    Deign,  to  Youchiafs. 
Danish,  day^nish  (adjective  and  noan)^    Bule  zix. 

DaiMigrM.  da/ne^geld  (not  danegelt),    Danish  tribute. 

Old  Bogliflh  dane-gdd  ('^geld  **  is  Uibute,  but  '^gelt "  is  giU). 

Danger,  dain^j^,  peril ;  danger-ooa,  dam\jifr.u» ;  dan^gerons- 
ly,  dan''gexous»nes8.    (Freneh.  danger,  dangereiuc.) 

Dangle,  dan\g%  to  hang. so  as  to  swing  about;  dangled,  ddn\- 
g'ld;  dangling,  dun\gling ;  dangler,  dan'.gler. 

Dank,  dank'-ish,  rather  dank  (-ish  added  to  adj,  is  dim.,  added 
to  nouns  it  means  "  like  **) ;  dankish-ness. 
Same  word  as  dampf  with  "  k  "  diminutive. 

Dannbian,  da.nu\M.Snt  ac^ectiye  of  Danube. 

Daphne,  ddf\ne.    The  spurge  laurel.    Daphne  the  daughter  of 
Peneus  (Pe,nee\us)  was  changed  into  a  laurel. 

Dapper.    Natty  in  dress  and  manners,  smart.    (Dutch.) 

Dapple,  (Zop'.p'Z,  spotted,  to  spot;  dappled,  d^j/.p'ld;  dappling, 
da^.]BSmg  {double p),  {Qermaa  apfsl^rcm,) 

Dare.    To  yenture ;  to  defy  or  challenge. 

Dare  (to  Tenture,  to  haye  courage),  past  durst. 

Dare  (to  defy),  past  dared  (1  syl.),  past  pofrt.  dared. 

He  dare  not  is  strictly  correct,  but  he  dares  not  is  more 

usuaL     Sir  Walter  Scott  (Waverley)  says:  "A  bard  to 

sing  of  deeds  he  dare  not  imitate."    61  Old  Eng.  the  verb 

was  [I]  dear,  [thou]  dearest,  pie]  dear,    **  You  dare  not  so 

have  tempted  him,  should  be  You  durst  not  so.,, 

**  Dare  "  (to  hare  courage).    Old  English  dear,  past  donte. 
"  Dared  "  (provoked,  defied)  is  more  modem. 

Dark  (noun) ;  darken,  dark'n,  to  make  dark;  dark'ened  ('2  syl.), 

darkan-ing,  (2arii<.ntn^ ;  dark'^ness,  dark'-ly;  dark'-ish, 

cather  dark  {-ish  added  to  acy.  is  dim.)  darknling  {-ling. 

Old  Eng.  means  "  offspring  of,"  or  is  simply  a  diminutive). 

Old  Engiish  dears,  v^  deardiian],  past  dtaroode,  past  part  dearood. 

Darling,  noun  and  adjective,  dear-one,  dearly  beloved. 

Old  EngUsh  deorling,  litUe  dear-one  {-Hng,  dim.  or  "  offspring  of.") 
Dam,  to  mend;  darned,  (1  syl.),  dam'-ing,  dam'-er. 

WeLdi  dam,  a  patdi ;  v.  da/mio,  to  patch ;  damiad,  a  piecing. 


180  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Dart,  noun  and  verb  ;  darf -ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  dart'-ing,  darf-er. 

French  dard,  ▼.  da/rder;  Low  Latin  dardus,  a  dart 
Dash,  noun  and  verb;    dashed  (1  sjL),  dash'-ing,  dash'-er, 
dash'-board,  a  defence  in  carriages  against  splashes. 
Danish  dcuk,  a  tHa^ ;  ▼.  daeike,  to  slap  or  dash. 
Dastard,  das^tardy  a  coward ;  dastard-ly,  dastard-ness. 

Old  English  a-dattrigany  to  terrify. 
Date,  a  fruit,  the  tiijie  of  an  event,  to  give  the  date ;  dat-ed 
(Rule  xxxyi.),  dat-ing  (Rule  xix),  date-less  (Rule  xvii.) 
French,  date,  ▼.  dater;  Danish  datere,  to  date. 
Datum,  plu.  data,  day'.tdh  (Latin).    Things  admitted  as  facts. 
Daub,  a  coarse  painting,  to  smear;  daubed  (1  syl.),  dauV-ing, 
daub'-er;  daub'-y,  adj.    (Welsh  dwbio,  to  daub,  dwb.) 

Daughter,  daw'.tery  a  female  offspring  of  human  parents;  a 

male  offspring  is  the  Son  of  his  parents. 

Daughter-in-law,  plu.  daughtenp-in-law. 

Step-daughter,  plu.  step-daughters.    (Old  English  stepcm, 

to  bereave :  a  daughter  "  bereaved  of  one  parent.") 

Old  Eng.  dShier:  German  tocMer;  Danish  daUer;  Greek,  thugdtir. 

Daunt  (rhyme  with  aunt),  to  dismay ;  daunf -ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 

daunt'-ing,  daunt^-less,  dauntless-ly,  dauntless-ness. 

French  dompter,  to  tame  (animals) ;  Latin  ddmitare  (from  ddmdre). 

Dauphin,  fern,  dauphiness,  daw'.finy  daw'.fin.ess.     Dauphin 

the   eldest   son   of   the   king  of   France    (1349-1830); 

"  dauphiness,"  the  wife  of  the  dauphin. 

So  called  fjrom  Dauphin4,  an  old  province  of  France,  given  to  the 
crown  by  Humbert  II.,  on  condition  that  the  eldest  son  of  the 
king  assumed  the  word  **  dauphin  "  as  a  title. 

Davy-lamp,  day\vy  lamp.    A  miner's  safety-lamp. 

Invented  by  Sir  Humphrey  Davy,  and  called  by  his  name. 

Dawdle,  daw'.d'l,  a  loiterer,  to  fritter  away  time;  dawdled, 
daw\dld;  di^wdling,  dawd'.ling ;  dawdler,  dawd.ler. 

Dawn,  day-break,  to  begin  to  grow  light;  dawned  (1  syl.), 
dawn'-ing.    (Old  Eng.  dagung,  dawn ;  dag[ian],  to  dawn.) 

Day,  plu.  days  (R.  xlv.);  daily  (not  dayly,  as  it  ought  to  be, 
R.  xiii.),  adj.  and  adv.;  day  by  day,  every  day  (here  by 
means  after,  succeeding -to);  to  day,  this  day  (Old  Eng. 
to-dceg,  this  day ;  to-afen,  this  evening) ;  daybreak,  day- 
spring,  dawn ;  to  win  the  day,  to  gain  the  victory. 

Dey.     The  title  of  the  governor  of  Algiers,  before  its  con- 
quest by  the  French. 

Old  English  dceg,  day ;  d(eg-tima,  day-time ;  dag-candelf  the  sun. 
"  Dey,"  Turkish  ddi,  a  title  similar  to  senior,  father,  &c 

Daysman.    An  umpire,  mediator.     (Job  ix.  33.) 

A  corruption  of  daxs-man,  a  man  who  sits  on  the  daU  to  Judge. 

Day>-work,  work  by  the  day.    Day^s-work,  tbe  work  of  a  day. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  181 

Daze  (1  syl.),  to  stupefy;  dazed  (1  syl.),  daz'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Old  Englteh  dy«,  seen  in  dysig,  foolish  :  dyngiian\  to  be  a  fool. 

Dazzle,  daz'ji\  to  overpower  with  light;   dazzled,  ddz'.z'ld; 
dazzling,  dafding;  dazzling-ly,  dazzle-ment. 
Old  English  dyrignes,  dizziness ;  dysitflicm],  to  make  diuy. 

Be-  (Latin  prefix),  motion  down  or  hack,  hence  "  the  reverse." 

**  D£  "  (preflxt)  denotes  privation, 
Diminution,  and  negation. 
Motion  from  or  downward  states, 
Reverses  and  extenuates. 

Deacon,  fern,  deaconesa,  deef .kon-ess ;  deaoonHship,  office  of... 

Latin  dAacdnua:  Greek  diaJednos  (from  didk&nio,  to  serve.) 

Dead,  ded,  lifeless ;  dead'-ness,  dead'-ly,  dead'li-ness  (B.  xi.) ; 

deaden,  d^d^n,  to  numh,  to  ahate  force ;  deadened,  dSd\n"d  ; 

deaden-ing,  ded'.ning ;  deaden-er,  death  (g.v.) 

Old  English  dedd,  deddiian},  past  deddode,  p.p.  deddod. 

Deaf,   dSf  (R.  vi.),  without  "  hearing ; "  deaf -ly,  deaf-neas ; 

deieifen,  dSfn,  to  make  deaf;  deafened,  defnd;  deafen-ing, 

def.ning.    (Old  Eng.  deaf  (adj.),  deafe  (noun)*) 

Deal,  deelt  a  large  part,  fir  or  pine  wood ;  to  distribute  cards, 
to  traffic ;  past  and  p.p.  dealt,  delt ;  dear-ing,  deal'-er. 

To  deal  with  A.  B.,  to  treat  with  A.  B. 

To  deal  hy  A.  B.,  to  treat  A.  B.  well  or  ill. 

To  deal  to  A.  B.,  to  give  the  next  card  to  A.  B. 

A  great  deal  hetter ;  i.e.,  better  by  a  great  deak 

Deal  now  means  a  large  portion,  bat  ddkl  formerly  meant  a  portion 

or  lot  (v.  dd1\(m\  to  distribute) ;  past  ddlde,  past  part.  dMed. 
**  Deal"  (wood),  German  dieU,  a  plank  or  board. 

Dean,  deen»    Title,  The  Very  Reverend;  Address,  Mr.  Dean. 

Dean^-ery,  the  office,  revenue,  house,  or  jurisdiction  of  a 
dean  ;  mral-dean,  plu,  rural-deans.    Dene,  a  down,  q.v. 

Dean  and  chapter,  the  bishop's  council,  including  the  d  ean. 

French  doy^n. ;  Latin  decanus,  leader  of  a  file  of  soldiers  ten  deep  : 
the  head  of  the  bishop's  council,  which  originally  consisted  of  ten 
canons  and  prebendaries  (from  Greek  di(ka,  ten.) 

Dear,  beloved,  expensive.    Deer,  a  stag.     (Both  deer.) 

Dear,  dear-ness ;  dear'-ly,  fondly,  high  in  price. 

He  i>aid  dearly  for  his  folly  (not  he  paid  dear...) 

Dear  me !  a  corruption  of  dio  mio  (Ital.) 

Old  English  de&r^  beloved,  ejq>ensive  ;  also  "  a  deer." 

Dearth,  derth,  scarcity. 

French  dear^  as  "length"  from  long,  &o.  So  in  German  tfteuer, 
dear :  theure  zeit,  dearth  (dear  time). 

Death,  df^th ;  death'-less,  death'-like,  &q.    (See  Dead.) 

Old  English  doeth  or  dedlh. 


182  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Debar,  disbar;  -barred,  -hard;  -barr^-ing  (Bulel) 

Debar',  to  deprive,  to  forbid.    (The  Fr.  debarrer  is  nn-bar.) 

Disl)ar^.    To  take  from  a  barrister  his  right  to  plead. 

Debase'  (2  syl.)*  to  degrade;  debased'  (3  8yl.),deba8''-iiig  (R.  xix.), 
debas-er  (one  who  debases),  debase'-meat 

Debate'  (3  syl.).  to  argue ;  debaf -ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  deb&f -ing, 
debating-ly,  d^at'-er  (Rule  xix.),  one  who  debates. 
French  d^at,  v.  debattre  (battre,  to  beat) ;  Spanish  debate. 

Debauch,  de.hortch\  intemperance,  to  corrupt,  to  vitiate; 
debauched'  (2  syl.).  debauGh'-ing;  debaach'-er,  one  who 
debrtuches;  debauchery,  de.&ortc/i^^.r^ ;  debauch'-ment ; 
debauchee,  deh\o.8he'\  a  man  of  intemperate  habits. 

Debenture,  de.hSn'.tchnry  an  acknowledgment  of  debt  bearing 
interest  to  the  holder;  debentured,  de.hSn'.tchurd,  per- 
taining to  goods  on  which  debentures  have  been  drawn. 
French  dibeiUwe  (from  the  Latin  d(^>eo,  to  owe  [money]). 

Debilitate,  deMV.i.tate,  to  weaken ;  debil'itat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.); 

debilltat-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  debilitation,  de  hiV .Ltay" .shun, 

state  of  weakness ;  debility,  de.biV.i.ty,  weakness  of  health. 

French  dibilU&r.  debilitation  ;  Latin  debttitdre  (to  weaken),  debilitae, 
debilia,  weak  (de  fioMlis  not  futbiUf  or  of  sound  constitution.) 

Debit,  deb\it  (n.  and  v.),  an  entry  (or)  to  enter  a  customer's 
name  on  the  debtors'  side  of  a  ledger ;  deb'it-ed,  deb'it-ing. 
Latin  debSre,  supine  dSbUum^  to  owe.    (In  LaUn  d^  Lb  long.) 
Debonair,  d^&'.o.natr",  gentle  and  courteous ;  debonair'ly. 

French  dSbonnaire;  that  is,  de  hon  air,  of  good  air  or  mien. 
Debouch,  'de-hoo8h\  to  march  out  of  a  defile ;  debouched'  (3  syl.) ; 
debouch'-ing,  de.hoosKdng  (not  de.bootch'.ing);  debouch- 
chure,  dib\oo.8hure\  the  mouth  of  a  river. 
French  d4b(yuch4,  v.  dSbotkcher,  d^boudiment  {de  bouche,  from  the  mouth. ) 
Debris,  da.bree'.    Rubbish,  fragments  of  rocks,  <fec. 

French  dibris,  plural  noun  (from  de  bris,  out  of  the  wreck). 
Debt,  dSt,  something  due ;  debt-or  (not  -er\  dif.-Sr  (6  mute). 

Latin  dSbttum,  debitor  (from  deb^^  to  owe). 
Debut,  da.boo\    First  appearance  as  a  public  character. 
Debutant,  fem,  debutante,  deb'.oodaKn,  deb\oo.tant, 
French  d^it,  d^bviant,  d^nUante,  v.  d^buter  {de  but,  from  the  goalX 
Deca-,  deka  (Greek  prefix  meaning  ten). 

Deca-chord.    A  musical  instrument  with  ten  strings. 
Deca-gon.    A  plane  figure  with  ten  angles  (^dnto,  an  an^e.) 
Deca-gjm'ia.     Plants  with  ten  pistils  (Gk.  gunS,  females). 
Doca-hed'ron.    A  solid  figure  with  ten  sides  {?iedra,  a  base). 
Deca-litre,  -lee'tr.     A  measure  often  "litres"  (quarts). 


AND  OF  SPELLWO,  183 

Deca-logne,  -Jog^  The  commandments  (2o^i»,  [God's]  word). 

Deoa-metre,  -mee^fT,    A  measure  of  ten  "  metres  "  (yards). 

Dec-an'dHa.    Plants  with  ten  stamens  (Gk.  andres,  males). 

Beca-pdd,  plural  decapods  or  de^^ioda,  de,kap\d.dSh, 
Crustaceatls  with  ten  legs  (Gk.  podes,  feet). 

Beca-Btich,  dek\a.8tKk.    A  poem  With  ten  lines  (Gk.  itikos), 
BecaHityle,  dek^,a.8tile,  A  porch  with  ten  pillars  (Gk.  tfulos). 
Decade,  d^k\ade,  a  batch  of  ten.    l)ecayed,  de.kade\  rotten. 
Hecad-al,  d^VfM.duil  (not  d^.kay\ddl),  a^j.  of  "decacle." 
Latin  dieas,  gen.  d^eddis^  a  decade  (Greek  d^fha,  ten). 
Decadence,  de.kay^dense ;  decadenby,  de.kay\den.9y,  state  of 
decay  (-cy  denotes  "state");  decadent,  de.kay\dent, 
Fr.  dSeadence;  Lat.  decAdens,  gen.  -dentis  {de  cadifre^  to  fall  off). 
Decalconianiie,  da^.kaV.ko.mah'.nee,    The  art  of  tran5^tTing  the 
surface  of  coloured  prints,  &c.,  for  decorative  purposes. 
IVench  dicalquer^  to  reyttrse  the  trading  of  a  drawing  or  engraving. 
Decamp"*,  to  remove  from  a  camp,  to  depart  hastily ;  decamped' 
(d  syl.);  decamp'-ing;  decamp'-ment,  departure... 
Fr.  dicamper,  decampment  (de  camper,  to  break  np  an  encampment). 
Deea&t,   de.kanf,  to  draw  off  wine,  <fec.  (not  to  decdnter); 
decant'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  decant^ -ing ;  decant'-er,  a  bottle, 
one  who  decants.    Descant,  des.kanf,  to  prate  about. 

"Decant,"  French  dwxnUr:  de  <»nttn«,  [to  draw]  ttom.  a  oahteen. 
*'  Descant,"  Latin  dKanJUkns  to  prate  abont. 

Decapitate,  de.c&p\K.tdtey  to  behead  ;  decap'it&t-ed  (R.  xxrvi.) ; 
decapltat-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  decapitation,  de' .cap.l.tay*\8hun, 
Lat.  deedpltdre  (from  de  eajntt,  gen.  capttie,  [to  take]  off  the  heid). 
Decatbonise,  de\kar^'.h5.nizet  to  deprive  of  carbon  (R.  xxxi.); 
decar'bonised  (4  syl.) ;  decar'bonis-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  decat'- 
foon!B-er,  decarboi]dsation,  de\ka'/-ho.ni.zay*'^hun. 
Latin  de  cwrho,  [to  deprive]  of  carbon. 
Deoay',  to  rot ;  decayed'  (2  syl.),  decay'-ing,  decay'-er  (R.  xiii.) 

Latin  de  cado,  to  fall  awa7  from.    (An  ill-formed  word.) 
Decease,  de.sese',  death,  to  die.     Disease,  diz.eez\  sickness; 
decease',  deceaaed'  (2  syl.),  deceas  -ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Latin  deceeeus,  departure ;  de  eedo,  sup.  eestum,  to  go  awa7  ftom. 
Deceire,   de.8eev\  to    impose   on    one;    deceived,   de.seevd' ; 
deceiv'-ing,  deceiV-er  (R.  xix.),  deceiv'-^ble  (R.  xxiii.), 
deceiv'ably,  deceiv'able^iess. 

DiBiMit,  de^eef;  deceif-fnl  (R.  viii.),  deceif  fol-ly,  deceif- 
Itdness;  deception,  de.8^'.8hun;  deceptive,  de.8^\Vlv; 
decep'tive-ly,  decep'tive-ness,  decep'tible  (not  -able); 
deceptibility,  de,  8^p\  VL  hiV.  1  ty, 

iTrench  deceptif,  deception  :  Latin  deeeptio,  dScXp&re,  supine  dteeptum, 
to  entrap  (from  de  oapio,  to  take  in>. 


184  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

December,  de.sem\ber.  The  tenth  month,  beginning  with  March. 

Lat.  decemJ)er  (from  decern^  ten ;  and  -ber.    ** Bar"  (PeTS.)>  period). 
Decemvir,  plu.  decemvirs  or  decemviri,  de.8em\vir,  de.8em\- 
vi.ri.     Ten  magistrates,  "  decemvir,"  one  of  the  ten. 

Latin  decemvir,  pin  decemviri  {decern  viri,  ten  men). 
Decency,  plu.  decencies,  de\8en.8y,  de\8en.8iz,     {See  Decent.) 

Decennary,  de.8en\na,ry  (double  n),  a  period  of  ten   years; 

decennial,  de.8en\ni.dl,  once  in  ten  years ;  decen'nial-ly. 

Latin  difcennium,  the  space  of  ten  years ;  dicenndlis. 
("Annual"  becomes  ennial  in  the  compounds,  bi-ennial,  tri-ennial, 
dec-ennial,  per-ennial,  &c.    Latin  decennisj 

Decent,  d€f.8ent,    decorous.      Descent,    d^.senf,    lineage,  &c. 

descent,  de'cently ;  de'cency,  plu.  de'cencies,  de'.8«n.«fo ; 

de'centness.  (Fr.  decent,  decence  ;  Lat.  decency  becoming). 

"Descent  "is  the  Latin  de«cendo,  to  descend  (detcando,  to  climbdown). 

Deception,  de.8ep' .8hun ;  deceptive,  de.8ep\tlv,     (See  Deceive.) 

Decern,  de.zem\  to  judge.    Discern,  di8,8em\  to  distinguish. 

Latin  deeemo,  to  decree ;  but  discemo,  to  distingoish. 
Decide,  de.8ide\  to  determine ;  decided,  deM\ ded.  (Rule  xxxvi.); 
deci'ded-ly,  decid'-ing,  decid'-er.     (Eule  xix). 
Decision,  de.8%z\8hun,  determination ;  decisive,  de,8i'Mv ; 
decisive-ly,  decisive-ness.    (Note  the  c  in  these  words). 
(Observe. — Verbs  in  -de  and  -dadd  "  sion"  not  '*  tion".) 

French  decider,  dicisif,  decision ;  Latin  di<AdSre :  sup.  detHsum,  to 
decide  (from  de  ccedo,  to  cut  away  [what  is  irrelevant]). 

Decidnons,  de.8\d\u.u8  [plants  not  evergreen],  which  shed  their 

leaves  [in  autumn],  decid'nous-ness. 

Latin  dBfAdnius,  subject  to  decay  (&om  de  cddo,  to  fall  off). 

Decimal,  des^tmaly  numbered  by  tens ;  dec'imally  (adv.) 

Decimate,  des'.tmate,  to  pick  out  every  tenth ;    dec'imat-ed 
(R.  xxxvi.;  dec'imat-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  dec'ima-tor  (R.  xxxvii.); 
decimation,  des'-Lmay'^shun,  selection  of  every  tenth. 
French  decimation,  v.  d4cimer;  Latin  didLm&re,  dgdimus,  the  tenth. 
Decipher,  dejuWjer,  to  unravel  obscure  writings ;  deci'phered 
(2    syl.);    deci'pher-ing,  deci'pher-er,    deci'pher-able, 
that  which  may  be  deciphered. 
Fr.  ddchiffrer,  to  decipher  ;  Low  Lat.  de  ciphra ;  Ital  deeiferart. 
Decision,  deMz*.8hun ;  decisive,  de^'Mv.    (See  Decide.) 

Deck  (of  a  ship),  to  adorn;  decked  (1  syl.),  deck'-ing;  deck'er, 
a  ship  having  decks,  one  who  adorns. 
Old  Eng.  decan,  to  cover  ;  Germ,  decke,  a  covering,  v.  decken,  decker. 

Declaim%  to  inveigh;  declaimed'  (2  syl.),  dedaim'^-ing, 
dedaim'-er;  declamation,  deltf .la.may'* shun ;  declam- 
atory, de.klum'.a.to.ry,  bombastic. 

French  declamation,  d4clamatoire ;  Latin  dMdmdtio,  dedamdtor, 
dedamdtorius,  decldmdre  (from  de  elamo,  to  speak  aloud). 


AND    OF  SPELL1XG,  1^5 

Declare,  dexlavi^,  to  assert;  declared'  (3  syl.),  dedar'-ing, 
declax'-er  (R.  xix.),  declar'-able  (R.  xx.),  declaredly, 
dexlai"/ .ed.ly  ;  dedaration,  dik\la.ray'\shun ;  declara- 
tive, de.clar'ry.tlv ;  declar'ative-ly ;  declarator,  de.- 
clar'ra.tor;  declar'ator-y,  declar'atori-ly  (Rule  xi.) 

French  dSdaratif,  dSelaration,  deelaratoire,  verb  declarer. 

Lat.  declarator,  declardiio,  decldrdre  (de  clardrCf  to  make  quite  clear). 

Declensioii,  deMWi'^hun,     A  grammatical  form  of  nouns,  a 

falling  off.     (An  informed  word.)     S^^  Decline. 

Decline'',  consummation,  to  lean,  to  refuse,  &c. ;  declined'  (2  syl.), 
declin'-ing  (R.  xix.),  declin'-able  (1st  Lat.  conj.) 

Declination,  d^-lLnay'^-shun,     Deviation. 

Declension,  d«.X;2^'.«^un  (of  a  noun).    A  falling  off.    (v.8.) 

Declinator,  d^k'-l%.nay''-tor.    An  astronomical  instrument. 

Decliner,  de.klinef.er.     One  who  declines  a  noun,  &c. 

French  d^elin,  declinable,  d^clinaison ;  t.  decliner,  to  decline. 
Latin  declinatio,  a  deviation,  a  declension  ;  y.  decllndre. 
(The  supine  of  "  dedlno"  is  deellnatmn,  and  it  is  quite  impossible  to 
obtain  declension  ther^om.) 

Declivity,  plu.  declivities,  de.cliv^i.ty,  de.cUv\i.tiz  (not  declev- 
ity)t  an  inclination  downwards.    An  inclination  upwards 
is  an  acclivity,  ak.ktlv'.i.ty. 
Declivitous,  de.kllv'.i.tuSf  adQ.  (not  declivatous). 
French  didiviU;  Latin  deelivitas  {de  cllvtts,  a  downward  slope). 
Decoction,  de.kSk^ .shun.    The  liquor  containing  the  virtues  of 
something  which  has  been  boiled  in  it. 
Latin  decdquo,  snpine  decoctum,  to  boil  down. 
Decompose,  de'kdm.poze.    Discompose,  di8\k6m.poze!^. 
Decompose.     To  analyse,  to  reduce  to  elements. 
Discompose.     To  disturb,  to  ruffle,  to  agitate. 
De'compose',  de'composed'  (3  syl.),  de'composing.    (R.  xix.) 
de'compos'-er,  de'compos'-able  (R.  xxiii.),  decom'posite. 
Decomposition.  de'-kom.po.zi8h''-on.    Analysis,  decay,  &c. 

French  dScomposaible,  v.  decomposer,  decomposition:  Latin  de  com 
[con]  p6nere,  to  do  the  reverse  of  putting  together. 

Decompound,  de.kom'.pound  (noun),  de\kdm.pound'  (verb.)   A  de- 

com'pound  leaf  or  flower  (Bof.),  is  a  compound-compound 

leaf  or  flower;  that  is,  each  part  of  each  leaf  is  compound. 

De'compound,'  to  make  a  compound  of  different  compounds; 

de'compoiind'-ed(R.xxxvi.),de'compound'-able.  (R.xxiii.) 

JH  Ib  for  dis  (Greek),  twice.    It  is  a  wretched  hybrid,  and  ought  to 
\m  bicompound.    (Latin  &i  [bis]  compdTio.) 

Decorate,    dShf.o.rate,    to  adorn ;    dec'orat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 

dec'orat-ing  (R.  xix.),  dec'orat-or,  one  who  decorates; 

decoration,  dek' .o.ray'' .shun ;  decorative,  dek\o,ra*tlv. 

French  dieoration,  v.  dicortr;  Latin  di^orare  (from  decus^  bean^). 


186  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

DecoroQB,  de.kdr^nu  (not  d^\o.m8\  befitting,  seemly;  deoor'- 
ous-ly,  decor'ous-neBg ;  deoorani)  de.k^rom, 

Vr.  dSoorum,  propriet7 ;  Lst.  deeOrUm,  deeOnu  (from  deeuSf  beaiit7). 

Decoy',  to  allnre ;    a  lure,  a  place  for  catching  wild-fowls ; 
decoyed'  (3    eyl.),    deooy'-inK  (Rule  xiii.),  dewsoy'-er; 
deooy'-dtick,  a  duck  employed  to  lure  wild  dueka  into  a 
net  or  place  for  catching  them. 
A  coiruptioQ  of  duck-coy,  a  duck  lure ;  Gertnan  kdder,  a  Inre. 

Decrease,  de'krese  (noun),  de.krese'  (yerb).    Eule  L 

De'crease.  diminution ;  decIea8e^  to  diminish ;  decreased'  (2  syl.)* 
decreas'-ing  (B.  xix.),  decreas'ing-^ly,  decres'cent. 
Lat.  decreseo,  to  grow  less  and  less  (de  craco^to  increase ;  -w-  inoeptive). 

Decree',  an  edict,  to  deteiTnine  by  edict;  decreed',  decree'-ing; 
decreer,  de.kreef.ery  one  who  decrees :  decre'tal  (one  e\ 
a  decree,  a  book  of  decrees  (also  adj)\  decre'tive, 
de.kree'.tXv,  having  the  force  of  a  decree;  decretory, 
de.kree\to,ry,  judicial,  decided  by  a  decree. 

French  d4cret,  dicretale,  yerb  dicreter;  Latin  deergtdlii,  decrilOriiu, 
deerHum  (from  decemo,  supine  decr^um,  to  decree). 

Decrepit,  de.krep^.lt  (not  decrepHd),    Infirm  fironl  age. 

Decrepitude,  de.hrSp\l.tude,    Infirmity  from  age» 

Fr.  dScr4pit,  decrepitude ;  Lat.  decripUus  (from  diorepOt  to  craeUe 
like  burning  salt ;  de  cH(po,  to  crack,  hence  "  to  break  down  "). 

Decrepitate,  de.krep'.ttate,  to  crackle  like  burning  salt; 
decrep'itat-ed  (Rule  xzxvi.),  decrep'itat-ing  (Rule  zix.) ; 
decrepitation,  de,kr^\i.tay'' .shun,  a  crackling. 

French  d&cripitation,  t.  decripiter;  Latin  deergpltdre  (frequeBtatfre 
of  crgpo,  to  rattle  or  crack). 

Decrescent,  de.kr^^sent  (adj.)    Becoming  smaUer  and  smaller. 

(-8C-  is  inceptive.    Latin  decreacens.)    See  DeCteaSe. 

Decre'tal,  decre'tive,  decre'tory.    (See  Decree.) 

Decry',  decries'  (2  syl.),  decried'  (2  pyl.);  decri'-al,  a  daaiorous 
censure;  decri'-er  (R.  xi.),  one  who  decries;  detery'-ing 
(with  a  y,  R.  xi)    French  dicrier,  to  cry  down. 

Dedicate,  d^dr.Lkate,  to  devote ;  ded'icat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  ded'i- 
oat-ing  (R.  xix.),  ded'ic§t-or,  ded'icatory;    dedication, 
ded' .i.kay'\8hun,  the  act  of  devoting  or  conseomting,  a 
complimentary  address  prefixed  to  a  book,  Ac 
Latin  dedicdtio,  v.  dSdicdre,  to  devote  (from  de  diedre,  td  ▼©#  to). 

Deduce,    de-ditae',  to   infer;    deduced'    (2   syl.),    deduo'-ing 
(R.  xix.),  deduc'-ible  (not  -able.    Not  of  the  1st  Latin  con- 
jugation) ;  dedu'cible-ness,  deduoe'-ment  (R.  xvit,  xviii.) 
Latin  deduc^fre,  (to  draw  down  from)  henoe,  "  to  infer." 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  187 

BsAaot',  to  Bnbtraot,  to  take  from;   dedvot^'^d  (K.   zxxvi.), 
dediict'-iiig ;     dednotiye,    de.duk\tiv ;    deduotive-ly ; 
deduction,  de^dnk' jBhun^  subtraction,  infereooe. 
French  d6dMti(m;  L«lia  dBdiKtio,  dtdSM^  tap.  iIedMc(iim(T.8.) 

Deed,  an    action    (Old  Eng.    ddd,  a   deed;    d4dla^  a  doer). 
Indeed,  in  fact ;  In  very  deed,  in  very  fact,  in  reality. 

Deem,  to  be  of  opinion ;  deemed  (1  syl.),  deem'-ing. 

Deem^ster.    A  Judge  in  the  Isle  of  Man  and  in  Jersey. 

OM  English  dSma,  a  Judge :  ▼.  4&m!iwC\,  to  deem  or  judge ;   past 
rf^iMfe  (  2  sfl.);  past  part,  dimed,  deemed,    {-ster  both  genders.) 

Deep,  far  to  the  bottom,  cunning;  (noun)  the  sea;  deep'-er 
(comp.)^  deep'-est  (««pO>  deep'4y,  deep'-ness. 

Deep'- en,  deep'%  to   make  deeper;    deep'-ened  (2  syl); 
deep'en-ing,  deep'-ning  (  2  syl). 

Old  English  dedp,  deep,  i»:ofoimd, ;  dedpnea,  doppetan,  to  sink. 
Deer,  iing,  uid  plu.^  the  stag,  (fro.    Dear,  beloved,  expensive. 

"  Deer,"  Old  English  dedr;  "Dear,"  Old  EngUsh  deiir-e,  v.  deihian]. 
f**  Deer,**  *'aheep,"  and  "noitie,**  are  both  singular  and  plural.) 

De&oe'  (2  syl.),  to  disfigure;  defaced'  (2  syl.),  defax}'-ing  (Rule 
xix.),  defacing-ly ;  def ac'-er,  one  who  defaces ;  deface'- 
ment  (Eule  xviii.  %.\  ii^jury  to  the  surface. 
IH  faett  to  destroy  the  face  or  surface.    (Latin  fogies,  the  face.) 

DefiUoation,  de\fal.kay'\8hufn  (not  <26'./t!)^Aat/"'.8/mn),  fraudulent 
deficiency;  defalcator,  de\fdLka/y'\tor. 
French  dSfalcation;  Latin  defalcalio  (de  /ate,  a  pruning  knife). 

Defame'  (2  syl.),  to  slander;   defamed'  (2  syl.),  defam'-ing, 
defim'ing-ly;  defam'-er  (Rule  xix.),  one  who  defames. 

Defamation,  dSf'-^.Tnay^'-shunj  slander;  defamatory,  de.- 

fdm\a.td.ryf  slanderously. 

{The  first  syU  of  the^e  words  in  Fr.  and  Lat.  is  dif-.) 

French  diffiamation,  diffamatcire^  verb  diffamer;  Latin  diffdmatiOf 
diffamdre  (d^[de]/ama,  to  deprive  one  of  his  fame). 

Defaulter,  de.foV.ter.    A  peculator. 

Old  French  defiiulU,  now  difaut,  defect ;  Low  Latin  d^altiMi. 
Defeasible,  de.fee'M.Vl,  alienable.    Indefeasible,  inalienable. 

Low  Latin  d^eigiMlis  (Latin  d^ficiOf  to  undo ;  de  /ado). 

Defeat,  de.feet\  to  frustrate,  to  vanquish,  a  frustration,  an 
overthrow ;  defeaf -ed  (Rule  xxxvi. ),  defeat'-ing. 
(The  -ea-  of  these  words  is  indefensible.) 
French  dSfaite  {dAfaire,  to  undo;  Latin  de /actus,  undone). 

Defecf,  a  fault;  defection,  de./^^hun,  a  revolt;  defective, 
de^f^Jiiv,  imperfect;   defec'tive-ly  (R.  xi.).  defeo'tive- 
nees,  defecf-ible;  defectibility,  de.fSk\ti.hU'\i,ty. 
Latin  di/eebns,  d^eetio^  d^ectimu  {de/acio,  to  undo). 


188  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Defence^  (2  eyl.)  a  protection,  a   vindicatioD ;   defence'-lesB, 

defenceless-nesB ;   defences,   de.fen\8^z,    (Rule  xxxiv.) 

(This  is  one  of  the  worst  anomalies  of  the  language.    The 

"  c "  ought  to  have  been  an  8,  and  has  been  preserved  in 

the  compounds.   See  Defensive.)   See  also  Condense,  note, 

French  dA/ense ;  Latin  d</en«tM,  d^endo^  supine  d^enswn,  and  alao 
df/enso  (from  de/endo,  to  driye  away). 

I>efend^  to  protect,   to  vindicate;    defend'-ed  (Rtile  xxxyI.), 

defend'-ing,    defend'-er,    defend'-able    (Kule    xxiii.), 

defend'-ant   (Rule  xxy.),    the  person  who   defends  or 

replies  to  a  charge  in   a  law-suit.     The  person  who 

makes  the  charge  is  called  the  plaintiff. 

French  d^fendre,  dAfendcMe,  d^endewr  ;  Latin  defendiHrt, 
(As  usual  the  wrong  conjunction  defendable  is  French.  J 

Defensive,  de.fSn\slVy  the  side  or  posture  of  defence;  ddfen'- 
sive-ly ;  defensiblis,  de.f^\s\.b%  what  may  be  defended: 
defensibility,  de.fin'MMV\i.ty.    (See  Defend  ) 
French  dSfeneive  ;  Latin  dtfmdo^  snpine  defrnxuim,  to  defend. 

Defer',  to  postpone,  to  submit;  deferred,  de.ferd' ;  defer'zing; 
deferr'-er,  one  "^ho  postpones,  one  who  submits  in  opinion. 

Deference,  def.e.rense,  respect  to  another ;    deferential, 

def  .e.ren" .shal,  respectful ;  deferen'tial4y. 

{In  Latin  these  two  verbs  are  not  identical :  To  "postpone  " 

is  diflferre,  to  "  submit*'  is  deferre.   We  have  bprrowed  owr 

words  from  the  Frefich  d6f6rer,  to  ** postpone**  and  to 

" submit"  and  to  the  sam£  source  we  oioe  the  ahnormal 

spelling  of  the  last  four  words.) 

French  difirer  (both  verbs),  dSfirence,  ddfSrent^  deferentiaL 
Latin  d^(^o,  to  defer ;  part,  d^irens,  gen.  d^ereniU;  diffiro,  to 
submit ;  part,  diff^ens,  gen.  diffirentis. 

Defiance,  defi'Mnse,  menace.    {See  Defy.) 

Deficient,  de.JisK.entt  not  perfect ;  deficient-ly  (adverb). 

Deficiency,  plu.  deficiencies,   de.fish\en.siz   (Rule  zliv.' 
stHte  of  imperfection,    {-cy  denotes  state^  &c.) 

Deficit,  de\fi.sit.    Deficiency  in  a  money  balance. 

French  deficient,  deficit;  Latin  d^fuAens^  genitive  d^/leienM«,  va 
d^do  {de  fado,  to  reverse  of  "  making  complete  "). 

Defile  (noun),  de\file,  a  narrow  pass;  (verb)  de.file^  (Role  ' 
to  pollute,  to  march  with  a  narrow  iiront  or  in  single  f 

Deffle',    deffled'    (3    syl.),    deffl'-ing    (both    meaning 
def  il'-er  ( H.  xix.),  one  who  pollutes ;  defile'-ment,  pollut 

♦* Defile"  (to  pollute),  Old  Eng.  g<^iil{anl 

**  DefUe  "  (to  march  in  single  fllej.  Fr.  d^filer ;  Lat.  fUum,  a  thre 

Define'  (2  syl.),  to  explain,  to  circumscribe;  defined  (3 
defin'-ing  (R.  xix.),  defin'-er,  defin'-able  (R.  x: 
def In'-ably ;  definition,  def'.tnish'\unfmesanng  explii 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  189 

Definite,  d^f'.inlt  (not  def\\,nxte\  precise,  exact;  def'i- 
nite-ly;  def'inite-nees  (Kule  zyii.)»  exactness. 

Definitive,  deJln'AMv,  positive;   definltive-ly ;    defin'i- 
tive-ness,  preciseness,  exactitude. 

French  d^/nir,  d4ftnitif,  dSftnition ;  Latin  definite,  definitely  ;  d^- 
nUiOj  d^niiivtu,  d^nire,  to  define  (from  Jlnu,  a  limit). 

Deflect^,  to  torn  aside ;  deflecf-ed  (Rule  xxxyI),  deflect'-ing. 

Deflection,  better  deflexion,  de.fl^^hun.    Aberration. 

Deflexed,  de.flexf  (Bot.)    Bent  down  in  a  continuous  curve. 

French  deJUxUm ;  Latin  d^flexus,  d^cto,  supine  d^flextvm  {de  JUctOt 
to  bend  downwards,  to  bend  away  from). 

Deform^  to  distort;  deformed'  (3  syl.), deform'-ing,  defonn'-er; 
deformation,  de' .for.may'' uthurif  disfigurement. 

Mial-formation.    Abnormal  formation,  misformed. 

Deformity,  plu,  deformities,  de.for^.mttiz.    Distortion. 

French  deformation,  verb  deformer.    Latin  diformdtio,  dgformitas; 
ditormdre,  to  disfigure  {de  forma,  the  reverse  of  beauty  or  form). 

Defrand^  to  cheat;  defraud'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.)»  de£raud'-ing ; 
d^Eraud'-er,  one  who  defrauds. 
Latin  d^T(mddxe  (de  firaudo,  to  cheat  thoroughly ;  firatts,  fraud). 

Defray',  to  bear  the  expenses;  defrayed'  (3  syl.),  defray'ing 
(R.  xiii.),  defray'-er ;  4efray'-ment,  payment. 
Fr.  d^ayer  (defrais,  [to  cancel]  a  charge) ;  Low  Lat.  fredum,  charge. 
Defdnct,  de.funkf,  dead.   (Lat.  defuncttu,  discharged  [from  life].) 

Defy,  to  dare,  to  challenge;  defies,  de.fize;   defied'  (9  syl.), 
defi'-er  (not  defy-er),  defi'-ance,  defi'-ant,  hut  defy'-ing. 
French  d4fl,  d^fianee,  defiant ;  v.  d^evy  to  defy  or  challenge. 

Degenerate,  d€.gen\e,ratey  to  grow  worse;  degen'erated  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  degen'erat-ing ;  de^^eneration,  de,gen',e.ray".' 
shun;  degeneracy,  de.gen\e.ra.8y  {-cy  denotes  a  "state"); 
degen'erate-ly ;  degen'erate-ness,  degenerate  condition. 

French  d4u4n4ration,  v.  dig^nirer;  Latin  diggn&rdre  (from  deginer, 
unlike  his  ancestors ;  de  gens,  to  fall  away  from  one's  race). 

Degrade',  to  disgrace;  degrad'-ed  (Rule  xxxyi.),  degrad'-ing, 
degpradation,  deg\ra.day'\8hunj  dishonour,  loss  of  rank ; 
degrad'-er,  one  who  degrees  another ;  degra'ding-ly. 
Fr.  degradati4m,  ddgrader.    Lat.  de  gradus^  [to  reduce]  from  grade. 
Degree'.     A  measure  applied  to  circles,  rank,  relationship,  <&c. 
By  de^^rees.     Little  by  little,  gradually.    (French  degri,) 

Deify,  de\i.fy,  to  exalt  to  the  gods;  deifies,  de\l.JUie;  deified, 
de'.tjide;  deifi-er,  de\l.fi.er,  one  who  deifies;  deifica- 
tion, de\i.fifkay'\8hun,  exaltation  to  divine  honours. 

DeisnjL,  (ie'.um,  belief  ixi  ^  creator  but  not  in  revelation: 


190  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

deist,    de\lBt,   one    whose   (steeA.   is   deism;   deistical, 
de.isf.tkal;  deistical-ly,  deXsfJCkShly, 
Bnty,  p£u.  dftitiea,.  deXPiz.    (Biile  zi.) 

(Dei-  is  pronounced  di-,  except  m  this  $et  of  words  and  in 
the  word  ** deign"  where  it  has  the sotmd  of  "Bh ") 
French  d^^ioaUon,  ▼.  dSifter,  dManu,  dHsU,  d4itS;  Lttftin  deltas. 
Deign,  dain't  to  voachsafe.    BEUie,  a  natiye  of  Denmark. 

Deign,  deigned  (1  8jl.)»  deign'-lng.    IHs^daia,  to  oontemn. 
("  Deign  "  and  "  disdain  "  shoftUA  be  spelt  in  one  way ; 
both  are  from  the  Lat,  dignns,  Fr,  daigner.) 
French  daigner,  to  deign ;  dd-daigneTf  to  disdabi.    Latin  dignus. 
Deino^  di.nO'  (Greek  prefix  meaning  terrible  from  hugeDdss  of 
size,  marvellously  great  in  bulk). 

DeinomJB,  di.nor^.fds,  A  huge  fossil  bird.  (Gk.  omis,  a  bird.) 

DeinoHUUiroB  or  deinoHsanriaii)  plu.  deinoHsanriansy  eB^no.- 
saw".rti8  di'.no^aw'\riMn,  di*M0.8aw'\ri.anz.  A  huge 
foBsil  lizard.    (Greek  sauros^  a  lizard.) 

DeiBO-therinm,  phi,  delno-theria,  di' .no.rhee'' .riMn^  plo. 

di\no.Thee^\rtah.    A  huge  fossil  animal  with  a  trunk. 
Greek  deirwa  tMriont  a  terribly-hnge  beast. 
{These  words  are  sometimes  spelt  di-  instead  of  dei-.) 

Deject',  to  dishearten ;'   dejecf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  dejec'ted-ly, 
dejee'ted-ness,  deject'-ing;  d^ection,  de.jeyf.skwn. 
Fr.  direction;  Lat.  de^iegn,  sup.  dtjeetuin  (de  jado,  to  throw  dkiwBX 

Delay',  to  defer;  delayed'  (2  etyl.)  not  delaid.    (It  ia  not  a  oom- 

pound  of  lay,  B.  xiv«,  but  the  supine  of  diff^o^  Lat.) 

delay'-ing,  delay'-er  (R.  xiil),  one  who  delays. 

French  dilai;  Latin  diffiro,  supine  dildtum,  to  defer. 

*'  Defer  "  is  from  the  root  and  "  delay  "  from  the  sup.  of  the  same  ▼erh. 

Delectable,  de.Uk\ta.VL    (See  Delight.) 

Delegate,  deV.e.gate,  a  representatiye,  to  send  a  representative ; 

*  del'egat-ed  (K.  xxxvi.),  delegat-ing  (R.  xix.),  intrusting 

a  commission  to  another ;  delegation,  del* -e. gay". shun, 

French  dAUQoiion,  v.  dMigvy&r;  Lat.  deUgatio,  v.  d&ig&re  Qi$  ijgHn^ 
to  send  away  as  ambassador  or  legate). 

Delendum,  plu.  delenda,  de.len'.ddh  (Lat),  to  be  erased.     In 
printers'  proofs  written  del  or  d. 

DeleteiionB,  dM\S.tee'' .ri.iis,  hurtful;   delete'rious-ly,  delete'- 
riouB-ness.    (The  de-y  in  Greek,  is  long. ) 
Greek  diUtirios,  diUtir,  a  destroyer ;  diledmai,  to  destroy. 
Delf.     Coarse  earthenware,  originally  made  at  Delft  (HoUtBd^ 

Deliberate,  de.lW.i*rate,  slow  to  determine,  to  weigh  in  the 
mind  the  pros  and  cons  ;  deliberate-ly,  deliberate-aeei 
delib'erat*^  (R.  xxxvi.),  delib'erat-ing  (R.  xix.),  delib'- 


A}fD  OF  SPELLING,  191 

erat-0r;  ctoUbeiatioii^  de.}Xb\e.ray^'a)mn;  deMberal-iye, 
<l0.2i6^«.m.ttv;  MiVQi!ati¥e47,  with  deliberation. 

diliberativus,  dUiUrdltfir,  w,  delG>eTtbre. 

IMobacj^  jpttt.  dtUo*eM«»  diV.i.ha^,  ^V.i.kcLsU,  A  dainty, 
weaJmess,  tenderness,  consideration  for  otbarSk 

Delicate,  diV.i.het;  del'iaate-ly,  delleftte-HMB. 
French  dilicaJt;  Latin  dOitMut,  delicate,  fine,  dainty. 
BelidoBS,  deMih'Mty  delightful   to   the   taste;    delidoiu-ly, 
deUeionfr-Jiesa.    (Fr.  d4licieuz ;  Lat.  dellciai,  delights.) 

JkUigkV,  pleasore,  to  please;  delight'-e4  (R.  xxxvi.),  delight'- 
io«;,  Oelighr-fnl  (R.  viu.).  d«lighrfal-ly,  delighrfia. 
ness;  delight'-vBomd,  full  of  delight  {^somet  Old  English 
sui&x,  "full  of");  delig^t'8one-ncifl8»  agreeableness. 

Be^ootable,  deMW.ta,Vl;  deLec'table-aeaB;  deleotability, 
de.leW.taMV\%.ty ;  de&ectfttio9«  de.UW ,tay" ^hun, 

French  dilectabU,  dSUctation,  ▼.  dSleder.    Latin  dileddbiUi,'  dike- 
tdtio,  y.  dcUcto,  to  delight ;  lacto,  to  allure,  to  charm. 

Delineate,  de.Un\S.ate,  to  draw,  to  design;  delin'eat-ed  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  deHn'eat-ing  (R.  xix.),  delin'eat-or  (R.  xxxvii.); 
delineation,  de^Vin' .i.a'* ^hurh^  a  drawing  in  Unes  or  wx}rdB. 
French  dilitUaUon;  Latin  dUiM&Uo,  dettnedtor  (de  llnaa,  aline). 
Delinquent,  de,V(n\quent.    One  who  commits  a  fault. 

Delinqnenoy,  plu.  delinqnendes,  de.lfn\qtten.siz.   Misdeeds. 

French  diUnquant  (wrong  conj.);  Latin  dilinquena,  gen.  -querUis,  to 
fail  in  one's  duty  (de  linqudre,  to  leave  behind). 

pelirimwi,  de.Ur'rLus,  wandering  in  mind  from  illness ;  deliri- 
onBely,  delizioas-ness;  delirium,  de,lir^ri.um^  temporary 
aberration  of  mind ;  delirium  tremens,  deMr^ri.um  tree\- 
ment,  insanity  accompanied  with  a  trembling  of  the 
^mbs,  generally  brought  on  by  drunkenness. 
Lat.  delirium,  dotage  {de  lira,  [to  get]  out  of  the  furrow  in  ploughing). 

Delittante  (no  such  word).    See  Dilettante. 

Deliver,  de.Uv\er,  to  set  free,  to  save,  to  hand  over,  to  disbuiden, 
to  utter ;  delivered,  de.liv\erd ;  deliv'er-ing,  deliv^er-er, 
deliv^er-able,  deliv'er-^ance,  deliv^ery. 

To  deliver  up,  to  surrender.    To  deliver  over,  to  transfer. 

French  d^Kveranoe,  v.  diliverer,  d^Unerewr;   Latin  de  liMraa^e,  to 
liberate  from  [bondage]  {liber,  freeX 

QftD  (R,  v.),  a  valley.    (Old  Eng.  ddl,  a  dale;  Welsh  twU,  a  pit) 

Delphian,  deU.fl^an,    Ddphine,  del'.fin, 

Delphian.     Pertaining  to  the  oracle  of  Belphi,  in  (Greece. 

Belphine.    A  Freneh  edition  of  the  Latin  classics  for  the 
use  of  the  '*  Grand  Dauphin  "  (son  of  Louis  XIY.) 


102  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


BelphinidiB,  dSl.fln*.tdee.    The  dolphin  genus. 

Delphinium,  del.fln\tum.    The  larkspur  species  of  plants. 
Called  delphinium^  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  tiie  un. 
opened  flowers  to  an  heraldic  dolphin. 
Called  larkspur  from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  homed 
nectary  to  a  lark's  spur. 

"  Delphian,"  Greek  Delphinios,  adj.  of  Ddphoi  (or&cle  of  Delphi). 
"  Delphine,"  Greek  delphin  or  ddphis,  a  dolphin  ;  Old  Eng.  delfin. 
**  Delphin-idss,"  -idee,  a  Greek  patronymic,  denotes  a  family  or  gioap. 
*'  Delphin-ium,"  -ium,  a  Latin  termination,  denotes  a  species. 

Deltft,  deV.tdhy  a  triangular  tract  of  land  at  the  mouth  of  certain 
rivers,  as  the  Nile,  so  called  from  the  Greek  A  {d  or  delta), 
Deltic,  deV,tlkf  a^j. ;  deltoid,  diV.toidy  somewhat  resem- 
bling  a  delta.     (Greek  delta  eidos,  delta  like.) 

Delude'  (2  syl.),  to  deceive;  delud'-ed  (3  syl.,  R.  xxxvi); 
delud'-ing  (R.  xix.);  delud'-er,  one  who  deludes; 
delud'-ahle  (B.  xxiii.),  easily  deceived,  gullible. 

Delusion,  Illusion,  de.lu'jshun,  ildu\zhun. 

Delusion  is  deception  from  want  of  knowledge. 

Illusion  is  deception  from  mprbid  imagiDation. 

Delusion  (B.  xxxiii.);    delusive,  deM\ziv;   delu'aiye-ly, 

delusive-ness ;  delu'sory,  de.luze\5.ry. 
Latin  delucUfret  to  cheat  {de  Ivdo,  to  play  on  [ope's  credulity]). 

Delve  (1  syl.),  to  dig;   delved  (1  syl.),  delv'-ing  (Bule  xix); 
delv'-er,  one  who  delves. 
Old  English  d«(f  [anj,  to  dig ;  past  deaTf^  past  part,  ddven. 

Demagnetise,  de.7nag\ne.tize^  to  undo  magnetic  influence; 
demagnetised,  de.inag' me.tlzd ;  demagnetlB-ing,  de,- 
mag'.nS.tize.ing  (B.xix);  d^magnetis-er,  de.mag',nS.tize,er. 

"Magnetise"  is  to  affect  with  magnetism,  or  to  make  magnetio; 
de-  reverses ;  and  "de-magnetise  '  Is  to  undo  the  former  processes. 

Demagogue,  d^'.a.g5g.    Demigod,  dem\i.gSd. 

Demagogue.    A  factious  mob  orator. 

Demigod.    A  man  who  has  rank  with  the  gods. 

"Demagogue,"  French  dAmagogue:  Greek  d6m-dLg6gdt^  a  popular 

leader  {ddmds,  the  people) ;  Latin  dem&gdgtis. 
"Demigod,"  French  cCfmi,  half,  and  our  native  word  "God."    The 

word  healf  or  half  is  the  native  word  for  demi,  as  hea^f-dyfieHd, 

a  semi-vowel,  healf-tryndel,  a  hemi- sphere. 

Demand^  a  request,  to  claim  or  seek  with  authority ;  demand'-ed 
(B.  xxxvi.),   demand'-ing,   demand'-er,   demands-able 
(not  -ihle);  demand'ant,  the  plaintiff  in  a  law-suit 
French  demande^  ▼.  drntander;  Latin  demandofn  {mando,  to  order). 

Demarcation,  de'.mar. hay** .shun.    A  line  of  separation. 

French  dimarcation ;  Old  English  mtaxct  a  mark,  a  boundaiy. 


AXD  OF  SPELLING.  103 

I>enieaii%  to  bebave,  to  debase ;  demeaned'  (3  syl.),  demean'- 
ing;  demeanour,  de.mean'.or,  behavionr. 

'*  Demean  "  (to  deport  oneself X   ' '  De-port "  is  Latin  de  porta,  to  carry : 

and  '*  demean  "  ii  French  de  merier,  to  lead  or  cany. 
"Demean"  (to  debase  oneself)  is  Old  English  ge-nutiu,  common. 

Demi-,  dem'-i-  (Frencb  prefix),  half.    Demy,  de-mf  [p&P^i']*  9-t^* 
Qreek  himi-f  Latin  aimi-  (from  Greek  Admints,  Latin  »imi$,  half). 

Demi-god.    A  deified  man. 
This  hybrid  word  is  partly  French  and  partly  Anglo-Saxon. 

Demi-lime.  A  term  in  ^or^    (French  d^mt^un^,  half  moon.) 

Demi-Bemiqnaver,   dihn'.i  sSm^i-qua^ver,      Half  a  semi- 

quaver,  the  shortest  musical  note. 
This  is  French  dttni;  Latin  aSmi;  Spanish  quiebro,  a  trill  1 1 
Demi-yolt  (Fr.)    One  of  the  seven  movements  in  fnanige. 

Demise,  de.mize'y  death,  to  bequeath ;  demised'  (2  syl.),  demis'- 
ing  (Bule  xix.),  demis'-able  (Rule  xxiii.) 

Latin  dimitUref  snpine  dimissumt  to  send  down  [to  the  grave],  hence 
''death";  to  send  down  [to  heirs],  hence  '*  to  bequeath." 

Democracy,  plu.  democracies,  de.mdl^.rd,8y,  de.mdk\ra.siz,  a 
republic;  democratize,  de.m5k'.ra.tize,  to  make  demo- 
cratic; democratized"  (4  syl.),  democratiz'-ing  (R.  xix.) 

Democrat,  dim'.o.kratf  a  favourer  of  democracy;  demo- 
cratic, dem\o,krdf'Mt  or  democratical,  dem\o.krdf\i.kal 
pdj.) ;  democratical-ly,  in  a  democratic  manner. 

Greek  d6mdkratia  {d£m6s  kraUfOt  to  govern  by  the  people),  dSmohra- 

tizOy  ddmokratikds. 
(The  Uut  syllable  is  -cy,  "statCy  office,  rtUe**'  not  -sy.    Similarly 

"aristocracy,'^  "autocracy,*'  and  the  hybrid  "mobocraey") 

Demobilise,  de.mo'Ml.ize,  To  "mobilise"  troops  is  to  render 
them  liable  to  be  moved  out  of  their  quarters  to  serve 
against  an  enemy.  To  "demobilise"  them  is  to  send 
them  home,  as  not  required  for  active  service. 

Demo'bilise,  demo^bilised  (4  syl.),  demo'bills-ing  (R.  xix.); 
demobilisation,  de.mo* Ml.i.zay'\8hun. 
(These  words  came  into  popular  use  in  the  Franco-Prussian 
war,  hut  have  not  yet  found  their  way  into  dictionaries.) 

Demolish,  de.m8l.ish,  to  pull  down;  demorished  (2  syl.), 
demoFish-ing,  demol'lsh-er;  demolition,  de\in5l.ish'\on. 

French  demolition,  v.  dimolir :  Latin  dem^lUio,  v.  dSmSliri  {mdlier 
is  to  heap  up,  de  molior  is  the  reverse  of  "heaping up"). 

Demon,  d^.mSn,  a  fiend ;  demonism,  de'.mi^.izm,  belief  in  the 
active  agency  of  demons ;  demonology,  de'.mo.ndV^o.gy, 
a  systematic  treatise  on  demons  (Gk.  logos,  discourse,  &g.), 
demonolatry,  dt.mo.nbV',atry,the  worship  of  demons  (Gk. 
latreia,  worship),  demoniac,  de\md\ni.ak,  one  possessed  t^ 
demoniacal,  <2«^mo.n^^cI.iba^adj.);  demoni'acal-ly;  demo- 

N 


194  ERRORS  OF  SPEECJI 

nize,  de\m8.nize^  to  make  one  like  a  demon ;  de'moniaecl 

(3  syL),  de'monlz-ing  (Rule  zix.)i  de'mon!z-er. 

French     dimon^    ddmcniaque,  dimonograjthe,  dimonologit;    Latin 
damon,  damUfnidcua;  Greek  dainuJn,  daimOnidkds,  davmOnizdmai. 

Demonstrate,    de,mon' Mrate    (not    dSm/(m.8trate\    to    prove; 

demon'strated  (Rule  xxxvi),  demon'strat-or  (not  -er.  Role 

xxxvii);  demonstrat-ive,  de.mon\8tra.t%v ;  demon'stra- 

tive-Iy,    demon'strative-ness;    demonstrable,    dejawn'- 

8tra.Vl;   demon'strable-ness,  demon'strably  (Ist  Latin 

coi^.)    Role  xix.     demonstration,  dem\on.8tray''8hun. 

French  dSmonstratif,  demonstration;  Latin  dSmonstratio,  eUiium- 
ttraMvus,  dBmonatrdtor,  dimonstrdre  {monstrOf  "  to  point  out "). 

Demoralise,  de.mor'ral.ize,  to  injnre  the  morals,  to  disorganize ; 

demor'alLsed  (4  Kyi.),  demor'alte-ing  (R.  xix.),  deimor'- 

alis-er ;  demoralisation,  de.rruy/ral.i.zay'\8hun. 

French  dSm&ralizationf  v.  ddmoralisoer  ;  Latin  de  mores, 

Dempster.     A  judge  in  the  Channel  Isles,  and  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

Old  English  ddma,  a  judge ;   d4m[an]^  to  judge ;   [-<ter  is  not  a 
feminine  suffix,  but  is  used  in  both  genders). 

Demulcent,  de,muV.8ent.  Soothing.  (Lat.  demulcenSt  gen.  -centU,) 

Demur',  to  hesitate  from  doubt;  demurred'  (2  syl.),  demurr'-ing, 
demurr'-er  (EL  i.),  in  Law^  an  issue  raised  on  some  legal 
question  in  a  suit,  one  who  demurs;  demurr'-able ; 
demurr'-age,  a  fixed  charge  for  the  detention  of  trucks, 
&c.,  belonging  to  another  railway  company ;  an  allowance 
made  to  the  owners  of  a  ship  by  the  freighters  for  deten- 
tion in  port  beyond  time. 
French  demeure,  v.  demewer;  Latin  dSmordri  (mdra,  delay). 

Demure,  de.meur^,  coy ;  demure'-ly,  demure'-ness. 

French  dea  moeurs  {avoir  des  mceurs,  to  have  proper  morals). 

Demy,  plu.  demies,  dejml\  de,mize\    Dem'i.    Demise'  (2  syl.) 

Demy',  a  size  (in  paper)  between  "  royal "  and  "  crown", 
a  "  scholnrship  "  in  Magdalen  College,  Oxford ;  demyahip, 
de.my^^hip^  the  possession  of  a  demy  scholarship  (-«/iip, 
Old  Eng.  affix,  "  tenure  of,"  *'  state",  "jurisdiction,''  &c.) 

Demi,  dem\i  (Fr.  prefix),  half;  Lat.  8emi  ;  Gk.  himi. 

Demise,  de.mize',  <death. 

"  Demy  "  [paper],  that  is,  demirroyal  20  in.  by  16,  instead  of  24  by  1ft. 
"Demy  "  [Oxford],  is  a  demi  or  inferior  fellowship. 

Den-  (Old  Eng.  postfix)  a  valley,  a  wooded  place :  as  TeDtet-den. 

Den,  a  cage  for  wild  beasts,  &g.    (Old  Eng.  den  or  denu,  a  den.) 

'DeDAiionBMBe,de.na8h\on.dl.ize.  To  deprive  of  nationality.  The 
Poles  are  denationalised,  being  incorporated  into  Russia, 
&c.;  denationalised,  de.na8h',(m,aXdzed;  denaf  loiiaiis-ing. 

Dene  (1  syl.),  a  valley.    Dean,  »  church  dignitary. 
' '  D«ne/'  Old  Bngliah  defw.    "  Dean,"  Latin  decdmm. 


AXD  OF  SPELLING,  105 

Denial,  de,ni^.dL    {Ste  Deny.) 

Denizen,  d^A.zSii,    A  naturalised  citizen. 

Denizen  is  one  made  a  citizen  ex  donatione  regit  (hy 
royal  gift  or  charter).    A  denizen  was  a  trader  within 
the  walls  of  a  town ;   a  forein  was  a  trader  without  the 
walls  (Lat.  /oris,  abroad). 
Low  Latin  dermenus;  Old  French  donaiaon  (Latin  donum,  a  gift). 

Denominate,  de.nSm\i.nate^  to  designate;  denom'inat-ed  (R. 
xxxvi),  denom'inat-ing  (R.  xix.);  dencmi'inat-er,  one 
who  denominates ;  denom'inat-Or,  in  fractiom^  the  figure 
below  the  line,  as  \  (here  "2"  is  the  denominator  because 
it  "  designates"  into  how  many  parts  the  unit  is  divided. 

Denomination,  de.nhm'.unay".8hun,  name,  a  society  (chiefly 

applied  to  religious  sects);  denominational,  de.ndm\i.- 

nay*\8)mn,&U  sectarian ;    denonmia'tioinal-ly ;   denomi- 

na^ye,  de.nom\i.na.ttv, 

French  dSnominatenrf  a  denominator,  dinlnnina^f,  dAnonUnation  ; 
Latin  denomindtio,  denOnUndtlvibs,  dindmindtor,  that  which  gives 
the  name  [to  a  fraction],  denOmindre  (from  nomen,  a  name). 

Denote'  (2  syl.),  to  indicate ;   denof-ed  (K.  xxxvi.),  denot'-ing 

(B.    xix.),    denot-able;     denotation,    de\no.tay'\8hun ; 

denotative,  do.no'.ta.tlVj  having  the  power  to  denote. 

Fr.  dinotaticUt  r.  dfinoter;  Lat.  dendtdUo,  den&tdre  (ndia,  a  mark). 

Denouement  (French),  da^.nou.mah'n  (not  da.nou\e.m(mg),  the 
winding  up  or  final  catastrophe  of  a  drama,  &c. 

Denounce,  de.nounse',  to  inform  against ;   denounced'  (2  syl.), 
denoonc'-ing  (R.  xix.),  denounc'-er,  denounoe-ment. 
(Five  words  drop  the  final  e  before  -ment,  viz.,  acknowledg- 
ment, abridgment,  argu-ment,  lodg-ment,  judg-ment.) 

Denunciation,  de,nun\8e.a" .shun,  a  public  denouncement ; 
denunciator  (not  -ter),  one  who  denounces ;  denuncia- 
tory, de.nvmf.she.a.Vry y  containing  a  denouncement. 

French  dinoncer,  ddnondation;  Latin  denuncidtiOf  denuncidre,  to 
dmotmce  (de  nuncio,  to  inform  against). 

Dense,   dence,  thick.      Dens,  denz,  plu.    of  den;    dense'-ly, 
closely ;  dense'-ness,  den'sity.    (Rule  xix.) 
French  dense,  densvU;  Latin  densus,  denslteLs,  v.  densdre. 

Dent,  a  notch.    Dint,  force,  power. 

"  There  is  a  dent  in  the  [teapot],"  not  dint. 

**  He  did  it  by  dint  of  [kindness],  by  the  power  or  force  of. . . 

Dent  (verb),  denf-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  dent'-ing.      The  more 

usualformsof  this  verb  are  indent',  indented,  indent'-ing; 

indentation,  in\den.tay'''8hun  (has  no  simple  form). 
Denf-al,  pertaining  to  the  teeth;   denKist;    den'tistry, 

the  art  and  profession  of  a  dentist;  dentition,  d^.tith\unf 

the  '*  cutting"  of  teeth. 


1U6  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Dentate,  d^'.tate  (in  BoU\  toothed  [applied  to  leayes]; 
dentated,  dm'.ta\ted  (B.  xxxtI.)  ;  dent'ate-ly. 

Bentelle,  dahn\tell.    Lace,  lace-work. 

Penticle,  den',ti.k%  a  small  projecting  point  like  a  tooth ; 
denticnlate,  d^.tW.u-late  (in  Bot,),  finely  toothed; 
dentic'olate-ly ;  denticnlation,  d^,tWM.lay"^?mn. 

])^ntiflice,  dinfM.fri8.    Tooth-powder. 

Latin  denies  frleo,  to  rub  the  teeth. 

Dentine,  den'.tine  (not  den\teen).  The  tissue  which 
forms  the  hody  of  a  tooth,    (-in^  Lat.  "  substance.") 

Dentils,  d^^.tUz  (in  Arch.)  Little  square  projections  in 
the  bed-mouldings  of  cornices,  &c. 

French  dent,  a  tooth  ;  dental,  dentelle,  deniicuU,  dentifrice^  dentiste, 
dentition;  Lat.  dens,  gen.  dentis,  dentic&ku,  dent^^fricium,  dcntitio. 

Denude'  (2  syl),  to  strip ;  denud'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  denud'-ing  (Rule 

xix.),denM'-er,  denudation,  d6.nu^da^''.8?iun,  divestment. 

French  dinudaiion,  y.  d4nv4er;  Latin  dinuddtio,  v.  ddnuddre,  to 
make  entirely  naked  (from  ntidus,  naked). 

Denunciation,  de,nv>n\ie,a"  shim.    (See  Denounce.) 

Deny',  to  refuse,  to  contradict ;  denies,  de.niz^;  denied,  de.nide'; 
denf-er,  denl'rable,  denf-ai,  but  deny'-ing  (Rule  xi.) 
French  dinier,  to  deny ;  4ini,  a  denial ;  Latin  denigdre^  to  refiue. 

^eodand,  de\o.dand,  A  fine  on  the  master,  when  one  of  his 
chattels  has  caused  the  death  of  a  human  creature. 

Latin  dec  dandue,  given  to  .(}od.  As  the  person  thus  killed  died 
.without  absolution,  the  money  was  given  for  "masses  for  the 
dead."    Abolibhed  in  1846. 

Deodorise,  de.o'.do.rize,  to  disinfect,  to  neutralise  bad  odours ; 
deo'dorised  (4  syl.),  deo'dorls-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  deo'doris-er, 
a  disinfectant ;  deodorisation,  de.o'.do,ri.zay'\8kun. 
Latixi  de  ddeo,  i.e.  dleo,  to  stink  (de  reverses). 

Deoxidate,  de.ox'.i.date,  to  deprive  of  oxygen ;  deoxldat-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  deox'idat-ing  ^Rule  xix.),  deoxidation, 
de.ox\iJ^y*'.8hwn,  deprivation  of  oxygen. 

Deoxidise,  /dl.occf  .i.dize,  to  deprive  of  oxygen ;  deoz'idiaed 
(4  syl.),  c^eoz'idis-ing,  deoxldis-er,  that  which  deoxidises. 

Deozigemite,  de.ox.if  ,e.Tuite^  to  deprive  of  oxygen;  deox- 
ig'enat-edf'dcozigpenat^ing,  deoz;ig'enat-er,  that  which 
deprives  of  oxygen  ;  deoxigenation,  d^,ox.if.e.nay"jihun, 
(It  is  usual  to  spell  these  words  with  -xi-,  hut  €u 
"oxygen"  is  spelt  with  a  >*y,"  the  change  should  never 
have  been  made.) 

French  de  -oxydahle,  -oxydation,  -oxyder,  to  deoxidise,  -oosygtfnoHon, 
V.  -oxyg^fier;  Greek  oxiu  gend,  to  generate  sour  or  acid  [compounds]. 


AXD  OF  SPELLTXn,  lf>7 

Deparf,  to  leave ;  depart'-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  depart^ ing,  departure, 
de.par'.tctmr,  a  going  away,  death. 

Department,  a  specitic  branch  of  a  business;    depart- 
mental, de.part.men'.talf  limited  to  a  department. 

French  dSpart,  ▼.  dipartir,  dipartement,  dipartenuntal : 
Latin  de  paaiire  or  -irif  to  separate  from  [others]. 

Depend",  to  rely  on;  depend'-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  depend'-ing, 
depend'-ent  (not  dependant),  dependent-ly,  depend'-ence 
(not  dependance);  depend'ency,  plu.  dependencies, 
de.p^',den'Mz;  depehd'able  (R.  xxiii).  Independence,  in'- 
depend'ency,  in'depend'ent,  in'depend'endy  (in-,  neg.) 

Dependent  on   [another];    Independent  of  [all  others]. 

Pendent /rom  [the  ceiling],  t.«.,  hanging  down  from. 

French  dipendomee,  dependant  (wrong  conj.) ;  Lat.  cUpendens,  gen. 
depandentis,  r.  depvndere  (de  pendeo,  to  huig  on  or  from). 

Depicf ,  to  paint,  to  describe ;  depicf  ed  (Rule  xxxvi),  depicfing ; 
depicfer,  one  who  depicis.    (Latin  depicttis,  painted.) 

Depilatory,  de.ptV.a.to.ry,  an  ointment  or  lotion  for  removing 
hair  [from  the  face  and  arms]. 

French  dipUatoire;  Latin  d^ldre,  to  remove  the  hair  (pfliw,  hairX 
Depletion,  ds.plee' .shun,  exhaustion ;  depletive,  dt.plee\tiv, 

Latin  deplere  (pUo,  to  fill,  de  reverses). 

Deplore'  (2  syl.),  to  lament;    deplored'  (3  syL),  deplor'-ing 
(R. xix.), deploring-ly (adv.);  deplor'-er,  r)ne who deplnr.s ; 
deplor'-able,  deplor'ably,    de-plor'ableness ;    deplora- 
biiity,  de.plor^ .a.blV'.i.ty ,  deplorable  state. 
French  d6plora3bUy  v.  ddplorer;  Latin  depWrdre  (pldro,  to  wail). 

Depolarise,  de.pd\lar.ize,  to  deprive  of  polnrity;  depolarised 
(4  syL),  depolans-ing  (R.  xix.);  depolarisation,  de.po,- 
lar,i,zay'\8hun.  To  polarise  light  is  to  split  each  undu- 
lation into  two,  each  split  undulation  is  "  polarised  light." 

Polarity,  po.lafri,ty,  the  "  state  of  being  polarised." 
French  polariscUion,  polarUet,  poUvriU;  Latin  polarU,  polar. 

Depopulate,  de.p6p\u.late,  to  lay  waste,  to  deprive  of  inhabit- 
ants; depop'ulat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  depop'ulat-ing  (R.  xix.), 
depop'uiat-or  (R.  xxxvii.);  depop'ulation,  -Uiy'^shun. 

Frendi  dApopulaiien;  Latin  depdpiUdtio,  depdpiUdtor,  depdpHldre 
(pdpHittSj  people),  to  deprive  of  people,  de  privative. 

Deporf,  to  behave;  deporf-ed(R.  xxxvi.), deporf-ing;  deport- 
ment, behaviour.  The  verb  deport  [to  behave]  must  be 
followed  by  a  reciprocal  pronoun,  as  oneself,  himself  my- 
ielf  herself,  themselves,  yourself,  yourselves.  &c. 

French  diporter,  to  banish;  Latin  deportart,  to  carry  away  (por^o, 
to  bear  or  carry).  We  talk  of  a  man's  hearing  [way  of  conducting 
himself],  his  carriage  [figure  and  bearing],  &c. 


108  EURORS  OF  SPEECH 

Depose,  de.poz^,  to  degrade  from  office  {$  between  two  vowels 
=  z);  deposed'  (2  syl.),  depSs'-ing  (Bnlexix);  deposT-er. 

Deposit,  de.pSz\it^  somethlDg  intmsted  to  another,  a  pawn, 
to  give  something  as  a  pledge,  to  lay  by  mcmej  in  the 
bank;  deposlt-ed  (R.  zxxiri.),  depos'it-ing,  depoB'it-or 
(R.  xxxvii.);  depository,  de.poz^.i.to.ry^  place  for  deposits. 

(This  word  €U(ftd  to  be  depositaiy ;  Fr.  dSpositaire:  Lat.  depdHtarius.) 
Deposition,  de'.pojsish'.tm.    Statement  made  on  oath. 

FreDch  diposer,  dipomiion;  lAtin  depdsitio^  depdsitor,  depdHtutt 
depOngre,  supine  depdsltum  {de  p<mo,  to  lay  [scHuething]  do¥m). 

Depdt,  plu.  depots,  da.pd'j  dd.pdze*  (Fr.),  not  day'po,  nor 
dep\po,  a  place  where  stores  of  a  specific  sort  are  kept. 

Deprave'  (2  syl.),  to  corrupt;  depraved'  (2  syl.),  deprav'-ing 
(R.  xix.),  deprav'-er ;  depravity,  plu.  depravities,  de.- 
prdv'.i.tiZt  moral  turpitude;  depravedness,  de.prdvd^ness. 

Depravation,  de.pray,vay\8hun.    State  of  moral  turpitude. 

Deprivation,  de,pry.vay\8hun.    Divestment. 

French  depravation,  v.  depra/ver;  Latin  deprdvdtio,  deprdvdre  (trom 

promts,  crooked ;  de-pravo,  to  dis-tort). 
"Deprivation/*  is  Latin  deprivatio  (from  privdre,  to  take  awayX 

Deprecate,  dep'.re.kate,  to  blame,  to  curse ;  dep'recat-ed  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  dep'recat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  dep'recating-ly,  dep'- 
recat-or  (not  -er,  R.  xxxvii.);  deprecatory,  dep\re.ka.try ; 
deprecative,  dep'.re.ka.tlVj  dep'recntive-ly. 

Deprecation,  dep'.re.kay*' .shun.    A  cursing,  a  blaming. 
Depreciation,  de.pree' M.d.8hyn.    Detraction  of  value. 
French  dipricatwn.,  ddpricatif;  Latin  de  preedri,  to  pray  agaixut. 

Depreciate,  dS.pree* M.ate,  to  lessen  in  value;  depse'ciat-ed 
(K.  xxxvi.),  depre'ciat-ing  (R.  xix.),  depreciat-or  (not  -«r, 
R.  xxxvii.) ;  depreciation,  dS.pree' .8i.a''^hun,  detraction 
of  value;  depreciative,  <2e.2'7^««'.sLa.tiv;  depre'ciatiTO-ly; 
depreciatory,  de.pree" J8\.a.t6.ry, 
Rr.  depreciation,  ▼.  deprider;  Latin  deprgddre  {prMum,  the  pricpX 

Depredate,  dep' .re.date,  to  plunder ;  dep'redat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
dep'redat-ing  (Rule  xix.).  dep'redat-or  (Rule  xxxvii.); 
depredatory,  dep" .re.da\t'ry  (adj.),  plundering; 
depredation,  dep\re.day'\8hunj  spoliation. 

French  depredation;  Latin  d»-  prvedaiio,  proeddtor,  pnedaUifitu 
(from  prceda^  W^7*  booty). 

Depress',  to  lower  in  spirit  or  in  value ;  depressed'  (2  syl.),  de- 
press'-ing,  depress'ing-ly,  depress'-or  (not  -er,  R.  xxxvii.), 
depression,  de.presh'.mn,  lowness,  dejection,  concavity. 

French  divresnon;  Latin  depressio,  deprestor,  y.  deprimo,  8uiiin« 
depressum  (de  premo,  to  press  down). 


AND    OF  SPELLIXG.  199 

I>eprive%  to  take  away,  to  lose ;  deprived',  depriv^-ing  (R.xxxyiO> 
depriv'-er,  depriv'-able,  deprivatioii,  dS.pri\vay" ^hun. 
Lfttin  d6-  privSn^  to  Uke  away  from ;  frivatiA, 

Depth.     Observe  these  four  words,  Length,  breadth,   depth, 
and  height  (not  heighth,  as  it  is  often  pronounced). 
De^;  -thf  Old  Eng.  postfix,  converts  adj.  to  abstract  nouas. 

Separate,   de.p-u' .rate,  to  free  from  impurities ;    depu'rat-ed 
(R.  xxxvi.),  depu'rat-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  depoiation,  de.pn*, 
ray^'^kun;  depuiatiye,  dejm'.raMv, 
(The  accent  of  these  words  is  often  thrown  en  the  first 
syllable,  hut  the  way  given  is  the  more  correct) 
French  dipwrer,  dSptvraiion ;  Latin  depurdtio  fpurus,  pure,  dean). 

Depute' (2  syl.),  to  appoint;  depuf-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  depuf-ing 
(R.  xix),  deput'-er;  deputy,  plu,  deputies,  dep'.uMz, 
persons  deputed ;  deputaticm,  dep\u,tay'^^hun. 

French  deputation,  v.  diputer ;  Latin  depiUdre,  to  lop  off  ^pAto,  to 
prune).    A  "deputy  "  is  one  cut  offtrom  others  for  a  given  object. 

Derange,  de.rainf  (not  de.rdnj),  to  disorder;  deranged'  (2  Ryl.), 

derang'-ing  (R.  xix.),  derang'-er,  derange'ment  (only 

five  words  di-op  the  e  final  before  -ment.     Rule  xviii.  %). 

French  d&rangement,  v.  d4ranger  (ranger  to  put  in  rank,  de  reversesX 

Derqptis,  dh^^^Xis.  A  fossil  eel-like  fish  in  the  chalk  formation. 

Greek  VerhiStiaj  a  Syrian  goddess,  like  a  mermaid,  similar  to  Da^jon, 

Derelict,  d^ry.VUtt,  abandoned,  goods  forsaken  by  the  owner; 
dereliction  [of  duty],  det'ry.lik'\shun  (not  derelectian), 
neglect  [of  duty]  involving  guilt. 
Latin  dirSlictiOt  dir^ictus  (de  relinquor,  relictus,  to  leave). 

Deride'  (2  syl),  to  laugh  at ;  dei^d'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  derld'-ing 
(R.  xix.),  derid'-er,  one  who  derides. 

Derision,  de.rizj'.un,  ridicule;  derisive,  de,ri',8ltj ;  deii'- 
give-ly,  derifiiye-ness  (Rule  xxxiii.) 

French  ddrider,  dirinan;  Latin  deridire  supine  dirisum,  to  laugh 
at ;  derisio. 

Derive'  (2  syl.),  to  acquire,  receive,  draw  from  a  source ;  de- 
rived' (2  syl.),  deriv'-ing  (R.  xix.),  deriv'-er,  derivable. 

Derivation,  dei^ry.vay*\shun,  tracing  to  the  root,  descent. 

Derivative,  dejr^',a.tiv,  a  word  formed  from  another,  not 
fundamental;  derivative-ly.     Rule(xvrL.) 

French  dirivatif,  derivation,  v.  d^river;  Latin  diriv&tio,  dirivdtimu, 
dirivdre  [de  rivo  [to  draw]  from  the  river  or  source). 

Dernier  ressort,  den^.nca  res'-sor  (French).  The  last  expedient 
or  resource.  (Not  dernier  resort,  which  is  one  word 
French  and  one  English,  and  ought  not  to  be  tolerated. 
Either  say  dernier  ressor  or  the  last  resource.) 


200  EliRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Derogate,  de/ro.gate,  to  disparage ;  der'ogat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
dero'gat-ing;  derogation,  der^ro.gay'^tlmn, 
Derogator,  de.rSg\a,tor,  a  detractor;  derog^atory,  derog'- 
atori-ly  (Bule  xi.),  derog'atori-ness  (Rule  xi). 

French  dAroQationy  dirogatoire,  v.  diroger  ;  Latin  derdgdtio^  derdgdior, 
ddrogdtlviUt  derpgaUyrius^  derdgaid/re  (frequentative',  derifgare. 
{*'  Bogare"  is  bring  in  a  bill  or  propose  a  law ;  **  de-rogare  "  is  the 
reverse,  i.e.,  to  repeal  a  law.) 

Der'rick.     A  temporary  crane  for  removing  goods  irom  a  vessel. 

So  called  from  Derrick,  the  Tyburn  hangman  (17th  centuryX 

Dervish  or  dervise,  der^.vU.    A  Mohammedan  ''  monk"  of  great 

austerity.    (Persian,  derwesch,  poor.) 

Descant,  des.kdnif,  to  comment,  to  talk  to  oneself;  deecant'-ed 

(R.  xxxvi.),  descant'-ing,  descant^-er. 

{Tfie  Jirgt  syllable  should  be  dis.   T?ie  word  is  "  dis-cant.") 
Spanish  discantar,  to  descant :  Latin  dis  eantofre^  to  sing  apart. 
Descend,  de.send'  (not  des.send\    The  word  is  compounded  of 

de  and  scando^  to  climb  down) ;   descend-ed,  defend'. ed 

(R.  xxxvi.),  descend-ing,  defend*. ing. 

Descendant.  One  proceeding  from  an  ancestor.  (This 
word  should  be  "descendent;"  but,  as  usual,  we  owe 
our  error  to  the  French.)  Descendent  (in  A8tr.\  is  the 
opposite  of  ascendant.  (Here  again  is  a  marvellous 
confusion.  It  should  be  '*  The  star  is  in  the  ascwident 
or  descendent;  '*  but  if  the  French  error  is  preferred,  then 
take  the  French  words  ascendant  and  descendant,  and 
not  one  right  and  one  wrong.) 

Descend'-ihle  (not  -able) ;  descendibility,  de.send'.%.hW\i.ty. 

Descension,  desen'.shun,  a  falling,  hence  a  quarrel  or 
falling  out  (verbs  in  -d  and  -de,  add  -sion  instead  of 
-tion,  R.  xxxiii.) ;  descensional,  de^en' ^hun.al  (adj.) 

Descent,  de,sen1f  (not  dissent),  slope,  progress  down;  but 

Dissent,  dissenf,  a  disagreement,  to  differ. 

French  dMcefndami,  verb  dMcendre^  descents :  Latin  deseemdens,  gvn. 

descendentiSf  descensio,  descendire  (de  scando,  to  climb  down). 
"Dissent"  is  Latin  dissentio,  i.e.,  dis  sentio,  to  think  differentlj. 

Describe,  desknbe'  (not  des.kribe).  (The  word  is  compounded 
of  de  and  scribo,  to  write  down,  not  des-cribo.) 
Described,  de.skribd';  describ-ing,  de.skribe.ing  (Rule  xix.); 
describ-er,  de,8kribef,er,  one  who  describes ;  describaUe, 
deskribe\a.ble  (Rule  xxiii.)  The  negative  is  indesorib* 
able,  that  which  cannot  be  described. 

Description,  deskfip\shun  (not  dis. skrip'. shun) ;   deserip- 

tive,    deskr\p\t%v    (not   dis.skHp\tlv)',    descriptiTe-ly ; 

descriptiye-ness,  de.skrip\tiv,7iess, 

French  descriptsf,  description ;  Latin  descrlh^re,  descriptio  {de  sorlbo, 
to  write  down,  to  limit  or  define). 


AXD  OF  SPELUXG,  201 

,  to  espy.    Decry,  to  cry  down. 

Descry,  des.hry'  (not  de.8kry\  nor  yet  dU.hry')',  descries, 

des.krize'  (not  dis.krize),  B.  zi.;  descried,  des.kride^  (not 

dis.kride);  descri-er  (not  descry er,  R.  xi.).  de8.cri.er. 

(Thefint  syl.  ought  to  he  dis-  cLsitU  usttally  pronounced. ) 

"JDesciy"  is  a  conniption  of  the  Norman  discrivtr,-  Latin  diteemOt 

supine  diserHum^  to  discern. 
*'  Deciy  "  is  the  French  d4  crier,  to  cry  down. 

Desecrate,  d^\e,1crdte^  to  profane  what  is  sacred,  the  opposite 
of  consecrate ;  des'ecrat-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  des'ecrat-ing  (R. 
xix.);  des'ecrat-er,  one  who  desecrates;  desecration, 
dSs\e.hray'* .shuny  profanation.  (One  of  the  few  words 
in  -Uon  which  is  not  French.) 

(This  word  must  not  be  confounded  with  execrate,  '^to 
detest"  " to  curse") 
Latin  dlseerdre,  dlaecrdtus  (saerdre,  is  to  hallow,  de  revemes). 
Desert,  dez\ert;  desert,  de.zertf;  dessert,  detjserf. 
{Desert,  d&s\ert  (noun);  dez.erf  (verb).    Rule  L 

Desert,  dez'.ert^  a  wilderness,  a  solitude;  di.zert^  to  aban- 
don; deserf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  desert'-ing,  deserf-er 
(should  be  deserter);  desertion,  dS.ze7^.shun. 

{Desert,  dejiert'.  That  which  deserves  reward  or  punishment. 

{Dessert  (with  double  s).    The  course  of  firuit  at  dinner. 

I  ''Desert"  (a  wilderness,  to  abandon);  French  dAsert,  verb  deserter, 

'  d^serteu/r,  desertion ;  Latin  desertum,  a  des'ert ;  desertor,  desertio, 

de^rtdre  (frequentative  of  «^ro,  to  knit  together,  and  (2e-  which 
reverses,  hence  to  unbind,  forsake,  abandon). 
"Desert"  (merit j,  Latin  deservire,  supine  desermtum,  contracted  to 

,  deserHum^  something  deserved. 

I  ''Dessert"  (of  fruit),  French  dessgrt,  what  is  brought  on  after  the 

table  is  cleared  (desservir,  to  clear  the  table). 

i:  Deserve,  deaerve\  to  merit;  deserved,  dczervd';  deserv-ing, 
deae/.ving  (Rule  xix.);  deserv-er,  de.zer'.ver  C's"  be- 
tween two  vowels  SB  z). 

I '  Beserfvdly,  de,zervd\ly,  more  often  de.zer'.ved.ly. 

Deser'ving-ly  (only  in  a  good  sense). 

Latin  deservio,  to  merit  for  service  {servio,  to  do  a  service). 

Deshabille,  properly  pronounced  days'-a.bee'-ya,  but  generally 
called  dis\a.beel,  undress.    (French.) 

Desiccate,  des'Ak.kate,  to  dry  up;  des'iocat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.) 
dM^iccat-ing  (Rule  xix.);  desiccant,  des'.lk.kant,  a 
medicine  to  dry  a  running  sore ;  desiccation,  des\ik.kay*\- 
skun,  the  act  of  making  dry,  or  sta^  of  being  dry. 
Desiocatiye,  de.sW.ka.tXv  (adj.).  Drying  or  tending  to  dry. 
C'DesiccatifM"  is  one  of  the  few  words  in  -tion  rwt  French.) 
Latin  dtaicedtio,  desiceare  (sieeo,  to  dry ;  siccus,  dry). 


202  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Desiderate,  de.8id\e.Tate,  to  want ;  deaid'erat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.) ; 
desid'era-ting ;  desiderative,  dc.sld^ ,e.ra.t^,  (These 
words  are  not  much  used.) 

Desideratum,  plu,  desiderata,  deM^ .ejray^ .twn,  plu.  de.- 
8id'^.ray'\tdh.  Something  needed  to  supply  a  deficiency. 

Desideration,  de^ld\e.ray"^kun.     Something  required  to 

supply  a  deficiency. 
Latin  dlHdirdtio,  desWfratlims^  dMfdifriltus,  dislderSre,  to  crave  for. 

Design,  de.zine't  a  scheme,  a  plau,  to  intend,  to  pkn,  <fec. ; 
designed,  de.zined';  design-ing,  de.zine\ing;  design-er, 
de.zlne'.er ;  design^ed-ly,  dejiine\ed.ly^  intentionally ; 
design-ahle,  de.zine' .aJb'l ;  design4eeB,  dejum^Xets  ; 
designless-ly ;  design-ment,  deju'vne^ment, 
(In  all  the  examples  given  above  the  "  g  "  t«  silent,  but  is 
pronounced  hard  in  the  following  derivatives,  and  **b"  is 
no  longer  =  z,) 

Designate,  des'sig.nate,  to  point  out,  to  name;  des'ignat-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.) ;  des'ignat-ing,  des'ignat-or.     (R.  xxxvii.) 

Deaig^nation,  des'sig.nay^'^hun.     A  name,  <feo.  (Rule  Ix.) 

French  designer,  cUsignaiion;  Latin  diaign&tio,  disignator,  diiign[o\ 
to  mark  out  [signum,  a  sign  or  diatinguishing  mark). 

Desire,  de.zire',  to  wish  for  ("s**  between  two  vowel8=z); 
desired'  (2  syl.),  deslr'-ing  (R.  xix.),  desir'-.er,  desDr-able, 
desirably,  desirable-ness. 

Desirous,  de.zire\vs,  wishful ;  desir'oiis-ly. 

Fr.  dSsir,  disirdhle,  v.  disirer,  disireux.  Lat.  disld^re,  which  fnmishea 
the  verb  dielder&re,  to  crave  for ;  diaidMum,  desire,  craving  for. 

Desist,  de-sist',  to  leave  off  (Rule  Ix.);   deaisf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi); 
desist'-ing;  desistance,  de,zis\tance,  a  ceasing  to  act. 
(The  first  "s"  in  ''desist"  is  pronounced  between  a  and 
z;  but  in  *' resist"  it  is  decidedly  ^z.) 

French  ddaister;  Latin  desist^re,  dssiatens  (sisto,  to  contbrae). 
Desk,  a  sloping  table.    (Old  Eng.  disc,  a  table,  a  beard,  a  dish.) 

Desolate,  des'.o.late,  lonesome,  in  a  ruinous  state,  to  lay  waste ; 
des'olat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  des'olat-ing  (R.  xix.);  desTdlat-er, 
one  who  lays  waste ;  des'olat-ly ;  desolatory,  detl'.oMWry. 

Desolation,  d^\o.lay" .shun,  a  state  of  ruin  and  gloom. 

French  diaolaiefwr,  dSaolation,  verb  dUoUr;  Latin  diOUlkks,  dtaH- 

Idtua,  desoldre  (from  sClus,  alone). 

Despair'  (not  dispair),  hopelessness,  to  be  withoat  hope; 
despaired'  (2  syl.),despaar'-ing,despair'ing4y»deBpair-er. 

Desperate,  dSs'.pe.rate,  reckless,  without  hope ;  despewte-ly, 
des'perate-ness  (Rule  xvii) 

Desperation,  des\pe.ray".8kun.    Recklessness,  hopelessness. 


AND  OF  .SPELLING.  805 


Besperado,  phi.  deiqiendoee  (Rule  xlii.),  de$\pi.ray'\doze 

(Dot  de8\pe.rdh.doze\  a  bravo.    (Spanish.) 

Latin  despAtttlo,  diapirHtvMy  deapirSr*  {dt'apUy  wifcbovt  hope). 

DeqMtcih'  (not  <2wpa£cA).    Haste,  a  special  message,  to  send  on 

special  business.     Despatches  (phi,),  written  documents 

sent  to  or  from  a  public  servant  on  business  of  state, 

(B.  liii.),  deq[)atched  (2  syL),  despatdi'-ing. 

Spanish  deapachar  verb,  dtspacha  noun ;  Latin  de  spdtior,  to  travel 
from  [one  person  or  plaoe  to  another]. 

Despicable,  dei'.pl.kd.h'l  (not  des.plk'.d.bl).    See  below. 

i'  (2  syL),  not  dispize,  to  contemn;  despised'  (2  syl.), 
despls'-ing,  despls'-er;  despis-able,  contemptible;  des- 
picable, des* .pi.ka.Vl  (not  des.piV.a.Vl),  worthless,  vile; 
despis'ing-ly,  with  disdain ;  des'picably,  contemptibly ; 
despicable-ness,  des" .pi.ha.Vtness  (not  des.pHW .aJt'ljoess). 

Latin  desplcSbilMy  despMo  {de  spieu),  to  look  down  on  one). 
Despite,  dSs.pite".    An  act  of  malice,  notwithstanding. 
(It  is  never  used  as  a  verb^  the  verb  w  "  to  spite.") 

Latin  despicio,  supine  despectum  {de  apeeio,  to  look  down  on  one). 

Despoil'  (2  syl.),  to  plunder ;   despoiled'  (2  syl.),  despoil'-ing ; 
despoil^-er,  one  who  despoils. 

Despoliation,  dS,8pd\li.a'* .shun  (not  despoiliation). 

(This  noun  is  very  little  used,  spoliation  is  used  instead.) 
Latin  despdlidre^  to  pillage ;  gpolidre,  gpoliAtio,  &c. 
Despond',  to  fail  in  hope ;  despond'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  despond'- 
ing,  despond'ing-ly;  despond'-er,  one  who  desponds; 
despond'-ent  (not  -ant),  low  spirited ;  despond'ent-ly, 
despond'-ence,  despondency,  des.pon'.den.cy. 

X«atin  despondens,  gen.  despondentia,  despondere  (spondeo  is  "to  an- 
swer [one's  expectation],"  de  reverses,  hence  de-spondeo  is  to  dis- 
appoint one's  hope,  "  to  lose  hope." 

Despot,  d^\pot,  a  tyrant,  an  autocrat;  despotic,  d^.potWk, 
absolute;  despot'ical,  despot'io-ly,  despot'ical-ly;  des- 
potigm,  des^.po.tizm,  autocracy. 

French  despote,  deapotique,  despotism;  Greek  dispdUs,  d^spdtikds, 
verb  dtSpozd,  to  obtain  mastery. 

Dessert,  dizjsert';  desert,  de.zert';  desert,  dez'.ert. 

Dessert,  dez.zertf.     A  course  of  fruit  after  dinner. 
Desert,  de.zerf.    What  is  deserved  (good  or  ill). 
Desert,  dez'.ert,    A  solitude,  a  wilderness. 
Desert,  de.zerf.    To  abandon  (q.v.) 

* '  Dessert, "  French  dessert,  the  coarse  served  after  the  table  Is  cleared ; 

desservw,  to  clear  the  table. 
"Desert"  (what  is  deserved),  Latin  diservio,  sup.  dSservltum,  to  do 

one  a  service,  hence  '*  to  deserve  [payment]  " 
"Desert"  (a  wildemess),  French  desert;  Latin  desertum. 
"Desert"  (to  abandon),  the  saine.     (Sero  is  to  join,  as  de  reverses 

de-sero  is  to  disjoin,  and  hence  "to  forsake.") 


204  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

,  -      , -  ^  —  — 

Destiiie,  d^\tln  (not  des.tlne),  to  design  or  purpose;  destmed^ 
(2  syl:) ;  destining,  des'tln-ing  (Bule  xix.) 

Destination,  d^' .ti.nay" .ihwn.    The  ultimate  goaL 

Destiny,  plu,  destinies,  dSs*M.ny,  d&\t1.nU.    Fate,  doom. 

French  destiruUion,  destinie,  y.  destiner;  Latin  destindtio,  detUndre. 
(Greek  at&no  to  bind  fast) 

Destitute,  dSa^MMte.    Friendless,  needy,  without. 

Destitution,  d&s\ti.tu''^hun.    Utter  want,  distress. 
French  destitution,  destitud ;  Latin  destUutio,  destXtiUus,  de8tUair4 

(stdttu)  is  to  erect,  as  de  reverses  de-stdtuo  is  to  poll  dolHL     A 
*'  dtetitute"  person  is  one  *'  poUdd  down.") 

Destroy'  (not  distroy),  to  demolish ;  destroyed'  (2  syL),  dtetroy'- 
ing  (Rule  xiii.),  destroy'-er,  one  who  destroys. 

Destruction,  desitruk^shun  (not  distruction),  demolition; 
destructive,  des.truk'Mv  ;  destruc'tive-ly,  destmc'tiYe- 
ness;  destructible,  des.truk^.ti.b'l  (not  -able\  liable  to...; 
destrnctibility,  des.truk'MMV'.i.ty,  capable  of  destruction. 

French  destruciibilitd,  destructible,  destruct\f,  destruction;  Latin 
destructiOy  destruire  (struo  is  to  pue  up,  de  reverses). 

Desuetude,  des'awe.tude.    Disuse,  discontinuance. 

{It  aught  to  be  pronounced  in  four  syllables^  des'su.e.tnde.) 
Fr.  ddsuitude;  Lat.  disuStudo.    (Sueo  is  "to  be  in  use,'*  d0 reverses.) 

Desultory,  des'uldo.ry,  unconnected ;  des'ultori-ly  (R.  xi.),  des'- 
ultori-ness  (B.  xi.),  running  &om  one  subject  to  another- 

Latin  desuUorius,  (desUio,  de  sdlio,  to  leap  from  one  thing  to  another)* 
"  Desultor"  was  a  rider  who  leaped  from  one  horse  to  another,  as  a 
rider  in  a  circus.    An  InstUter  is  one  who  leaps  on  jon. 

Detach,  de.tatch\  to  separate ;  detached'  (3  syL),  detach'-ing, 
detacV-^ment,  ships  or  troops  sent  to  the  main  body. 

French  ddta/ahment,  y.  d4tcu:her ;  Italian  de  staocare,  staeoato  in 
music  is  ivhen  each  note  is  isolated. 

Detail,  de'tail  (noun),  de.taiV  (verb),  Rule  1. 

De'taiL    Minute  particulars  [of  a  narrative]. 

Detail',   to  narrate  particulars,  to  deal  out  f^eoelneal; 

detailed'  (2  syl.),  detail'^ing,  detail'-er. 
French  ditaU,  y.  ddtaiUer  {taiUer,  to  cut ;  German  <^Iei»,  to  divide). 

Detain',  to  keep  back ;  detained'  (2  syL),  detain'-ing;  detain'-er, 
one  who  detains,  a  writ  to  a  warder  to  continue  to  keep 
a  prisoner  in  prison. 

Detention,  de.t&i'jthun  (-titm  not  sion.  Rule  xxxiii) 

Detineo  (Latin),  maJces  '*  detehtum"  not  detensum,  in  the  «tq». 
French  ditevUion,  v.  ditenir ;  Latin  d^Kneo  (de  teneo^  to  hcdd  badL 
(The  pseudo  diphthong  -ai-  is  indefensible.  Probably  it  arises  from 
■ome  confused  notion  that  tain  is  a  contraction  of  taken  (ta*en.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  ?05 

Beteof,  to  discoyer;  detecf-ed  (Bnle  xxxvi.),  detecf-ing, 
detect'-er  (should  be  detect-or) ;  detectiye,  de.t^'.tlv ; 
detection,  deMhf^shun;  detect-ible. 

Latin  deteetoTf  dBUetio,  ditSgirt  supine  detedwn  {Ugo  is  "  to  cover," 
de reverses,  hence  de  tego  is  "  to  uncover"). 

D^ter',  to  hinder  by  fefur,  &c.;  deterred'  (2  syL),  deterr^-ing 
(Bule  L),  deterr-er,  deterr'-ent  (ac|j.)>  det^r'-me9t  (one  r> 
because  -ment  does  not  begin  with  a  yowel). 

Latin  diUrrire  (de  terreo,  to  frighten  from  [doing  a  thing]). 
(**  Peter"  <yught  to  he  speU  with  double  "  r."    It  ie  not  from  the  verb 
det&K>,  to  bruise,  biUfrom  deterreo,  tofrighienj. 

Detergent,  de.tS/,gent  (n.  and  adj.),  that  which  cleans,  cleansing: ; 
detersiye,  de.t^Mv^  having  the  power  to  cleanse ;  deter- 
don  (not  detertum),  de.t^'^hun,  the  act  of  cleansing. 

French  ditergent,  ▼.  ddterger,  ditersif;   Latin  dHergene,  gen.  deter- 
g^ie,  deterg^re,  sap.  -teirsum  (de  tergo  to  scour  out  [a  stain]). 

Deteriorate,  de.t^ri.o.rate  (not  de,tee\ri.o.rate),  to  degenerate ; 
deteriorated,  de.ti^ri,o,rat€.ed  (Rule  xxxvi,) ;  deter'io- 
rat-ing  (Bule  xix.) ;  deterioration,  de.te/re,o.ray^\8hun. 

French  ddtSrioration,  v.  d^tiriorer ;  Latin  deUHiu  (adv.)  worse. 
Not  a  derivative  of  ''de  terreo,**  but  of  di  USro,  to  wear  awaj. 

Determine,  de.th^.mln,  to  decide ;  deter'mined  (3  syl.),  deter'- 
min<-ing  (Bule  xix.),  deter'min-er,  deter'min-able. 

Determinate,  deMr^ »mln,ate  (verb  and  adj.),  to  limit,  limited ; 
deter'minate4  (Bule  ]^xvi.),  deter'minat-ing  (Bule  xix.), 
deter'minat-or  (Bule  xxxvii.);  determinatiye,  de.t^\- 
n0n.a,Viv ;  deter'minatiye-ly,  specifically. 

Determination,  de.te/ .mi.nay'^shun.    A  fixed  resolution. 

French  dStermvnaiif^  ditermination,  v.  determiner;   Latin  diter- 
minaiiio,  ditermindre  {termXnus,  a  bound&iy). 

Detersiye,  de.tifMv,  &c,    [See  Detergent.) 

Detest',  to  hate ;  detest'-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  detest" -ing,  detest'-er, 
deteiiTj-able  (not  -ible,  Ist  Lat.  conj.),  detestably,  detest'- 
able-ness;  detestation,  de^tfis.tay/'shun,  abhorrence. 

Tnnda^^ditestahle,  detestation,  v.  ditester  :  Latin  detestdhUis,  detettd- 
tio,  detestdri  {de  testor,  to  bear  witness  against  one). 

Dethrone'  (2  syL),  to  drive  from  a  throne  ,*  dethroned'  (3  syl.), 
dethron'-ing  (Bule  xix.),  dethron'-er,  dethrone'-ment. 
Latin  de  fhromiUf  [to  remove]  from  a  throne. 

Detcmate,  de\to.nate,  to  explode;    de'tonatf-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.), 
de^tonftt-ing  (Bule  xix.) ;  detonation,  de\to,nay".8hun, 
(Very  often  pronounced  dSt-;  but  the  "e**  is  long.) 
French  d6tonaiion,T.  ditoner;  Latin  de-t&ndre,  to  thunder  mightily. 
Detour  (Fr.),  da,toor^.    A  roundabout  or  circuitous  way. 


206  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Detract,  de.trdkf  (not  de.tr&W),  to  depreciate ;  detraot'-ed  (Bole 
xxxvi.),  detracf-ing,  detraet'-or  (not  -er,  Bnle  xxxvii.), 
detract'ing-ly ;  detract'-iTO,  d€.trak\tiVy  depreciative ; 
detractioii,  de.trak^shun,  depreciation. 

French  y.  dStracter,  dStraetion  :  Latin  detractor,  detraetio,  d»4rahire, 
supine  de-tracUtm,  to  draw  off,  hence,  to  lessen.  There  is  »  Low 
Latin  verb  de  trocto,.  meaning  *^to  tear  limb  from  Umb  with  hoisoib'* 

Detriment,  dSLri,ment,  injury;  detrimental,  def.ri.men'\tal, 

French  ddtriment :  Latin  ditrimentam  (detiro,  snp.  tritum,  to  brniae.) 

Detritus  (should  be  detri'tus,  but  generally  called  d^,tfLtus), 
debris ;  detrition,  deXrisU.un,  the  act  of  wearing  away. 
(  We  perversely  disregard  Latin  quantiUetj  Bale  lyii.) 
French  ditritUm,  d^trihu;  Latin  de-  Ufm,  snp.  trltum,  to  wear  down. 

Detrude'  (2  syL),  to  thrust  down ;  detrud'-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  de- 
trud'-ing ;  detrusion,  de.tru\zhun  {-sion  not  -tion,B>  zxxiii.) 

('*  De-trude"  is  to  thrust  down;  '* intrude,"  to  thrust  oruseff  iait.) 
Latin  dt  imdiref  supine  trtLawn^  to  Uirust  down  or  away. 

Detruncate,  de.trun\kate,  to  lop  off  the  limbs ;  detnm'cat-ed 
(Bale  xxxvi.),  detrun'cat-ing  (Bule  xix.) ;  detmncation, 
de.trun^kay^'.shun,  mutilation.  ■ 

(** Detmncation'*  is  one  of  the  few  words  in  **-tion **  not  Fr.) 
Latin  ddrune&tiOy  deirunc&re,  sup.  detrttnedtum,  to  lop  off. 

Deuce,  duse^  two  of  cards  or  dice,  the  devil ;  deuced,  du'jedt 
devilish,  very ;  deuced-ly,  du\sed.lyy  devilishly,  very. 

**  Deuce"  (two),  French  deux  ;  Latin  duo,  two. 
"Deuce"  (the  devil),  "quosdam  daemones  quos  'dusios'  Oalli  nun- 
ctLpant"  (St.  Aug.  zv.  23) ;  Danish  dwaSy  tiie  deuce. 

Deutero-,  du\tS,ro-  (Greek  prefix  meaning  "second"). 

Deutero-gamy,  du\te.rog'\a.my.    A  second  marriage  on  the 
death  of  the  first  husband  or  wife.   (Gk.  gdmoSy  marriage.) 

Deutero-nomy,<2u'.fe.r5?i".o.my.  The  second  giving  of  thelaw 
by  Moses,  the  5th  book  of  the  Bible.   (Gk.noTOO«,thelaw.) 

Deut  -  (contraction  of  deutero- ,  see  above).  In  Chen^  it  indicates 
two  equivalents  of  oxjgen  to  one  of  the  metal  named:  as 

Deutozide,  dtu.tdx\ide  [of  copper,  &c.],  two  eqpiivalents  of 
oxygen  to  one  of  copper  (deuto  oxide). 

Devastate,  de'.vas.tate,  to  lay  waste ;  de'vastat-ed  (Bule  xxxvi), 
de'vastat-ing,    de'vastat-or    (not    -er,    Bule    xxxvii.); 
devastation,  de*vas.tay" .slmn,  a  state  of  ruin,  havoa 
(  The  first  syl.  is  often  pronounced  dev- ,  but  the  "  e  **  w  long.) 

French  divastation,  v.  dSvaster  ;  Latin  divastcUio,  dSmtJMn,  dHa*- 
tare  (de  vasto,  to  lay  thoroughly  waste). 

Develop,  de.v^.op,  to  disclose.     EnveFop,  to  inclose. 

(  The  noun  envelope  [for  letters]  has  a  final  -  e  ;**  "detelop'' 
has  no  noun.    Bear  in  mind  the  two  verbs.) 


AND   OF  SPELLlXa,  507 


JkiweLofpeAtde,v^.Spt;  deverop-ing,  devel'op-ment  (R.iii.  b), 

Vr.  dSvelovpemeatf  y.  divelopper ;  Ital.  vUuppOy  a  bundle^  or  intri- 
cacy ;  ait  reverses,  hence  de-vetop  is  to  nndo  a  bundle  or  intricacy. 

Deviate,   de\vi.atej  to  vary,  to  tnm  firom    the    right   way; 
deM§t-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  de'viat-ing  (R  xix.)  de'viat-er; 
deviation,  de'.vi.af'.ahuriy  a  difference ;  devious,  d^.vi.us  ; 
de'vions-ly,  de'vions-neBs. 
French  dMaiiUmt  ▼.  divier;  Latin  dMu»  [da  via,  oat  of  the  way). 

Device'  (3  ayi.)  A  contrivance,  a  motto,  a  symbol.  {See  Devise.) 

Devil,  dJSif.il^  Satan;  dev'il-ish,  maliciously  wicked,  very; 
dev'ilif^-ly,  maliciously,  exceedingly;  dev^ilish-ness ; 
devil-ism,  d^\iUizm,  devilish  conduct ;  dev'il-ment, 
dev'il^-ry,  mischief  and  malice  fit  for  a  devil. 

Dev'il,  to  grill  with  cayenne  pepper;    dev^iled  (3  syl.), 
dev'il^-ing.     (Old  Eng.  deoul,  dedfol  or  dedjij  dedjllc.) 

Devions,  de'.vi.us,    (See  Deviate.) 

Devise,  de-vize*,  to  scheme;  device,  de.vice^  a  scheme  (R.  li.); 
devised'{3  syl.),  devis'-ing, devis'-er,  devis'-able  (R.x xiii.) ;  ' 
devisee,  d^.vuzee%  the  person  to  whom  "  real  estate  "  in 
devised ;  devisor,  de.vi.zoj^,  the  person  who  bequeaths  or 
leaves  by  will.  Divisor,  dLvi^zSr,  the  figure  by  which  a 
sum  is  divided. 
Fr.  devise,  a  motto.    ItaL  ditisa,  a  coat  of  arms ;  divisare,  to  devise. 

Devoid'  (3  syL),  empty,  destitute.    (Lat.  de  viduiis,  wholly  void.) 

Devolve'  (3  syl.),  to  become  the  duty  of,  to  pass  over  from  one 
to  another;  devolved' (2  syl.),  devolv'-ing  (Rule  xix.), 
devolv'-ment ;  devolution,  de\vo.Vuf\8hun. 
{**  Devolve''  is  followed  by  on:  "  The  duty  devolves  on  vie." ) 

Trench  devolution,  the  falling  of  property  to  relations  in  default  of 
proper  heirs.    Latin  devolve,  to  roll  down ;  devdlutue,  devolved. 

Devonian. d«,t;o'.m.an.  The  Old  Red  Sandstone  formation;  so 
caltG4  from  Devonshire,  where  it  is  largely  developed. 

Devonite,  dev'M.nlte.    A  mineral  found  at  Bai^staple  in 
Devonshire  ("-ite"  in  Geo.  means  a  "stone"  or  "fossil"). 

Old  English  D^ene,  a  Devonshire  man ;    DefencL-scir,  Devonshire. 
Latin  Dumrumii,  BritlBh  DyvnonU,  the  glen  people. 

Devote'  (3  syl.),  to  consecrate;  devof-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  devof-ing 
(R.xix.);  devotion,  de.ro'.s/iwTi;  devo'tion-ist,devo'tion-al, 
devo'tional-ly;  devo'lional-ist,  a  devotee ;  devested  (3 
1^),  strongly  attached ;  devo'ted-ly,  devo'ted-ness. 

Devotee,  d^\o.tee\    One  abandoned  to  religious  exercises. 

Devout,'  pious ;  devonf-ly,  devout'-ness. 

Frendi  dSvot,  divotion.     Latin  divdtio,  devdtus,  dgvdtdre  whence 
"  devote  :**  div&vSre,  supine  devOtwn,  whence  devont. 


208  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Devour',  to  eat  up ;  devoured'  (2  syL),  devour'-inig:,  devour'ing- 
ly,  devour'-er.    Devoirs,  d'voirs  (French),  respects. 
("I  pay  my  devoirs  to  you**  U  a  jocose  civility,) 
French  ddvorer;  Latin  denord/re  {v6ro:  v&raXt  TomdonB). 

Dew,  a  deposition  of  the  moisture  of  the  air.  Due,  owing  (q.  v.) ; 
dewed  (1  syl.),  dew'-ing,  dew'-y  (acli.),  dew-less,  dew- 
drop,  dew'i-ness  (with  t,  B.  xi).    Germ,  thau;  Dan.  dug. 

Dexter  (in  Her.)  The  right  side  of  a  shield  or  coat  of  arms  (to  a 
person  standing  behind  it,  not  to  one  in  front  of  it). 

Dexterity,  dex,tefri.ty ,  expertness;  dexterous,  dea^,te.rus  (not 

deaf,trui) ;  dex'terous-]y,  dex'terous-ness. 

It  meaps  "right-handed"  (Latin  dexter,  the  rigi^t  band);  '*lefi- 
handed  is  awkvowrd  {moke,  the  left  hand),  nniisUr  (Laiin),  and 
gauche  =  gosh  (French),  the  left  hiand. 

Dextrine,  dex\trin,    British  gum  made  from  starch. 

Latin  dexter,  the  right  hand  ("-ine,"  in  Ctiem.  denotes  "a  aimple 
substance").  Dextrine  is  so  called,  becaiise  it  turns  the  plane  in 
polarised  light  to  the  right  hand. 

Dey,  the  native  title  of  the  governor  of  Algiers.    Day  [time]. 
"  Dey,"  Turkish  AM,  seignior  ;  "  Day,"  Old  English  dag. 

Di-  (contraction  of  the  Greek  prefix  dis-,  "asunder";  and  8ome> 
times  of  dia-,  "through").  The  ordinary  meaning  of  di- 
in  composition  is  "two,"  "twice,"  "double,"  especially 
when  it  forms  a  distinct  syllable :  as 

Di-an'drian,     ^aving  two  stamens. 

Di-ceph'alous.     Having  two  heads. 

Di-d3«'tylous.     Having  two  fingers  or  toes. 

Di-gynlan.     Having  two  styles  or  pistils. 

Di-hed'ral.    Having  two  surfaces. 

Di-lac'erate.     To  tear  in  two. 

Di-pet'alous.     Having  two  petals. 

Di-sper'mous.     Having  two  seeds. 

Di-theist.    A  believer  in  two  gods,  one  good  kdA  one  eviL 

IT  In  a  few  cases  it  bears  the  force  of  di*-,  " asunder":  as 

Di-gress'.     To  walk  asunder  or  wide  of  the  path. 

Di-var'icate.     To  stretch  the  legs  asunder. 

Di-verf  •     To  turn  the  mind  asunder  or  aside. 

IT  The  original  idea  of  "  asunder "  or  separation,  gives  the 
meaning  above  {two),  and  also  the  negative  font  of  the 
prefix,  one  example  of  which  is 

Di-vest'.    To  unclothe. 

1[  In  a  few  examples  di-  represents  the  Greek  preposition  dui, 
"  through,"  "  throughout,"  "  thorough":  as 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  200 


])l-«coii8tiGB.     That  part  of  acoustics  which  treats  of  sound 
pcuiing  through  different  mediums, 

Bi-elec'trics.     Substances  which  allow  electricity  to  pass 
through  them,  and  not  over  their  surface. 

Di-optrioB.    That  part  of  optics  which  treats  of  the  refrac- 
tion of  light  in  passing  through  glass. 

Bi-rect    Bight  throughout, 

IT  In  Chemistry  Bi-  denotes  a  double  equivalent  of  the  hose,  and 
Bi-  a  double  equivalent  of  the  gas :  as  "  Di-sulphate  of 
silver,"  s  two  equivalents  of  the  base  (silver)  to  one  of 
Bulphu'ric  acid ;  but  "  Bi-sulphate  of  silver  '*  would  be 
two  equivalents  of  sulphuric  acid  to  one  of  the  base 
(silver).    See  DiB-. 

IT  DIb-.  The  force  of  dis-  is  almost  always  privative.  Before 
"  U*  dis-  becomes  dif-. 

lUa-  (€hreek  preposition,  meaning  through).  In  composition  it 
means  "  through,"  "  throughout,"  "  thorough." 

Diabetes,  di'ui-bee''teez,    A  disease  in  which  saccharine  urine 

flows  too  freely. 
Latin  diaJbites;  Greek  dia  h€iin6,  to  go  through  one. 
IMaboliCt   di\a,b8V\ik;    diabolical,   di\aMV\ukal,    devilish; 

diaborical-ly ;  diabolism,  di\db'\o.lizm. 

French  diaholicpu;  Latin  diaJb6licu8;  Greek  diaX)iSlih6s  (diaholds, 
tibe  devil,  from  dia  baUd,  to  fling-out  at  you,  i.e.,  to  slander). 

Diachylon,  di.dk^.i,ldn  (not  diaehilum).  An  adhesive  plaster 
made  of  oil  and  the  oxide  of  lead. 

French  diachylon;  Greek  dia  chiUos,  through  i.e.  by  means  of  a 
juice.    It  was  originally  made  of  the  juices  of  herbs. 

Diaconal,   di,dkf,o,nalf  pertaining  to   the    office    of  deacon ; 
diaconate,  di.dk\o,nate,  the  office  of  deacon  (q,  v.) 
French  diaeonal^  diaconat;  Latin  dia^c6nu8,  a  deacon. 
Diadem.  di',a.dem,  a  royal  crown ;  di'ademed  (3  syL) 

French  diadime;  Latin  diadima;  Greek  d^d,  to  bind. 
DiflBreoB,  plu,  diiereses,  di.e\rS,si8,  di.B\r^,seez.    Separation  of 
two  contiguous  vowels.    The  mark  (••)  is  placed  over  the 
latter  vowel :  as  atrial  (not  arial). 
Latin  diasriais;  Greek  di-air^sis  (di-aire6,  to  divide.) 

DfagnoeiB,  plu.  diagnoses,  di.ag.no'.sis,  dl.ag.nd^.seez.  The  art 
of  distinguishing  one  disease  from  another.  Many  use 
the  word  for  "  symptom,"  which  is  an  error ;  thus  "  What 
are  the  *  diagnoses'  of  the  case?"  is  nonsense.  A  medical 
man  may  say  '*  My  diagnosis  informs  me  the  disease  is 
not  so  and  so;"  and  also  that  "  The  diagnostic  symptoms 
of  the  case  are  those  of  [measles]." 

Diagnostic,  d%.ag.n6s\tlk,  distinguishing  [applied  to  symp- 


210  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

toms  of  diseases] ;  diagnoetioB,  dLagMsWiha^  tbe  acknce 
of  disease-symptoms. 

Diagnosticate,  d%,ag.n68' .tLTzaU,  to  determine  a  disease  by 
its  symptoms ;  diagnos'ticat-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  diagnoa'ti- 
cat-ing.     The  verb  diagnoee,  dWckg.nasey  di'agziosed  (3 
syl.),  di'agn58-ing,  is  sometimes  used. 
Greek  diagTiAaiSf  discriminating ;  y.  dia-gigndskd,  to  Hiariwgni^ii 

Diagonal,  diMg'.o.ndlf  a  straight  line  drawn  through  a  figure 
with  not  less  than  four  sides.    The  line  must  run  from 
any  angle  to  the  opposite  one.    Dlag'onal-ly. 
(The  "o"  w  omega  in  Qreek  and  long  in  Latin,) 
French  diagonal;  Latin  diagOnios;  Greek  dia  gdnia,  an  angle. 

Diagram,  di\a,grdm,    A  plan  or  figure  shown  by  lines. 

Diagraph,  di\a.graf,  an  instrument  used  in  perspeetive 

drawing;  diagraphio,  di.a.graflk. 

Fren(di  diagramme;  Latin  diagramma;   Greek  dia  gramma,  tbat 
which  is  marked  cat  by  lines,  t.  dUi-graphd. 

Dial,  di/dl.    An  instrument  for  measuring  time. 

Dialing,  dWalAng.  The  art  of  constructing  diali. 
Latin  diaUa,  pertaining  to  day  (dU»^  a  day). 
Dialect,  dWaMltty  provincial  speech;  dialectic,  di,a,W^.txkt 
provincial,  subtle.  Dialectics,  duaX^tikSf  the  science 
of  arguing  on  ideal  subjects  where  word-fencing  is  more 
important  than  physical  facts.  Dialectician,  duiMk\' 
tlsk^anj  a  skilled  arguer ;  dialec'tical ;  dialec'tical-ly. 

French  diakete,  diaJ-ecHnen,  didlectique;  Latin  didlecHea.  didleetkui, 
diaUctoi;  Greek  dia-UktikS,  dkirU!kUia»,  dia-Ufktd*  (dia  Ug6). 

Dialogue,  di\a.log ;  plu.  dialogues,  di\a.logs,  generally  applied 

to  the  conversations  of  a  drama. 

(The  Fr,  termination  -ue  is  useless  and  out  of  character.) 

Fr.  dialogue;  Lat.  diaUfgtu;  Gk.  dia-ldgoM,  dlsconrse  between  [persons]. 

Diameter,  di.am\e.t^rt  a  straight  line  running  through  the  centre 

of  a  circle,  and  bounded  each  end  by  the  circumference ; 

diametrical,  di\a,m4lf^.ri.kdl;  diamet^rical.>ly» 

Latin  diameter,  diamitro  [oppoOta],  directly  [opposite] ;  Gnek  dith 
mStrda  (a  measure  through  [a  circle]). 

Diamond,  di\a.mund  (not  di^-mun), 

French  diamant;  Latin  Odamas;  Greek  a-damas,  miooaanitrable. 
The  diamond  cannot  be  cut  or  overcome  by  other  materiajs,       ^^ 

Diana,  Di.dn\ah  (not  Dua\nah).    A  Boman  goddess.  ] 

Diandria,  duan\dri,a  (in  Botamy).    Haring  two  stamenSk 

The  **  stamens"  belong  to  male  plants  (Greek  anir/ Miale). 
The  "  pistil,"  or  seed-bearing  organ,  belongs  to  femnli-plsnts. 
Diandrian  (ac^.)    Pertaining  to  plants  with  two  stai^flns. 

French  diandrie;  Greek  di  [dis]  andrea,  two  men. 
(The  Greek  anir  means  man  as  opposed  to  toomon.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  %\\ 

L,  di^,ti,pay'\zSn  (in  Muiie),  aa  ootave,  the  whole  com- 
pass  of  a  musical  instrument ;  an  instrument  for  tuning 
organ  pipes.  (In  Philosophy)  the  universe,  which  Py- 
thagoras conceived  to  be  a  complete  musical  octave 
beginning  from  Deity  and  ending  with  man.  The  eight 
notes  are  Deity,  the  planets,  and  'man ;  man  touches 
earth  and  Deity,  and  as  the  planets  intervene,  they  in- 
fluence  his  lot.    (Greek  dia  pdta,  through  all  things.) 

Diaper,  di^M.p^,  a  figured  linen  cloth;  diapered,  di'.a.perd, 
FTench  diaprS,  diM>er  work ;  (jilinge]  d'Ypres,  in  FlAnden). 

Diaphanous,  di.S.f  ,a.nus.    Translucent  but  not  transparent. 

Greek  dia  %havnAy  [light]  shows  through. 

Diaphragm,  di'.a.frdm.    The  midriff. 

French  diapturagme;  Greek  diaphragmaf  a  partition  wall  (dia 
j)hras9d,  to  enclose  throughout). 

Diarrhcsa,  d^.ar.ree^.ahy  a  violent  flux ;  diarrhoetio,  di' .arjree*'.* 
fiky  purgative.  Diuret'io,  a  medicine  to  increase  the 
discharge  of  urine. 

liatili  diofrrhoea;  Greek  ddar-roia  (from  dia  rMo\  the  "r"  is  doubled 
to  compensate  for  the  aspirate  whioh  cannot  be  expressed  is 
Greek,  Stdppoia  (not  didfi^oia). 
Diary,  plu.  diaries,  di\a.ry,  di\a.riz.    A  journal. 

L*tin  didrifwn,  a  register  of  daily  events  {diest  a  dayX 

Diastase,  di',a8.td8e  (not  di.a8.tdze').  A  substance  which  con- 
verts starch  into  dextrine  and  grape  sugar. 

French  diastase  (Greek  dia  hift&mi,  I  stand  apart,  or  separate,  as 
yeast  from  new  beer). 

Diaftole,  d%,S$\to.le  (not  di\a.8tole^).  The  lengthening  of  a 
syllable  naturally  short,  the  dilatation  of  the  heart,  <fec. 

French  dioMole;  Latin  diastdle;  Greek  diastdU,  dilatation  (gtdld,  to 
take  in  sail,  hence  to  contract.  In  this  example  dia  reverses,  and 
diorsUUd  is  to  open  or  dilate  the  heart  after  contraction). 

Diathermal,  di\a.Ther^\mal,  transmitting  radiant  heat,  as  glass 
transmits  light ;  diathermanous,  di\a.TheT^\md,nu8,  adj. 
Greek  dia  thermS,  [allowing  the  passage  of]  heat  through. 

Diatom,  plu.  diatoms,  di'.d.tom,  di\<t.tdmz  (not  di.dt\omt  di.af.- 
omz,  it  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  word  "atom").  A 
sub-order  of  algae ;  a  diatom  is  a  single  specimen. 

DJatomaceaB,  di'-dt-S.may^^-te-e,  The  order  whioh  contains 
^e  above  sub-order. 

Greek  dia  Ufmds,  a  cutting  through  (not  di^aUfmos,  a  double  atom). 
Xhese  algse  are  called  di'atoms,  because  they  increase  by  division. 

TWatlWlIf*!  di.a.tdn\ik  (in  Music).    By  tones.  , 

We  diatonic  scale  is  the  ordinary  musical  scale,  the  chro- 
matic scale  proceeds  by  half-tones.  The  *' diatonic 
scale"  does  not,  strictly  spealdng,  proceed    by  tones 


212  ERRORS  OF  SPEECS 

throughout,  for  the  intervals  between  E  and  F,  B  and  C 

are  only  half  of  those  between  C  and  D,  F  and  G,  A  and 

B,  but  they  are  all  called  tones  in  ordinary  speech. 

Greek  didtdnihda  {dia  tdnds,  [proceeding]  by  tones). 

Diatribe,   di'.a.tribey  a  tedious    disputation,    an    acrimonious 

harfingue;  diatribist,  di.a.tri\bi8t,  one  who... 

(In  Gk.  and  Lat.  the  second  "i"  w  short.    French  error.) 

French  diatri^  ;  Latin  diatribe;  Oreek  dia  trfMy  a  wearing  away  [of 
time  or  patience],  (dia  triM)  to  wear  thoroughly  away. 

Dibble,  dlb\b%  an  instrument  used  by  gardeners  for  making 
holes  iu  the  earth ;  dibl)led  (2  syl.),  dib'Uing,  dibni)ler. 
Welsh  tip,  a  point ;  Dntch  tip;  German  zipfd. 

Dice,  plu^  of  die  {di\  a  small  cube  used  in  play ;  dic-infp,  ^e- 
ing,  pla^ying  at  djce. 
French  dd,  corruption  of  "ta*;**  Latin  tdhUf  a  die  or  solid  cube. 
Dicotyledon,  di\cot-y.lee''.don,  plu.  dicotyledons  or  dicotylMSna. 
Plants  with  two  seed  lobes  for  their  embryo,  "  ezSgens." 

Dicotyledonous,  di\cot-y.lee''do-nu8  (adj.) 
G:k.  di  [dis]  hOUdSddn,  two  sockets,  or  lobes  {see  Aoo^ddOn). 
Dictate,  dik'.tate  (noun),  dik,tate^  (verb).     Bule  1« 

Dictate,  dW.taie.    A  bidding,  telling  another  what  to  write. 

Dictate'.  To  order  imperiously,  to  tell  another  what  to  write ; 
dictaf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi),  dictat'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Dictation,  dik,tay'ahun.    The  act  of  dictating. 

Dictat'-or,  fern,  dicta'trix;  dictator-ship,  the  office  of 
dictator  (-ship,  O.  E.  postfix,  "tenure  of  office  or  state") ; 
dictatoried,  dik\ta.tdf^^ri.dlf  imperious;  dictator^lal-ly. 

Diction,  dlk'shun.    Way  of  expressing  oneself. 

Dictionary,  plu.  diotionariea,  dik'.8hunjSr.rif  plu.  d/lk'.shun.- 
er.riz,     A  lexicon. 

Dictum,  plu.  dicta,  dXk\tum,  dW.tdK  A  positive  or  dog. 
matic  assertion. 

Ipse  dixit,  ip\8e  dix\U.    Dogmatic  assertion.    Used  in  all 

persons  as  a  noun  (Latin). 

French  dictatorial,  diction,  dictum;  Latin  dictator,  dictdirioD,  didd- 
toritLS,  dictio,  gen.  dictidnis,  dicti&ndrium,  v.  dikdre,  supine  die- 
tdtum  (frequentative  of  dico,  to  say),  dictum. 

Did,  past  tense  of  Do.      Old  Eng.  present  tense  ic  dd,  past  ie 

dyde,  past  part,  geddn.    Modem  Eng.  I'do,  I  did,  dont. 

As  an  auxiliary  it  is  chiefly  used  in  asking  questidns,  in 

which  case  it  stands  before  the  noun  or  pronoun,  mdj^ 

•  [you]  speak?    In  common  speech  it  is  used  to  ad^^Bi- 

phasis  or  force,  as  "I  do  very  much  wish  it,*'  *1  did 

indeed  love  him."  In  poetry  it  is  used  without  any  special 

purpose  beyond  helping  out  the  metre  or  rhyme. 


AXn   OF  SPELLING.  213 

Didactic,  dLdSkWik^  designed  to  teach ;    didactical,  di.daW.- 
ti.kdl;  didac'tical-ly,  in  a  didactic  manner. 
Fr.  didactiqw;  G^  dtdaJaikda,  fit  for  teaching  (didcukd,  to  teach). 
Didactylons,  duddk^.ttliis,  having  two  toes ;  didaotyl,  di.ddk\til, 
an  animal  with  two  toes. 
Greek  di  [dis]  daJetHlds,  two  flngera  or  toes. 
Biddphys,  di^iV.fU,  a  generic  name  for  such  animals  as  have 
two  womhs,  like  the  opossum  family ;  didelphidiB,  di.dil\- 
fl.dey  same  as  didelphys;   didelphoid,  dudiV.foid,  ani- 
mals with  an  ahdorriinal  pouch  less  perfect  than  tliat  of 
the  true  opossum.  (Gk.  eidoSf  resembling  the  didelphys.) 
Gk«ek  di  [dis]  di^tu,  doable  womb. 
Die,  a  stamp,  to  expire ;  dye,  tincture,  to  tincture  (both  di). 
Die  (to  expire),  dies,  dize  ;  died  (1  syL),  dy'-ing ;  dl-er,  one 
likely  to  die  soon  (Rule  xix.) ;   dead,  dSd,  lifeless,  q.v. ; 
death,  dethy  q.v.    Die  of  disease  (not /rom  nor  with). 
Die,  jplu,  dice  (1  syL)    A  cube  with  six  faces  marked  with 
spots  from  one  to  six. 

The  die  is  cast.     The  last  chance  is  ventured. 

Die  (a  stamp),  ptu.  dies,  dize  (1  syl.) 

Dye,  tincture,  {verb)  to  tincture;  dyes,  dize;  dyed  (1  syl.), 
dy'-ingf  (Rule  xix.),  dy'-er,  one  who  dies. 
(It  is  a  pity  that  the  original  vowels  have  been  changed 
in  the  verb  "  die"  thereby  causing  confusion  between  words 
toholly  different;  the  anomalous  spelling  of  die,  dead, 
death;  and  the  necessity  of  breaking  Rule  xix.  in  ayeing 
to  distinguish  it  from  dying.) 

**  JAe **  (to  expire).  Old  Eng.  dedd[ian\,  past  deddode,  past  part,  deddod: 

deddf  defuQct ;  dedth,  death. 
"Die"  (a  cube  with  six  faces),  French  dS  =  day;  Latin  talus,  a  die, 

strictly,  with  four  faces  only.    Our  spellilig  of  this  word  is  foolish 

and  indefensible. 
"Dye"  (tincture),  Old  Eng.  dedg,  v.  dedg[ian],  past  dedgode,  past 

part,  dedgod. 

Dieloctric  di' ui.m'\tfik.    Dialectic,  di\a.Wt'\t%k. 

Dielectric  is  a  body  that  admits  the  force  of  electricity  to 
act  through  it.    (Greek  di  [dia]  with  the  word  electric). 

Dialectic  is  the  adj.  of  dialect,  provincial. 

Dielectrics,  df.e.Uk'\triks.    The  plural  of  dielectric. 

Dialectics,  di\a.lik^.t%k8.  The  art  of  word-fencing,  or  ar- 
guing with  words  rather  than  with  solid  proofs ;  it  has 
no  scope  in  experimental  philosophy,  but  its  true  pro- 
vince is  in  a  priori  or  speculative  reasoning. 

''Dielectric."    Electric  adj.  from  the  Greek  SUctrdn,  amber,  the  root 
of  our  word  "electricity,"  q.v.,-  di  [Greek  dia]  through 

"Dialectics"  is  from  the  verb  diaUgo,  which  gives  our  word  dialogue, 
and  means  to  converse.    In  Platonic  philosophy  it  means  the 
highest  kind  of  speculative  reasoning ;  Aristotle  uses  the  word  to 
signify  that  reasoning  which  leads  to  probabUiiy  bat  falia  &liioi\ 
€i  proqf. 


214  JBRROnS  OF  SPEECH 


Diet,  dV,et,    Food,  to  feed  by  regimen.    A  German  pariiament. 

Diet  (verb),  di'et-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.);  di'et-ing,  di'et-er; 
dietary,  di'.S.terry^  rules  of  diet,  allowance  of  food; 
dietetic  or  dieteticid,  dLedStXh^  di.e.tHf .iJk&l  (a4j.)> 
X)ertaining  to  diet ;  dietgtlcal-ly  (adv.) 

Dietetics,  rales  of  diet,  that  branch  of  medical  science 
-which  treats  of  diet.  (All  sciences  £rom  the  Greek  -ika 
[except  five]  terminate  in  English  in  -ic9.  The  five  ex- 
captions  are  "  logic,"  "  magic,"  **  music,"  "  physic,"  and 
"  rhetoric,"  which  come  to  us  through  the  French.  R.  Ixi.) 

"Diet"  (food),  Freneh  di^fe,  diSUtique;  Latin  diosta,  dicetarUu, 
diceteiica,  diceUticiu ;  Greek  diaiia  (diaitadmai,  to  lire). 

"Diet"  (a  parliament),  French  ditte  (from  Latin  dies  indieta  [repre- 
sentatives which  meet  on]  appointed  days). 

Dif-  the  prefix  dis-  before  the  letter  "  f." 

Differ,  diff^^  to  disagree.    Defer,  de^fer^,  to  i)08tpone. 

Differ,  dif fezed  (3  syl.).  differ.ing,  diTfer-ence,  differ- 
ent, dif ferent-»ly ;  differentiid,  dif\f^'hi.''^hdl  (a^j. 
and  noun),  a  quantity  too  small  to  be  represented  by 
figures,  but  which  nevertheless  constitutes  a  difference ; 
adj.  measuring  minute  differences;  differential-ly. 
(The  French  form  "  differentiel "  U  better.  We  torite 
correctly  differ-ence  and  differ- ent.) 
Observe  the  difference  in  the  verb  "Defer',"  which 
makes  deferred'  (2  syL),  deferr'-ing  (Eule  i.)    See  Defer. 

Differ  from  or  with  t 

One  person  differs  "  with  "  another  in  opinion,  bat 
One  thing  differs  "  from  "  another  in  quality,  ^c. 

Different  to  or  from  ? 

Both  forms  are  used :  "  This  rose  is  very  different '  firom 
that;"  or,  "very  different  [unlike]  *  to*  that." 

Difference  of  or  between  t 

Differences  "of"  the  same  articles,  as  '* differences  of 
opinion,"  "differences  of  sovereignty,"  <fec.;  but  differ- 
ences "  between "  different  articles,  as,  **  There  is  no 
difference  between  Jew  and  Gentile."  (Romans  x.  13.) 

Differentiate,  d^f  Jer.Sn'* ^heMCy  to  find  the  difference  or 

the  *•  differential";  dif feren'tiat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  differ- 

en'tiat-ing  (R.  xix.);  differentiation,  d%f*'fer.en'-ihe.a"- 

shun,  determination  of  difference  or  "  differential." 

French  diffirence^  different,  diffirentiel,  diff^rentier,  to  difi^|reBti«fce ; 
Latin  diffirens,  genitive  differentia,  diffirentia,  verb  d^erre,  lapine 
dilatwn  (ova  "  delay  "}. 

Diflficult,  d\f.f\.kult,  not  easy  to  be  done;  difflcnlt-ly  (adv.); 

difficulty,  plu,  difficulties,  dif.ftkUUiz  (Rule  xUv.) 

French  diJIIictUU;  Latin  diffUMUaa,  diffieulter  (adverb),  «W/{cUi«  {dif 
/UctlU,  not  easy). 


AND  OF  SPELLTNff,  J15 

Biffidenoe,    6Bif,fi.denfe   (Ettle   xzvi.),   want   of  eonftdenoe; 

diffident,  distrastfhl  of  oneself;  diffiddnt-ly. 

Lfttin  diffldtnUa,  difldenM,  gen.  -entii  {difldHa]  fidtnt,  not  trusting). 

DSfflniti're,  dlif,fin\i.t^  (donble/),  or  definitlTe  {see  Define). 

In  Latin  there  are  the  two  forms  d^nUlvui,  &&,  from  '*  defvnAo** 
and  dAJfimUivuB,  ate.,  ttom  "  diffinio.^ 

IMfikiaotion,  dif.frSk'.skun  (not  di.fray^hun),  the  taming  aside 

of  the  rays  of  light ;  difbrao'ted  (3  syl.) 

Fr.  diffmction;  Lat.  di/  [6!bi]frango,  sup.  fraetum,  to  break  asunder. 

DiffiiBe  (noun),  dif.fuce',  (Terb)  dif.fuze^,    (Rale  li.) 

Biffose,  dif.fuce'f  not  compact ;  difihue-ness,  dif.fuee'.russ, 
"DiSuse,  dif.fuztf,  to  spread,  to  circulate,  to  send  in  adl 
directions;  diffosed,  dif,fuzd';  difFds-ing  (Rule  xix.), 
diifds-er,  diffilB-ible  (not  -able) ;  diffosiMlity,  difju'.zt- 
hW.tty,  capability  of  being  difihsed ;  diffusion,  d%f.fu\' 
zkun,  a  spreading ;  difltuedly,  dlf^\ged.ly,  in  a  difiUse 
manner;  diffusedness,  d\f.fu'.zed.ne$9 ;  oiffiuilre,  dXf.- 
fa'Mv;  di£Eti'8iTe«ly,  diffa'sive*nesa. 

l^ench  diiTtw,  di^ffvitihU,  diffusion;  Latin  diffltauB,  diffUH^i  diffmor, 
diffwid^t^  sui^e  d^ffSJm,m,  to  spread  far  and  wide. 

Big,  past  dng  [or  digged,  1  syl.],  past  part,  dug ;  digg'-ing  (B.  i), 

digg^-er,  one  who  uses  the  spade. 

Danish  dige^  to  make  a  ditoh  or  dike. 

Digest  (noun),  dWjSst,  (verb)  di.jgsf.    (Rule  L) 

Bi'gest,  a  compilation  of  civil  laws  methodically  arranged. 

DigeBt^  to  dissolve  food  in  the  stomach,  to  think  well  on 

a  subject  and  arrange  it  in  the  mind ;  digest^ -ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 

digest'-ing,  digest'-er;  digestion,  di.jis'.tchun;  digest'- 

ible  (not  -able);  digestibility,  dujis'.ti.bW'd.ty ;  diges'- 

tive,  di.jh'.tlv. 

French  digeste,  digesteur,  digestif,  digestion;  Latin  digesta,  Justin- 
ian's code  of  laws,  digestio,  digihrire,  supine  digestum. 

Dight,  to  adorn  (only  used  in  poetry).     Old  English  diht[an]. 

Digit,  dxy.lt,  any  single  figure,  a  twelfth  part  of  the  diameter  of 

the  sun  or  moon ;  digital,  dif.%.t&l. 

French  digital;  Latin  d/lgUus,  the  finger ;  dtgltdlie. 

Digitalis,  d^f.i.tay'\lis.    The  fox-glove. 

"t)i:gYt&Iis,"  Latin,  the  finger-flower  (from  digitus,  a  finger). 
'*  Fox-glove,"  Old  EngUsh/oxes-glofa. 

Dignify*   d\g'.ni.fy,  to   exalt   in  honour  or  rank ;    dignifies, 

dig\ni.fize;  dignified,  <%',m./ui<!  (R.xi.);  dig'nify-ing. 

iMgnity,  plu.  dignities,  rank,  loftiness  of  mien.     (R.  xliv.) 

Dignitary,  plu.  dignitaries,  dlg'.ni.t^n^z,  a  clergyman  who 

holds  some  clerical  "dignity,"  such   as  prelate,  dean, 

archdeacon,  prebendary,  canon,  &c. 

French  dignitaire,  a  dignitary,   dignit4;    Low  Latin  dignitoHus; 
Latin  di!r>ius  faeio,  to  make  worthy,  to  dignify. 


216  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


DigreBs,  digress^  to  deviate;  digressed'  (2  sjl.).  digress'-ing, 
digress'-er;  digression,  di.gre8h\un ;  digression-al,  di.- 
greiK.un.al;  digress-ive,  dugrea'aiv;  digressive-ly. 

French  digressif,  digression,-  Latin  digression  digredior,  supine 
digressum  (di  [disj  gradior,  to  walk  aside ;  gmdus,  a  stepX 

Digynia,  di.gin'.i,ah  {-gin  hard  as  in  "  begin  "),  plants  with  two 

pistils  or  styles;  digynian,  di.gln\i.an  (g  hard),  having 

two  pistils.     Plants  with  pistils  are  called  "female," 

plants  with  stamens  are  called  "  male." 

Greek  di  guni,  double  female  (or  pistil).  Plants  with  two  stamens 
are  diandrla :  i-e.,  di  andres,  double  males  (or  stamens). 

Dike  (1  syl.),  a  mound,  a  ditch;  a  large  mineral  vein. 

Old  English  die, 

Dilacerate,  di.lds\e.ratet  to  tear;  dilac'erat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 

dilac^'erat-ing  (B.  xix.);  dilaceration,  di.las\e.ray'\shun. 
French  ditaotfro^um,  verb  dUacirer;  Latin  dUAdrdtio,  dUdeirdre. 
Dilapidate,   di.lap\i-date  (not  delapidat€\  to    fall   to  rain; 

dilapldat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi),  dilapldat-ing  (Rule  xix.); 

dilapldat-or  (not  -«r,  Rule  xxxviL),  one  who  lays  waste ; 

dilapidation,  di.lap\i.day'' ahun,  decay,  ipjnry.    Charge 

for  '*  dilapidations  "  charge  to  cover  necessary  repairs. 

French  dilapidation^  v.  ditapider,-  Latin  dilAptddtio;  v.  dUdpfd&re 
{lapldo  is  to  stone,  or  heap  up  stones;  di-lapido  is  to  remove 
stones,  "di"  in  this  example  has  the  force  df  de  (it  reverses). 

Dilate,  di.late'  (not  delate),  to  enlarge ;  dilat'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
dilat'-ing  (Rule  xix.);  dilat'-er,  one  who  dilates; 
dilat'-or  (applied  to  certain  muscles  of  the  nose);  dilat- 
able, di.late\a.Vl  (Ist  Latin  coi^jugation);  dilatability, 
di.laUf  ,a,biU\i.ty  ;  dilatation,  di\la.tay''-8hun, 

French  dilaiability,  dilatable,  dilatation^  verb  dilater;  Latin  dUdiiOt 
dUdidre  (Idttu,  broad ;  Greek  pldtus). 

Dilatory,   diV,a.t5.ry,  fuU    of  delay;    dil'atori-ly   (Rule  xi.), 

dU'atori-ness. 

French  diUUoire;  Latin  dlldtOrins  {dif-fero^  to  defer,  sup.  di-l&twm. 

Dilemma,  di.lem'.mah  (not  deUmma),    A  perplexity. 

On  the  horns  of  a  dilemma.    Between  two  perplexities. 

French  dilemviM;  Latin  diUmma,  an  argument  that  leada  to  two 
opposite  conclusions :  as  "a  Bosotian  said,  all  Boeotians  are  Uaca.** 
If  all  Bceotians  are  liars,  the  Bceetian  told  a  lie  when  he  said  all 
Boeotians  are  liars.    Qu«ry,  Are  they  liars  or  not? 

Dilettante,  plu.  dilettanti  (Italian),  d\V ,et,tan' .te,  an  amateur  of 
the  fine  arts  but  not  a  proficient,  a  dabbler  in  literature 
or  the  arts;  dilettantedsm,  dU* .et.tan'.te.izmy  aflbetation 
of  art-loving,  without  any  real  knowledge  of  the  subject. 

Diligence,  diV.iJence  (R. xxvi), industry;  diligent,  dil'igent-Iy. 

French  diligent:  Latin  dWlgens,  gen.  dlligentiSy  dWimniia,  v.  diligot 
to  love  dearly.    Diligence  is  working  with  good  wUL 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  21' 


DilL   The  seed  of  an  aromatic  plant.  (O.  Eng.  diU,  dill  or  anise.) 

"Dill**  is  the  Aiufthum  QratxfoUns;  "Anise*'  is  the  Anbic  anisun. 
"  ABethnm/'  Greek  aiUthon  {an6  ihein,  to  grow  rapidly). 

Dilate"'  (2  syl.),  to  reduce  the  strength  of  a  liquid  by  adding 

•  something  else ;  diluf -ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  diluf-ing  (R.  xix.)  ; 

diluf -er,  that  which  dilutes,  one  who  dilutes ;   diluent, 

di\lu,ent  (not  dU\u.ent\  that  which  dilutes ;  diluents, 

water  drinks  to  dilute  the  animal  fluids ;  dilu'tion. 

French  dihuTt  dilution;  Latin  dUBLSrB,  tup.  dVMum,  dUuiio. 

Diluyial,  dl.lu\v\Ml^  pertaining  to  the  Deluge;  diluvialist, 
d%.lu\vl.dl.ist^  one  who  ascribes  to  Noah's  flood  such  geo- 
logical phenomena  as  the  boulder-clay,  ossiferous  gravels, 
and  so  on ;  diluvium,  di.lu\vl.um,  earth,  sand,  <fec.,  de- 
posited by  the  action  of  running  water. 

Diluvian,  d%M\vl,&n,  pertaining  to  the  Deluge;    ante- 
diluvian, prior  to  "  Noah's  Flood." 

French  dUuvien  (an  error),  diluvion;  Latin  dU&viwn,  r.  diNMOre. 
Dim,  obscure,  to  obscure ;  dimm'-er  {comp.)^  dimm'-eet  (super.) ; 
dimm'-ish,  rather  dim  {-ish  added  to  adj.  is  diminutive, 
added  to  nouns  it  means  "like");    dimmed  (1  syl.), 
dimm'-ing  (Rule  i.) ;  dim-ly,  dim-ness. 

Old  Eng.  dim;  dirrUie,  dimmish :  dimm€,  dimly ;  dirwnet. 

Bimensidn,  dX.m^\8hun.    The  measure  or  extent  of  a  surface. 
French  dimenrion;  Latin  dlmensio  {dlmiiior,  to  measure). 

Bfiniiiiflh,  dtmln'Mh^  to  make  smaller;  dimin'^ished  (3  syl.), 
dimin'ish'ing,  dimin'iah-er,  dimin'ishing-ly. 

Diminuendo,  plu.  diminuendoB  (R.  xlii.),  di.mXn,u.en\doze 
(in  Munc)j  softer  and  softer.    (Italian.) 

Diminution,   dim^i.nu'^shun,  decrease;    diminutiYe,   dt- 
fnin\u.tiv;  dimin'utiye-'ly,  dimin'utlve-ness. 

French  diminutif,  diminution ;  Latin  dlmlnMio,  dlminutivum,  verb 
dlm/bnuo  {-Aah  added  to  verbs  means  "  to  make  "). 

Dimiasory,  dim' M^Bb.ry  (not  [letters]  demisory  or  demissory). 

French  dimtMoir«  (Jiettres  dimisaoriales);  Latin  dimisaoritu  (verb  di 
[die]  mitto,  supine  dimissum,  to  send  away). 

Dimity,  plu,  dimities,  dim\i.tyf  dim'.i.tiz,  a  cloth   originally 

woven  with  two  threads.     Similarly  samite,  a  coiTuption 

of  xamitef  cloth  woven  with  six  threads. 

Oxeek  di  [dis]  mitos,  two  threads ;  hex  mitos,  six  threads. 

DimorphiEm,  di.mcy/.fizmy  the  property  of  assuming  two  distinct 
crystalline  forms ;  dimorphous,  dumor^./us;  dimorfic 
French  dimorphs;  Greek  di  [dis]  morphS,  two-fold  form. 

IMmple,  dimf.p'l  (noun  and  verb) ;  dimpled,  dim\p'ld;  dimpling, 
dim\pling;  dim'ply. 


218  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH' 

Din,  a  confused  contmnous  noise,  to  pester  with  repeated  noise 

or  demands ;  dinned  (1  syl.),  dinn-ing  (Rule  i.)*  dinn-er. 

(See  below  Dine.) 

Old  English  dyn{ian\^  to  din ;  dpM,  a  din ;  dinvng,  a  dinning,  a 
tinkling.    Latin  UwnXo,  to  inratUe,  to  tinkle. 

Dine  (1  syl.),  dmed  (1  syl.),  dinging  (Rule  xix.),  dinner  (this 
ifl  a  blunder  in  spelling,  the  word  ought  to  be  diners  as 
in  French),  dinner-^lesa,  &c. 
Old  English  d^nan  to  dine ;  Freneh  dmer,  reach  and  noun. 
Ding,  to  knock;  dinged  (1  syl.),  ding'-ing  (not  din-ging). 
Ding-dong.     The  sound  of  bells.     (An  imitative  word). 
Old  Eng.  den<v[^>  past  deamcg,  past  part,  donegen,  to  knock  or  ding. 
Dingle,  dln'.g%  a  glen ;  dingle-dangle,  hanging  slovenly. 

**  Dingle,"  a  glen  amidst  hills.    Old  Eng.  dynig,  hilly  (with  dim.) 
''  Dingle,"  to  hang  loosely.    Danish  dimgUy  to  dangle  <^  bob  about. 

Dingy,  dln'Je,  soiled ;  din'gi-neas,  din'gi-ly  (Rule  xi.) 

Dinomis.    (jSf^^  Deinomis.) 

Dinotherium.     (See  Deinotherinm.) 

Dint,  effort,  force.    By  dint  of  (industry),  by  the  power  of... 

Dent.    An  indentation. 

"  Dint,"  Old  Eng.  dytU,  a  stroke  or  blow. 

"  Dent/'  Lat.  dens,  gen.  derUis.    To  dent/  "dentium  more  inoicIAne." 

Diocese,  di\o.8i8  (not  diocess),  the  circuit  over  which  a  bishop 
has  jurisdiction ;  diocesan,  di.88\e.iSn  (not  dt.o.seef^dn)t 
a  bishop,  one  who  holds  a  diocese,  ac^.  belonging  to  a 
diocese,  as  diocesan  inspector, 

French  di4)ee8et  dioc^aain;  Latin  dioee^sdnuSf  diaeSais;  Greek  dioi' 

kiais.  administration,  v.  dioikifd,  to  administer. 
(Misled,  as  tisuaX,  by  the  Freneh,  our  words  are  ill-speU  cmd  iU-pnh 

nouTiced.    They  shotUd  be  dioecese,  dioece'san.) 

Dicecia,  di.e^si.dh,  a  class  of  plants,  like  the  willow,  having  male 
flowers  on  one  plant  and  female  on  another;   dicBoian 
or  dioecious  (adj.),  due^siMji^  di.i\9i.tu. 
French  diceeie;  Greek  di  [dis]  aUoos,  two  houses. 
Dioncea,  di.o.nee\ah.    Yenus's  fly-trap. 

Yenus  was  called  Dioneea,  and  the  flower  ia  called  after  iMr  fkom  its 
grace  and  elegance. 

Dioptrics,  di.op\tHkSt  that,  part  of  optics  which  shows  how  light 
is  refracted  in  passing  through  glass,  air,  water,  &c 
(Rule  Ixi.),  dioptric  (adj.) 

French  dioptrifu>e,  noun  and  adj. ;  Greek  dUtptrdn,  sometUag  tnuuh 
parent  {di  [diaj  optdmai,  to  see  through). 

Diorama,  dV.o.rdh^'mdh,    Panorama,  pdn*.o,rdh.mdh. 

A  "  diorama  "  is  a  series  of  pictures  '*  seen  throngh  "  tt 
aperture.  A  panorama  is  one  large  pictui«  stret^ed  on 
a  cylinder,  the  axis  of  which  is  the  point  of  view. 


AND   OF  SPELLING.  2t9 

{Both  these  wwds^  borrowed  from  the  Freneh^  are  mU- 
9pelL    They  should  be  Dihorama  and  Panhorama.) 

"  Panonma,"  Greek  pcm  horOma,  a  riew  of  all  [at  a  glance]. 

"  Diorama,"  Oredc  di  (cUa]  Aordma;  a  view  throsgh  [an  apertve]. 

DioOBoraa,  di'J68Jt6r^'re.aK     The  yam,  (feo. 

So  named  from  DloaoSrldds,  tke  Greek  botanist. 

Biotifl,  di^,ti8.    A  shrub,  the  sea-cotton  weed. 

Dip,  a  plunge  in  water,  the  incline  ot  a  stratum,  a  oandle  made 
by  dipping  a  wick  in  tailow,  to  plunge  into  water,  to 
indin«  downwards,  &c.;  dipped  (1  syL)  or  dipt,  dipp'ing 
(Bule  i.)i  dipp'-er. 
Old  Bngiish  dipf{m,\,  past  dipptd^^  past  part,  dipped. 

Dipbtheiia,  dlf,Thee^.ri.dh  (not  dip.theria),  a  throat  disease; 
diphtheritio,  dif\rhe.rW\lk,  adj. 

Qredc  d4phthira,  leather.  The  disease  is  characterised  by  the  forma- 
tion of  a  leathery  membrane  in  the  throaL 

Diphthong,  dif, thong  (not  dip.thong\  two  vowels  pronoanced 
together  with  a  different  sound  to  either  of  them  sepa- 
rately, as  aaiLce,  where  -au-  has  a  sound  different  to  either 
"  a "  or  "  u."  K  two  vowels  ate  pronounced  together, 
without  producing  a  new  sound,  it  is  an  improper  diph- 
thong, as  «a  in  bea4i,  where  "  a  "  serves  only  to  lengthen 
the  **e,"  and  ie  in  believe,  where  the  sound  of  e  only 
remains;  diphthongal,  ({f/.r/i^'.^a{;  diphthongal-ly. 

French  diphthongue ;  Latin  diphthongtu;  Greek  diphthoggos  (di 
[die!  phthdggda,  doable  sound  ;  pktKigg&mai,  to  utter  a  sound). 

Diploe,   dip\lo.S,     The  network  of  bone-tissue  between  the 
tables  of  the  skull ;  the  cellular  substance  of  leaves. 
French  dfploe:  Latin  dipleU,  a  doublet ;  Greek  dipldds,  two-fold. 

Biplaiiia,  plu.  diplomat,  dtpld.mah,  Ac,  (not  deplo'ma)*  A  cer- 
tified writing  conferring  a  privilege. 

Diplomatic,  dl.pl5,maf.%k ;  dlplomat'ical,  diplomat'ical-ly. 

Diplomacy,  dLpWm\a.8y,  the   art  and  practice  of  state- 
craft; diplomatist,  dl,pldm\a.ti8tj  one  employed  in.... 

DiplomatlGS,  d^plSm'.a.tik8.    The  art  of  deciphering  ancient 

documents,  and  determining  their  age  and  authenticity. 

French  diplomatique,  diplome,  diplomatie;  Latin  dipldma:  Greek 
dipldma.  Every  sort  of  ancient  charter,  donation,  bull,  &c.,  was 
calJksd  a  diploma,  being  inscribed  by  the  Romans  on  two  tables  uf 
copper  folded  together;  in  early  English  history,  a  diploma  is  often 
called  <'a  pair  of  letters"  (diplMs,  double,  dupUoate). 

Dipper,  dipping,  dipped.    {See  Dip.) 

Dipfotodon,  plu,  diprotodoBB,  di.prd'.tti,dSn.     A  gigantic  fossil 
animal  allied  to  the  kangaroo,  with  more  than  one  pair 
of  incisor  teeth. 
Gr^ek  di  (dit]  pr6U»Mo»8,  duplex  incisors  or  "first  teeth." 


220  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Dipteran,  plu,  dipterans  or  diptera,   dXp'.te.ran,  dlp\ti.ranz, 
d\p\tS.rdh,  insects,  like  the  blow-flow,  with  only  two  wings ; 
dipteral,  dip\te.ral;  dipterous,  dlp'.t^.riis  (a^j.) 
Frtnch  diptbrt;  Greek  di  rdis]  jpMhm,  two  wings. 

Dire  (1  syl.),  dreadful,  dismal.  Dyer,  dt/'.^r,  one  who  dyes; 
dier,  di\er,  one  at  the  point  of  dea^. 

Dire,  direst,  di'.rest  (most  dire).    The  comparatiye  form 
[direr]  is  not  in  use. 

Dire'fol  (2  syl.),  dire'fiil-ly,  dire'fnl-ness. 

Old  Eng.  da/r,  injury,  ▼.  dericm,  to  destroy,  hence  Shakespeare's 
"  dearest  foe*'  =  deadliest  foe ;  Latin  dvruSf  dire  {jybrtB,  the  furies). 

Direct^  adj.  straight,  plain,  express,  verb  to  command,  regulate, 
show  the  way ;  direct'-er  (more  direct),  direcf-^st  (most 
direct) ;  direct-ed  (Eule  xxxvi),  direct -ing. 

Direct'ly,  immediately,  openly, in  a  straight  course;  dixecf- 
ness;  direction,  di,reW.8hun;  directiye,  di.r^Wiio. 

Ditector,  fern,  directress,  manager ;  direct'or-ship. 

Directorate,  diseW.to.ratey  the  office  or  body  of  directors ; 
directory,  di.r^.to.ry, 

French  direct,  direction^  diredmre:  Latin  d't/rtdnUy  direcUo,  director 
(redu8,  right). 

Dirge,  durj  (contraction  of  the  Latin  d^Hge  (3  syl.),  the  first 
word  of  a  Latin  funeral  hymn),  a  funeral  hymn. 

Dirk,  durk.    A  dagger.    (Scotch  durk,  a  dagger.) 

Dirt;    diirty,  not  clean,  to  defile;    dirties,  dur^.tiz ;    dirtied, 
duT^,tM;  dirty-ing  (Rule  xi.),  dir'ti-ness,  dirtl-er  (more 
dirty,  one  who  dirties),  dirti-est  (most  dirty). 
Old  Eng.  ge-dritian},  faeces ;  German  dreck  (by  transposition  derek). 

Dis-  (Greek  and  Latin  prefix,  meaning  "  asunder").  The  most 
usual  signifieation  in  English  is  not  or  the  reverse  qf,  but 
not  unfrequently  it  denotes  apart^  sometimes  it  means 
two,  and  in  a  few  examples  it  is  simply  emphatic 

Dis-  and  T^n* ;  DU-  denotes  separation  of  what  has  been  united ; 
Un-  that  union  has  never  existed.  Dis-  ought  to  be 
joined  only  to  Lat.  or  Gk.  words,  un-  only  to  native  words. 

Disable,  nnable,  v/n.aWl  (a4j.)  not  able,  dis,aWl  (yerb),  to  ren- 
der  unable;  disabled,  di8.aWld;  dis'abling. 

Disability,  dls\aMV\i.ty,  incapacity;  disabilities,  ^Sii^.€L' 

mV.Ltlz,  legal  disqualifications ;  disa1)le-]neiit» 
Latin  dis  h&bilis^  not  habile,  not  able. 
Disabuse,  (noun)  di8\a.buce\  (verb)  di8\a,buze\    (Kule  fi.)  , 

Disabuse  (verb),  to  undeceive;  dis'abused'  (3  syL),  dJlT** 

bus'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
French  diaabtuer/  Latin  dis  ah-ustu,  to  rid  of  abos*. 


AND  OF  SPELUXG.  221 


IKsacknowledge,  di8\&k.nSV' .ledge  (not  dW.ak.kndu/' .ledge\  to 
disown ;  disacknowledged  (4  sjL),  diBacknowledg-ing. 

Umtcknowledged  (-i  syl.),  not  owned,  not  ans  wered. 

Old  English  cnawincg,  knowledge,  with  the  Latiii  dit,  oc  [ftd].  Un- 
is  the  better  prefix  for  this  word. 

BinkdYantage,  di8\ad.van^\tagey  the  reverse  of  advantage,  to 

injure  in  interest;  disadvantageoTis,  d^\ad.v(ln,tay*' .jiU ; 

di8'advanta''geoii8-ly,  dis'advanta'geoTLB-nesB. 

Vrench  avantage,  with  dU.  Latin  ad  vewio,  to  come  to.  "Adrui- 
tage"  meant  originally  *'the  portion  of  goods  which  come  to  a 
cMid  from  the  will  of  his  father,  or  from  the  law's  award. " 

Dia'aflGBcf,  to  alienate  affection;  dis'affect'-ing; 

TJn'affecf -ing,  having  no  power  to  move  the  passions. 
Bisaffecf-edt  estranged  in  affection ; 
Un'^affecf-ed,  of  simple  unartificial  manners. 
Big'affeo^ted-ly,  in  an  ill-disposed  manner  ; 
Un'^affec'ted'^ly,  without  artifice  in  speech  and  manners. 
DIs'affec'ted-ness,  being  ill-affected  and  discontented ; 
Un'affec^ted-ness,  being  without  affectation. 
Bisaffection,  d^' .af.j^'* jikan^  want  of  goodwill. 
Ftaioh  d/UaSf^ion,;  L^tin  du  c^[ad]/ec<iM,  ill  acted  on. 
BisB^pree,  dii^,a.gre^,  to  differ;  dis'agreed^  dis'agree'-ing,  dis'- 
agree^'-ment,  dis'agree'-able  (not  dUagredble  as  many 
write  the  word),  dis'agree'ahly,  disa'gree'ahle-ness. 

Un'agree^able,  un^agree^ahly,  unagree'ahle-ness,  indicate 

less  aversion.  DU-agreeable  means  positively  distasteful; 

un-agreeable  not  positively  pleasing. 

Frendi  disagr^cMe ;  Latin  dis  a  [ad]  grattu,  not  plnasing  to  ns. 
fThe  French  spelling  qf  "  disagreeable^'  mtLst  be  car^fuUy  avoided.) 

DiflaUow,  dW.al,l6w  {-low  to  rhyme  with  now),  dishallowed' 
(3  syl.),  dis'allow  -ing,  dis'aUow'-able ;  dis'allow'-ance, 
refusal  to  allow  or  permit. 
1H$  and  Fr.  aXlouer;  Lai  die  oU  [ad]  locate,  to  refuse  to  place  to  [your  share]. 

IMaumeiz,  dW.an.neae'  (not  dis\a,nex'),  to  separate ;  di^'anuexed' 
(8  syl.),  separated; 

'  TTnannexed,  not  joined  together ; 
Bis'annex'-ing,  severing  what  is  annexed. 
Latin  dis  an  [ad]  nexus,  the  reverse  of  tying  to  (neeto,  to  tye). 

IKnnnnl)  disl'.an.nuV,  to  abolish  or  annul ;  dis'annulled'  (3  syl.), 
dis'anniill'-ing  (Rule  i.),  dis^'annul'-ment  (one  I,  because 
^ment  does  not  begin  with  a  vowel). 

ITn'annulled'  (3  syl.)    Not  repealed. 

(Disannul  ought  to  he  abolished,  the  prefix  "  dis  "  is  quite 
'  useless,  and  ** annul"  is  the  better  word.) 
French  annttUer;  Latin  dis  an  [ad]  nvM'um,  [to  bring]  to  nothing. 


222  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Disappear,  di9\ap.peer'  (not  di8'ui.p€ef^),  to  vanish,  to  cease  to 
appear;   dis'appeared^  (8  syL),  dis^appear'-iiig,  dis'ap- 
pear'-ance  (ought  to  be  dUappear-ence,  K.  xxiv.) 
JHs  and  French  appcurenee;  Latin  dis  ap  [ad]  paring  part.  jMwetw, 
to  discontinue  to  appear  to  [tight]. 

DiBappoint,  dis^ap.poinf  (not  dW.a.poinf),  to  fail  expectation ; 
di8'api>oint'-^  (Hule  xxxvi.),  balked  la  expectation; 

TJn'api>oint'-ed,  not  elected  or  appointed. 

Bis'appoint'-ing,  dia^appoint^ment. 

BiaapiK>inted  of  a  thing  not  obtained. 

Disappointed  in  a  thing  obtained. 

French  dSsappainter,  ddsappointement  (4  sjl.);  Latin  di»  ap  [ad] 
pondus.  not  to  add  to  the  main  sum.  ** Appoint"  ia  the  "odd 
money  "  of  a  bill,  or  the  balance  of  an  account.  To  dt^-oppoint  ia 
to  cut  off  the  odd  monej  ar  to  fail  in  pa^g  the  balance. 

Disapprove,    dis^ap.proov    (not    di8\a.prdve^) ;    dis^aj^noved' 

(3  syl.),  dis'approv'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  dis'appiov'liig^-ly, 

dis^approY^-al;  disapprobatioii,  dWMp.pro.bay'^^kim, 

French  dMapprouvar,  diaapprobation ;  Latin  di$  ap  [ad]  proMre,  to 
fail  to  prove  to  [one],  or  to  satisfy  one's  judgment. 

Disarm^,  to  divest  of  weapons  of  offence;   disarmed'  (3  syl.), 

divested  of  arms ; 
Unarmed,  not  having  any  weapon  of  offbnce. 
Bisarm'-ing;  disarmament,  disbar"'. mcument, 
French  dAsarmer,  dSsarmement ;  IJatin  di$  ofrvMky  deprlvad  of  arms. 
Disarrange,  dU\ar.rdnge'  (not  dW M.r&nge'),  to  put  oat  of  order; 

dis^arranged'  (3  syl.),  put  out  of  order ; 
TJn'arranged'  (3  sy).),  not  yet  put  into  order. 
Disarrangement,  disbar .rimf  .ment*    (Only  five  words  drop 

the  final  e  before  -ment,     Kule  xviii.) 

French  dAranger,  derangement;  Latin  dia  or  [ad]  reffo,  ta  dlMort 
what  is  regulated,    {-n-  is  not  fundamental.) 

Disarray,  disbar. ray ^  to  put  out  of  order,  to  divest  of  raiment ; 
dis'arrayed'  (8  syl.),  dis'array'-ing,  dis'array'-er  (R.  xiii.) 
Un^arrayed^  (3  syl.)    Not  dressed,  not  put  in  array. 
Low  liatin  di»  orrayo,  to  put  out  of  military  arxaj. 
Disassociate  or  dissociate,  dis\(i8.8o*.9%.atet  dU-so^MMts^  to  dis- 
unite;  dis'asso'ciat-ed  or  disso'ci§4;-6d  (Bole  xxx^)^ 
separated  from  companions ; 
Un^aaso'dat-ed,  not  joined  to  a  society. 
Bis^asso'ciat-ing  or  disso^'dat-ing  (Hule  xix.) 
Fr.  ddsassocier;  Lat.  di»  as  [ad]  socidre,  to  cease  being  a  oompaidoB  eff  €■*. 
Disaster,  di8.d8\ter,  a  mischance,  an  accident ;   disastroua,  dU.- 
as^trous  (not  dU.as^te.rus),  calamitous;   di8a8'troii»4y, 
disas'trous-ness. 
iFrench  dSaaatre;   Mid.  Lat.  dis  aairoms,  not  fortonata  (nrfiw,  a 
star) ;  Greek  dHa  aatron,  ill  starred  (d&»-  alwaya  denofeea  afdl^r  tha 
•ubverdon  of  good;. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  223 

I)!igairQ>w,  dM^.a,vW,  to  disolaini ;  dis'^avowed'  (3  gyl.),  dis'avow'- 
ing,  dis'avow'-Al,  dis'^avow'-er,  disavow'-ment  {-vdw  to 
rhyme  with  now),    TJn'avowed^  (3  syL),  not  owned. 

French  ditavowtxr;  Latin  di»  a  [ad]  vtfvso,  to  rtfnae  to  tow  to  [one]. 

IMsbaad',  to  dismiss  from  inilitaTy  service ;  disband'-ed  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  disband'-ing,  disbaiid'-meni 

French  iibander^  d^andemmU  (8  wjL);  Latin  dia  handvm,  [to  send] 
away  from  tho  banner. 

BiBbar',  djebar',  miUir' ;  -barred,  -bard ;  -ban<-ing,  &q,  (R.  i.) 

Diflp-bar,  to  deinriye  a  barrister  of  his  right  to  plead; 

De-bar,  to  forbid; 

Unbar,  to  draw  back  a  bar,  as  to  *'  unbar  the  door.** 

« 

Tlia  "bar"  to  which  barristers  are  called  is  the  rail  which  divides 
the  coonsel  from  the  "  laity.** 

{Tii-  ia  a  native  prefix,  denoting  privatifyn^  oppotitUm^  or  dtterHbToMon. 

Bisbelieve,  dW.he.levef  (R.  xxviii.),  not  to  believe  a  statement ; 
disbelieved  (3  syl.),  disn[)elieY'-ing  (R.  xix.),  not  believing 
a  statement;  nn'lieliev'-ing,  not  believing  in  Revelation. 

Bisbeliev'-er,  one  who  distrusts  a  statement; 

UnbelieY^-er,  one  who  does  not  believe  in  Revelation. 

Disbelief,  dis\be.leef,  distrust  in  a  statement ; 

Unbelief,  scepticism,  having  no  faith  in  Revelation. 

UnbeHev'-able  (not  dishelievahU),  unworthy  to  be  believed. 

Old  Eng.  unrgeledfa,  nn-  or  dis-  belief :  two  very  pretty  words  might 
be  restored,  viz.,  ungeledfavm,  unbelieving,  and  ungelaffsumnes. 

Bjabowel  or  disembowel,  dU.bdw\el,  dis'.emhSw'.el  {biiw  to 
rhyme  with  now)^  to  take  out  the  entrails ;  dis*  or  disem- 
-bowelled  {-bow\eld)y  -bowelling  (R.  iii.  el),  -boweller. 

JHs  and  French  hoel;  Latin  botelliu,  a  gat 

Di81md^  to  deprive  of  buds :  disbudd'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  dis- 
bndd'-ing  (Rule  i.)    Unbudd'-ed,  not  budded. 

JH§-  and  the  French  h<nUon,  a  bud. 

Disbiirden,  disburthen,  imburden,  tmburthen,  dis*  or  un- 
,biv/.den,  -bw/.then^  to  remove  a  load ; 

Disburdened  or  disburthened,  dU-  -bur^,dend,  -bur^.thend, 
relieved  of  a  load; 

Unbur^dened  or  nnbnrthened,  without  a  load. 
Disbnr'den-ing,  disbnrthen-ing,  nnbur^den-ing  or  nnbnr"- 
fhen^zig,  removing  a  load. 

JH»-  or  VM-  with  Old  Eng.  lyrden  or  bwihen  (byrd,  heavy,  hyr[an\ 
or  h6i\fin\y  to  bear).  Our  words  should  have  been  spelt  byrden,  or 
harden  to  preserve  the  darivation  more  correctly. 


224  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

DisbnTBO.  disJmrce^^  to  lay  out  money ;  disbTused''  (3  syL),  dis- 
buTs'-ing  (Rale  zix.),  disbnne'-meiit  (Rule  xviii.),  the  act 
of  paying  out  money;  disbniBe'-mentB,  money  paid  out; 
disburs'-er,  one  who  pays  out  money. 

French  dSbourse.  diboursemenU  (8  lyL),  t.  d^bowrser  ((owrse,  %  pnnt, 
the  [money]  exchange). 

Disc,  disky  the  face  of  the  sun  or  moon,  the  face  of  a  shield  or 
any  round  flat  body.  Disk  (in  Botany\  a  ring  or  scale 
between  the  bases  of  the  stamens  and  orary. 

Discous,  dis'.kiis  (a4j.)>  broad,  flat;  dbciform,  dU^j^fwrm 
(not  dU\ki.form\  in  the  form  of  a  flat  round  liody; 
discoid,  dW.koid  [pith],  in  Botany  that  which  is  divided 
into  cavities  by  discs. 

French  dA^ut;  Latin  discus,  disciformdUt :  Ore«k  dUtif$,  a  quoit, 
a  round  flat  stone  or  piece  of  metal. 

Discard,  dU.kard\  to  reject;  discard^-ed  (Rule  xxxvi),  dia- 
card'-ing;  discard'-er,  one  who  discards. 

Spanish  de<carfar,  to  discard,  or  reject  cards;  duearU,  the  caids 
rejected  or  thrown  out  of  one's  hand. 

Discern,  diz.zem%  to  see,  to  discriminate ;  discerned,  dizjBemd^; 
discem'.ing,  discem'ing-ly ;  discem-er,  dizjiem'.er; 
discem'-ment,  discem'-ible  (not  •'able),  discexnlUe- 
ness;  discemlbly,  diz,zem\i.hhy. 

Discernment  and  discretion  are  both  from  the  same  root- 
verb  (Latin  discemo),  but  now 

Discernment  means  insight,  and  discretion,  prudence. 

French  discemement  (3  syl ),  verb  diseemefr;  Latin  diaeemSre.  wofiat 
discrgtum  (di8  cemo,  to  sUt  and  separate,  hence  to  distinguish). 

Discharge'  (d  syl.),  to  dismiss ;  discharged'  (2  syl.),  disc^iaig^- 
ing  (Rule  xix.);  discharg'-er,  one  who  discharges. 

Discharged'  (said  of  firearms),  shot  ofif ; 

Uncharged'  (said  of  firearms),  not  "  loaded." 

French  dicharger,  to  unload  (c/uirger,  to  load) ;  Low  Latin  Mredrf^ 
to  freight  a  ship.    To  "discharge  "  means  to  unioad. 

Disciple,  di8.8i\p'l  (not  de^Wp'l),  a  pupil,  a  follower ;  diaol'ple* 
ship  {'Ship,  Old  English,  "office,"  «•  state  of  being...**). 

Disciplinarian,  dis'.sl.pli.nai'/'ri.an,  one  strict  to  enforce 
discipline;  disciplinary,  dWai.pU.nerry. 

Discipline,  dU'^tpUn,  Rubjection  to  rules  and  mastera,  to 
train  to  obedience;  dis'ciplined  (3  syl.),  dis'dlplln^iiig 
(Rule  xix.) ;  dis'cipUn-er,  one  who  trains. 

Disciplinable,  disM.pU'.na.b'l;  discipli'nable-] 


French  disciple,  disciplindble,  disciplinaire,  discipline,  ▼.  cKwipiiNcr; 
Latin  disdpllna,  disciplindhilis,  disctpiiltts,  a  scholar  (etfpAlo  [in 
composition  cipulo]  is  to  pour  liquor  from  one  vessel  into  another, 
and  a  disi-ciple  is  one  into  whom  instruction  is  poured). 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  225 

Difldaim,  dis.klame',  to  disavow ;  disdaiined'  (2  syl.),  disclaimer 
ing,  diBclaim^-er,  disclaim' -ant.  Unclaimed,  not  claimed. 

Declaim',  to  spont,  to  recite ;  declaimed  (2  syl.))  &c. 

"Disclaim,"  Latin  dU  elamdre,  to  refuse  to  call  for  Tone]. 

"  DecUim,"  French  diclanur;  Latin  dicldmdre,  to  make  set  speeches. 

DifldoBe,  to  rereal;  tmclose,  to  open  what  is  closed;  dis-  or 

vn-  dosed'  (2  sjl.),  dos'-ing  (H.  xix.),  disclos-er,  one 

who  reveals  or  tells  some  secret ;  disdosure,  dU.cW.zkvfr. 

JHs  and  Old  Eng.  dusa ;  Latin  clavMrum,  a  prison.    To  dU-dose  is 
"to  dischaigt  from  oonfinement"  or  secrecy. 

Biflcdour,  di8.kitt,er,  to  stain ;  discoloured,  dis.kuV.erd,  injured 

in  its  colour;   uncoloured.  un.kuV.erdt  not  coloured; 

discoloration,  di9\kid.er.a*\ihun. 

(**  Discolour "  would  he  better  without  the  "  u,"  which  it 

dropped  in  "  discoloration.") 

Vrench  dieoloration,  ddcolorer;  Latin  dieSlor,  dicSlordtiOf  y.  dieSUh 
rdre  (cdloro,  to  colour). 

Difloomfit,  di8.kiim,fU,  to  defeat.    Discomfort  (see  below). 

Discom'fit-ed  (Bnle  xxxvi.),  discom'fit-ing,  routing; 
discomfiture,  dis.kiim'.fX.tchur,  defeat  in  battle. 

Frmch  dicoTnjUure ;  Latin  confectiu,  finished  (fion  fddo,  completely 
done),  dis-  in  a  bad  sense. 

Diacomfort,  dis.kum\fortj  absence  of  comfort,  to  make  uneasy; 
discom'fort-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  discom'fort-ing ;  disoom- 
jbrtore,  dis.kUm'.for.tchur,  want  of  comfort. 

Difloom'forted,  made  uneasy ; 

TJnoom'forted,  not  consoled. 

TJnoomfortable,  un.kum\for.ta.b\  not  easy ;  uncomfortable- 
ness;  uncom'fortably,  uneasily. 

French  dicovfort^  v.  dicoTiforier ;  Latin  dis  c(yn<fortdri,  the  reverse  of 
being  strong  or  comforted  (fortis,  strong). 

DiBOommode.     {See  Incommode.) 

DiBOompose,  di8'.kSm.poze\  to  unsettle ;  De'compose',  to  reduce 
a  con»pound  body  to  its  elements  or  ingredient; 
dis'composed'  (3  syl.),  dis'compos'-ing,  dis'compos'-er; 
discomposure,  dW .kbm.po" .shur,  agitation. 

Vn'oomposed'  (3  syl.)    Chiefly  applied  to  literary  work. 

French  decomposer,  to  discompose  and  decompose;   Latin  de  eom- 
ponire,  to  de-compose,  dis  componire,  to  discompose. 

Diflooncert,  dis'.kon.sert',  to  disturb,  to  put  out  of  countenance ; 
dis'concert'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  dis'concerf -ing. 

TJn'concerf  ed,  not  concerted. 

French  diconeerter;  Latin  con-certdre  is  "to  strive  together,**  hence 
"to  be  in  harmony,"  dis-concertdre  is  "to  strive  contrary  ways/ 
h«noe  "  to  be  out  of  harmony,"  "  to  be  disturbed,"  &.c. 

P 


226  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Difloonneet,  di8'.kSn.n^f,  to  separate;  dis^connecf-ed  (4  ^L), 

separated;  im'connect'-ed,  having  bo  connection;  dis'- 

ocnmected-ly,  unconnected-ly,  dkconnect'-ing;,  difcon- 

nect-er;  disconnection,  di8\k8n.nekf\8hun ;  diaoonnec- 

tive,  di»\kbn.neW Mv  ;  discmmeotiYe-ly. 

JHs'  And  Freiich  etmneaeiont  connectif;  Latin  dis  ooimeeto,  to  nabind 
what  is  bound  together  {necto,  to  bind). 

BiBCOiiBolate,  di8.kdn\8o.late,  sorrowful;   discon'solate^y,  dis- 
con'solate-ness;  disconsolation,  dUMn'jto.lay^'^lmn. 
The  rest  of  these  words  are  compouided'with  in-  or  vn-. 

Inconsolable,  in\kdh.8o'\la.h'l ;  inognaolltble-neflB,  inoon- 
solably,  in\kon,8o'\la.bly,  *     ^ 

Un'consoled'  (3  syl.)»  not  consoled,  imcoD85r-ing  (R.  xix.) 
French  inoonsolahle,  inoonsoli;  Latin  dis-  wns^dttut,  Ac, 

Discontent,  dis' .kon.tmt' ,  want  of  content ;  dis'contenf-ed,  dia'- 
contenf  ed-ly,  dis^content^ed-ness,  dis'cantenf-mei&t 

Mal'contenf,  one  politically  discontented  or  inclined  for 
sedition ;  maJcontent'-ed,  maloontenf  ed-Iy,  msdcontent'- 
ed-ness,  malcontent'-ment. 

Non'oontent,  jplu.  non'contents.     Lords  who  negative  a 

"  bill."    Those  who  approve  of  it  are  called  **  Contents." 

French  verb  miconteriter,  mdconterUement,  mdcontent;  Latin  rnali 
contentus,  &c.,  dis  contewtua,  &o. 

Difloontinne,  di8\c(in.nn\u,  to  cease;   discontin'ned  (4  syl.), 
•    discontin'n-ing  rRnle  xix.),  discontin'n-ance;  discon- 
tinuation,  dis' ,kon.tln' M.a'\8}mn ;    discontiniiity,   dW.^ 
kdn.ttnW.i.ty ;  discontinuous,  di8\kon.tin'\uM8, 

French  discontinu,  discontinuation,  verb  discontintber^  diaconUmMi, 
discontinuance  ;  Latin  dis  contXnudre,  &o. 

Dia'cord,  want  of  harmony;   discor'dance,  discor'dazrt; 

discor'dancy,  plu.  discordancies,   dis.kdi^ddnMs  (Bnle 
xliv.);  discor'dant-ly. 

French  discord,  discordance,  discordant;  Latfn  discordanSt  gOBHIr* 
discordantis,  discordia  (dis  corda,  hearts  asunder). 

Discount,  (noun)  dis'.kountt  (verb)  dis.kount'  (Rule  L) 

Dis'count,  abatement  for  ready  money.  • 

Discount^  to  mnke  an  abatement  for  ready  mon^;  di8« 

count'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  discount^ 4ng,  diseoimi'-er. 
Uncounted,  not  counted. 

French  dicompte,  verb  (f^compfer =da.k5n.ta7 ;  Latin  cU«  MMipttdH^ 
not  to  be  reclioned  [in  tbe  account]. 

Discountenance,  dU.kownf.te.nance,  to  discourage;  dfaooim'- 
tenanced  (4:  syl.),  discoun'tenanc-ing  (Rule  xix.); 
discoun'tenanc-er,  one  who  discountenances. 

French  faveur,  the  countenance ;  d^aveur,  the  exact  •qofvalmt  of 
di*-  tounUinanu.     French  eonienanoe  (2  tyL);  Latin 


AND   OF  SPELLING  J  2C7 

oonUioing.  cowUnewtia.  The  word  "ooantenaace"  means  tlkB 
" contents **:  hence  the  "outline'*  or  "xontonr,"  und  br  still  far- 
ther licence  "  the  superficial  aspeet.**    fOur  word  it  Ht  formed.  J 

BiflOOiiiage,  dU.kufrage,  to  (iissnade,  to  dishearten ;  diBConr'- 
ug&di  (8  syl.),  diseonr'ag-ing  (Rule  xix.),  dkooui^aging-ly, 
dkooiir'ag'«r,  diBCOor'age-ment  (Rule  xviii.) 

Kcendi  dicowiugemeni^  rerb  dioowragw;  Latin  cHs  cor  «0O,  to  act  on 
tiie  heart  the  wrong  waj. 

Steonne,  dUMfti^^.  cf)nyer8ation,  to  oonverBe;  difloonned' 
(2  syL),  4lmNnHi'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  dlsoourt'-er ;  disconT- 
give,  diMMrj^.    IMsour'siTe  meann  "  desultory." 

Vmeh  diseowrs ;  Latin  discursus  (disevrro,  supine  discursumf  to  run 
over.  A  ducow»e  is  a  "  running  over  "  [some  subject].  A  di9C%i$- 
tiov.  is  a  shaking  about  [of  some  subject]. 

Biaoonrteous  or  UnoQurteoiifl,  -kor.ti'tu  (not  -kw/.tchua),  impo- 
lite; discour'teous-neas  or  nncourteoTu-ness,  disomr^te- 
oii8-ly  or  imcoiir'teous-ly,  rudely ;  discourtesy,  plu,  dis- 
oourtesies,  dis.kor^.te^iz  (never  un-)  (not  dU.kur^ .te^y) 
(Rule  xliv.),  want  of  courtesy. 
French  diacourtois^  disoourtoisie,    (See  CrOUrt.) 

Biseofver,  du,kuv'.er  (not  di8.k6v'.er).    Uncov'er. 

Discover,  to  find  out  what  was  unknown ; 

Uncover,  to  remove  a  covering  from  some  object. 

Bis-,  or  un-  covered,   -kuv\erd,  -cov'er-ing,   -cov'er-er, 
discover-able ;  discovery,  dis.kuv'J.ry. 

French  ddcouvrir,  to  discover  and  uncover,  d^couvreur.  Low  Latin 
eofira;  Latin  cdphlmia,  a  coffer.    To  cover  is  "  put  into  a  coffer." 

Discredit,  dis.krid'M,  disgrace,  not  to  credit  or  believe;  dis- 
credlt-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  discred'it-ing,  discredit-able, 
(Rule  xxiii.),  discreditably. 

Incred^-ible,  not  credible ;  incredible-ness,  incredibly ; 
incredibility,  in.kred^.iMV\i.ty,  state  of  disbelief. 

Incred'ulous,  not  believing;  incred'ulous-ness,  incred'n- 
lous-ly;  incredulity,  in\kre.du".VLty, 

French  diseridit,  v.  ^iscrSditer,  incredibility,  ineridule,  ineriduliti; 
Latin  dis  credere,  incredVnlia,  incredibilitcu,  iiuyrtditv^^  discredited, 
ineridiUitas,  incrSdulus. 

Discreet,  prudent.    Discrete,  disjoined.    Both  dU.kreetf, 

Disoieet'-ly,  discreef-ness ;  discretion,  dis.krish'.un  (not 
dis.kree' ^hun) ;  disoretion-ary,  du.kre8h".unMjry, 

French  diseret,  diecrUion,  discr^tioniuiire  ;  Latin  diKritua^  discritio, 
V.  dis-cemOf  supine  discritum,  to  discern  [right  from  wrong]. 

DiftOtepancy,  plu.  discrepancies,  dis.kr^p\an.8iz.    (Rule  xliv.) 
Disagreement  in  a  statement. 
Latin  diteripanUa  {die  critpdrtt  to  creak  or  jar  sadly) 


228  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

INscrete^  (2  syl.),  disjoined;   diacretiye,  dis.kreeWiio;   discre'- 
tive-ly.    {See  Discreet.) 
French  discrett  discreet  and  di8cretiy^ ;  Latin  discfi^us^  serered. 

Discretion,  dis.kresh^un ;  discretion-ary.     {See  Biscreet) 

Discriminate,  di8.k7fm,'.in.atey  to  mark  the  difference  of  objects; 
discrim'inat-ed  (H.  xxxvi.),  discrim'inat-ing  (R.  xix.)« 
discrim'inating-ly,  discrim'inat-or  (not  -er,  R.  xxxvii.); 
discriminatory,  di8.krim\\n.a.tb.ry ;  dlBbiiminatiyey  dis.- 
krim\%n,a,tiv ;  discrimination,  dMJsiiim^J(m>.a'\8hun, 
(**  Discrimination  '*  one  of  the  words  in  -tion,  not  Fr.) 

Latin  discrlmen,  genitive  diaeriminU,  dUcrlmindtio,  diaerimXndtui, 
verb  discrlmindre;  Greek  dis  krimct,  judgment  between  [things]. 

Discrown',  to  depose  a  sovereign  or  deprire  him  of  his  crown; 
discrowned'  (2  syl.),  discrown'-ing. 

Un'crowned'  (2  syl.),  not  crowned. 

To  "crown"  is  to  invest  a  person  with  a  crown  m  .i^  symbol  of 
royalty.    To  "  discrown  "  is  to  remove  from  him  that  symboL 

Discnrsive,  dis.kur'.sXv,  desultory;  discor'siye-ly,  discnr'siTe- 

ness;  discursory,  di8.kur\80,ryj  arguroental. 

French  diamrsif;  Lttin  diacurro^  snpine  diacursum  (dii  eurro,  to 
run  hither  and. thither). 

Discos,  dis^kus,  a  ^uoit.    Discons,  dis'.kHs,  broad,  flat. 

Discuss,  di8,ku8\    To  talk  argumentatively  on  a  subject. 

"Discus,"  Latin ;  Greek  diskds,  a  round  flat  plate  of  metal,  &a 
**  Discous,"  see  Disc.    *'  Discuss/'  see  next  article. 

Discuss,  di8,ku8\  to  ventilate  a  subject.    {See  Discns.) 

Discussed'  (2  syl.),  dipcuss'-ing,  discuss'-er. 

Discussion,  dis.kOsh^uny  a  debate;  discussive,  dis^iHt^ai^ ; 
discutient,  di8.kil\8hl.ent,  having  the  power  to  disperse 
morbid  matter. 

French  discusJtif,  disciission,  verb  discuter ;  Latin  discus^,  difcvtsor, 
verb  discnitiOy  supine  discussum,  {dis  qualiOy  to  shake  thoroughlyX 

Disdain'  (2  syl.),  contempt,  to  scorn;  disdained'  (2  syl.),  dis- 
dain'-ing,  disdain'ingly,  disdain'er,  disdain'-ftii  (Rnlo 
viii.),  disdain'ful-ly,  dis^Edn'fnl-iiess.    {See  Deign.) 

French  dAdaigner,  d4ddin;   Italian   disdegno,  disdegnart;  Latin 
dis  digndre,  to  deem  unworthy  {dignus,  worthy). 

^Disease,  di8.eze\  illness.    Disseize,  di8.8eet\  to  onst. 

Disease  is  more  applicable  to  man ;  distemper  to  famteB. 

Disease'  (2  syl.),  plu.  diseas'es  (3  syl.,  Rule  liii.) 

Diseased'  (2  syl.)    Afflicted  with  disease. 

Uneasy,  un.ee'.zy^  not  easy,  uncomfortable;  mieasi-ly, 
nneasi-ness  (Rule  xi.) 

Old  English  edth^  easy;  unedth,  uneasy;  vnedthnea,  Tmnatitnons r 
urUthelic,  uneasily.    French  malaise.    Latin  die  or  maU  o<i^««]> 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  229 

Biflembark  or  debark,  dis'.em.harkf,  de.bark%  to  land  from  a 
a  ship ;  disem-  or  de-  barked,  -barkt,  -bark-ing ;  disem- 
barkation or  debarkation,  dU.em-  or  de-  bar. kay'' .shun  ; 
disem-  or  de-  barkment,  dU^em-  or  de-  bark'.ment. 

"Bark**  (French  barque.  Low  Latin  ba/rea^  a  little  ship).  Em  or  en 
converts  nouns  into  verbs,  hence  tmJbark,  to  ship  or  put  on  board 
(French  emJbarqucr).    DU  reverses,  hence  dia-tmhark,  to  nnship. 

French  dibarqiu,  dibarquement,  r.  d^barquer,  formed  on  another 
principle.    L9W  Latin  de  barca,  [to  take]  out  of  a  bhip. 

Dtflembarrasa,  dis.em.bar'ras,  to  free  from  perplexity;  disem- 
bar'raased  (4  syl.)>  disembar'rass-ing,  disembar'rassment. 

Unembarrassed,  un'.em.bar^ratU  not  troubled   with  per- 
plexities  or  pecuniary  difficulties. 

Trmch  dAbarrae^  r.  dibarrasser;  Low  Latin  barra,  a  barrier,  Bm 
or  en  converts  nouns  into  verbs,  hence  emba>raia  to  hamper  with 
barriers.    JDis  reverses,  h«nce  dia  eaibarroM^  to  remove  the  barriers. 

Disembellish,  dU.em,belV.i8h,  to  strip  off  decoration <« ;  disem- 
bell'ished  (4  syL),  disembell'ishing,  disembeirish-er. 

"Bell,"  a  beauty  (Latin  bellus,  pretty).  Bm  or  en  converts  nouns  into 
verbs,  and  Uh  added  to  verbs  means  "to  make.*'  hence  embelliith, 
to  make  beautiful.  DU  reverses,  hence  dis-emhelLuh^  to  strip  off 
that  which  makes  beautifuL 

Disembody,  di8\emMd",y,  to  froe  from  the  body ;  disembodies, 
dU\emMd'\%z ;  disembodied,  dU\em.bod"Ad  (Rule  xL), 
diaembOdi-m6nt  (Kule  xi.),  but  disembod'y-in^  (with  y). 

Old  English  bodig,  the  body.  Bm  or  en  converts  nouns  to  verbs, 
hence  embody,  "to  give  a  body,  or  put  on  a  body."  Dis  reverses, 
hence  die-emhody^  to  put  off  a  body,  to  take  the  body  away. 

BiBembogae,  di8\em.bug'\  to  pour  out  through  the  mouth  [as  a 
river,  into  the  sea] ;  disembogues,  di/.em.6/7ps";  disem- 
bogued, di8\em,bogd";  disembogu-ing,  dis^emMg^ing 
(R.  xix.);  disembogue-ment,  dis\em.bdg^\ment  (R.  xviii.) 

"Bogue"  (French  bouche,  Spanish  boca),  the  mouth  Em  or  en  con- 
verts nouns  into  vprb«»,  hence  em-bogue,  to  put  into  the  mouth 
(French  emJbotLcher,  Spanish  embuchar).  Die  reverses,  hence  dis- 
embogiie,  to  put  out  of  the  mouth,  to  disgorge  (JNorman-French 
d^eemboucher,  Spanish  deaemimchar). 

IHaembowel,  di8'.em.bow^l  {-bSw-  to  rhyme  with  now),  to  take 
out  the  entrails ;  disembow'elled  (4  syL),  disembow'ell-ing 
(R.  iii  el)  ;  disembdw'ell-er,  disembow'el-ment  (one  I). 
These  words  are  also  used  without  tiie  prefix  di8- :  as 

Embowel,  em.bfhd'.eU  to  take  out  the  entrails ;  embdw'elled 
(3  syl.),  embSw'ell-ing  (R.  iii.  el),  emb5well-er,  em- 
bdw'el-ment  (one  I). 

** Bowel**  (Frenc*  boel ;  Latin  botellue,  the  gut).  Em  or  m  converts 
nouns  into  verbs,  hence  em-bowel,  to  gut,  t.«.,  take  out  the  en 
teaila.    In  this  example  die  is  pleonastic. 


230  ERnom  OF  SPEECH 

Disenchant,  dU.en.chant  (not  dU,enxhdnt\\jofteB  from  enchant- 
ment; disenoh(^nt'-ed  (E.  xxxvi.),  disendiant'-iiigy  diB- 
enchlUif -er  (should  be  -or),  disencduLnt'-men^ 

FrMich  dSsenchantet,  dSienchantement ;  Lstin  dis  iwiaivUtrer'4>iM«Uar 
mentum,  -incanidtor  (canio,  to  sing  often  the  same  tone). 

IHsenoninber,  dU.enJkum\hiSr,  to  remove  an  encnmbiunce ;  diA- 
encum'bered  (4  sy].)>  disencmnnser-er,  disencnim'ber-ing; 
disencnm'brance  (not  dUencumhera'nfie). 

Bisencombered,  haying  an  encnmbrance  taken  off; 

Unencumbered,  un' .en.kum'.berd,  without  encumbrance. 

JHs  and  French  eneombre,  r.  enwmJbrvr;  Latin  fn  cvni5^re,  to  lie  or 
lean  npon ;  die  reverses. 

Disengage,  dis' .en.gage\  to  free  from  work  or  entanglement; 

disengaged'  (3  syl.);    disengag-ing,   dis^en^gdge'-ing ; 

disengag-er,   dis.en.gdgg'.er ;    disengage-onent,    disen- 

gagedness,  di8*.en.gdge'.ed.nes8y  state  of  being  at  leisure. 

Dis'engaged'  (3  syl.),  set  free  from  an  engagement; 

Un'engaged'  (3  syl.),  without  any  engagement. 

Disengaging,  setting  free  something  entangled ; 

tfnengaging,  not  adax>ted  to  engnge  the  heait  of  anyone. 

Freneh  ddgdgi,  digagement,  verb  digager;  Low  Latin  vadiwmf  a 
pawn ;  German  %wige^  a  pair  of  scales ;  wdgen^  to  weigh ;  xaxoinf 
wei!<hed  out  for  senmce,  hence  wages ;  gooUs  for  which  monej  is 
weighed  out,  hence  a  pawn.  En  converts  nouns  into  verbs,  hence 
engage  to  pawn  :  therefore,  "not  to  be  free  or  unoccupied. "  JHt 
reverses,  hence  dis-engnged,  taken  out  of  pawn,  free,  at  Jeisiwe. 

Disennoble,  dis' .en,nd.h%  to  deprive  of  nobility;  dis'ennoni>led 
(4  syl.),  dis'enno'bling.    Un^ennobled,  not  ennobled. 

"Noble,"  a  nobleman.  E%  converts  nouns  into  verbs,  henoe  m»- 
noble,  to  make  noble.  IH8  reverse^  hence  dia-tmnobief  to  deinire 
one  of  that  which  gives  nobility. 

Disenroll,  dis^en.roll,  to  frase  from  a  roll;  dis'enrolled:'  (3  syl.), 
dis'enroll'-ing,  disenroll'ment,  gi^nerallv  disenxolment. 
Un'enroUed'  (8  syl.),  not  enrolled.  UnroU,  to  open 
something  rolled ;  nnrolled'  (2  syL),  unroll'ing  (R.  viii) 

" Roll,"  a  list  of  names.  En  converts  nouns  into  verbii^  hence  emroll, 
to  put  aname  on  a  roll.  JHs  reverses,  h-  nee  di»-enroU,  to  take 
a  name  off  a  roll.    ("  Roll,"  lAtin  rdtula,  a  reeL) 

Disentail,  dis'.en.taiV,  to  free  land  from  entail;  dis'entailed' 
(3  syl.),  dis'entail'-ing,  dis'entail'-ment,  dis'entaU'er. 

French  entailler,  to  cut  off,  h^nce  to  limit :  Law  Latin  feudwn  tatti- 
dtwn,  a  fee  curtailed  or  limited  [to  a  particular  heir).  JHi  rerenee, 
hence  dis-entailf  to  abolish  the  limitation  of  entailment 

Disentangle,  dW .en.tan' .g'l.  to  unravel ;  dis'entan'gled  (4  ^L), 
dis'entaa'gling,  dis'entan'gler,  disentan'gle*meBi. 

tTnentangled,  un\enMin",g'ld,  not  entangled; 


AND  OF  SPELLTNO.  2Sl 


Dioeatanc^Led,  ^i8'.eH.tan'\g*ld,  yrifh  the  tangle  removed. 

"IJvigle,"  ft  jumble^.  En  conyerts  nouns  into  vorbe.  henoe  entangU, 
to  make  a  jumble.  JH»  reverses,  henoe  dia-tntangUt  to  get  rid 
of  the  jumble. 

INaenthial,  dis* .en.thravsl',  to  free  from  thraMom  (Bule  viii); 
disenthralled'  (3  syl.),  dis'enthrall'-ing  (Rale  i), 
dis'enthral'-ment  (only  one  2). 

TJnenthralled,  un'.en.thraw'ld^  not  in  thraldom; 

Sisenthrfdled  (3  syl.),  set  free  from  thraldom. 

Thral,  Old  English,  "a  slave."  En  converts  nouns  into  verbs,  hence 
enthral,  to  make  one  a  slave.  Dis  reverses,  hence  dis-mihralf  to 
set  free  one  who  has  been  made  a  slave. 

JNaanthrone,  dis'.en.throne"  or  dethrone,  de.thronefy  to  depose 
a  sovereign :  dis'enthroned"  (3  syl.)  or  dethroned'  (2  syl.), 
di8'enthrOn"-lng  or  dethron'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  dis'en- 
throne"-ment  or  dethrone'-ment. 

"Throne,"  the  seat  of  royalty.  En  converts  nouns  into  verbs,  henoe 
vtdhrone,  to  place  on  the  seat  of  sovereignty.  Dis  reverses,  hence 
di»-€nihrone,  tu  remove  from  the  seat  of  royalty. 

"Dethrone"  is  formed  on  another  principle:  dt  ihroiM, 
Lto  remove]  from  the  throiiC. 

Sifleiititl^,  dis'.en.tWiX  to  deprive  of  title  or  daim ;  disentitled, 
dis'.en.U'.tld ;  dis'enti'tling. 

Untitled,  without  title ;  Disentitled,  deprived  of  title. 

"Title**  (Old  English  tUvX\  a  denotation  of  rank.  En  oonverts 
nouns  into  verbs,  hen<-e  entitle^  to  confer  a  title.  JH»  reverses, 
hence  dis-eniiiU,  to  remove  the  name  denoting  rank. 


,  di8\en.toom'  (b  mute),  to  remove  from  a  tomb; 
disentombed, rf?y.cn.<oomd';  disentomb-ing,di«'.«n.foom'.- 
ing ;  disentomb-ment,  dU\en.toom\ment. 

Untombed  (2  syl.),  without  a  tomb,  not  committed  to  a  grave; 

BiBentombed  (3  syl.),  taken  ^ut  of  one's  grave. 

**Tpmb"  ^French  iombeau,  Greek  tvmhos),  a  grave.  En  converts 
nouns  into  verbs,  hence  entomb,  to  put  inio  a  grave.  Vis  reverses, 
hence  dis-entomb,  to  take  out  of  a  grave. 

DisesfeaUish,  dU\e8dah" .lUh,  to  break  up;  dis'estab'lished  (4 
syl.).  dis'estublish-ing,  dis'estab'lish-ment. 

ITnestabllshed  (4  syl.),  not  establisheil ; 

Diseetablished,  deprived  of  that  which  gave  establishment. 

^''Stfti  le,"  a  thing  flxt  (Latin  sto,  to  stand  or  fix).  En  converts  nouns 
Into  verbs,  and  -i»/i  added  to  verbs  means  "to  make,"  hence  m 
[en]  stablinh.  to  make  firm.  Di»  reverses,  hence  dU-tstdbli^,  to 
unfix  what  was  firm. 

Dis'Mieem',  to  disregard ;  dis'eeteemed'  (3  syl.),  dis'esteem'-ing; 
disestimation,  d's.es' .ti.may" .sihun, 
lAtin  dis  attitndre;  French  misestimer  (Latin  male  ceitimare). 


232  ERRORS   OF  SPEECH 

Bisfavonr,   dis.fay'.v^r^  disapprobation,  to    disapprove;    dia- 
fa^'vonred  (3  syl.))  disfa^onr-ing,  disfa'vour-er. 
Other  negative  compounds  are  made  with  un- :  as — 

XTnfaVouT-able,  nnfaVouiable-iiess,  imfa'vourably. 

Unfavoured,  un.fay\verdf  not  favoured; 

Disfavoured,  spited,  discountennnced. 
French  d^faveur,  difavordble ;  Latin  dia  fdvoVf  removftl  of  goodwill. 

Disfigure,  dis.fig'.er  (not  dis.fig'.geur),  to  deface;  disfig'ured 
(3  syL),  disfig'ur-ing  (Rule  xix.),  disfig'ur-er,  disfig'nre- 
ment  (only  live  words  drop  the  **  e "  finnl  before  -merU, 
Bule  xviii.);  disfiguration,  di8.f\g'.u.ray"^hun, 

TJnfigured,  not  figure* I,  plain;  disfigured,  defaced/ 
FreDch  d^fifpirer:  Latin  dis  figHrdre,  to  mar  the  form ;  JigiMUiOf  Ac 

Disforest,  disjor^rest  or  disafforest,  dis'.af.foi^rest,  to  take  from 
a  forest  its  royal  piivile*;es;  dis-  or  disaf-  for^ested 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  dis-  or  disaf-  for'est-ing. 

Old  French  forest,  Ffench  for6t.  Af  converts  the  nonn  into  a  verb, 
hence  afforest,  to  convert  into  a  forest  with  certain  privileges.  DU 
reverses,  hence  disafforest,  to  remove  the  privileges  of  the  forest. 

Disforest  is  to  reduce  a  forest  from  being  a  forest. 

Disfranchise,  dis.frun'.chize,  to  tHke  away  the  franchise;  dis- 
ftan'chised  (3  syl.),  disfran'chis-ing  (Rule  xix.),  digfiran'- 
chise-ment,  dis.fran' .shiz.mMt  (Bule  xviiL) 

Unfranchised,  not  franchised ; 

Disfranchised,  deprived  of  its  franchise. 

JHs  and  French  franchise;  Low  Latin  fromthetia,  %  fhuichiBe ;  diU 
franchisdtus,  disfranchised. 

Disgorge'  (2  syl.),  to  ueld  up;  disgorged'  (3  syl.);  diggofg-iiig; 
dis.gorge'dng  (Rule  xix.);  disgorge'-ment. 

Ungorged'  (2  syl.),  not  sated  or  gorged ; 

Disgorged'  (2  syl.)»  vomited  out  or  ejected  from  the  stomach. 

French  dSgorgement,  verb  dAgorger,  to  dischai^e  ftrom  the  thRMt 
{gorge,  the  throat :  Latin  gurgiiUial  the  windpipe). 

Disgrace'  (2  syl.),  dishonour,  to  be  out  of  favour;  disgraced' 

(2    syl.);    disgrac-ing,   dis.grase' ing  (Rule   xix.);    ^U»- 

grace'-ful  (Rule  viii«),  disgrace'ful-ly,  disgraoe'fal-neM. 

Ungraced'  (2  syl.),  not  embellished; 

Disgraced,  reduced  to  shame. 

Ungraceful,  without  grace ;  disgraceful,  shamefril. 

Ungraoefnl-ly,  inelegantly ;  disgracefnl-ly,  shamefbDj. 

Ungraoeful-ness,  inelegance ;  disgraoefnl-ness,shameAilnee8. 

Ungracious,  un,gray' .shusy  siurly ;  ungracious-ly. 

(Un-  denotes  simply  the  absence,  dis-  denotes  aetyal  pri- 
vation of  something  before  possessed.) 
French  di8gra4ie,  verb  dii^gracier,  disgra^ieux,  ongracioui ;  Latta  dis 
gratia,  favour,  grace,  honour. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  n:\ 


Biggiiise,  dis.gize!',  a  false  appearance,  to  have  a  false  appear- 
ance; disg^nised,  dis.gized;  disgnised-ly,  dis.gized^.ly 
or  dis.gized. ed.ly ;  disgaiB-iag,  dis.gize'-ing  (Rale  xix.); 
disgnise-ment,  dis.gize'jnent  (Rule  viii.) 

Old  French  deaguiier^  &c. ;  French  diguiser,  diguisemeni. 

(Old  English  ioi<a,  manner,  guise  ;  Welsh  gwis^  mode,  gvyitg,  dress.) 

IDHagat^,  aversion,  to  excite  aversion ;  disgiiBt'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi), 
disgnsf-ing,   disgnsfing-ly,    disgiiBf-ful    (Rule    viii), 
di^usf fol-ly,  disgusff ul-nesB. 
Italian  diaguMartf  disgtuto;  lAtin  dU  gust&rt  {ffiutvu^  taste). 

Biah,  pJu,  dishes,  dish.Sz  (Rule  liii.),  notm  and  verb;  dished 
(1  syl.),  dish'-ing.     To  dish  up  [dinner],  to  put  food  on 
the  dishes  ready  for  [dinner]. 
Old  English  disG,  a  plate  or  dish ;  Latin  disetu;  Greek  duiko9, 

BiahahOle.    {See  Deshabille.) 

Bighearten,   dU.harf^en,  to  dispirit;    dishearfened  (8  syl.); 
dishearten-ing,  dU.hartf.ning, 
JHb  and  Old  English  heorUt  the  heart 

Biaheyel,  d%^h^\el,  more  correctly  decheVel,  to  let  the  hair 
loose;  dishev'elled,  more  correctly  dechev'eled  (8  syl.;, 
dishevell-ing,  more  correctly  dechevel-ing. 
(Ihe  spelling  of  **  dishevel''  U  disgraceful.) 

French  chevev,^  the  hair :  (heveluret  the  hair  dressed ;  de  ehevel,  to 
"derange  the  dress  of  the  hair"  (Latin  capiUus);  but  duhevtl 
must  be  either  de-shevel  or  dis-Jievelf  both  nonsense. 

Biahonest,  dis.Sn'.est,  not  honest;  dishonest-ly,  dis,on',est.ly ; 
dishonesty,  dis.hn\est.ty. 

(Only  three  simple  words  begin  with  h-mute :  (1)  heir  = 
air,  (2)  honest  =  on'. est  and  honour  =  on\er,  (3)  hour  =3 
our  (Rule  xlviii.);  all  taken  from  the  French.) 

Old  French  Tumneste,  French  honnSte,  dishonnite ;  Latin  hOnestug, 
inhcmestus.  (We  have  avoided  the  French  donblo  n,  but  have 
followed  the  French  in  dropping  the  h.) 

Biahononr,  dXz.Sn'.er,  disgrace,  to  disgrace;  dishonoured,  diz.- 
iht\erd;  dishonouring,  ^^^.(5n^«r.^n^ ;  dishonour-er,  dtz.- 
dn'.er.er;  diBtonovaaible^  diz.5n'.er.a.b'l;  dishonourable- 
ness, dii6.8n\er,a,b'l.ne88 ;  dishonourably,  diz.dn\erM.bly. 

ITxihonoared,  un.5n\erdf  not  honoured,  disregarded; 

Biahonoured,  positively  disgraced  or  discredited. 

French  dAshcmneur  1 1  but  dSsfuynorahle  (one  n1,  verb  didumorer; 
Ltetin  I^noTf  dehOnestua,  verb  dehdnestdre,  to  discredit 

Biaindine,  dis'.inMine'^  not  willing;   dis'inclined"  (3  syl.), 
dis'inclIn'Mng  (Rule  xix.);    disinclination,   dis'.inM.- 
nay'^shun,  dislike,  unwillingness. 
Latin  dU  indindref  dia  inclindtio  (cllno,  Greek  JUinC,  to  bend). 


284  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

IMflinooTpoTate,  di8\in.k(y/'.posate,  to  deprive  of  corporate 
rights ;  dis'lncor^'porat-ed  (Hule  xixvi.),  dis^incor^'porat- 
iog  (Rule  xix.) ;  disincorporation,  d%s\in.hoT^]^,r^'j^" ^hun, 

TJn'incor"porated,  not  oorporated  j 

Bis'lncor^'porated,  deprived  of  corporate  rights. 

French  disincorporer,  dSsincorporation ;  Latin  dia  incorpardtio,  -in- 
oorpordre  {earptis,  a  body  [corporate]). 

Difl'infect"',  to  deodorise,  to  purify ;  dis'lnfect^'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
dis^infect^'-ing ;  dis'infect'^-er,  a  person  or  substance 
that  disinfects ;  dis'ii^ecV'-ant,  a  substance  which  disin- 
fects; disinfection,  dis^in.fek^'^hwn, 

TJn'infect"e4t  not  contaminated ; 
Dis'infect'''ed,  cured  of  its  contamination. 
XJninfectioTis,ttn'.in./^".s/iw«,  not  communicating  [disease]; 
Bisinfectious,  di8\in,fek'\8hu8,  neutralising  infection. 
French  ddsinfecter,  disinfection;  Latin  dia  infectus,  -infeeior  (it^fieio). 

Disingenuous,  di/.in.jenf'.u.us  (not  dis* Jin.jee'\rd.UH),  not  frank; 
dis'ingen''nous-ly,  dis'ingen'^uons-ness ;  disingennity, 
di8\in.je.nu'\i.tyt  want  of  candour. 

Latin  dis  ing^vXtas,  -ingifnuust,  verb  ingenor,  to  be  of  good  extrac- 
tion or  well- bom.    IHs  reverses.     "  Disingenuous  "  is  "  iO-bred.** 

Disinherit,  dis^in.hfir^Wlty  to  deprive  of  hereditary  rights;  dis'- 
inher'it-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  dis'inherlt-ing,  dis^in^er'it-er 
(ought  to  be  'Or)\  disinherison,  dis\in.her^'ri.sdn,  the  act 
of  disinheriting;  dis'inher'itance. 
(The  French  and  Latin  pnvitive  in  this  example  ia  ex.) 

French  exMridation,  disinherison;  verb  exhirider;  Latin  eaduari- 
ddre,  to  disinherit ;  exhcereddtor,  exhcereddfio,  disinheriiion. 

Disintegrate,  dis.in'.tegrdte,  to  pulverise ;  disin'tegrat-ed  (Rale 
xxxvi.),  disin'tegrat-ing  (Rule  xix.);  disinteg^tion, 
dis. in'. te.gr  ay'*. shun;  disintegrable,  dis.in\te.grci.Vl ; 
disin'tegrabie-ness. 

Latin  dis  intigrdre,  -integrdtio  (intilger,  entire  and  whola). 

Dis'inter",  to  exhume;  dis'interred"  (3  syL),  dis'interr'^-iiig 
(Rule  i.),  dis'interr"-er,  dis'interr'^^ment. 

Unhiterred,  not  buried ;  Disinterred,  exhumed. 
"  Di>inter"  should  have  d&ahle  "r"  {Latin  terr[a]). 

'*Ter,"  for  terra^  the  earth.  In  or  en  converts  nouns  into  verbc, 
hence  inter' ,  to  put  into  the  earth  Dis  reverses,  hence  dis  itnAtr', 
to  take  out  of  the  earth. 

Italian  interrare,  to  bury ;  French  diterrer,  to  exhume. 

Disinterested,  dis' .in.ter.eslf' .ed,  without  selfish  motive;  dislii- 
teres'ted-ly,  disinterest ed-ness. 

Un'interest'ed,  not  concerned  [in  the  matter]. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  235 

Ua^interest^-ing,  dull,  tmable  to  excite  the  mind. 

Ihi'mtereef  iBg-ly,  in  a  cLull  lifeless  manner. 

Trench  disi%UTt*»6^  dtaiDtereated  aad  wnintemted :  Latin  inUrttt, 
it  concerns  [me] ;  dU  interest,  it  does  not  concern  [me] ;  hence 
"nnselflsh/*  and  also  "  unexciting.** 

Diqom',  to  seyer;  disjoined'  (2  syl.),  disjoining. 

Disjoined'  (2  syL),  severed.    Unjoined',  not  united. 

Trenoh  d4Joindr€  and  di^oindre;  Latin  di^nngo,  supine  duowutum. 

BugoiBf,  to  put  out  of  joint ;  disjoint-ing,  disjoint'-ed  (Bole 
xxzyi.),  disjoint^ ed-ly,  disjoint'ed-ness. 

Disjointed,  put  out  of  joint.    Unjointed,  not  jointed 

Dfejuncf ;  disjunction,  di8.juny.9hun,  disunion,  severance; 
disjnnctive,  dU.junkWiv;  disjunc'tiye-ly. 
"Disjoin"  and  "disjoint"  are  from  the  same  root-verb, 
A  **  joint**  is  a  contrivance  to  join  together  two  parts, 

French  ditffoifU,  dit^onet\f,  disjanction,  di^jonctwe  (in  Grammar). 
LaUn  di^nctuSf  di^uTidio,  di^Tictivtu.  . 

Disk  0ja.  Bot,)    In  a  daisy  the  disk  is  the  yellow  eye,  and  the 
white  petals  are  called  the  "  rays." 

Disc.    The  face  of  the  sun  or  moon. 
Both  French  disque ;  Latin  discus  :  Greek  dishos,  a  ronnd  plate. 

Dislike'  (2  syl.),  avei  sion,  to  feel  aversion  to :  disliked'  (2  syl.), 
disHk'-ing  (Hule  xix.) 

Unlike',  not  like,  dissimilar;    nnlike'-ly,  not  probable; 
nnlikeli-ness,  improbability;  unlike' -ness,  want  of  re- 
semblance; nnlikeli-hood  {-hood  Old  Eng.  suf.,  "state"). 
W»-  or  wnr  and  Old  English  gtVic,  like ;  liced,  lik4>ned. 
Difllocate,  disWo.kdte,  to  put  out  of  joint;  dislocat-ed  (Kule 
xxxvl),  dislooat-ing ;  dislocation,  dis'.lo.kay^'.shun. 

Dislocated,  put  out  of  joint ; 
Unlocated,  not  having  a  j&xt  place  assigned. 
Unlocated  Land  (Americanj^  land  not  yet  appropriated. 
Fr.  disloctUian,  v.  disloquer;  Lat  dis  locdre,  to  put  out  of  place. 

Dislodge'  (2  syl.),  to  remove  from  its  place ;  dislodged'  (2  syl.), 
dislodgp-ing  (R.  xix.j,  dislodg'-er;  dislodg'-ment  (one  of 
the  five  words  which  drop  the  e  before  -ment,  R.  xviii.,  %), 
Fr.  diloger,  dilogement;  Lat.  dis  locdre,  to  displace  (locus,  a  placeX 
Disloiral,  dis.loy\aU  or  onloy'al,  not  loyaL 

Disloy'al  denotes  an  active  demonstration  of  disloyalty ; 
Dnloy'al  denotes  simply  the  fact  of  not  being  loyal. 
Disloy'al-ly;  disloyal-ty,  dis.loy'.alty. 

French  ddloyal  (loi,  a  law) ;  Latin  Ugdlis  {lex,  a  law). 

L(yyal  means  "  obedient  to  law ;"  disloyal,  disobedient  to  law. 


236  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Diamantle,  di8.man\t%  to  strip  [a  house,  (fee,  of  its  furniture] ; 
dismantled,  dis.man^fld ;  dismantling,  di8.mant\ling. 

Bisman'tled,  deprived  of  mantle  or  furniture ; 
Unman'tled,  without  a  mantle. 

French  cUmanteler  (military  term) :  Latin  dis  mantele,  a  mantle. 
SismaBt^  to  hreak  down  or  carry  away  the  masts  of  a  ship; 
dismast' -ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  dismast'-ing. 
Old  Fr.  dimasier;  Fr.  dSmdter;  Ital.  masto;  Germ.  mast. 

Bismay,  diz.may^  terror,  to  be  in  terror:    dismayed'  (2  syl.), 
dlsmay'-ing  (B.  xiii.)  Un'dismayed  (3  syl.) ,  not  dismayed. 
Spanish  desmayar,  to  be  in  dismay ;  desmayo,  dismay. 

Dismem'ber,  to  mutilate ;  dismem'bered  {-i  syl. ),  dismemnier-iiig, 
dismem'ber-ment,  mutilation,  severance  of  limbs. 
French  dSmembreTt  d^memhrement ;  Latin  dis  membrum,  a  Umb. 

I)i8mi8S^  to  send  away ;   dismissed'  (2  syl.),  dismiss'-ing,  dis- 

miW-al;  dismission,  dia.mlsW.un;  dismissive, di8.i»utf''.iv; 

dim'issory,  granting  leave  to  depart. 

Latin  dimUsio,  dimissoritbs,  y.  dimittiret  supine  dimistwm  (<li[dis] 
mitto,  to  send  away). 

Dismount^,  to  alight  froin  a  horse,  to  take  articles  from  their 
"mountings";  dismoiint'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  dismoonf-ing. 

Unmoun'ted,  not  mounted;  dismounted,  deprived  of... 
French  d^monter;  Latin  dis  mons,  gen.  montis,  from  the  monntaiD. 
Disobey,  dls'.o.bay'f  to  act  in  opposition  to  orders  given;   dis- 
obeyed' (3  syl.),  disobey-ing  (Rule  iiii.); 

Unobeyed,  not  having  done  what  is  ordered. 

Disobedience,  di8\o.bee''^di.ence  (not  -ance).    Non-observ- 
ance of  a  command. 

Disobedient,  di8\oA)ee''.di.ent;  dis'obe'dient-ly. 

French  diaoMissance  and  disobSissant  (wrong  conj.),  ddsobHr;  Latia 
dis  dhediensy  gen.  dhedientis,  dbedientia,  v.  dhcdlre. 

DisobUge,  di8\oMige\  to  offend  by  incivility ;  dis'obliged' (3  syL), 
dis'obllg'-ing  (R.  xix.),  dis'obli'ging-ly. 

Disobli'ged,  sliglited  by  incivility ;  Unobli'ged,  not  obliged. 

Disobli'ging,  discourtaous ;  ITnobliging,  not  obliging. 
French  disobliger;  Latin  dis  ohligdre  (ob  IXgo,  to  tie  or  bind  to  ob«)l 

Disorder,  diz.or^.dert  want  of  order,  to  put  out  of  order;  dis- 
or'dered  (8  syl.),  disor'der-ing,  disor'der-ly,  disar^derii- 
ness,  untidiness.    Unor'dered,  not  asked  for  or  ozdeied. 
French  d4sordre  :  Latin  dis  ordo^  order,  y.  ordindr^ 
Disorganise,   dis(.of'.gdn.ize,  to    derange    what  is  organised ; 
disor'ganised  (4  syl.),  disor'ganis-ing  (Rule  xix.) ;  disor- 
ganisation, dis.of  .gdn.i.zay'\8hun;  dis'organ]!B-er(B.zxxL) 
Unor'ganised  (4  syl.),  not  methodised; 


AND  OF  SPELUNG.  237 

Diaor'ganised  (4  syl.),  thrown  out  of  methodical  arrangement. 

Or'ganised  {;•^  syl.),  having  organic  structure ; 

Inor'ganiged  (4  syl.),  not  having  organic  structure. 

French  disorganiser,  disorganisation,  disorganisateur ;  Latin  or- 
gdnum ;  Greek  orgdnon,  an  oi^an  adapted  to  some  work  or  func- 
tion hence  " oi^iinised "  also  means  methodised,  and  ''disorgan- 
ised "  thrown  out  of  methodical  arrangement. 

Disown,  diz.own'y  to  ignore ;  disowned'  (2  syl.),  disown'-ing. 

Unowned'  (2  syl.),  bayiug  no  recognized  owner; 

Disowned'  (2  syl.),  disclaimed. 

Unow^d,  un  owd,  not  owed,  not  due. 

Old  English  dgan,  to  own ;  undgan,  to  disown. 

Disparage.  dU.par^rage,  to  depreciate ;  dispar'aged  (3  syl.), 
cUspar'ag'ing  (Rule  xix.),  dispar'aging-ly,  di8pa]<ag-er, 
dispar'age-ment  (Rule  xviii.) 

Latin  dispardre  (dis  par,  nneqnal) ;  French  parage,  lineage :  [dis] 
parage,  of  unequal  line  ige.  To  "  disparage  meant  originally  '  to 
consider  another  of  meaner  rank,"  hence  "of  meaner  value,  and 
hence  *'  to  depreciate." 

Disparity,  plu.  disparities,  dis.par^ri.tiz  (not  disparaty), 

Latin  dispdrttitas,  adj.  dispdrtlia  (par,  gen.  pdria,  equal). 

Dispassionate,    dU.pd8h\un.atej   without   emotion,    impartial; 

dispassionate-Iy. 

ITnpassionnate,  not  of  a  passionate  temper. 

Latin  dia  jMiSiio,  without  passion. 

Dispatch'.    {See  Despatch.) 

Dispel',  10  dispers*^;  dispelled'  (2  syl.),  dispell'-ing. 

(It  would  he  better  if  the  double  1  had  been  preserved.) 
Latin  dispello  (dis  pello,  to  drive  away). 

Dispense'  (2  syl.)  not  dispence,  to  administer,  to  do  without; 
dispensed',  dispens'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  dispens'-er. 
("  Dispense  "  is  one  of  the  six  words  ending  in  -ense,  be- 
tween two  and  three  hundred  end  in  -ence,  Rule  xxvi.) 

XTndispeQsed,  un'.dis.penst^,  not  dispensed. 

Dispense  to,  administer  to ; 

Dispense  with,  to  part  with  or  do  without. 

Dispensable,  di8.pen\sa.b%  that  may  be  dispensed  with ; 

In'dispen'sable,  that  cannot  be  dispensed  with; 

Indispensably,  absolutely,  positively. 

Dispen'sary,  plu.  dispensaries,  di8.p^\8a.riz  (Rule  zliv.), 
a  place  where  medicine  is  dispensed ; 

Dispensatory,  dis.p^n'^sa.to.ry,  a  dictionary  of  medical  pre- 
scription s,&c.;  atij.having  the  power  to  grant  dispensation. 

Dispensation,  dis.p^^ay" .shun^  exemption,  a  system  of 


$38  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

roles  (as  the  Mosaic  di8pem<Uion\  God's  mode  of  dealing 
with  his  creatures ; 

Dispensative,  di8.pSn,8a.tiv  ;  dispen^'sative-ly. 
Fr.  dispenser f  dispetisaire,  dispensation:  Lat.  dispensare,  ditpmtAUo. 
BispermoTis,  dU.p^.mus  (in  Botany),  having  two  seeds. 
Greek  dissds  «perma,  twofold  seed. 

Disperse'  (2  syl.),  to  scatter;   dispersed'  (2  syL),  dispers'-ing 
(Rule  xix.),  dispers'er,  dispeis'able  (Kule  xxiii.); 
dispersion,  dis.per^ .shun ;  dispersive,  dia.per'.siiv, 
Undispersed,  un'.dis.persf,  not  dispersed. 

French  disperser,  dispersion:  L%tin  dispergire,  snpine  diapenum, 
dispersio,  dispersus  {spargo,  to  acatterX 

Dispirit,  disspir^rity  to  dishearten;  dispir'it-ed  (Eule  xxxvi.), 
dispir'it-ing,  dispir'ited-ly.    TTn'dispir'ited,  not... 

Dispirited,  disheartened.    Unspirited,  tame,  without  spirit. 
Latin  dis  splritus  (splro,  to  breathe). 
Displace'  (2  syl.),  to  remove  from  its  place ;  displaced'^  (2  syL), 
displac'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  displace' -ment  (Rule  zviii.,  IT), 
displace'- able  {-ce  and  -ge  retain  the  e  final  before  the 
postfix  -able.  Rule  xx.)    Un'disidaced'',  not  displaced. 
French  ddplcbcer,  d^plctcemetU  ;  Latin  pMtea  (Greek  pldtus,  wideX 

Displant',  to  remove  a  plant;  displant'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
displant'-ing ;  displantation,  di8\plan.tay'* ^hvn, 

Displant'ed,  removed  from  where  it  was  planted ; 

Unplant'ed,  not  planted,  of  spontaneous  growth. 
French  diplawter,  diplantcUion;  Latin  displantdre,  displanidUio. 
Display',   show,  to  exhibit;    displayed'  (2  syl.),  display'-ing 
(Rule  xiii.),  display'-er.    Un'displayed',  not  displayed. 
French  d6ployer ;  Latin  dis  plicdre,  to  nnfold. 
Displease,  dis.ple€z\  to  ofiend ;  displeased'  (2  syL),  displeas'-ing 
(Rule  xix.),  displeas'-er. 

Displeasure,  di8.plezh\ur ;  displeas'm^e-Able. 

Unpleasant,   un.plez\ant,  not  pleasant;    iinpleMrMit-ly, 
unpleas'ant-ness. 

Displeas'-ing.  offensive ;  Unpleas'-ing,  not  pleasing. 

Fvenoh  ddplaisant,  dipUxisir ;    Latin  di^UcenUa,  di«pUciv«  {dia 

placifOf  to  displease). 

Dispose,  dis,pdze\  to  arrange,  to  feel  wUling ;  disposed',  ammged, 
inclined;  dispos-in^'  (Rule  xix.),  dispos'-er,  cBspte'-al, 
dispos'-able  (Rule  xxiii.),  dispo'sable-ness. 

Undisposed,  not  disposed. 

Disposition,  di8\pd.zt8h'\un.    Arrangement,  tempai. 

Indisposed,  in.di8.pdzd,  unwell,  not  inclined;  inAiqmaitkm ; 
indi^os'-^ble,  not  saleable. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  239 


TTndisposedlkeBB,  wri'-d%8,po".zH,ne9Bt  unwillingness. 
Disposed  o£,    Farted  with,  sold.    {See  Depoee.) 
Undispeeed  oC    Not  painted  with,  not  sold. 

French  dispoaer^  disposition:  Latin  dupMMo,  dispMitu*,  dAtpC/niirt 
(dw  pono,  to  set  aside,  to  distribute). 

Bispoflsess,  diy,p58.z&^  (not  di8\po,zi^'\  to  deprive  of;  dis- 
possessed, di8\po8.ze8f  (not  dU^poJsesf) ;  dispossess-ing, 
di8\po8.ze8\ing  (not  dis^po.zis^.ing) ;  dispossession,  dW.- 
po8Jii8h'\wi  (not  di8\pd,ze8h" .un) ;  dis^possess'-or. 

DtB^possessed'  (3  syl.),  turned  out  of  possession; 

Un'possessed'  (8  syl.),  not  having  in  possession. 

Fr.  d^posgesHon  ;  Latin  dis  possesgio,  possessor,  possidso,  rap.  posKs- 
««tn»  (pM  [potisi  sedeOf  the  right  of  settling  down.    Dis  reverses). 

Dispraise,  dis.prdze\  censure,  to  censure;  dispraised'  (2  syL), 

disprais'-ing  (Rule  zix),  disprais'ing-ly,  disprais'-er. 

Dispraised,  dU.prdzd^^  censured; 

DTnpraised,  un.prdzd\  not  praised. 

Dis  and  German  preiaen,  to  praise ;  prsiser;  French  prieer,  to  value : 
Latin  pr^tium,  price  or  value.    To  praise  is  "  to  value." 

DisprooT  (noun),  conftitation ;  disprove'  (verb),  to  confute  (R.  li.) 

Disprove,  dis.proov'  (not  dis.prove),  to  confute ;  disproved, 
dis.proovd';  disprov-ing,  dis.proov'.ing  (not  di8.prd\ving, 
Rule  xix.);  disprov-ahle,  dis.proo\vd,bl; 

Indisprovable,  not  to  be  disproved. 

Diiprov-al,  dU.proo'-val,  refutation ; 

Disapproval,  di8'.ap,proo'\val,  displeasure. 

Disapprobation,  dis' .ap.pro.hay'^s'hun,  displeasure. 

Unproved,  un.proovd'  (not  un-provd),  not  proved ; 

Disproved,  dis.proovd'  (not  dU-provd),  confuted; 

Disapproved,  di8\ap.proovd\  not  pleased  with. 

JHs  and  Old  Fnglish  prof\ian],  to  prove ;  past  pro/ode,  past  part 
profod;  Latin  prdbdre  (prdbus,  honest,  upright). 

Disproportion,  dis\pro.por''.8hun.  want  of  proportion ;   dispro- 

por'tion-able,    dispropor'tionable-ness,    dispropor'tion- 

ably,  dispropor'tion-iLl,  disproportional-ly,   dispropor'- 

tion-ate,  dispropor'tionate-ly,  ^propor'tionate-ness. 

French  disproportion,  disproportionel ;  Latin  dis  proportio,  propor- 
tiondlus  {poriio,  a  portion). 

Dispiite'  (2  syl.),  a  contention,  to  contend;  disput'-ed  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  disput'-ing  (Rule  xix.).  disput'ing-ly,  disput'-er; 
disputable,  dis'.pu.ta.h'l  (not  dis. pute.,a.bU} ;  dis'patable- 
ness,  dis'pntably,  dis'putant. 

Dispntation,  di8\pu.tay'\8hun.    Controversy. 

DispittatiouB,  dU\pu,tay'\8hit8.    Contention?. 


240  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Disputative,  dW.pu.ta.tiv ;  dis^patative-ly. 

Undispu'ted,  not  disputed ;  nndispnted-ly. 

Indispntable  (not  un-),  in.dU".pu.ta,ble,  certain ; 

Indis'pntable-ness,  indis'patably,  certainly. 

French  disputtible.  disputant  {**  Disputation*'  is  not  s  French  word) ; 
Latin  dispHtoMlis,  dispiUdtio,  dispHtdtOTf  y.  dispiUare  (pCUo,  to 
prune  or  dress  vines,  to  think ;  dU  piUo,  to  think  different^.  "To 
think"  is  to  prune  or  dress  the  thoughts). 

Disqualify,  (2i«.ftti7^r.t./t/,  to  render  unfit;  disqualifies,  dU.kwSt.- 
i.fize ;  disqualified,  dU.kwbV.i.fide;  disqualifi-er,  dis.- 
kwoV.i.Ji.er  (R.  xi.) ;  disqualification,  du,kw5l/uJLkay^\' 
shun,  but  disquali'fy-ing  (Rule  xi.) 

Disqualified.     Having  something  which  destroys  fitness; 

Unqualified.    Not  having  what  is  required. 

JHs  and  French  qualification,  y.  qualifier  (Latin  gwUftas  fSeiOf  to 
make  of  the  quality  or  nature  required). 

Disquiet,  dis,kwi\et  (not  di8.kwoi\et\  uneasiness,  to  disturb ; 
disqui'et-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  disqui'et-ing,  disqni'et-er, 
disqui'et-ly,  disqui'et-ness ;  disquietude,  dis,qui^.e.tude. 

Unquiet,  un,kwi\eU  restless ;  unquiet-ly,  unqniet-nea. 

Inquietude,  in,f(wi\e.tude.    Anxiety. 

*       French  inquietude:  Latin  inquiitOdo,  inquiitus,  r.  inquUtdrt.    Ont 
word  is  formed  from  (Latin)  dia  quiea,  tne  reverse  of  rest. 

Disquisition,  di3\kwi.zi8h'\uny  discussion ;  disquisition-al. 
French  disquisition;  Latin  disquisitio,  v.  disquiro  (du  queero). 

Disregard,  dis'.re.gard^  slight,  to  neglect;  disregard^'-ed  (Bole 
xxxvi.),  disregard'-ing,  disregard'ing-ly,  disregard'-eor, 
disregard'-ful  (Rule  viii.).  disregard'fol-ly. 

Un'regard'ed,  neglected;  Dis'regarded,  slighted. 

Dis  and  French  regarder;  Low  Latin  regardium,  ** gwd^ ^  ward 
(one  under  a  guardian,  one  guarded  or  looked  after).  To  "renzd  * 
is  to  look  after  one  as  a  guardian,  disregard  is  to  neglect  lo  d^ig. 

Disrelish,  din.reV .ish,  a  dislike  of  the  taste,  to  dislike  the  taste; 
disrel'lshed  (3  syl.),  disreFish-ing. 

Dis'rerished  (3  syl.),  aversion  to  the  taste ; 

Un'rerished  (3  syl.),  having  no  fondness  for  the  taste. 

Greek  dis  [re]  leich[o],  leicho,  to  lick ;  re  leuJio,  to  lick  again ;  cKf  rt 
leicho,  to  lick  over  and  over  again.    It  is  a  badly  compounded  word. 

Disrespect,  dW. re. specif  want  of  respect,  to  show  want  of  respect ; 
disi^espect'-ed  (K.  xxxvi.),  disrespect'-ing,  disrespeof-ltal 
(R.  viii.),  disrespect'ful-ly,  disrespect'ful-ness. 
Dis'respecf  ed,  dishonoured.    Un'respect'ed,  not  respected. 

Irrespective,  ir.re,8pek".tiv,  without  regard  to ;  ir'iespeef- 

ive-ly,  independently  of  other  considerations. 

JHs  and  French  respect,  verb  respecter;  Latin  respicio,  snpllio 
tutu  (re  specio,  to  look  back  upon;.    Di*  reverses. 


AXD  ftF  SPELLING,  241 

IHsEObe'  (3  syl.),  to  undress ;  disrobed^  disrob'-ing  (Rule  xix.)> 
disrob^.    Uniobe',  onrob'-ing  (same  meaning). 

Bigrobed'  (2  syl.)t  divested  of  robing; 
IFniobed  (3  sylOt  without  robes,  or  dress. 
Bit  and  French  robe,  a  state  dress ;  Low  Latin  robo,  a  rob*. 

Diorapt',  to  burst  asunder ;  disrupt'-ed  (Rtde  xzxvi),  dismpt'- 
ing;  diamption,  dis.rup'^shun,  fracture. 

Latin  dAarumpOy  supine  ditruptwn  {di»  rumpo,  to  break  asnnder). 

Diaaatisfy,  dis^Sf.ls.fy,  to  leave  discontent;  diflflfttinficfl,  dis,- 
adfXs.fize  (Rule  xi.) 

BiBsatisfied,  di8.8dtf.i8,fide,  discontented ; 

Unsatisfied,  un\8df.l8,fide,  not  contented. 

BiBsat^isfy-ing,  leaving  discontent  behind; 

UiiBat^igfy-ing,  not  contenting. 

Biflsatisfiactory,  dU^af.is.fdkf'.tS.ry,  giving  dissatisfaction ; 

XTn'satiBfactory,  not  giving  satisfaction. 

BuBatisfac'tori-ly,  in  a  way  to  cause  dissatisfaction ; 

Unsatisfactori-ly,  in  a  way  not  to  satisfy. 

Biasatisfac'tori-ness,  a  state  of  being  dissatisfied; 

XTnaatiafactori-ness,  failure  to  produce  satisfaction. 

Biaaatiafaction,  di8.8atJi8,fdk''.8hun,  discontent. 

Unaatifffiable,  un^df.K8,fV',d.ble,  not  satisfiable. 

Latin  dia  adti^actio,  adti^fdcifre  {sdOafdcU),  to  do  enough). 

Buaect,  dis^ecf  (not  de.8ec1f),  to  anatomise ;  dissect'-ed  (Rule 
zxxvi),  dissect^-ing,  dissect'-or  (not  -er),  dissect'-ible 
(ought  to  be  -able)',  dissection,  di8.8ek\8hun. 

ft,  dissection;  Lat.  dissectio,  dissicdre  (dis  sSco,  to  cut  to  pieces). 

BiflMize,  di8,8eez',  to  dispossess.    Bisease,  diz.eze\  malady. 

Biaseized,  dU^eezd*;  disseiz'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  dispossessing 
wroYigfuHy;  diaseiz'in,  the  act  of  disseizing; 

Biaaeiz'-or,  one  who  takes  possession  unlawfully ; 

Biaseizee,  di8.8ee.ze^t  the  person  disseized. 
(These  words  are  also  spelt  with  "  -s  "  instead  of  "-z,"  but 
at  seize  is  always  spelt  with  *'  z,"  there  is  no  reason  why 
itt  compounds  should  adopt  a  different  spelling.) 

Low  Latin  disseisina,  disseizon ;  disseisio,  to  disseize ;  disaeisitor. 

BiaBemble,  dis.z^\b%  to  conceal  by  equivocation ;  dissembled, 
disjiSmWld;  diaaem'bling  (Rule  xix.);  dis8eml)ler,  one 
who  conceals  by  equivocation. 

Q 


242  ERROI^  OF  mSECH 

DiflBimnlation,  di8Mm\u.lay'',8fmn,  the  act  of  dissembling. 

JHs  and  French  aembler.  The  French  corresponding  words  ore  dig- 
aimuler,  dissimulcUion ;  Latin  disstmiUdref  diMin/Oldtia  (jrim/Alo^ 
to  feign  ;  dU  in  a  bad  sense,  gimilis,  like). 

(It  would  have  been  better  if  toe  had  adopted  the  v)ord  "  dissimulate  " 
instead  of  the  bad  French  form  "dissemble.*^ 

Diflseminate,  di8.8^\i.na.tef  to  scatter  as  seed,  to  diffuse; 
dissem^inat-ed  (Role  xxxvi),  dissem'lnat-ing  (Rule  zix.), 
dissem'inat-or  (Rule  xxzvii.);  dissemination,  dUjem'.i,- 
nay". shun;  dissemlnative,  disjBem\LnaMv, 

Trench  dissiminer,  dUs^mination;  Latin  dusSm^ndtio,  disaim^ndtort 
dieaim^indre  [simen,  seed). 

Dissent,  dis.sent't  disagreement,  to  disagree.  Descent,  d^^enf, 
generation,  a  going  down. 

Dissent^  (notm),  dissent'-er. 

Dissent'  (verb),  dissent'-ed  (Rule  zxx^d.),  dissent'-iiig. 

Dissentient,  di8.senf.8hl.ent;  dissension,  dis.8^'^hiun  (not 
-tion,  Rule  xxxiii.,  -t).    Assent^,  q.v.,  agreement. 

French  dissension;  Latin  disserUienSt^  gen.  -entia,  dissenaio,  verb 
dissentlre^  supine  dissensum  (dis  sentio^  to  thiok  tUfferently). 

Dissertation,  dW^er.tay'^shun  (not  de^ .er.tay'\8hun\  a  disqui- 
siiioD ;  disserta'tion-al,  dissertator,  di8\8er.ta.tor, 

French  dissertaiion,  dissertateur :  Latin  dAssertdOo,  verb  disaeirt&rt 
frequentative  of  disiro,  supine  dissertum  (dis  sero,  to  scatter  seed). 

Diasever,  di8.8^\er,  same  as  "sever";  dissev'ered  (3  syl.), 
diBsev'er-ing,  dissev'er-er,  dissev'er-ance;  disseveration, 

di8.8ei/.e.ray''.8hun.    (Not  French). 

Dissevered,  di8.8^\erd,  separated,  severed ; 

Unsevered,  un.8ev\erd,  not  separated  or  severed. 

Dis  intensive  and  Fr.  sevrer,  to  wean,  to  estrange.    Lat.  s^fpdrdrs. 

Dissident,  dis^si.dent  (not  di8.8i.dant),  one  who  dissents,  (04/.) 
dissenting;  dis'sidents,  dis'sidence,  dis'sident-ly.    ^ 

French  dissidence,  dvffddent;  Latin  dissidentia,,  diasidens,  ftnltive 
dissid&ntia,  verb  dissidire  {dia  sideo,  to  sit  apart). 

Dissimilar,  di8Mm\i.lar,  unlike;  dissim'ilar-ly;  dissimilarity, 
dW.sim.i.ld'/' ri.ty ;  dis'sinulltude. 

French  dissimiUiire,  dissimilitvde  ;  Latin  disslmlletudo  (dia  HmXUa). 

Dissimulation,  di8.8im\u.lay'\8hun,    (See  Dissemble.) 

Dissipate,  di8'.8l.pate,  to  disperse,  to  squander;  dis'edpat-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  dispersed,  squandered,  ac^j.  dissolute; 
dis'sipat-ing;  (Rule  xix.);  dissipation,  dis'M.pay^jhwi. 

French  dissiper,  dissipation;  Latin  dissipation  diaaipdre  (dia  sipo,  to 
scatter  abroad ;  Greek  alph&n,  a  siphon). 

Dissociate,  di8.8o\8i.ate,  to  disunite ;  disso'ciat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 
disso'ciat-ing  (R.  xix.);  dissodation,  dis.Bo'Mui'^jtkMn, 


>4JN7>  OF  SPELLING,  243 

DiandaUe,  dU^c^ ,sha,Vl,  ill-assorted; 

UnBodable,  un^o^ .sha.H'l,  not  sociable. 

XTnsociftbly,  un.sd'.sha.bly,  with  reserve,  anfriendly. 

Biasociability,  dU^(f.8hd,biV\i.ty,  nnfltnees  for  sociel^y ; 

UiVKKsialullty,  saliennesB,  liviDg  an  unsociable  life. 

Unsocial,  un^^hdl ;  nnsooiableness,  want  of  sociability. 

JPreneh  ktaodaJbUM,  iutoctabU:  Lftiin  diitdeiOhUis,  di$§dcidtio,  di»- 
idcidre  (dia  addo,  aOciia,  a  companion). 

DisBOlate,  dU^soMte,  dissipated;  dis'solnte-ly,  dis'solate-ness; 
dissolution,  dU\80.lu" ^hun, 

Bissolable,  di8\8o.Ui.VL    {See  Dissolve.) 

French  dissolu,  dissolution;  Latin  disadlutus,  ditaSUUio,  ▼.  diiuolvir^, 
supine  dissdlutvm.    {See  next  article.) 

Dissolye,  d!i8.zolv\  to  melt;  dissoly'-ing  (Bule  xix.) 

Bissolyed,  di8Jsolvd%  melted.    Un'solved,  not  solved. 

Bissolv^er,  that  which  melts  something. 

Dissolvent,  di8.zfiV.vent,  that  which  has  the  property  of 
melting  something; 

InsolveBt,  a  debtor  unable  to  pay  his  debts,  not  solvent; 
insorvency,  the  state  of  being  insolvent. 

Dissolvable,  di8Js5V.va.b'l  (Rule  xxiii.),  or 

Dissoluble,  di8\8o.lu.b'l,  capable  of  being  melted ; 

Ihsolvable,  in.8oV.va.Vl  (Rule  xxiii.),  or 

Insoluble,  in.8oV.u.Vly  incapable  of  being  melted ; 

Unsolvable,  un.8bV.va.h%  incapable  of  being  solved; 

Unsoluble,  same  as  insoluble. 

Dissolubility,  di8\tdl.u.hiV\i.ty,  having  a  solvable  nature ; 

In'dissolubillty,  having  a  nature  which  resists  solution. 

Dissol'vable-ness,  negative  Insoruble-ness. 

French  dissoluble,  dissolvant  (wronsr  conj.)  insolvMliti,  insolubh, 
insolvable;  Latin  dissolv€re  (dis  solw>,  to  loose  thoronghly ;  Greek 
aUn  luo,  to  loose  altogether). 

fThe  wrong  conj.  -able  has  been  borrowed  ds  usual  from  the  French, 
bui  has  been  avoided  in  dissolvent.) 

IMsBonance,  di8'.8o.nan8ef  discord ;  dis'sonant,  discordant. 

Fr.  dissonance,  dissonant;  Lat.  dissdnans,  gen.  -sonaniis  (dis  sihuire). 

DJamade,  neg.  of  persuade,  di8.8wade',  per.8wade';  dissuad^'-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  dissuad'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  dissuad'-er ; 
dissuasion,  di8.8way\8hun,  neg.  of  persna'sion  (R.  xxxiii.).' 
dissuas-ive,  di8.8wa^Mv ;  dissua'sive-ly. 

French  dissiutder,  dissuasion;  Latin  dissudsio,  dissudsor,  v.  dis- 
tuddire  (dis.  tuddeo,  Greek  Ionic  TuuUfOy  to  delight). 


244  ERRORS  OF  SPEECU 

Dissyllable,  dis sKV.la.h'l,  a  word  of  two  syllableH  (double   I); 
dissyllabic,    dis\8iV.ldb'\lk    (adj.);     dissyllabificatioii, 
di8''8il.la}/-i-ji.kay'*-8lmnf  making  into  two  syllables. 
(Lat,  words  containing  a  "j"  are  borrowed  from  the  Gk.) 
"  Fr.  dissylldbe,  dissyllabique ;  Lat.  diiayllabum;  <3k.  diss&a  stilldbi. 

Distaff,  plu,  distaffo  (not  distaves),  A  staff  used  in  hand- 
spinning.    (An  exception  to  Rule  xxxviii.) 

Old  Eng.  di8taif(ihiBiel  [stsef],  a  thistle  resembling  a  bunch  of  tow). 

Distance,  dis'.tanse,  remoteness,  to  leave  behind  in  a  race ; 
dis'tanced  (2  syl.),  dis'tanc-ing  (Rule  xix.);  dis'tant, 
remote ;  dis'tant-ly,  remotely. 

French  dUtanee,  distant;  Latin  distanHa,  distans,  gen.  di$tamii9 
{di  [dial  ato,  to  stand  apart). 

Distaste''  (2  syl.),  dislike  (followed  by  for:  as  "Many  have  a 
great  distaste  for  cheese,"  not  of), 

Distaste'-fol  (Rule  viii.),  distastefol-Iy,  distasteful-neflB. 

Distem'per,  disease,  to  disorder ;  a  preparation  of  colour  with 
water  (not  oil)  for  walls,  &c.,  to  use  this  preparation. 

Distempered,  dis.tSm^perd;  distem'per-ing. 

"  Distemper"  is  used  most  frequently  for  disease  in  dogs,  and  other 
dumb  animals.    {See  Disease.) 

It  was  once  thought  that  the  body  contains  four  "  humours,**  that 
the  just  balancing  of  these  fluids  constitute  health,  and  that  dis- 
ease is  a  disturbance  of  the  balance  (Latin  dis  tefnperdre).  The 
adjustment  of  the  fluids  gave  rise  to  the  expressions  good  and  ill 
"temper."  ''Good  temper"  being  the  effect  of  a  good  or  just 
mixture  of  the  fluids,  and  "bad  temper"  the  effect  of  a  bad  or 
unjust  mixture.  If  bile  prevailed  the  temper  was  '*  fiery,*'  if  air 
prevailed  the  temper  was  "sanguine,"  if  earth  it  was  "melaa" 
choly."  if  water  it  was  "  phlegmatic." 

The  couNTBNANCB  is  the  facial  index  "containing"  (Latin  eonU- 
nens)  the  outward  manifestation  of  the  "temi)er"  or  mixture  of 
the  four  fluids :  it  is  yellow  if  "  bUe"  [fire]  prevails,  red  if  "blood" 
[air]  prevails,  grey  if  "melancholy"  [earth i  prevaUs,  and  dead 
white  if  "  phlegm  "  [water]  prevails.    (See  Complexion.} 

"IMstemper  (p>iint),  Italian  distemper[amento],  v.  distemperartf  to 
dissolve,  tempera  or  tempra,  water  colour;  Latin  temperare,  to 
mix,  die  temper&rey  to  dissolve. 

IMstend^  to  stretch;  distend'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  distend'-ing, 
distention  or  distension,  (2i8.ten'.</iu7i;  disten'sible. 

French  distendre,  distension:  Latin  distendire,  supine  ditteniwm  or 
disteiisum,  distentio,  distentiLs  or  distensiu  {tendo,  to  stretch). 

Distich,   dis^tik  (not  disMtch'),  two  lines  of  poetry  making 
complete  sense.    {Ch  =  "  k"  shows  it  to  be  firom  the  Gk.) 
Latin  distlchon;  Greek  di-sttchds,  two  lines,  an  elegi'ac  couplet. 

Distil',  to  let  fall  in  drops ;  distilled'  (2  syL),  distiU'-ing  (K.  i)  ; 
distill'-er,  one  who  distils;  distill'-able  (not  -ible^  1st 
Latin  coi^.);  distillation,  dis'MLlay'^^shun;  distill'- 


AXD  OF  8PELLTNG.  245 

the  place  where  distilling  is  cnrried  on;   distillatory, 

di8.tU'\la.to.ry  (adj.),  pertaining  to  distillation. 

("Distil"  w(mld  he  better  with  double  "L") 

French  distiOer,  distUlabU,  distillatitm,  distillaUnre,  dittiUerie;  Latin 
disUUatio,  distill[dre],  stiUa,  a  drop ;  Oreek  ttazo,  to  drop. 

Bigfcincf ,  separate,  hence  clear,  (fee. ;  distincf -ly,  distinct -nesB ; 
distinction,  dU.tink'.ahun ;  distinct-ive,  dis.ttnk'.tiv ; 
distinctive-ly,  distinctiye-nesSb    Verb  didtingaigh,  q.v. 

Indistinct,  not  distinct.  Distinct  followed  by  from, 
French  distinct,  disiinctum,  distinetif;  Latin  digtinetus,  distinction 
Biatiiignish,  dis. ting  g wish,  to  note  difference  by  certain  marks 
(followed  by  between) ;  disting^oished,  dis. ting* gwishd  : 
distin'gnish-ing,  distin'guishing-ly,  distin'guish-able 
(R.  xxiii.),  distin'gnishable-ness,  cQstin'gaishably,  dis- 
tin'guish-ment,  distin'gniah-er.     (See  Distinct.) 

Undistin^guished,  nn-  or  in-  -distin'gnishable. 

French  di«fi)iguer/  Latin  distinguire,  supine  distinctwnf  to  notify 
by  a  mark  (Greek  ttigma,  a  mark*  y.  stizo,  t  j  prick  or  mark). 

Distort',  to  pervert;  distorf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  distort'-ing,  dis- 
torf-er ;  distortion  (not  -sion),  dis.tor'^hun  (Bale  xxxiiL; 
Undistorted.     Not  distorted. 

French  distortion  (wrong) ;  Latin  distortio,  r.  distorquirt,  topine 
distortum,  not  distorsum  (dis  torqueo,  to  twist  away). 

Distracf ,  to  harass ;  distracf-ed  (Rule  xxzvi.),  distrac'ted-ly, 
distracted-ness,  dis'tract'-ing,  distract'-er,  distracflng-Iy ; 
diatTBctiaafdisUrak'^kim;  dirtractive,  dis.truk\tUf, 

Undistracted,  un'.dis.trdJ^\ted.     Not  distracted. 

("  Distraught"  is  sometimes  used  in  poetry  as  past  part) 
Lat.  di8tr€Utio,  distrdho,  sup.  distraetwn  (dis  trdho,  to  draw  two  ways}. 

DigtEain'  (2  syl.),  to  seize  chattels  for  debt;  distrained  (2  syl.), 
distrain'-ing ;  distrainf  (noun);  distrain'-or ;  dis- 
train'-able,  subject  to  distraint.    (Rule  xxiii. ) 

Distress^  same  as  distraint',  the  act  of  seizing  for  debt. 
Latin  distring^re,  to  strain  hard  {stringo,  to  grasp). 
Distress',   afiOiction,  destitution   (see   Distrain);    distress'-ing 
(part,  and  adj.);   distressed,   dis.trisff  afflicted;    dis- 
tress'-fol  (Rule  viii.),  distressfnl-ly. 
French  duresse:  Welsh  trais,  rapine ;  treisiant,  oppression. 
Distribnte,  di8.trW.iite,  to  dole  out;  distrib'ut-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
distrib'ut-ing  (Rule  xix.),  distrib'ut-er   (ought   to    be 
-or):  dMtnbxition,  dis\tri.W'.shun  ;  distriyut-able  (Role 
xxiiL);  distribnt-ive,  dis.trW .u.tlv ;  distrib'ntiye-ly. 
Undistributed,  un.dis.trib\u.tid^  not  distribated. 
Ihdistribntive,  in.dis.trW .uXlv,  not  to  be  distributed. 

French  distribwr,  distributeur,  distribution,  distributif;  Latin  A#- 
trtbatio,  distribiUor,  distribtUfre  {dis  trtbuo,  to  gHwe  la  |Muts). 


24$  ^HRORS  or  SPEECH  ^k 

DiBtmst^,  want  of  coDfidence,  to  doubt  or  suspect;  distrust'-ed, 
distrast'-ing,  distrust'lng-ly,  diatriist'-fal  (Bule  Yiii.)f 
distrust'fHl-ly,  distnisf  fnl-ness. 

BiBtruBf-ed,  sQspected ;  TJntmst'-ed,  not  trosted. 

Untmst'y,  not  trusty ;  untms'ti-»nefls,  unfaithfulness  in  the 

discharge  of  a  trust;  untrustworthy. 
Old  English  wntre&iiotizstt  mif aithful :  «m^edim[ian],  to  deeelTe. 
Disturb',   to    discompose;    disturbed'    (d    sjL),   distorV-ing, 
disturV-er,  diirturV-iuioe. 

Perturb',  to  disquiet  (a  stronger  t(*rm  than  disturb); 
perturbed^  perturV-ing ;  perturbation,  |)er'.tur.6ay".- 
shun,  agitation  from  disquietude. 

Perturbations  of  the  planets,  deviations  from  their  usual 
course  from  some  external  influence. 

Undisturbed  (8  syl.),  not  disturbed ;  undisturV-ed-ly  (6  syl.) 

French  perturhation ;  Latin  disturhdtio,  a  disordertDg ;  perttvrhdtio, 
great  trouble  or  disturbance ;  disturbdre,  to  throw  into  disordwr: 
perturbdre,  to  trouble,  to  tuna  topey  tarry  [twbOf  to  disturb). 

Dimnite,  disu.nlte^  to  disjoin  ;  diaunif-ed  (Rule  xxxvi), 
disunit'-ing ;  disunlt'-er,  one  who  severs  what  was  united. 

Disunion,  <{^s.u^n^.on,  want  of  union ;  distinity,  dU,u'.ni,ty, 

Disuni'ted,  separated  after  having  been  united ; 

TJnuni'ted,  not  united. 

I^encb  d^iunicn,  diswnir;  Latin  dU  wn/krt  (wniM,  oimX 
Disuse,  (noun)  disMce',  (verb)  disMze!"  (Rule  li.»  c). 

Disuse  {n(yiin)f  neglect  of  use;  disusage,  dlsM^^age; 
disuse  (verb),  disused,  dis.uzd';  disus-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Unused,  un.u8ty  unaccustomed ;  unused,  tm.uzd,  not  used; 
Disused,  dis.Uzd,  the  use  discontinued. 
Unuseful,  un.u8e\ful;  unu'sual,  unusual-ly. 
Latin  dis  imim,  v.  vior,  supine  %uus,  to  use ;  Greek  ei^tAd^  vdutl. 
Ditch,  plu,  ditch'.es  (R.  liii.).  a  trench ;  ditch'-er,  one  who  makes 
a  ditch ;  ditch'-ing,  makiDg  a  ditch. 
Old  English  die,  a  dike  or  ditcii,  ▼.  dieiicm],  dieunf^  ditdiiaf  . 
Dithyramb,  dvrh\i.ram,  a  song  in  honour  of  Bacohus;  dithy- 
rambic,  dlrW.i.rum"Mk  (a4j.) 
Latin  d%ihvravnhu8f  diihyra'mbieiut ;  Greek  dUhwrmnXnn, 
Dittany,  dU\ta.ny,  a  corruption  of  die'tamnyy  garden  ginger;  the 
leaves  smell  like  lemon-thyme.    Also  called  dittander. 
Lat.  didatMius;  Gk.  didamium  or  dickmum  (fkom  LUM^  fak  GfMe). 

Ditto,  also  written  do.,  but  always  pronounced  dif.to,  same  as 
above,  same  as  aforesaid.    (Italian  detto,  said,  spoken.) 
(  Used  in  bills  and  books  of  account  to  save  repetition.) 


^  AND    OF  SPELLING.  247 

IHttj,  fla,  ditties,  dilf.Viz  (Rule  xlir.),  a  short  poem  intended 
to  be  snng.    The  word  is  almost  limited  to  *' love-songs.*' 

Welsh  ditiOf  to  utter  r  ditiad,  an  utterance. 

"Oomposition"  is  from  the  Latin  eomp&no,  "to  set  in  order,"  and 
the  Anglo-Saxon  diht-cm  is  "  to  set  in  orler,"  whenoe  dihtig. 

Diuresis,  di.u,re^.8i8f  excessive  flow  of  nrine ;  dise'resis,  q.v.,  the 
mark  (  " )  over  the  latter  of  two  distinct  vowels. 

Diuretic,  di.u.r^t\lk,  provocative  of  the  flow  of  urine. 

Fr.  diuritique;  Lat.  diureticua;  (Gk.  dia ourA),  whenoe  "urine"). 
Diurnal,  di.w/MaU  daily,  pertaining  to  a  day ;  diur'nal-ly. 

French  ditimc,  journal ;  Latin  diwmua  (diu,  di«f,  a  dayX 

Di'VBii,  dhvan\  a  coffee  and  smoking  room  fitted  up  with  sofas. 

French  divan,  a  sofa-bedstead  .  Persian  diiran,  the  imperial  council 
or  chamber  where  the  council  is  held. 

Kve  (1  syl.),  to  plunge  under  water;  dived  (1  syl.),  div'-ing 

(Bule  xix.j;  div-er,  one  who  dives;  diving-bell. 

Old  English  dt^[ian],  past  dyfde^  past  part,  dyfed^  part  pres.  dyfing. 

Diverge'  (2  syl.),  to  8prea«J  from  the  central  point,  to  recede  from 
each  other  (the  opposite  of  Converge') ;  diverged'  (2  syL), 
diverg'-ing  (R.  xix.),  diverg'-ence  (not  -ance\  fiverg'-ent; 
diver'gency,  plu,  divergencies,  di.vet' .jen.8lz  (R.  Ixiv.) ; 
diver  gent-ly  ot  diver'ging-ly,  in  a  diverging  manner. 

French  divtrger^  divergence,  divergent ;  Latin  divergium,  the  parting 
of  a  river  into  two  streams ;  Latin  vergens,  gen.  vergentii  {divergOf 
to  bend  di£Ferent  ways). 

Wveis.  di'.verz,  plu.  of  diver  (see  Dive);  (a^j.)  sundry. 

Diverse,  duversef^  not  alike,  not  identicaL 
"  History  supplies  divers  examples"  (sundry),  not  diverse, 
"  Squares  and  diamonds  are  diverse  forms,"  difierent. 
"There  are  divers  nations  on  the  earth,  but  each  one 
diverse  from  the  others." 

Divers-ly,  dV.verz.ly,  in  many  diffiBrent  ways ; 

Diverse'-ly,  not  in  the  same  way. 

Diversity,  plu.  diversities,  di.ver'.si.tXZy  differences. 

Diversify,  dLve/MJy,  to  vary;  diversifies,  di.vei^,si,f%ze; 
diversified,  di.ve'/.si.fide ;  diver'sify-ing  (Rule  xL), 
diver'sifi-er ;  diversificatioii,  di.ver^ .8i.fi.kay"shun. 

French  divers,  plu.  diverses  [  pernonnes,  &el.  {"  Diversification  "  is 
not  French),  diversijiir,  divtrnU;  Latin  diverse^  in  different  parts, 
diver sitas,  diverUfre,  sup.  diver  sum  {di  verto,  to  turn  different  ways.) 

Divert,  dtverfj  to  turn  aside,  to  amuse ;  diverf -ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 
diverf -ing,  diver'ting-ly,  diverf -er ;  diversion,  dtver^.- 
shun  (Riile  xxxiii.),  amusement. 

Divertisement,  d%.ver^.ttz.mentj  (not  dS.vair.tlz.mong). 
Fr.  divertir,  diversion^  divertissement;  Lat.  diverUfre  (see  above). 


248  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Divest,  dtvesf,  to  strip,  to  dispossess;  divesf -ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
divest'-ing;  divestiture,  di.v^'.ti.tchur^  the  act  of  sur- 
rendering one's  chattels  (the  opposite  of  InvestitiiTe) ; 
divestnre,  dtves^tchiir,  the  act  of  stripping  or  depriving. 

Old  French  dSvestir;  French  dSvitir;  Italian  divestire.  to  undress; 
Latin  di  [dis]  vestio,  to  deprive  of  dothing  (vestiSf  raiment). 

Divide,  d%,v%de\  to  part;   divld'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  divid'-ing 

(Rule  xix.)»  divi'ding-Iy;    divid'-er,  one  who  divides; 

dividers,  dl.vi\derz,  compasses ;  divid'-able  (Rule  xxiii.) 

Divisible,  di.vlz\i.h%  what  can  he  divided ;  divislble-nesB, 

divis'ibly;  divisibiHty,  <K.rfe'.t.Mr.i.t2/ ; 
Division,  di.vlzh\un;  division-al,  divisional-ly. 

Divis-or,  eK.w'^or,  the  number  which  divides  another; 

Dividend,  dXv'.i.dend^  the  number  to  be  divided  by  the 

divisor,  the  share  to  each  creditor  of  a  bankrupt's  effects, 

the  interest  paid  on  public  "  stock." 

French  divisUfle,  v.  diviser,  dividende,  ditHMon,  diviaewr;  Latin 
dividend/us,  division  dlviaor,  ditfid&re,  sup.  dlvUmm  (di  and  Btnucan 
idvaret  to  sever  into  two  parts). 

Divine,  dLvlnef^  a  man  set  apart  for  the  sacred  ministry;  (adj.)^ 

sacred ;  (verb),  to  guess,  to  predict. 

(The  French  spell  the  verb  toith  "  de-,"  but  fall  back  to 

"  di-"  in  the  noun  "  divination,") 
Divine    (adj.),    divin'-er    (comp.),   di"^ii'-est    (super.); 

divinely    (adv.),    divine'-ness ;     divinity,    di.vin'.tty, 

theology ;  divinity,  plu.  divinities,  di.vin\i.t\z,  deity. 

("Divine"  and  "supine"  are  the  only  adj.  in  **-ine" 

which  can  be  compared  with  the  suffixes  -er  and  -est.) 
Divine  (verb),  divined'  (2  syl.),  divin'-ing,  divinliig.]y, 

divln'-er;  divination,  div' .i.nay'\shun,  prediction. 

French  divin,  diviniU,  deviner,  to  predict ;  devineur,  fem.  devinensae, 
divination n  prediction;  Latin  divinitas,  dlvinus,  divine,  (from 
divus,  Greek  dids,  god),  divlndtio,  divlnus,  a  diviner ;  divlndre,  to 
predict  (predictions  being  supposed  to  come,  de  divo,  from  dai^/. 

Divisible,  di.viz\i.Vl;  divis'ibly  {see  Divide). 

Divorce,   dtvorce^  (not  devorce),  dissolution   of   mnrriage,  to 

annul  a  marriage ;  divorced'  (2  syl.),  divorc'-ing  (R.  xix.), 

divorce'-ment,  divorce'-able  (-ce  nnd  -ge  retain  the  e 

before  -able,  Rule  xviii.),  divoroe'-less. 

Divorc'-er,  one  who  divorces ;  divorcee',  the  person  divoroed. 

Divorce  Court,  pUt.  divorce  courts ;  Oonrt  of  Divoroe,  plu, 

courts  of  divorce  (Rule  liii.) 

French  divorce;  Latin  divortium,  y.  divorUSre  {diverto,  to  tan  awiy). 

Divulge,  dl.vulj',  to  make  public,  to  disclose ;  divulged'  (3  syL), 

divulg'-ing  (R.  xix.),  divulg'-er,  divulg'-ence  (ought  to 

be  divulge-ance.    It  is  the  1st  Latin  conj.) 

French  diwiguer,  divulgaUon  is  a  word  we  might  adopt;  Latin 
dimUgatio,  divulgdre  {vrdgtu,  the  common  peopLa). 


AXD  OF  SFELLTXG.  249 


Divnkdon,  dLvUV^hiin,  laceration ;  diynl^'Bive,  di.vul.8iv. 

("  DitmUion"  one  of  the  few  words  in  -sion  not  French.) 

Latin  diwlsio,  divello  Rapine  divulaum,  (di  vello,  to  pluck  asunder). 
Biz'zy,  giddy;  diz^zi-ly  (Rule  xi.),  diz'zi-ness. 

Old  English  dyHg,  dysignes  dizziness,  dytiglke  dizzUj. 
lyerrid,  jef.rid,  a  Turkish  javelio.    (Arabic.) 

Bo,  dao^  to  perform  an  act;  past  did;  past  part,  done,  diin;  do-ing; 
pres.  tense  I  do,  thou  doat,  dust  [or  doest,  doo-est].  he 
does,  duz,  plu.  do,  doo,  all  persons;  past  tense  I  did, 
thou  didst,  all  other  persons  did. 
Doer,  doo-er,  one  who  performs  or  achieves  [something]. 
As  an  auxiliary,  the  verb  do  is  chiefly  used  in  asking 
questions,  in  which  case  it  stands  before  its  noun,  as  do 
you  wish  to  ride  this  morning  t 

S  As  a  representative  verb  "Do"  acts  the  part  of  a  pronoun, 
and  stands  for  any  antecedent  question  asked  with  tlie 
auxiliary,  as  "  does  Caesar  come  forth  to-day  t "  "  Yes^  he 
does**  [understand  come  forth  to-day]. 

S  Occasionnlly  it  is  used  for  the  sake  of  emphasis,  as  J  ^Zo  very 

much  wish  to  go, 
\  In  poetry  it  is  used  with  the  present  and  past  tenses  merely 

to  help  the  metre  or  the  rhyme. 

Doings,  doo'.ingz,  behaviour.  Pretty  doings,  very  censur- 
able conduct. 

Done,  dun,  achieved,  finished.  Done  with  [it],  finished 
with  it,  want  it  no  longer. 

Bone  np,  quite  exhausted. 

To  do  for  [him],  to  manage,  (threateningly)  try  to  ruin. 

To  do  away,  to  erase. 

To  do  with  [it],  to  employ  or  use  [it]. 

To  do  np,  to  pack  up,  to  tie  together. 

How  do  you  dof  How  are  you  in  health,  how  do  you 
thrive?  A  corruption  of  How  do  you  dut  {_dug[anj, 
to  thrive].  (Equal  to  the  Latin  valeo!)  The  full  question 
is.  How  is  it  that  you  do  thrive  [in  health]  t 

Old  English  ic  d6,  thtl  dAst,  he  d6th,  plu.  d6th ;  past  ic  dyde  thti 

dydest,  he  dyde,  plu.  dydon;  ^'Sstpart.  ged&n;  Infinitive  d6n. 
Duflton],  to  thxi\e,  makes  past  ddhte,  later  form  dowed,  Scotch  dow. 

Bo.,  pronounce  ditto,  of  which  it  is  a  contraction.  Used 
in  bills  and  account  books  to  save  repetition.  It  means 
the  **  same  as  the  foregoing."    {See  Ditto.) 

Bo  (to  rhyme  with  no),  the  note  C  in  Music. 

Boeile,  dS'Mle  or  dds'.ile,  tractable ;  docility,  doMV.i.ty, 
Itm6b.  doeOe,  doeiliU;  Latin  ddctlis,  dddHtas, 


i 


2r>0  ERRORS   OF  SPEECH 

Dock,  a  place  for  ships,  a  p^ace  where  persons  under  trial  stand 
in  a  law-court,  a  plant,  to  curtail;  docked,  dokt^  cur- 
tailed; dock'ing.  Bock'-age  (2  syl.),  charge  for  the  use 
of  a  dock. 

Old  English  doece  (for  ships) ;  French  dock;  0«rman  dodbe. 
"Dock"  (a  plant),  Latin  dav,cus;  Greek  daiik6s.    This  word  ought 

to  be  spelt  dauc  or  davk  (not  doik). 
'*  Dock "  (to  curtail;,  Welsh  toiAaw,  to  dip ;  tod,  something  dipt ; 

German  dodcen. 

Docket,  dok'M,  a  ticket,  a  label;  dock'et-ed,  dook'et-ing.     To 
'*  docket"  goods  is  to  mark  the  contents  on  a  label  or  set 
them  down  io  a  book,  to  summarise. 
Welsh  tocyn^  a  ticket :  tocynicid,  a  ticketing ;  tocynu,  to  ticket 

Doctor,  dnk\tdr  (not  docter,  Rule  xxxyH.),  fern,  doctor-ess  or 
doc'tress ;  doc'torate,  possessing  the  degree  of  doctor ; 
doctor-sMp  {-ship  Old  £ng.  suffix  "tenure"  of  office  or 
degree);  doc'tor,  to  give  medicine  in  illness,  to  adulter- 
ate, to  falsify;  doc'tored  (2  kvI.),  doc'tor-ing. 

Doctor  of  Divinity,  plu.  doctors  of  divinity  (Rule  liii) 
Latin  doctor,  doctits,  one  instructed  (doeeo,  supine  doctum). 
Doctrine,  ddk^.trin,  a  tenet,  what  is  taught ;   doctrin-al,  d6k\- 
trl,ndl  (not  dok.tri'.ntih,  pertaining  to  doctrine,  contain- 
ing doctrine;  doctrinal-ly. 
French  doctrine^  doctrinal;  Latin  doetrina,  theory,  learning. 

Boonmentfddk'ku.merU,  A  record;  doc'umenf'-al;  docnmeBtary, 

dok'ku.men'\ta.ry,  certified  in  writing. 
French  document;  Latin  ddcHmen,  ddc&mentum  (doeeo,  Be%  above). 
Dodder,  a  parasitic  weed.    (German  dotter,) 

Dodge  (1  syl.),  a  quibble,  an  artifice,  to  track,  to  evade,  to  qmbUe; 
dodged'  (1  syl.),  dodg'-ing,  dodg'-er,  one  who  dodges. 
Old  Eng.  dedg-ol,  sly,  dedg  [elian\  to  act  slyly,  dedg  [lianX  to  Ude. 

Doe,  do  (to  rhyme  with  no),  the  female  of  a  buck,  also  a  gender- 
word,  as  doe  rabUt,  (male)  buck  rabbit,  doe  hare,  ^jndle) 
buck  hare.    (Old  English  dd.    8e4  Buck.) 

Doff  (Rule  v.),  to  take  off;  doffed  (1  syl.),  doff'-ing. 

A  contraction  otdo-oS;  similarly  "  don "=  do-on,  *'dnp'*sxdo-yp. 
Dog,   either   male    or    female;    bitch,    only   a   female  dog; 
dogg'-ish,  churlish,  like  a  dog  (-ish  added  to  nouns 
means  "like,"  added  to  ac^.  it  is  diminutive),  dogglsMy, 
doggish-ness;  dogged,  dog'.ged,  sullenly,  self-willed. 
Dog,  to  track ;  dogged  (1  syl.),  dogg'-ing  (Rule  i) 
Dog-cart,  a  one-horse  cart  with  a  box  behind  fov  dogs. 
Dog-fly,  a  fly  very  troublesome  to  dogs. 
Dog-louse,  a  louse  which  infests  dogs. 
Dog-star,  tbe  Latin  canicula  (dim.  of.  eanis,  a  dogX 
Dog  teeth,  the  eye-teeth  of  man,  resembllDg  doga'  teeth. 


i 


AXD  OF  SPELLIXa.  251 

Dog-weary,  tired  as  a  dog  after  a  chase. 

Deg'ft-baae,  a  plant  supposed  to  be  fatal  to  dogs. 

Dog*8  tail,  a  grass,  the  spikes  of  which  resemble  a  dog's  tail 

Bog^B  ear,  the  comer  of  a  leaf  bent  down,  like  the  ear  of  a 
spaniel,  &c.;  dog*B  eared,  dogz  eard. 

f  Dog-,  meaning  "  worthless,"  "  barbarous,'*  "  pretended." 

Doggerel,  dogl',ge.rel,  pretended  poetrj  in  rhyme. 

Dog-Latin,  barbarous  or  pretended  Latin. 

Dog-fileep,  pretended  sleep. 

Dog-cabbage,  dog-violet,  dog-wheat. 
§  Dog-hole,  a  vilu  hole  only  fit  for  a  dog. 

Dog-trick,  a  vile  trick,  only  fit  to  serve  a  dog. 

IT  Dog-graea,  grass  eaten  by  dogs  to  excite  vomiting. 

Dog-rose,  a  rose  supposed  to  be  a  cure  for  the  bite  of  mad 
dogs  (Pliny  viii.  63,  xxv.  6). 

Dog-brier,  same  as  dog-rose. 

H  Dog-cheap,  a  perversion  of  the  Old  English  gdd-cedp, 
(French  bon  marehi)^  good  bargain. 

Dog-watch,  corruption  of  dodge-watch,  the  two  short 
watches  which  dodge  the  routine  of  the  watches  on  board 
ship ;  that  is,  prevent  the  recurrence  of  the  same  watch 
at  the  same  time. 

§  Ckme  to  the  dogs,  gone  to  the  bad.  The  Eomans  called 
the  worst  throw  at  dice  canis  (dog),  hence  the  word  came 
to  signify  " ill-luck,"  "ruin,"  &c. 

Danish  dogge,  French  dogus  (a  bnll-dog);    Spanish  dog<k,  a  terrier; 
French  doguirif  a  puppy  or  whelp. 

I)oge,  dcjje,  captain-general  and  chief  magistrate  of  the  ancient 
republics  of  Gen'oa  and  Venice. 
Italian  doge;  Latin  dux,  gen.  diids,  leader  {dtico,  to  lead). 
Dogma,  plu.  dogmas,  dog\vidh,  dog'.mdhz,  a  tenet,  an  arbitrary 
dictum  on  some  matter  of  faith  or  philosophy. 
Dog'matic  {noun),  a  dogmatic  philosopher. 
Dogmatics  (Bule  Ixi.),  dog.matf.lkSy  dogmatical  theology. 
Dogmatic  or  dogmatical  (adj.),  dog.m&i\i.hdl,  dictatorial; 

dogBiafical-ly,  dogmaf ical-ness. 
Dogmatize,  dogC .in>a.t\ze  (not  dogmatiset  B.  icxxii.),  to  assert 
dogmatieaUy ;  dog'matized'  (3  syl.),  dogmatiz'-ing  (R.  xix.), 
dogmatiz'ing-ly,  dogmatlz'-er ;  dog^matiat,  one  who 
speaks  upon  matters  of  faith  or  philosophy  dogmatically; 
dt^imatifim,  dog'.ma.tlzm. 

6T«ek  ddgma,  dOgmcUizOt  ddgmatikds,  ddgmatUtis;  Latin  dogma, 
dogmdtizo,  dogmdtlcus,  dogmdtistSs ;  French  dogmatiser,  whence, 
jw  uraal,  oar  error  of  spelling  with  $. 


2r,2  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Doily,  doi'.ly^t  a  small  napkin  used  at  dessert. 

Dutch  diocele,  a  towel :  in  Norfolk  a  house-cloth  is  called  a  dwVtl* 
and  the  doth  dvn/.eLing. 

Doings,  doo\ingz,  conduct,  behaviour.    {See  Do.) 

Doit  (1  8yl.)i  the  eighth  of  a  penny.    (French  d'huit.) 

Doloe,  doW.tchS  (in  Mu8ic\  sweetly  and  softly.    {Italian,) 

Dolce  far  niente  (Italian),  dole'.tche  faf  ne.en\te,  agreeable 
idleness  [sweet  doing-nothing]. 

Dole  (1  syl.),  a  share,  to  distribute  in  shares,  to  give  grudgingly ; 
doled  (1  syl.),  dol'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  dol'-er. 
Old  English  ddl  or  ddlj  a  share,  a  portion. 
Doleful,  dole' Jul  (Rule  viii.),  dismal;  dole'ful-ly,  dole'fol-nesB; 
dolesoibd,  doU^surriy  dismal,  querulous  {-some  O.  E.  suffix, 
*'  full  of"),  dole'some-ness  {-ness  denotes  abstract  nouns). 
French  dcmZeur,  doulffreua^  deuxU;  Latin  ddleo^  to  grieve. 
Dolerite,  doV-e-rite  (not  dolorite)^  a  variety  of  greenstone. 

Greek  ddUfrds,  deceitful.  Ro  called  from  the  difficulty  of  dSatin> 
guishing  between  felspar  and  augite  (its  compounds). 

Doll,  a  child's  plaything.    Contraction  of  idol, 

Latin  iddlivm,  an  image ;  Greek  eid6lon  {eidda,  form  or  flgnxe). 

Dollar,  dJoV.laTy  an  American  coin  =  4s.  2d.  (marked  tiius  $, 
meaning  scutum).  The  line  drawn  through  the  "S"* 
denotes  that  a  contraction  has  been  made.  For  a  similar 
reason  lb  (a  pound  weight  lihrum\  has  a  line  through  it 

German  thaler  =  fdhler;  Danish  daler.  (So  called  from  OuU,  a 
valley;  the  counts  of  Schlick  extracted  from  Joachim's  Uiol  or 
valley,  the  silver  which  they  coined  into  ounce  pieties.  Tlds 
money  became  standard,  and  was  called  valley-money  or  ikalen.) 

DoUman,  dolmen. 

Dolman,  plu.  dolmans,  dof.manz,  a  long  Turkish  robe,  the 
summer  jacket  of  the  native  Algerian  troops. 

Dolmen,  plu.  dolmens,  doV.m^m,  a  cromlech. 

"Dolman,"  Hungarian  dolmang;  Turkish  dolaman. 
"  Dolmen,"  Celtic  dol  men,  table  stone.    It  consists  of  a  stone  nper- 
posed  on  two  stone  standards ;  French  dolmen. 

Dolomite,  doV.o.mite  (not  dolemite\  a  magnesian  limestone.  So 
called  from  M.  Dolomieu,  the  French  geologist. 

Dolorous,  d5V.o.rus  (not  do.lo.rus),  doleful;  dol'orous-ly,  dol'or- 
ous-ness ;  dolour,  do\ldr  (not  dbl.er), 
French  douUmrenx;  Latin  ddhyr,  v.  dOHret  sup.  dSlKtwn,  to  grieiTe. 
Dolphin,  fern,  dolphinet,  doV.fln^  dUV.ftnSt,  a  sea  mammal. 

Delphine,  dSl.fln  (adj.),  applied  to  certain  French  elaancs 
edited  for  the  Daupiiin  or  eldest  son  of  Louis  XIV. 
(Our  word  is  a  jumble  of  had  French  and  Latin.) 

French  dauphin;  Latin  delphin  or  delphimu;  Greek  cU^pMa. 


AND   OF  SPELLING.  2.*,3 

Bott,  a  blockhead ;  dolf -ish,  stupid  {-Uh  added  to  noons  means 
"like,"  added  to  adj.  it  is  dim.)\  dolt^ish-ly. 
Old  English  dol,  foolish ;  doldrunc,  immersed  in  stupiditx. 

-dam  (Old  English  suffix  meaning  "possession,"  "right," 
"dominion"),  kingdom,  the  dominion  of  a  king;  freedom^ 
the  power  or  right  of  a  free  man ;  wUdom,  the  possession 
or  property  of  a  wise  person. 

Domain'  (2  syl.)  or  demesne,  di.mean%  estate  in  lands.  "  Do- 
main" is  also  used  for  domitiion,  empire,  in  which  sense 
demesne  is  never  employed. 

French  domains ;  Old  French  demaiiM;  Latin  dominium,  lordship 

{domirvus,  lord  and  master). 
Demesne  is  de  meisan  [maisoni  a  house,  and  was  applied  to  the 

manor-house  and  its  lands,  kept  by  the  lord  for  his  own  use. 

Borne  (1  syl.,  rhymes  with  home).    Doom  (rhymes  with  room), 

d5me,  a  cu'p51a;  domed  (rhymes  with  foamed,  1  syl.), 

fitted  with  a  dome.    Doomed  (1  syL),  fated,  destined. 

French  d&ma;  Latin  d6tna,  a  solarium  or  roof  terrace,  where  persona 
went  to  sun  themselves,  a  gallery  on  the  house-top. 

Bomeeday,  dooms'.day,  the  day  of  judgment. 
Old  English  d&mdceg,  judgment  day. 

BomeBday-book,  dooms\day^  book.    Two  volumes  containing  a 

record  of  the  estates  and  chattels  of  all  the  British  do- 

mini(ms   over    which   William   the  Conqueror   reigned 

(1086).     Kept  in  the  Record  Office,  London. 

Old  English  ddmboc  ("liber  judicialis"),  to  which  appeal  was  made 
in  the  Saxon  times  to  settle  disputed  claims  of  property.  Stotr 
derives  the  word  from  domu8-dei-**book,"  the  book  kept  in  the 
"domufidei"  of  Wiucheater  cathedral,  but  "domerbooks"  were 
well  known  before  the  time  of  the  Conquest. 

Bomestic,  do.mes'.tlh,  a  house-servant,  {adj.)  pertaining  to  a 
private  house,  tame ;  domestically,  do.mea'.ti.kaLly, 

Domesticate,  do.tnes'.ti.kate,  to  tame,  to  habituate  to  home- 
life;  domes'ticat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  domes'ticat-ing  (Rule 
xix.),  domestication,  do-m^s.ti.kiy*' .shun. 

French  demestiqiAe,  domestiquer  ("domestication"  is  not  French); 
Latin  domestic^s  (domus,  a  house  and  home). 

l^oniicile,  ddm'.i.dle  (in  law),  the  place  where  a  person  has 
resided  at  least  forty  days. 

Domiciliary,  ddm\i.8\V\i.a.ry,  A  "domiciliary  visit"  is 
one  paid  by  authority  in  search  of  some  person  or  thing. 

Domiciled,  dJ^m' .Lslled,  located  as  resident. 
French  domieiliaire,  v.  domicilier;  Latin  domicUium. 

Bominant,  ddm^i.nant,  ruling,  as  the  "  dominant  spirit,"  the 
"dominant  party,"  the  "dominant  power";  (in  Mtisic) 
the  "  dominant "  is  the  fifth  from  the  key  note :  thus,  in 
the  key  of  C,  the  dominant  is  G. 


2r>6  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

DoBt,  dust,  second  per.  sing,  of  do.  A  corrapt  form  of  d^t. 
Dust,  dry  and  finely  pulverised  earthy  matters. 

D5t,  a  point  [as  a  "  full  stop,"  the  mark  ahove  the  letter  t,  d^c], 
to  make  a  dot ;  dotf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  dott'-ing  (Rule  i.) 
D5t  (in  familiar  language),  a  dowry,  a  dotation. 

**  Dot  **  (a  point),  same  as  tot,  a  little  thing ;  Dan.  tot,  a  smaU  bunch. 
"Dot"  (a  dowry),  Latin  dot,  gan.  do1iis\t  a  dowry. 

Dotage,  do'tage,  second  childishness.    (See  Bote.) 

Dotation,  dd.tay*\shun,  money  ftinded  for  some  charity. 
French  dotation;  Latin  dCtdtio,  an  endowment 

Dote  (1  syl.),  to  love  fondly  (followed  by  on  or  upon),  to  show 
the  childishness  of  old  age ;  dot'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  dof-ing, 
dot'-er;  d5t'-age,  the  chiildishness  of  old  age;  dot'-ard, 
one  in  second  childishness  {-ardf  Old  Eng.  suffix,  **  one 
of  the  species  or  kind,"  dotard^  **  one  of  the  doting  kind'*). 

French  radoter,  to  dote  or  talk  childishly ;  radotage.  radotewr,  one  in 
his  dotage.  WeLih  doiian  and  dotio^  to  puzzle,  to  oonfnse. 

Doth,  diithj  third  per.  sing,  of  do,  now  does,  duz,  except  in 
poetry.  Old  form  ic  d6,  tbti  d6stj  he  dith,  plu.  d6th  all 
persons.   (The  substitution  of  -a  for  -th  is  post-Morman.) 

Doable,  dub\h%  twofold,  to  fold,  to  increase  twofold ;  donbled, 
duhWld;  doubling,  dub'. ling  ;  doubly,  dUb'.ly;  doabler, 
duh'.ler;  double-ness. 
French  double,  dovMeur:  Latin  duplum  (dtio  plioo,  to  fold  In  two). 

Doublet,  dub'.let,  a  man's  garment  of  former  times. 

(This  is  one  of  our  perverted  French  words.  In  French^ 
a  ''doublet*'  is  pourpont,  an4  the  word  doublet  meant 
" a  false  stone"  Rule  Ixii.) 

French  doublure  (I'fitoffe  dont  nne  autre  est  doublfi). 

Doublon,  dub  bloon',  a  French  form  of  the  Spanish  word  doblan^ 
a  '•  double  pistole." 

(It  would  be  more  consistent  to  "keep  the  Spanish  form 
for  Spanish  words,  and  not  to  disguise  them  by  French 
spelling.) 

Doabt,  douty  uncertainty  of  mind,  to  be  uncertain  in  mind; 
doubted,  douif.ed  (Rule  xxxvi.);  doubt-ing,  dottl^.ing; 
doubt'ing-ly :  doubt-er,  doutf.er;  doubt-foL,  doufjvl 
(Rule  viii.);  doubt'ful-ly,  doubt^fal-ness ;  doiibt4eflB, 
douf.less;  doubtless-ly. 

**I  doubt  not  but  [that]  you  are  right,''  is  the  Latin  form 
mm  diibito  gum... but  **I  have  no  doubt  yon  are  Tight**  is 
also  s;ood  English.  The  two  ideas  are  not  identical:  the 
former  phrase  means  "  I  have  no  doubt  [notwithstanding 
all  that  may  be  said  to  the  contrary]  that  nevertheless 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  257 

yoa  are  right."  The  latter  simply  expresses  the  opinion 
of  the  speaker  without  regard  to  opposing  statements. 

A  Latinisei  French  word.  French  douter;  Latin  dUbito.  We  hare 
borrowed  the  diphthong  from  the  French,  and  inserted  the  Latin 
bf  which  is  ignored  in  Koand. 

Douceur,  a  bribe  for  '*  place." 

{We  use  this  word  in  a  sense  almost  unknown  in  France. 
In  French  douceur  means  "  sweetness"  and  gratification 
is  used  for  "  gratuity.'*  Few  Frenchmen,  unacquainted 
with  En^lishy  would  understand  such  a  sentence  as : 
Faites  cela,  et  11  j  aura  quelque  douceur  pour  vous.) 

Douche  bath,  doosh  bdth,  a  shower  bath. 

French  douche ;  Latin  dudre,  to  conduct  or  direct.  (The  shower  Is 
"directed"  to  any  part  of  the  body,  to  relieve  local  suffering.) 

Bough,  dow  (to  rhyme  with  grow,  low)y  bread,  <fec.,  before  it  is 
cooked;  dough'-y,  sticky,  " stoiigy." 

Old  English  dilg  or  ddh.  We  have  strangely  combined  both  forms, 
without  preserving  the  sound  of  either. 

Soiue  (1  syl.  to  rhyme  with  house,  mouse).     In  sailors'  lan- 
guage, to  ''extinguish  instantly"  [a  light],  to  "lower 
suddenly  "  [a  sail] ;  doused  (1  syL,  to  rhyme  with  soused 
sssowst);  dous-ing,  dowse'. ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Greek  dud  (n.  dusia),  to  sink,  to  set  [as  the  sun,  &c.] 

IKy^e,  diiv,  a  pigeon ;  dove-cot,  duv.cot^  a  pigeon  house. 

Dove-tail,  duvdale  (in  Joinery),  to  uuite  by  a  "notch" 
shaped  like  a  "dove's  tail";  dove-tailed,  duv  taild; 
dove  tail-ing  (French  en  queue  d'aronde). 
Old  English  duua  =  duva;  German  taube. 
Dowager,  dow.a.ger  (dow  to  rhyme  with  now^  not  with  grow), 
the  widow  of  a  person  of  rank ;  if  the  mother  of  the 
present  peer,  she  is  termed  the  duchess  dowager  of..:, 
the  countess  dowager  of...;  but  if  not  the  mother,  she 
is  termed  "Louisa"  dtichess  of...,  or  countess  of...; 
both  are  referred  to  in  common  speech  as  the  dowager 
duchess,  the  dowager  countess,  &e, 

Qaeen-dowager,  widow  of  a  king,  but  not  a  reigning  queen. 

French  douairih'e  (douairj6re)  "veuve  qni  jouit  du  douaire,'  i.«.,  a 
jointure  or  dowry.  '*  Douair,"  is  a  corruption  of  the  Low  Latin 
dotarium  (dou'arium).    Latin  dos,  gen.  dotis,  a  dowry. 

J^Jwdy,  doto.dy  (dow-  to  rhyme  with  now),  slovenly  in  dress; 
dow^di-er  (comp.),  dow'di-est  (super.),  dow'di-ly,  dow^di- 
nees;   dow'dy-ish  {-ish  aided  to  adj.  is  dim.,  added  to 
nouns  it  means  "like"),  dowdy-ness. 
8ootch  dawdie,  a  dirty  sloven  {daw  and  the  dim.,  a  little  sluggard) 

Dower,  ddw\er  (dow-  to  rhyme  with  now,  not  with  grow),  pro- 
perty settled  on  a  widow  for  life,  the  fortune  brought 

s 


w 


258  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

a  wife;  dowry,  dUko.ry  (same  as  dower);  dowered,  dSw'.erdf 
having  a  dowry ;  dowser-less. 

Dowager,  ddw\a.ger,    (See  ahove^  Dowager.) 
French  doiiairej  corruption  of  Low  Latin  dotarwm  (don'ariiim). 

Dowlas,  ddw'.las  {dow-  to  rhyme  with  now)y  a  coarse  linen  cloth, 
used  for  towels,  <fec. 
80  called  from  Dau/rlaiSf  in  Franee,  whore  it  \b  manufactured. 

Down,  fine  soft  feathers,  any  fine  hairy  substance  light  enough 

to  float  in  the  air;   (adv,)  tending  towards  the  ground, 

on  the  groand,  towards  the  mouth  of  a  river,  into  the 

country  [from  London].    Persons  in  the  provinces  go 

up  to  London ;    downward  (adj.),  tending  to  a  lower 

position,  as  dovmward  motion;  downwards  (adv,) 

"Downward,"  ufed  cu  an  adverb  it  grammatically  in4:orreet.  It 
should  be  either  adownward  or  downwards,  "a-"  being  an  ad' 
verbial  prefix,  and  "-a  "  an  adverbial  poatfix.  In  the  vxtrds  [now] 
"adays,"  [Bleep]  "anights,"  uoe  have  the  dotible  adverbialSt  to  thai 
arte  of  the  signs  may  be  omitted  toithout  affecting  the  adverbial 
form;  a/xordingly  we  have  in  Old  English  dse^ea  **  daily,'* 
nightes  *' nightly,    and  Shakespeare  im«s  anight /or  "anights.*' 

Downfall  mot  downfal),  downhill  (not  dovmhil)  (Rule  viiL); 
downfallen,  dovm.falVn. 

Down-train,  the  train  from  the  provinces  to  Londpn.  or 
from  some  minor  station  to  the  chief  terminus.  Up- 
train,  Uie  train  from  London  t.o  the  provinces,  or  from 
the  chief  terminus  to  some  inferior  station. 

**l>own"  (feathers^  German  daune;  Dnnlsh  duun. 

"Down"  (adv.  and  prep.)  Old  English  adiin,  down,  ad^tnweard, 
downwards.  It  is  the  prefix  a-  which  converts  dtin  into  an  ad- 
verb, and  this  significant  letter  ha»  been  unwisely  dropped 

Downs,  ddwnz  (to  rhyme  with  towns,  elown8)f  large  open  hilly 
sheep  pastures  contiguous  to  the  sea. 

The  Downs,  a  well-known  road  for  shipping  in  the  English 

Channel,  near  Deal  in  Kent. 

Old  Eng.  diin,  a  hill ;  French  dunes.    It  would  have  saved  obscuri^ 
it  we  had  mad^  the  following  distinctions : — 

Duun  (feathers  called  down),  or  "dnve,"  French  dnvti. 
Adown  (adverb),  and  down,  preposition. 
Jhines  (the  hiUy  sheep-walks  and  sand-hills). 

Doxology,  plu.  dozologies,  dox.oV.o.glz  (Rule  xliv.) 

French  doxologie ;  Greek  ddxdldgia  (doxa  logot,  gtorj  wovAiX 

Dose,  dose,  doee,  does,  doss. 

Doze  (1  syl.),  a  nap,  to  take  a  nap ;  d5zed  (1  syl.),  Aoi'-ing 
(Rule  six.),  doz-er;  doz'-y,  do'zi-nesB  (Rule  xi.) 

Dose,  ddce  (1  syl.),  a  quota  of  medicine,  to  give  medicine,  to 
give  anything  ro  largely  as  to  produce  disgust;  doaei, 
ds'x^  (B.  xxxiv.);  dosed  (1  syl.),  dos-ing,  dda^Amg  (Bole 
sxxTi.);  doB-er,  ddee-er.    {See  Doee.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  860 

Does,  doze,  pla.  of  doe,  the  female  of  the  fallow  deer. 
JkieSj  dUzy  third  per.  sing.  pres.  of  Do  (g.t;.) 
Don,  dSSf  a  straw  hassock  to  kned  on. 

"Doze,**  Dan.  dose:  Old  Eng.  dtpcBs,  dnll :  Wehdi  dwps,  heavy.  dnlL 
"Dose,**  French  dose;  Greek  ddns,  a  thing  given ;  Latin  ddsis,  a  doae. 
**Doe8*'  (female  deer),  Old  Eng  dd,  a  doe.    "  I>oe8,"  dUx  (see  Do). 
*'  Doss,"  Archaic  dossd,  a  bundle  of  straw,  doeier,  a  straw  loMket. 

Dozen,  duz'*n,  twelve  [articles]. 

A  baker's  dozen,  thirteen,  i.e,.  twelve  and  a  "  vantage  loaf." 

French  dovaoAtu;  German  duUend,  contractioti  of  the  Latin  duo 
decern  {duo  'cent),  duo  +  decern,  two  +  ten. 

D^nt),  a  slattern,  a  hrownish  colour,  a  brownish  cloth;  drab, 
drabb'-ish  (Hole  i.),  {-ish  added  to  nouns  means  "  like," 
added  to  adj*  it  is  diminutive);  drabVish-ly. 
Old  English  drabbe,  a  slattern,  diregs,  lees  of  wine. 
Drachm,  drum,  the  eighth  part  of  an  apothecary's  ounce.    A 
fluid  drachm  is  a  tea-spoonfuL    Contraction,  dr.  or  drm. 
Dram,  the  sixteenth  part  of  an  ounce  avoirdiipoise  (dr.) 
(The  distinction  in  spelling  shoiild  be  preserved,  altkcyagh 
the  apothecaries'  weight  is  sometimes  written  dram.) 

"Drachm,"  French  drachme;  Latin  drachma,  the  eighth  (or  rather 

seventh)  of  an  onnee,  84  =  1  lb  of  12  oas. ;  Hebrew  drachvnon. 
"Dram  "  is  the  Italian  dramma. 

Draft,  draught  (both  drdft,  to  rhyme  with  craft,  laughed). 

Draft,  a  cheque  for  money,  a  bill  of  exchange,  a  plan 

drawn  in  outline,  a  copy,  an  abstract;  to  transfer  men 

from  one  company  to  another. 

Draught,  a  stream  of  air.  a  portion  of  liquor  drawn  off, 
liquor  drunk  at  one  potation,  a  catch  of  fiisb,  force  neces- 
sary to  draw,  traction. 

Draughts  (no  sing.),  a  game  i^ayed  with  little  flat  round 
"  men  "  of  two  colours. 

Draughtsman,  drdfts-m^n,  one  of  the  little  flat  round 
pieces  used  for  "  men  "  in  tbe  game  of  draughts ; 

Draftsman,  one  who  makes  a  draft  or  draws  a  plan. 

(These  are  the  distinctions  usually  observed,  but  there  is 

no  rigid  rule,  and  the  two  words  differ  only  in  spelling.) 

Old  English  drag[an\  to  draw ;  past  dr6g  or  drdh,  past  part,  dragen. 
The  word  draught  is  an  absurd  amalgamation  of  drog  and  dn'^, 
disguised  by  tlie  diphthong  au.  The  final  t,  is  a  "  weak "  aflSx 
added  to  a  "strong"  verb. 

l)tlg,  to  pull   along,  to   trail;    a  cart,  a  harrow,  a  skid,  an 
obstacle;  dragged  (1  syl.),  dragg'-ing  (Rule  i.) 
Old  English  dra^anl,  past  drdg  or  dr6h,  past  part,  drcegen. 

Dnggle,  drdg\g%  to  trail  through  the  mire ;  draggled,  drag*., 
jfld;  draggling,  drag'.gling ;  draggle-tail,  a  slattern 
who  suffers  her  gown  to  trail  through  the  mire ;  draggle- 


ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


tailed,  one  dressed  in  a  gown  which  has  heen  trailed 

through  the  mire ;  also  daggle-tail  and  daggle-tailed. 

"Draggle"  is  dim.  of  drag,  and  "daggle"  of  ddg.  to  dangle,  but  the 
.idea  is  not  identic^L  Draggle-iail  is  one  who  drags  the  skirt  of 
lier  gown  through  the  mire  :  but  dagglertail  is  one  who  has  her 
gown  in  jags  or  "  dags  "  from  being  trailed  through  the  mire. 

/ragonuua,  plu,  dragomans  (not  dragomen;  it  is  not  a  com- 

pound  of  *'  man  "),  an  Eastern  interpreter  or  guide. 

French  and  Spanish  dmgaman;  Italian  dragomeuw/O:  Chaldee  fur- 
gaman  (turgmn)^  whence  '*  targum  "  an  exposition  of  the  Old  Test. 

Dragon,  drug^on^  a  fabulous  monster. 

French  dragon. ;  Latin  drdco,  gen.  drae6n[is] ;  Greek  drak&n  (from 
derk6),  to  look  ai  one  [with  fiery  eyes].    In  Welsh  dragon  is  a  com- 
manoer,  and  pen-dragon  a  chief  commander.     Many  enconntert 
«  «  **  with  .dragons  "  in  ancient  story  were  fights  with  Welsh  dragons. 

Dragoon,  dragoon',  a  horse  soldier,  to  persecute  with  violence ; 

dragooned'  (2  sjl.),  dragoon'-ing. 

Dragonnade,  a  persecution  under  the  **  tender  mercies"  of 

dragoons.    *'  The  dragonnHdes  "  were  a  series  of  religious 

persecutions  by  Louis  XIV.,  "  to  root  out  heresy." 

{The  double  n  in  *'  dragonnade  "  is  at  variance  with  K.  iii.) 

French  dragon,  dragonnade.  Originally  a  company  of  soldiers  who 
fought  on  foot  or  horse,  with  arquebuses  called  dragons,  because 
the  head  of  a  dragon  was  wrought  on  the  muzzle.  (The  suffix  -adt 
means  "  the  acr.  of,"  "  to  act  with."  Latin  ago^  ojcium,  whenoe 
"cannon-ade,"  to  ad  Moith  cannon,  "  dragonrnjade,**  &c. 

Brain  (1  syl.),  a  sink  or  sewer,  to  <lraw  off  liquids,  to  empty,  to 
leave  dry;  drained  (1  syi.),  drain'-ing,  drain '-er,  drain'- 
age,  arrangement  for  draining  off  water;  drain'^-able. 
Old  English  drehnigean^  to  drain. 

Drake,  fern.  duck.    In  common  speech,  ducks  and  drakes  are  all 

called  '•  ducks,"  and  as  food  both  are  termed  "  ducks.** 

''Duck"  moans  the  fowl  that  ducks  or  dives,  the  dipping-fowL 
"Drake"  \a  a  contraction  of  dtick-rica  (d'rio').    So  in  German  entc  is 
duck,  and  enie-rich  a  drake. 

Dram,  the  sixteenth  part  of  an  ounce  Avoirdupoise.    Diachm. 
dram,  the  eighth  part  of  an  apothecary's  ounce. 

"Dram.**  Italiin  dramma.     "Drachm/'  French  drachme;  Latl 
drachma ;  Hebrew  drachmon. 

Drama,  dray\mdh  (is  more  usual  than  drdh-mdh,  and  aocor 

better    with    the    derivatives),    a    thentrical   piece   1 

representation ;    dramatic  or  dramatical,   dray,maf. 

dray.mufd.kul;  dramatlcal-ly;  dramatise,  dram\a,t 

to  adapt  to  the  stage  (Rule  xxxi.) ;  dram'atised  (3  s 

■dram'atls*ing  (Rule  xix.);  dramatist,  dram\a,tUt, 

Dramatis  Fersonie,  dram\a,tls  per.sD\ne  (not  per^jK 

characters  introduced  in  a  drama  or  play. 

French  drame,  dramatique,  dramaiiser;  Latin  drama, 
Greek  dramas  drdmatikds  {drao,  to  do  or  act). 

Drank.    (^See  Drink.) 


AND  OF  8PELLTNG,  2f51 


Drape  (1  syl.),  to  cover  with  folds;   draped  rl  syl.),  drap'-ing; 

drap'-er,  one  who  deals  in  cloth  ;  drapery,  dra\pi.ry. 

French  drap^  cloth,  draper,  a  draper,  draperie;  Low  Latin  draparius; 
Spanish  ropa,  cloth  ;  roperia,  old  clothes  ;  ropagey  drapery. 

Drastic,  drus'Mk,  violently  purgative;  drastics,  drus^tikSj  power- 
ful purgative  medicines. 
French  drasixqu/t :  Greek  drastSrios,  vigorous  {drad,  to  accomplish). 
Dxanglit,  drdft  (to  rhyme  with  crafty  laughed).    Draft. 

Draught,  a  stream  of  air,  a'  portion  of  liquor  drawn  off, 

liquor  drunk  atone  potation,  a  catch  of  fish,  traction. 
Draughts  (no  sing.),  a  game  played  with  draughtsmen. 

Draft,  a  cheque  for  money,  a  bill  of  exchang(%  a  plan  in 
outline,  a  copy,  an  abstract;  to  trans ier  men  from  one 
company  to  another;  draft^-ed,  draff-ing. 

Dra^tsxaan,  one  who  draws  drafts  or  plans ; 

Draughtsman,  drafts-man^  one  of  the  **men"  or  pieces 

used  in  the  game  of  draughts. 

"Draught  is  the  amalgamated  forms  of  dr6g  and  dr6h  with  i  inter- 
polated. Oil  English  clragian],  to  draw ;  past  dr6g  or  dr6K, 
past  part,  drcegen.    "  Draft "  is  a  phonetic  spelling  of  "  draught " 

Draw,  foat  drew,  past  parU  drawn,  to  ptill,  to  rai^^e  [water  from 
a  well],  to  suck,  to  delineate,  to  take  out  [money  from  a 
bank],  to  write  out  [a  cheque];  draw'-ing,  pulling,  rais- 
ing [water],  (fee;  (noun),  a  picture  "drawn"  with  pen- 
cils, (fee.  A  drawing  room,  the  chief  reception  room  to 
which  ladies  "  withdraw." 

Drawer,  drawW,  a  tray  which  *'  draws  **  out  of  a  frame. 

Ohest  of  drawers,  a  set  of  drawers  including  the  frame. 

Drawers  (no  sing.),  draw*rz,  linen  or  cotton  trousers  "  drawn 

on  "  the  leg*«,  and  worn  as  an  tinder  garment 
Drawer,  one  who  '*  draws"  with  a  pencil,  one  who  " draws '' 

a  bill  of  exchange,  &c.    Drawee,  drauf.eet  the  pei-son  on 

whom  a  biH  of  exchange  is  *'  drawn.** 
To  draw  back,  to  retreat,  to  move  for  the  sake  of  avoiding. 
To  draw  in,  to  contract,  to  pull  in. 
To  draw  near,  to  approach. 
To  draw  off,  to  decant,  to  draw  away,  to  retreat. 
To  draw  on,  to  put  on  [gloves,  stockings,  <fec.],  to  bring  on, 

to  write  a  cheque  or  bill  of  exchange  on  a  person  named. 
To  draw  ont,  to  extract,  to  prolong,  to  array  soldiers. 

To  draw  together,  to  collect 

To  draw  np,  to  raise,  to  aixay,  to  compose. 

Drawn  [battle  or  game],  one  in  which  neither  side  wins. 

Old  English  drag[an].  to  draw  or  dn^ ;  past  dr6g  or  dnfh,  past  part. 
d/nBoen;  Latin  traho.  "Drag"  and  "Draw"  are  different  totsDM 
9i  we  same  verb. 


2^2  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Bray,  a  brewer's  cart ;  dnty^man,  diaylione. 

Old  Eng.  drcBge,  a  drag  (▼.  dfras^ofa'i^;  Lai.  trahea,  a  dray,  (▼.  iiraho). 

Dread,  drH,  terror,  to  fear  greatly;   dread'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
dread^-ing,  dread'-er,  dread'-fal  (R.  viii.),  dread'ftil-ly, 
dread'fol-ness,  dread-less,  dreadless-ly,  dreadleas-ness. 
Old  English  drdd,  v.  drdkd[an\  past  drid,  past  part  dr<6d€n. 

Dream,  dreme  (1  syl.),  noun  and  verb;    dreamt,  drSmt  (not 

dreampt\  or  dreamed  (1  syL),  dream'-ing,  dream'ing-ly, 

dream'-er,  dream'-y,  dreaml-ly  (R.  xi.),  dreaml-ness, 

dream'-less,  dreamless-ly,  dreamless-ness,dream'-land. 

German  traum,  v.  trdumen  (tr&umerei  would  give  qs  a  new  and  use- 
ful word,  "dreamery/*  the  "stuff  dreams  are  made  of").  The 
Anglo-Saxon  dredm  means  "joy/'  drtdmUtu  "joyless." 

Drear,  drere  (1  syL),  gloomy ;  dreary,  dree'.ry,  dismal ;  dreari-ly, 

dree'.ri.ly  (Rule  viii.) ;  dreariness,  dree^ri.nesa.    "  Drear" 

means   properly  that  gloom  and  dismal  feeling  which 

comes  over  us  at  the  sight  of  blood. 

Old  English  dredr,  blood,  gore,  dre6rig,  Moody,  gory;  dredri^net, 
dreariness ;  dre^lioe\  drearily,  &o. 

Dredge  (I  syl,),  to  sprinkle  [ftour  on  meat],  to  deepen  a  river; 
dredged  (1  syl.),  dredg'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  dredg'-er,  a  box 
for  dredging  [flour  on  meat].    Drudge,  a  menial. 

"Dredge"  (to  sprinkle  flour).  Old  English  dreg{an]  or  dri^an\  to  diy. 

The  flour  sops  up  the  moisture :  Greek  trugo,  to  dry. 
"Dredge"  (to  deeperi  a  river),  Old  English  drcege,  a  drag,  v.  dnifianl, 

to  drag ;  Fr.  dragrier,  draguagt.    (The  second  -d  is  interpolated.) 

Dregs  (no  sing.),  sediment,  refuse:   dregg'-y  (Rule  i.),  muddy; 

dreggi'-ness,  dreg\i,ness ;  dregg'-ish,  foul  with  lees. 

Old  English  dragen,  drawn  ^the  part  drawn  off) ;  Danish  drofk  rub- 
bish ;  Greek  trux,  gen.  tr&goa,  lees  of  wine. 

Drenidi,  to  wet  thoroughly ;    drenched  (1  syl.),  drench'-ing, 
drench'ing-ly,  drench'-er. 
Old  English  drenc[(m],  to  drench,  past  dreviete,  past  part,  gedrtnetd. 

Dress,  plu.  dress'-es  (Rule  x^^xiv.),  raiment,  to  put  on  clothes,  to 

tiim ;  past,  dressed  (1  syl.),  past  part,  drest  or  drccDod 

(1  syl.),  dress'-ing,  dress'-er,  one  who  dresses  another,  a 

bench  on  which  food  is  "drest"  for  meals;    dreoir-y, 

showy  in  dress;  dress'i-ly  (R.  xi.),  dressl-ness;  dzefis'uigB, 

architectural  oraamentation  in  relief,  manures. 

This  is  an  example  of  a  French  word  which  has  acquired  with  ua 
quite  a  strange  meaning.  To  dothe  oneself  in  French  is  slboMibr, 
aud  dresHtr  means  to  trim  trees,  dress  f  jod,  iron  liaen,  gamiah  a 
table,  &c.,  but  not  to  "put  on  clothes  [net  Rule  IxUL) ;  Lattn 
dirigo,  supine  direeUim,  to  set  in  order,  to  make  itratcht  (r«g»>. 
We  have  the  familiar  expressions  "  I  most  go  and  make  mya^ 
straight,"  "  I  must  put  myself  in  order"  (Le.  dreuer) 

Dribble,  dri5M)7,  to  oose  in  drops;  dribbled,  dr^'.h'ld;  dribbler, 
drib'. bier ;  dribblet,  drib' let ^  a  small  quantity. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  263 

To  pay  in  diibblets,  to  pay  pieoe-meal  in  small  sums. 

French  dripple,  drip,  with  dim.    Old  English  \iripCam],  Co  drip,  to 
distil  in  drops.    Danish  draabe^  a  drop. 

Dried,  dride  (I  syl.);  drier,  dri\er,    {See  Pry.) 

Drift,  [snow,  sand,  <fec.]  driven  in  heaps  by  th^  wind,  oovert 
meaning,  to  drive  in  heaps,  to  float  down  running  water ; 
drift'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  drift'-ing. 
Old  English  dn/lan^  to  drivt ;  past  dnif,  past  part  dnfm. 

Drill  (Hula  v.),  an  instrument  for  boring  holes,  an  iniMmment 

fur  sowifjg  seed,  military  exercises ;  to  pierce  with  a  drill, 

to  sow  with  a  drill,  to  drill  soldiers,  &c. ;  drilled  (1  syl.), 

drill-ing,  drill'-er ;  drlLl-eergeant,  driU  aa^r^.jent. 

Old  English  thirl{ian\,  to  perforate ;  past  thirlode,  past  part.  thirloA, 
fhirl,  a  hole ;  German  drillen,  to  bore  holes,  to  train  soldiers. 

Drink,  past  drank,  past  part,  drunk  (but  drank  is  often  used), 
drunken  (xdj.),  drink'-er,  drink'-able,  drink'able-ness ; 
Draught,  draft,  a  diink,  is  from  another  word.  {See  Draught.) 

To  drink  to,  to  salute  someone  in  drinking,  to  wish  well  to 

someone  by  drinking  to  them. 
Old  English  drinc[an],  past  drune,  past  part  drtmcen. 
Drip,  to  fall  in  dr«»ps,  that  which  falls  in  drops;  dripped  (1 

syl.),  dripp'-ing  (Rule  i.),  falling  in  drops,  the  fat  which 

**  drips "  trom  meat  in  roasting ;  dripping-pan,  the  pan 

which  receives  the  drip  of  meat  in  roasting. 
Old  English  drip[an],  past  dripede,  past  part,  driped. 
Drive,  past  drove  [older  form  drave],  past  part,  driven. 

A  drive  (1  syl.),  carringe  exercise;  to  drive  [horses],  to 

guide  horses,  to  ur<?e  on ;  drlv-er,  one  who  drives  [horses]. 
Diove  (1  syl.),  a  herd  of  cattle  or  flock  of  sheep  on  their 

way  to  market,  &c,;  drov'-er,  one  who  conducts  a  drove. 
Diiv-ing  (Rule  xix),  guiding  horses,  urging  on,  tunnelling 

from  the  shaft  into  the  mine. 
To  drive  a  bargain,  to  make  hard  terms. 
To  drive  a  trade,  to  carry  on  a  trade  with  energy. 
Old  English  driflan],  past  drdf,  past  part,  dri/en. 
Drivel,  dTiv'.eU  to  slaver,  to  talk  listlessly  and  sillUy ;  driv'elled 

(2  syl.),  driv'ell-ing  (Rule  iii.  -el.);  driv'ell-er,  a  dotard, 

one  who  drivels.     » 
This  is  from  the  verb  drip  with  -d  dim. 
DiiBBl^,  drie'js'l,  fine  rain,  to  rain  in   fine  drops;    di&szled, 

driz^.z'ld;  drizzling,  driz'ling ;  drizzly,  dHz'.ly. 
German  rieseln,  to  drizzle,  rieselregen,  a  drizzUng  rain. 
Drallf  drole  (not  dr6l,  R.  v.),  a  wag,  funny ;   drollery,  drdW.i.ry 

(not  drdV.e.ry);  droUish,  drdle-ish,  somewhat  droll  {-ish 

added  to  adj.  is  dim.,  added  to  nouns  it  means  ''Uke," 

added  to  verbs  it  means  to  "  make"). 
Trench  drdle;  German  drollig,  drolL 


264  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Dromedary,  drum.e,dd.ry^  the  Arabian  camel  (with  one  hunch) ; 
the  Bactrian  carnal  has  two  hunches. 

French  domadaire  (French  -ma-,  English  and  Lathi  -m«-);  Latin 
dr&medarim;  Greek  dromaa  {kamilo»\  the  runnhig  cameL 

Drone,  fern,  bee  (both  1  syl.),  the  male  of  the  honey-bee,  an 
idler,  to  emit  a  humming  noise ;  droned  (1  syl.),  dron'-ing, 
dron'-iflh  {-ish  added  to  nouns  means  ''like/'  added  to 
adj.  it  is  dim.),  dron'lsh-ly,  dron'ish-ness. 
Old  English  drdn  or  dr^kn^  a  drone. 

Droop,  to  hang  down,  to  fing,  to  languish;  drooped  (1  sy].), 
droop'-ing,  droop^ing-ly. 
Old  English  dropletan]^  to  drop. 

Drop,  a  liquid  globule,  the  platform  of  a  gallows,  to  fall  in  drops, 
to  lower,  to  let  fall ;  dropped  (1  syl.),  dropp'-ing  (R.  i.); 
droppings  (noun),  the  excrements  of  birds,  &c.;  drop'-let, 
a  little  (Jrop;  drops,  liquid  medicine,  mother's  milk. 
Old  English  dropa,  a  drop,  v.  dropetan  or  drap[ian]. 

Dropsy,  drop\sy^  a  disease ;   dropsi-cal,  drSp'M,kal  (Rule  xi.) ; 
dropsied,  drdp^sed^  diseased  with  dropsy. 
A  contraction  of  hydropsy,  but  the  loss  of  the  first  syl- 
lable has  spoilt  the  significance  of  the  word. 

French  hydropHe;  Latin  hydrops;  Greek  hudrdps  QiudOr  <ip$f 
water  manifestation). 

Drosky,  plu.  droskies,  dr^s'.ky,  dr^s.Mz  (Bule  xliv.) 

Buss  an  drozhki,  a  four-wheeled  open  carriage. 

Drofls  (R.  v.),  refuse ;  dross'-y,  dross'i-ness  (R.  xi.)  (Old  Eng.  drm.) 

Drought.  Neither  the  spelling  nor  the  pronunciation  of  this 
word  is  settled.  The  most  common  pronunciation  is 
drSwt  (to  rhyme  with  out),  but  many  call  it  dratU  (to 
rhyme  with  thought,  taught), 

Drought^-y,  droughtl-ness  (Rule  xi.) 

Another  spelling  of  the  word  is — 
Drouth,  drouth'y,  drouthl-ness. 

Sometimes  we  hear  the  words — 
Dryth,  dryth'y,  dryth'i-ness  {y  long). 

Old  English  drugath  or  drugoih  (changed  to  druo^fK,  drow^X 
"Drought"  is  a  double  metathStis  of  "drugoth**  (flxsi  Into 
drougth  and  then  into  drought). 

In  regud  to  the  pronunciation :  every  other  word  In  the  laiuiiaco 
spelt  in  a  similar  way  is  pronounced  -art,  and  uniformity  Ii  de- 
sirable. We  have  bought,  [drotmht],  fought,  fumght,  ouffiU,  timgkt, 
thought,  and  vrrought 

"Dryth":  •fAaddel  to  adj.  converts  them  into  abstraot  iumibi,  m 
leng-th,  bread-th,  d^^th,  dry-th. 

Drove  (1  syl.),  a  herd  of  cattle  or  flock  of  sheep  on  their  mad 
to  market ;  past  tense  of  drive ;  drov'-er,  one  who  drives, 
cattle  to  market.    {See  Drive.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  2«5 


Dnmn,  drSwn  (to  rhyrne  with  down,  noun\  to  kill  by  gnbmersion 
in  water;  drowned  (1  8yl.)>  drown'-ing. 
Nomiui  dntkne,  to  drown ;  German  [er]tranken. 

BiowBy,  sleepy;  drow^si-er  (more  Bleepy),  drow'si-est  (Tno?«t 
sleepy),  drow'si-ness  (Ru  e  xi.).  drow'si-iy,  drow^si-ish 
('ish  added  to  adj.  is  dim^  added  to  nouns  it  means 
•*like  **);  drowsing,  drSwse'.ing.    (Dutch  drosen,  to  doze.) 

Bmb,  to  beat;  drubbed  (1  8.\1.),  dmbb'-ing  (Rule  i.),  dmbb'-er. 
Old  English  trtbuHan],  to  be&t ;  Greek  tribo,  to  thresh. 

Drudge  (1  syl.),  a  menial,  to  toil;  drudged  (1  syl.),  drudg'-ing 
(B.  xix.),  dmdg'ing-ly ;  drudgery,  druj'.e.ry,  ignoble  toil. 

Old  English  dreMan],  to  toil :  past  dreag  or  dreah^  past  part,  dnnen. 
(The  d  i»  inUrpolated  for  phonetic  use.) 

Bmg,  a  substance  used  for  medicine,  an  article  slow  of  sale,  to 
dose,  to  put  poison  into  food  or  drink  ;  drugged  (1  syl.), 
dmgg'-ing  (Rule  i.) ;  drugg'-ist,  one  who  deals  in  drugn. 

French  drogue,  droguiste  (drogtierie,  drujrgery,  is  a  word  we  miglit 
adopt) ;  Old  EngUsh  drig,  dry.    **  Drugs  "  were  once  '*  dry  herbs. " 

Ihngget,  a  coarse  woollen  cloth.  (This  word  ought  to  have 
only  one  g,  it  is  not  a  "  little  drug,"  as  the  spelling  indi- 
cates, but  the  French  droguet.) 

Bndd,  fern.  dmidesB,  drU'.ldj  dru\id.e88,  a  Keltic  priest: 
drnid-iam,  the  riteH  and  fiiith  of  the  Druids ;  dmidic  or 
dmidical,  dru.id\ikf  druAd\i.kul. 

Welsh  denoydd  {derw,  an  oak ;  derwen,  oaken ;  udd,  a  chief ;  Keltic 
wydd,  a  priest ;  Anglo  Saxon  toita,  a  prophet  or  wise  man). 

Brmn,  a  musical  instrument,  the  tympanum  of  the  ear,  a  package 
[of  figs  in  a  wooden  cylindrical  box],  a  crowded  reception, 
to  beat  a  drum,  &c.;  drummed  (1  svl.),  dmmm'-ing  (Rule 
i.),  dniimn'-er,  drmn'-ma'jor,  kettle-drum. 
German  irom[mel],  a  drum ;  Norse  drum,  a  booming  sound. 
Dmnk,  intoxicated ;  drunken,  given  to  intoxication ;  dnmk'en- 
nesB;   dnmk'-ard,  one  of  the  drunken  kind  (-ard  Old 
Eng.  suffix,  **  one  of  a  species,"  "  of  the  kind."  {See  DriidL ) 
Old  English  drincianl  past  drane,  past  part,  druncen. 

Urape  (1  syl.),  a  pulpy  stone-fruit;   drupel,  dru\pel,  a  pulpy 
fruit    with    seeds   like   the   raspberry   and   bla<  kberry : 
drapaceonB,  drU.pay^^hus,  prr>diicin«]:  drupes,  like  drupes. 
French  drupe;  Latin  dr&pa;  Greek  druppa,  orerripe  olives. 

Dry*  dri-er  {eomp.\  dri-est  [super.)  (Rule  xi.),  dries,  drize  (1  syl.), 
dried  (I  syl.). 
Iliy'-er,  one  who  dries;  dri-er,  more  dry;  dry'-ing. 
Ury-ly  or  dri-ly,  dry-nesa  or  dri-nesa. 

("Dry/*  "shy."  and  "sly,"  are  uncertain  in  their  ipelUng,  but  it 
would  he  ufell  to  reduce  them  to  the  general  rule  (Bole  xL  j 


2Cfi  ERRORS  OF  SPEECIT 


Dryad,  dfy^Md,  a  wood-nymph. 

French  dryade;  Latin  dryddes;  Greek  druddfy  (dnu,  an  o«k.) 
Bual^dufMl,  a  plu.  consisting  of  only  two.  Dael,a  fight  between  two. 

Du'al-ist,  one  who  believes  in  dualism ; 

Bu'el-ist,  one  who  fights  a  duel. 

Bual-lBm,  du\aUizm,  the  system  which  presupposes  the 
nature  of  man  to  be  twoifold,  the  system  which  presup- 
poses that  there  are  two  reigning  principles  in  nature. 

Bualistic,  du'.aLis^'.tlk,  adj.  of  dualism,  as  the  dtuiliatic 
system  of  Anaxag'5ras  and  Plato,  who  taught  that  there 
are  two  principles  in  nature,  one  active  and  the  other 
passive ;  duality,  du.al\i.tyt  the  state  of  being  two,  &g. 
French  duel;  Latin  dudlis  (dua  for  duo,  two);  Greek  dtuu,  duality. 
Dub,  to  confer  knighthood,  to  give  [one]  a  title;  dubbed''  (1  syl.), 
dubb'-ing  (R.  i.)     (Old  Eng.  dubb[an],  to  dub,  to  strike.) 

Dubious,    du\bi.uSf    doubtful ;     du^ious-ness,     du'MouB-ly ; 

dubiety,    duM\S,ty,    doubt ;     dubitable,    du\bi,i&,b'l ; 

dubitably,  du\bl.td.bly. 
Latin  dvhietas,  duhiosua,  diMWMis,  dabius  {diMvAn,  donbt). 
Ducal,  du\kal,  adj.  of  duke.    (French  ducaL    See  Di|ke.) 
Duoat,  duk\dt  (not  du'.kdt)^  a  coin  once  common  in  Italy. 

The  first  appeared  in  Venice,  and  bore  this  inscription  **  SU  Ubi, 
Christe,  datus,  quern  tu  regis,  iste  ducatus."  ["May  this  dndhy 
[ducat-us]  which  thou  rulest,  O  Ghridt,  be  devoted  to  thee."]  Tha 
word  "  ducatus"  gave  name  to  the  coin. 

Duchess  (not  dutchess),  duch'^esSy  fem.  of  duke;    dnoheaB*! 
(po88.  sing.),  duchesses  ivlu.),  duchesses'  {poss,  pU^) 
French  dtte,  fem.  ducheaae  (Latin  dux,  gen.  diusia,  a  leaderX 
Duck,  the  female  of  drake ;  duck' -ling,  a  young  duck  or  drake. 
{•ling.  Old  Eng.  suffix,  "  ofispring  of^"  or  simply  diminu- 
tive).   When  sex  is  not  an  object  of  the  speaker  both  are 
termed  ducks,  when  kiUeJ  for  table  both  are  called  dimks. 
To  duck,  to  dip,  to  pop  down  for  the  sake  of  avoiding 
something ;  ducked  (1  syl.),  duok'-ing. 

Ducking-stool,  a  stool  once  employed  for  the  purasiiment 
of  scolding  and  brawling  women,  also  called  cuckin^Hrtool 
{chuck,  to  throw),  the  stool  "  chucked  "  into  the  water. 

Duck-legged,  duk.Ugd,  having  short  waddling  legs. 

To  make  ducks  and  drakes,  to  throw  stones  &«.,  an  the 
surface  of  water  so  that  they  rebound  repeatedly. 

To  make  ducks  and  drakes  of  your  money,  to  spend  it  m 

idly  as  if  you  threw  it  into  water  for  amusement. 

German  ducken,  to  duck,  to  dip  the  head.  ▲  "duck**  is  fha  fowl 
that  "  ducks  "  or  dips  its  head  [in  water].  **  Drake  '*  ia  a  eoBtiae- 
tion  of  duch^aJee  or  rica  (d'raJee  or  d'Ho},  the  duok  maatar.  So  in 
(German  ente,  a  duck ;  enU^rieh,  a  drake. 


AND   OF  SPELLING,  «67 

• 

Duet,  a  tube  for  conyejing  [water] ;  aqne-dmet  (not  oqwidMckX 
a  dnct  for  water.    (Latin  aqtuB  ductuSy  a  duct  for  water. ) 
Latin  duetua,  a  duct  (t.  dOeOy  tnpine  duditm,  to  lead  or  conveyX 
Ductile,  duhf.tU  (not  diik\tile\  easy  to  draw  out  into  lengths, 
like  wire ;  ductility,  duk.til\i.ty, 
French  ductile,  ductiliU;  Latin  duetttia. 
Dudgeon,  dud'.jdn,  a  sword  or  dagger,  inward  displeasure. 
To  take  [a  thing]  in  dudgeon,  to  look  on  it  as  an  offence. 

"  Dudgeon  "  fa  da^^r),  German  degen,  a  sword,  a  rapier. 
" Dudgeon"  (diapleasure),  Welsh  dygen^  grudge,  malice. 

Dne,  duty,  owed.  Dew,  moisture  of  the  air  condensed.  Do,  doOt  q.v, 
Dn^y  (du-lyf  tru-lyt  and  whoUly  drop  the  final  e  before 

the  suffix  -iy,  Rule  xviii.) 
Dues,  dilze^  custom-house  taxes,  &c.    Dews,  plu.  of  dew. 
French  dH,  past  part,  of  devoir;  Latin  deb^e,  perf.  debHi. 
Duel,  du\el,  a  fight  between  two.   Dual,  du'M,  a  numb,  in  Gram. 
Du^el-ist,  one  who  fights  a  duel ; 

Du'al-ist,  one  who  believes  there  are  two  principles  in 
nature,  one  who  believes  man  to  possess  a  twofold  nature. 

Du'ell-er,  du'ell-ing.    (Rule  iii.,  -el.) 
French  duel;  Latin  duettum  (dulo]  [hiellum. 
Duenna,  dil.en\nah,  an  elderly  woman  whose  duty  in  Spain  is 
to  look  after  some  young  lady  under  her  charge  (Span.) 

Duet,  du'.ef,  a  song  for  two  voices.    Duetto,  plu,  duettos  (Ital.) 
Dug,  the  udder  of  a  cow,  &c. ;  the  past  tense  of  dig  (q.v.) 

Duke  (1  syL),  fern,  duch'ess;  duke-dom  (-dom  =  "dominion"); 

duch'-y;  ducal,  du'.kdl;  du'cal-ly. 
French  due,  fern,  dueheese;  Latin  dwc,  gen.  d'Om,  a  leader. 
JPukminara,  duV -ka.mair"  rdh  (not  dul.kam\a.rah\  the  plant 

called  "bitter-sweet,"  or  "woody  nightshade." 

Latin  dulci$  amd/nu,  sweet  bitter.    The  stalks  and  root  taste  at  first 
bitter,  but  after  being  chewed  a  little  time  they  taste  sweet. 

Suloei,  duV.$ety  sweet  [applied  to  sound]. 

l>ulciiy  {-€%'  not  -OT-);    duldfies,  dUVM.fize;    dulcified, 
d&Vjn.Jide;  dai'dfy-ing. 

Dulcimer,  duV.8i.mer,  an  ancient  musical  instrument. 

French  dtUeifter:  Latin  dtdeif^ms,  dulcia.    (The  two  words  "duldlo- 
quent"  and  "duldty  "  might  be  introduced.) 

DuUa»  duM.dh  (not  du'M.ah,  as  it  is  generally  called),  the 
reverence  paid  to  saints. 

Latria,  la.tri'ah,  adoration  paid  to  God. 

Ijrtin  dQlia;  Greek  dotdeia  or  douUii,  the  reverence  paid  bj  a  slave 

(dauJos)  to  his  master. 
Latin  IcUria;  Greek  latareia,  the  service  of  a  free  workman  (UUria,  a 

hired  servantX 


268  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Doll,  stupid,  obscure ;  dnll-er  {eomp.),  dull-est  {super.) ;  dnU'-ard 
i-ard,  01(1  Eng.  surtix  meaning  "sptciHS,"  "kind"),  one 
of  the  dull  kind ;  dull-nesB,  dul-ly  (Rule  v.,  h). 

Bull,  to  make  dull ;  dulled  (1  syl.).  dull-ing. 
Old  English  dol,  foolish,  dallict,  dully;  Welsh  dwl,  stupid. 
Duly,  du'-ly,  fitly  {see  Due).     Dully,  dul-ly,  stupidly  {see  Doll). 
Dumb,  dum  (b  silent),  mute,  wanting  the  power  of  speech; 

Dumb-animals,  all  quadrupeds  are  so  termed  in  contra- 
distinction to  man,  who  is  a  **  speaking  animaL" 

Dumb-ly,  dum\ly;  dumV-ness,  dum'.ness. 

Dumb-shoTf,  signs  and  gestures  without  words. 

Dumb-waiter,  a  piece  of  furniture. 

Dumfoun'der  (without  h),  to  strike  dumb  with  amazement; 
dumfoun'dered  (3  syl.),  domfoun'dei^ing. 

Dummy,  plu.  dummies,  dum'.miZy  one  who  is  dumb,  an 
empty  bottle.  In  tljree-lianded  whist,  the  hand  ezpof^d 
is  called  "  dummy"  and  in  French  morU 
{Either  the  "b"  should  he  struck  out  of  "dumb,"  or  it 
should  he  retained  throughout.  It  is  rather  remarkable 
that  •*  dumbness  "  has  ?io  "  b  "  in  the  Anglo  Saxon  dumnys.) 
Old  English  dunU),  dumnys,  dumbness  ;  German  dvmm. 

Dumps,  a  fit  of  the  sullen s ;  dump-ish,  rather  stupid  and  sullen ; 
dum'pish-*ly,  dum'pish-ness. 

Norse  dump,  dull ;  German  ditmm,  stupid,  sottish ;  dumff,  dvlL 
Dumpy,  dum'.py,  squat,  short. 

Humpty-dumpty,  any  person  or  thing  small  and  thick-set 

Dumplings  dUm'.pling,  dough  leavened  with  yeast  and 
boiled.  Heavy  or  Suffolk  dumplings  have  no  yeast. 
There  are  several  varieties. 

Korse  dump,  low,  squat.    (?)  thumb,  the  short  squat  fingw,  oaDed 
"dumpy."    Anglo  Saxon  ihUma;  German  daumen. 

Dun,  a  brown  colour,  one  who  importunes  a  creditor  for  pay. 
ment,  to  din,  to  importune  lor  payment;  dunn-iah  (Rule 
i.),  rather  brown  (ish  added  to  adj.  is  dim.,  added  to 
nouns  it  means  "like"). 

Dun  {v.),  dunned  (1  syl.),  dunn'-ing  (Rale  i.) 

Dune  (1  syl.),  a  sand  hill  near  the  sea-coast. 

Old  English  dun,  a  black-brown  colour ;  dunung,  a  ndM ;  dft^iamX 
to  make  a  noise ;  diin,  a  hill. 

Dunce  (1  syl.),  a  dolt,  one  backward  in  book-learning. 

Jhmsers,  disciples  of  Duns  Scotus,  the  schoolman,  who  citBumnd 
against  "the  new  learning"  which  was  fatal  to  the  quiddities  of 
Dunseiy.  The  new  school  called  those  who  opposed  them 
corrupted  to  dunces;  German  duns,  a  dunce. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  2«9 

Donderliead,  dun',der.Md,  maddle-beRded ;  dnnderhead'-ed. 

None  timg,  tutU,  heavy,  slow,  lumpish,  which  enters  into  composi- 
tion with  hand,  tuad.  heart,  speech,  hearing,  &o.,  &c. 

Jhine  {X  syL),  a  sand-bill  near  the  sea-coast.     (Old  Eng.  dUn,) 

Dung  (noun  and  verb),  dunged  (1  syl.),  dung'-mg,  dong'-y, 
dunghill  (double  2,  Rule  viii.)     (Old  Eng.  dung.) 

Ihingeon,  dun'.jun,  a  dark  dismal  prison,  underground ;  doi^jon, 
the  strong  keep  of  an  ancient  castle. 
The  prison  of  the  ancient  castles  was  under  the  dovijon  (q.v.) 

Dunned  (1  syl.),  dunning,  <fec.    {See  Dun.) 

Daodecimal,  du\o.de8'\i.mul  (adj.),  computing  by  twelves ; 
duodecimals,  cross  multiplication,  each  lower  denomina- 
tion being  tbe  twelfth  of  the  one  next  higher,  just  as  a 
penny  is  tbe  twelfth  of  a  shilling ;  duodedmal-ly. 

Dnodedmo,  plu.  duodecimos  (not  duodecimoes,  Rule  xlii.), 
du'.o.des'^i.moze,  the  size  of  a  book  in  which  each  sheet 
is  f<)lde<l  into  twelve  leaves. 

French  duodecimal;  Italian  duodedino;  Latin  dUddieimiu  (<iiM>  + 
decern,  two  +  ten). 

Duodenum,  du^o.dee^'jnum  (not  du,od\e.num,  an  intestine  about 
twelve  fingers  long,  in  the  human  body;  di^odenal, 
du\o.dee*\nal  (adj.);  duodenitis,  du\o.de.ni'\ti8,  inflam- 
mation of  the  duodenum  {-itis,  Gk.  suf.,  inflammation). 

Dnp,  [the  door]  to  open,  past  dupt  or  dupped  (1  syl.),  dupping* 

'*Then  up  he  rose  .  .  .  dupped  the  chamber  door, 
[And]  Jet  in  the  maid . .  ."—Ham,,  iv.  v. 

"Dap "is  Ang.  Sax.  do-ypp,  "do-open,"  or  do-up,  lift  up  [the  latchl. 

Ihtpe  (1  syl.),  one  deceived,  to  cheat;  duped  (1  syl.),  dup'-ing 
(Rule  xix.),  dup'-er,  dup'-ery. 

French  dupe,  v.  duper;   Latin  duplex,  wily  ("Cursus  dupVCcia  per 
mare  Ulyss^i,"  Hor.  Od.,  1. 6,  7,  " of  the  wily  or  duping  Ulysses"). 

IHiplicate,  du'.pluhate.  a  copy,  a  pawnbroker's  ticket,  to  fold  or 
double;  du'pUcat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  du'plicat-ing  (Rule 
xix.);  duplication,  du\pli.kay'\8hun ;  duplicature,  du'.- 
pli.ka.tchur ;  duplicity,  du.pli8\i.ty, 

French  dupliccUa,  duplication,  duplicaU;  Latin  dupUcdtio,  dup2<- 
edre,  supii  e  duplicdtum,  duplidLtas. 

Barable,  du\ra.b%  lasting;  du'rable-ness,  du'rably,  durability. 

Fr.  durable,  dwahiliti;  Lat.  durdbilis,  durabilitaa  (durtu,  hard). 

Dnza-xnater,  du'.ra  may'.ter  (not  mut.er),  the  outer  membrane 

of  tbe  brain.     The  inner  membrane  is  the  pia-inater, 

I«atin  dura-inater.    Called  "hard"  (dura),  because  it  is  more  tough 
than  the  other  two  membranes  of  the  brain.      Called  mater  or 
'  "mother"  from  the  su( position  thit  all  the  other  membranes  of 

the  body  were  *'  born  "  out  of  it,  or  were  simply  elongations  of  it. 

IKizainen,  du.ray\ment  beart-wood.     (Latin  duramen,) 


270  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Dmance,  dii\riiMef  imprisonmeiit.    Endu'zanoe,  tderaniie. 
Dnratioii,  duj-ay'^hun^  continuance.    (Not  French.) 
Duress,  duressy  constraint,  restraint  of  liberty. 

Latin  dvxare,  to  accustom  to  bardship;  Old  French  d^Jream:  Latin 
dtlritief,  dHuratio  {durus,  hard). 

BoxBt,  past  tense  of  dare,  to  be  bold  to  do.    {See  Barau) 

Dnflk,  dim  light,  partially  dark;  dnsk'-isli,  rather  dosk  {-ith 
added    to  adj.  means  rather ^  added    to    nouns    lihe)\ 
dusk'ish-ly,  dusk'-y,  dnakl-ly  (Rule  xLX  dusk^i-neas. 
Old  EngUsh  dti;<^«c[(ut],  to  extinguish ;  {Mkst  <2«m6kmI«,  p.p.  dwaueed. 
Dost  {n(mn  and  verb).    Dost,  dust,  second  per.  sing,  of  Do  (g.v.) 
Dnst'-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  dust-ing,  dust'-er,  dust'-y,  dnstl-ness. 
To  bite  the  dust,  to  fall  dead  in  battle. 
To  kick  up  a  dust,  to  make  a  disturbance. 

To  throTf  dust  in  one's  eyes,  to  bamboozle.  The  allusion 
is  to  the  Mahometan  practice  of  casting  dust  into  the  air 
for  the  sake  of  "confounding"  the  enemies  of  the  faith. 
"When  the  Enghsh  king  pursued  the  Iman  who  hHd 
stolen  his  daughter  for  Allah,  Allah  threw  dust  in  his 
eyes  to  check  his  pursuit.**  A  Oori  Legend. 
*•  Dust,"  Old  Eng.  dust,  dustig,  dusty.  "  Dost,"  Old  Eng.  dM. 
Dutch  iadj.)t  pertaining  to  Holland  or  the  Netherlands,  the 
language  of  the  Hollanders. 

The  Dutch,  the  people  of  Holland  or  the  Netherlands. 

A  Dutchman,  plu.  Dutchmen.   "  Dutchmen"  is  the  definite 

plu.,  as  two,  three,  &c.,  Dutchmen,  but  "  The  Dutch**  the 

indefinite  plu,  (R.  xlvi.  %).    Dutch-docks,  German  docks. 

German  Deutsche.    *'  Dutch  clocks,"  corruption  of  Deuitch  dock.. 

Duty,  plu.  duties,  du\tiz ;    du'ti-ful  (Rule  xi.),  da'tiftil-ly, 

du'tiful-ness  (R»  viii.);  du'ti-able,  subject  to  excise  duty. 

Duteous,  du\te.u8;  du'teous-ly,  du'teous-ness. 

("Duty"  and  "beauty"  have  this  change  of  vcwel,  fo^ 
which  there  is  no  sufficient  reason.) 
French  dH,  past  part,  of  devoir;  Latin  debeo. 
Duumvir,  plu.  duumvirs  or  duumviri,  du.um\veTz  or  <iit.tttii'.' 
vi.rl.    In  ancient  Rome,  the  supreme  magistracy  veste^J 
in  two  men;   duumvirate,  du.um\vi.rate,  the  fom  o^ 
government  or  office  of  a  duumvir;  danm'TiniL 
Latin  dmimnir,  plit  duumviri,  duwnvirSlis^  duumvtrdtet. 
Dwaif,  plu.  dwarfs  (not  dwarves.  Rule  xxxix.),  dwair4Bh  (-i$h 
added  to  nouns  means  "  like,"  added  to  a^J.  it  is  dim.), 
dwarfish-ly,  dwarf ish-ness;  dwarf -ing,  keepiof  amdl;       , 
dwarfed  (not  dwarft-ed),  hindered  from  growing.  j 

Old  English  dweork  or  dweorg,  a  dwarf.  .A 


AND  OF  SPELUNG.  271 

Dwell  (Kule  t.),  patt  dwelt,  p<ut  part,  dwelt,  to  live,  to  abide ; 
dwell'-ing,  living,  abiding,  a  house,  a  residence;  dwell'-er. 

To  dwell  on  [« isubject],  to  continue  talking  on  it. 

None  ctoelt,  to  dwell,  to  twrrjr ;  dvceUr,  a  dweller,  a  loiterer.    The 
Anglo  Saxon  dw^ian]  means  "to  deceive "  (dtool  an  error). 

Dwindle,  dw^.£l,  to  diminish ;  dwin'dled  (2  syl.),  dwindling. 
Old  Eng.  dtotoCon],  to  pine  away,  to  dwindle ;  past  dwdn,  p.p.  ckoinen. 

Dwt.,  pronounced  penny -weight.  It  is  D  (penny,  dendrium), 
and  wt  (contraction  of  weight).  Similarly  Gwt ,  hundred- 
weight is  C  (hundred,  centum)^  and  wt  for  *'  weight." 

Dye,  to  tincture.    Die,  to  lose  life.    (Both  di.) 

Dyes,  dyed,  dye-ing  (violation  of  R.  xix.),  dy'-er  (from  Dye). 

Dies,  died,  dy-ing  (Rule  xix.),  di-er  (from  Die). 

Dyes,  tinctures,  third  per.  sing,  of  Dye. 

Dies,  plu.  of  die,  a  stamp,  third  per.  sing,  of  Die. 

Dice,  plu.  of  die,  a  cube  for  playing  "  dice.** 

"Dye,"  Old  Eng.  dedg,  ▼,  ded(f[ian]  ptL-^t  dedgode,  past  part,  dedgod. 
"Die,"  Old  Eng.  deddiian\,  past  deddods,  past  part,  deddod. 
"Die"  (a  cube),  Fr.  d6,  plu.  d4s. 

Dyke  (1  syl.),  a  geological  term.    Dike,  a  trench,  a  mound. 

A  "  dyke  "  is  the  material  which  tills  up  a  fissure  in  a  rock. 
Old  English  die,  a  dyke ;  French  dyke  (in  mines). 
Dynamics,  di.namf.lksj  that  science  which  treats  of  force  acting 

on  moving  bodies.    (AU  sciences  terminating  in  the  Greek 

'ika,  except  five,  are  plural,   Rule  Ixi.)     Dynamic  or 

dynamical  (adj.),  dynamlcal-ly. 

Dynom'eter  or  dynamometer,  di'na.mom'\e.terf  a  (mechnn- 
ical)  instrument  to  measure  the  relative  strength-in- 
draught of  man  and  other  Huiraals ; 

Dynameter,  an  (optical)  instrument  for  determining  the 

magnifying  power  of  telescopes ;  dynametlcal. 
Dynamite,  dV.na.mite,  an  explosive  agent,  consisting  of 

porous  silica  sat-urated  in  nitro-glycerine. 
Fr.  dynamique,  dynanwrn^t/re ;  Lat.  dynamia;  Gk.  dunamis,  power, 
^'yiuurty,  plu,  dynasties,  dfn\u8.ttz,  a  race  of  monarchs  from 
one  common  he»d;  dynastic,  di.na/.t\k  (adj.) 
French  dynastie,  dynastique;  Latin  dynantia;  Greek  dunasteia. 
^^  (Greek  due-,  a  prefix  always  denoting  evil,  opposed  to  «*-, 
which  always  denotes  what  is  good). 

D^Bentery,  dis'.en.terry,  severe  diarrhoea;  dysenter'ic. 

Fr.  dyaeenterie,  dyMentdrique  (double  «,  a  blunder) :   I^at.  dysenteria, 
dy^mtericus  ;  (Gk.  dua  enUSra,  bad  [state  of]  the  buwels) 

I)yipepBia  or  dyspepsy,  dU.pep'.sl.ah,  di8.pep\8y,  indigestion; 

djriipep'tio,  one  who  suffers  from  dyspepsia. 

French  dyapeptU;  Oredk  dus  pepsis,  bad  digestion  (pepto,  to  oook). 


272  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Dysphagia,  dis.fag'.i.ah,  a  difficulty  of  swallowing. 

Greek  dva  phagein,  difficultj  in  swallowing. 

Dyspnoda,  disp.nee'.ah,  a  difficulty  of  breathing. 

French  dynjmie;  Latin  dyspnaa,  asthma;  Greek  du$  pnoia,  dUU- 
caltj  of  brea  hing. 

DysniJa,  dl.8u\ri.ah^  difficulty  of  passing  urine ;  djrBUiio. 

Fr.  dysvric;  Lat.  dyaHHa,  dyaHrictu;  Gk.  dua  ovria  difficulty  of  uiiiM. 

E-,  Ef-,  Ex-,  iu  composition,  means  out  of. 

£-  or  Ex-  means  out  of,  hence 
* '  Privaf  ion  "or  '  *  pre-eminence  **; 
'Tis  XX-  before  a  vowel,  c. 
The  aspirates,  p,  q,  s,  t; 
Tis  EF-  before  an//  but  ■- 
With  liqpiida^  c,  d,  g,  j,  v. 

-ea,  -89a,  -ia  (in  Bot.),  denote  a  genus  or  division. 

Every  word  (except  eager  and  ea>gle)  beginning  with  ea-  is  Anglo-flazoB. 

Each,  etchi  every  individual  of  a  number  treated  separately. 

Each  other :  as  *'  Be  to  each  other  kind  and  true,"  that  is. 
Each  [one]  be  to  [every]  other  one  kind  and  true.  "  Each  ** 
is  nominative  case,  and  **  other"  objective,  governed  by 
to,  '*  It  is  our  duty  to  assist  each  other,"  tiiat  is,  It  is 
our  duty  each  [one]  to  assist  [every]  other  [one].  (In 
Latin,  alter  alterum  adjuvdre.) 

Eager,  e'.gur,  desirous ;  eager-ly,  eager-ness. 

Welsh  egyr;  French  aigre:  sharp,  sonr;  Latin  acer^  sharp,  brisk. 
Eagle,  e\g%  a  bird  of  prey ;  eaglet,  S'.gJety  a  young  eagle. 

French  aigle;  Latin  Aqulla  (dquiltu,  a  dun  colour). 
Ear,  e*er,  ere,  hear,  year,  earing,  ear-ring,  hearing. 

Ear,  eV,  organ  of  bearing,  appreciation  of  musical  soimds, 
spike  of  corn,  to  f>rm  into  seed  com;    eared,  S'rd; 
earing,  ^r^-ing,  forming  into  ears  ol  corn,  time  of  plough- 
ing (as  opposed  to  harvest), 
•*  There  sliall  be  neither  earing  nor  harvest"  {GefLTbr.  •). 

Ear-ring,  a  ring  for  the  ear.    Hearing,  perception  of  sonnd. 

E'er,  e'er,  a  contraction  of  ever. 

Ere,  airy  before  in  time,  sooner  than ;  erst,  at  first. 

Hear,  /leV,  to  perceive  by  the  ear. 

Tear,  ye'r,  a  period  of  twelve  months. 

"Ear"  (organ  of  hearing),  Old  English  edre, 

"Ear"  lof  c-rn).  Old  English  edr  or  (B-hir. 

"Earing"  (time  of  pl'ughing),  Old  Eng.  eriung,  ploughiBf,  t. 

" Fa  -ring"  (ring  for  the  ear),  Old  English  edr^ng. 

E'er"  ever»,  old  English  cefer  or  cffre. 

\  Ere  "  n>ef ore  in  time),  O.  Eng.  ear  ovekr,  (comp.)  lirrc^  (rapcr.)  < 


M  ' 


**  Hear,'*  Old  English  hyr{an]  or  hAr{an],  to  hear. 
"  YMr,**  Old  English  gear;  German  jaUr. 


AND  Oh  SPELLING.  ilS 

£arl,  fern.  oonnteaB,  url,  eottn'.test, 

Earrdom,  the  title  and  rank  of  earl  (-dom,  rank,  estate,  &o.) 

Old  English  eorL  The  title  was  first  used  hj  the  Jutes  of  Kent. 
The  Norman-French  count  is  no  EngUsh  tiUe,  although  we  retain 
the  words  eouwty  and  countest.    French  counU,  comiesae. 

Early,  ur^dy;  earli-er  (comp.),  earli-est  (super. j^  soon,  before 
the  lime;  earli-nesa,  ur^.U.nis  (Rule  xi.) 
Old  Eng.  ^,  before,  in  time ;  ardlic (adj.),  early;  ardUoe  (adv.) 
Earn,  urn,  to  win  by  service.    Urn,  a  vase. 

Earned,  umd;  eam-ing,  ur'.n%ng;  eam-ingB  (nonn)  ur'- 

ningz,  wages,  money  earned. 

Old  English  crm[ian]  or  eam{ian],  to  earn;  esmimg  or  eamung, 
earnings,  wages.    "  Urn,"  Latin  urna,  a  pitcher. 

Earnest,  ur'.nest,  a  pledge,  a  deposit  to  confirm  a  bargain, 

bansel,  ardent,  serious,  eager;   eamest-ly,   u/.nist.ly ; 

eamest-nesB,  w/.nest.ness ;  in  earnest. 

(*'  flamest "  [money]y  ought  to  be  ernes  or  emest.) 

"Earnest**  (noun J,  Welsh  ernes,  a  pledge. 

"Earnest**  (a4iJ,  Old  Eng.  earnest,  eomeste  (oAo.);  Germ,  emst 

Earth,  wrth  (noun  and  verb);   earthed  (1  syl.),  earth'-ing; 
earth-ly,    urth'.ly ;    earthli-ness   (Rule    xi.),    earth-y, 
wrth'-y;    eurthl-ness    (Rule    xi.),  earth'-en,  made    of 
earth ;  earthenware,  urth\^,ware,  crockery. 
Which  is  correct : 

*'  Day  and  night  are  produced  by  the  earth's  revolving  on 
its  axis,"  or 

*'  Day  and  night  are  produced  by  the  earth  revolving  on 

its  axis  "  f 

(In  the  former  case,  "revolving''*  is  a  verbal  noun,  not  a  participle, 
the  sentence  is  Da^  and  Night  are  produced  hy  "the  revolving  of 
the  earth'*....  Here  *' revolving "  =  rewZutiow,  and  would  have 
been  better  with  the  old  spelling  revolvung.  Similarly  we  have  the 
phrases,  *'by  the  preaching  [ie.  preachmmi]  of  repentance,"  or 
by  John^s preaching  repentance  "  whete  "preaching**  is  a  verbal 
noon.  The  second  example  is  not  incorrect,  but  it  is  less  idiomatic, 
and  more  German  than  English.  [The]  earth^evolving-im-its-aais 
being  all  one  word.    The  former  is  decidedly  to  be  preferred.) 

^wwig,  e*r.ujig,  an  insect.  (Old  Eng.  edr  wigga,  ear  [shaped]  in- 
sect.  The  bind  wings  being  in  shape  like  the  human  ear.) 

Ear'wigg-ing  (Rule  i.),  whispering  slander  to  gain  favour. 

Ease,  eze^  comfort,  freedom  from  pain ;  easy,  e.zy ;  easi-ly, 
easi-ness  (R.  xi.);  eased,  %zd;  eas'-ing,  ^.zing  (R.  xix.); 
ease'-m^t  (only  five  words  drop  -e  before  -menU  R.  xviii.) 

Easy,  Ijay ;  (com  p.)  easi-er,  e\zi.er;  (super.)  easi-est. 

Old  English  ed^  and  edthlic,  easy,  (comp.)  edthere,  (super.)  edthost, 
(adv.)  edihe  and  edthelke;  French  aise. 

Easel,  ijs%  a  frame  with  a  shoulder,  used  by  artists. 

Old  English  esd,  a  shoulder  :  less  likely  esol,  German  esel,  an  ass. 

s 


274  ERRORS  OF  SPRECff 

East,  est;  east-em;  easterly,  e9f,er.ly. 

Easter-ling,  a  native  of  the  East. 

Easf-ing,  the  distance  a  ship  makes  good  in  an  eastward 
direction.    The  eastward  (nonn),  the  east  direction. 

Eastward  {a4j.)y  eastwards  (adv,) 

(The  use  of  eastward  as  cm  adverb  is  objectionahle.    It  is 
the  final  -s  which  is  the  adverbial  badge.) 

Old  Eng.  east  (noun  and  adj.)f  easten-wind,  the  east  wind,  tagUm  and 
eastinney  in  the  east,  eastan,  from  the  east,  «i8frV}M/rd,  eastward. 

Easter,  ls\t^  (noun  and  adj.),  the  season  commemorative  of 
"  The  Resurrection"  of  Christ;  easter-tide,  easter-week. 

Old  English  Easter,  easter-dcBg,  easter-day:  easter-tidy  easter-tide; 

easter-vmce,  easier  week ;  eaater-mdndth,  ApriL 
(April  VX18  the  time  of  the  awnual  Sixmdinavian  jestivaL  in  honow 

of  the  moon  coMed  "East&r,"  "  Ostar,"  '*  Eastre"  dec  J 

Easy,  easier,  easiest.    {See  Ease.) 

Eat,  'past  ate  (not  eat^  nor  ete)^  past  part,  eaten;   eat,  ete 
(1  syl.);  eat'-ing,  eaf-er,  eaf-ahle. 

Eaf.able,  fit  to  eat.    Eatables,  things  to  eat  or  for  food. 

Edible,  e\dl.b%  possible  to  be  eaten. 
("Eatable"  means  suitable  for  food;  "Edible,"  possible 
to  be  eaten,  but  not  ordinarily  ttsed  as  food.) 

To  eat  one's  words,  to  retract  them.    The  idea  is  from 

Proverbs  xxvi.  11. 

Old  English  etan,  to  eat ;  pres.  tense  ic  ete,  past  (6t,  past  part  eten. 
"Edible,"  Latin  gdilis  (ido,  to  eat). 

Eaves  (no  sing.),  ei)z,  the  part  of  the  roof  which  overhangs  the 
walls.      Eavesdropp-er,  a  sueak  who  listens  surrepti- 
tiously to  what  is  said  in  private ;  eavesdropp'-ing. 
Old  English  ^ese,  eaves ;  ▼.  Italian],  to  make  eaves ;  (ifes  dropa. 

Ebb  (noun  and  verb),  (14  monosyllables  not  ending  in  /,  i,  or  s, 
double  the  final  letter:  viz.,  add,  odd;  bwr,  err;  6it*, 
butt ;  ebb,  egg ;  buzz  and  whizz) ;  ebbed  (1  syl.),  ebb-ing. 
The  reflux  of  the  tide.  The  contrary  of  flow  or  flood,  as 
ebb-tide,  flood-tide,  ebb  and  flow. 
Old  English  ebba  or  ed&e,  ▼.  t^ian\,  past  e&&od«,  past  part,  dhod. 

Ebony,  eb\6.ny,  a  tree,  the  wood  of  the  tree. 

Ebonise,  Sb'.o.nlze,  to  make  black  like  ebony;  eVonised 

(3  syl.),  eb'onis-ing  (Rule  xix.),  eVon  (adj.) 

{The  "  0  "  o/  these  words  is  a  blunder.    It  should  he  "  e.") 

French  ih&ne,  ▼.  6b4ner,  4b4nier,  the  tree;  Latin  ibinus,  the  tiee; 
gbinum,  the  wood :  Greek  SbinQs,  ff^'nUnds  (adj.) 

Bbriety.    {See  Inebriety.) 

Ebullition,  e'.bul.lish".un,  the  operation  or  state  of  boiling. 
French  ibuXlition ;  Latin  ebuUUio,  v.  ebulUo,  to  boiL 


Jestament.  alsn      ;f^^^»  one  of  f>./T^°**' ^^^  the  centra/ 

*'*o,  i)7i,  .  .'•  "•-archill •  n_L  '^smbJiDo' 

XIH  ^'^  «*'-o.  «' ;f  ^*  **'"'^«- 

'    ««fi:s  selected ;  Greek 


Ik 


276  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Eclipse,  e.kVlips'  (n.  and  v.);  eclipsed'  (2  syL),  edips^ing  (R.  xix.) 

Ecliptic,  ^JillpWik,  the  apparent  annual  path  of  the  sun 
through  the  heavens.  So  called  because  the  moon  to  be 
eclipsed  must  be  near  this  hypothetical  path. 

French  Sdipse,  v.  iclipser,  idiplique;  Latin  ecHpsis,  eeUp1Me%u: 
Greek  ikleipsis  {ek  leipo,  to  leave  out). 

Eclogue,  plu,  eclogues,  Sk'.Ug,  ek\ldgz,  a  pastoral  poem. 

(The  French  termination  of  this  word  is  foolishj  seeing 
we  have  discarded  this  very  un-English  ending  in  a  host 
of  other  words^  and  *'  log  "  is  all-sufficient.) 
French  idogue;  Latin  ecUfga;  Greek  ^ldg6  (ek  lego,  to  pick  out). 

Economy,  plu.  economies,  e.k6n\o,m\z^  careful  expenditure  of 
money.  Political  economy,  the  way  of  ruling  a  people 
so  as  to  increase  their  wealth.  Vegetable  or  Animal 
Economy,  the  usual  operations  of  nature  in  the  growth, 
preservation,  and  propagation  of  vegetables  or  animals. 

Economics,  the  science  of  household  management. 

Economic  <yr  economical,  e\ko,nbm" .i.kal ;  economical-ly. 

Economise,   e.kon'.o.mize,  to  manage  household  matters 

with  frugality;  econ'omised  (4  syl.),  econ'oml&-ing  (Rule 

xix.),  econ'onus-er  (Kule  xxxi.),  economist,  e.kSn,o,mUt. 

French  ieonomique,  iconomitUy  v.  iconomiser,  4conomie;  Latin 
cecdndmia,  (xc6n6mlcus ;  Greek  oikonomed,  to  manage  a  household  ; 
oik&nomia,  management  of  a  house  ;  oikdndmikds,  ta  oikOndmikck, 
economics  :  oik&n&mds,  economist.  (There  is  no  such  Greek  word 
as  oikonomizo.)  "Economy**  is  that  frugal  and  careful  expendi- 
ture of  money  which  is  shown  in  a  well-managed  household. 

Ecstasy,  plu.  ecstasies  (not  ex-  and  not  -cy,  -cies).  It  is  the 
Greek  ek  and  stasis  (a  standing  out  [of  oneself]).  So 
apostasy  is  the  Greek  apo  stasis  (a  standing  off  firom 
[the  faith]).  Ecsta.sy,  a  trance,  rapture,  a  fit 
{It  is  not  the  Latin  '*  ex,"  but  the  Greek  **ek-,"  which  it 
always  vyritten  ec-.    The  last  syl.  is  not  -kis  [-m],  but  -sis.) 

Ecstatic,  e^.8tat^^A; ;  ecBt&ticsA,ek.stdtf.i.kdl;  ecstafical-ly, 
rapturously,  in  an  ecstatic  manner. 
The  French  forms  of  these  words  should  be  creftilly  avoid- 
ed ;  they  are  exta^ii.  extatique^  part  Latin  and  part  Greek. 
Latin  ecstdsis;  Greek  ^(kstaaia,  ikstaiikds. 
Ecumenic  or  ecumenical  [Council],  e.ku.inSn\ik,  e,ku,m^\i.kdl, 
a  general  [council  of  the  Roman  Catholics]. 
Fr.  cecumSnique ;  Gk.  oikoumgnHOs  (oikoumenS,  the  habitable  woddX 
Eczema,  ek\ze.maK  a  skin  eruption,  without  fever. 

Greek  ^  zi^na,  a  boiling  out  (z&i,  to  seethe). 
-ed,  tie  suffix  of  the  past  tense  and  past  part,  of  verbs  of  the 
weak  conj.      Old   English  -od  ,  -ed,  Latin   ^t[ttm1  or 
-dt[uni].    In  adj.  it  denotes  the  **  subject  of  some  aotton,** 
as  renown-ed  the  subject  of  "  renown." 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  277 

§  When  added  to  a  word  ending  in  -d  or  -t  it  forms  a  distinct 
syL,  as  aid'-ed  (2  sy\.),  pound' -ed  (2  8yl.),yif-«d  (2  syl.) 

§  When  followed  by  -ly  or  -n^ss,  it  generally  forms  a  distinct 
syL,  as  confused  (2  syl.),  confusedly  {conjujteddy,  4  syl.), 
blessed  (1  syL),  hUss.ed.ne8S  (3  syl.) 

Edadoiu,  e.day'.shUs,  voracious;  eda'doiukly,  eda'dons-nefls ; 
edacity,  t^das'A.ty,  voracity. 
Latin  edSxXUUf  edax,  gen.  eddeis  (glattonom). 

TMiHali^  gd^,ishi  aftermnth,  the  grass  which  serves  for  pasture 
alter  the  main  crop  has  been  removed. 

Old  English  edUe.  the  aftermath,  -iK  converts  verbs  and  adjectives 
into  notLns.  Ed  is  a  corrtiption  of  et[an],  to  eat,  hence  edHae  or 
«t-ise,  food  or  [grass]  fit  for  pasturage. 

Eddy,  plu.  eddies,  ed'.diZf  a  whirl  of  wind  or  water,  to  form  a 
whirl,  (fee;  ed'dies  (third  person  tdngular,  present  tense); 
eddied,  id'.did;  ed'dy-ing. 
Old  EngUsh  ethu  or  ythu,  a  wave  or  flood  {ethan  or  yihian,  to  flow). 

Bdentate,  plu,  edtotata,  e.den\tate,  e.den.tay\tah,  animals  like 
the  sloth,  armadillo,  and  anteater,  which  have  no  incisive 
teeth;  eden'tat-ed  (Rule xxxvi.),  without  fVont  teeth. 

Vrench  idenM;  Latin  edenUUvo,  extraction  of  teeth,  edentdtus, 
€ltx\dente9,  without  teeth. 

Edge  (1  syl.),  noun  and  verb.    Hedge  (1  syl.),  noun  and  verb, 

Edg'-in^  (R.  xix.),  making  edges,  edge- trimming,  outside  row ; 

Hedg'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  making  or  trimming  a  hedge. 

Edged  (1  syl.),  having  an  edge,  sharp ; 

Hedged  (I  syL),  inclosed  with  a  hedge. 

Edge-less,  without  an  edge.    Hedge-less,  without  a  hedge. 

To  edge  in,  to  insinua'e  something  into,  to  get  in; 

To  hedge  in,  to  surround  with  a  hedge. 

Edgewise  (2  syl.),  not  edgeways. 

Old  English  toi^an],  direction,  manner. 
To  edge  on,  a  corruption  of  egg -on. 

Old  English  eg^ian],  to  incite,  to  urge  on. 

Old  EngUsh  eeg,  an  edge :  ecged,  edged,  sharpened  :  Welsh  hogi,  to 

sharpen ;  hogiad,  a  sharpening  ;  hogal,  a  whetstone. 
"Hedge,'*  Oid  English  hege,  a  fence ;  hegt^ewe,  a  hedge-row. 
fThe  d  is  interpolated  in  both  cases  J 

Edible,  ei',di.b%  capable  of  b^ing  made  food ;  Eatable,  fit  or 
suitable  for  food.  Edibles,  e\di.Vlz^  things  which  may 
serve  for  food ;  Eatables,  foods. 

"Edible  "  LaUn  gdKre,  to  eat ;  idilxs  or  idiUis,  idulium,  food. 
"Eatoble,"  Old  English  et[anl  to  eat,  and  -able. 

Edict,  a  decree,  a  proclamation.    (Latin  edictum,  e-dico.) 


# 


278  ERROItS  OF  SPEECH 

Edify, ^(^^t./^^,  to  instraot ;  edifies,  ^(2^^./2«  ;  edified,  ^^t.yu2«  ; 
ed'ifi-er(Rxi.);  edi&G^Q(D^Sd\ufi.hay''jihun;  ed'ify-ing. 

Edifice,  pVu.  edifices  (Bnle  xxxiv.),  M'.t./l8,  ed\i.flsJiz,  buildings. 
Applied  to  large  public  buUdiugf. 

French  Edification,  Mifi>ce,  v.  Sd^fler ;  LatiB  OK^/IcMio,  adil(flcium, 
eed^l^ficdre  (cedes  fadOy  to  make  a  building). 

Edile,  e'.dile,  an  officer  of  ancient  Rome ;  edile-fihip,  office  of 
edile.     (ship.  Old  English  suffix  =  "  office  of.") 

Latin  cBdilia.  This  officer  had  charge  of  the  streets  and  paUie 
buildings,  supervised  the  sewers,  weights  and  measures,  plays  and 
processions ;  regulated  the  price  of  food,  &c.  (caies,  sing.,  temple). 

Edit,  ed\it,  to  revise  a  book  for  republication ;  ed'it-ed  (Bule 
xxxvi.),  ed'it-ing. 

Editor,  (not  -er),  fern,  editress  or  editor;  one  who  revises 
a  book  for  republication,  one  who  controls  the  literary 
part  of  a  periodical  or  serial ;  editor-ship,  office  of  editor. 
(ship,  Old  English  suffix  meaning  "  office  of.") 

Edition,  e,d%8h\on,  a  reprint  of  a  book.  An  edition  consists 
of  no  deiinite  number  of  copies.  In  novels  about  500, 
in  school  books  about  2,000,  in  popular  reprints  about 
10,000,  in  newspapers  about  20,000,  while  in  books  of 
doubtful  sale  100  copies,  would  be  fair  average  numbers. 
In  large  reprints  it  is  usual  to  state  the  number  of  copies 
an  edition  covers,  as  "  31st  edition,  167th  thousand." 

French  4diteur,  Edition ;  Latin  edttio,  editor,  v.  ido,  supine  iditvm, 
to  publish.    (Note— ^do,  to  eat,  has  e  short.) 

Educate,  ed'.u.kate,  to  teach ;  ed''ucat-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  ed'noat-ing 
(Rule  xix.),  ed'ucat-or  (not  er.  Rule  xxxvii.) ;  education, 
ed\u.kay*' .shun ;  ed'uca'tion-al ;  ed'uca''tional-ly. 

French  Education ;  Latin  edUedtio,  ediicdtor,  edUcdre,  supine  ed&eA' 
turn,  to  teach  {ed&cdre,  to  pilot  forth). 

It  18  curious  to  trace  the  ideas  represented  by  imtyZi  used 
to  signify  education.    For  example : 

To  edify  (Lat.  €edes  facto),  to  "  make  a  temple  "  of  the  body. 

To  instruct  (Lat.  in  8truo),to  "  cram"  or  "  pile  up"  in  the  mind. 

To  educate  (Latin  e-ducdre,  ducdtor),  to  "  pilot  fbrth  "  the 
mind,  or  guide  it  safely  through  the  dangers  which  beset  it 

To  train  (Lat.  traho),  to  "  draw  "  or  **  drag  "  out  the  jwwers. 

To  teach  (Anglo-Saxon  tdcan),  technical  education,  "to 
show"  or  teach  by  "  showing  "  how  things  are  to  be  done. 

To  learn  (Ang.-Sax.  laran,  Idr),  to  obtain  "  lore"  or  wisdom. 

To  inform  (Latin  tn/an?io),  to  "  form  in  "  the  mind. 

Tuition  (Lat.  ty£or),  to  put  the  mind  in  a  state  of  **  defSsnceJ 

School  (Greek)  "  spare  time." 


»» 


AND    OF  SPELimO,  279 

Ednoe,  e.dtu^,  to  extract,  to  bring  to  light ;  educed'  (2  syL), 

educ^-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Latin  edUeSre  (not  tiie  siune  verb  m  "edncftto,"  edUcdrt)  (fi-dOco,  to 
lead  forth,  to  draw  out). 

-ee  (Fr.  saffix),  denoting  the  object  of  some  action :  as  legatee, 
the  object  of  a  legacy;  payee,  on«  to  whom  money  is  paid. 

Eel,  heel,  heal,  ell,  helL 

Eel,  tie  (1  syl.))  a  fish.    (Old  English  dl,  an  eel.) 

Heel,  heU  (1  syl.),  part  of  the  foot.    (Old  English  h€l.) 

Heal,  hele  (1  syL),  to  cure.    (Old  English  hdl[an].) 

Ell  =  2,  a  measure  of  length.     (Old  English  eln.) 

Hell,  the  place  of  ftiture  torment.    (Old  English  hell.) 

Bvery  word  (except  eoflrer,  eagU,  and  hearat)  b^[innlng  with  ea-,  ee-, 
hea-,  and  hu-  is  Anglo-Saxon. 

E'en,  me  (1  syL),  contraction  of  the  adv.  even, 

-eer  (Fr.  suffix  -ier,  -iewr,  termination  of  nouns),  denotes  one 
employed  for  or  on  a  work,  as  engineer, 

E*er,  ere,  air,  are,  ear,  hear,  here,  hair,  hare,  heir,  year. 
E'er,  air,  contraction  of  ever.    (Old  Englisb  efre  or  dfer.) 
Ere,  air,  before  in  time.     (Old  English  dr,  before.) 
Air,  air,  atmosphere.    (Latin  aer,  the  atmosphere.) 
Are,  dr  (to  rhyme  with  far),    (Norse  plu.  of  Ang-Sax.  bed,) 
Ear,  e'r,  organ  of  hearing.    (Old  English  eare  and  ear,) 
Hear,  hS'r,  to  apprehend  with  the  •*  ear."   (Old  Eng.  hyrlan],) 
Here,  he'r,  in' this  place.    (Old  English  hSr,) 
Hair  (1  syL,  to  rhyme  with  air),  of  the  head.   (Old  Eng.  ?uir,) 
Hare,  hair,  an  animal.     (Old  English  hara,) 
Heir,  air,  the  next  male  successor.    (Latin  hares,) 
Year,  ye'r,  a  period  of  twelve  months.     (Old  English  gear,) 
-ef  (Latin  prefix  for  ex-)  before  the  letter  -/. 

Every  word  b^;inning  with  ^-  (except  effendi)  is  from  the  Latin. 
Effiace,  ef.fase^  (not  e.fase'),  to  strike  ©ut,  to  rub  out ;   effaced' 
(2  syL),  effac'-ing  (R.  xix.),  effac'-er,  efface'-able  (ce  and 
-ge  retain  the  final  -e  before  -able),  efface'-ment  (only 
five  words  drop  the  final  -6  before  -ment). 
French  effcuxr,  effapdbU;  Latin  ex  fades,  [rubbed]  from  the  surface. 

liffect  (noun  and  verb),  ef.fect'  (not  e.fecf),  the  result,  the  out- 
come of  a  cause,  infiuence,  to  accomplish. 

Affect,  to  assume,  to  move  the  affections ; 

Effects,  chattels ;  in  effect,  really,  in  reality. 

Effected,  ef,feW,ted,  accomplished; 

Affected,  af.f^.ted,  moved  in  the  heart,  artificiaL 


280  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Effect'-ing,  accomplishiog ;  Affecf-ing,  pathetic. 

Effect'-er,  better  effect-or;  efFect'-ible  (not  -ahle\ 

Effective,  ef,fS1^Mv ;   effective-ly,  effective-neaB. 

Effectual,  ef.fek\tu.al;  effec'tual-ly. 

Effectuate,  ef.fek\tu.ate,  to  accomplish,  to  bring  to  pass; 
effec'tuat-ed  (Rule  xxxv.),  effec'tuat-ing  (Hule  zix.) 

Efficacions,  ef\fi.kay**^hu8^  producing  the  effect  expected ; 

effica'cious-ly,  effica'cious-ness. 
Efficacy,  plu,  efficacies,  if-Ji.ka.9y,  if.Ji.ka^Xz  (R,  xliv.) 
Efficient,  i/Ji8h.ent;  efficient-ly,  effident-ness. 
Efficience,  if.fish'-ense;  efficiency,  if.fl8h\en.sy, 

French  ^et,  efficace,  effectuer,  ^eoHtS,  ^cient;  Latin  effeetio, 
Rector,  eiffectum,  efficddiaa,  efficax,  gen.  ^cddi,  ▼.  <tfEoia  (e/  [ex] 
f&ciOt  to  make  out  of). 

Effeminate,  Sf.fim'.i.nate  (adj.  nnd  verb),  womanish,  feeble,  to 

make  womanish ;  effem'inat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  effem'inat-ing 

(E.  xix.),  effem'inat-oT.  effem'inate-ly,  effem'inate-nesB ; 

effeminacy,  plu.  effeminacies,  if.fim\i.na.inz. 

French  effemiiU.  v.  effeminer;  Latin  effeminate  (adv.),  ^emmattu, 
^ffeminaiio  (Jimina,  a  woman). 

Effendi  (Master),  a  Turkish  title  which  follows  a  proper  name, 
about  equal  to  our  Esq..  as  **Ali  Effendi." 

Effervesce,   if.fer.vis',  to   froth   up;    effervesced'    (3  syl.), 

effervesc'-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  effervescence,  if\fer,vi8'aerue  ; 

effervescent,  ef.fer.ve8".8int ;  ef fervesc'-ible. 

French  effervescence,  effervescent;  Latin  effervescens,  gen.  effwvttuaUU, 
effervescentia,  effervesco  (inc»^pt.  of  effefi'veo,  to  grow  hot). 

Effete,  Sfjeeft  worn  out,  sterile.    (Lat.  effetus ;  foetus,  oflBquring.) 

Efficacious,  if. fi.kay. shits  ;  efficacy,  <S;c.    {See  Effect) 

Effigy,  plu.  effigies,  ef.fije,  if.fi.jlz,  one's  representation. 

To  bum  (or  han<?)  in  effigy,  to  bum  (or  hang)  the  image. 

French  ^gie;  Latin  effigia,  ▼.  effigidre  (Jingo,  to  fa^^hion). 

Effiorescent,  if  .fijo.rh** jsent,  flowenng;  effioresoenoe,  ifjlo,* 
ris*' .sense,    {-se-  denotes  inceptive  action.) 

Effluvia,  plu.  (the  sing,  ejfiuvium  is  not  much  used),  effigy joLSh, 
exhalation,  the  disajreable  smells  which  rise  firom  ill- 
drainage  and  putrefying  matters. 

Effluent,  ef\fiu.ent ;  effluence,  ef.fiu.ence, 

French  ^uence,  effiuent,  effluvt;  Latin  ^HAoium,  tfffnnMa  (^^[aO 
fiuens,  flowing  out  fromX 

Effort,  ef.fort,  endeavour,  exertion ;  effort-less. 

Jfrench  effort;  Latin  ef  [ex]  fortU.  the  strong  [thing]  pot  forth. 

ESronteTY,  ef\frdn.tirry  (not  e.fron'.te.ry),  impudence. 

.French  ^ff'rmUerit;  Latin  ^  lex]  fronte,  out-conntenan<rtng. 


AND  OF  SPEfJjING,  2«1 

Eifalgenoe,  tfJWf.jence^  Instre,  splenrlour;    effulgency,  plu, 
-dee,  ifjaVJSn^lz;  eflhilgent,  ff.fuVj^t;  eflhil'gent-ly. 
Latin  ^fiUgens,  gen.  ^ffiulgentU  (^  [ex]  ftUgeo,  to  shine  out). 
Effusion,  ef,fii\zhun,  a  spilling  [of  blooii];   effusive,  ef.fu\z\v; 
effa'sive-ly;  effuse,  ef.fuze^;  effused  (2  syl.),  effus-ing. 
French  tiff^uion;  Latin  effuno^  e^ffundo,  sup.  eiffOaum,  to  poor  out 
Eft  or  efet,  if'M,  a  newt  or  small  lizard.    . 

Old  EngUsh  efeU.    In  Sussex,  &o.,  called  ^et  by  the  peasantxy. 
Eftsoons  (only  used  in  poetiy),  soon,  soon  after. 

Old  English  ^-tdna,  soon  after. 
Egg,  one  of  the    14   monosyllables  (not  ending  in /,  Z,  or  s) 
-with,  the  final  consonant  doubled  (Rule  vii.) 

To  egg  (followed  by  on),  to  incite;  egged,  egd;  egg'-ing. 

"Egg"  (nonnX  Old  English  ctg;  aegea  hwite,  the  white  of  an  egg. 
"^X"  (verb).  Old  English  egg[ian],  to  incite. 

Eg^lantine,  eg\lan.tine,  the  swe^t  briar. 

Tt.  Sglantier,  the  tree  :  dglantine,  the  flower ;  Lat.  rosa  eglanteria. 

Egotist,  ig\o,ti8tt  one  who  talks  about  himself;  egoist,  ig'.o.isty 

one  who  believes  nothing  to  be  ctrrtain  except  Uiat  he 

himself  exists. 

Egotism,  iSg'.o.tXzmy  the  habit  of  self-praise ;  egoism,  ^g^.o.- 
izm,  the  faith  of  an  egoist. 

Egotistic  or  egotistical,  ^g'.oJKs' .tXk,  ^g^o.tls"  ti.Ml,  self- 
conceited;  egotis'tical-ly;  eg'otise,  eg'otised,  eg'otiS-ing. 

French  Sg&i»me,  folate;  Latin  ego,  I  (AH  Greek  sufiBbc  "one  who/' 
■ism  Greek  snffix  "system  " 

Egregious,  e.gr^^Lvs,  supereminent  (in  a  bad  sense). 

Egre'gions-ly,  egre'gious-ness. 
Latin  egriffiua  (e  grUge  {Uetwil,  picked  out  of  the  flock). 

e\gre88,  act  or  right  of  departing.    Ingress,  tbe  act  or 
right  of  entering;  egression,  e.griah'^un ;  ingression. 
Latin  egrreutM,  egreaaio,  ▼.  egridior  {e  [ex]  gradior,  to  walk  out). 

e^.grit,  a  small  white  heron.     (French  aigrette.) 
80  called  from  the  *'  aigrette  "  or  plume  in  the  head. 
Egyptian,  e,jip\8hunj  adj.  cf  Egypt,  Egyptian  language; 

Egyptology,   t.jlp.tdV'.o.jy,  study  of   the   archaeology  of 

Egypt;  Egyptologist.  e\jip.tdV\o.gUt. 
French  egyptienne;  Latin  Mgyptius,  JEgyptus;  Greek  Aigvptdi. 
Eh  ^  at  interTOgative  of  doubt    Is  it  not  so? 
Ah  sari  exclamation  of  pain,  surprise,  &o. 
Hey  t    What  is  it  you  say  ? 
Ha,  hdh  I  take  care.     Ha !  ha !  laughter. 
Heigh-ho,  hay. ho  or  hlJhd  I  expresses  weariness. 
He!  or  be!  he!  expresses  seom. 


ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


X  [down],  %\der  (not  ^,der\  down  of  the  eider  duck. 
Gtomuui  txder;  French  eider,  M/tndon^  eider-dowxL 
;ht,  atty  a  number.    Ait,  ate,  a  river-iBland.    Ate  (1  syl.), 
past  tente  of  6aL    Hate,  to  dislike. 

Eighteen,  ate\teen;  eighteenth,  at^.t«enth ;  elghteen-mo, 
plu,  eighteen-moB  (R,  xlii.),  ate.teen\moze.  -mo  is  the  last 
syl.  of  deci-mo  (ten)  added  to  the  English  teen  (^ten). 

iiither,  S^,thSr.    Ether,  eWh^  (a  Tolatile  liquid). 

Either,  e\th^,  one  of  two,  correlative  of  or. 

Neither,  nedhSr,  not  either,  correlatiye  of  nor. 

Each,  etch,  both  one  and  the  other  of  two  articles. 

§  It  is  wrong  to  use  either  when  the  choice  lies  between 
more  than  two  things. 

§  Either  you  or  I  am  wrong;  Either  yon  or  I  are  wrong  (f). 
Either  you  or  I  are  wrong  is  the  better  grammar,  that  is, 
either  you  or  I  [toe]  are  wrong  [one  0/  im]  ;  but  custom 
has  sanctioned  the  rule,  that  Uie  verb  is  to  agree  with  the 
noun  or  pronoun  nearest  it :  "  Either  you  [are  wrong]  or 
I  am  wrong.'^  Similarly,  "Either  you  [...]  or  he  u 
wrong ; "  "  Either  he  [...]  or  you  are  wrong."  In  French, 
the  same  construction  is  observed  with  or,  Ac,  as  with  and, 
" Either/'  Old  Sng.  oegther,    "Neither,"  Old  Eog.  nathor  or  mtther. 

Ejaculate,  ejdkf.u.late,  to  call  out;  ejao'ulat-ed  (Rule  xxxviX 
ejac'idat-ing,  ejac'ulat-or;  ejaculation,^  jaA;'.ii.{ay''.«Mifi 
vociferation ;  ejaculatory,  e.j(Wu.la.t'ry, 

French  ^aculer,  ijaculation,  4J€uulatoir€,  <;aeu!aieiir. 
Latin  ^dcCUatio,  ejdeOXare  (ejde&lo,  to  hurl  out). 

Eject",  to  cast  out;  ejecf-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  ejecf-ing,  ^jeof- 
(Ilule  xxxvii.) ;  ejection, g.j^.«7mn;  eject-ment  (in  La' 
a  writ  to  recover  possession  of  land. 
Latin  ^eetio,  Rector,  ^jicio,  supine  Rectum  (e  jacio,  to  throw  out) 
Eke  (1  syl.),  to  add;  (noun),  a  piece  adde  1  to  a  hive  to  hoi 
and  increase  its  capacity,  (adverb)  likewise;  ekee, 
eked  (1  syl.),  ek-ing  (Rule  xix.),  t.king. 
Old  English  ede,  likewise :  edca,  an  addition ;  eetcfan],  to  eke. 

-el,  -eel,  (Latin  el\i8\  belonging  to,  capable  of:  cru-el,  belc 
to  the  cru\de'\,  raw  or  fierce ;  hdt-el,  belonging  to  tt 
or  host ;  genteel,  belonging  to  the  g^ntr)-  liens'], 

-el  (Latin  elJ{y>s]  diminutive),  lib-el,  a  little  book  (K6«r,  a 

Elaborate,  e.ldb\o.rate  (adj.  and  verb),  highly  finished, 
cated,  to  bestow  much  labour  on  ;  elah'orat-ed  (R 
elah'orat-ing  (R.  xix.)  elab'orat-or,  elaborate-' 
xvii.),  elab'orate-ly;  elaboration,  e.UW.o.ray'',s: 
Fr.  ^laborer,  Elaboration ;  1*1.  eldhOrdtio,  eldb&rdtor,  eULlOr 


AND  OF  SPELLINO,  283 

Elain  or  Elaine,  e.lay'Xn  (3  sjL,  not  e.Ume*  nor  e.lay'.ine),  the 

liquid  principle  of  oils  and  fats.    Also  written  Olein  and 

Oleine,  ol\e.ln.    The  fatty  principle  is  Stearine,  8tt.a.rin. 

"  Elain,"  Greek  daian,  olive-oil  (elaia,  the  oliye-tree). 

"Olein,"  Latin  dleum,  oil  with  the  termination  -ine,  which  denotes  a 

simple  substance,  as  chlorins. 
"  Stearine,"  Greek  gti&r,  suet,  hard  fat. 

Elapse,  e.ldps,  to  intervene,  to  pass  away;   elapsed,  elapsf; 

elape'-ing  (Bole  xix.) 

Latin  elapsio,  eldJbor,  supine  elapswn  (« [ex]  lo&or,  to  slip  away). 

Elastic,  «.2a/.t{%,  resilient ;  elastical,  e.las'.ti.kdl ;  elastioal-ly ; 

elasticity,  e,ld8\ti8''8i.ty,  resiliency. 

French  dlastique,  iUuticiU;  Greek  elaund,  to  draw  out. 

Elate,  e.late\  to  puff  up;    elat'-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  elafed-ly, 

elaf-ing  (Bule  xix.);  elation  (not  elasion),  e.lay'^hun 

(not  a  French  word),  joy  and  pride  of  success. 

Latin  dctUo  [tf  [ex]  fero,  suf.  « [ex]  latvm,  to  carry  out  [of  oneself  J). 

Elbow,  SV.ho,  the  joint  of  the  arm  between  the  shoulder  and 
wrist,  a  turn  like  the  arm  bent,  to  push  or  jostle ; 

labowed,  SV.lode ;  ellww-ing ;  ellx>w-room,  ample  room. 
At  your  elbow,  close  at  hand. 

Out  at  elbows,  shabby,  reduced  in  circumstances. 
Old  Eng.  tlnboga,  the  elbow  (eln  hoga,  bow  of  the  arm ;  Lat.  vhia). 
Elder,  H',d^,  a  tree,  a  ruler  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  a  senior. 
Eld,  old.     Eldj  an  old  person  (noun);  old,  aged  (adj.) 
El'der,  prior  in  years ;  Older,  more  aged. 

El'dest,  first  born ;  Oldest,  most  aged. 
Elder  and  eldest  have  no  relation  to  number  of  years,  the 
eldest  bom  may  or  may  not  have  lived  more  years  than 
the  youngest.  Thus  "  my  youngest  son  is  now  twenty, 
his  eldest  brother,  or  my  eldest  son,  died  in  infancy." 
Similarly :  "  tis  elder  brother  died  in  infancy,"  the  num- 
ber of  days  or  years  that  the  child  lived  is  beside  the 
question.  Elder  and  eldest  refer  to  priority  of  years; 
older  and  oldest  to  duration. 

"Elder**  [tree],  cormption  of  Ellar.    Old  Eng.  eUam,  the  elder-tree. 
"Elder"  (senior).    Old  English  eald,  old;  ecUdw  (an  elder),  yldrcL. 
(comp.).  yldeste  (super.) 

^  ^^orado,  el  do.rdh\do  or  el  do.ray\do,  a  country  of  fabulous 
wealth.      The  country  which    OreUa'na,  lieutenant  of 
Pizarro  pretended  to  have  discovered  in  South  America. 
Spanish  el  dorado,  the  golden  [country]. 
*l«campane,  SV.e.kam'.pain,  the  plant  hSlSn'ium.    So  called, 
says  Pliny  21,  33,  because  it  is  feigned  to  have  sprung 
from  Helen's  tears.    The  French  call  it  orU  de  cheval. 
lAtin  inMa  (for  hM^nium)  eampdna,  Helen's  bell-floweT. 


284  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Electy  edekff  to  oboose^    The  elect,  those  who  are  chosen. 

Elect'-ed  (Bule  scxxvi.),  elect'-ing,  elecf -or, /i?m.  elecfress, 
one  who  has  a  right  of  electing,  one  elected  to  rule  in  a 
German  electorate;  elec'tor-al. 

Election,  e.lik\8hun;  electioneer,  e.l^'.8hun-eer^,  to  use 
exertion  to  promote  the  election  of  an  M.P.,  &o. 

Elec'tioneer'-ing ;  elec'tidneer'-eir,  one  who  electioneers. 

Elective,  e.lek'.tlv;  elec'tive-ly ;   electorate,  e,Wc^.to,rate, 

Elite,  a.leeif,  the  flower  of  society.    (See  Eligible.) 

French  Section,  ileet%f^  Electoral,  Slectorat,  ^leeteur,  ileetreta,  ^UU. 
Latin  electio,  elector,  eligo  {e-lego,  to  pick  out). 

Electricity,  plu.  electricities^  e\lek.tri8^\i.t%z  ;  elec'tric  or  eleo'- 
trical  {ado.)i  elec'trioal-ly ;   electrician,  e\Uh.tr%»V'um^ 

one  skilled  in  the  science  of  electricity; 

"EiecintYi  e.lSk\tri.fy ;  electrifies,  «.Z^.<H.^«;  eleottified, 
e.lek\tri.Jide;  elec'trify-ing  (Rule  xi.);  electrifiaUe, 
e.Wff ,tri.f%'\a.Vl ;   electrification,  e.leW.Wlfi.ha'y" ahun ; 

Electrise,  e.lek\trize ;  elec'trised  (3  syL),  eleo'tadiB-ing 
(R.  xix.),  elec'trls-er;  electrisation,  e.Wt\trLzay"jtTwn: 
electris-able  (these  are  French  forms,  tlule  xxxi.) 

Electrine,  e.lek.trln,  pertaining  to  amber. 

Latin  electrum,  amber ;  -ine  {-inus),  pertaining  to. 
Electrode,  e.lek\trode,  the  direction  of  the  electric  stream. 

Greek  iUktrdn  and  hddos,  the  road  or  way  [of  the  electric  ■tream). 

Electrolysis,  e' .lek.troV\i.8l8,  decomposition  effected  by  elec- 
tricity.   (Greek  SlektrSn  and  lusis,  dissolution.) 

Electrolyte,  e,lek\troditej  a  substance  which  can  be  decom- 
posed by  electricity ;  elec'trolyt'lc. 
Greek  SlektrOn  and  Itiomai,  to  be  loosened  or  decomposed. 

Electrophorus,  e.l^\tr}jf\S.ru8  (not  e,Wc\tro,fc^*jnu),  an 

instrunient  for  collecting  or  condensing  electricity. 
Greek  ilektrdn  and  phdrio,  to  convey  or  carry  [electricity]. 

Electroscope^  edek\trd.8kope,  an  instrument  for  taking  the 
existence,  character,  and  force  of  electricity;    elmrtio- 
scopic  or  electroscopical,  e.lik\tro,8k5p''A.kdl  (a^j.) 
Greek  iWctrdn  and  8k6p€o,  to  surrey,  to  examine  [electrldty]. 

Electrotype,  edek^.trd.tipe,  a  deposited  metallic  impreesioii 

obtained  by  electro-galvanism, 
Greek  6Uklr&n  tUpos,  a  type  or  image  [obtai&ed  by  eleotrkili|% 
Electmm,  better  electron,  e-lik^.trdn,  a  natural  alloy. 

Electro-,  -chemistry,  -biology,  -dynam'ios,  •] 
-metallurgy,  -plaling. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  2J»5 

Electrometer,  e*. lSk.tr omf.e.tSr,  an  instrument  for  measariog 
the  tension  or  quantity  of  electric  fluid ;  electromefrical. 

Greek  iWeMn  and  mStrUnt  a  metre  or  measure  [of  electricity]. 

French  ilectrique,  Electricity,  SlectrisablCy  ilectriaaiion,  6lectriur, 
iUetromttre,  dlectrophore,  Electroscope;  Latin  electrum;  Greek  ilic- 
irdfn,  amber.  Thalds  (b.o.  600)  noticed  the  electrical  property  of 
rubbed  amber  In  attractiiig  small  substaaces. 

Eleetoary,  plu.  electuaries,  e.ViJtf,tu.a.riz,  an  opiate  confection. 
Latin  electiMurium;  Greek  ek  leicho,  to  lick  np. 

EleemoByiiary,  eV .e.e.m68'' .i.ner ry  (seven  syllables,  not  six). 

Latin  eUinnosyndTiu*,  eleimosynaria,  an  almoner;  Greek  iU&mdaunSf 
pity  {^e6,  to  have  pity). 

Elegance,  H'.e.gance;    el'egant,  eregant-ly;    elegancies  (no 
sing.),  SV.e.gdnMZt  embellishments. 
Fr.  iUganee,  iUgani  ;  Lat.  eUfjoM,  eUgantia  (e-Iego,  to  pick  out). 

ElAgy,  plu.  elegiee,  &,'.e.giz,  a  funeral  or  mournful  song ;  elegiac, 
(LejWdh  (not  el.e'.ji.ak) ;  eregist,  one  who  writes  elegies. 

Elegise,  iV.e.jize  (Rule  xxxii.),  el^egised,  el'egis-ing. 
Fr.  dUgie,  iUgiaque;  Lat.  i^gla,  iUfgldcus  (Gk.  iligeia,  iUgeids). 

Element,  ^r.«.fnent,  an  uncompounded  or  simple  body;  el'emental, 
pertaining  to  first  principles ;  elemen'tary,  rudimentary. 

The  elen^ents  (of  Aristotle^  fire,  air,  earth,  and  water;  (of 
alchemists)  salt,  sulphur,  and  mercury. 

Out  of  one's  element,  out  of  one's  sphere. 
French  iUmint,  4l£menta4re;  Latin  Omentum,  EUmentdritu. 

Elemi,  iV,i.viy  (not  e.le€'my)^  a  resinous  substance  brought  from 
Ethiopia;   elemine,  SV.e.mln^  the  crystallised  resin  of 
el$mi  sometimes  used  in  lacquer. 
Frendi  iUmi;  Italian,  Spanish,  &c.,  elemi. 

Elephant,  {maU)  bull  elephant,  (fern.)  cow  elephant. 

Elephantine,  SV.e,fan*'t%n,  very  large,  pertaining  to  ele- 
phants; elephantoid,  eV.e.jan\toid  or  elephantoidal, 
il\e,fdn.toid\dlf  having  the  form  of  an  elephant. 

Elephantiasis,  SV.e.fdn.t%\a.8ls,  a  disease  affecting  the  legs 

and  feet  which  swell  and  look  rough  like  an  elephant's. 

French  iUphanty  iUphantxasiSt  elephantin;   Latin   eUpJumiidcus, 
tUphantii&siSy  eUfphanttu;  Greeik.  iUfphcu. 

Eleyate,    il\e.vate,   to    raise    up ;    erevat-ed    (Rule    xxxvi.), 

erevat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  erevat-or,  erevatory ;  elevation, 

l^,e.vay''.8hun,  height,  exaltation. 

French  ^Ztfver,  iUvaiion,  iUvaXeur,  iUvaioire;  Latin  eUMtiOf  eliodfre 
{e  I^vo,  to  raise  from  [a  lower  state]). 

EleTon,  e.Uv'.en  (a  numeral);  eleventh,  e.Wv'.enth  (an  ordinal), 
eleventh-ly  (adv.) 
Old  English  endleof,  eleven ;  endl%fla  or  endl^a,  the  eleventh.  ^ 


iS  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

filf,  plu.  el^es  (not  elfs).  Nonns  in  -If  make  the  plural  by 
changing  -/  into  -»«»,  as  "df"  elves^  "self*  selves^ 
"shelf"  shelves,  "calf-  ealvtt,  "half"  hahfes,  "wolf" 
wolves  (Kule  xxxviii.) 

Elfin,  SV.fxn;  el'flsh  {-ish  added  to  nouns  means  "like," 
added  to  adj.  it  is  daoL.);  el'flsh-lj,  •I'fish-neis^  elf-lock. 
Old  English  df,  plu.  e\f(u,  eJftn;  Frendi  iif  and  Hfty  pla.  tlftB. 
Elgin  marbles,  el.gin  {-gin  as  in  "  begin  "),  Greek  sculptures  in 
the  British  Museum  collected  by  Lord  Elgin. 

EUdt,  e.W.U,  to  draw  out ;  elicit-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.)*  elicit-ing ; 
elicitation,  e.U8\i.tay".8hun  (not  French). 
Latin  elieitatio,  elMo,  supine  elMtwn  («  [ex]  laeU,  to  lure  out). 
Elide,  e.lidef,  to  "  strike  out"  a  vowel  or  syllable;  elid'-ed  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  elid'-ing  (Rule  xix.) ;  elision,  e,lizh\uii, 
Fr.  ilider,  ilinon;  Lat.  €llaio,  eUdenSf  didd,  sup.  eitdum  («  [ex]  kedoy. 
Eligible,  H'.i.jl.b%  suitable,  qualified ;  d'igibly ;  eligible-nees, 
iV^i.jtb'Lness ;  eligibility,  ^Vd.ji.hW'.i.ty,  suitableness. 
French  iUgibU;  Latin  iUgo  (e  [ex]  Ugo,  to  pick  out). 

Eliminate,  e,l%m\i.nate,  to  cnst  out,  to  get  rid  of;  elim'inat-ed 
(Riile  xxxvi.),  elim'inat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  eliminatian, 
e.Um' .i.nay'' ^hun,  rejection,  a  getting  rid  of. 

French  Elimination,  iliminer ;   Latin  dimindiiOt  e{{mfndr«  (e  [ex] 
limen,  [to  turn]  out  of  doors). 

"EliBionf  e.lizh'.un.    (/Sf<>£  Elide. ) 

Elite,  a.Uetf,  the  "  pick  "  of  society,  the  best  men  of  the  army. 

French  6liU;  Latin  electus  (e  [ex]  lego,  to  pick  out). 
Elixir,  e.lix'.ir,  a  compound  tincture ;   elix'ate,  to  extract  by 
boiling;  elix'at-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  elix'at-ing  (Rule  xix.); 
elixalion,  e' Xix. d^' .shun,  decoction  into  tincture. 
Fr.  ilixir  {"  elixation "  is  not  Fr.);  Latin  dixir,  eUtogrt,  to  seettM. 
Elizabethan,  e.liz\a.beeth'\ant  the  style  in  vogue  in  the  reig? 
of  Queen  Elizabeth.    (Cbiefly  applied  to  arehiUcture.) 

Elk,  a  moose-deer.    (Old  English  etch.) 
Ell,  L,  hell,  eel,  heel,  heaL 

Ell,  a  measure  of  length ;  L,  one  of  the  four  Hqnids. 

Hell,  the  place  of  future  torment.    (Old  English  hell) 

Eel,  Ble  (1  syl.),  a  fish.    (Old  English  dl) 

Heel,  part  of  the  foot.    (Old  English  Ml) 

Heal,  hele  (1  syl.),  to  cure.    (Old  English  h4S[an\.) 
Ellipse,  plu.  ellipses,  el.llps',  elMp^sez  (not  eJlip^,  an  OTal  fi 

EHipais,  plu.  ellipses,  el.lip\sis,  &c.  (not  e.lip'Mtf  Sso. 

Ellip'tic  or  ellip'tical,  pertaining  to  an  eUipse ; 

Ediptic,  ek.lip\tik,  the  apparent  annual  path  of  the 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  287 


Ellip'tical-ly  (not  t.llp'.ti.kal.ly). 

Ellipsoid,  etlip' ,8oid,  a  solid  fignre  formed  by  the  revolation 
of  an  ellipse  abont  its  axis.  (Gk.  eUeipsis  eidoty  ellipse-like.) 

Ellipflaidal,  eV.lipfoV'ddl,  a^j.  of  ellipMid. 

EUipBOgrapb,  eHip\8o.graf,  an  instroment  for  describing 

a  semi-ellipse.    (Gk.  elleipsis  grapho,  to  describe.) 

French  ellipse,  ellipsoide,  elliptique,  ellipticitd;  Latlii  eUipHs;  Greek 
^fUeipntf  a  defect  (el  kipo,  to  leave  behind). 

Elm  (1  8yl.»  not  el'm),  a  tree.    (Old  Eoglish  elm;    Latin  ulmtu.^ 

IBlocntiaii)  ^.o.ku'\8hnn,  oratory;   elocn'tion-ist,  a  teacher  of 
elocution;  elocutionary,  el'.o.ka".8huji.a,ry ; 

Eloqnent,  eV.o.quent;  el'oqnent-ly ;  eroqnenoe,  oratory. 

French  ilocution,  Eloquence,  Eloquent;    Latin    eldcHtio,   eldquium, 
trUfquenHa,  eW^fuens,  gen.  eldquentis,  y.  elOquor,  to  speak  out. 

Elongate,  e.ldn'.gate^  to  extend ;    elon'gat-ed   (Rule  xxxvi.), 

elon'gat-ing ;  elongation,  e\Un.gay*\8hun. 

Fr.  ^xmgaiion  (term  in  Agiron  ],  the  angle  at  the  earth  made  by  a  line 
drawn  to  the  sun  and  some  other  planet ;  Lat.  elongcure  {JLongua). 

Elope,  e.lope\  to  run  away  with  a  man  with  the  view  of  mariviug 
him,   without   the    consent    of  parents   or   guardians ; 
eloped'  (2  syl.),  elop'-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  elopement,  e.lope'ment. 
Genuan  enfkmfen,  to  run  away ;  entlaufung,  elopement. 
El'oqnent,  el'oqnent-ly ;  eroqnence.     {See  Elocution.) 

Else  ^1  syL),  besides,  otherwise,  other  person  or  thing ;  elsewhere. 
Old  English  dies,  else ;  elUs-hwcer,  elsewhere. 

finodate,  e.lii  .8i.date,  to  make  clear,  to  explain ;  elu'cidat-ed, 
elu'cidat-ing,   elu'cidat-or,   elu'cidatory ;    elucidation, 
e,W M.day'\8hun ;  elucidative,  e.lu'.si.day.Viv. 
Frenoih  ^Ittcider,  6Vwsidat%on;  Latin  eluciddtio,  elucidofre  (Jmx,  light). 

®ude,  e.ludefy  to  evade,  to  escape;    elud'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
elud'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  elud'-er,  elud'-ible ; 

Delude',  to  deceive,  delud'-ed,  delud'-ing,  delud'-er. 
Elusion,  e.lu,8hun,  evasion.    Delu'sion,  deception. 
Elusive,  e.lu\8iv,  evasive ;  elu'sive-ly.   Delu'sive,  deceptive. 
Elusory,  e.lyf^o.ry,  unreal ;  elu'sori-ness,  unreality. 
Delusory,  de.lu\8o.ryy  tending  to  deceive ;  delu'sori-ness. 
French  4lvder;  Latin  eWMo,  eludSre,  snp.  elunun  (liido,  to  play). 
^^Eii,  eV.van  (in  mine8),  a  dyke  of  porphyritic  rock  crossing  or 
interfering  with  the  metal. 

^▼eg,  elvz,  plu.  of  elf.     (See  Elf. ) 

^ysian,  eMz'.i.an  (not  e.lizK.an  nor  e.lizh' .e.an). 

Elysium,  e.Viz'.i.um  (not  edizh'.e.um),  the  abode  of  bliss. 
(The  **y"  shows  the  word  to  he  of  Greek  origin.) 

Lat  Elysium,  elysvusiad].) ;  Gk.  ilusion(hi6,  to  loose  [from  the  body]). 


2««  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Em-  (Latin  in-,  French  and  Greek  en-),  a  prefix  before  -&,  -j),  or 
-m,  and  meaning  in,  into,  on, 

Em-  (Old  Eng.  prefix),  means  *♦  to  make,**  "  to  collect  into". 
(Much  confusion  arises  from  the  slipshod  use  of  «m-  and 
tm-,  but  they  are  widely  different  in  meaning.  **Em-" 
(our  native  prefix)  means  to  make,  to  collect  into ;  but 
"  Im-"  is  either  tlie  preposition  in  softened  before  b,p,  and 
m,  or  else  a  negative  joined  to  an  a^jectiye,) 

'em,  a  contraction  of  them, 

(Look  under  im-  for  words  not  inserted  wider  em-,) 

Emacerate  or  macerate,  e.mas'se.rate  (q.v.) 

Emaciate,  e.mdshf  .S.ate,  to  become  thin,  to  lose  flesh ;  emaciated, 
e.vfuish\S.dMd  (Rule  xxxvi.);   emaciat-ing  (Rule  zix.); 
emaciation,  e.mush'.S.d'^shun,  leanness. 
French  6maci6,  dmaciation;  Latin  emacichre  (e  maeer,  to  make  lean). 

Emanate,  em\a.nate  (not  eminate),  to  issue  from ;  em'ana-ted 
(Kulexxxvi.),  em'anat-ing;  emsaiB.Uon,em\a.nay''jhun. 
Fr.  Smaner,  Emanation:  Lat.  emdndtia  (e  mdndre,  to  flow  outX 

Emancii)ate,  e.m^n\8i.pate,  to  set  at  liberty ;  eman'cipat-ed 
(H.  xxxvi.);  eman'cipat.ing  (R.  xix.),  eman'oipat-or ; 
emancipation,  e.mdn'.si.pay^'^hun;  emancipa'tionigt. 

Emancipist,  e.man'.si.pist,  an  Australian  convict  who  has 
regained  his  liberty  and  become  a  free  man. 

French  imanciper,  Emancipation;  Latin  emancip&tio,  emancipdrt, 
Mandpium  is  mantt-capio,  taken  in  the  hand  as  a  rightful  poieee- 
sion ;  e-mancipium,  is  "delivered  out  of"  the  hand.  In  Borne,  a 
father  freed  his  son  thus :  He  first  sold  him  to  a  stranger,  where- 
upon he  lost  all  rights  oT^^r  him,  and  the  stranger  had  him  as  a 
"slave-chattel."  The  stranger  then  mannmited  him  as  he  would 
any  ordinary  slave.  Hence  to  emancipate  is  "to  give  up  poesee^ 
sion,"  but  manumit  is  to  "set  free"  Imanu  mittire). 

Emasculate,  e.mm'.ku.late,  to  unman ;  emas'culat^ed,  emas'ca- 
lat-ing,  emas^culat-or;  emasculation,e.maa'.^.2a^''^Mm. 

French  EmasctUer,  &maMulation;  Latin  em/uc&lator,  emoec^ldrs 
(e  mas,  [to  remove]  from  the  male  kind). 

Embalm,  em.harm\  to  fill  a  dead  body  with  spices,  Ac; 
embalmed,  em.barmed' ;  embalming,  em,barm',ing ; 
embalmer,  em.barm\er;    embalm'-ment. 

Fr.  em^umer,  embaumeur,  emhaum£merU  ;  Latin  im  [in]  (oMhman, 
[to  put]  balsams  or  balms  in  [a  body]. 

Embank',  to  inclose  or  protect  with  a  bank ;  embanked'  (8  qrL), 
embank'-ing,  embank'-ment. 

Old  English  banc,  a  bank,  and  prefix  em-,  "to  make**  [a  bank]. 

Embargo,  plu.  embargoes  (Rule  xlii.),  em^bar^.goze,  an  cider  to 
prohibit  a  ship's  leaving  port  or  trading  for  a  stated  time. 


I 


AS'D   OF  SPELLING,  «» 

to  pnt  this  restraint  on  a  ship;   emhar'goed  (3  syl.), 
embia^go-ing.    {See  Quarantine. ) 
(Followed  by  on;  "There  is  an  embargo  on..."  *' to  pnt 
an  embargo  on...**    French  mettre  embargo  sur.,.) 

fi^MUiiah  embarifo,  ▼.  emhaargar;  French  em5ari7o. 

to  go  or  pat  on  board  ship;   embarked'  (2  syl.), 
embark'-ing ;  embarkation,  em* iar.kay'' jihun, 
(There  is  no  reason  why  the  **k"  should  he  changed  to  t 
in  **  ewharkation*' ) 

Wnach  embarquert  embarquemeiU  (**  embarkation  "  la  not  French).     ' 
em.haf'ras  (double  r  and  double  «),  to  perplex; 
embaT^raased  (3  syl.),  embar'rass-ment. 

French  emibamu,  embamuser  (barren  a  barX 

plu.  embaasiea,  em\ha8.8iZj  the  charge  of  an  ambas* 

sador,  an  ambassador  and  his  suite,  an  express  message 

■ent  ofllcially  to  a  foreign  nation ;  em'bassage  (3  syl.) 

(It  is  very  inconsistent  to  spell  "ambassador"  with  "a** 

and  **  embassy  "  with  "  e."    See  Amend,  Emendation. ) 

Fr.  omftosMde,  ambassador;  Med.  Lat.  amboMia;  Keltic  ambael,  a 
minister ;  in  Italian  both  are  spelt  with  a,  bat  in  Spanish  with  e. 

Embattle,  em.bdt^.t%  to  put  in  battle  array  ;   embattled,  «m.. 

baf.fld;  embattling,  em,bat\tling ; 

Bmbaftle-ment,  an  indented  parapet;  embaftlement-ed 

or  embaftled,  furnished  with  battlements. 

Fr.  embataUUr;  Welsh  baiel  with  em-,  "  to  collect  into"  [battle  array]. 

Bnibay',  to  enclose  in  a  bay ;  embayed'  (2  syl.),  embay'-ing. 

Old  Engllwh  hyije,  a  bay ;  French  baie,  with  em-,  *'  to  make.*' 

Embed",  to  lay  in  a  bed  of  sand,  earth,  (fee. ;  embedd'-ed  (Rule 

xxxTi«),  embedd'-ing  (Rule  L),  embed'-ment 

Old  English  bed  or  bctd,  with  em-,  "  to  collect  into"  [a  bed]. 

EmbelliBh,   em.belV.ish,  to    beautify;    embell'ished    (3    syl.^, 

embell'ish-ing,  embell'ish-ment,  embell'ish-er. 

Frendi em5ettir, em&eUiwettr,  embdlisaemtint  i  Latin  heUuSf  "pretty," 
with  em-,  "to  make"  [pretty]. 

Ember  days,  Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Saturday  of  Ember  weeks. 
Emb^  Weeki,  corruption  of  German  quatember,  a  contrac- 
tion of  qtLatfuor  tem'pora  {quaV-  tempor%  foirr  times  [a 
year],  Quadragesima  Sunday,  Whit  Sunday,  Holyrood 
Day  in  September,  and  St.  Lucia's  Day  in  December, 

EmbezB  (no  sing,)^  em',herzy  cinders  or  ashes  still  hot. 

Old  Ens^h  dmyris,  hot  ashes. 
Embezzle,    em,be3!'a%   to   pilfer;     embezzled.    em,b&s\g*ld; 
embezzling;  embcB'zle-ment,  embezzler, 
Korman  embeasUer  or  beseiery  to' filch. 
Embitter,  em,Mt^.ter,  to  make  bitter  or  sad ;   embittered,  ?m.. 
bif.terd;  embitter-ing.     (Not  tm&itt^,  seeEm-.^ 

Old  English  Mter,  bitter,  with  em-,*' to  make "  Cbltterl.  J 

r 


290  ERRORS  OF  SPEECn 

Enablazon,  emJblay^ .zon  (not  emMcLz' .on)^   to    make   heraldic 

designs,  to  deck  in  gorgeous  colours,  to  land,  to  reveal ; 

embla'zoned    (3    syl.),    embla'zon-ing,    embla'zon-er, 

embla'zon-ment,  embla^zon-ry. 

French  hUu&nnerf  hloBon  (Oerman  hUum^  to  prooUim  by  henld,  who 
announced  the  coat  armour  of  each  knight,  hence  called  Uowmry). 

Emblem,  ^m'.bUm,  a  type;  emblematio  or  emblematical, 
hn\hVi.mdif'Xk,  i^m\bVi.mat",i.kdl;  emblemat'ical-ly. 

Emblemise,    em'.hle.mizey    to    represent    emblematically ; 

em'hlemised  (3  syL),  em'blemis-ing  (Bule  xix.) 

French  emhlime^  emblimatique;  Latin  emblema;  Greek  ^mbUmtk. 
(There  is  no  siLch  Greek  word  as  emblemizo,  Kule  xzziL) 

Embody,  emMd'.y,  to  incorporate;   embod'y-ing;    embodied, 
enU)6d'.id  (Rule  xi.);  embodl-ment. 
Old  English  bodig,  a  "  body,"  with  em-  "  to  ooUect  into  "  [a  body). 
Embolden,  em.bowV.den,  to  make  bold ;  emboldened,  em.b&wV- 
dend;  emborden-ing,  embol'den-er. 
Old  English  b^d,  with  em-  "  to  make  **  [bold]. 
Embonpoint  (French),  an.bo'n,pwoin't  in  good  plight. 

Emborder,  em.bo7^.dert  to  adorn  with  a  border  (not  emboarder); 
embor'dered  (3  syl.),  embor'der-ing. 
C' Border"  should  be  bordure.    It  is  not  an  agent,) 
Old  English  bord,  a  border ;  French  bordure^  with  emr,  **  to  make." 

Emboeom,  em.booz\um  (not  em.buz\um  nor  em.boze\um)f  to  snr- 

round  with  trees ;   embos'^omed  (3  syL),  emboB'om-iag. 

More  correctly  imbod'om,  imbos'omed,  imbos'oming. 

Old  English  bdsm,  the  bosom,  with  im-  for  in,  [to  hold]  in  the  boflom. 
To  "  embosom  "  means  to  "  collect  into  the  bosom,**  of  "  to  make  a 
bosom."  A  charch  is  imboMmed  in  trees,  but  children  en^bosom 
flowers ;  i.e.,  collect  them  into  their  bosom. 

Emboss',  to  ornament  with  stamped  patterns  in  relief;  embowed^ 
(2  syl.),  emboss'-ing,  emboss'er,  emboss'-ment.  (Not im-.) 
French  bosu,  a  "knob"  or  "protuberance,"  with  em-,  "to  make.** 

Embonchnre,  em\boo,shure'  (in  French  an' .boo\shiii^,  (As  the 
word  is  quite  naturalised,  it  is  mere  affectation  as  well  as 
wrong  to  call  it  arrn-  or  an^-boo-shoor^.)  The  month  of 
a  river,  the  opening  of  a  chimney,  &c. 

Embow  (not  imbow)  ("  bow"  to  rhyme  with  grow\  to  make  into 
a  bow;  embowed'  (2  syl.),  embow'-ing. 

Old  English  bedh,  anything  made  into  a  ring,  hence  a  "bow,"  rASk 
em-,  "  to  make"  [a  bow  or  bay]. 

Embowel,  enubSw^U  ("  bow  "  to  rhyme  with  now),  to  take  ont  tlie 
bowele ;  embow'eled  (3  syl.),  embow'el-ing,  embow'el-er, 
embow'el-ment,  evisceration. 

▲n  ill-formed  word,  from  Latin  e  [to  take]  "ont,**  sad  fba 
boel,  a  boweL  Debowel  (de  privatlye)  wuald  be  bettw,  tor  i 
can  only  mean  "  to  put  bowels  in,"  and  not  to  "  take  theni  ««<.' 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  Ml 


Embowar,  ewLbiSw'.^  ("l»ow"  to  rhyme  with  now\  to  shelter 
with  a  bower ;  emhow'ered  (3  syl.),  embow^er-ing. 
Old  English  6tir,  "  a  bower/'  with  ei»-,  **  to  niAke"  [a  bower]. 
Embrace'  (2  syl.).  to  hug,  to  clasp  in  the  arms ;   embraced' 
(2  syL),  embrae'-ing  (R.  xix.),  embrac'-er,  embrace'-ment. 
French  Mvt&roMer,  embroMtemeid  Qmu,  the  arm,  Latin  JtrdcKium). 
Xmliraoery,  emJtrac€^.e.ry,  an  attempt  to  bias  a  trial  by  bribery. 
LawLat.  embraccaJtor ;  Law Fr.  embrOMmr,  one  goilty  of  8nboroati>>n. 
EmbrMnire,  em.hray' .zhur,  an  opening  in  a  wall  designed  for 
men  to  shoot  through  at  persons  outside. 
Frenidk  «m5fKU«re,  t.  embrouer,  to  fire  from. 
Embrocatioii,  em\bro.kay''^hun,  a  fomentation,  a  lotion. 

Fr.  tmbrocatUm;  Gk.  em  hridio,  to  foment  (brieho,  to  wet  the  toffaoe). 
Emlxoider,  em.hnnj^.der^  to  ornament  with  needlework;   em- 
broidered, em.hroy\derd ;  embrdy^der-ingjemfarosr'der-er, 
embroi'dery,  ornamental  needlework. 

French  broder,  broderie;  Welsh  brodio^  to  embroider;  brodiog,  em- 
tooidttred;  brodiad,  embroidery.    Em^  "to  make"  [broderie]. 

Embroil  (2  syl.),  to  involve  in  a  quarrel;  embroiled'  (2  syl.), 

embioil''-ing,  embroil'-er,  embroil'-ment,  disturbance. 
Fr.  tmJbrotnlltrf  embroviUement  {brouillerf  to  throw  into  confusion). 
Embrown^  to  make  brown ;  embrowned',  embrown'-ing. 

Old  "BiweUfch  briknj  *' brown,"  with  em-  "  to  make"  [brown]. 
Embrae,  enuhru'  (not  imbrue),  to  stain  with  blood ;  embm'-ing 

(Rule  xix.);  embmed,  eM.brude\    (See  Em-.) 
Graek  &rtf[tos],  "  gore,"  with  etiir  *•  to  make  "  [gory]. 
Embryo,  plu.  embryos,  em\hn,oze  (Rule  xlii.),  the  rudiments  of 

organic  bodies,  a  crude  foi-m,  {adj.)  rudimentary;  em- 

bzyonio,  em'.hriMWky  relating  lo  embryos ;  embryology, 

em\bri.oV\o.gy,  the  science   which  treats  of  embryos; 

embriologist,  emf,bri.oV\o.gist,  one  skilled  in  embriology. 
Gk»ek  embriixni  IdgdSj  a  discourse  about  embryos. 
Embryotomy,  em*.bri.ot".o.my,  a  Csesarian  operation. 
Oreek  embrSum  tdnU,  a  cutting  out  of  an  embryo  or  fcetus. 
Emliryo-flac,  the  cellular  bag  which  contains  aD  embryo. 

(The  "y  "  shows  that  these  words  are  from  the  Greek,  hut 

embryon  would  be  mme  correct  than  " embryo"  which  is 

a  phonetic  spelling  of  the  French  word.) 
Frenob,  Spanish,  Latin  embryon;  Italian  em&ryone;  Greek  embr&dn. 
EmendatioB,  e\m^i.day^'^huny  correction  of  faults;  emendator, 

e.ml&n.da\tor ;  emen'datory, 
Amend',  to  correct  faults ;  amend'-ed  ( R.  xxxvi.),  amend'-ing, 

amend'- ment,  amend'-able,  amen'datory. 
This  double  form  of  prefix  is  to  be  regretted,  the  "  e'^Jbrm  is  Latin, 

the  "a"  form  French.      A  menda  means  "without  fault"  or 

"  faultless : "   e  menda  means  "  purged  of  faults. " 
lAttn  enMndS/TBt  to  purge  of  faults ;    French  amender,  om^ncf ement,  ^ 

amendabU.    The  Latin  prefix  is  to  be  preierxed.  ^M 


m  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Emerald,  (im\esuld  (not  (im\e,ra,l),  a  precious  stona  (green); 
Emerald  Me,  Ireland,  noted  for  its  verdure. 
Ok.  smaragdiis:  Lat.  miaragdtu;  ItaL  tmeraldo;  Span.  e$mamldo. 
Emerge,  e.merge\  to  rise  np  to  the  surface,  to  issue  from ; 
Immerge'  or  immerse'  (2  syL),  to  plunge  under  water. 
Emerge'^    emerged'    (2    syl.),    emerg'-lng    (Rule    xix.), 
emerg'ent,  emer'gent-ly ;   emerg'-ence. 

Emer'genqy,  plu.  emergencies,  e.met^^gen^iz  (Rule  zliy.>,  a 
special  case  unexpectedly  "merging  out  of"  the  usual 
routine,  a  pressing  necessity  (not  imnUrgency), 

Emersion,  e.mef^^hun,  a  rising  out  of  water,  (fee; 

Immersion,  a  plunging  into  or  under  water. 

(*•  Emerge"  is  followed  by  from,    **  Immerge,"  "  Immene,"  1^  in.) 
French  Emergent;  Latin  emergens^  gen.  -gentis,  emergo,  supine  emer- 
sum  (e  mergo,  [to  rise]  out  from  a  plunge  under  water). 

Emeritus,  e.mer^ry.tus  (not  em.e.ri\tu8)f  one  pensioned  off  after 
long  services.    Generally  applied  to  college  professors. 
Latin  emiHtum,  a  pension  tor  service ;  emirUus,  (adj.) 
Emerods  (plu.)^  em\e,r5dz  (ought  to  be  hcmorroids),  bloody  piles. 

Gk  haimorroidea  {haimorroid,  bloody  flux,  haima  rhi6,  to  flow  blood). 
{In  compound  words  ending  with  rTiio^  the  "h"  is  dropped.     Thus 

Liddell  and  Scott  very  properly  give  the  word  atfJkdp/HHa,  and  not 

the  vicious  form  alfioji/ioia,  Juemorrboda,) 

Emersion,  e.mer^.8hun,    {See  Emerge.) 

Emery,  em\e.ry,  a  hard  mineral  substance  used  for  polishing 
metal  wares.    Emery  paper,  Emery  dotii. 

French  Smeri ;  Latin  «mirts ;  Greek  smwria  or  amiria. 

The  rocks  of  Emery,  cap.  of  Naxos  (Gyclades),  abound  in  this  miiBfrnl 

Emetic,  e.mH'.ik,  a  provocative  of  vomiting ;  emeficaUy. 

French  imiHque:  Latin  emetlcua;  Greek  (meo^  to  vomit. 
Emeute  (French),  d.mute\  a  riot,  an  uprising.    (Latin  emotuM,) 
Emigrate,  em'.i.grate  (same  as  mif grate),  to  leave  one's  nativfl 
place  to  settle  in  another;   em'igrat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.>t 
em'igrat-ing  (Rule  xix) ;  em'igrant,  one  who  emigrates 
emigration,  em'.i.gray" ^hun ;  em'igrater. 

French  Hnigrer,  Smigratian,  imigrant;  Latin  emigran$,  gvn.  mpm^'i 
grantiHf  emigratio,  tmigraxt  (e  migro^  to  migrate  from.) 

Bndnent,  em'.i.nent,  famous.    Im'minent,  threatening. 

Em'inence,  celebrity.    Im'minence,  an  impending  dang^^^ 

Eminency,  ptu.  eminencies,  em\i.nin,8U  (Rule  zliv.) 

Em'inent-ly,  conspicuously.    Im'minent-ly,  menacin^^ 

Your  Eminence,  the  title  of  address  given  to  cardinals. 

French  Eminent,  Eminence;  Latin  etnlnerUf  geiLemXnmUiM, 

(e  mineo,  to  hang  out  conspicuonsljr). 
French  imminent,  imminence;   Latin  immCtiens,  g«n. 

imminentia  {in  mineo,  to  hang  over  menacing^). 


AND   OF  SPELLINO.  2M 


Emir,  t.mtef,  a  Tnrkish  title.    The  descendants  of  Mahomet 
are  called  emirs.    (Arabic  amix^  a  commander.) 

Knlflsary,  ptu.  emissaries,  ei}»'.u.<a.Hf  (R.  zliy.),  a  secret  agenu 

Emjfldon,  «.m{sV.itn.    {B%t  Emit.) 

Emit,  «.m{f ,  to  discharge,  to  throw  out.    Em'met,  an  ant. 

Emitt'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  emitt'-ing  (Rule  i.);  emission, 

e.mish'.un;  em'issary  (g.v.) 

French  tfmettr«,  (fmi^non^  iiMMaXtt;   Latin   ^miuAriHM^   «miM<o, 
tmUta,  supine  emiMO*  (<  mitto,  to  send  forth). 

Emmet,  em\mU,  an  ant.    Emit,  e.mU\  to  discharge. 

Old  English  amde  or  €tmette,  ctmeU-hyllt  an  ant-hilL 

EmoUiate,  ^.m^r.2i.at«»  to  soften;   emolliat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi-X 

emolliat-ing  (Rule  xix.) ;  emollient,  i.mdl\li,ent ;  emol- 

lition,  ^,m6l.lUh' .un^  the  act  of  softening. 

French  imolUtni;  Latin  emoUiena,  gen.  emoUienUi,  mnotlUi&,  emot- 
lire  {moUio,  to  make  soft,  with  «  intensive). 

Emolimient,  e,m5V.u.ment  (only  one  I),  profit,  stipend;  emoln- 
ment-al,  e.m5V.u.m^\tal, 

French  Emolument;   Latin  emdlUmentwn,  profit  arising  from  grist 
(enuSKdre,  to  grind  thorooRhly ;  mtfia,  a  mill). 

Emotion,  e,mS'.8Jmnf  excitement;  emo'tion-al,  sensational. 
Fr.  imolion;  Lat.  emStio,  «mdMO,  snp.  emOtum  {nUfveo,  to  move). 

Snpsle,  enLpaW  (not  em-pail),  to  put  to  death  by  driving  a 

stake  through  the  body;   emp&led'  (2  syl.),  6mp8l'-lng 

(Rule  xix.),  empal'-er,  empale'-ment  (Rule  xviii.  b). 

French  empaler  empaUment ;  Latin  palum,  a  stake.    Being  French, 
«ia- is  better  than  the  Latin  prefix  tm-.    {Set'Esnr.) 

^■puuieL    Should  be  impannel  {q.v.)    It  means  [to  put]  in 
the  roll  or  parchment.    {See  Em-.) 
Utin  panntM,  doth  oif  any  sort :  Greek  pinoB,  with  im^,  "in." 
™P8ror,  fem.  empress,  eitC.pi.roTy  em'.press  (not  emperess). 

ftench  empereur,  imp^atriee;  Latin  impifrdtar,  imp^rdttix,  ▼.  im- 
pfrwrty  to  cmmand  (im  [in]  jxtro,  to  provide  for  [getting  a  tiling 
wau],  kence  "  to  give  orders,*^  "  to  comm«nd.*' 

plu.  emphases,  em\/djUj  em\fdjee$,  stress  of  voice 
on  a  word  or  syllable ; 

^"Phm'se,  em'.fajize;  em'^phaslsed  (3  syL),  em'phasZs-isg 
(Role  xix.),  em'phaslli-er  (Rule  xxxiii) 

B^iatic,  m./af .1* ;  emphatical,  em.fatf.i.kal;  empbaT- 
«l-ly.    (The  -ph-  points  to  a  Greek  source.) 

^nekoipMMs,  emphdUk6$;  Lathi  emphOtU,  empMHeus. 
Tatn  is  no  Greek  verb  corresponcttng  to  emptuuite  •.Bale  xzxL) 

(^  ayL),  em'peror,  fem.  empre«,  hut  imperiaL  impe- 
naMj;  inpe'rioiu,  impe'rioiis-ly,  impe'rious-iiMi, 

Mm  wf iri  iii^^  mperdtar,  fem.  imp^fnUrix;  French  «iiif4r«, 


294  ERRORS  OF  SPEKCB 

Empiiio,  em.\pi.fi'k  (ought  to  be  em.pi'M'k),  a  qaack ;  empbical, 

em.pir^ri.kdl,    tentative,    nnscientiflc;     empirlcal-ly ; 

empiTicifiixi,  €7n,piT^Ti,HgMt^ 

French  empirique,  empirinM;  Satin  eMplriM,  emgrtrieiw;   Greek 
empeirikCs,  empeiria,  experience(em[en]j»eiratf,  totryonCsomeoBe]). 

Emplead,  em.pleed\  to  indict,  to  charge  with  a  crime. 

Fr.  pla4d,  Lat.  ptaeXtiun,  a  "plea/*  with  em-,  '*to  make"  [a  plea]. 

Employ',  to  keep  at  work,  to  use  ;   employed'  (2  syl.),  employ'- 

ing  (Rule  xiil),  employ'-ment ;    employ'-er,  one  who 

employs   ao other;    employee,  em.ploy'xe^  or  employ^ 

fFrench),  an.ploH.yd,  one  employed  by  another. 

French  employer,  emploi  :  Latin  im  [in]  plico,  to  fold  in. 
This  word  ought  to  be  spelt  with  imr,  bnt  we  hare  taken  it  wttk  Ha 
faulty  spelling  from  the  French. 

Emporium,  plu.  emporia,  or  emporiimis,  a  place  of  trade. 

Lat.  emporium,  an  entrepot  (Gk.  empdria,  traffic,  emptfrtfs^  a  mefchantX 
Empower,  em.pow\er  ("-pow-"  to  rhyme  with  now)^  to  authorise; 
empow'ered  (3  syl.),  empow'er-iiig. 
French  pouvoir,  "powar,**  with  em-,  "to  giye  to  one"  [power]. 
Empress /em.  o/ emperor,  em^.press,  em'.pesor;  em'pire  (2  syl.). 
but   imperial,    %m.pe'.ri.al;    impe'riaV-Iy ;    im];>erioiia, 
im.pt.ri.uB;  impe'iious-ly,  impe'rious-ness. 
French  empire,  empereur,  impirairice,  imperial. 
Empty,  plu.  empties,  em'.ty,  em\t\z,  void,  to  exhaust  of  eon- 
tents  ;  emptied,  em'.ted :  emp'ti-ness  (R.  xi.),  emp'ty-ing. 
Old  English  cemti  or  emtig,  t.  agmt[ian]  or  amtigiian]. 
Empyema,  em\pi.e^\mah,  a  collection  of  purulent  matter  in  the 
cavity  of  the  chest. 
Fr.  empyime;  Lat.  em,pyimA;  Gk.  emputfnui  (em  [en]  puon,  pot). 

Empyrean,  em.pi-ree' .an  (not  em.pir'ri.a/n),  the  highest  heayen, 
supposed  by  Ptolemy  to  be  pure  elemental  fire. 

Empyreal,  em,pv/re.al  (ought  to  be  em\pi.ree' .aV^ 
Lat.  empyrceue ;  Gk.  empitHifs  [our&nds],  ie.  em  [enlpwr,  made  of  ftre. 
Empyreuma,  €m\pi.roo\mah,  the  smell  which  rises  from  or- 
ganic substances  burnt  in  close  vessels ;   empyremnalic, 
em\pi.ru.mdf\lk ;  empyreumatlcaL 
Fr.em2>yreume,  empyrewmatique;  Gk.  empitrett^,  tosetonllrefpttr.flreX 
Emu  or  emeu,  ^.muj  the  ostrich  of  Australia. 

Emulate,  em'u.late,  to  vie  with;  em'ulat-ed  (Bule  xxxri), 
em'ulat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  em'ulat-or;  emulatioiiif  <m'.ti.- 
lay'^^hun;  emulative,  em\u.la.tiv ;  emnIatiY»4y. 

Emulous,  em\u.lu8 ;  em'ulous-ly,  em'uloiu-iMeB. 
French  imulation;  liatin  cemHUtH^,  cemiUdtor,  mmi&hm,r. 
Emulsion,  e.mfiV.8him,  a  lubricating  milky  liquid; 

e.mvl'.g^v  :   emulgent,  e.mUVJ^t,  the  art<?ry  and  vein 


AND  OF  SPELUirO.  2t>5 


wbich  supply  Uood  to  the  kidneys,  wbere  the  ancients 
thought  it  was  milked  or  strained. 
Fr.  imMigw^  tfrnuMon,  &mulaif;  JM.  nmlgir^  (/nul^eo,  to  voOk). 

(a  Freneh  form  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  em-),  signifying  **  to 
make/'  "to  collect;"  it  stands  before  any  letter  except 
b,  j>,  and  m.    {See  Hmr,) 

£&-  (a  Gte^  and  French  form  corresponding  to  the  Latin  in-), 
sometimes  it  is  intensive,  and  sometimes  means  in  or 
into.  It  should  never  be  attached  to  Latin  words, 
except  they  come  through  the  French. 

-en  (affixed  to  nouns).  Latin  -enlvsl  -anlml  "  one  of,"  *'  one 
belonging  to  " :  citiz-en. 

-en  (affixed  to  verbs),  denotes  causation,  "  to  make :"  asfatt-en, 
sweeUen,  length-en,  short-en, 

-en  (affixed  to  adj.),  means  "ma'le  of**:  gold-en,  lead-en.  It  is 
also  the  affix  of  the  past  part,  of  "  strong "  verbs,  as 
"  rise,"  risen  ;  "  break,"  broken, 

Snaible,  enji'.h%  to  make  able ;  enabled,  en.a',h'ld ;  ena^bMng. 
Latin  hXMlii,  ''able,"  with  en-  *'to  make"  [able]. 

S&act,  en.acf  (not  e.nacf)  to  decree,  to  pass  into  law ;  enaet'-ed 
(R.  xxxvi.) ;  enact'-ing,  enact'-or  (R.  xxxvii.);  enao- 
tive,  enMd'.tiv ;  enacf -ment,  a  measure  made  into  law. 
Lat.  aeitk,  "  legal  acts  or  decrees,"  with  an- "  to  make  "  [an  act  or  law.  1 
Enamel,  en.S'nf.H,  a  hard  glossy  surface  resembling  crystal,  to 
coat  with   enamel;    enam'elled    (8    syl.),    enam'ell-ed 
(Rule  i.),  emam'ell-er. 
French  ^maU,  a  composition  made  of  calcined  glass,  &o.,  with  en-. 

Enamour,  ^Mm'.er,  to  charm ;  enam'oured  (3  8yl.),enam'our-ing. 
French  anumr,  "  love,"  with  en-,  **  to  make  "  or  create  [love]. 

Enarthrosis,  en\ar,Thrd'\sl8,  the  insertion  of  one  bone  into 
another,  so  as  to  make  a  ball  and-socket  joint. 
Fr.  HuMihrose  ;  Gk.  arthr&n,  *'  a  socket-joint,"  with  en-  "to  make." 

Encage  (3  syL),  to  coop  in  a  cage;  encaged'  (2  syl.)  encag'-ing 
(R.  xix.)  Better  incage,  to  shut  up  in  a  cage.    (Fr.  cage.) 

Encamp^  to  pitch  tents,  to  dwell  in  tents;  encamped,  en.camp1f; 
encamp'4ng,  encamp'-ment. 
Latin  campus,  "  a  tent,"  "a  camp,"  with  en-,  "to  make '^  [a  camp]. 

Encase'  (S  syl.),  to  put  into  a  case,  to  enclose ;  encased'  (2  syl.), 
enoas-dng.    Incase-ment,  a  putting  into  a  case  or  cases. 
French  encaiaser  {en  caisse).    Not  incase,  as  it  is  a  French  word. 

Encaustic,  en.kaus^tlk,  a  method  of  painting  with  wax  burnt 

in  with  hot  iron  (adj.),  as  encaustic  tiles. 

French  encaustique;  Latin  encau8H<yu8,  encausttce;  Greek  egkatigtiki 
(eg  [en]  Icaid,  to  bum  into). 


»6  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Encave'  (2  syl.),  to  hide  in  a  cave ;  encaved'  (2  syl.),  encaV-ing 
(Bale  xix.)>  encave'-xnent.    (Better  incave^  being  Latin.) 
Latin  e&via,  a  cave,  with  the  Latin  inreflz  in-  not  the  French  €%-. 

-ence  or  -ency  (Latin  -entia)  added  to  abstract  verbal  nouns:  as 
exeell-enee,  excell-ency. 

-enoe  forms  the  termination  of  between  200  and  300  words,  but 
there  are  not  above  half.a-dozen  ending  in  -tme :  as  eon- 
derue,  immense,  dispense,  expense,  prepense,  and  recom- 
pense (Rale  xxvi.) 

Enceinte  (French)  ah*n.8ainf  {-nt  nasal,  but  not  angjsangt), 
Encephalon,  en^Hf  .aMn,  the  brain,  the  contents  of  the  cranium. 

Encephala  {plu.),  en^f\a.lah,  limpets  and  other  moUnsos 
with  a  distinct  head ;  encephalons,  en.sSf.a,lu8  (a^j.) 

Encephalic,  en'^e.fdV\ik  (not  en^if,a.lik),  belonging  to 
the  brain. 

Encephalgia,  en\8^.fdl''Ji,ah,  chronic  pain  of  the  head. 

Encephalitis,  en'-8^f-a.li'\tis,  inflammation  of  the  brain 
{-itis,  Greek  termination,  denotes  inflammation). 

Encephaloid,  en^Sfadoid,  resembling  the  materials  of  the 

brain.    (Greek  egkephaWs  eidSs,  brain-like.) 
French  eneiphdU;  Greek  egkifphdUfs  {eg  [en]  hUphOU,  in  the  erantomX 

Enchain',  to  bind  with  chains ;  enchained'  (2  syl.),  enchain'-ing, 

enchain'-ment.    (Not  in-,  being  French.) 
French  endiainer  (ckair^,  Latin  edUna,  v.  edUndre,  to  chain). 
Enchanf ,   to  charm,   to  fascinate,  to  bewitch ;  enchaaf-ed 

B.  xxxvi.);  enchanf-ing;  enchanfing-ly,  delightfully; 

enchant'-er,  fern,  enchant'ress ;  enchant^^ment. 

(Not  in-,  being  i^om  the  French.) 

French   enchanter,   ent^nteur,   fern,  enehanteresae,  t$uiiOMtmmt; 
Latin  incantdre,  incantdtor,  incantaanerUum. 

Enchase'  (2  syL),  to  set  in  a  frame,  to  adorn  with  embossed 
work;  enchased'  (2  syl.),  enchas'-ing.  (Noc  in-,  being fV.) 
French  enchdsser  {chaaHa,  a  frame  ;  Latin  capaa,  a  box,  t.  eapio). 

Enchiridion  or  enchiridimn,  plu.  enchiridia,  en'.ki.rid^\i,^  (or 
.um),  en\ki.rid^\i,ah,  a  mannal. 

French  enchiridion:  Greek  enchlrtdion:  Latin  mehiridUim. (ta dMr 
[what  can  be  held]  in  the  hand). 

Enchorial,  en.kd'.riMl,  applied  to  the  ordinary  writing  of  the 
ancient  Egyptians.      The  sacred  writing  was  in  lilsro- 
glyphics,  hV-e-ro.gUf'-iks, 
Greek  egchdrtda,  domestic  (fihdros,  a  district,  a  place). 
Endrde,  en^er^.k'l,  to  snrround;  endrded,  enj9f^.kld;  ea« 
circling,  en,8ef^.kling. 
Old  £ng.  drcol  or  circul ;  Fr.  eerele,  with  en-  to  make  [a  eirel*]. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  297 

"Rw^^wtiftt  en.kKf.ik,  a  word  joined  to  another  so  closely  as  to 
seem  a  part  thereof:  as  "prithee,"  where  the  prononn 
thee  is  thrown  on  the  verb  pray;  "wiJly  nilly,"  where 
the  pronoun  ye  is  joined  to  llie  verbs  will  and  mZ2=will 
not.  Other  examples  are  ienX  sha*n%  wo'n%  mas'n't. 
Flrench  endiiique;  Latin  enelUleus;  Qnek  egkliWeds  (eg  [en]  kUnd, 
to  leftn  on  anoiherX 

EnoloBe,  en.klozf;  enclosed'  (3  syl.),  endaa'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Endonue,  en.kld^jskiir,  envelopment,  as  the  ''enclosure" 
of  letters  in  envelopes  saves  much  trouble ;  that  which  is 
endosed,  as  your  letter  with  its  "  enclosure  "  came  to 
hand  this  morning ;  that  which  encloses,  as  an  envelope 
is  the  **  enclosure  "  of  a  letter. 
Trench  das.    (Latin  daudOf  to  shut  np ;  Old  English  duaa,  eloeeX 
Inm,  plu.  enoominms  (very  rarely  enoomia),  en.k(y.mi.iimM 
(en.k5.muah)y  high  praise;    enco'miast;    encomiastio, 
en.k5^mi.as'\tlk  ;  encomias'tical,  encomiaa'tical-Iy. 

Latin  eneSmiadety  enoGmxasiicM,  enodmium,  plu.  encomia;  Oreek 

Eion,  pla.  egib^mia,  egk&mlds  {hOmdBt  a  revel)  in  honour  of 
^uflj,  en  kdmOt,  a  hymn  to  the  victor  in  a  [Bacchic]  revel, 
a  eulogy  or  panegyric. 

I'pass,  en.kum\pa8  (not  ineomfptus),  to  surround ;  enoom- 

paaeed,  en.kiim'.past;  encompass-ing,  en.kum\pds.ing. 

French  en  oom/paMer,  to  compass-in  [on  all  sides]. 

ong.kore^  (not  en.kore'),  a  call  for  a  repetition,  to  demnnd 

a  repetition;  encored,  o7ip.fcor<i';  encor'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

This  !■  one  of  the  French  words  quite  perverted  in  our  language. 
What  we  call  *'  encore,"  is  &i«  in  French,  and  encore  in  French 
means  yet,  dill  (adv.  a  continuation),  as  iZ  rCed  pas  encore  venu, 
he  is  not  yet  come ;  f  attends  encore,  I  am  still  waiting ;  je  n< 
Vattenda  pas  encore,  I  do  not  expect  him  yet. 

Enoonnter,  en,koun\ter,  a  chance  meeting,  a  combat,  to  meet 
unezpectedlv,  to  meet  in  a  hostile  manner ;  encountered, 
en.koun\terd  ;  encoun'ter-ing. 
French  eneontre  {en  eontre,  in  contrary  [directions],  in  opposition). 
EnooDZBge,   en.kufrage,  to  embolden;  encour'aged  (3  syl.); 
.  enconr'ag-ing  (R.  xix.),  encour'age-ment  (only  five  words 
drop  the  'eheforement,v\z.acknowledg-mentyabridg-ment, 
lodg-mentf  judg-ment,  and  argu^ment,  Rule  xviii.,  IT). 
French  enoowrager,  eneowragement.    (See  Courage.) 
Enczinite,  en'.krtnite,  the  stone-lily,  and  other  similar  fossils ; 
encrinitic,  en\kfi.nit".ik,  (ailj.)  or  en'crinit'aL 
Grinoidean,    plu.   crinoideans,    crinoidea,    kri.noi'.d^.an, 
kri.noCdS.anz,  kri.noi'.di.ah,  fossils  having  a  lily-shaped 
disc  supported  on  a  jointed  stem ;  they  are — 
Encrinit^i  en'kri.nlte8,  when  the  stem  is  cylindrical ;  and 
Pentacrinites,  pen'-ta.kri,nite8,  when  it  is  pentag'onal. 
Oreek  Iritum,  plu.  hrwUki,  *'  a  lily,"  with  -ite  for  lithos  a  stone,  and 
the  prefix  an-  "  to  make  into  "  [a  lily  stone],    -oid  is  eidoi,  like. 


298  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Bnoioaoh'  (d  syl.),  to  intmde  npon  another's  rights  (fMlowed 
by  <m  or  upon)\  encroached^  (3  sjl.),  eneroiifOh'-iiig, 
encroach'ing-ly,  encroach'-er,  encroaoh'-ment. 

French  cuxracher,  to  hook  on  [soraethincH  [cfoc,  a  hook).    The  French 

Erefiz  is  preferable,  and  -invaeh  is  a  ymy  vicious  form  of  **  crook." 
low  Lathi  enorocAomen^iMik 

Encmst  (should  be  incnist,  Latin  incroBtaret  Frenoh  ineruster). 

Encumber,  en,kUm' .hety  to  burden,  to  clog;  encnm'hered  (8  syL), 
enoum'ber-ing,  enouml>6riDg-ly,  encmn'ber-er. 

Encumbrance,  en.kum'.brarue  (not  encuniber-ance). 
Encumbrancer,  en.kum'.bran,8er. 
French  encomJ)rer;  Latin  incumbire,  to  lie  l^Km. 
Encyclical,  en.8lk\li.kdl,  sent  round,  as  the  Pope's  eaojrclical 
letter,  the  letter  **  sent  round  "  to  all  his  biahop^i. 

French  encydU^M:  Latin  eneyeliua  (The  -v-  shows  it  to  be  G-reek). 
Greek  egfoukUda^  drcolar  (eg  [en]  kvJUod,  to  more  in  a  circle). 

Eneydopedia,  encydopndia,  cyclopcBdia,  cyclopedia,  mLty'- 
klo.pee"-di-ah,  sy^-klo.pee^'-di-ah,  an  alphabetie^d  sum- 
mary of  every  branch  of  knowledge;  ency'dope'dian 
iad(j.)  or  ency'clope'dical;  encydope'dist,  one  who  com- 
piles an  encyclopedia,  one  who  aids  in  such  a  compila- 
tion; encydopedism,  en.8i\klo.pee'\dizm. 

The  better  form  is  without  the  prefix  tn- ;  the  word  is  then  Greek 
kuklds  paideia,  a  round  of  instruction.  "  Encyclopasdla"  means 
"  encyclical  instruction,"  or  instruction  sent  round  like  a  drcolar 
{eg  [en]  kuklioa,  revolving,  going  in  succession,  periodicalX  The 
idea  is  "  a  book  or  number  of  books  containing  tl^  whole  range  or 
round  of  knowledge,"  and  not  an  "  encyclical  dictionary  of  instmc- 
tion."   It  is  not  smt  ro%md  like  a  circular  at  aU. ' 

Encyst'  (not  incyst.  It  is  Greek  not  Latin),  to  enclose  in  a 
cyst;  encyst'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  encyst'-ing,  endosed  in 

a  cyst,  consisting  of  cysts.  , 

Insist,  insist'-ed,  insist'-ing,  to  urge  with  authority. 

"  Encyst,"  Greek  en  kustiSf  a  bag  or  pouch  (the  -y-  shows  it  ia-Ghnek). 
"  Insist."  Latin  in  sisto,  to  make  a  set  stand  on  [what  yon  si^r]. 

-end  (an  Anglo-Saxon  termination  of  masculine  nouns),  denotes 
*•  an  agent."    Surviving  examples  very  rare. 

-end.  Old  English  ende,  Latin  e7vd[u8],  termination  of  active 
participles,  as  rever-end,  Latin  rever-endu9y  to  be  re\-«red. 

End,  the  finish,  to  finish ;  end'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.).  end'-ing;  end'-lesa, 
without  end ;  endless-ly,  end'less^ness ;  end'wisa  (not 
endwaySj  German  weise,  Old  English  wiSt  direetion). 

The  be-all  and  end-all,  the  only  state  of  being  and  its 

entire  termination. 

Old  English  ende,  v.  end[ian\  past  endede,  past  part,  eiwleil, 
endless ;  endleaalice,  endlessly ;  endUcunea,  endlf 
endmost ;  endxmg^  an  ending ;  endvUe,  endwise. 


Al^D  OF  SPELLING.  IM 


1 


Bodaaiage,  enA&w.'.ag€,  to  injnre;   endam'aged  (3  fiyl.)*  en- 
dam'ag-ing  (Kule  xix.),  endam'age-nieitt  (Rale  zviii.,  IT). 

Old  English  dem ;  Latin  damwum,  "hnrt,"  with  ei»-.  "to  make  or 
ocmfer  "  Linitur] ;  French  endfymmag^ 

Endanger,   enJtain\jir^  to   expose  to  danger;    endan^gered 
(3  syL),  endan'ger-ing,  cndan'ger-ment. 
•  French  dam/ger,  with  tt^  **  to  make  or  pnt  into  **  [dangcrl. 

Bndtar,  en^dere',  to  make  dear ;  endeared'  (2  syl.)*  endear^-ing, 
endear^ing-ly;  endeared-nese,  en,d9Qr^ .edoiess^Bi,  xxxvi. ) ; 
endear'-ment  (-ment,  the  ''cause  of,"  *Hhe  state  of ")» that 
which  produces  fondness,  the  state  of  being  dear. 
Old  English  dt&r,  "dear,  helored,**  with  Wr,  *'Xo  make"  [dour]. 

Encfeavonr,  en.dhii'jor^  an  effort,  to  use  effort,  to  attempt; 
endeavoured,  <n.<ieT/.or<2;  endeay'our-ing. 
Fr.  d0voir,  ''dutj,'*  with  en-,  '*to  make  :**  i.e.,  faire  devoir,  to  attompt. 

Endemic,  en.dhrffXk  [disease],  a  local  [disease]. 

French  endimAqat ;  Greek  end^m68,  in  the  place,  at  home,  t.  en- 
dimio,  to  live  in  a  place.    In  Oreek  the  -de-  is  long. 

Endennic,  [medicine]  to  be  applied  to  the  skin. 
Oreek  en  derma  [to  he  nsed]  on  the  skin. 

Endive,  en'Mv,  a  vegetable.  (Fr.  endive,  Lat.  intybus  or  intiibum, 

JinAamnf  (2  syl.),  to  write  on  the  back  of  a  document;  endorsed 
^  qrl.)*  endors'-ing  (Bule  xix.),  endors'-er,  the  person 
who  writes  his  name  on  the  back  of  a  bill,  and  makes 
himself  liable  for  its  payment ;  endorsee,  the  person  to 
whom  the  bill  is  assigned  or  delivered ;  endorse'-ment. 

French  endoa^  endosser,  endossement,  evidosseur  (doe,  Lat.  do$tum  or 
dorgum,  the  back,  [to  write]  on  the  back). 

Endogens,  en'.do.jenz,  plants  like  palms,  grasses,  and  rushes, 
whose  growth  takes  place  from  within,  and  not  by  ex- 
ternal concentric  layers ;  endogenous,  en,dqj\e.nu8  (a^j.) 
Greek  endon  gend,  to  produce  within. 
Efldogeiiite,  en,dcj\ejiute,  a  fossil  palm,  rush,  &c. 
Greek  endon  gend,  with  -ite;  that  is,  lithoe,  a  stone  or  foeslL 
Endophloeum,  en\d6.jiee'\um,  the  inner  bark. 
Greek  tnddn  phlMds,  the  inside  bark. 

Bttdopthyllons,  en.dSf\U.lus,  evolved  within  a  leaf  or  sheath. 
OreA  «suU^  phulldn,  within  the  leaf.    (Should  be  en.  dSJKV.  liu, ) 
Endopleuia,  en\do.pW\rah,  the  inner  covering  of  seed. 
Or«^  endiyn  pleura,  the  inner  side  [of  the  seed  sheath]. 
Endorhizal,  en'do.n'\zal,  applied  to  those  rootlets  which 
burst  through  the  coverin','8  of  the  seed  before  they  elon- 
gate downwards.    (Better  without  h,  being  a  comp.  word.) 
Greek  mddn  rMm,  root  within  [the  seed].    {See  Emerods,  n$U,) 


300  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Endosmose,  en'.d68.mo8ey  the  transmission  of  gases,  &e.,  to 
the  interior  of  porous  substances. 

Ezosmose,  esfJbs.mose,  the  transmission  of  gases,  &&,  to  the 

exterior  of  porous  substances. 
Ok.  ind&n  damds,  iropnlBion  inwards ;  ex  tfmu>9,  impulsion  ontwaids. 
Endosperm,  en\d5.8perm,  albu'men  of  seeds. 
Greek  enddn  tpermaf  within  the  sperm  or  embryo-sac. 
EndosporouB,  en\dd.8po'\ru8f  applied  to  those  fungi  which 

have  their  spores  (1  syl.),  contained  in  a  case. 
Greek  enddn  spOra,  spores  [contained]  in  [a  case]. 

Endostome,  en\dd.8tovit  the  passage  through  the  inner 
integument  of  an  ovule  (2  syL)  («£5ma,  a  mouth). 

•«ndouB  (Latin  termination  -endtu),  ** calculated  to  produce":  as 
trem-endou8,  "calculated  to  produce  trembling  or  tremomr.** 

Endow,  erudow'  (-d5w  to  rhyme  with  note),  to  settle  a  permanent 

fund  on  [an  institution],  to  furnish;  enddwed' (3  syL), 

endSw'-ing;  endow'-ment,  a  fund  settled  on  [an  itistitu- 

tioD],  talents ;  endSw'-er,  one  who  endows.  (See  Endue.) 

Norm,  ervdouer;  Fr.  doner;  Lat.  do«,  "a  dowry, "with  en-  "to make." 

Endne,  enAu',  to  invest ;  endued'  (2  syl.),  endu'-ing,  B.  six. 
(Gk.  form).  Indue,  indued',  indu'-ing,  B.  xiz.  (Lat.  form.) 
Greek  tmduo;  Latin  induo,  to  put  on  [clothes]. 

Endure'  (2  svl.),  to  bear,  to  suffer ;  endured'  (2  syl.),  dndmK-hig, 
endur'ing-ly,  endur'-eif,  endur'-able  (1st  Latin  coiq.), 
endur'able-ness,  endur'ably,  endur'ance;  but 

Indurate,  in'.dH.rate,  to  harden;  in'dnrat-ed,  in'dnr&t-iiig; 

induration,  in'.du.rai/\8hun, 
Fr.  endurer;  Lat.  inddratio,  indurgrt  to  grow  hardened  {dwnu,  hard  . 
Eneid,  better  JEneid,  e.neeWd  (not  e'.nSXd)y  Virgil's  epic  poem 
about  iEneas  {E.nee\(i8). 
-id  (a  patronymic),  "pertaining  to,**  "concerning'*  [iEneaa]. 

Enema,  ejnee\mah  (not  en\^.Tnah)y  a  clyster,  an  instrument  used 

for  medical  injections. 

This  word,  being  the  Greek  en  hiimi^  "  to  send  into,"  ought  to  be 
emhima,  according  to  our  English  custom  oi  forming  such  wocdn 

Enemy,  phi,  enemies,  en^cmlz,  a  foe ;  en'mity,  plu.  enmittet. 

Inimical,  inAmf.i.kal,  hostile ;  inim'ical-ly. 

French  tnnemi  (wrong) ;  Latin  inCmteiw,  inCmfeCMo,  Inliiiliet.  0«r 
word  enemy  is  bad,  and  the  French  word  worse.  As  emy  maana  **  a 
friend"  (Latin  amicus),  "en  emy"  should  mean  "to  makeafiknd,** 
the  Latin  in-  (negative)  amicus  (not  a  friend)  is  oonsijttant. 

Energy,  plu.  energies,  en\er.gU  (Rule  zliv.),  vigoroas  eflbit; 
energetic,  en\erjitf\lk ;  energetical,  evCerjelf'JLkSL 

Energise,  en'.tr.gize,  to  infuse  vigour  into;    ea'erglwd, 

en'ergis-ing  (Rule  ziz.) 
Ft.  mergie,  tfnergi^ue;  Lat.  ener^iia;  Qk.  erflfon,  work.  (Set  B.  zzxL) 


A\D   OF  SPEfJJiVG.  sot 


Bnflorvttte,  en',er,vate  (not  e.ner^.vate)y  to  enfeeble ;  en'eirat-ed 

(Bnle    zxxvi.),    en'ervat-ing    (Rule   xiz.)>  enervation, 

en\er.vay'\shun;  en'ervator  (Rule  xzxvii.) 

FreiM^  inerver,   Mervaiion;   Latin  tnervdtiOt  enervaioTf  tnervdn 
(enervut,  to  deprire  of  nerve). 

Enfeeble,  en/eel'.b%  to  weaken;   enfeebled,  enJeeWld;   en- 

feeHbling,  enfeeble-ment,  en.fee\b*l.ment. 

French  affaiblir,  affaiblisaement ;  faxbUt  older  torm/aQ>le,  "  feeble," 
with  en-  "  to  make  **  [feeble]. 

HnfBOfl^  en,fif  (by  lawyers),  en.feer  (by  others),  to  invest  with 

a  fee  or  fief;  enfeoffed' (2  syl.),enfeoff'-mg,  enfeoff'-ment, 

the  deed  which  oonveys  a  fee  or  fief. 

Trench  >7</V  1^^  iMtin  feodum,  a  fee  or  teojS.feoffametUum,  a  feoff- 
ment, feoffdtor,  a  feoffer,  feoffdtus,  a  feoffee.  Our  word  in  feodum, 
"  a  fee  or  fecff,"  with  en-  "  to  convey  "  [a  fee]. 

Enfilade,  en'.ftldde't  to  rake  with  shot  or  shell  lengthwise; 

enfilad'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  enfilad'-i^g  (Rule  xix.) 

Vrench  enfiUtde,  v.  enjiler;  Latin  filum,  "a  thread  or  line,**  with 
eii-  '*  to  make"  [a  line  with  shot  and  shell]. 

Enfiiroe'  (2  syL),  to  constrain;  enforced'  (2  syl.),  enforp'-ing 
(Rule  xix.),  enforc'^er,  enforce'-ment,  enforce'-abl^. 
Vrench  forcer,  force,  with  en-  "  to  make  or  impart"  Lforce]. 

Sn&anchifle,  en,frSn'.chiz,  to   invest  with  civil  nnd  political 

rights,  to  liberate ;  enfran'chised  (3  syl.),  enfran'chiis-ing 

(Rule  xix.),  enfran'ch!s-er,  enfran'chlse-ment  (R.  xviii.) 

French  affranchir,  affranchissement ;  Low  Latin  /ranc^ema,  finKn- 
eKUSi-as  {frartoue  "  free,"  with  en-  "  to  make  "  [free]). 

Engage,  en.gdje',  to   occupy;    engaged'    (2    syl.),  occupied, 

bespoke  in  a  dance,  promised  in  marriage  ;  engag-ing, 

en,gdje.ing    (Rule    xix.);    enga'ging-ly,    engage'-ment 

(Rule  xviii.);  engaged-ness,  en.gdje' .ed.ness  (Rule  xxxvi.) 

French  engager,  engagement;  Old  English  loatd,  "a  pledge,"  with 
en-  '*to  make"  [a  pledge] ;  Latin  vddimSnium. 

Bngarriflon,  en.ga'/ri.son  (a  corruption  of  engamison),  to  put  into 
garrison,  to  furnish  with  ganison ;  engar'risoned  (4  syl.), 
engar'riaon-ing  (double  r). 

French  and  German  gamison,  a  "garrison,"  with  en-,  "to  make," 
"to  supply  with  "  [a  garrison] ;  Low  Lat.  gamiHo ;  Dutch  waarieon ; 
Anglo-Saxon  V3dr,  an  enclosure,  v.  vjdrian,  to  ward  or  guard. 

Sogender,  €n.jtn'.der,  to  form,  to  produce :  as  Meteors  are  en- 
gendered in,  the  atmosphere ;  angry  words  engender  strife. 
Engendered,  en.jen\derd ;  engen'der-ing,  engen'der-er. 

Fr.  engendrer;  Lat.  genHre,  supine,  ginitum,  to  beget :  Gk.  gino, 
eg  [en]  gign&mai  or  eg  [en]  ginomai,  to  be  produced  in  [something]. 

>,  en'jin,  a  machine  composed  of  several  parts ;  engineer, 
en'.gl,nee/,  a  maker  of  engines,  one  whose  vocation  ia  \iie* 
eonstruction  of  roads,  forts,  docks,  d^c.     'MiHtaxy  eii- 
gineer,  one  employed  on  military  works;  Oivil  englne^x. 


-802  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

one  employed  on  works  not  of  «  military  character;  «n'-' 
gineer'ing,  the  bnsiness  of  an  eagineer. 

Engine-man,  «n'-jln.man,  one  who  works  an  engine ; 

Jinny,  contraction  of  engine^  with  -y,  diminutive,  a  little 
engine;  vls  dk  spinning  jinny. 

French  imgiiiieur,  g4nie,  trigiii;  Latin  inginiwrn^  a  contrivance. 
Engird",  past  engird'-ed,  past  part,  engirt  [or  engirded],  to  gird. 

Old  Eng.  gyrdian\y  past  gyrdde^  p.  p.  Qyrded^  with  en-  for  emb-,  aboot 
Bnglifth,  In'.glishy  pertaining  to  England  {Ingland),  the  language; 

The  English,  the  people  of  England. 

An  Englishman,  phu  Englishmen.  *'  Englishmen**  is  the 
definite  plu.,  as  2, 3, 4,  &c.,  Englishmen,  but  The  English 
is  the  indefinite  plu.  (Rule  xlvi.,  ^, 

An  English-woman,  pbi.  English-wometiL. 

Anglecise,  an^gleMze,  to  make  English,  to  convert  to  the 
form  and  character  of  English  words,  <fec.;  angledsed, 
an'.gle.8lzd  ;  an'gleciS'-ing  (Rule  xix.) ; 

Anglicism,  an\gle.clzm^  an  English  idiom. 

Anglice,  an\gli.se  (adv.),  in  English. 

Anglican,  an\gli.kan  (adj.),  English :  as  the  Anglican  CkwreK 

Old  English  Bnglitc,  Englisc-man,  Engla4and,  Angol,  one  who  lived  in 
Anglen.  It  is  a  pity  tiiat  the  initial  A-  has  been  substituted  for 
£-  in  these  latter  words,  as  it  dogmatises  on  a  doubtftd  question. 

Engorge'  (2  syl.),  to  swallow  greedily;  engorged'  (2  syL),  en- 

gorg'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  engorge'-ment  (Rule  xviii.) 

French  gorger,  to  gorge;  Latin  gwrgat,  a  glutton,  gur^JUio,  Um 
windpipe.    En  gorge  means  [to  put]  into  the  gorge  or  throat.  • 

Engraft',  better  engrafE^  to  insert  a  part  of  one  tree  into  another; 
engraff-ed,  better  engraffed'  (2  syl.),  engraft'-ing,  better 
engrafT-ing,  engraft'-ment,  better  engraff-ment,  en- 
gn^ft-er  better  engraff-er. 

French  en  greffer,  greffenr^  grtffe  (Greek  grro.'pM,  to  scratch).  Ap|riiad 
originally  to  budding.  "Greffe/*  being  French,  the  prefix  <»- is 
better  than  the  Latin  prefix  iiv. 

Engrain'  (2  syl.),  to  dye  deeply,  to  dye  in  grain;  engimined' 
(2  syl.),  engrain'-ing,  engrain'-er. 

French  «n  grineler,  to  grain  leather,  grenevy  to  grain :  Latin  gnMmm, 
the  coccus  or  scarlet  dye,  hence  the  phrase :  A  knave  In  ymia^  a 
knave  though  dressed  in  scarlet. 

Engrave,  past,  engraved,  past.  part,  engraved  or  engnv?en ; 

Engrave'  (2  syl.),  to  cut  characters  or  drawings  on  metal, 
stone,  or  wood ;  engraved'  (2  syl.),  engrav'-ing  (B.  zixj, 
engrav'en,  engrav'.er.  An  engraving,  a  design  engrwred. 

Ofaaloography,  haLkbg'.ra.fy,  engraving  on  copper. 
C^reeh  cAoUbos  0raph6,  to  wtU«  on  bran  or  copper. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  a03 


Cttyptography,  glip'.tdg.ra.fy,  engraving  on  precious  etonea. 
Ghreek  glu^tiiB  ffraphd,  to  write  on  a  precioiu  stone. 
LithogKKpliy,(t.rAd/.ra.^,  engraving  on  Stone.  (Gk.  lithSs.) 
Xylography,  xy,l6g\Ta,fy^  engraving  on  wood.  (Ok.  mil&n,) 
fShicography,  zin.kog\ra.fy,  engraving  on  zinc. 

Aqnatinta,  a'-kwa.V(n'-tah,  engraving  to  resemble  Indian 
ink  drawings.    {Aquafortis  is  nsed  instead  of  gravers.) 

He^BOtinto,  plu.  mezsotintoes,  med'-zo.tln'.tozet  middle  or 
half>tint  engravings.    (Italian  mezzo  tinto.) 

Old  Eaglfali  ft(tf[an] ;  Greek  grapkH$i;  Freneb  grafter,  graveur. 
etLgrose/'  (not  en.gr68\  to  monopolise,  to  copy  docu- 
ments in  lawyers'  writing;   engrossed,   en.gro8t ;    en- 
gross'-ing,  engross'-er,  engrose'-ment. 

French  grosse,  grosiir,  grossoyer  (engrosser  hat  quite  another  mean- 
ing). Onr  ward  is  gross  "  large  "  with  e9»-  "  to  make"  [a  copy  in 
laige  writing],  "  to  make  or  occupy  "  [a  large  or  undue  share.] 

Engulf  (being  French,  en-  is  better  than  in-,  which  is  Latin) 

to  swallow  up ;  eng^ulfed^  engulf '-ing,  engulT-ment 

French  engonffrer,  to  swallow  up :  Latin  gurgeif,  a  whirlpool.  Onr 
word  is  a  total  mistake.  To  "  engouf*  has  nothing  to  do  with 
gu^f,  a  bay  (Greek  hOlp&s,  a  bosom),  but  is  a  French  perversion  of 
ihe  Latin  gurges,  a  whirlpool,  from  giila,  a  gullet  Greek  guH6s 
or  gavios,  a  long-neeked  wallet. 

EntaAnee'  (2  syL),  to  increase  [the  value  or  price]  ;  enhanced' 

(d  syl.),enhano'-ing,  enhanc'-er,  enhance'-ment  (E.xviii.) 

Norman  enhAurtoer  (Tiaunoer,  to  raise ;  French,  hauaser.  Similarly, 
hansitre  is  the  old  form  of  Tiaussiire,  a  hawser.) 

Enharmonic,  evf.har.m^n^'ik  (in  Music),  applied  to  notes  which 

change  their  names  only  :    thus  CJ  =  D!?",   GJ  =  Ab. 

On  keyed  instruments,  these  note's  are  identical,   but 

tJieoretically  CJf :  D7  : :  ifg  :  H^.    {See  Diatonic.) 

Greek  enKarmdnikds  [mddds],  the  enharmonic  mode,  wlAch  proceeded 
1^ quarter  tones.  The  three  "  modes"  of  Grecian  music  proceeded 
(1)  by  whole  tones,  (2)  by  half  tones,  and  (8)  by  quarter  tones. 

Enhydroiut,  en.hy\drus,  containing  water ; 
Anhydrous,  an.hy\drus,  without  water. 
Greek  envdros,  with  water  {fvvdpot  not  ivvdpos);  anudros,  without 
water  {&Pv8pos  not  dp{/8pos) ;  hudor,  water  has  an  aspirate,  but  it 
is  lost  in  the  compound,  and  could  not  be  expressed. 

Enigma,  e.nlg'.mah,  a  riddle ;  enigmatic,  e.nlg.mdf'Xk ;   enig- 
maticsd,  e.nlg.mdf.i.kal;  enigmatlcal-ly,  enig'matlst. 

Enigmatise,  e.n^g'.maUize,  to  reduce  to  an  enigmatical  form; 
enig'matised  (4  syl.),  enig'matls-er,  enig'matis-ing. 

Enig'ma,  a  riddle  in  which  the  puzzle  lies  in  remote  or 

obscure  resemblances. 
CoDnn'dnun,  a  riddle  in  which  the  puEzle  lies  in  a  '(xm. 


S04  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Gharade,  a  word  dissected,  so  that  each  syllahle  forms  a 
word.  If  of  two  syllables,  the  first  syllable  is  called  my 
first,  the  next  my  second,  and  the  entire  word  my  wJwle. 

Log'ogriph,  a  word  which,  deprived  of  different  letters, 
makes  olJier  words :  as  glass,  lass,  ass,  gas,  sal,  gals,  &a, 

Be'huBt  a  puzzle  expressed  in  hieroglyphics. 

Biddle,  a  general  term,  including  any  puzzling  question 
of  a  trivial  nature,  the  solution  of  which  is  to  he  guessed. 

Puzzle,  a  sensible  object,  the  intricacy  of  which  is  to  be 
discovered,  or  the  parts  of  which  are  to  be  pieced  together. 

"Enigma,"  French  inigms,  inigmatique;  Latin  amigma;   Qntk. 

ainigina,  ainigmatiatSa,  &o.  {ainds,  a  fable). 
"Ck)nandrum,*'  Old  English  cunnan  dredim,  cleyer-fon. 
"Charade,"  so  named  from  the  inventor. 
"  Logogriph,"  Greek  Ufgda  griphda,  a  word  pnzale. 
''Bebus.'^  These  were  poUtical  squibs  by  the  basochiena  of  Puis,  4f 

rebus  qua  geruntur  (on  the  current  events  of  the  dsj). 
**  Biddle,"  Old  EngU&h  roedels,  from  rcedan,  to  interpret. 
"  t*uzzle/'  Welsh  posiad,  a  questioning,  v.  poaiaw. 

Eojoin'  (2  syl.),  to  command,  to  bid;  enjoined'  (d  syL),  en- 
join'-ing,  enjoin'-er,  enjoin'-ment,  but  injunoticni. 

French  enjoindre,  injonction;  Latin  injungo,  to  command,  ii^umMo, 
(It  would  be  better  to  retain  the  same  prefix  throughout,  and  wriu 
injoin  for  enjoin.    French  is  our  great  source  ci  error.) 

Enjo/,  to  take  pleasure  in  ;  enjoyed'  (2  syl.),  enjoy'-ii^  (BL  xiii.), 
enjoy'ing-ly,  enjoZ-ment,  enjoy'able  (Rule  xxiii.) 
Fr.  jouir:  Lat.  gaudeo  (Ennius  uses  gait),  with  en-,  "to  make"  [Jo7l 
Enkindle,  enMn\d%  to  set  on  fire;  enkindled,  en,kln'Jl^ld; 
enkin'dling. 
Welsh  cynne,  " ignition,"  with  en-,  "to  make**  [an ignition]. 
Enlarge'  (2  syl.),  to  increase  in  size;  ex^larged'  (2  syL),  en* 
larg'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  enlarge'-ment  (Rule  xviii.) 
Latin  largiu,  **large/'  witl^  en-,  "  to  make**  Qarge]. 

Enlighten,  en.lite\en,  to  throw  light  on ;  enlighf  ened  (8  syl.), 
enlight'en-ing,  enlight'en-«r,  enlighfen-ment. 

Old  English  lihtung,  "Ughting,"  with  en-,  "to  make"  [a  lUhtliigi 
(The  -g-  is  interpolated,  and  the  term  en-  stands  for  hia*  [xa^ 

Enlist',  to  enroll;  enlist'-ed (R.  xxxvi.),  enlisf -ing,  enlisf-ment, 
voluntary  enrollment. 
Old  Eng.  list :  Fr.  liate,  "  a  roll,"  with  en-,  "  to  make  up**  [a  Uii). 
Enliven,  en.Vi.v^,  to  cheer ;  enli'vened  (3  syl.),  enli'Ten-ing. 

Old  English  W,  "life,"  with  en-,  "to  make,  to  give"  [IttoJ.     Tha 
term  -en  is  for  -un'  [-ung]  added  to  verbal  nouns. 

Enmity,  plu.  enmities,  en'.mi.tiz  (Rule  zi.),  hostility ;  enmij, 
Tplu,  enemies,  en\e.m\z  (Rule  xi.),  a  foe ; 

Inimical,  \n^m\%.kal,  hostile ;  inim'ioal4y. 
(It  U  to  be  regretted  that  the  Latin  prefix  in-  Jhot  nol 


AXD  OF  SPELLING.  865 

been  preserved  throughout.    The  French  have  a  similar 

ineonHstencyj  though  not  in  the  same  derivatives.) 

French  inimitie,  tnnemie  (I !) ;  Latin  infmieCtia,  initnictu  (inamletif, 
not  a  friend). 

Ennoble,    en.nu\bX  to    make    noble;    ennobled,    enmd.Vld; 
enno'bling,  enno'ble-ment. 
French  etmoMtr  or  anoblir.  anohliMtment ;  Latin  nOMlis,  "noble,'' 
with  en-,  "  to  make"  [noble]. 

Ennui,  ah'n'.we^  (not  ang'-we  nor  ong\we),  weariness. 

Frendi  ennui;  Italian  noi-are,  to  weary. 
Enormoas,  e.nor^.mOs,  very  great ;  enor'mons-ly. 

Enormity,  plu.  enormities,  e.vor^.mi.tlZt  an  atrocious  crime. 

French  inormit^t  inorme;  Latin  iinorm,iJt<i»t'<enormi8  («[ex]iioniia, 
oat  of  rule  ) 

Enough,  sufficient  in  quantity.     Enow,  sufficient  in  number. 
Sugar  enough,  cups  enow;  t^a  enough,  spoons  enow. 

nrhis  distinction,  very  general  40  years  ago,  is  now  almost  obsolete,) 
The  adverb  and  adj.  differed  in  the  Anglo-Saxon  period,  genog (jtdv.), 
genoh  (adj.)    "  Enough "  very  absurdly  combines  both  forma. 

En  passant,  ah'npahs'jtah'n  (Fr.)  in  passing,  cursorily. 

Enqnize'  (2  syl.),  to  ask ;  enquired'  (3  syl.),  enquir'-ing  (R.  xiz.), 
enquir'-er,  enquiry,  plu.  enquiries,  en.kwi'.riz ;  better 

Inquire  (2  syl.),  inquired' (2  8yl,),inquir'-ing,  inqui'ring-ly, 
inquliy,  plu.  inquiries,  in^qui'  riz  (Uule  xliv.) 

Inquisition,  in.qul.zi8h'.un ;  inquisitive,  in.quiz'.i.tiv  ;  in- 
quis'itive-ly,  inquisitive-ness,  inquisitor,  inquisltory. 
'{It  is  far  better  to  spell  all  these  words  with  the  Latin 
prefix  in-,  although  we  have  in  French  the  word  enqu6rir. 
Lai  inquirifre,  supine  inquisUum.  to  inquire ;  inquisttio,  inquisitor. 
Enrage'  (2  syl.),  to  exasperate  ;  enraged'  (2  syl.),  enrag'-ing. 
Ft.  enrager;  Lat.  rdbidre,  rdbies,  with  en-,  "to  make"  [in  a  rage]. 
Enrapf ,  thrown  into  an  ecstasy. 

Enrapture,  en,rup\tchiir,  to  delight  greatly ;  enrap'tured, 

enrap'tur-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Enravish,  en.rdv'.ish,  to  throw  into  nn  ec«?tasy;  enrav'ished 
(3  syl.),  enrav'ish-ing,  enrav'ish-ment  (generally  u.sed 
without  the  prefix  en- ). 
Latin  rapttts.  raptura,  rdpio,  supine  raptum,  to  ravish. 
"Ravish"  is  from  the  Fiench  ravir,  ravissant,  ravisxement. 

T!nrifth%   to   make  rich;    enriched',   enrich'-ing,   enrieh'-er, 
enrich'-ment,  accession  of  wealth. 
French  enrichir,  enrichissement  {richesse,  riches). 
Enrobe'  (2  syl.),  to  nrrny,  to  invest ;  enrobed',  enrob'-ing  (R,  xix.^ 

French  en  robe,  to  put  in  robes ;  Low  Latin  roba. 
EmoU  (not  «nroZ,  Rule  x.),  to  put  on  a  roll  or  list;  enrolled' 
(2  syl.),  enroll'-ing,  enroll  -ment. 

French  enr&Ur,  r6le ;  Latin  rdfUla,  with  «»-,*•  to  make"  up  \a  toWV 

u 


806  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Ensang^ne,  en.8un\gv)in,  to  make  bloody;  ensan'gumed  (3  syL), 
ensan^'gniin-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Latin  sanQuineus,  **  bloody,"  with  e»i-  "to  make"  Ibloody]. 

Ensconce,  en.sl(dn8e  (no  word  in  the  language  ends  in  -orue, 
and  only  six  words  in  -ense.  Rule  xxvi.),  to  hide,   or 
cover  behind  a  sconce  or  screen ;   ensconced,  enjikonst ; 
ensconc'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
German  sdumze^  "a  fortification,"  with  ««-,  "to  make"  [a  sconce]. 

-enBe,,the  termination  of  only  six  words  in  the  language,  four 
of  which  are  compounds  of  "pense":  condense  and  im- 
mense ;    dispense,   expense,   prepense,  and    recompense. 
There  are  nearly  300  words  ending  in  -ence,  most  of 
which  would  have  been  better  in  -ense. 

Enshrine'  (3  syl.),  to  put  into  a  shrine ;  enshrined'  (2  syl.X 
enshrln'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Old  English  8crin,  with  en-  "  to  make  "  (the  subject  of  a  shrine]. 

Enshroud'  (2  syl.),  to  put  into  a  shroud;  enshrond'-ed  (Rule 

xxxvi.),  enshroud'-ing. 
Old  English  xnid,  "a  shroud,"  with  ei»-,  "to  make"  (a  shrond]. 
Ensign,  en'.nne,  the  flng  of  a  regiment,  an  infantry  ofScer  who 

carries  the  ensign  ;  ensigncy,  en'. sine. sy  (-cy,  "office"). 

French  enseigne;  T.atin  signum  Imilitdre],  "an  ensign,"  with  en-  "to 
make  or  carry  "  [the  ensignj. 

-ensis  (Latin  ensis,  an  office),  as  aman'ueuiis^  a  mami,  one  at 
hand;  -ensis,  one  who  holds  the  office  of  an  "a  raanu." 

Enslave'  (2  syl.),  to  make  a  slave;  enslaved'  (2  syl.).  enalay'-iiig 

(Rule  xix.),  enslav'-er,  enslave'-ment  (Rule  xviii.) 

German  sclave;  Low  Latin  aclavua,  with  en-,  "to  make"  [a  slave.] 

Ensnare'  (2  syl.).  ensnared'  (2  syl.),  ensnar'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

O,  E  snedre ' '  a  snare, "  with  en-,  ' '  to  make  "  [one  the  prey  of  a  snan]. 
Ifut  being  Latin,  thd  prefix  en-  is  preferable  to  in-. 

Ensue,  en.su\  lo  follow ;  ensued'  (2  syl.),  ensu'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Fr.  ensiiivre ;  Lat.  ins4fqui,  to  follow  as  a  consequence  {in  tiquorX 
Meaning  "to  arise  out  tif,"  it  is  followed  hy  from  (Fienoli  dc% 
Meaning  "  to  come  next,"  it  is  followed  by  on. 

Ensure,  Insure,  Assure,  en.shure',  in.shure',  as.shure*. 

En-,  in-,  or  as-sured'  (2  syl.),  en-,  in-,  as-suring,  shw^-inf, 

Ensurance,  insurance,  assurance,  -shure\ance. 

En-,  in-,  as-surer,  -shure'-er. 

Of  these  three  forms  insure  is  by  fnr  the  worst. 

"Ensure,"  Fr.  sAr  (Lat.  securas),  "sure,"  with  en-,  "to  make**  [sore]. 

"Assure,"  French  aasnrrr ;  Low  Latin  OAswranda,  ▼.  asmrdn 
vtts  [ad]  securdre,  to  secure  to  one). 

Strictly  speaking  the  policy  "holder"  ensures,  the  poUey  "jlver** 
assures;  the  former  "mak^s  his  property  sure"  by  taking  <mt  a 
poUcy,  the  latter  "secures  to  him"  certtdn  sums  of  money  on  fixed 
terms.  Similarly  from  the  standpoint  of  a  policy  hxMsr  th*  ollloe 
ia  an  "  ei^urance,"  i.e.  «a  q^ca  "vVAoh  makes  fa£n  aeewre  againal 


AND    OF  SPELLING.  »07 


loss,  but  from  the  standpoint  of  the  actuary  it  is  an  "  aaannuioe,'* 
i.e.  an  office  which  "  secures  to  its  clients"  certain  soma  of  mon^ 
tn  proportion  to  annual  payments. 
^'Insure"  is  bad  Latin,  bad  French,  and  bad  English. 

it,  -ant  (Latin  participial  endiDgs),  an  agent:  as  student^ 
informant,  -ant  denotes  a  word  of  the  let  Latin  conj., 
-ent  a  word  of  some  other  conj.,  but  the  rule  is  very 
loosely  followed,  especially  when  we  have  gone  to  the 
French  for  our  Latin.    {See  Rule  xxv.) 

EntaUatnre,  en.tab' .la.tchur  (not  entahUture*    It  is  not  tdbUtt 

a  little  table,  but  Latin  tabula,  contracted  to  taVla),  the 

whole  top  part  of  a  pillar,  including  the  architrave, 

frieze,  and  cornice. 

Latin  tdkbUJMwm,  a  sraffold,  stage,  or  storey ;  en-,  ''to  make,**  hence 
enidblaturtf  that  which  makes  a  stage,  storey,  or  complete  part. 

Entail'  (3  syl.),  lands,  <Src.,  fixed  on  certain  descendants,  to  fix 

lands,  &c.,  on  certain  descendants  [as  the  eldest  son] ; 

entailed'  (2  syl.),  entair-ing,  entail'-ment,  followed  by 

on  or  upovii  but  in  French  by  d. 

French  taiUer ;  Low  Latin  talliatum  [feuduin\  a  fee-tail,  toZKum, 
" a  fee-taU,"  with  cfi-,  " to  make"  [a  fee-tall]. 

Entangle,  en.tdn'.gX  to  ravel;    entangled,   en,tan\g^ld;    en- 

tan'gling,  entan'gler,  entan'gle-ment. 

Norse  tatig^  tangle,  sea-wrack,  called  tang  in  Grerm.,  en-,  "  to  make  ** 
[a  tangle  like  sea-wrack]. 

Enter,  evf,tery  to  come  in.    Inter,  iruter^,  to  bury. 

En'ter,  en'tered  (2  syl.),  en'ter-ing,  en'trance  (2  syl.),  en'try. 
Inter',  interred'  (2  syl.),  interr'-ing,  inter'-ment. 

'*  Enter,"  is  used  both  transitively  and  intransitively :  Thus  we  say 
He  entered  the  fuyuse,  or  entered  into  the  hovM .-  t>nt  when  used 
to  signify  "  engage  in,"  to  be  "  an  ingredient  of,"  it  is  always 
followed  by  into :  as  /  tntered  into  partnership  vMh  ....  ;  lead 
enters  into  the  composition  of  pewter ;  and  when  it  means  to 
*•  begin,"  it  is  followed  by  on ;  aa  /  enter  on  my  tenth  year . . . 

Frendi  entrer,  entree;  Latin  intrdre,  intrans. 

"Inter"  would  be  belter  with  double  -r;  Lat.  in-<erra(in  the  earth). 

Enteritis,  en/tS.'n\tit,  iofiammation  of  the  inti'stines. 

6k.  ent^ra,  the  bowels ;  -itia^  denoting  "inflammation"  [of  the  bowels]. 
Enterprise,  en'. ter. prize,  on  adventure,  an  undertaking ;  en'ter- 
pris-ing  (adj.),  adventurous,  bold ;  en'terprlsing-ly. 

French  entreprise ;  Latin  Uiter  pr^endo  supine  prfhensum,  to  take 
in  hand  with  others  (entre  is  reciprocal  in  composition). 

En'tertain',  to  treat  with  hospitality,  to  amuse;  en'tertained' 

(3  syl.),  en'tertain'-ing,  en'tertain'ing-ly,  en'tertain'er ; 

en'tertoin'-ment,  a  fe^ist,  an  amusement 

Vrench  eniretenir,  entretien,  maintenance,  to  hold  things  together. 

(Our  use  of  this  word  is  widely  apart  from  that  in  France.    No 
Frenchman  would  consider  "  en tretenir"  =  donrter  {'/lospitoiu^,  oi 
ditertir.    The  French  idea  of  "keep*'  conveyed  by  thia  -wox^^a 
not  oompUmentaij,  except  when  applied  to  things.) 


i 


308  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

ISnthral,  enJhrawV,  to  make  cnptive ;  enthralled"  (2  syL),  en- 

thrail'-ing  (Rule  iv ),  enthrall'-er.  enthral'-ment. 

Old  VngUsh  thraXl,  "a  servant,'*  with  en-,  "to  make"  [a  fhraU]. 
'*  iDtliial "  is  nonsense.    The  double  I  should  be  restored. 

Enthrone,  to  invent  with  sovereij^rnty,  to  install ;  enthroned'' 

(2  8yl.)>  enthron'-ing,  enthrone'-ment ;  enthronizatioiL 

(H.  xxxii.).  en\thru.ni.zay**shun,  installation  of  a  bishop. 

Lat  thrdnus;  Oreek  ihr&ndit  {thrdnos,  a  bench,  t.  thradf  to  fit  down)* 
Enihronizo,  to  seat  on  a  throne.    Our  word  is  from  the  Greek. 

JBnthnsiasm,  en,Thu\8i.azm,  zeal,  fanaticism ; 

Epthusiast,  en.rlntM  astt  one  av^dently  devoted  to   some 

object:    enthnsiastic,  en.rhu*.8i,u8"Mk ;   enthusiastical, 

en.rhu' .8i.a8'\ti.kal ;  enthusias'tical-ly. 

Jiatin  enthtLsiatmus,  enthusicuta ;  Greek  enttunuicunidaj  enOum- 
siastSi,  enthousiastikds ;  Fiei<ch  enthousioHme,  enthouncutet  tnihin^- 
nasme  (en  theoa  -aftnos,  the  state  of  being  in  a  god,  i.e.  inspired.) 

Enthymeme,  en'.rh\.mem,  a  syllogism  with  one  of  the  prem'issc^ 

suppressed :  As,  [dependent  creatures  should  be  homble] 

We  are  dependent  creatures,  and   therefore    shoiUd  be 

humble.    The  major  prop,  in  brackets  being  suppressed. 

French  enthymtme;  Lat.  enthymema;  Greek  enthumima  (en  (Avium 
[one  preniissj  in  the  mind  [unly]. 

Entice'  (^^  syl.),  to  allure:  enticed'  (2  syl.);  entic-ing,  en.ticef.ing ; 

enti'cing-ly;  entio-er,  en.tice\er;  entice'-ment  (R.xviii.) 

This  is  a  French  word  which  has  received  with  us  quite  a  new 
meaning.  In  French  it  means  to  incite,  not  to  "  alltire  or  sedaoe.** 
The  word  is  attiser,  to  stir  a  hrt^,  or  rather  to  "  touch  the  burning 
logs  to  make  them  burn  better "  Uison,  a  burning  1  g).  Spanish 
atizar,  to  stir  a  tire  ;  tizon,  smouldering  wood ;  ^sonero,  a  poker. 
Italian  tizzone,  a  firebrMntl.  Our  idea  seems  to  be  derived  from  the 
custom  of  enticing  birds,  &c.,  by  lighted  brands,  i.e.  [to  attract]  to 
the  firebrand,  cU  [toj  or  en  [intol  tiaonf  Lthe  burning  brand]. 

Entire'  {i  syl.).  complete,  unadulterated;  entire'-ly,  entire'-iiMi; 

entire'-ty,  integrity,  entire  state. 
Freni-h  entier;  inUger,  entire  (in  t<igo  or  tango,  not  toudiedX 
Entitle,  en.ti'.t'l,  to  qualify,  to  give  a  title  or  a  right  to  [someone] ; 

entitled,  en.ti'.Vld;  entitling,  en.tV.tling, 

Old  Eni?li8h  titul.  "a  title,"  with  en-,  "to  make  or  give"  [a  title]; 
French  intii\iUr;  (Latin  titOXilLs,  a  title). 

Entity,  plu.  entities,  en'.ii.tlz  (K.  xliv.),  existence,  a  real  being. 

Non-entity,  plu.  nonentities,  what  has  no  real  being,  a  per- 
son of  no  influt^nce  (a  no-one). 

French  entiU ;  Latin  ene,  gen.  vntitf  an  entity  or  real  being. 
Ento-  (Gre«'k  prefix),  within. 

Entozoon,  p'M.  entozoa,  en'-to.zo"-6n,  en'-toJiS^-ah  (nol 
en\to.zoon"),  an  animal  which  lives  within  the  body  of 
otlier  animals,  especially  in  the  intestines;  ^^'■^flimifl^ 
en^-to.zo''-ik,  adj.  (not  m'.to.zoik), 

Oreek  enida  zCon^  an  animal  wl\iitlnVtii«  body  of  other  awimeh]. 


AXD  OF  SPELUKG.  »(» 

Entomology,  en\to.mAV\o.ffy,  treats  of  the  Instorv  nnd  bahits  of 
insects;  entomologist,  en^tomfil'\oJiHt;  entomological, 
en'-to-fno.lqj"'i-kul  /  en'tomolog'ical-ly. 

Greek  enUmon  Ufgdt,  %  discourse  about  insects :  French  tnt&mologit, 
Entomoid,  en\to.moid,  like  an  insect.    (Gk.  entSmdn  eidos.) 
Entomolite,  enAiim' .o.llU^  a  fossil  insect. 

Greek  enHlmOn,  lUhos^  an  insect  [of]  stone,  i.e.  fossilised. 
Entomorphagons,  en* .to.vwr^'.fa.gUs^  insect-eating. 

Greek  eaUfmon  phdgo,  to  devour  insects. 

Entomostradan,  plu,  entomostracana,  en\to,md8'\tra.kon, 
one  of  the  entomoatraca,  pert>iining  to  the... ;  en'.to.mos'^- 
trd.kinz  ;  entomostraca,  en\to.m6»*',tra.kahy  a  sub -class 
of  crustaceans. 

It  will  be  observed  that  th^se  wnrds  beginning  with  ento-  art*  not 
connected  with  the  Greek  prefix  en.to-,  within,  but  with  entdvMyi^ 
an  insect,  which  is  en-femnein,  to  cut  into  LP^rtH],  as  "insect*  is 
in  $€etum  (Latin),  cut  into  Lparts]. 

'Eai0BB0on^en'40JBd'*'dn;  eniozo&f en' -to.zo'*-ah»  {See  above, Unto-.) 

EntzailB  {plu,\  en'.tiulz,  the  intestines.     (Sing,  rarely  used.) 
French  entraiZ^es ;  Low  Latin  enteralia;  Greek  entira.  intestines. 

Eiitra2n''mel,  to  ob^tru'-t,  to  entangle ;   entram'melled  (3  syL), 
entram'mell-ing  (Rule  iii.,  -el),  entrammell-^r. 
(These  words  should  not  have  double  I.) 
Tr.  tramail,  a  drag-net  with  en-,  * '  to  make  "  [the  captive  of  a  drag  net]. 
Entrance,  en'.trance  (noun),  en.trunce'  (verb). 
En'trance,  place  of  entry,  admission. 

Entrance''  bet'er  entranse^  to  ravish  with  dolight;  en- 
tranced' l»etter  entransed'  ('2  syl.),  entranc'-ing  belter 
entrans'-ing,  entranoe'-ment  better  entranse'-ment. 

"Entrance,"  French  entrer:  Latin  intrans,  infrdre,  to  enter 
"Entrause."  If  this  Lb  from  the  French  tvi-nse,  the  meaning  has 
been  quite  i-erverted.  Trannc  means  "  a  p  <nic,*'  not  an  ecstacy  : 
but  probably  it  is  the  Lntin  iraruet},  translitis,  an  ther  form  of 
*'  transport,  which  is  transporto.  {Traruf-Uu^,  past  or  gone  over : 
trana-portus  came'l  "ver  )  The  allusicm  is  t  ■  the  ni«tion  that 
the  spirit  in  a  "tr>aise"is  carried  or  passes  out  of  the  body. 
(See  2  Cor  xa,  2-4.) 

Entiapf't  to  catch  in  a  trnp ;  entrapped'  (2  syl.),  entrapp^ing 
(Rule  lii.),  entrapp'-er. 

Old  English  treppeor  trappe,  " a  snare/' with  en-,  "to  make"  [the 
captive  of  a  snare  J. 

Entreat,  ^nJreef,  to  solicit ;  entreaf-ed  (3  syl.,  Rule  xxxvi.), 
entreat'-ing,  entreat'ing-ly,  entreat'-er. 

Entreafy,  plu,  entreaties.  en.tree\tU  (Rule  x\iv.) 

Ykencfa  as  traiUry  iMin  in  iracto,  to  struggle  for  &omethiD«. 


.T!0  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Entree,  oKn'dray'  (French),  the  right  of  entry,  a  "  Buhsidiary '^ 
dish  of  meat  handed  round  to  the  guests. 

Entremets,  ahn'tr.tnay  (French),  dainty  side-dishes. 

In  French  an  entrSe  is  a  relish  sirred  at  the  ftegrivrntngof  dinner  to 
"whet  the  appetite;"  and  an  entremets  a  reU&h  served  after  the 
main  joints  have  been  removed  {tntre  mets,  a  dl^b  between  [dinner 
and  dessert]).    Our  use  of  these  words  is  very  si  p-shod. 

EntrexK>t  (French)  alCn'tr'jpo^  a  warehouse,  a  storehouse. 

This  is  entre  depdt,  a  half-waj  dfipOt,  lieu  ok  Ton  tmI  en  dip<li  det 

marchandises  (jue  Von  veut  porter  plus  loin. 

Entresol,  ah'n'tr'.sole  (French),  a  room  between  the  ground- 
floor  and  the  premier  itage  [prem'.g.a  a.taij']. 

Sol,  the  groun'1-plot  or  floor ;  enire  sol,  between  the  ground-floor  and 
the  first  floor  or  best  apiurtment. 

Entrench''  (not  intrench),  to  make  a  trench  round  [something]; 

entrenched'  (2  syi.),  entrench'-ing,  entrench'-mentk 

Intren' chant,  not  to  be  cut  cr  wounded. 

This  last  word  shows  that  tntrenc^  Rhonld  mean  "not  out.**  and 
therefore  never  should  have  been  used  for  the  word  entrench  which 
is  tra7u;h4e  (French)  '*  a  tieneh,"  with  en-,  "  to  make^'  [a  trenohl. 

Entropium,  en.tr6p\i.um,  a  turning  inwards  of  the  eyelashes. 

Greek  en  trdpi,  a  turning  inwards. 

Entrust,  to  eonflde  to  another ;  entrust^ -ed,  entrust'-ing. 

Old  English  treoth,  "a  pledge,"  with  en-,  *'  to  make"  [a  pledge). 
To  "  entrust,"  is  to  confide  somethmg  to  another  '*  as  a  pledge." 

Entry,  plu.  entries,  en'.triz  (Rule  xliv.),  a  place  by  which  persons 
enter,  the  right  of  entrance,  registration  in  a  book,  taking 
possession  of  real  property,  a  writ  of  possession. 

Single  Entry,  a  system  of  book-keeping  in  which  the  items 
are  posted  only  once,  generally  under  the  buyer's  name. 

Double  Entry,  a  system  of  book-keeping  in  which  every 
item  is  posted  twice,  once  on  the  Dr.  side  and  once  on 

the  Cr.  side,  under  reverse  conditions. 

French  entree  (by  double  entry,  en  partie  dovible;  hj  single  entry,  em 
partie  simple).    (See  £ntw  and  Entrance  ) 

Entwine,  en.tieine\  to  wreathe ;  entwined'  (2  syl.>,  entwl&'-ing 
(Kale  xix.),  entwin'-er,  entwine'-ment  (better  with  tn-.) 
Old  Ei^;.  tv)in[an],  to  twine  :  in-ivtHne,  to  twine  together, 

EnuGmerate,  e,vu\me.rate,  to  reckon  up  one  hy  one;  enn'me- 

rat-ed  ( R.  xxx  vi. )  ,enu''merat-ui  g,  enn'merat-or  ( R.xxr?iL); 

enumeration,  e.nu\me.ray''Mhun;  enumeratiYei,  -410. 

French  Snum^er,  &num4ration,  6num6rai\f ;  Latin  iTwi'hnilhlfiii, 
enHmirdtor,  enHmgrdre,  supine  enHnUhrdtvm,  to  reckon  up^ 

Enunciate,  e.niin'. state j  to  make  known ;  enun'ciat-ed(R.  xzx'vLX 

enun'ciat-ing ;    enunciation,   cnun^sta^'^hun;    e 

ciat-ive,  e.nun' .sta.tvo ;  enun'dator,  ennn'datory. 
Latin  enwicidiio,  avTopo&ition;  enunciattvus,  enuikdator, 
(enuncio,  to  announce  akoud,  io  ^^adQ«a.\ 


AND  OF  SPELLTNO,  «11 

Enure,  iSfuBre' (better  than  inure)^  to  habituate;  ennred'  (2  syL), 

enur'-ing  (l»ule  xix.) 

Norm.  Fr.  wrt,  "practice,"  with  «n-,  *'to  make  or  effect"  [by  practice]. 

Envelope  {noun)^  en'.ve.lope.    Envelop  {verb\  en.veV.Sp  (R.  IL) 

Envel'op,  envel'oped  (3  svl.).  enverop-ing,  enverop-ment, 

to  cover  witli  a  wrapper,  to  cover  entireiy.    (One  l,  one  ji.) 

En'velope,  a  wrapper  for  letters,  <fec. 

French  envelopper  (with  double  p\  enwloppe,  tnveloppement;  Italian 
vUuppo,  a  bundle  or  packet ;  inviluppare,  to  wrap  up. 

Enven'om,  to  impregnate  with  venom;  enven'omed  (3  syl.), 
enven'om-ing. 
Fr.  envenimer  (1 1);  Lat.  Milium,  with  en-,  "to  infuse"  [poiaonj. 
Enviable,  «n^^'^.a.2l7;  enviova,  en'.vi.us,    (S«e  Envy.) 

Environ,  fn.vWrnn,  to  encompass.  Environs,  en\vi.ronz,  suburbs; 
envi'roned  (3  syl.),  env^ron-ing,  envi'ron-ment. 
French  envtronner^  environs  (plu.),  virtTf  to  torn  round. 
Bn'voy,  plu,  envoys,  en'jvoiz  (Rule  xlv.),  a  state  messenger; 
exi^oy-ship,  the  office  of  envoy  {-ship,  Old  Eng.  office). 

En'vy,  vexntion  at  another's  good,  to  feel  vexed  at  another's 

good,  to  grudge ;  envies,  en'.viz  (Ird  pers.  sing.) ;  envied, 

en'.vid;  en'vi-er,  en'vi-able,  en'viable-iiess,  en'viably; 

envious,  cn'.vl.iis ;  en'vious-ly,  en'vious-ness,  envy-ing. 

French  envie,  envier^  envieux :  Latin  invidia,  invidiosunt  r.  invidio 
(to  see  into  one).     '  Envy"  means  a  looking  too  closely  into  another. 

Emrrap,  en.rap\  to  cover  (and  tie  up  with  stJ-ing  or  cord); 

enwrapped,  en.rapt';  enwrapp-ing,  en.rap'.ing  (Rule  i.) 

Old  English  rdp,  "a  cord,"  with  en-,  "to  fasten "  [with  a  cord].  The 
force  of  en-  is  to  convert  the  nouu  into  a  verb. 

Eocene  [p  riod],  e'.o.seen  (in  GeoL),  the  earliest  of  the  four  ter- 
tiary iieriods,  wliich  consist  of  the  following  divisions: 
FUstocene,  pli.8to.8een.  nearest  the  earth's  surface. 
Greek  j>leistds  kainCa,  the  most  receiit. 
Pliocene,  pli.cseen,  more  recent  than  the  group  below. 
Greek  p2ei^n  kainOs,  more  recent  than  the  "miocene." 
Miocene,  mV.o.8eeny  less  recent  than  the  two  groups  above. 
Greek meiAn  kainos,  less  recent  than  the  "pliocene." 
Eocene,  ^.o.8een^  the  dawn  of  modern  [ti  i  es]. 
Greek  ids  kainos^  recent  dawn ;  i.e.,  the  dawn  of  modern  times. 
Eolian,  S.r/.li.an  (ought  to  be  e.dV.Lan),  pertaining  to  iEoIns 
{E'.d.ltL8)y  god  ot  the  winds  ;   wSlolic,  e.oV.ik  (not  e.d\llk)j 
pei-tMining  to  .Slolia  (E.oV.i.ah),  in  Greece. 

Eolipile,  e.oVXpVe,  an  hydraulic  instrument. 

Latin  ^oH  pVa,  the  ball  of  >^lus.    Its  object  is  to  exhibit  the  con- 
vertibility of  water  into  steam. 

(Fr.  termination  of  nounsj,  an  instrument:  aa  truucHcotv. 


312  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

E'on  (in  Platonic  philosophy),  an  attribute.  The  Platonists 
taught  that  Deity  is  an  assemblage  of  eons  (attributes); 
the  Gnostics  taught  that  eons  are  corporeal  '*  out-comes" 
of  deity,  fellow. workers  in  creation.    (Greek  ai6n.) 

Ep-,  for  epi'  (Greek  prefix  before  a  vowel),  on,  upon,  during. 

Bpact,  e\pakty  the  excess  of  the  solar  over  the  lunar  year.    The 
annual  excess  is  nenrly  eleven  days. 
Greek  gpoMOs,  adventitious  {epi  agd,  to  bring  upon  or  add). 

Epaulet,  ep\tiw.lett  a  badge  worn  on  the  shoulder;  ep^'anleti-ed 

(Ride  iii.,  -t),  furnished  with  epaulets. 
French  Epaulette  (Spaule,  Latin  acdpiUa,  the  ibonlders). 
Epergne,  t.pem\  an  ornninental  dish  for  the  centre  of  a  dinner 

table,  generally  elevated  and  furnished  with  branches. 

This  is  an  example  of  a  French  word  used  by  ns  in  a  sense  Quite 
foreign  to  its  French  meaning.  What  we  call  an  " epergne,  the 
French  call  a  snrUmi ;  what  we  call  a  "  surtout"  they  call  a  par- 
desstis.    The  word  should  be  spelt  epargne. 

French  ^pargne^  parsimony,  a  treasury.  Our  epei^e  is  a  little 
"treasury"  of  sweetmeats,  fruits,  and  flowers.  Caisse  d'6pargn€f  a 
savings  bank  whei  e  very  small  deposits  are  taken.   (Cierm.  •parwn.) 

Eph-  (Greek  prefix  epi-),  before  an  aspirate. 

Ephemera  (plu,),  effem'.e.rah,  a  fever,  insect,  <fec.,  lasting  only 
a  single  day;  ephemeral,  effem\e,rul,  evanescent. 
Ejphemeris,  plu,  ephemerides,  effem^e.ris,  ef\e.mer^'ry.dees, 
an  alman.ic  of  the  daily  pf)sitions  of  a  heavenly  body:  as 
the  ephemerU  of  the  sun,  &c. ;  ephemerist,  effefii',e,ri8t, 
one  who  studies  the  daily  motions  of  the  pLinets  by 
means  of  an  ephemeris.     {-phe-  long  in  the  Greek.) 

Greek  ipMinSrin,  ^phimeria,  plu.  ifphimeridfy :  Latin  ephimiria 
ephStiieron,  plu.  ipfieraera;  French  dph4mh'e,  ipMnUridu. 

Ephesian,  Effe\zh%,an,  periaining  to  Ephesus  {Ef'fe.8tu), 

Ephod,  if.od,  a  frarment  worn  by  the  Jewish  priesthood. 

Epi-  (Greek  prefix),  on,  upon,  during,  consequent  on. 

Ep-  before  a  vowel :  as  epact  {ep  agd). 

Eph-  before  nn  aspiiate :  as  ephemera  (eph  hSmera)* 

Epi-  before  a  consonant :  as  epiderm  (epi  derma). 

Epic  [poem],  a  narrative  in  h'-roio  verse :  as  Homer's  Hiad  and 
Odysaey  ((ireek),  Vir<j:ir8  ^»etd (Latin),  Tasso's c^ertttolem 
Delivered  and  Dante's  Divina  Comedia  (Italian),  Camden's 
Liwiad  (l*or'Ugiiese).  and  Milton's  Paradtttf  Tsoat, 
Latin  eptctts  ;  Greek  eplkOa ;  French  ipique  (Greek  ^pdis,  a  woidX 
Epioarp,  ep'.i.karp,  the  outer  skin  of  fruits; 

Sarcocarp,  saf'.ko.karp.  the  fieshy  or  edible  part  of  fimits* 
En'docarp,  tlie  stone  or  kernel  of  fniits. 

Greek  epi  karpo^,  upon  the  fiuit;  sarkd  karpoi,  fleshy  fruit;  eiido 
karpoH,  inside  the  iT\dt. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  813 

Epicene,  ep'Ajtten  (in  Gram,),  common  to  both  sexes. 

Latin  epicoBnua^  of  both  genders ;  Greek  epi  hoindt,  in  common. 

Epieiiie,  ep'.i,kure,  a  man  addicted  to  the  plensnres  of  the 
table;  epicurean,  ep\i.ku.ree'\an  (not  ep'.i.fcfi".r^^n), a Ij. 

Epicoiism,  ep\i.ku'\rizm,  the  habits  of  an  epicure ; 

Epicureanism,  ep',i.ku.rei".an.izm,  the  tenets  of  Epicurus. 

Epicorize  (B.  xxxii.)*  ep'd.ku.rize,  to  live  like  an  epicure ; 
eplcnrized  (4  syl),  eplcurlz-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Latin  Epicurus ;  Greek  EpVc&aron,  a  Greek  philosopher  who  tanght 
tliat  '*  happinesd  is  ihe  end  an  l  aim  of  life/'  but  "  happiness  "  has 
been  perverted  into  the  pleasures  of  the  table. 

Eplcyde,  ep.U8%\k%  a  little  circle  whose  centre  is  on  the  circum- 
ference of  a  greater  circle. 

Epicycloid,  ep'AMk^\loid,  a  curve  described  by  the  movement 
of  the  circumference  of  one  cirrle  on  the  circumference  of 
another;  epicydoid-al,  ep*.i.8i.kloid"-ul  (ad}.) 

Oxeek  epi  kuklda,  upon  [another]  circle;  "epicycloid"  is  epieyeU 
ddas,  resembling  an  epicycle. 

Epidemic.    Endemic.    Contagiotuk 

Epidemic,  ep'.i,dem'\ik,  a  temporary  disease  attncldng  many 
persons  at  the  same  time  (Gk.  epi  dimos,  upon  the  people) ; 
epidemical,  ep' .Ldem" .i.kCil ;  epidemlcal-ly. 

Eipidemology,^'-t-(f«.n7f!^!"-f!^.j7/,  a  medical  treatise  on  the  sub- 
ject of  epidemics ;  epidemological,  ep'-i.dM-o.lqj^'-i-kul, 

%  Epdemic  disease,  a  disease  of  a  temporary  character  not 
limited  to  one  locality. 

Endemic  disease,  a  temporary  disease  limited  to  a  locality. 

Contagious  disease,  a  disease  communicated  by  contact. 

An  epidemic  is  diffused  by  disease  spores  (1  syl.)  in  the  air. 

Greek  gpidSmd*,  popular,  general,  diffused  throughout  the  nation. 
An  endemic  is  due  to  bad  drainnge,  or  other  local  conditions. 

Greek  endimos,  at  home,  lucal,  limited  to  one  spot 
A  contagion  is  communicated,  like  the  plague,  by  contact. 

Iifttin  oontdffio  {eon  taQo,  Le.  tango,  to  touch  together). 

I^demdc    Endermic,  ep\i.der'\m\ky  en\dei^\mXk, 

Epidermic  {adj,\  pertainin«,'  to  the  outer  skin  or  ciitiole. 

Endermic  {adj.)t  something  put  on  the  skin  to  be  absorbed 
by  it.    (Greek  en  derma,  [put]  on  the  skin.) 

Epidermal,  ep'.i.der^'.mul,  sanie  as  epidermic. 

Epiderm  or  epidermis,  ep\i.derm  or  ep\i,def' .mlSt  the  scsxf , 

the  cuticle  {ku'.ti.k'l)  or  outer  skin  of  the  body. 
Gk.  epi  derma,  [the  skioj  upon  the  akin ;  Fr.  <pidermique,  ^pidertiva. 


nU  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Epig^tric,  pertaining  to  the  upper  part  of  the  abdo'meo. 

Epigastrium,  ep\Lga8'\tn.um,  popularly  called  **  the  pit  of 
the  stomach."    (No  connection  with  the  word  gaa.) 

Gk.  epi  gastir,  upon  or  above  the  paunch ;  Fr.  4piga8tr$,  ipigcuMqiu, 

Epigee,  ep'ujet  same  as  Perigee  (q.v,) 

EpigenesiB,  ep\i.j^",e^U,    Evolution,  e',voM*\8hun, 

Evolution  is  that  theory  of  generation  whirh  considers  the 
germ  to  pre-exist  in  the  parent,  or  "  Whose  seed  is  in 
itself"  {Gen,  i.  11,  12),  and  this  germ  being  "  evolved  ** 
becomes  an  offspring. 

Epigenesis,  the  theory  which  considers  that  the  germ  does 
not  pre-exist,  that  "the  seed  is  not  in  the  parent  stock,'* 
but  is  produceiJ.  Thus,  in  a  flower,  according  to  this 
theory,  the  '•  embryo "  does  not  pre-exist  in  the  parent 
flower,  but  is  generated  as  well  as  evolved  by  the  fecun- 
dating organs  of  the  plants. 
Gk.  epi  genesis,  [the  germ]  bom  after  [the  parent  stock  had  ozlatence]. 

Epiglottis,  ep'.i.glot^'.tis,  the  valve  which  covers  the  orifice  of 
the  windpipe  when  food  or  drink  is  swallowed ;  epiglottic. 
(The  "-0."  is  long  in  tJie  Greek  glGttis.) 
Greek  epi  gldttix,  on  Lthe  root  of]  the  tongue ;  French  ipigHotU. 

Epigone,  e.pig\d.ne  (in  Bat,),  the  cellular  layer  which,  in  mosses, 
covers  the  young  seed-case.  Epigoni,  e.pig.fi.ni^  the  seven 
sons  of  seven  Grecian  chief-^,  who  conducted,  without 
success,  the  first  mythical  war  against  Thebes. 

"Epigone,"  Greek  epi  g6n4,  upon  the  seed  [case]. 
"Epigoni,"  Greek  epi-gdnoi,  off.>^pring. 

Epigram,  ei/.i.gram,  a  single  idea  in  verse  so  contrived  $8  to 
surprise  the  reader  with  a  witticism  or  ingenious  turn  of 
thought;  epigrammatic,  ep\i,grom.mut" .ie  (douUe  »), 
of  the  nature  of  mh  epigram :  epigrammatical  (doable  mX 
ep\i.grdm.mdf\i.kal ;  epigrammat  ical-ly. 

Epigrammatist,  ep\i.grum*\ma,tist,  a  writer  of  epigrams. 

Gk.  epigrammaifipi  grapho,  [an  inscription]  written  upon  [somatbinfDl 
"  In-scrlption  "  (Latin  in  seribo)  and  "epi-gram"  (Greek  epiffra^bt) 
both  mean  •'written-on"  [something]. 

Epigraph,  ep'.i.grdf,  an  inscription  on  a  building,  a  eitation 

hendiiig  a  chapter,  a  motto  on  the  title-page  of  a  book. 

Greek  epi  graphd,  written  upon  [the  building,  chapter,  fto.] 

Epilepsy,  ep'.i.lep.sy,  the  '* falling-sickness";  epileptic,  ep'.iXfy"^' 
tik,  afi'e  cted  with  epilepsy ;  epilep'tical  {-U-  long  in  Gk.) 
Greek  epilepsia,  epiliptikds  {epi  tombdni),  to  siexe  on  [<»ia]). 

JE|{>iIogue,  ep',iX6g^  an  address  in  prose  or  verse  made  to  the 
audience  at  the  clo^e  o^  &  Oirania. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  815 


Ftelo£^e,  pro\l6g,  an  address  in  prose  or  verse  preceding  a 
poem  or  drama. 

The  Tile  endirnr  of  these  words  shows  we  btve  taken  them  from  the 
French.    The  -ue  is  quite  un-English  and  wtirse  than  useless. 

Vtench  epilogue  and  prologue;  Greek  epi^^  and  prdldgds;  Latin 
epiUigue  and  prdldgua, 

Epi^iany,  e.pif.a.ny,  a  church  festival  held  on  the  ftth  Jann- 
ary,  to  commemorate  the  visit  of  the  "wise  men  from  the 
East"  to  the  child  Jesns. 

Greek  epiphdnia,  the  mnnirestation  [of  Christ  to  the  Gentiles] ;  epi 
phain6,  to  show  oneself,  to  present  oneself  to  others. 

I^phyte,  ep\i,fitey  a  pnrasitic  plant;    epiphytic,  ep.i.fXtWk 
(a4j.)    A  parasitic  animal  is  an  epizoon,  ep\i.zo''u)n. 
Greek  epi  phuUinf  [a  plant  growing]  on  a  plant. 

^pjfloopacy,  e.pW.k^.p'i.syy  church  government  by  bishops,  the 
order  of  bishops  in  a  country ;  episcopal,  e.pW.kd.pal, 
pertaining  to  bishops ;  epis^copaJ-ly;  episcopalian,  «.2){«^- 
ko.pay'\lLanf  a  member  of  the  episcopal  church  of 
EngLind;  episcopalianism,  e.pi8\ko.pay''.li.an.izm,  the 
iqrstem  of  church  government  by  bishops ;  episcopate, 
e.pis'.ko.patet  the  office,  order,  or  rank  of  bishop. 

6k.  ipiskdpds.  " Episkopos,"  Gk.  epi  fikdp^o;  "Inspector,"  L*t.  in 
spCcfo;  aud  *' Overseer,"  Eng.  over  see,  are  about  equal  in  meaning. 

Epiflode,  ep\i.8ode,  a  digressive  narrative  interwoven  into  the 

main  narrative  of  an  epic  poem,  &c. ;  episodic,  ep'.i.8od'\ik, 

of  the  nature  of  nn  episode;  episodical,  ep\i.8od".i.kdl; 

einsodical-Iy.    (Has  no  connection  with  ode.) 

Greek  epeisddldn,  an  adventitious  part  of  a  narrative  poem  (epi 
ei$-dd08\  The  entrances  or  the  chorus  in  the  ancif^nt  Greek  dramas 
were  caMed  eisodoi  (th«*  roads  in),  the  ep-eisode  is  the  >  art  between 
these  eisodoi,  hence  called  epi-eisddoi,  or  intervening  matter. 

Epigfle,   e.pX8'%    a   letter ;    epistolary,    e.pls'Jfi  Id  ry    (adj.) ; 
epistolographer,  e.pi8\to.log" .r a. fer ;   epistolog'raphy. 
Greek  epistoU ;  Latin  epistdia,  epistdldris ;  French  ipiatolographe. 
^taph,  ep'A.tuf^  a  monumental  inscription ;  epitaph'-ist. 

6k.  tpHaphXHn;  Lat.  epM&phiuin  {epi  taj^Ufs,  [written]  on  a  tomb), 
lipithalaminin,  ep'.i.Tha.lumf'.i.um,  a  bridal  song. 

6reek  ^ithdldmium  {epi  thdldmidn,  [a  song]  on  the  bridal  subjectX 
^thet,  ep'.i.TMtf  an  elucidative  word ;  epithet'-ic. 

Greek  epitMtda  {epi  titMmi,  [a  word]  added  to  [another]). 
Spitome,  e.pltf,o,ine,  an  abridgment,  a  summary. 

Epitomise,  e.pitf.o.mUe;  epit'omised  (4  syl.),  epit'omiS-ing 
(Rule  xix.).  epit'omls-er,  epit'omist. 
Greek  ipitdmS  (epi  Umnd,  to  cut  into,  to  gash) ;  Latin  epitdms. 
^tooon,  ep'.i,zo'\on  (not  ep.i.zoon'),  a  pamsitic  animal;  epizoo^t, 
ep\ijzo,8tf\lk.  A  parusidc  plant  is  an  epiphyte,  ep'.i.Jit*- 


816  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Entozoon,  en\to.zd' .on,  an  animal  which  lives  inside  another. 

Greek  epi  z66n,  [an  animal  living]  upon  [another]  animaL 
(Every  word  beginning  with  epi-  isjrom  the  Greek.) 

Epoch.    Era.    Age ;  e'.pbk,  e\rah,  age  (1  syl.) 

An  epoch  is  not  continuous,  but  is  simply  that  point  of  time 
marked  by  some  important  event,  from  which  fature 
years  are  counted. 

An  era  is  continuous.  It  starts  from  some  epoch,  and  con- 
tinues till  a  new  epoch  introduces  a  new  era. 

An  age  is  a  ppriod  of  time  distinguished  by  some  charac- 
teristic, but  not  ushered  in  by  any  epoch  or  striking  event: 

Thus  the  birth  of  Christ  was  the  epoch  from  which  the 
Chrisiiiin  era  began* 

The  present  peri-d  is  the  "  age  of  coaL"  We  have  had  the 
golden  age,  silver  age,  iron  age,  and  age  of  bronze. 

Greek  epdcJii  (ep'e\)i}ecJid,  to  hoM  back,  to  n^op,  to  pause,  because  the 
preceding  era  "stO|  s"  at  tho  new  epoch,  from  whicli  a  new  eia 
he^Sj;  lAtia  epdcha;  F tench  ipoque. 

Epode,  ep'.dde,  the  third  and  last  p.irt  of  an  ode;  ei>odic,  ep.od'.ik, 
Greek  ep6d^  {epi  add,  i.e.  aeidd,  to  sing  an  addition  song). 

Eponym,  ep'.o.nlm,  a  race  or  tribe  name  from  some  founder. 

Anonym,  an'-o.nlm,  one  without  a  name. 

Pseudonym,  su'-do.nlm,  a  lalse  or  assumed  name. 

Synonym,  shi^o.nim,  a  word  of  the  same  meaning  as  another. 

(We  have  followed  the  Latin  forms  in  ih^se  words,  but  it  would  be  httrd 
to  say  why  Ontlnia  vhu  preferred  to  the  more  regular  dnOma.^ 

"Eponym"  is  no  Latin  word,  but  is  formed  on  the  Latin  tiype. 
Greek  ep  fepi]  dnfuna  for  dudina,  fr»»m  [a  man's]  name. 


((I 


'Anonym,"  Lat  an&nymus ;  (ik.  an  [NnenldnAma,  wit  hont  a 

'Pseuilonym,"  L&t.  pseu  idnymv^ ;  Gk  pstmdis  dnilma,  false  nvint. 
'Synonym,"  Greek  nun  CiiHiim  {another  name]  wi^h  your  ownnaoM. 

Epsilon,  ep.ai'  VHn  (not  ep'.s\.lon),  the  Greek  short  e  (e). 
Greek  ps'dCs,  naked,  bare ;  v.  pslldd,  to  rub  quite  bare. 

Epaom  Salt  (not  Epaom  saltn),  sulphate  of  magnesia,  origiwHy 
obtiined  by  evaporntion  from  certain  springs  in  Epeom 
(Surrey).    The  manulai-iureJ  tirtii^le  is  caile«l  Epaomite. 

(-ite,  in  chemistry,  denote  a  salt  formed  from  an  add  with  anllfl- 
able  ba-e.    Epsomite  has  magnesia  for  its  base.) 

Equable,  ^'.wci.VU  even,  uniform ;  eq'oable-ness,  eq'uably 
\jadv.) ;  equability,  ek.wuMVW.ty, 

Equal  {noun  nnd  verb),  e'.kwiil ;  e'qnalled  (8  syL,  Role  iii., 
-al),  e'quall'ing,  e'qual-ly  {adv.),  equal-i 


Equal-ise,  e.kwulize  (Rule  xxxi.);    e'qual-lMd  (8  fl^L), 
e'qualis-ing;   equalisation,  e\kwul.\j:ay** jshun. 


AND  OF  SPELUmi,  «17 

Equality,  plu.  eqnalities,  e.kw}!)V.l,Viz  (Rule  xliv.) 

("  Equalled  "  and  '•  equjiUIng  "  ought  to  have  only  one  "  L") 
Latin  aqualiSt  aqwUltas,  ceqvdbflia,  aquaWitcut,  r.  asqudrt, 
Eqiianimity,  el',kwd.nlm'\i.ty,  steadiness  of  temper. 
Latin  cegudnfmYioA  {aquua  anfmiM,  evenness  of  mind). 

Equation,  e.kwd'^hun,  an  algebraic  process  for  discovering  an 
unknown  quantity.  Take  this  very  simple  example  :  If 
10  lbs,  of  sugar  cost  5«.,  what  is  that  per  pound  f 

Iiet  X  represent  a  pound  of  sugar  Then  by  the  terms  given  lOx  =  6s. , 
or  60d.  That  is  the  equation,  and  z  the  unknown  quantity  whose 
value  is  to  be  discovered.  i>ivide  both  sides  by  10,  and  we  get 
10T-10»  =  60d.T-10,  0Tz  =  6d.—Ans. 

Equate,  e.kwdte',  to  reduce  to  an  equation;  equaled (Eule 

xxxvi.),  equat'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
French  iquation;  Latin  c^fwUio  (cequua,  equal). 

Equator,  e,kwd\tor,  the  great  circle  which  hypothetically  divides 
tlje  glnbe  into  two  hemispheres,  one  N.  and  the  other  S.; 
equatorial,  e'.kwdM'/r^'riMl:  eqnato'rial-ly. 
French  iquateur,  iquaiorial;  Latin  aqu&tor  {ctquua^  equal). 

Equerry,  an  officer  in  a  piince's  household,  who  has  charge  of 
the  horses.    (L^ouble  r  a  blunder.) 

(This  is  a  disgraceful  word,  being  in  the  first  place  a  perversion  of  the 
French  icurie,  a  stable :  and  next  a  blunder  for  ecuyer,  the  gentle- 
man master  of  the  royal  stables.)    Latin  equut^  a  hurse. 

Equestrian,  e.kw^'.tri.an^  a  horseman. 

Lat.  equestris,  pertaining  to  a  horse ;  Fr.  Squestre.  Our  word  is  ill- 
chosen,  because  equestria  (Lat )  means  the  benches  in  the  theatre 
appropriated  to  the  knights,  and  equestrian  should  be  its  adj. 

Equi-,  e'.kwi-  (Latin  aquU),  equal. 

fBvsry  word,  except  equip  and  its  derivatives,  beginning  with  equi-,  is 
from  the  Latin,  or  Jiaa  been  formed  of  Latin  elements,  j 

Equiangular,  e' .hwi.dn'\gu.lart  having  equal  angles. 

Latin  cequi-anguldris  {ceqmu  angilltis) ;  French  dquiangls. 
Equidistant,  €^.kwi.dis".tant^  at  equal  distances. 

Latin  oequi-distans  {ex  cequo  distans) ;  French  Equidistant. 

Equilateral,  e'.kwi.ldt'*.e.ralt  having  equal  sides. 

Lat.  cequi-ldt^dlis  (aquus  Idtus,  gen.  Idti^ris);  French  iquUatiral. 
Equilibrium,  e' .kwi.lW .ri.um,  equal  balance. 

Ijatin  oequirliJbrium  {aquus  libra,  a  balance) ;  French  iquil'ibre. 

Equimultiple,  e^ .kwi.muV .ti.pX  an  equal  multiple,  a  number 
multiplied  by  the  same  multiplier  as  another. 

This  word  exists  neither  in  Latin  nor  French.  It  is  compounded  of 
eequir  and  -multiple  (French).    Latin  muUlpHco,  to  multiply. 

Equine,  ^k\wine,  pertaining  to  the  horse.     EquidsB,  ^.wi.dee, 
the  horse  tribe.    (Latin  equlnus ;  ^qtiuSySk  horse.) 


31S  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Equinox,  e'.hwl.noXy  the  time  when  a  solar  day  has  the  sun 
twelve  hours  above  the  horizon,  and  twelve  hours  below 
(March  21st  and  September  23rd). 

Equinoctial,  e'.kwLndk'^sJuil,  occurring  at  the  time  of  the 
equinoxes,  pertaining  to  tJie  equinoxes ;  equinocTtial-ly. 
Latin  cequi-noctium,  cequi-noctidlis ;  French  iquinozet  iquinoaAiU. 

Equi^,  ckwlp',  to  fit  out  with  all  that  is  required ;  equipped'  (2 
syl.),  equipp'-ing  (Rule  iv.  "  Qu  **  =  kw,  is  treated  as  a 
consonant);  equip'-ment ;  equipage,  e/c^u7^.j)a^«. 

Fr.  iquiper,  iquipage,  iquipement  (tsqaif^  a  boat  or  nkiff).  It  origin- 
ally meant  a  ship  furnished  with  its  coouplement  of  boats.  Boqui^oft. 

Equipoise,  e'.kwl.poize\  equilibrium,  equality  of  weight. 

This  word  exists  neither  in  Latin  nor  French.  It  is  compounded  of 
vequi-  and  pondus.  French  poids  (weights).  "Avoirdupoise** 
shows  the  same  word,  poise  for  poid*. 

Equiponderant,  e'.kwi.pHn'^de.rant,  being  of  the  same  weight; 
oquipoaderance,  4i\kwi.pon'\de.rance,  equipoJQO. 

French  iquixxmdArafd^  ^qvipond4rance ;  Latin  CBqui  pondirU,  ▼. 
pondgrd/re^  to  weigh  [equally]. 

Equisetacess,  ek'.wi-se.tay'^-se-e,  the  horse-tfiil  and  other  plantB 
of  the  same  order ;  equisetum,  ek'.wij{ee".t7im^  a  single 
.  specimen  of  the  order ;  plu.  equise'ta  or  equise'tuiiiB. 

Equisetite,  ek' .wtsee^'.tite,  a  fossil  equisetum. 

Latin  equlsitum  and  eguisStis  'eq;id  sSta,  horse's  bristle).  In  BoU, 
-aceee  denotes  an  order  of  plants.     In  GeoL,  -He  denotes  a  fossil. 

Equitahle,  ik\wl.td.b'l,  just,  fair ;  eq'uitable-uesg,  eq'^uitably. 

Equity^,  e/t'.wl.ty,  justice  even  if  not  in  conformity  with  the 
rigid  letter  of  law ;  Court  of  equity,  plu.  Courts  of  equity, 
courts  in  which  justice  is  administered  according  to  jire- 
vious  judgments,  with  discretionary  power  in  the  judge. 

Latin  <eguUas  (oequus,  equal) ;  French  ^quitable^  iqaiii. 
Equivalent,    e.kioiv\a.lent,    equal    in    vnlue,    compensation; 
equiv'alent-ly,  equiv'alence,  equiv'alency,  plu,  -lenefes. 

Lat.  cequivdlentia,  cequivdlens,  gen.  iEquivdlerUis ;  Fr.  i^ivalenL 

Equivocal,    e.kw\v'.o.kiil,    doubtful,    beaiing    two    meaniugB; 
equiv'ocal-ness,  equiv'ocal-ly. 

Equivocate,  e.kwiv'.d.kate,  to  quibble ;    equiv'ocat-ad  (EL 

xxxvi.),  equiv'ocat-ing  (R  xix.),  equiv^ocat-or(R.xxxni); 

equivocatory,  e.kwlv'.o.kd.Vi-y ;    equivoque,  i[k^AiA.vohe, 

a  quibble ;  equivocation,  e.kwiv'.o.kai/^shun, 

Latin  aquivdcus,  (equtvdcdtio,  cemiivdcdtor  {ague  tdeo,  to  call  ttro 
things  equally  [by  one  namel);  French  Equivoque, 

-or  (termination  of  verbal  nouns)  means  an  agent,  a  doer:  as 
ruler;  (added  to  nouns)  and  meaning  an  agent,  it  is  aomiv 
times  -uter :  aa  maU>8ter ;  padded  to  names  of  places)  it 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  819 


means  an  inhabitant  of  that  plnce:  MLondon-er;  (after 
t-  and  $')  the  termination  of  verbal  nouns  from  the  Latin 
is  generally  -or:  as  act -or ,  spons-or, 

-6r,  the  comparative  affix  (Ang.-Sax.  <er,  before,  superior) :  as 
grtat-er,    {The  superlative  affix  is  -est.) 

This  comparative  is  used  with  almost  all  monosyllables 
capable  of  compnrison :  as  full,  full-er. 

With  most  dissyllabic  adjectives  accented  on  the  final  syl. : 
as  genteel',  genteeVer, 

With  adjectives  of  two  syllables  in  which  the  last  syllable 
is  elided :  as  able,  dbUer. 

With  many  adjectives  of  two  syllables  ending  in  -y, 

^  If  an  adjective  corner  under  Kule  i.,  the  final  consonant  is 
doubled :  as  red,  redd-er. 

If  it  comes  under  Rule  xi,  the  -y  is  changed  to  -<:    as 
happy,  happi-er. 

If  it  comes  under  Hule  xix.,  the  final  -e  is  dropped :    as 
polite,  polit-er. 

Bia,  e|KX^  age;  ^.rah,  e\p5k,  age  (1  syl.) 

Era,  a  succession  of  years  dating  from  some  important  eyent. 

l^poch,  an  important  event  from  which  an  era  begins. 

Age,  a  period  of  time  characterised  by  some  leading  feature. 

The  birth  of  Christ  was  an  epoch,  from  which  the  Christian 
era  begins. 

The  irofi  age  is  a  period  of  history  characterised  by  inces-^ 

sant  wars. 
Latin  <tra,  epocha;  French  ^e,  4poque,  age  (Latin  cgtas), 

Vindicate,  e.rad'.i.kate,  to  root  out;  erad'icat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
erad'icat-ing,  erad'icat-or  (Rule  xxxvii.);  eradicahle, 
e.rud\i.ka.b'l;  erad'icable-ness,  erad'icably;  eradication, 
e.rad' .i.kay" .shun ;  eradicative,  e.rud.i.ku.tiv, 

Latin  trddicdre^  supine  erddicdtum  (e  radix,  [pulled  up]  from  the 
roots) ;  French  Eradication. 

^i**,  e.race'y  to  scratch  out ;  erased'  (2  syl.).  eras'-ing  (R.  xix.) ; 
eras'-er;  erasure,  e.ray\zhur;  erasable,  e.ray'.8a.Vl  (Rule 
xxiii.) ;  erase'-ment,  effacement. 
Latin  tradSre,  supine  trdsua;  French  raaer,  to  shave. 

"••air;  e'er,  air;  ear,  cV;   air;    are,  r;    heir,  atr;    here, 
he'r;  hear,  JieW;  hair;  hare  (1  syl.) 

Ere,  atr,  before  in  time,  sooner.    (Old  English  <^.) 

B*er,  contraction  of  ever.    (Old  English  afer.) 

Eur,  2'r,  organ  of  hearing.     (Old  English  edr.) 


320  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Air,  atmosphere.    (Latin  aer,) 

Are  —  r  (Norse  plural  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  heS), 

Heir,  atr,  the  next  male  successor.    (Latin  hare»») 

Here,  Mr,  in  this  place.    (Old  English  h6r^ 

Hear,  /teV,  to  apprehend  with  the  **  ear."    (Old  Eng.  hir\an\) 

Hair  of  the  head.    (Old  English  lubr,) 

Hare  (1  syl.),  a  quadruped  so  called.    (Old  English  Aomo.) 

Erect,  e.rekf,  upright,  to  raise,  to  build,  to  set  up ;  erect'-ed 
(R.  xxxvi.),  erecf-ing,  erecf -nesa,  erect'-ly,  erecf-aUe 
(R.  xxiii.) ;  erectile,  e.rektWl,  that  which  may  be  erected. 

Erect'-er,  one  who  erects ;  erecf-or,  a  muscle  which  erects. 

Erection,  esiW^lmUy  an  upraising,  a  building,  &c. 

French  irection^  irecteur  (mu<>cle) :  Latin  trectiOt  ereeiar,  enetuif  r. 
erlgire,  supine  erectum  (e  rego,  to  guide  forth). 

-erel  (diminutive) :  as  cock,  cockerel^  a  little  chanticleer. 

Eremite,  er^re.mite,  a  hermit.    (The  -re-  is  long  in  Greek.) 

Gk.  erimlUs  (jerimia,  a  desert).  "  Hermit"  is  a  perversion  of  wremiii, 
Erin,  er'ririt  Ireland.  (Keltic  Eri  or  lar  and  innis,  Western  iaUuMl.) 
Erisa,  e.rV^ah,  a  flower. 

Greek  ereiko,  to  break.    Supposed  to  break  the  stona  in  the  Wiwfi^fr 

Ermine,  er^.mln,  one  of  the  weasel  kind,  a  fur;  ermined  (9  bjL) 
French  hermine,  Le.  d'Arminie,  the  animal  from  Armenia. 

Erode,  erode', to  gnaw  away;  erod'-ed,  erod'-ing;  erod'-ent. 

Erosive,  e.ro'.8iv;  erosion,  e.ro\zhun, 

French  irosion;    Latin  erodena,  gen.  erddentis,  r.  erSdint  ev^nt 
(e  rodo,  to  gnaw  off  or  out). 

Erotic,  e.rot'.tkt  pertaining  to  love :  as  erotic  poetry,  love  songj. 

French  irotique;  Greek  erdtlkds  (poetry  of  ir6s,  love,  o  long). 

Erpetology  better  herpet^logy,  Jier^.peAdV'.dgy,  that  part  of 

natural  science  which   treats  of  reptiles;   erpetologiBt 

better  herpetolog^t,  her\pe.tol'\o.gut. 

Cpxe  erroneous  spelling,  as  usual,  is  from  the  French.) 
French  erpHohgle ;  Greek  herpitCn,  a  reptile  {herpd,  to  creep),  witk 
logos,  a  diacourse  on  [reptilesj ;  -ist^  Gr«ek  -ist^a,  one  who. 

Err,  to  wander,  to  be  in  error.    (One  of  the    14  monosyUablet 

[not  in  /,  I,  or  a]  which  double  the  final  letter:   as  add, 

odd;  burr,  err;  bitt,butt;  ebb,  egg;  buzz  and  whiztfTLiiL) 

Err,  erred  (1  syl.),  err'-ing,  err'ing-ly,  err'-er,  one  who  ens; 

Error,  er\ror,  a  mistake;   erroneous,  er.rS'Mi.tu;  em*' 
neous-ly,  erro'neous-ness ;  err'or-ist. 

Errand,  ^.rand,  a  message ;  errand-boy,  a  boy  messenger. 
Errant,  ^.rant,  wandeiiug;  errantry,  Sr^.ran,trj, 


jiND   OF  SPELLING,  321 

£mtio,  ^.rai^Xky  having  no  fixed  orbit;  enatical,  irsHt,' 
i.kal  (not  e.ratf.i.kal) ;  errat'ical-ly. 

Enaf  ic,  phi,  erraf  ics  or  erratic  blocks  (in  GeoL\  boulders. 

Enatnm,  plu,  errata,  er.ray\tah,  a  printer's  error. 

Fr.  emr^  errani,  errante,  errantry^  enxUwn,  and  enxUa  :  Lai  erraiw, 
gen.  errantis,  errantia,  erratum,  and  errata,  errdre,  to  wander. 

Ene  (1  syL)  same  as  Cktelic  (gay\lik\  native  Irish  and  Highland 
Scotch.     {Ene,  a  contraction  of  ErinUh,  Irish,) 

Ent,  first  (super,  of  ere^  Aug.- Sax.  dr,  drra  (comp.),  4tre8t  (sup.) 

Bmdite,  ^ru.dite,  learned  ;  er'udite-ly;  erudition,  -dUh^'.un. 

French  irudii,  Erudition;  Latin  erOdUio,  er&dlre,  sup.  eruditum 
(e  [ex]  rudU  docttLs,  [to  convert]  from  ignorance  to  leandng). 

Emglnoas,  e.ru'.ji.nu8,  resembling  the  rust  of  brass  or  copper. 

Frendi  4rugineux;  Latin  cerugo,  rust  of  brass,  CBrQgtn6su$, 

Eruption,  e.rup',8huny  an  outburst  of  a  volcano,  flood,  Ac,  a 

breaking  out  of  spots  or  pustules  on  the  skin ;  erup'tiye. 

Lmption,  a  bursting  in ;    as  the  sudden  invasion  of  a 

country ;  irruptive,  ir.riip'.ttv ;  irruptive-ly. 

French  iruptUm,  iruptif,  irruption,  irruptive;  Latin  eruptio,  v. 
entmpo,  supine  eruptum  {e  rumpo,  to  burst  out  from) ;  irruptio, 
irrumpio,  supine  irruptum  (ir  [inj  rumpo,  to  burst  in). 

-ery,  -ary  (Latin  -eria,  -aria,  termination  of  nouns),  denotes  a 
place  for :  as  buttery,  a  place  for  butter ;  library, 

Eryngo,  S.rin'.go  (not  erynga),  the  sea-holly  and  similar  plants. 
Gk.  iruggidn  (iruggos,  the  beard  of  goats),  referring  to  the  thistlj  bead. 
Eryripelas,  ^.i.8ip'\^.ld8,  a  fiery  redness  of  the  skin ;  erysipe- 
latous, er^.i.8tpeV'.d,tii8,  a4j.     (-y-  shows  it  is  Greek.) 

Greek  ir&tis  pilas,  drawing  near.  '*  Parce  que  cette  maladie  s'£tend 
ordinairement  de  proche  en  proche." — Bouillet,  Latin  erysipilat, 
St.  Anthony's  fire ;  French  ir^sipHe  (wrong;,  6risip6lateux, 

Erythema,  er\i.rhe".mah,  a  superficial  redness  of  the  skin; 
erythematous,  er^.i.Tlie".ma.tu8,  adjective  of  the  above. 
Erythrine,  ir^.trhrinet  a  mineral  of  a  red  colour. 

Erythrite,  et'.tThrite,  a  flesh-coloured  variety  of  felspar. 

(The  -y-  shows  thai  these  words  have  a  Greek  origin.) 
Greek  iruth&ma,  a  blush  {^ruthrds,  red). 

■<8|  the  plural  termination  of  nouns  ending  in  -8,  -8h,  eh  (soft), 
and  -X :  as  "  gas,"  gases ;  "  gl^ss,"  glasses  ;  "  fish,"  fishes ; 
"church,"  churches;  "  fox,"  foxes^  When  ch  =  k  only  -4 
is  added :  as  "  monarch,"  monarclis  (not  monarches). 

^  In  the  3rd  per.  sing.,  pres.  tense,  indie. jnood,  the  same  rule 
holds :  as  to  "  bias,"  he  biases ;  to  "  guess,"  he  guesses ; 
to  "clash,"  clashes;  to  "enrich,"  enriches;  to  "box,"  boxes. 

-« was  the  plural  masc.  of  one  of  the  two  "strong"  Ang.-Sax.  de- 
clensions.    It  was  changed  to  -ta  after  the  Conquest,  in  conloTrnvV^ 
vith  Uie  French  plural,  and  ultimately  supplanted  othet  lonsa, 

X 


ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


-,  the  prefix  en-  or  ex-  before  -j»,  •«,  aud  Bometimes  -e,  -1 

icalade,  i/M.lade'\  an  attack  on  a  town,  dkc^  by  scaling- 
ladders,  to  scale  by  ladders ;  e«'eftlid''-ed,  etfciSiiL'4ag, 
French  aealade;  Latin  «»to,  with  «- tea],  to  attack  wUh  laMwri, 

JMmpe,    i»Jkaptf,    avoidance,    to    evade;    eecapod'    (It   syl.), 
eicap'-ing  (Rule  six.),  eacap'-er. 

Escaiie'-ment,  a  contrivance  in  docks  and  watches  by  which 
tlie  circulating  motion  of  the  wheels  is  converted  into 
a  vibratory  one ; 

Escapade,  es'Jca.pard^  (not  e8',ka.paid\  the  "fling*  of  a 
horse,  a  freak  involving  impropriety  and  mischiel 

French  ttcapade,  ichapper,  ithampemtnt :  Latin  e  [«z]  piifallf«  tr 
negative,  and  eapio  to  take,  to  fail  to  take. 

BBcarp,  &(.karv'  (in  Fort.),  the  steep  slope,  to  form  a  slope; 
escarped'  (2  syL),  escarp'-ing,  escarp'-ment,  ground  rat 
away  nearly  perpendicularly  to  prevent  an  enemy  firom 
climbing  up  it  into  the  fort  above. 

The  noun  is  generally  called  the  scarp,  and  is  opposed  to 
counterscarp.  The  scarp  of  a  rampart  slopes  down  to 
the  ditch  or  fosse,  and  the  eownterscarp  iK  the  exterior 
slope  of  the  ditch.  Thus  in  V>  ^^^  ^oug  line  is  the 
'*  scarp,"  the  short  one  the  "  counterscarp,'*  and  the  spao* 
between  the  "  ditch." 

Fr.  eaearper,  eavarpemmt:  Ital.  acarpa,  a  slope  ;  (Lat  9oalpo,  to  cat^ 

-esoe  (Lat.  -e8c[p\  added  to  verbs)  is  inceptive :  as  effervetet, 

-esoence  (LRtin  -escentia),  -sc-  is  inceptive,  and  -eicence  Med 
to  nouns  indicates  an  inceptive  state :  as  convalaeeiitet 
a  state  of  health  gradually  improving  more  and  mora 

Esdieat,  es.chete^  real  property  which  lapi^es  to  the  overioi' 
through  fHilure  of  heirs  or  by  forfeiture,  to  revert  to  tb 
ovrrlord  or  to  the  crown ;    eecheaf-ed  (Rule   xxxti' 
escheat'-ing,  escheaf-or  (Rule  xxxvii.),  escheafor-iV 
(sliip,  Old  £ng.  '*  office  of"),  esdieat'-able ;  eacheaf-tf 
French  ichoir;  Low  Latin  escAceto,  escastor,  ucasMa,  esdieataBdtf 

Eschew,  S8.tchu\  to  avoid ;  eschewed'  (2  syl.),  eschew'-ing: 
German  »cheuen,  to  shun,  with e,  "from";  Norman  uduver,  toft* 

Esoort,  (noun)  es'.kort,  (verb)  Si^.konf  (Rule  L),  an  attend*' 
cortege;   to  conduct  someone  as  an  attendant,  teat 
on  a  portion  as  a  guard  of  honour ;  eaoort'-ed.  eBOOrtf 
French  escorU,  tacorUr;  Latin  tcorUa,  a  traveller's  bag  or  oloa' 
Escritoire.  e8',kr%.twor,  a  writing-case  or  desk. 

French  ^crifoire  (icritures;  Latin  scriptara)^  acriptwrMiui,  r 

£B01llent,&^fc1S.l^t,  fit  for  food.  QPr,  esculent ;  Latesotfl 


AXD  OF  SPELLING.  823 

EMSutcheoii,  ib.kiitfjh&n,  the  shield  of  coat.annoiir,  the  oraa* 
mental  shield  of  a  key-hole ;  eeeatcheoned,  is.k&lf.shiind. 
Fr.  ScnMon^  6tusmm,fU;  Lat.  «cft(uiiH  a  ahlrid ;  Ok.  Mdo»,  a  hide. 

-ese  (French  -Uy  -oist  -aU ;  Latin  -ensU),  means  "  belonging  to," 
"  a  native  of" :  as  Chinese, 

EaophagiiB,  e^sSf'M.gua,  the  gullet ;  eaophagotomy,  e^df'&.goV- 
d-my,  the  operation  of  cutting  the  gullet. 

Stench  <B8ophag«,  This  wretched  compovnid  is  made  up  of  the  future 
tense  of  phiro  [oisd,  t  shall  ranr],  and  j^Utgds,  a  glutton.  The 
meaning  is  "  I  conyey  food"  [to  the  stomach],  but  phdg6,  "I  eat," 
has  BO  noun  like  phdij6»,  meaning  *'  food.'* 

'*  Bsophagotomy  "  is  cMopAogos  temndt  to  out  the  esoidugus. 

Esoterie,  ig^,o.t&t"rik,  private.    Exoteric,  ex'.o.tir^'rik^  public; 
esoterical,  ee^o.tir^^riMl ;  eeoter'iGftl^ly. 

EK>terieB,  &\o.t^'Hki,  mysterious  or  hidden  doctrines ; 

Bzoterics,  ea^.o./^'rift«,  those  parts  of  mjsteriee  which  may 
be  tRUght  to  the  general  public. 

Freneh  ^tot&rique ;  Gteek  es&UrikSt  (u(Uirds,  iuner). 

Fythagtyras  stood  behind  a  curtain  when  he  lectured.  Those  disciples 
who  wert-.  admitted  within  the  veil  were  termed  esoteric^  and  the 
rest  exoteric.  Aristotle  called  those  who  were  admitted  to  his 
abstruse  morning  lectures  hii  twterie  disci]»le8,  and  those  who 
came  to  his  popular  evening  discourses  his  exoteric  auditors. 

Btpalier,  ^.paUyer,  a  fruit  tree  trained  to  stakes. 

Ft.  espaUer  ;  Lat.  paltu,  "  a  stake,"  with  es-  [en-],  trained  to  a  stake. 
.Eqp^dal,  fy,pi8h\dly  chief,  particular;  especial-ly. 

Vnach  special ;  iMtta  »p^otdli8.    (The  initial  e- is  to  soften  the  a) 
Xspionage,  S8.pS;.o.narj ;  espied,  espies,  &g,    {See  Espy.) 

Hq^la&ade,  is^plS.ndde'  (in  Fort.),  an  open,  epace  outside  the 
glacis,  a  promennde  between  the  sea  and  the  houses 
facing  it,  or  between  the  ramparts  and  the  town. 
ft.  taplcmade;  Lat.  planum,  with  es-  [en-],  "to  make"  [a  level  plane]. 
)use,  es.pdwz*  (-pouse,  to  rhyme  with  cow*),  to  betroth,  to 
adopt  an  opinion  or  cause ;  espoused'  (2  syl.),  espous'-ing 
(Rula  xix.),  espous'-er,  espous'-al; 

Eqxmsals  (no  sing.),  es.pdw\zdlz,  marriage,  betrothal. 
French  dpousailles,  4pouser;  Latin  sponsdlia  (gponsa,  a  bride). 
It  de  corps,  es'.pre  de-kd'/,  the  spirit  of  clanship. 
This  is  £ng.-lfr. ;  the  French  phrase  is  etprit  de  parti,  party  spirit. 

r,  is.py',  to  discHm;    espies,   Ss.pize' ;    espied,   es.pide' ; 
espi'-er  (Rule  xi.),  espl'-al,  but  espY-mg, 

SspionAge,  is.pee^o.ndje  or  es.pe^o.ncerjet  a  prying  into  the 

acts  and  words  of  others,  the  employment  of  a  spy. 
Fr.  ipUr,  e&pUytmage;  It»l.  apiare,  to  spy ;  Lat.  spgeio,  to  view. 
"^iqne  (French  termination  of  adj. ;  Latin  -iscus),  "like,"  "after 
tibe  manner  of" :  as  picturesque,  picture-like. 


.'^4  F.nnORS  OF  SPEECH 

*  » 

EBquimau,  plu.  Esquimaux,  or  Eskemo,  plu,  EBkemos,  Es'Mjmo, 
E8\ke.mdzef  natives  of  the  northerD  seaboiird. 

Esquire,  ^.kwii^,  a  young  gentleman  attendant  of  a  knight,  to 
car>y  his  shield,  &o.{e8cu,  Latin  scutum^  a  shield);  now 
appended  to  the  address  of  the  untitled  younger  sons  of 
the  nobility,  to  untitled  ofQcers  of  the  royal  court  and 
household,  to  counsellors  of  law  [not  serjeants'jj  to  un- 
titled justices  of  the  peace,  sheriffs,  gentlemen  holding  a 
commission  in  the  army  or  navy  below  captain,  graduates 
of  the  universities  not  in  holy  orders,  &c.  By  courtesy, 
appended  to  the  address  of  lawyers,  surgeons,  professors, 
merchants,  bankers,  gentlemen  living  on  their  means, 
and  to  almost  everyone  above  the  lower  middle  dass. 

-ess,  the  female  of  a  male  animal :  as  lion-ess, 

1.  All  the  twenty-two  nouns  which  add  -ess  to  the  male  without 

change  or  contraction  are  French,  and  -ess  &=  -esse  (Fr.) 

2.  Ten  of  the  words  which  contract  the  masculine  noun  by 

omitting  the  last  vowel  before  adding  -ess  are  French, 
and  -ess  represents  -ice.   The  exceptions  are  "  chantr-ess  " 
for  charUeuse,  with  enchantressle],  negressle],  ogressle"], 
8.  Three  are  Anglo-Saxon :  huntress,  mistress,  and  songstress. 

4.  Six  have  a  common  basis,  to  which  -er  or  -or  is  added  for 

the  male,  and  -ess  for  the  female:  adulter-er,  adulter-ess; 
cater-er,  eater-ess ;  emper-or,  empr-ess ;  govem-or, 
govem-ess;  murder- er,  murder-ess;  sorcer-er,  sorcer-ess. 

5.  The  following  are  irregular:    duke,  duchess;    U»d,  laa; 

marquis,  marchioness  ;  master,  mistress  and  miss. 

French  -e«M,  -ice,  and  -euse;  Italian  -esm;  Spanish  -€»a  and  -isa; 
Anglo-Saxon  -is«e;  Latin  -tas  and  -dssa,  &c. ;  Greek  -issck 

Essay,  (noun)  is'sy,  (verb)  is^say'  (Rule  1.);  Assay'. 

Es'say,  plu.  es'says  (Rule  xlv.),  a  short  prose  compoBition 
on  some  practical  or  mornl  subject ;  es'say-ist. 

Essa/  (verb),  to  try ;  essayed'  (2  syl.),  essay'-er,  easay^-lng. 

Assa/,  to  prove  metals ;  as8ayed^  assay'-er,  asaay^-ing. 

French  essayer,  n.  esaai  (both  meanings);  Latin  exigw,  to  try,  to 
prove ;  (ex  ago,  to  drive  out  [what  in  dross,  &c.  j) 

Essence,  es'.sence  (Rule  lix.),  a  volatile  oil,  the  conoentrated 
virtues  of  a  p'ant,  drug,  &c.,  the  real  being  divested 
of  nil  logical  accidents;  essential,  €S.8ih\shdl,  neoessairy; 
essen'tial-ly ;   essentiality,  i8.8en\8hX.al'\l.ty, 

French  essence ;  Latin  eJ^sentia,  esaentialia.  EssenCO  is  the  opposite 
of  absence;  the  «>ne  is  es  I  in]  ens  "being  in,"  and  the  ottMBrob*- 
ena  "  being  without."    Ens  is  the  present  part  of  esse,  to  be. 

Establish,  es.tab'.llsh,  to  settle,  to  found  permanently ;  estaV* 

lished,  estab'lish-ing,  estab'Iish-ment. 

French  itablir,  itablissement ;  Latin  stdMlio,  stcMUmmUmm, 


AND  OF  SPELLTNd,  SO'i 

Sstate,  is.tateff  real  property,  conditioD,  caste. 

French  itat ;  Latin  MUttua. 
Erteem,  respect,  to  respect;  esteemed'  (2  syL),  68teem'-iiig. 

Estiniable,  ^M.ma.Vl;  es'timable-neda,  es'tiiiiably. 

Estiinate,  es'Atmate ;  es'timat-ed  (R.  xxxvl.),  es'timat-ing 
(R  xix.),  es'timat-or  (R.  xxxvii.) ;  estimat-ive,  Ss'M.md.Hv. 

Estimation,  esWi^mtiy" ^hun,  regard,  esteem. 

French   e«(tmer,  estivH,  eatinuible,  estimation^  estimateur ;  Latin 
(KsHmdtw,  astlmdtor,  cesttrndre  (Greek  eis  timd,  to  hold  in  honour). 

Ertlieticci  (no  sing),  ese.rhStWks,  the  perception  of  good  taste  in 
nature  or  art.     (The  second  syllable  in  Greek  is  long.) 
Greek  aistlUttkda  [beauty  as  it  is]  appreciated  by  the  senses. 

EBtiange,  ^.trdnge,  to  alienate;  estranged'  (2  sy].),  estrang'-ing, 
estrange'-ment  (Rule  xviii.),  withdrawal  of  affection. 
(Followed  by  from.)    {Strange  with  ee-  [en],  "to  muke^o 

Estrapade,  ^\tru,j)ard'  (French),  the  violent  yerking  of  the  hind 
legs  when  a  horse  tries  to  get  rid  of  its  rider. 

Ertreaf  (2  syl.),  a  duplicate  of  the  fines,  &c.,  in  the  rolls  of 
court,  to  make... ;  estreat'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  estreat'-ing. 

tjatin  txtradum^  an  extract :  extraho,  supine  exlrcuium,  to  draw  out. 
Ertnary,  &\tu.a.ry,  the  mouth  of  a  tidal  river,  a  frith. 

French  esttuiire;  Latin  cutudrium  (cuiuore,  to  boil  or  rage). 

-et  (Latin  -etltut]  added  to  nouns),  "  one  who,"  "  a  place  where 
or  with  " :  as  prophet^  banquet, 

-et  (French  -etteX  diminutive,  as  locket^  packet^  pocket. 

Et  csstera,  et  s^t\e.rah  (written  thus  (&c.  or  etc.),  and  so  on. 
Put  at  the  end  of  a  list  of  articles  to  denote  that  all  simi- 
lar ones  are  to  be  included.     (Latin,  "  and  the  rest.") 

Etch,  to  engrave  by  the  action  of  an  arid;  etched  (1  syl.), 
etdh'-ing.  etch'-er,  etching,  2>^-  etchings^  designs  etched. 

German  aetzen,  to  etch,  corrode,  or  fret. 
-ete  (Lat  et[u8],  added  to  adj.),  "subject  of  an  action :"  complete. 
Eternal,  g.ter'.naZ,  everlasting ;  eter'nal-ly;  eternity,  e.ter^.nUy. 

Eternise,  e.te'/.nize  (R.  xxxi. );  eter'nised  (.1  syl .) ,  eter'nis-ing. 

French  dtemel  (wrong),  4temi8er,  4temellement.  Stemite;  cetemttas,  v. 
(Btemdre,  atem/am  (ffowm  uid  the  affix  -tumus^  as  in  divrtumus). 

Etesian,  e.teef  .z\.an,  [winds],  the  Mediterranean  monsoons. 

Artesian,  ar.tee*.z{.an,  [well],  one  made  by  boring  till  a 
perpetual  spring  of  water  has  been  reached. 

Ft. rfi^sten (wrong);  Lat.et^ios;  (jt\i.iUsiai{itei6stmim6s,y^a,r\j\tin^). 
"  Arttsian,"  so  called  frm  Arteaium,  i.«.,  Artois,  in  France. 

Ether,  i^.rhSr,  a  light  volatile  liquid  obtained  by  distillation  of 
alcohol  with  an  acid,  a  fluid  which  pervades  the  atmos- 


336  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

■■■      ■     ■!»  — ^— i— iwi^nia.a   MiMM  ■  ■■    i        i     ■     IM  ■■  ,     .  ■     ■    ■!  ■  ■■■■■■  i    i      i       ■  ^ 

phere,  and  is  supposed  to  be  connected  with  light  and 
heat ;  ethereal,  e.The'.r^Mlt  celestial,  extremely  rarefied ; 
ethe'real-ly ;  ethereality,  e.The\rSj&fJl,ty, 

Etherealise,  1,tM .r^M.llze ;   ethe'reallsed  (5  syL),  ethe'- 
realls-ing  (Rule  six.),  etheriform,  e'.rhgrXform, 

Fr.  4ther,  4thir6:  Lat.  ctlher,  asthgretu  and  aethirius;  Gk.  aithih', 
aithirios.    It  will  be  seen  that  etherial  would  be  the  better  spelling. 

Ethics  (no  sing:),  eth\lk8  (Rule  Ixi.).  moral  philosophy. 

Ethical,  eth\i.kal,  pertaining  to  morals ;  eth'ical-ly. 

Fr.  ithique,  4thiques;  Lat.  ethica,  ethfcus;  6k.  ithtkda  (ithO»y 

Ethiopian,   e\TM.o'\pi.an,  a   native   of   Ethio'pia;    Ethiopic, 

e\Thi.Sp'\ik,  pertHining  to  Ethio'pia.    An  E'thiop. 

Frenoh  Ethiopien:  Latin  JBthidpia,  ^tM&pteiUt  JEtMop§;  Greek 
AithiUpla,  Aithidps  {aithos  dps,  burnt  face). 

Etiinical,  Hh'.ntkal,  relating  to  the  different  races  of  man ; 
eth'nical-ly,  eth'nic ;  etluiicism,  ith\ni,cizm,  heathenism. 

Anthropology,  Ethnology,  Ethnography,  Archfeology. 

?  Anthropology,  dn\Thro,p6l".5.gy,  the  general  term  which 
embrnces  the  other  three,  treats  of  man  in  his  social 
condition.     (Greek  anthrdphs  Idgds^  treatise  on  man.) 

1.  Ethnology,  Sth.noV.o.gy,  that  part  of  Anthropology  which 

treats  of  the  origin  and  dispersion  of  the  different  races 
of  man,  their  characteristics,  physical  features,  &c, 
Greek  ethnOs  Ufgds,  treatise  on  nations. 

2.  Ethnography,   ^th.nog'.ra.fy,  that  part  of  Anthropology 

which  treats  of  the  works,  the  geographical  position,  the 
cities,  literature,  and  laws,  of  the  different  races  of  man. 
Greek  ethnHs  grapho,  to  describe  [physically]  the  nations. 

3.  Ardissology,  ar^.M.6V\5,gy,  treats  of  the  antiquities  of  a 

people.    (Greek  tprchaide  Idgos,  treatise  on  antiquities.) 

Ethnog'raphy;  ethnographic,  ^tK.no.graf*\lk:  ethnograph- 
ical, eth'.no.grdf.i.kdl;  ethnographer,  eth.ndg\ra,fSr, 

Ethnorogy;  ethnological,  S%h\no.lcj'.i.kdl;  ethnol'ogfet 

French  ethnique,  ethnographique,  tthiwgraphie,  e^fu>graph€,  tUuio- 
logie;  Latin  ethnicus;  Greek  Hthnds,  a  race  or  tribe. 

Ethology,  ethnology,  etiology. 

Ethology,  ethM'.S.gy,  the  science  of  ethics,  shows  the  bear- 
ing of  external  circumstances  on  the  character. 
Greek  iftMs  Idgds,  treatise  on  manners  and  habits. 

Ethnology,  eth.ndV.5.gy,  Irexts  of  the  human  race  in  its 

social  condition,  or  as  a  family  of  nations. 
Greek  ^thnds  ldg6s^  treatise  on  nations. 
Etiology,  e.ti.6V.6.gy,  treats  on  the  causes  of  disease. 
Greek  aiUa  Idgdt,  treatlBe  on  causes. 


AKD  OF  srELLTNO.  827 

Btliol'ogy;  eOKdogical,  ith\6.l6f'\l.kdl  a^j.  of  ethology. 

BChnorogy;  4t]iiiological,^eV.fi^.{/(/M.ibdl;  ethnol'ogist. 

Etiology;  etiolbgical,  ^,ti.o,lSj".i.kal,  ac^.  of  etiology. 
BUdate,  ei'M^d.ldte,  to  blanch  by  exclusion  of  li^ht ;  e'tiolat-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  e'tiolat-ing ;  e'tiolation,  ^.tl.S.lay'^shun. 

Wwaoh  itvoUr^  itiolement ;  Greek  aiihd,  to  light  up,  to  glisten. 

Etiquette,  &f.%,ke1f  (Fr.),  the  conventional  forms  of  polite  society. 

Tbe  word  means  a  ticket  containing  directions  to  be  obsery^d  by 
those  who  attend  court. 

Etymology,  plu,  etymologioB  (Rule  xliv.),  ^tf.Lm6V'.o^,  the 
derivation  of  words  ;  etymologist,  i*f  .i.m6V\o.ji8t ; 
etymologioal,  iSf,umo.loj'\ukul ;  etymolQg'ioal-ly. 
Etymologise,  St^ .i.m6V\o.j\ze  (Rule  xxxi.),  to  searoh  oat 
etymologies ;  etymol'ogised  (5  syL),  etymorogls-ing 
(Rule  xix.);  etymon,  it\i.m6n,  the  root  from  which  a 
word  is  derived.    (The  -y-  points  to  a  Greek  origin.) 

Vrsnch  itymoloffie,  ^tymologique,  StymologitUy  itymoloqUtir ;  Latin 
etyvidldgia,  etymMCgicun,  eiyrndUigv^  etymdn;  Greek  HUmdUii/iaf 
itHmdn  (gtiimoa,  the  real  word). 

Ba-  (Gk.  prefix),  good,  well,  ea^y.    It  is  opposed  to  d/ys  [das]. 

Every  word  beginning  with  eu-  is  derived  from  the  Greek. 

Bochaiist,  u*kdri>tt,  the  communion ;  encharistio,  u'.ka.rU'^tXk, 

French  eiicharistie,  etictiwristique ;  Latin  *%u:hariitia.  eucharisticus ; 
OreAk  euehwristia,  an  act  of  gratitude ;  (chari$,  gratitude,  favour). 

EadUmieter,  il*,di.6m'\S.t&r,  an  instrument  for  analysing  atmos> 

pberic  air ;   eadiom'etry,  the  usage  of  the  eudiometer ; 

eadicmietric,  u'Ai.6.met'\r%k ;  eudiomet'rical. 

French  eudUniUirique ;  Greek  eu  Mds  m/ltrdn,  the  metre  of  good  air. 

Evlogy,  plu,   eulogies  (Rule  xliv.),  ii'.logiZj  an  encomium; 

eulogist,  u'Uo.jist,  the  praiser  of  another;   eulogistic, 

u'.lo.ji8'\tik;  ealogi8tioal,M'.fo.jV.rt./taZ;  eulogistical-ly. 

Sologise,  u'.lo.jize  (Rule  xxxi.).  to  laud ;  eulogised  {'-^  syl.), 

ealogiS-ing  (Rule  xix.),  eulogis-er,  one  who  eulogises. 

Eologium,  plu.  eologiums,  ii.lr/.ji.umz,  same  as  eulogy. 

Latin  euldgia  and  euldglwn;  Greek  euldgeo,  to  eulogise;  euldgia, 
euldgds  [eu  lego,  to  speak  well  of  one). 

*'miioih,  u\nuk,  a  man  who  has  charge  of  the  women's  apart- 
ments in  the  East ;  eunuchism,  u'.niik.izm. 
**A  eunuch,"  not  an  eunuch.    A  pre<e  les  u-  or  eu-  pure, 
that  is,  making  a  distinct  syl.  without  the  aid  of  a  con- 
lK)nant.     In  un-der,  up-per,  use-ful,  the  u-  is  not  pure. 

■^^^^muB.  plu.  eaonymoses,  il.on'.i.mus,  the  spindle-tree. 

Oreek  eu  6n&ma  [the  p^ant  with]  the  good  namr>.  The  tree  being 
poisonous,  this  euphemism  was  given  to  it  to  avert  the  evil  omen 
of  calling  it  deadly;  «o  the  '•  Furies"  were  termed  eumitiid^^ (the 
good  tempered  goddesses),  to  propitiate  them  by  flattery ;  Bim^tVj 
a  grave-yard  was  called  a  "sleeping-place"  (cemetery). 


328  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Euphemism,  U' .fe.mizm,  a  word  or  phrase  less  objectiooable  used 

to  soften  down  one  more  offensive;  a»  a  hep  or  employ 6 

(for  ''a  servant");  euphemistio,  u'^mW\tlk. 

**  Euphemize  "  (a  good  Greek  word)  might  be  introduced. 

French  eupMmisme;  Latin  eupJiemigmus ;  Greek  eupA^to,  euphi- 
mo8  (eu  pfUmed,  to  speak  well  of  one). 

Euphony,  u\fo.nyy  an  agreeable  sound  of  words;    euphonic, 
HfSn'.ik;  euphonical,  fi./^'.{.fta2;  euphon'ical-ly. 

Euphonious, tZ./d'.ni.u8,  sounding  agreeably ;  eupho'nious-ly. 

Euphonise,  uf.fS'nize  (Rule  xzxi.) ;    eu'phonised  (8  syl.), 
eu'phon!i9-ing  (Rule  xix.),  eu'phonis*er. 

Fr.  euphonie,  euphonique;  Lat.  euphOnia;  Ok.  eu  ph6ni^  good  sound. 
Euphorbia,  u.f<y/M.ah,  the  spurge. 

So  named  from  Euphorbos,  physician  to  Juba,  king  of  Lll^Ta. 
Euphrasy,  u\fra.8y  (in  Bot.),  the  plant  "eye-bright." 

Greek  euphraino,  to  give  Joy. 

Called  "eye-bright"  because  it  once  had  the  repute  of  repairing  yision. 

Euphuism,  u'.fu.lzm.    Euphemism,  u.fi'.mizm. 

Euphuism,  high-flown  diction,  affected  conceits  in  langoage; 
euphuist,  u'.fuAst;  euphuis'tic,  euphuis'tical. 

Euphemism,  a  softening  down  of  unpleasant  expressionB; , 

euphemist,  u\fe,mi8t;  euphemis'tic,  euphemis'ticaL 

The  word  comes  from  John  Lilly's  book,  entitled  EuphiiSi  (graoeftal 
[phrases  and  periods].    Greek  eu  phiU^  well-formed  Iperiods]). 

Eureka,  U.ree'.kah  (not  u\re.kahy  as  Dryden  writes  the  word  in 

the  line :   **  Cries  Eureka  I   the  mighty  secret 's  found." 

A  discovery  made  after  long  and  laborious  research. 

(The  word  should  be  heureka,  Greek  feUfniKa^  not  et)pi|ira.) 

The  tale  is  that  Hi'ero  asked  Archimddds  to  te«t  a  golden  crown, 
which  the  monarch  believed  to  have  been  alloyed  with  some  baser 
metal.  The  philosopher  one  day  stepping,  into  his  bath  observed 
that  his  body  removed  its  own  bulk  of  water  Nuw  for  the  sohi- 
tion :  As  all  alloys  are  lighter  than  gold,  a  golden  crown  alloyed 
will  be  larger  than  one  unalloyed  of  the  same  weight.  When  this 
idea  flashed  across  the  philosopher's  mind  he  is  Mid  to  hare  ex- 
claimed heurika  I  (I  have  hit  on  it). 

Euroclydon,  u.rok'.ll.don,  a  tempestuous  wind  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean Sea  (Acts  xxvii.  14),  now  called  the  Levan^ter, 

Greek  eurdkltuidn  {eurds  khiA&n,  east  or  south-east  wave-[maker])L 
The  word  "  seems  to  mean  a  storm  from  the  east "  (LiddeU  and  Scotfy. 

European,  U.rb.pee'Mn,  a  native  of  Europe,  pertaining  t<>  Europe. 

French  europSen ;  Latin  Eurdpceus :  Greek  Eurdpdx  (eurds  for  CMms 
dpHs,  wide-spread  vision,  so  called  because  it  btholaa  many  naUom^ 

Eury-  (the  Lat.  spelling  of  the  Gk,  euru-\  broad,  wide,  ample. 

Eurynotus,  u\ri,nd''.tu8y  certain  extinct  flshes  in  the  coal 

formations,  noted  for  their  high  bream-like  back. 
Greek  eurm  ttdtds,  lhe\>\«-^«Ak  [flsh]. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  32!» 


Enrypteiiie,  ny^Mjfite,  a  fossil  crustacean,  noted  for  it8 

broad  swimmers ;  enrypteridsB,  u\rip.ter''ry.de,  the  genus. 

Oreek  ewruspUrdri,  wide  wing,  i.e.,  the  "creature  with  wide  oar-like 
feet*'  i-^iU  in  Geology,  means  a  fossil ;  Greek  IWios,  a  stone). 

Eustachian,  il.8tay\ki.dn  [tube],  a  tube  which  forms  a  communi- 
cation between  the  back  of  the  month  and  the  ear. 
So  named  from  Bariholomem  Eustcuhius,  who  discovered  it  in  1674. 
Euterpe,  u.tSf,pe,  the  muse  of  music  and  inventor  of  the  flute. 

Calliope,  kalWLd.pe  (not  kal.lV.o.pe,  the  epic  muse). 
Greek  kalU6p6  (hallos  ops,  [the  Muse  with  the]  beautiful  voice). 

Glio,  kli'o,  Muse  of  history.  (Gk.  kleid  [kleoa,  rumour,  news] .) 

Erato,  e/rd.to  (not  ^.ray'.to),  muse  of  love  and  the  lyre. 
Greek  irdM,  from  irdtda,  beloved ;  frds,  love. 

Eaterpe,  H.teT^.pe,  the  Muse  of  music. 

Gieek  euterpi,  delightful  muse. 
Kelpomene,  mel.p6m' Xne^  the  Muse  of  tragedy. 

Greek  milpdmiiU  [mausa],  the  ainging  [muse],  from  m^lpd,  to  stng. 
Polyhymnia,  pdV.iMm'\nl.ah,  the  Muse  of  sacred  poetry. 

Greek  pdliirMmnia  {pOltu  humnos,  [muse  of]  many  hynms). 
Tetpsichore,  terp.sikfko.re,  the  Muse  of  dancing. 

Greek  terpsi  cK&ri,  delighting  in  the  dance  (terpd,  to  delight^ 

Thalia,  thd.li\ah  (not  thd\ll.ah)y  the  Muse  of  comedy, 
Greek  thaleia  [motisa],  the  blooming  muse. 

Uiania,  U,rdn\i.ah  (not  u.rdy\nl.ah\  muse  of  astronomy. 
The  Latin  form  of  the  Greek  owdnla,  the  heavenly  [muse]. 
Svacnate,  e.vdk'ku.ate,  to  empty,  to  quit,  to  eject ;  evac'uat-ed 
(R.  xxxvi.),  evac'uat-ing  (R.  xix.),  evac'uat-or  (H.  xxxvii.) 
Evacuation,  l:vdk'ku.d" .shiin,  a  voiding,  an  emptying. 
Evacuatiye,  e.vdk'ku,a.tXv ;  evac'uant,  a  purgative. 

French  6vac%Mnt,  ivacuaiif,  ivoL^uer,  Evacuation;  Latin  evdcudtio, 
evdcudte  [e  vdcuo,  to  empty  out). 

Evade,  i.idde'j  to  elude ;  evad'-ed,  evad'-ing,  evad'-er. 

Evasioh,    e.vay\zhun,    a    siibterfnge,    a    slipping    aside; 

evasiye,  S.vay\ziv ;  eva'sive-ly,  eva'sive-ness. 

French  ivoMf  (** evasion"  is  not  French);  Latin  evddire,  supine 
evdsum,  evdsio  (e  vddo,  to  escape  from}. 

^▼•luation,  e.val'.u.d'\8hun,  a  complete  valuation. 

Fr.  ivaluation;  Lat.  evdleo,  vdlor,  value  (e-  means  "thorough"). 
E^'Mieacent,  e\vd.ne8'\sent,  fleeting;  evanes'cent-ly ;  evanes- 
cence, e'.va.ne«".»ense  (only  six  words  end  in  ejise,  R.  xxvi.) 

French  Evanescent;  Latin  evanescena,  gen.  evanescentis,  v.  evaneeco 
(all  verbs  in  -sco  are  inceptive  (e  vanesco,  to  vanish  wholly;. 

^'•'igelize,  e.vdn* .ge.lize  (not  evangelUe,  Rule  xxxii.),  to  con- 
vert to  Christianity;  evan'gelized  (4  syl.),  evan'gellz-in'g 
(Rule  xix.),  evan'geliz-er ;  evangelization,  c.vdu' .j^t  U.- 
tay"^hun;  evan'gelist;  evangelism,  e.i;dn'.je.U8m. 


380  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

m 

Eyangelical,  e\van.jeV\tkSl,  oxihiiABz;   evangel'lc 
evangelic,  e'.vdn.jiV'.ik,  of  gospel  tenour. 

French  ivangdicpity  Svangile,  ivangeliiU,  SvangeH$er;  Lalii 
gi(Ue&8,  evangMsta,  tvangdfWum,    evemgehu,    evangifUza; 
etiaggglia,  euaggSlikds,  €fUMgg€l/L6n.  euaggSlisUa,  euagg^Mt^ 
lizo  (eu  aggilia,  good  tidings).     FrMn  the  announcement 
shepherds,  *'  I  bring  yon  good  tidings"  {eiayyeXl^fxai  ^/i 

Evaporate,  e.vSp'.S.rate  (not  S.vd\p6.rate),  to  pass  off  in  vi 

evap'or§,t-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  evap'orat*ing  (Knle 

evaporation,  S.vap\8.ray'\8hun ;  evaporative,  S.v 

rd.tio;  evap'orable;  evapOTOineter,  e.va^.o.rj^''.^. 

instrument  to  measure  the  amount  of  evapoiation 

French  ^vapordble,  Svaporer,  Svaporation;  Latin  evdporaUo, 
rare  (e  o&p&ro,  to  send  out  vapours :  vdpor,  vapour). 

Evasion,  e.vay\zhun;  evasive,  e.vd\ziv,    (S«€  Evade.) 

Eve  (1  syl.);  even,  e'.v'n;  evening,  eve^.nlng,  from  midi 
sunset,  in  popular  language  the  glooming  which  pr 
night.  The  first  half  of  the  day  is  called  morning. 
(1  syl.),  evening,  a  vigU,  the  evening  preceding  a  c 
festival:  as  Christmas  eve  (the  evening  of  Dec 
24th),  Midsummer  eve  (the  evening  before  Mitisc 
day).  This  i^  because  the  church  begins  the  daj 
sunset  of  the  preceding  day ;  even-tide,  evening  ti 
Old  English  efen  or  crfen,  crfen-tid,  even-tide. 

Evection,  e.vSW.shun  (in  Astron.),  the  libration  of  the  moc 
Latin  evectio,  a  carrying  out  [of  its  orbitj  from  solar  attractioi 

Even,  e'.v'n  (noun,  adj.,  and  adv.)    Even  {noun)y  evening. 

Even  {a(lj,)y  level,  not  odd ;  even-Iy,  e'.v'n.ly ;  e'ven- 

(The  degrees  are:   nearly  even,  more  nearly  evai 

nearly  even,  quite  even.    "  More  even"  and  "most 

are  the  degrees  of  not  even.) 

Old  English  cef&n,  tfenoT^;  (adj.)  ^enlie,  smooth,  equal; 
evenly,  plainly ;  ^enness  (n.),  evenness.    The  adv.  is  penile 

Evening,  eve\ning  (2  syl.),  not  ^.vSn.ing  (3  syl.) 

Evening  song,  &q.  In  this  and  all  similar  plirases,  e^ 
is  not  an  adjective,  but  a  noun  in  regimen.     It  is 
the  "possessive  ease,"  but  as  we  have  aboli»h( 
possessive  affix,  except  in  nouns  denoting  anim 
and  nouns  personified,  the  '«  is  omitted. 

Event,  e.v^nify  an  incident,  a  result ;  event'-fnl  (Hule  viii 

Eventual,  l.v^t\u.ulj  consequential;  event'iial-4y; 

Eventuality,  e.vent' .u.dVW.ty,  contingency.      In  Ph 

denotes  a  quick  perception  of  events  and  their  rest 
Eventnate,  e.vSnt\u.ate,  to  happen  as  a  result  or  < 

quence ;  event'uat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  evenfuat-ing  (B 

French  ivetduel ;  Latin  eventue,  evinire,  supine  eventum  (•  «i 
come  out  [as  a  consequence]). 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  881 

Erer,  ^'.^,  always,  ai  iny  time ;  For  ever,  always,  eternally ; 
For  ever  and  ev^,  duration  without  beginning  or  end. 
Ever  and  anon,  occasionally,  from  time  to  time^  frequently. 

Ever  so,  or  Never  bo (t).  Which  is  correct:  Be  he  ever  so 
toise,  or  Be  he  never  so  wise  f  Both  are  correct.  The 
former  states  the  sentence  affirmatively,  and  the  latter 
negatiyely.  **Ue  refuses  to  hear  the  voice  of  the  charmer, 
charm  he  never  so  wisely t"  means  "  though  he  charms  as 
no  charmer  ever  did  before,'*  or  "as  never  a  charmer 
charmed  before."  "...  charm  he  ever  so  wisely"  means 
"  though  he  charms  as  wisely  as  [the  best]  charmer  ever 
charmed."  The  latter  form  is  now  the  more  usual,  and 
is  certainly  more  in  accordance  with  English  idiom. 

Old  English  dfer  or  dfre,  ever,  always. 
Ever-  (a  prefix),  without  intermission,  never  ending,  perpetually. 

Evergreen,  ^\Sr  green,  perpetually  g^een,  not  deciduous. 

Everlasting,  endless;  everlasting-ly,  everlasting-neiB. 

Evermore,  ev\er-more  (3  syl.),  always. 

Hrert,  g-rerf ,  to  turn  aside,  to  overthrow ;  evert'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 
evert'-ing;  eversion,  e.vir'.shun;  eversive,  e.v^\f%u, 
Latin  everUfre,  supine  eversufO>,  eversio  (e  vertOy  to  turn  away  fromX 
^ery,  l^\i,ry,  all  taken  one  by  one,  each  one  of  several. 
liveryday,  common,  usual.    Everywhere,  in  every  place. 
▲  compound  of  the  Ang.  -Sax.  ce/er  and  ale,  ever-  each,  all  one  by  one. 
^esdropper,  evz\drop.per  (is  the  better  spelling,  but  eavesdrop- 
per is  the  more  general),  a  sneak,  a  surreptitious- listener. 
Old  English  ^ese,  eaves ;  tfea  dropa  (not  a^ese). 

^vict,  S.vikf,  to  dispossess  by  legnl  proceedings ;  evict'-ed  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  evict'-ing ;   eviction,  e.v%k\shun. 
Fr.  Eviction ;  Lat.  evictio,  evictus  (e  vinco,  sup.  vicium,  to  expel  from). 

*^^idence,   ^'.Ldense,  testimony,  proof;    evident,   Sv\i.dent ; 
ev'ident-ly;  evidential,  ev\i.den" .shdl ;  ev'idential-ly. 

To  evidence,  ev\i,dense,  to  show  by  proof;   evidenced 

(8  syl.),  ev'idenc-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
French  &oidtnee,  ividewt;  Latin  evldentia  (video,  to  see). 
Evil,  ^Ml  (noun  and  a'lj.),  wickedness,  calamity,  wicked,  calami- 
tous; e'vil-ly,  e'vil-ness;  evil-doer,  a  wicked  person. 

Evil*«ye,  a  malicious  look,  a  look  which  has  an  evil  influence. 
It  was  supposed  at  one  time  that  certain  persons  possessed 
the  power  of  darting  noxious  rays  into  the  object  glared  at. 

Evilf-nUnded,  wrongly  disposed,  malicious. 

The  Evil-One,  the  devil,  Satan. 
Old  English  ^d  or  t(fe?,  vfele,  evilly ;  yfelnes,  erilncss ;  v.  yfeJ\iaii\, 


332  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Evince,  e.vlnce^^  to  make  evident ;  evinoed'  (2  syl.))  evinc'-ing 

(Rule  xix.),  evinc'-ible,  e"^c'-ibly ;  evincive,  e.vin\Hr. 

Latin  evinc^re,  to  prove,  to  evince  (e  vinco,  to  vanquish  whoUy). 
The  word  means  to  show  what  is  right  by  the  argumintum  ad 
{ibgurdum,  that  is,  by  proving  the  Contrary  to  be  wrong. 

Eviscerate^ e.vi«'.8e.rat€,  to  disembowel;  evis^cerat-ed  (R.xxxvi.), 
evis'cerat-ing;  evisceration,  e.vW .8e,ray'\!thun, 
Ft.  iviscirer^  ivisedration ;  Lat.  eviseirdtor.  eriscero  {viscSra,  bowela). 
Evoke,  e.vdke\  to  call  forth ;  evoked'  (2  syl.),  evok'-ing  (R.  xix.) 
Evocation,  t.vo.kay'*jfhun,  the  act  of  calliim  forth. 
French  ivocatixm,  ivoquer;  Latin  evOcdtio,  evdcdtor,  evocdre  (e  voco). 
Evolve,  e.vdlve\to  unroll ;  evdlved'  (3  syl.)-  evolv'-ing,  evolv'-er. 
Evolution,  ev'.o.lu"  .shun^  (Id  Algebra)  th«'  extraction  of  roots. 
The^reverse  process  is  Involutidn.     Thus — 

•  *^'^,  that  is,  find  the  cube  root  of  27  (viz.,  3)  is  an 
example  oi Evolution  ;  but  3^,  that  is,  raise  3  to  the  cube 
or  third  power  (viz.,  Ml)  is  an  example  of  Involution, 
Evolutionary,  ef.vo.lu''.8hun.a.ry,  pertaining  to  evolution. 

French  Evolution;  Latin  evoMre^  supine  evoluium,  evohUio  («  voho, 
to  roll  out  or  unfold  ;  in  volvo,  to  roll  on  [itself J).  In  the  examiple 
given,  three  is  rolled  three  times  on  itself. 

Evulsion,  e.vuV.8hunj  the  act  of  pulling  or  plucking  out. 

French  ivulsUm;  Latin  evulaU)  (e  vello,  supine  vulsunif  to  pnll  out). 
Ewe,  Yew,  You  (pronounced  alike).    Yew,  a  tree.    You,  i^  pron. 
Ewe,  pronounced  U  {iioiyow  to  rhyme  with  grow),  a  female  sheep. 

Bam  (yr  Tup,  the  sire ;  female  ewe ;  offspring,  lamb ;  if 
male  it  is  a  tup-lamb,  fem.  a  ewe-lamb. 

After  being  weaned,  lambs  are  called  hojirgets  [or  hoggs]  ^ 

the  wMle  is  a  tup-hogget,  the  fem.  a  ewe-hogget. 
After  removal  of  xhe  first  fleece  both  are  shearlings. 
After  removal  of  the  second  fleece  the  m/ile  is  a  two-shaar-' 

tup  (if  castrated  a  wether),  the  fem.  is  a  ew6. 
Old  English  eowii.,  plu.  eowa,  a  ewe ;  eow,  you  ;  ivo,  the  yew-tnt. 
Ewer,  t*'.«r,  a  toilet  jug,  a  cream-pot.    Yotir,  u\er  (pron.) 
Ewery,  w'.ry,  one  of  the  royal  household  who  serves 

in  ewers  after  dinner,  and  has  charge  of  the  table-line 
Old  Eng.  huer  or  hwer,  a  ewer  Or  jug,     "  Your,"  tower;  Germ. 
Ex-  (Lat.  and  Gk.  prefix),  out  of,  out,  proceeding  from,  off 
beyond.      Occasionally  it  is  intensive.      Added  to 
names  of  office  it  means  that  the  office  was  once  held 
the  per>on  named,  but  is  no  longer  so :  as  ex-mayw. 

Ex-  is  written  ef-  before  an  "  f,"  and  e-  before  the  UfiM 

and  the  consonants  c,  (2,  g^j,  and  v. 
The  Greek  prefix  is  written  ec-  before  c,  and  in  one  eump 

(ecurUric)  the  Latm  ^^vefix  is  so  written  also. 


AND  OF  SrELLTNG,  833 

Enott  ex.acf^  precise,  to  extort ;  exacf-ly,  exaof-nees ; 
exacf-ed,  exaof-lng;  exaction^  ex,dk'^kun;  exaof-or. 

Exactitude,  exMJ^.tttiide,  precision. 

French  exact,  exaction,  exa4:titvde,  exacleur ;  Latin  exadio,  exactor,  r. 
egrigo,  supine  exactum  {ex  ago,  to  drive  on  [to  the  end]). 

Exaggerate,  ex.afji.rate,  to  overstate  the  truth ;  exag'gerat-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  exag'gerat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  exag'gerat-or, 
exag^geratory;  exag'gerative,  ex.afji.raUiv;  exaggera- 
tion, ex.afj€.ray".8hun^  overstatement 

French  exagirer  (wrong),  exagiration,  exagiratif:  Latin  exagghxitio, 
exagg&r&tor,  exagggrdre  (aggi^,  a  pile  or  heap).  The  French  word 
is  nonsenbe,  being  a  compound  of  a^tr,  a  field. 

Exalt,  ex.olt\  to  elevate;  exalf-ed  (liule  xxxvi.),  exal'ted-nesa, 
exalting,  exalf-er;  exaltation,  ex' M.tay'' ^hun. 

Examine,  €x.dm\xn,  to  scrutinise,  to  test  by  trial;  exa^l^Led, 
exMmWnd;  exam'in-ing,  examlu-er,*examlnant. 

Examination,  ex.um'.i.nay'^shun;  exam'en,  the  tongue  or 

needie  of  the  beam  of  a  balance,  examination. 
Fr.  examination,  examiner ;  Lat.  examen,  exoLmin&tio,  exAmXndre. 
Example,  ex.dm\p%  a  pattern.    (Fr.  exemple ;  Lat.  exemplum.) 
(It  18  a  pity  that  this  word  is  cut  off  by  false  spelling  from 
its  congeners.)    See  Exemplar. 

Exasperate,  ex.ds'.pe.rate,  to  irritate ;  exas'perat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 
exas'perat-ing ;  exasperation,  ex.us'.pe.ray".8hun, 
Ifx.  exaspSrer,  exaspiration:  Lat.  exasperatia,  exaaperdre  (asper,  rough). 
£x  cathedrm  ex  kath\e.drah,  with  dogmatic  autboiity. 

Latin  ex  cathedra;  Greek  ex  kathidra,  from  the  [papal]  chair. 
Excavate,  ex'.kd.vate,  to  dig  out;   ex'cavat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
ex'cavat-ing,  ex'cavat-or  (Rule  xxxvii.),  one  who  exca- 
vates ;  excavation,  ex' .ka.vay'\shun,  a  digging  out. 
French  exeaver,  excavation;  Latin  excdvdtio,  excavate  (cdvea,  a  care). 
Exceed,  to  go  too  far,  to  excel ;   exoeed''-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.) ; 
exoeed'-ing,  going  too  f:ir,  excelling,  {adj.)  very  large, 
(adv,)  extremely ;  exceedlng-ly. 

Excessiye,  ex.8^\8iv;  exces'sive-ly,  exces'sive-ness ;  ex- 

ces'sive^ly,  extremely;  excess",  superabundance. 

{Exceed,  proceed,  and  succeed,  end  in  -ceed,  but  all  other 

compounds  of  cedo  end  in  -cede.    Rule  xxvii.) 

Latin  exeido,  supine  exceseum  (ex  cedo,  to  go  forth  [too  far]).    French 
exeis,  excessi/;  Latin  excessv^s. 

^l  ex.8il\  to  snrpnss;  excelled'  (2  syl.),  excell'-ing  (R.  iv.) 
Excellent,  ex\cel.lent;  ex'cellent-ly,  ex'cellence. 
^cellency,  plu.  excellencies  (Rule  xliv.),  eaf  .selMn^siz,    A 
title  of  address  given  to  viceroys,  ambassadors,  <fec. 

^Vench  exceller,  excellence,  excellent;  Latin  excellens^  gen.  eoeceOenlift, 
txeeUentut,  r.  excelMre  (ex  cello,  to  break  or  go  beyond^ 


334  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

("  Excel "  ought  to  have  dmihU  -I,  as  it  oomes  from  the  Latin  cMo, 
"  to  go  beyond  " ;  aod  not  from  celo,"  to  hide.**) 

Exoelsior  (Lat)    Longfellow's  poem  has  given  to  this  word  the 
meaning  of  **  my  aim  is  always  higher  stilL" 

Exoentric  {ex,8€nt\trVc)  is  the  better  spelling,  but  eooentrio  the 
ujore  generaL    (See  Eccentric.) 

£zoept«  ex.8^1ff  unless,  without^  exclusive  of,  to  pass  over,  to 
leave  out ;  exoept'-od  (B.  xxxvL),  exoepf-ing ;  exoepf-or ; 

Exeeptioo,  ex.8ep',8hun,  not  according  to  rule,  an  ol^jeetion ; 

Excep'tionnable  (Rule  xxiii.),  liable  to  olgection; 

Unexoep'tion-able,  free  from  objection ; 

Excep'tion-cd,  forming  an  exception. 

Except,  Unless.  I  will  not  let  thee  go  Except  thou  hUu 
mcy  or  '^unless'*  thou  bleat  me.  Both  these  are  gram- 
maticaL  ^*  I  will  not  let  thee  go,  Except  this  proTiso, 
viz.  that  thou  bless  me."  Here  except  is  the  imperative 
mood  of  the  verb.    "  Unless"  is  preferable. 

French  excepttr^  exeepiion,  exceptiownel ;  Latin  exceptio,  y.  eaxXpitn, 
supine  exoeptum  {ez  cdpio,  to  take  out). 

Excerpted,  ex^serp^ted,  expurgated,  selected ;  excerpf -or. 

Excerptions,  ex. s^rp'. shuns,  [literary]  selections ;  exoeipla. 

Latin  €xcerpo,  to  pick  out  (earpo,  to  coll),  exoerptio,  ^merptm. 

Excess^  superfluity ;  excess'lYe,  ex^sKs^siv.    {See  Exceed.) 

Exchange,  ex,tchange\  to  barter,  to  give  one  thing  for  another; 
exchanged'  (2  syL),  exchang'-iiig  (R.  xix.),  exchang'-er. 

Exchange  -able  (-ce  and  -ge  retain  the  -e  final  before  -oMr^ 
Rule  XX.);  exchangeability,  ex.tchange'ui.hlV\uty, 

Bill  of  Exchange,  a  written  promise  on  stamped  paper  U 
pay  a  stated  8um  of  money  within  a  stated  time. 

'Change,  the  'Royal  Exchange  for  money  brokers. 

French  ichangty  echangeahle;  Latin  camblte;  Low  Latin  eambUn 
to  exchange ;  cavtbium,  a  diange ;  cambUas. 

Exchequer,  ex.tcMk'.er,  a  treasury,  (colloquially)  fdnds  i 
hand.  Court  of  Exchequer,  has  jurifidictinn  in  all  oss 
affecting  the  public  i-evenue ;  Exdiequer  Chamber. 

French  ichiquier,  cour  de  Vi^iquier,  "It  was  denomlnatad  5bm 
rium,  from  acaccum  (a  chess-board),  and  was  eo  called  tnm 
checkered  cloth  laid  on  the  table  of  the  court." — Ifadox. 

Excise,  ex.size'  (Rule  lix.),  a  tax  on  articles  of  home  prodofl^ 
{adj,)  pertaining  to  such  a  tax ;  excisable  (Rule  xzi 
ex.8ize'.a.h'l;  excised,  ex.s\zd';  excls'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

JBxoiBion,  ex.sizW.un^  amputation,  a  cutting  o£ 
French  easeite,  esocUion ;  lAtbie3BAsio,e3BeidAie,tooatoff(«i«iA 


AND  OF  SPELLLVG.  335 

*  *  • 
Ezoiie,  exMte'f  to  stimulate ;  ezolf-ed  (Role  xxxvi.),  ezmt'-ixig, 

ttxoSt'ing-ly,  exQiti'-er,  ez(fif-«bld,  ezcIt'able-nefiB,  ez- 

cit'ably;    excitability,    exMte'.aMlf\i.ty ;    ezclf-ant; 

ezcitatioti,  ea^ M' .lay'' jshim ;  excite'^nent. 

Iteneh  txdMbiUU,  excitable,  txcUant,  excUaH&Ht  eascita^,  excUer; 
Lat.  iaocXtdtio,  excttane,  gen.  exoUcMtit,  excUdre  (ex  cieo,  to  stir  up). 

Exdldui'  (3  syl.),  exclaimed'  (3  syl.),  ezoUam'-ing,  exdaim'-er. 
Exclamation  (not  exclaimation),  ex'Jkla.may*' ^hun, 
ExdamatiYe,  ex.kldm' .a.tlv  ;  exdam'atory. 
French  exdaiMUon :  Latin  exddmdtio,  exddmdre  {damo,  to  call). 

Exclude,  ex.klude\  to  shut  out;  exdud'-ed  (Rule  zxxvi.), 
exdlud'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  exdud'-er; 

TBtcluBfon,  ex.klu\zhun;  exdu'sion-ary,  exclu'sion-ist; 
Szclusiye,  exMu'Mv  ;   exclu'siye-ly,  exclu'sive-ness. 
Frencb  exclusion:  Latin  excliisiOt  excludo  (ex  claudo,  to  shut  out). 

Excogitate,  ex,kqj\i.tatey  to  think  deeply  on  a  subject,  to  think 
till  the  solution  is  discovered;   ezcog'itat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 
excog'itat-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  excogitation,  ex.kbf,i.tay*'^}mn 
(one  of  the  few  words  in  -ti(m  which  is  not  French). 
Latin  exeOgitdtio,  excogitdre  {ex  cSgito,  to  think  out). 

Excommunicate,  ex\kdm.mu'\nl.kdte,  to  exclude  from  church 
"communion";  excommu'nicat-ed  ( R.  xxxvi.),  ezcommu'- 
nicat-ing ;  excommunication,  eaf  .k(Sm.mdf .nX.kay" .shun. 

Excommunication,  Interdict,  Anathema. 

Individuals  are  "excommunicated,"  or  excluded  from 
church  privileges ; 

The  clergy  is  "  interdicted,"  or  forbidden  to  administer 
to  persons  under  excommunicatioii,  and  persons  excom- 
municated are  interdicted  or  forbiddea  to  receive  the 
sacraments.  A  nation  is  laid  under  nn  "interdict,"  or 
deprived  of  church  privileges,  but  not  "excommunicated." 
"Anathema,"  the  curse  accompanying  excommunication. 

Leeaer  excommunication,  prohibition  to  receive  the  eucharis  c. 

Qxeater  excommunication,  exclusion  from  all  the  i^tes, 
ceremonies,  and  services  of  the  church. 

Ft.  excommunication,  excommunier;   Lat.  excommuntcdtio,  excom- 
m&niixLre  (eommunio,  communion ;  com  mumu,  a  mutual  benefit). 

^ttortate,    ex.ko'.rtate,  to    abrade    the    skin ;    ezco'riat-ed, 
ezco'riat  ing;  excoriation,  ex.ko\ri.a'\8hun,  abrasion. 

fr.exeorier,  exooriation;  Lat  excdridre  {ex  coriAim,  [loss]  of  the  skin). 

tication,   ex.k(y/ .ti.kay'\8hunt  denudation  of  the   bark; 
excorticated,  ex.k<y/.ti.ka.ted,  stripped  of  its  baik. 
^^ench  eaxortioaAion;  (Latin  ex  cortex,  [deprived]  ot  its  baxk). 


nfi  ERRORS  OF  SPEECn 

Excrement,  ex'.kri.m^t,  animal  soil ;'  excremenf  al,  voided 
excrement ;  exorementitioiia,  ea^,kri,m^Pi8h"Mi,  of  ti 
nature  of  excrement. 

Excrete,  ex.kreef,  to  discharge  firom  the  hody;  excrifn 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  excret'-ing;  excretion,  ex.kru^jthui 
excretive,  ex.kree'Mv ;  excretory,  ex.kree'Ad.ry. 

Ft.  excriment,  exerSmentiiiel,  excretion,  excritoire  :  Lat.  exoriwtenim 
excritio,  r.  exeem^re,  supine  exeritum,  to  purge  from  [the  bodj]. 

Excrescence,  ex.kri^^serue  (not  ex.kree', sense),  a  tumour. 
Excrescency,  plu,  excreecendes,  ex»kri8'^}in.tiiz  (Rule  xlh 
Excrescent,  ex.krSs^^Snt  (not  ex.kree^^Snt), 
Lat.  exereaeens,  gen.  excruceniis,  tx  creaeo,  to  grow  out  [of  the  bodj 

Excrete,  ex.creeV;  excretion,  ex.cree'^hun,    (See  Excreipeni.) 

Excruciate,  ex.kru'^tate,  to  torment;  excru'datred  (R.  xxxri 
excru'dat-ing  (B.  xix.) ;  excruciable,  ex.kru'jtil,b*l. 

Excruciation,  ex.kru'.8t.d'\8hun.    (Not  a  French  word.) 
Latin  excr^id^UfiliSf  excriicidre,  sup.  excr&eidtum  (crux,  a  ero«): 

Exculpate,  ex.kuV.pate,  to  exonerate ;  excul'pat-ed  (R.  xzxtL 
exc^l'pat-ing  (R.  xix.);    exculpatory,  ex,ki(l.pS.t5.rf 
exculpation,  ex^.kul,pay''.shun,    (Not  a  French  word.) 
Latin  exculpdre  {ex  culpa  [to  free]  from  blame);  French  di$eulfsr. 
Excursion,  ex.kiir^.8hun,  a  plensure  trip ;  exour'sion-isti 
Excursive,  ex,kur^Mv;  excur'sive-ly,  excur'sive-nea. 
Fr.  excursion;  Lat.  exeurrio,  excuradre  (curaus,  a  running  [abooftjto 

Excnse,  (noun)  ex.kuce\  (verb)  ex.kuze'  (Rule  li.),  an  apoltt 
to  pardon,  to  dispense  with ;  excuse'-less.  ex.kue^.l»a 

Excused,    ex.kuzdC;    exciV-ing    (Rule    xix.),    ezBfitf'- 
excus-able,  ex.kuze'.a.b*l;  excu'sable-nees,  ezoa'iab^ 

Excuse  my  writing  more,  or  Excuse  my  not  writing  mflv 

Both  these  are  correct,  but  the  former  is  more  Bgrem 

to  our  English  idiom.    Excuse  [dispense  with]  f^  * 

ing  more,  ^o  ereuse  [dis)>en8e  with]  my  attendance  .■ 

excuse  [pardon]  mtj  not  writing  more,  excuse  [pardoi 

absence.    The  rule  is  excuse  [dispense  with]  the  p^ 

ance ;  excuse  [pardon]  the  non-performance. 

French  exm^hle,  cxevfitr.  excuse;   Latin  exeus&re,  exeSLs^ 
cauiKi,  [free]  from  motive). 

Execrate,  ex'.e.krate.  to  detest,  to  curse :  ex'ecr&t<^  (B. ' 

ex'ecrat-ing  i  R.  xix.) :  execrable,  exi'.e.kra.b^l.  det 

execrably;  execration,  ex* .e.kray" .shun ;  eafeco 

Fr<»nch  execrable,  eT^cration:  Latin  execrAbllis,  exeerMC 
{ex  sacro,  the  reverse  of  "conseorate";  sacer,  sacred). 

Execute.  ex\e.kutt\  to  perform,  to  put  to  death  ;  ex'ec"' 
xxxvL),  ex'ecfit-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  executory,  ex'.tlt 


«<> 


S^^  ^^wt'""" ""/';-' • ""'. ".',"*  "'•• 
2r*..«*-v,  .*,'^  **". .,., .;"  "*' ./ 1....^„ ' 

riy-^^'-r^  -    ....,  /,'• ,.  ,^ 

*~      ^---— -         •      •  ..  -        '      '^    p. 


*  ^ 


••A'      ^ 


■/ 


"-■>  . 


Tm  EXRORS  OF  SPEECH 


»,  ex.fS'.lLate,  to  soale  off;  esfbliat-ed  (Bale  kmxwL 
eocfoliat^ng  (Rule  six.);  exfoliation,  ea,fo^Ji3'*jikim, 
^.MfoVitr.t^lUtUn^  (Lat.  «B/JIiim,  [to  ihzow]  off  leayes  or  scales 
Exhale,  ex.hale*  (not  ex.aU^\  to  xeek,  to  send  forth  vigour 
exhaled'  (3  syl.),  exhal'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  jexhaL'-«n& 
Khalation,  e^,ha,lay''jthun  (not  €si!fM,lay*'^h'u,n). 

French  <zftaiatio»rex7ia2er,  cae^otont;  Latin  exAo&UM,  gen.  eaEfttflcmfi 
«dki(atio,  exhoJOre  (AdtCtus,  breath,  Tapoor). 

Exhaust,    tfx.^tist'  -.(not   exicaulf)^   to    expend;    «xhaiist'-e 

(Rule  xxxvi.),  exhanst'-ing,  eidiaasf -er,  exhansT-leok 

B^ianttion,  ex.haiu/.ta1wn;  exhaustive,  ex,haius'.Uio, 

French  ecTuuMtion;  Latin- eatfiatM<to,«sfcauno,  Bapine  «aQftmM<«m(< 
fcanrio,  to  draw  from,  to  draw  out  liquids). 

Exhibit,  ex.hib\U  {not€X.WM\  to  show,  to  displfi^ ;  exhihlt-« 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  exhibiting;  exhibitiye,  exJiW.UJbo. 

S:diibiter»^.Md'.{£.^(better-or,R.  xxxvii.),  one  who  exhibitf 

Exhibitioner,  tfx'.M.&isft''.^^,  a  scholar's  pension. 

Exhibition,  exfJitbUVAmj  a  public  show,  a  pension  fo 
Bobolars;  exhibitoi^,  ex.hW,i.tb.ry, 

French  mMker,  exMbitiKm,  exhibitoire;  Latin  asMtiUic,  mKbUm 
exMbere,  supine  eshXbitwn  (ex  habeo,  to  have  ont). 

Exhilarate,  exMV.e,rate   (not  esB.>r.«.nUe),  to  cheer;  esiiil'a 
rat-ed,  exhil'arat-ing  (Rale  xix.),  exhil'aratmg^. 

Exhilaration,  ezMl\t,ray" ,shun   (not   a  'French   word) 
exhil'ar&t-or  (Rule  xxxvii.),  exhil'arant. 

Latin  txMlMUiOt  easMlMttoTf  exMUtrSre  QiXlArOf  to  make  mo^). 
Exhort,  ex.horf  (not  ex.orf),  to  incite  to  good  works ;  .exhort'-ed 
exhort'-ing,  exhorf-er;   exhortative,  ex:hor^.Ul,iiv. 

Exhortation,  e^.korAay'\8hun;  exhortatory,  ex.kor^.Ui,tS.ry 

French  eaihortation,  exhortaiiff  exhorMret  eschorter;  Latin  exltoiidflt 
€3ehortdri (h&rior, Greek tfrto,part of tthe verb omUmi,  to ■ttrjBy). 

Exhume,  ex.hume'  (not  ex.wne\tQ  disinter;  exhnmed  (3  By\,\ 
exhiim'-ing  (Rule  xix.) ;  exhumation,  tcif.}m,mmf"jtkiai> 
French  exAum«r,  tahumaUon;  Latin  ee  hOmSirt^  to  disinter  (Mtauu) 
Exigency,  phi,  exigencies,  exi'Jl.j^njiZf  a  necessity;  exigenosi 
erxfJLjmce ;  exigent,  ex'JLjent ;  exigible,  eafXjtbX 
Lat  exigens,  gen.  exigmtis,  exXgire,'  Fr.  exxgeani^  exigenct,  exigibU. 
ExilOi  ex\Ue,  one  banished,  place  of  banishment,  to  banish ; 
exiled,  ex'.ild;  exil'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  exUe'-ment. 
Fr.  exiUr,  txil;  Lai  exKHum,  ex&ldre,  txtU  (ex  golwn,  ttov^  tha  soO). 
ExiBt%  to  live,  to  be ;  exist'-ed,  exisf-ing,  exisf-enoe,  oxiBti'-eBl 
Fr.  «eister,««i«ta«i!( (wrong), easMencs;  ^  "*  -— '•* —  p —   nfj^  niiUH 
Sxit,  plu.  exeunt.    "  Exit,"  a  stage  direction  for  the  fptaher  to 
leavethe  stage.  Exeunt,  ta^MunU  more  than jon&to  leave. 
EsBont  onuMB,'«v'.&«Hii  am'Mta^  all  tiie  aoton  IoImm. 


ASD    OF  SPEI^LING,  839. 


SiOr  (»  Gi)Mi^  farefiz)*  <>at  of,  on  th«  outside,  out  firom. 

bodiMi  eai^JfMi,  a  departniie  from  a  place.  (Should  be 
easAotfut  acoordiog  to  our  Engliah  system.) 

OfedcjHiMcUto,  the  w^p  out;  in  Gntk  f(o8of. 

Ex  officio  (Lat.),  ex  of,fish\i,o  (not  o.fi8K,iM\  by  virtue  of 
pillce.  As  tbe  Lord  Mayor  of  London  it  ''ex  officio" 
member  of  the  privy  coudcIL 

Exogena,  eaf^J^s,  plants  (like  timber  trees)  which  grow  in 
balk  by  coacentriu  layers,  each  year  being  marked  by  a 
layer  outaide  the  previous  ones. 

Endogena,  en\do.jin8,  plants  (like  reeds)  which  increase  in 
bulk  by  pith  termed  within  the  plant. 

Sxogenoas,  ex,Sf  .emits ;  exog'enite,  a  fossil  plant  of  the 
exogenous  structure,    ('ite  (in  Geol.),  a  fossil,  Gk.  lithoe.) 
Gk.  exo-  ginSf  to  prodnee  from  the  oatdde ;  endo-  fin4f  ..  ..inside. 

Exonerate,  ex  5n\e,ratey  to  exculpate ;  exon'erat-ed  (B.  xxxvi), 
exon'erat-ing  (B.  xix.) ;  exoneration,  ex.8n'.e,ray*'.8hun. 

L»t  exifiunbn  (finm,  a  burden)    ' '  ^xoneradoa  "  not  French. 

Exofbitant,  ex,<n^M.tant,  enormous,  unreasonable;  exorlii'' 
tfuit4y,  ex(»rl^tan«e  (4  syl.),  exor'bitanoy. 

Kreach  fxori)ittmlb ;  Latin  exor^toiu,  gan.  exorbitaaUa,  pfoorbUare  (est 
orbUOf  out  of  the  way). 

EsoBiiae,  €9^.qr^ut€  (not  ear.oK.fu^.)     Stx'ez^cise,  to  practice. 

EzfoKoifle,  to  expel  evil  spirits ;  ex'oroised  (8  syl.),  ez'ortiis-iBg^ 

Bx'ortia-er,  an  exorcist ;  ex'ercis-er,  one  who  exercises. 

Exordam,  e^.or^izmf  the  act  of  exorcising ;  ex'orcist. 

French  exoreiser.  txordde,  exoreiame;  Greek  exorkizo,  exorkisUi 
(odbtff,  an  oath). 

SinBfiimi,  fiZtt.  exordiums  (not  exordia),  ex.or^.df.umy  the  intro- 
duction.of  [a  speech];  exordial,  ex.or'.<2i.a2, introductory. 
Latin  exordium  {ordior,  to  begin,  from  orior,  to  arise);  Fr.  erorde. 

Eaanoga,  esfJiz.moM,  the  transmission  of  ^  fluid  to  the  otUHde 

of  a  membrane  or  other  porous  substance;  exosmotio, 

taifJkJm^'.%h  (ajy.) 

BadoBmoBa,  en^dds.mose,  the  transmission  of  a  fluid  to  the 

iniezior  surface  of  a  membrane  or  other  porous  substan/oe. 

Or.  #09-  tfsmtfs,  impulsion  outwards ;  endo-  6snUi»,  impulsion  inwards. 

^^"I^xsmfif  e2f.O8.tom  (in  Botany)^  the  passage  through  the  outer 
integument  of  the  ovule  (2  syl. ) 
Greek  ex6  sUfma,  out  of  the  foramen  or  mouth. 

^'Irtwiit,  ego»o$'.t4t9'U  (PPt  ex.&8.t6*jl8),  a  tumour  of  the  bone. 
Ctreek  ex  ft/l^itv^  tb*  «Qz>  »  gn>w^  Qi^  .of  the  bona. 


340  ERRORS  OF  SPEECTT 

Bzoteric,  eaf.o.t^\Tik,  public;  exoterical,  ese^.8.t^\fy.kiU 
exoterioizm,  eaf  S.teT^'.ryjfzm,  Opposed  to  EBoterii 
e8'.o.ter''.rik.     (The  o  in  these  words  is  long  in  the  Gk. 

Pythagoras  stood  behind  a  onrtidn  when  be  leotarad ;  those  admittc 

**  within  the  veil"  were  called  his  esoteric  disciples,  those  ontsi^ 

his  exoteric. 
Aristotle  applied  the  word  esoteric  to  the  disciples  who  attended  h 

abstruse  morning  lectures,  and  exoteric  to  those  who  attended  (MdI 

his  popular  evening  ones. 
Greek  exdtirihOs,  (exdtMfs,  outer) ;  esdtSrikde  (e»6tSHii,  inner). 

Exotic,  ex.5t'.ik,  foreign,  applied  to  hothouse  plants. 

Indigenons,  in.dif.e.nu8,  native,  applied  to  native  {dants. 

(The  -o-  in  ** exotic"*  is  long  in  the  Greek,) 
French  exotiqtte;  Greek  ex6tik6$;  Latin  eaaticue,  from  a  foreign  lam 
Sxpand',  to  spread ;  expand'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  expand^'-ing. 
Expanse,    ex.pance\    extent ;    expansion,    ex.pan'jkun 
expansive,  ex.yun'siv ;  expan'sive-ly,  expan'sive-neM 
expansible,  ex.pdn\8l.h'l;  expan'sible-ness,  expan'mUy 
expansibility,  ex.pan'M.hiV\Lty, 

Fr.  expansibility,  expaiision,  exvansif;  lat.  escpandA^  sapine  e 
paruum,  expansio,  expansum  the  firmament  (ex  pando,  to  open  out 

Ex  parte  (Lat.)i  fx  pa7^,te,  one-sided :  as  an  «a;  parte  statement. 

Expatiate,  ex.p&sh',i,ate,  to  enlarge  on ;  expatiat-ed  (R  xxxvi 
expatiat-ing    (Bule    zix.),    expatiat-or ;    expibtiAtoirj 
ex.pash'\i.dM.ry ;  expatiation,  ex.pa8h'.i.a",shun, 
Latin  expdtidri,  to  wander  forth ;  exp&tiator  (passus,  a  footatepX 

Expatriate,  fx.p&t\ri,ate  (not  ex.pd\tri.ate\  to  banish;    ei 
pafriat-ed    (Bule  xxxvi.),  expafriat^-ing  (Bule  xix.; 
expatriation,  ex.pd1f  ,ri.a*' .shun,  banishmentl 
Fr.  expatrier,  es^atriaiion{La,t.  expdtnd,  [driven]  from  one's  ooontiyil 

Expect'  to  look  out  for,  to  hope ;  expecf-ed  (Bule  xxxvi),  ez. 
pect'-ing,  expect'ing-ly ;  expeofc'-er,  one  who  expeota 
Qxpect'-ant,  one  who  expects  a  berth ;  ezpeotetioc 
ex'.pek\tay'\shun;  expect'-anoe ;  expeotanpy,  pim. 
expectuicies  (Bule  xliv.),  ex.pik\tan,8tz. 

Expect,  Suspect.  Expect  is  often  misused  for  suspect  (^ 
be  of  opinion) :  as  I  expect  [suspect]  he  is  wrong,  1  e^ 
pect  [suspect]  he  was  disappointed,  ...  was  guiltif, 
Fr.  expectcUion ;  Lat.  expectdtio,  expedt&re  {ex  specti>,  to  look  oat  fw* 
Expectorate,  ex.pik'.td.rate,  to  spit  out;  expec'torat-ed  (Bm^ 
xxxvi.),  expec'torat-ing  (Bule  xix.),ezpec'tor&t-or;  Bxym* 
toration,  ex.ptk\tQ,ray''jshun:  expectorative,  ex,p&f*t^ 
ra.tfv;  expec'torant,  a  medicine  to  promote  expeetoratu^' 

French   expectorant,   expectorer,   expectoration;   Latin 
(pecttts,  the  chest). 

Expedient,  ex.pS',dtent,  proper,  necessary,  a  shift;  «zpe'( 

Expediency,  plu.  expediencies,  ex.pt. c^.en.9is. 


«Wt.fa/^'":  to  hasten.  TZTT—- 

**«.  to  drive  on*  '  *^''*-  P^du,  */' r*"*  ^^^P^iti^  ^       ^^' 

•»  ■<»«.  «d  i.!°*/*'"««,  cosL^^'*'  "^  money  ^' 


n42  Bltko&i^  OP"  upkiicn 


Etptt«'  (8  syl.),  to  die ;  et!flttar  (»  iyl),  eitt>ir*iiig  (Rtild  xix.] 

Expiration,  eif.j>%.rdy''^htmt  eziialatioik,  conctiision ; 

Ezpirable,  ex.pi\raM;  expi^ry,  the  end;  expi^'ratoxy. 

Fr.  expinr,  espimHow/  Lat.  eapHrMio,  expMtr^  (tptr^f  to  breatlie). 

BzpUkin",  to  expound ;   ekplaiiied%  explaiu'^ing,  «z]^ain!^-tt 

explaiii'-«ble  (1st  Iiat.  coiy.)»  capable  of  being  exf^ainec 

Eiplanatory  (not  eaqplaintttot^)^  e».plmM.t5.ry* 

Eziilanation  (not  expkkinatlon),  eai'.pki.fiay^jfhun  (tfot  Fi 
Latin  explAndbiUt,  esi^ndtio,  expUMre  {i>ldnu$,  plain). 

Bxpletive,  ex'.plS.ttv  (not  ex.plee'.tlv),  a  supeniumeraiy  Woi 

(oaths  and  exclamations  ate  elpletives) ;  ex'plefiny,  .t'n 

Fr.  ta^Utif:  Lat.  explMiviu,  laspk^t  tapiiie  eatj^hm  (pho,  to  flllX* 

Implicate,  esu". pit. katey  to  explain;  ex'plicatHBd  (Rule  xxxvi 

ex'plicslt-ing;  explicable,  ex\pl1M.b'l  {not  ex.plWM,b*l 

Explication,  ex\pli.kay'*Jhun;  6Xpllcatiye,  ez^pli.kcLtiv 

Ex'plicat-or ;  expllcatory,«x'.^/i.A;a.t'ry  (not  ex.pUk\a,tor^ry 

Explicit,«x.jpli«Mt,  distincti  plain;  expliclt-l7,explic''i:l 


Fr.  expliquer, ecDplieatwny  €xplicati/.expli4:cUeur,  OBplicUe,-  Lat  cayi 
eoMlia,  explttdtio.  e^liedU>lr,  explleit,  explicdre  {e»  plUfo,  to  onfoU 

EkpIode,^2;.|)Zo(le',  to  bntst  fbirth  ^itb  sudden  violence ;  expl$d'-€ 
(R.  xxxvi.),explod'-ing,expl5d'-^;  exidodMbIe(not.a&2< 

Explosion,  ex.jpZc;'.s/iun;  explosive,  ex.pW^"^^  explo'siTe-]; 

etplo'sive-nesB,  liability  to  explode. 

Fr.  tvplositm;  Lat  tapldtio,  tsoplOcUfn,  sup.  e9l|p{ffni<a(j^iicfo,  todq 

Exploit'  (2  syl.),  an  heroic  deed,  an  achievement  (Fr.  Lat.  ex^plitu 

Explore'  (2  syl.),  to  examine ;   explored'  (3  syL),  ezpldv^-jni 

etpldr'-er;   exploratioh,  ex'.pW.ray^.shun;  titpldtato 

ex.plot'ra.tor  (not  eic.plo.ray'Aor) ;  explor'atoi^. 

French  expUrration,  explortr;  Latin  expWrdtio,  explSrOtor,  cJBplor* 

Explosion,  ex.plo'^hun ;  explosiye,  ex,pW^\v»    {See  Esplodc 

Exponent,  ex.po'.n^t,  an  interpreter,  the  index  of  a  nombe 
thus  in  a',  2^  the  3,  6  are  the  exponents  of  a  and  ft. 
Latin  expOnens,  gen.  expdnewtis  {expOni^,  to  pnt  dr  aipx«ad  OQtX 
Elcport,  (noun)  ex\port,  (verb)  ex.port^,  go6ds  sent  to  a  fd^ 
market,  to  send  goods  to  a  forei^  market ;  atpqri'H 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  exporf-iHg,  export'-er,  ezpcttf  .^idbto  (1 
Latin  conjugation),  exportation,  ex\por.tay'^^kim, 
French  ecBporler,  ezporto^ion;  Latin  emportdtio,  eJfepovidN  (m perft) 

Expose,  ex.pozei',  to  exhibit;    exposed'  (9   syl.),  ejgpaK*4]i| 
expos'-er,  one  who  exposes  or  disoloseB* 

Exposure,  ex.p^jihl&r;  expositor,  ex,p^'ASoT,  ttkpogltat: 

Exposition,  «rE'  .p5  jsXsK'  .uii,aninterpretation,apabIic  dispb^ 


A!9n  0F  SPELLilf&t  Ml 


EzpoB6,  ex.pC'jsa  (French),  a  laying  bare  of  secret  acts. 

Ezponnd'  (d  By].)»  to  interpret ;  exponnd'-ed,  ezponnd'-^r. 
ftendi  etpour,  eaepoHtion;  Latin  eoppMHa,  eBtpMkr,  expdnert: 

Expostulate,  ex.p^s'  tu.late,  to  remonstrate.  (Followed'  by  with) ; 
ezpoB'tidat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.)*  •xpoi'tiilii-iiig  (Rule  xix.) 

EspoBtuIation,  ex.p08\ru.lay^.thun ;   expos'tnllLI-or  (Rule 

xxxvii.);  expostnlatory,  ex.p9i^.tu,la,t'ry, 
Latin  OfpotMUdtio,  eaeposNUaiorf  esopottOUtrt  {potMUo,  to  beseech), 
Ezpoimd';  exposure,  ex.po.zhur,    {See  Expose.) 

Bxpnss't  a  special  railway  train,  a  special  messenger,  to  utter, 
to  delineate  in  words  or  otherwise,  to  squeeze  out; 
expressed'  (2syl.),  e^HEesaT-ing,  express'-Iy,  ezpress'-ness. 

Expression,  ex.pr&'^hun,  a  mode  of  speech,  the  phaze  of 
the  countenance,  the  soul  of  music,  the  representation  ef 
a  quantity,  a  squeezing  out;  exiMressive,  ex.prittlv  ;  ex- 
psBsslve-ly,  expresslve-ness,  eqsress'-tble,  expresslbly. 

if»  prAMo,  to  prom  out,  to  draw  out,  hence  to  yourtr^j), 
"EoEgaisAsm^  ex,puV jihun ;  expulslYe,  «x.j>ur.s{v.    (S««  ExpeL) 

Expunge'  (2  syl.)»  to  efface ;  expunged'  (2  syL),  expung'-er. 

Latin  fxpungirt  (expungo,  to  prick  out). 
Expurgate,  ex'.purgtUe  (not  ex.pw/^gate),  to  purify;   ex'pur- 
gat-ed  (K.  xxxvL),  ex'purgat-ing,  ex'purgat.or  (B.  xxxviL^ 

Expurgation,  eai'.pwr,gay"^hun;  ex'purgatory. 

Index  expurgatorius,  in\dex  ex.pugf^,gu.twr''ri.ii8t  the  list 

of  books  condemned  by  the  Homnn  Catholic  Church. 
htLmpurgdtiOfexpurgMor,expyrgatiiriM»,  €Xpurgdrt{furgo,  to  puigeX 

Eiquisite,  ex\kwi.zlt  (not  ex^kwiaite),  excellent,  a  dandy; 
ex'quisite-ly,  ex'quisite-ness. 
Lai  exqultltua,  e^^pilrire,  rap.  exqulsltum  {ex  q^cero,  to  search  out). 
bitooate,  ex^kf.kate,  to  dry ;  exsic'cat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  exsic'c&t- 
fng  (R.  xix.),  exsie'cant,  exsiccation,  e3fMk,kay"akuti. 
LsClBeM<C0«r«(«SBKoco,  todtyout).    (See  Sesleoaite.) 
Sctaat,  car'.tafit,  in  existence. 

Latin  tattatu,  gen.  txtantis,  standing  out  [ex  ftdre). 
^dMsj  (no  such  word.    See  Extasy). 

Extempore,  ex.t^.pS.re  (not  ex.t^'.pore\  offhand,  without 
preparation  ;  extemporaneous,  ex.t^.po.ray'\niM8 ; 
extempora'neous-ly,  extemi>ora'neous-nes8,  extem'por- 
sifly  (Rule  Ixvi.,  -ecus  and  -t'ous). 

Bttsmporise  (R.  xxxi.),  ex.tem' .pcrize^  to  improvise ;  extern' - 
porised  (4syl.),  extem'poriS-ing  (R.  xix.),  extern: v^x~a-«x. 


d44  ERRORS   OF  SPEECH 


lixtemporality,  ex.t^'.po.raV\i.ty  (Latin  extem^poraXitfu) 
might  be  introduced,  the  art  of  improvising. 

Lat.  esdempOr&neua,  -p&rdrius,  ex  tempdri  (withont  time  [to  prepare]). 

SKtend',    to   prol^ong;    extend'-ed,    eztend'-ing,    extend'-er, 
eztend'-ible ;  extent',  size ;  ex'tant,  in  existence. 

Extensioii,  ex.iin\8hun  ;  extensive,  ex.t&i\ilv  ;  ezten'sive- 
ly,  exten'sive-ness;  extensible,  ex.t^'.ti.h'l  (not  -able); 
exten'sor  [muscle],  opposed  to  the  flex'or  [muscle]. 

French  extenHon,  extensible,  extevuribUUS,  exienseur;  Latin  exUndiht, 
anpine  eadentumy  eastentio,  es^enHvus  (ex  tendo,  to  atretch  out). 

Extenuate,  ex.t^'.u.ate^  to  lessen ;  exten'uat-ed  (Bule  xxxvl\ 
exten'nat-ing,  extennating-ly,  exten'uat-or  (B.  xxxtIL) 

Extenuation,  ex.tSn'.u.d''.8hun;  extenuatory,  ex,t^'M.S.fry. 
Fr.  ezUnuation:  Lat.  exUnudtio,  extinudtor,  extenudre  {UhMiit,  tldn). 

Exterior,  ex.te^.rl.orf  outer,  the  outside.    Inte'rior,  inner,  the 
inside;  exte'rior-ly.    Exte'riors  (plu.\  outward  parts. 
Lat.  extfHor  (aetra,  on  the  outside) ;  intirior  (intra,  withiny. 

Exterminate,  ex.te/.mtnate,  to  eradicate ;  exter'minat-ed  (Bi 
xxxvi.),  exter'minat-ing,  exter'minat^r  (R.  xxxvii.) 

Extermination,     ex,  ter^,  mi.  nay'^shun  ;      exterminathre^ 
ex.ter\mi.nd.tiv  ;  exterminatory,  ex,tef^.mi,na,t*ry, 

French  exterminer,  extermination:  Latin  extermtndtiOt  ettei  wUndtor, 
extermindre  (ex  terminus,  [to  driye]  out  of  the  border). 

fixter'nal,  outward ;  exter'nals  (plu.),  the  outward  parts  and 
forms;  exter'nal-ly;  ex'tem,  an  out-patient.    XntemsL 
Latin  extemHs,  y.  extemdre;  French  exteme. 

ExtQ'  (better  extill),  to  distil ;  extiUed'  (2  syl.),  extill'-ing  (Bole 
iy.),  extill'-er;  extillation,  ex\tU.lay".8hun  (Role  viii) 
Latin  extiU&tio,  extiUldre]  (ex  stiUo,  to  fall  out  in  dropa). 

Extincf ,  extinction,  exMnk'^shun.    {See  extinguish.) 

Extinguish,  ex.tln'.guiUh,  to  put  out;  extin'gnished  (8  wjV^ 
extin'guiflh-ing,  extin'guiah-er,  extin'gau^-f^Ue. 

Extinct^,  no  longer  in  existence;  extinction,  ex^VM^almm, 
Fr.  extinction;  Lat.  extinetio,  extinguo,  supine  extindvm  (aifaf*). 

Extirpate,  eafMr.pate  (not  ex.tir^jpate),  to  root  out;  ez'tixpit^ 
(Rule  xxxvi),  ex'tirpat-ing,  ex'tirpat-or  (Rule  xxxyIL); 
extii^tory,  ex\tir,pd,t'ry  ;  extir'pable. 

Extirpation,  eaf  Mr, pay" .shun  (-ft'r-,  not  -ter-), 
Fr.  extirpaiion;  Lat  extirpdtor,  exUrpdtio,  extirpdrt  (tUrpt,  aioo^ 

Extor,  to  land ;  extolled'  (2  syl.),  extoU'-ing  (R.  iv.),  «ztoir-eK. 
("  Extol "  would  be  far  better  tpith  d<mbU  L   Lat.  ««<oU[o].) 


AND  OF  SPELUNG,  S4A 


Bztorf,  to  wrest  from;  extorf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  extorf-ing, 
extorf-er;  extortion,  «a;.to/^^un;  extor'tion-er,  extor'- 
tioii-ist,  extor'tion-ary;  extornve,  ex.Un^Mo, 
{** Extortion*'  ought  to  be  spelt  extorsion.) 
Tk«neh  eadonion;  Latin  eactorqueo,  mp.  extonum  (torquto,  to  twist). 

es^.traht  in  addition ;  extras,  es^,trahz,  additional  obnrges. 

(Lat.  pref.),  beyond,  in  excess,  additional  (With  a  hyphen  ) 

Extra-jadicial,  -juMsh^at,  in  excess  of  court  business. 

Extra-mnndane)  -mun^danet  not  of  this  world. 

Extra-mural,  -mu'sal,  outside  the  city  walls. 

Ertra-paroohial,  "pa.rd'MMl,  not  of  the  parish. 

Extra-professional,  'pro.f^h\on.al,  not  professionaL 

Extia-trop'ical,  -trdp'.l^kdl,  beyond  the  tropics. 

Extract,  (noun)  ex\tractt  (verb)  ex.tract'.    (Bule  L) 

Ex'tract  (noun),  a  tincture,  a  selection. 

Extract'  (verb),  to  draw  out,  to  select;  extracf-«d  (Ruls 
xxxvi.),  extract'-ing,  extract'-or  (Bule  xxxvii.) 

Extraction,  tfx.trcl^/('.«/mn;  exlract'-ible ;  extrao'tive, -tii;. 
Fr.  extraeUonf  tsiractif;  Lat.  extraetum  (eat  traho,  to  draw  oat). 

Extianeoiia,  exMrd^ncMs,  foreign ;  extra'neons-ly. 
Latin  extraneu*  (extras  without,  beyond). 

Extnordinary,  eaf.tra.or^\di.n^ry  (not  exAro^.di.n^ry\  un- 
usual ;  ex'traor'dinari-ly  (Rule  xi.),  extraordinaries  (p2u.) 
eo^tra.or^'.di.n^riz,  extras,  things  very  unusual. 
Vrench  ei^aordinaire,  extraordinairea  ;  Latin  extra  ordlndrius. 

Extiavagant,6x.trcIi;'.a.^aR£,  wasteful,  prodigal ;  extray'agant-ly ; 
extravagance,  ex,trdv\a.gance ;  extravagancy,  plu. 
extravagancies  (Rule  xliv.),  ex.trav\a.gan.tlz. 

Extravaganza,  ex.trdi/,a,gan'\zah,  a  musical  or  dramatic 

piece  in  which  extravagant  licence  has  been  taken. 
Vr.  eaEfravo^an^  -nanM:  Lat.  extra  vagdri,  to  wander  beyond  [bonnds]. 

litravasate,  ex,trav\a^ate,  to  get  out  of  the  proper  vessels 
[as  blood] ;  extrav'asat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  extrav'asat-ing 
(Rule  xix.);    extravasation,  ex.trav\a^ay** .shun  (-tton, 
*' a  state  of  being"  [out  of  the  proper  vessels]). 
Fr.  cxtraDOMr,  eadraxtaaUm;  Lat.  extra  msa^  out  of  the  [proper]  yessele. 

^^kreme,  ex,treem\  furthest  (extremest,  ex.treem'^st,  in  poetry 
only);  extremes  (plu.),  ex.treemz\  the  two  extreme  ends; 
exiareme'-ly ;  extremity,  plu,  extremities,  ex.tr^\%d\z, 
tmnch  extm^me,  eadtrimitt;  Latin  extrimum,  extrimitas,  extrinms. 

■^^'Jcate,  eap'.M  kate,  to  free  from  difficulties ;  ex'tricat-ed  (K. 
xxxvL),  ex^trlcat-ing  (R.  xix.);  extricable,  cx'.tT\.ltttA»*V 


84«  KKnons  ar  spehch 

BifriMtioii,  eti^.tTK.Jisy'^jiM^  llbeviitioif  fhmr  diAciiMliK. 

LaUii  etMcSMli*,  eoBtrUOHo,  eiftieJi'^  (frfetv,  hatn,  As.,  wrapped 
round  the  feet  of  blrdr  to  pnTeat  than  from  wandcrtog.  To  'Su' 
tricate/'  to  get  the  feet  oat  of  t&aie  iriea  or  impedimenti). 

Biteiindo,eg.ttin^^A4pdepcnden^.6artriBBicaUy,eg^W^t^ 
Frendb  «lri9Wd<{ii«;  Latin  «Mtirim§ieu*,  aciing  from  another  loiiBoa. 

Extrude'  (2  syL),  to  thrust  out;  extrud'-ed  (R.  xxxvL),  eztrad'- 
ing  (R.  xix.);  extrusioii,.  exAru'jhuru    (Not  a  Fr.  word.) 
Latin  es^rHdire,  supine  extrUmm  (ao  irudo,  to  fUniflt  out). 

Exaberant,  ex.u'.b^,rant,  boisterous,  laxuriant;  emlwimitt-lj. 

Exuberance,  ex,u\b^.rance ;  dxulbciraficy,  plu,  -cfaB,  -Hs. 

French  exu&^anCie,  eopab&ntnt;  Latin  eanilMhKiM;  geiu  artim^mMi, 
AniMrdr*  (u5<r„  a  dug  or  adder). 

Exude'  (2  syLX  to  issue  through  the  pores  (1  sjL);.  exud'-ed 
(R.  XXX  vi.),  exud'-iug  (R.  xix.),  exudation,  ex'.H.day'^akmL 
A  corrnption  of  ex8ude,  Latin  ex  tudOf  to  sweat  oat. 
Exnlf,  to  rejoice  exceedingly ;  exulf-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  eznUliiyJj; 
exultation,  ex\'&l.tay".thun;  exi^-ant,  exulf-eK; 
Lat.  eoBuliawtia,  taeuXtaHo,  emM^brt  («b  softtf,  to  leap  idMmf), 
Ejntritt,  ^a;.fi'.v{.e  (in  Qeol.\  alt  fbssil  animal  matter,  the  east* 
off  skins,  &c,  of  animals.    (Latin  exiivu»t  things  left  off.^ 

Eye,  plu,  eyes,  t,  ize  (1  syi.),  organ  of  sight,  to  watoh;  e^ed^ 
«i«  (1  syL);  eye-ing,  i.in^.    ("Eye-ing**  and  ''dje-ing'" 
are  exceptions  to  Rule  xix.) 
Old  Eng.  6ge  or  edge;  edg-ctpfel,  the  apple  of  the  eye ;  edg-iMi,  te. 

Eyre,  iV,  a  circuit,  as  Jmtiees  in  Eyre,  itinerant  judgea. 

Latin  ire,  to  go. 
Eyxie,  ^jry,  the  nest  o£  birds  of  prey.    (Welsh  eryr,  as  eafle.) 

Fable, /a'.&7  (noun  and  verb);  teMed^fd'.Vld;  Uk'Wiig.HUm 

Fabulist,  ful/.ii.list;    fabulous,  fSh'.H.lSs ;    fltVutoM-1? 
fab'ulous-ness;  fabulise  (not  -ize^  R.  xui), /Sb'.«iii» 
iiab'uUsed  (fl  syl),  fSftb'ulIs-lng  (R.  xix.) 
French  fabU,  fdbuHaU  ;  Latin  fdhUla.  fdMUbris,  /HMUdMi 
Fabric,  fab'.riky  texture,  Ac;  fabrication,  fab'.ri^ka'^^j^km; 

Fabricate,  fab\fl.kate,  to  manufacture,  to  fklsify';  fiib 
cat-ed,  fab'ricat-ing  (R.  xix.),  fab'ricat-or  (R.  xxxm 

French  fdbriquer,  fdbriecUion .-  Latin  fdbricdHo,  fabriettoe,  / 
edre  (Jdber,  a  forger  or  smith). 

Facade,  fa.8ard'  (French),  the  front  of  a  building. 

Face  (1  syl.),  the  visage,  a  surface.  Fhase,  fase,  the  diicr  o 
moon,  (fee,  the  shape  of  a  yrare,  (fee.  Ftke»,  to  I 
oppo^te,  to  encounter;  fiEieed  (1  syl.);  &e-idg,/MiC 
ftidal,  fd'JiMX,  peTtaiuing  to  the  fiuse,  as  faeial  «^ 


AND  OF  8PELUS0.  iW 


\ 


Eaoet,  ySs'.ei  (ftot  fitt/jei},  one  of  the  little  ^at  Miffftees  of 
a  cut  diamond.    (Fr.  faeette,  fae$  ;  Latt.  fSeieSt  a  fifce.) 

Tboetious,  f&,9ffjthii»t  joeose ;  fMse'tioiiB-ly«  fiaoe'lioiis-iieBk 

EaoiltiA,  fojt^jihlLl,  wittieisms,  merty  conceits. 

FaoOitate^ /a.«ir.{.tot4;,  to  make  easy;  fadlltat-ed (R.  xxxvi), 
fiaeiiltat^izig  (R.  xix);    facil'ity,   dexterity;    fiuaUtiea 
(plu,)  faMl\%,tiZt  means  of  reducing  difficultieB. 
'fiemAifacaiti,/acUUer;  tAtia  facUltas  (fdcUU,  easy). 

F^OHninile,/aAE  sim'Xle  (Fr.),  an  exact  copy.  {LaX.  factum  iimUit,) 

FMicm,  fakf^hun,  a  cabar;  fac'tion-ist,  an  unscrupulous  oppo- 
nent; factious, /aV.s/iiM  ;  factious-ly,  fac'ttous-ness. 
Vremch/cution;  Lstin/oeiio,  fcuHOnu  matinoiu,  {/ado,  to  do). 
Ymetori  f&k\tor,  an  agent ;  fao'tor-ship  {-thipt  office  of). 

ItActary,  f<U^,to.ry ;  fti€iange,  fdkf.td.ragey  a  factor's  dues. 
WmuAifBuUwrf/aetoraife;  lokUn  factor  (faeio,  to  make  or  do). 
Eutotmii,  fdh,id'.tum,  an  employ^  who  does  all  sorts  of  worii. 
Vt,  factotum;  Lat.  fadiio]  tohtm,  to  do  eyerything. 

IMd^  fdWMMt  brigbt  flpots  in  the  sun.    Maoulfe,  mak.uM^ 

dark  spots  in  the  sun.    (Latin  fdcula,  a  little  torch.) 
Taonlty,  plu.  faculties,  fdh'.uliiz,  capacity,  skill,  science. 

l!hib  faKmlty,  lUedioal  practitioners  coUectiyely  considered. 

Ttfea^fkcuUi:  'Ltktin/H6ktta8(faeul1cit/dcUi8,  easy). 
There  are  four  "faculties"  or  scieoees,  vi^.,  arts,  theology,  law,  and 
medidne,  bnt  the  word  faculty  is  now  restricted  to  the  last. 

Faddle,  fdd'J!l,  to  trifle ;  fiddle-faddle,  purposeless  nonsense. 
Fade  (1  syl.),  to  droop,  to  lose  colour;  fSd'-ed,  fad'-ing  (B.  xix.' 

Frrach  /ode,  insipid :  Latin  vada,  to  go ;  Greek  hadbs,  a  walk. 
Aig,  a  drudge,  to  drudge.    A  fish-fag,  a  female  fish-hawker. 

The  £ag-end,  the  selyage,  the  worst  end. 

l^ged  (1  syl.),  fagg'-ing  (Rule  i.),  fagg'-er. 

A  * •  fag,"  Gk.  pMff<fe,  a  great  eater.    *'  Fag-end,"  Ang.  -Sax  f^ian\ 
to  change  the  colour. 

^agoi,/(3^.^£,  a  bundle  of  sticks,  caked  made  of  pork  soraps. 

"A  bundle,"  Welsh  /agwd,  Fr.  /ogot.    ** A  cake,"  Gk.  pMgo,  to  eat. 

^Pahienheit,  Faj^renhMe^  tbe  inveotor  of  the  thermometer 
which  marks  32"  as  the  freezing  point  of  water,  and  212" 
as  its  boiling  point  (difference  180**).  Reaumur's  ther- 
mometer, used  in  Germany  aud  Russia,  divides  the 
distance  between  these  extremes  into  80  parts.  The 
eeUtigtade  thermometer  divides  it  into  100  deg. 

^  (1  syl.J,  to  become  bankrupt,  to  miss ;   i^led  (1  syL), 
ftul'-mg ;  fidlure,  fait.y&r,  insolvedcy,  defeat. 
Welsh  ffautlu,  to  faU  or  fniS5;  ffaa,  a  failing.    Germ.  /eMtfa,  to  t«ai. 


348  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Pain,  fiEuae,  feign  (all  pronounced /an«,  1  syl.) 

Fain,  desiroas.    (Old  Engt /cep}i[tan],  to  desire;  Fr./otn.) 

Fane,  a  temple.    (Latin  fanurn,  a  temple.) 

Feign,  to  pretend.    (Fx.feindre^  TjbX.  fingeret  to  feign.) 

Faint,  feint  (both  fainU  1  syl.)  Faint,  languid,  to  swoon ; 
£aint'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  fainf-ing,  fainf -ish  {-Uh  added  to 
ac[j.  is  dim.,  added  to  nouns  means  "  like"),  fainf-ly. 

Feint,  a  pretence.    (Fr.  feinte,  Latin  fng^e,  to  feign.) 
French  fainiant,  sluggish  (/aire  niant,  to  do  nothing). 

Fair,  a  free  market,  delicate.    Fare,  cost  of  a  journey,  provisionf  • 

Feat,  fe'r,  terror.  Fair;  fair'ing,  a  present  from  the  fair ; 

£Edr'-ish,  rather  fair  {-ish  added  to  adj.  is  dim.,  added  te 

nouns  it  means  "like");  fairish^y,  fairly. 

"  Fait"  (a  free  market),  French /o<re;  JjaXiafiria,  a  holiday. 
"Fair"  (jnst,  beautiful).  Old  English /<r(7r,  fair;  foeger,  beantj. 
"Fare,**  Old  Eng.  frer,  a  journey,  hence  cost  of  a  journey,  provirinn. 
"  Fear,"  Old  Eng.  /<6tlan],  to  fear  from  being  startled  (/«»r,  mddeDX 

Fairy,  plu.  fairies,  fair^Hz.    Spenser's  word  is  Faery  [Queen]. 
German /ee;  French /^e,  Ataj^fierie:  Persian  iiAi. 

Faith,  fath,  belief,  trust ;    faith'-fol  (Rule  viii.),  faifh'ftil4y, 
faith'fol-ness ;  faith'-less,  fiuthle8B-ly«  fnlthlfww  noai 
The  faith,  Christianity. 
Ital.  fede./edele,  faithful ;  Fr.  foi;  Lat.  Jid«»,  f^dOii  ($d»,  to  Irw^ 
Fakir,  fa.keefj  a  Mahommetan  monk.    (Arab,  a  potior  manO 
Falchion, /at(7r.«ftttn  {not  falshun  nor  fiwV^hi,iSn). 

French /aitc/um,  a  curved  sword ;  Latin /ato,  a  reap-hooik. 
Falcon,  faw\k8n  (not  faV.kon  nor  fawV.kon),  a  female  hawk ; 
falconer,  faw\kbn.er ;  falconry,  faw\kSn,ry. 

Fr.  faueon,  a  falcon :  Lat.  falx,  gen  falcis,  a  reap-hook.  8e  eaUs^ 
from  its  curved  beak.  The  male  is  called  a  taMel  or  lorvtl  (Fk*— 
tierceUt,  a  tierce,  or  third  smaller). 

Faldstool,  fald'Moolf  the  bishop's  chair  within  the  altar  rails. 

Old  Eng.  /aid  stdl,  a  folding  stool;  Fr.  fauteuil,  Le.,, 
Low  lAi.  faldistorium  ;  Qerm.  feldstuM. 

Fall,  fawl ;  past  fell,  past  part,  fallen,  fawVn  ;  fall'-ing,  fidT- 
{**  Fall"  retains  double  1  in  all  its  compounds:  as  M't 
downfall,  windfall, fallirig -in,  falling  si cknen^  &o.)  (B. : 
Old  English  /eal{[an],  ^uXfeol,  past  part  ge-feallm,  to  faU. 
Fallacy,  plu,  fallacies,  fdV.la.8lz,  an  error ;  faUad-ona,  /SLIafr^"*^ 
shus  (Rule  zi.) ;  falla'cions-ly,  folla'dons-neBS. 
Latin /a{2dcta./aUac{d«tt«  {/allax,  deceitful);  French /a  WartgML 
F^Uihle  (not  -able),  liable  to  fall ;  falUbility,  f&l\KMr.lif. 

Lat  fallire,  to  deceive ;  6k.  aphaUo,  to  make  to  fall ;  Ft. . 
Fallopian  [tube],  fal.ld\ptan  (not  falUip\uan)t  so  ealled 
Gabriel  Fallopius,  of  ^od6na  (1523-1562). 


\ 


AND   OF  SPELUNG,  849 

FftUow,  reddish  bay  colour,  nncultivated,  ploughed  bnt  not  sown. 

*'  Fallow  [deer],**  Old  Eng.  /sato,  yellowiah  brown  (/eolwion,  to  xipen). 
*«FaUow  land,**  is  land  left  to  "ripen." 

Eabe, /ofe«,  not  true;  fajse'-hood,  a  lie;  fialse'-ly,  fftlBe'-neBB ; 

IWsiiy,  fol\8tfy  :  fftlflifles,  fSV^iJize ;  falsified,  fUTj^,- 
fide  ;  fial'sifi-er  (Bule  xi.),  fai'sify-ing.    {See  -f^r.) 

IPalcD^cation,  fSV^tfixay^'^hun,  misrepresentation. 

Old  English /aZ<e ;  Latin /a2«u«,  y.  faUo,  supine /obttm,  to  deceive. 
lUaettp,  plu,  fedsettOB  (R.  xlii.),  fSl^etf,toze  (Ital.),  a  false  voice. 
FUlter, /sr.ter,  to  hesitate;  fal'tered  (3  syL),  fal'ter-ing,  (fee. 

QfV^h/aUar,  to  be  at  fault  (faUa),  hence  tinfcUta,  without  tpXL 
Fame  (1  syl.),  renown;  famed  (1  syl.),  renowned;  fAme'-lfiSB. 

Ftounig,  fd'.mus ;  fa'moTis-ly,  £a'moiis-ne8B. 
Latin  fSbma,  fSmdnu  ;  French  fame,  fameux. 
Fuuiliar,/a.m{Z^y«r, intimate,  an  attendantdemon;  famil'iar-ly; 
familiarity,  plu.  fSamiliarities  (R.  xliv.), /a.mir.t.ar''n.ti2. 

Familiarise  (Rale  xxxi. ),  fa.miV.tar.ize,  to  accustom ; 

Familiarised,  fa.mil\tar,izd;  famil'iaris'ing  (Rule  xiz.) 

Family,  plu.  families  (Rule  xliv.),/amM.J^,/am'.iK». 

French  famille,  familier,  familiariti,  familiariser;  Latin  fdmUia, 
fdmUidriSf/dmilidrUas  (/dmUltu,  a  household  servant). 

Famine, /amMn;  famish, /am^.tgfe,  to  starve;  fun'ished  (3  syl.), 

fam'ish-ing  {-Uh,  **  to  make  "  [hungry]).    Rule  Ixvii. 

French /aiiiiTM, /am,  hunger;  Latin /SmM,  dearth,  hunger. 

Fan,  {noun  and  verb),  fumed  (1  syL),  fann'-ing  (R.  i.),  fann'-er. 

Old  Eng.  fann,  a  fan ;  Qerm.  toanne;  Lat.  vanntu,  a  winnowing  fan. 

Fuiatic,  fajidf.ik    (not  fan'.aMh),   a    visionary;    fanatical, 

fa.nat'^ukal ;  fanafical-ly ;  fanaticism, /a.mif.i.8i2m. 

French  fanatiqus,  fanatisme;  Latin  fdndHcus  (fdnum,  a  temple. 
Fanatics  were  persons  who  haunted  temples  and  pretended  to 
utter  predictions). 

XlKDcy,  plu.  fancies, /an'.«l?,  a  whim,  a  liking,  to  like,  to  imagine; 

fancied,  fan'.8ed;    fan'ci-fol  (Rule  viii.),  fan'dfnl-ly, 

fan'oiful-ness,  fan'cy-ing  (Rule  xi.)    {See  Fantastic.) 

{The  spelling  of  ** fancy  *'  for  phausy  U  disgraceful.) 

Ok.  jpharUdsia  {phaino,  to  appear) ;  Lat.  phantdna;  Fr.  fantasie. 

}f  plu.  fEmdangoes,  f&n.ddn'.gozet  a  Spanish  dance. 

a  temple;  fedn,  desirous;  feign, /an«,  to  pretend. 

'  Fane,"  Latin  fanum.    *'  Fain,**  Old  English  fasgytHian],  to  desire. 
"Feign,**  French  yeindre. 

\{notfanfire)y  fan' fare  (Fr.),  a  flourish  of  trumpets  {Arab.) 

improperly  applied  to  the  root  of  teeth,  a  pointed  tooth. 
(Hd  "Baig-fang-tdih,  a  tusk ;  {fdn,  to  seize,  the  tooth  which  seins  hold), 
^••tasia, /fitn.tay'.2{.a/i  {not  fdn\ta;zee'\ah),  a  musLcaiooiui^QSL- 
tion  unrestricted  by  rules  (Ital.) 


«*i 


85^  ERRORS  OF  SPEECTT 


Step-father,  plu.  step-fathers,  the  second  father  of  a  ehiltl 
who  has  lost  her  first  father ;  fern.  Step-jnother. 

Grandfather,  fern,  grandmother,  the  parents  of  parents 
are  grandparents  to  the  third  generation. 

Great-grandfather,  (fee.,  the  parents  of  grandparents  ara 
great-grandparents  to  the  foarth  generation. 

€k)d£Ebther,  fern.  Godmother,  sponsors  at  haptism. 

Son,  daughter  \hoth  child],  offspring  of  father  and  mother. 

Sire,  fern,  dam,  father  and  mother  of  a  quadruped. 

Old  English  feeder^  mdder  (common  to  the  whole  Aryan  familj  oi 
languages),  ftxderlic,  fatherly ;  Heop-fatder,  steop-mdder  (stsop[m»], 
to  bereave,  the  father,  &c.,  of  a  child  bereaved).  "Grandfather** 
is  French  grand  [pir]e,  great  grandfather.    (Anglo-Saxon  grtaL) 

Fathom,  a  measure  of  six  feet,  to  sound  the  sea,  to  penetrate ; 

fathom,   fdtk\um;    fath'omed    (2    syL),   fiaUi'oiii-iiig; 

£bth'om-er,  fath'om-ahle,  fath'om-less. 

Old  English /cetAtn,  a  cnbit ;  t.  /ce^miian},  to  fathom ;  faeOumrlm. 

fatigue,  ^a-teef,  weariness,  to    weary;    fatigued,  fa,Uegd^; 
£atigu-ing(Bul6ziz.),/a.t««/.tn^;  fafiga'tion,  -^hm. 

Trenoh  fcUigue;  "LaAin/dtlgo,  to  weazy  (/dtim,  overmnch). 
Eauhourg,  f5\boo'rg,  a  suburb.    (Old  French  forsbourg.)    . 

Low  Latin /or if  burgium,  the  borough  beyond  [the  town]. 
Fault, /o2^  offence;  faulty, /or.tj^ ;  faul'ti-ness,  faul'ti-ly. 

French /at(Zt«,  nowfaute;  Latin  faUOf  to  slip ;  foMitaa,  falsehood. 
Faun,  a  woodland  deity.    Fawn,  a  young  deer,  to  cringe. 

Fauna,  faw'.nah^  the  collective  animals  (Flora,  JWjrdh,  ths 

collectiye  plants)  of  any  given  region. 
**  Fauna  "  (Latin),  the  goddess  of  procreation.    "  Flora,"  of  flowva. 
Favour,  fd'.vor,  a  kindness,  to  befriend;  iia'voured  (9  bjL), 
fit'vour-er,  fa'vour-ing,  fa'vouring-ly,  fia'Your-er,  iSi'. 
Your-able,    fa'yourable-ness,    fia'vourahly;    fiiTocixite, 
fa\vor.U;  fa'vourit-ism,  fa'vour-less. 

Vrench  faveur,  favorable,  favorite,  favaritisme  ;  Latin  /ttvor, /MM* 
bil%s,/Aveo,  to  befriend.  (Our  apology  for  the  -u-  in  UiaM  words 
is  that  it  marks  their  French  origin,  but  the  French  do  not  intsr* 
polate  u  after  o,  and  it  would  be  far  better  to  follow  the  Latin.) 

Fawn,  a  young  deer,  to  cringe.    Faun,  a  woodland  deity. 

Fawn,  &wned  (1  syl.),  fawn'-ing,  fawn'ing-ly,  fawn'-«r. 

Fr.  foan  =:fahn,  a  fawn  ;  Old  Eng.  fcegn{ian\,  to  cringe  or  lUttK 
Fealty,  f^Mlty  (not  feeV.ty),  loyalty. 

French  fial,  trusty ;  Latin /Yd^2is,  faithful. 

Fear,  /eT,  terror,  to  feel  terror;   feared  (1   sjL),  fsai^-li^f 
fear'.fnl  (Rule  viii.),  fear'ful-ly,  fear'fdl-neoi 
fearless-ness,  fearless-ly;  fear.nought, /sVinort. 
Old  Sngliflh  /^anV  to  utartle  -.  fSr,  terror  from  raddm 


AND  OF  SPELLTNd.  868 

Feuilile, /ee'jBi&'l,  practicable ;  feaa'ibly;   feasibil'itj. 
Traadi  /atfoUe  (wrong-<) .  Latin/oeAie,  fAdOit^  M87  to  do. 

7eMt«  /etftt,  a  banqaet,  to  eat  sumptaonsly ;  feast'-ed  (R.  zzxyL) 
Vtaneh  feiU  wxwfiU:  Lfttin  /effum,  a  holidaj,  a  banquet 

Feat,  feety  an  exploit.    Feet,  plu,  of  foot.    Fete,  fate  (French.) 

"Itet,"  French ^tt  /  Latin  fadum,  a  deed.    *< Feet,"  Old  Bng./M, 
phL  /^i.    ''  Fdte/'  Le.,  /ate,  a  featiyal  (Latin  ftttwrn). 

F^ilier,  feth'.er  (noun  and  verb) ;  feath'ered,  feath'ering;. 
Old  Bng.  /ceMer  otftther,  fUlured  or  fythered,  feathered. 

Featnie,  fee\tehur,  the  five  members  of  the  face,  a  characteristic. 

Nonnan  faitwre;  Latin  /actOra,  the  make-np  of  a  thing  {faeio). 
Fefarile,  fib\rU  {not  ft. hrUe  nor  fib\r%le),  relating  to  fever, 

F^brifage,  fib\ri,fil{je,  a  medicine  to  mitigate  fever. 

FT.  /il>riU;  Lat.  feMUi,  febH/OgaifeMifugo,  to  pat  to  flight  fever). 

TehroBij,  f^\ru.d.ry  {not  fib\u,S.ry).    lAtin  februdrius. 

The  month,  among  the  Bomani,  of  the  Instralia  {fdnHo,  to  cleanse). 

j9€nltktffk^M,lah,  starch ;  fec'nlent,  feotulency.    {See  FaonlflB.) 
French /ifotti*;  Latin /<»ciUo»  diminutiye  of /cw,  lediment. 

Feoiuid,/^^.tfnd, fruitful;  fecnji6Ate,fik\iin.date;  feo'undat-ed 
(Rule  xxxvL),  fec'nndat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  fec'undat^r. 

Feonndation,  ffk^,un,day''^hun;  fecundity,  fe,kiin\dX,ty, 
Wnachficonder,  fieondtUian^  fdoondiU;  Latin  feeundUM,  fteundiu. 

FederaL  fSd\e.rSh  leagued  to^^ether.  The  fed'erals,  states 
leagued  together ;  fed'eral-ism,  fed'eral-ist ;  federal-ise, 
fSd'.e.rdL%ze:  fed'eralised  (4  syl.),  fed'eralis-lng  (R.  xix.), 
federative,  f^ ,e.ra^i\v.    Confederate,  c&n.  fed' Jisate, 

Federation,  fed\e.ray*' jshun  and  Confederation,  a  league. 

Fr.  fidiral,  fidiralisU,  fid^aiion,  fSd^atif:  Lat.  fadw,  a  league. 

Fee,  a  payment,  to  pay;  feed,  fee'-ing.     Land  held  under  an 

overlord;  fee-6imple,  land  not  entailed;  fee-tail,  lands 

entailed ;  fee-farm,  a  farm  held  on  payment  of  rent. 

Old  Bng.  feoh,  stipend,  goods.    "  Fee  =s  feoff,*'    Span,  fe,  ItaL  ftd*^ 
(Lat.  /ides  [land)  in  trust),  not  a  word  of  Teutonic  ongiA 

FeftUe,  feefJb%  weak ;  fee'ble-ness,  fee'bly. 

French /ai&Ze;  Spanish /ebZe;  Italian  Jlevole. 
Feed,  pail  fed,  past  part,  fed;  feed'-ing,  feed'-er.    {See  Fee.) 

Old  English /Jd[an],  past/^dde,  past  part,  f^ded,  v.  n.  /4ding. 

fBt^past  felt,|7«»f  part,  felt;  feer-ing,  perceiving  by  touch, 
sense  of  touch ;  feel'ing-ly,  tenderly ;  feel'-er. 
Old  English  fdian],  past  felde,  past  part,  feled  ;  felung. 

Feet,  plu,  of  foot.    Feat,  an  exploit    Fete,  fate,  a  festivaL 

'•  Feet,"  Old  Eng.  M  plu.  M    "  Feat,"  Fr.  /ait.    "  Ffele,  Ft  f«ia,  ^ 

m 


6d4  ^RROna  OF  SPEECH 

Feign,  fene,  to  pretend.    FaiB,  desirous.    Fi'ne,  a  temple. 
Feign,  feigned  (iByL);  feignad-ly, /asf'.n^.2y  ;  fiuga'^-iiig. 
Feint,  faint,  a  pretence.    F^t^  ineljbed  to  swooiw 

*'  Feign."  Fr./eiiuira,/eiiit ;  Lat,  /SflflP^  8apiBei>{iw;to«i»,  to  oeoaAerfeit. 
"  Fain, '  Old  Eng.  foegn\ian\,  to  deidre  •,/agnurvg,  a  desiring,  a  wish. 
"Fane,**  Lat.  foAMvm^  a  temple  ^from  faH,  to  speak,  qmod  pontiMeea 
a  sacranio  fanum  "  fantiv/'  quo4  vocal>ant  effari  iemjfUfk ( Varr.) 

Felicitate,  fe.U8\l.t<Ue,  to  congratulate ;  felicltat-ed  (E.  xxxvi), 
felicltat-ing  (B.  xix.);  felipitadon,  fuMiW.ta/' ^kmi. 

Felicity,  fe.WX.ty,  happiness ;  felicitoiiB,  ftMAJim^  Inoky, 
happy;  felicltons-ly,  felioltona-nesa. 

Fell,  the  skin ;  \jell  of  hair\  a  hilly  mpor,  cruel,  to  brmg  to  the 
ground,  did  fall.    Fell-monger,  dealer  in  hides ;  ML 

To  fell,  felled  (1  syl.),  fell'-ing,  fell'-er,  one  who  fells  wood. 
('*  FelV  retains  double  I  in  its  compounds,  R.  Tiii.,  eu  hefelL) 

Old  Bng.feU,  skin,  Air ;  felt  [tor  hats] :  Oerau/eH  /  Lat.  peUiUi^  a  kidt. 
Germ.  fds.  a  rode,  hill,  cUff.    Old  Bng.  /«iZ,  oruel ;  fyUt  death. 
(Verb)  Old  Eng.  fel\an],  to  cut  down ;  past/ealde,  past  part.  feUd, 

Fellow,  fSV.lo,  a  person.  Felloe,  fSl'Xo  (of  a  wheel).  BelFer, 
one  who  fells  trees.  Felo  de  se,  fet.o  de  se,  self  murder. 
'*  Fellow,"  Old  Eng.  felauB.    "  FeUoe,"  Old  Eng.  felfft.    <«««  T^HL) 

FeUy,  plu.  fellies,  fiV.liz,  one  of  the  ports  of  the  rim  of  a  wheeL 
This  is  a  better  spelling  than  felloe,    (Old  JBIng.  felge,) 

Felon,  feV.dn,  one  who  has  committed  felony ; 

Tehmy^plu.  felonies, /^^^.niz,  a  capital  o£Eeoce;  felmdowi 
fi.ld\ntu8 ;  felo'nioiuhly. 

Felo  de  se,  feV.o  de  se,  suicide,  a  self  murderer. 

Low  Lat.  feUmia.,  fdo  de  se,  Monj  on  oneeelf  [by  suicide] :  Vr.  fOtm, 
Fel^'spar  (in  OeoL),  a  volcanic  product  the  basis  of  many  roeks. 

Oerman  feidspath,  field  q>ar.    Eirwin  says  fel  spar,  lOok  spar. 
F^lt,  the  hide  and  its  fur,  used  for  hats.    Fast  tense  of  faeU 

Old  English /eU,  a  bide,  fur ;  fat.  a  hide  with  its  for. 
Felnoea,  feMk\kah  (Italian  feluca),  a  small  sailing  ycsmL 

Female,  f^.mail,  the  feminine  sex.    Hale,  the  maaouline  sex. 

Feminine,  f^'.Ln^n  (not/^m'.t.mn«),  pertaining  to  thefomale 
sex.    Masculine,  jndis' .hii.Vin,  pertaining  to  the  male 

Female  screw,  the  nut  or  indented,  spiraL    Iflale 
the  part  with  the  thread  in  relief. 

Femmenrale,  f^m^sdle,  an  unmarried  woman. 

Fr.  fenUUe,  fenme,  a  ^omaji,  fSmMn ;  Lat.  fiminUms,  ftiiDs  « 
J^mina,  a  woman  ^a  feminum  partibos,  ^nibns  [feiai|uOdlattDg«lt 
a  yiio.— Isidore  of  Seville  (OHginum  s.  Etymolog.,  lib.  j^ 

FemorsJ,  fem',o.rdl,  pertaining  to  the  thigh, 

Lat.  fimur,  gen.  fUmtlHs,  outside  of  the  tfaiffh  ;  ftnmi,  gen. 
th»iBsideolth9t3d8)L 


AXD  OF  SPELLING,  S5& 


jbuid  wImUy  or  partially  covered  with  water;  f(uui'<^  (B.  i.> 
OM  BngHA  /wm,  •  m^xtik  •x  fen ;  /mnif,  Ceoajr,  Mnddf. 

Peioee  (1  syl.),  a  hedge,  to  enclose  with  a  hedge,  to  fight  with 
foils;  fisnoed  <1  cyl.),  fene'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  fiBiie'-«r. 
Latin  fl^^^nufo,  a  dcf eaoe ;  v.  d^€n4a,  aoplne  d4\fmmim.  ' 

!PeB%6l,a pot-herb.  {OldEng. fenol;  Lai,f^vXcukimjfi»attm,h&y.) 

Feod,  fead,  fee,  feof^  fief,  feodal,  fevdaL 

(At  present  the  anoertain  spelling  aind  meaning  of  these 
words  is  moat  perplexing.  The  French  ^f  is  not  wanted 
and  might  be  discarded.  Fev4  should  be  restricted  to 
tbe  qoarrela  of  clans  and  tribes.  It  is  a  very  cormpt 
spelling  of  the  Old  English  fagth  or  fahthy  a  deadly  fend.) 
The  words  retained  and  their  meanings  would  then  he — 

Fee,  |^?operty  held  for  service;  fee-«imple,  fee-tail,  haae- 
f^  conditional  fee,  fee-expectant,  fee-&rm  {Law  terms). 
Old  EngUflh/tf/i  or  feoh,  property,  goods,  any  medium  of  exchange. 

Ileod,  fade,  the  right  of  a  tenant  to  a  fee ;  feodality,  fealty ; 
feodary,  fu\da.ry,  an  ofScer  of  the  court  of  wards  {abol- 
ished); fiodBktojj,  fu.da,t5.ry,  the  tenant  of  a  fee. 

Eeo£E^  fiff  (same  as  fee,  but  not  a  law  term),  whence 
ftflff-or,  /Sf-or,  one  who  gives  possession  of  a  fee;. 
feoff-ee,  fif.ee,  one  who  is  put  in  possession  of  a  fee ; 
feoff-ment,/^.fn«n<,  a  deed  conveying  a  fee. 

Fend,  a  deadly  quarrel  between  clans  or  families;  feud- 
bote,  fude.bote,  money  paid  for  engaging  in  a  "  feud " 
qnazrel;  fead'-ist,  a  writer  on  family  feuds. 

Fendal  [system].  Unhappily  the  spelling  is  too  firmly 
established  to  be  disturbed,  otherwise  feodal  would  be 
better,  and  then  feudal  would  be  the  adtj.  of  feud. 

Low  Latin  feodum,  feoffamentum,  feoffator,  feoffcUus ;  French  fiodal. 

Fennent,  (noun)  fer'.ment,  (verb)  fer.menf  (Rule  1.),  ferment'-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  ferment'-ing,  fermenf -able. 

Fermentation,  fef^.m^.tay".8hun;  fermentability,  fer\' 
m^\ta.hlt'.i.ty ;  fermentatiye,  fer,mSn\taMv, 

French  ftrmmUry  fmnentation,  fermentable,  ftrmentatif;   Latin 
fensMiUaUo,  /ermerUwnn',  fermmtare,  to  leaven. 

Fem,  1^  family  of  cryptogamic  plants ;  fem'-y.   (Old  Eng.  feam ). 

Fevpciaim  (Bule  lxvL),fe.rd\8hus,  savage;  fero'cious-ly ; 

Ferocity,  fe.r^s\l.tyy  inhuman  cruelty,  savageness. 

Fer^rel  (better  fenmjle,  f^.rule,  q.v.) 

f^.rSt,  an  animal  of  the  weazel  kind,  a  narrow  woollen 

tf^^e,  tx>  drive  out  of  a  bole,  to  teaze;  fer'ret-ed  (Rule 

xxxvi.),  fer'ret-ing,  fer'ret-er. 

Wnnchfuretyfureter:  Ottrmtoi/rett;  Old  English  >Veton,  togn&Hi. 
"  Fcnet "  (tape),  German  Jloret,  [band],  a  ooane  silk  ilbhoa. 


A 


^ 


356  EJRJiORS  OF  SPEECH 

Ferrog^oiiB,  f er.ru'. gi.nus  (Dot  fe.ril\gi.fnu)j  eontaining  the 
properties  or  colour  of  iron[rast] ;  fermgmated,  f6rjrit^ 
gi.rui,tedf  impregnated  with  iron  {not  fe.ru\(fijuiJied^ 
Latin  fernko;  iron  mrt  {fentm  mMffo,  nist  of  ironX 

Ferry,  fUi,  femes,  fir^,riz,  a  boat  for  conveying  pasamgers 
across  a  river,  to  convej  passengers  across  a  river  in  m 
boat;  ferries, /^riz ;  ferried, /&^rfai;  fer^ry-ing. 
Old  Sng.  firtan,  to  cany ;  past/ihnodc,  past  part,  firtd;  Lat.  /Hna. 

Fertile,  f^.tU  (not/^.tiZtf),  more  fertile  (eomp.),  fer'ta-eet,  or 
most  fertile  if nf|>^.;;  fer'tile-ly;  fertility, /efr.tir.{.fy. 

FertilisQ  (not  fertilize.  Rule  xxxL),  fe/JiLize:  far'tated 
(3  syL),  fer'tills-ing  (Rule  zix.);  fer'tiliB-er,  a  Deh 
manure,  (fee;  fertilisation, /^.<U.{jBa''^/rufi. 

Franch  /triOe,  fertUiU,  fertUiaer:  Latin  /<HIK«,  f9r¥XIUM, 

Ferula,  fir^.ru.lah,  a  small  paUet  of  wood  or  leather  for  Btzikiiig 
children  on  the  hand  by  way  of  chastisement. 

Latin  fgriUOy  firio,  to  strike.    (Feroto  tristes,  socptra  paBdacofonua 
ceaaent—MaHial,  10,  02, 10.) 

Ftomle,  fer'rulet  a  small  metal  hoop  for  walking  canes,  Ac 

Qpuiiah  Mrola;  French  viroU. 

Fer^vent,  ardent;    (comp.)  fer'Yent-er,  (supcT.)  fisr^Teiit-flgt; 

fer^vent-ly,  fer^vent-ness;  feryency, /<SK.veipi^. 

Fervour, /(JK.ror;  fer'vid,  fer'vid-ly,  fisr'yid-neBS. 
Latin/erveiu,  gen.  fervwUa:  ferveo^  to  be  hot ;  ftrHdnu,  Jkimt. 

Fease  (1  syl.),  a  band  crossing  an  heraldic  shield  horizontally, 
and  equal  to  one-third  of  its  entire  field.  It  is  one  of  tbs 
nine  honourable  ordinaries.    (Latin  fascia,  a  band.) 

Festival,  fes*tl.vul,  a  holiday,  a  time  of  rejoicing;  festal,  PkUEL; 
fes^tal-ly;   festive,  fea\i\v ;  fes'tive-ly;  fsrtivi^, 
festivities,  fes.tW.i.iiz,  amusement. 
Latin  fettivUas,  futimu,  festivdre  :  French  fetAt,  nowyMs. 

FesUion^fes.toon'  (noun  and  verb);  festooned'  (2  syl.), 

Ital.  fuUme  (festa,  a  festival):  ITr.  fesUm  (Lat.  festum,  a  hoUdar). 

Fetch,  the  apparition  of  a  living  person,  to  go  and  get;  fstiAed'. 

To  fetch  a  compass,  to  make  a  circuit  in  order  to  readi  a  point 

Old  English  /ece[an],  to  fetch.    Fetich  (q.  v.  \  a  kind  of  deaoa. 

Fete,  fate,  a  holiday.    Fate,  destiny.    Feat,  feet,  an  aehieve* 
ment    Feet,  plu.  of  foot. 

'*  Fgte.**  French  fUe  for  fesU ;  Latin  /eshun,  a  ftetlvaL 

" Fate,**  L%t.  fatum.   "  Peat,"  Fr.  fait;  Lat/ociiUR,  inmnHitM  •»■■ 

"  Feet,"  Old  English  fdt,  plO.  fit  ^^ 

Fetich,  ft.ti8h,  a  West  African  idol ;  fetich-iam  or  ISitioiait 
f^.ti.cUm,  the  worship  of  a  fetich. 
Plortiv./ei<ifO, witchcraft:  Lat. /ojcttwm (Qk. ftadbia Ji, wttBh>wl» 


AXD  or  SPELUXa  tst 


'Bt^6^firJiLaUMaf£iMu:;  fe'tiA-ly,  Ib'tM  mm.  f^*for« 

JetJSk^  the  toft  of  luur  behind  the  pMt««i  <»f  a  hcirw^ 

CU  Xn^BikiK  tec;  •  lock  of  Wir  [OB  tkt2  iMi 

%  ehain  for  the  feet.    Mma'adA, « tb«ck)e  fbr  the  han^ 

OUS^hh/«teroryM«r.    Freackieiierti*;  Utta«««k^ 
the  qnairel  of  a  clan  or  tribe.    (Set  FMd.) 

<M  SBc.>U(«e»l  put/<««.  to  bt  at  «UBii7>>ff<A  or/MUlk  %  Ani. 

[system],  bj  which  lands  were  held  fi^  railitaiy  st^rviee ; 

fBodal-isB,  JWAuVUm^  the  feudal  constitution ;  fbudal'^ 

lit  or  food'-iflt,  one  Torsed  in  feudal  laws;   ^udality, 

/icuiar.i.ty,  sUte  of  being  feudal:   feudary.  f^'M^t^ 

(a4).X  holding  lamis  for  service ;  feudatary,  /M'.da«l(l«fy« 

one  who  holds  lands  for  seryiee. 

1^.  feudUU,  feudataie,  findal,  fiodatiU :  8i>mi.  iV«daJL  AinteWde< 
feudaUuio,  ftudista,  fsudo^  %  feoff ;  lul.  ftudatario,  Jinido. 

Fen-de-joie  (French), /mo'cT  zjwah'\  a  joy-voliey, 

Feoilletoii, /iiT.ton[/],  that  part  of  [French]  Journals  devoted 
to  literaiy  articles  as  critiques,  tales,  and  ho  on.    (h>.) 

Eerer,^^^;  fe'ver-ish,  having  a  plight  fever;  fe'yerlih-ly^ 
fe>6riBh-ne88  (R.  Ixv ii.)    (Old  Eug.  fefer ;  Lat  febrii.) 

Fsfvezfew,  ft,V€r^u^  a  cortuption  of  Old  KuKlish  ftifir/ug€,  to 
drive  off  fever,  the  pyri' thrum  [Parthe'nium], 
Latin /sM/^Qvo-    Pyrtthrvim  (Qr^tk  fHUrma,  tevr). 
Esfw,  (eomp.)  few'er,  ( super.)  few' -est;  few'-nesi. 
Old  English /edw,  (8nper.)/e<fioo«to,/ediime«,  fewntH. 
Fiat^  fi'uit  (Latin  **let  it  be  done"),  an  order  to  do  something. 
Sib,  a  falsehood,  to  tell  a  falsehood  ;   fibbed  (1  nyl.),  flbb'-ing 
(Bule  i),  fibV-er.    (Irish  fiabbare, to  tfll  fliin-flain  talon.) 
FDbro,  |>Iu.  fibre*, /i'.6^,/i'.6<Tz,  the  solid  part  of  nniroal  flesh, 
a  hair-like  root,  *c.;  fibronB,  fi'.briU;  fibrine, /»'Mn, 
that  which  forms  fibre ;   fi'brln-OTis. 
FnnchJt5r«,./l6Hn«,/frrettc;  JjikHnfttra<JU)0r,  an  extremity). 
"FQmk^  fW.u.lah  {in  Lat  fi'bUla),  the  small  bone  of  the  leg; 
fibrillar,  adj.  of  fibula;  flb'ulated.  (Lat.y/frtf/ar«,  to  button.; 
TkUe,  fttru  ineonsUnt ;  flckle-neii.    (Old  Englitth  JleoU) 
Fico,pbi.  fiooes  (Rule  i}n,\  ft: .ko,  fi' Mte,  a  soup  ot  the  Anger, 

Italim  Mo.  a  llg,  fte.    I  don't  care  a  Jig  arJUe. 
fkUk^  fU^jU,  pertaining  to  pottery ;  flctor.     (Latin  fleHlis, ) 
ykHak^fU^abtm;  fic'tUm-Irt,  a  writer  oi  (Ustitm. 

Fletftioofl,  fUuishrju :  fictitioas-lj,  fictitiaiukiiMi, 
WtmAfUI*m:lMaBjLeUo,JUUlim*.    («ee  Koto  lxvi> 
JldT^l,  a  Tioiin,  to  play  the  violin ;   fiddled,  fiX  ^\A ; 


558  EnRORS  OF  SFEEdlT 

tot  plfljing  a  fiddle,  a  sword,  ar  term  of  dontemfit  signi- 
fjring  that  wlrat  is  said  is  nmrorthy  of  notice. 

fiddlie-^iftddle,  triflftig  matter,  mnch  ado  abotit  nothing: 
Germatijiedel,  y.  fiedeln,  JUdUft ;  !L«thiyk(ie«,  a  flddllB. 
Udelity,  fi.dliV.i.ty,  faithfalness.    (Fr.  fidm6  ;  Lat.  fUtSdStdi.) 
Fidget,  f^My  a  restless  per-on,  worry,  to  annoy  with  petty 
annoyances ;  fid'get-cfd  (B.  xicxvi.),  fid'get-fiftg;  fi^gistf, 
f^\et.y,  restless ;  fidgets^  a  fidgety  fit  or  conduel 

FMiMifary,  pH.  fidtreiavies  (t^nle  i}v9.\ji.M'j/iM.tU,  a  Iboffee  in 
tmst;  fldueiary  (adj.),  bound  on  conditions  of  tfast. 
lAMafidmeiariw^  t.  >2eitreidre,  to  make  condftioas  of  tnttt. 

Fie!  fi,  an  exclamation  to  deter  children  from  doing  something 
disagreeable  or  naughty. 

Fief,  feef,  land  held  on  condition  of  military  seryico. 
This  French  word  is  not  wanted,     (See  TeofL) 

Field,  feeld,  originally  meant  a  "  dealing,"*  and  was  spelt  feld, 
that  is,  a  place  where  the  trees  have  been  "  felled.* 
Old  English /eZd,  y.  /ell[an],  to  fell :  put  fecddt,  past  paai.fded. 
Fieldfare  (2  syl.),  a  dorrnption  of  feat-fare,  a  Kind  of  thrtish. 


Old  English  feala-fer,  the  ifaigratoiy  flodi  ifaiian],  past  fSr,  Mat 
part  fm-m,  to  tvayel :  and  fitUa,  maay)^  These  bktb  IMe  ta 
Britain  in  October,  and  leava  la  Febroaiy. 

Fiend,  feend  (not  feen\  the  devU;   fieiHl'-iflh  (-aaft  added  to 
nouns  means  ''like,"  adrled  toa4>»it  is  dim.) ;  fia&dTiab-^t 
fiend'ish-ness,  fiend'-like. 
Old  English /«^}ul,  /e&ndUc,  flend^ike  (ftdn,  ta  hate). 
Fierce,  fe'erce,  (comp.)  fierc'-er,  (super.)  fierc'-eati  flacoe'-ly; 
fieroe-nesa,  ferocity;  flerce-nunded. 
Fier  fierce  (se  dit  d'  on  lion  h6ri8s6;;  Latin  fi^rus,  layaga. 
Rery,  fi^'e.ryt  passionate,  like  fire.    {See  lire.) 
Fife,  plu.  fifes  (1  syl.,  Rule  xL),  fif-er,  fif-iBg,  filiBd  (1  ayL) 

French  ^re;  GmrnKa  t(fsi/e,  ffei/er,  y.  ffe^^ 
Fifteen,  fif.teen\  a  numeral;  fiftaenth,  fifAeenth\  em.  ordinal; 
Fifth,  ordinal  of  five;  fi£th'47,  in  the  fifth  phwa; 
^E'ifty,  fif.tyr  five  times  ten ;  fifti-eth,  f\f.t^th,  iti  ofdinaL 

Old  Eng.  m  5:  ma»  5th;  f^ttn,  16;  f^taOia,  Iftft;  i^^MfbfV; 
ftftigthcBt,  60th. 

Fig,  a  fruit,  a  snap  of  tbo  fingers :  as  I  don*t  care  a  Jl^ 

01<1  English  fie ;  Latin  fieus,  a  fig.    Fieo  (Ital.),  a  Bg,  a  saap  of  tts 
fingers.    Fr.  Fairt  lafigue  d  qu9iq»'%m,  to-  make  a  holt  €i§  mm 

Fight,  past  fought,  past  part*  fought, /ite,/awt/  [tbofl^tsB* 
adj, :  as  the  foughten  /Uld,  used  ia  paatqr]^  ijgkt  Ingi 
fUe'-ing ;  fighter,  f'%te',er. 

Old  English  /eoh,tlau\,  psat  /ea^t,  past  part.  /bJUa». 
(The,  •%-  is  interpotated,  and  is  vxyru  tlwinv  vssUssJ 


AND  OF  SPELLINO.  869 

Flg'iiient^  Ml  idle  dieanL    {IsiLfigmenJlmm;  fingtt  to  imac^e«> 

Vigom,  fi^'^ir  (not  fi.gew^,  sbftpe,  form,  to  shape,  to 
rnnke  figures;  flgored,  fig'ikd  (not  fi.geuf4^ ;  figar-ing, 
fl^.UrAng ;  flgnratiTe,  f^fu,rm,t^ ;  flg'wratiye-ly, 
flg^nzathrd-nen,  flg^nr-iirt 

Kgmmiita,  fig'gu.rantt  a  female  baUet-danoer. 

A.  A/urami€.  Jiguratif,  Jlgwre,  fiquHgU;  Lai  /tgBra,  jl^flrAHviw. 
fyfOnHn  {Jingo,  to  moald,  to  f«smoAX 

Fflament, /{r^.flMnt»  a  thread;  fil'amen'taiy;  fllataxe, /{T^.- 
tchiir,  spinning  [silk  from  the  cocoons]. 
WnmehJUammt;  Jj^^  JUanunta  (JUum,  thread). 
tUwrt,  f%y.bert,  the  hazel  nat    Cormption  of  Jilberd, 

Old  Eogliah  fiU  herd  (flll-beardX  so  called  becaiue  the  nut  «XMtlj 
fllU  the  cap  made  bj  the  "beards"  of  the  calyx. 

TUidtkt  to  pilfer;  filched  (1  syl.),  fllch'-ing,  filch'-et. 
^robablj  a  corrupt  contraction  of  piUage  (pilge,  ftlch). 

FQe  (1  syL),  a  tool  for  rasping,  a  line  of  soldiers,  a  wire  on 
which  bills  are  Strang,  to  use  a  file,  to  put  a  [bill]  oo  a 
file,  to  march  in  file ;  filed  (1  Ryf.),  f!l'-ing  (Ruld  xix.), 
fil'-er;  rank  and  file,  the  privntes  of  the  army. 

Rench  fit  and  flU:  Latin  fihmt.  a  thread. 

Old  English  feol  or  fyl,  a  file  ot  raap ;  Norse^lii  y.  JtU,  to  file  or  n^ 

Filial,  fVfXMl,  beoonung  in  a  son  or  daughter ;  fll^'ial-ly. 

Let.  jaUOiM  OUiM,  a  toa :  jUia,  a  daughter :  Gk.  phUtd,  to  lore). 

minister,  f\l'.i,hib\Ur  {not  JUL  ..).  a  piratical  adventurer. 

Spanish  >Uidiw<«r;  French  >li5tM<i«r. 
SlUgfee,  JiX.\,grt€y  thread-like  work  with  gdd  or  silver  wire. 

French  flMgraiu;  Spanish  JUdgrana  (the  grain  [made]  with  wire). 

Fill,  to  make  full;  filled  (1  syl.),  flll'-ing,  fiU'.^. 

T6  fill  full,  to  fill  completely ;  To  fulfil,  to  accamplish. 
Six  words  (all,  thrall,  full,  fill,  still,  and  mass)  drop  one 
of  their  double  letters  in  those  compounds  which  do  not 
come  under  R.  iv.,  thuB  fuljil,  fuijil-ment.  but  the  double 
I  is  resumed  in  ftUfill-ed,  fuljill-vng,  fulfill-ert  K.  viii. 

old  English  fyll[anX  past/yllde,  past  p9xt.fgUed. 

Tffl'Ol,  an  astragal;  meat  boned,  rolled,  and  tied  with  a  String; 
a  band  for  the  head,  to  bind  with  a  fillet ;  flll'et-«d  (not 
JilUtt-ed),  fill'et-ing  (not  Jillett-ing),  Rule  iii. 

flhifry  tffiffi  nhoiUd  b4  tiMde  to  redw^  th4  inegulAritieB  6/ Rule  4H.) 
Vnncix  filet,  fil  and  dim.  et,  a  little  thread  (Latin  ^Jum,  a  thread). 

IfiOSbogt  JiWXbgg  {not  philibeg),  the  pouch  of  the  Scotch  kilt, 
the  kilt  is  also  called  a  fiUibeg. 
QUiiofilUadMieg,  a  little  pltit  or  fold, 
^filibuster  (should  be  filibuster,  q.v,) 


860  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

FQllp,  a  jerk  with  finger  and  thumb,  to  give  such  a  jerk. 

Fhilip,  a  man's  name.    Filliped,  fiWipt  (not  fillipp-ed) ; 

filllp-ing  (not  fiU'ipp-ing).    Same  as  fliptflapt  ^ 

(Gossip,  kidnap,  and  worship  an  th»  only  wrbs  ending  In  "p**  wMdi 

abawdly  violate  R.  iii. ,  and  they  ought  at  once  to  he  redured  to  ordtr.) 

"Flip."  a  dim.  variety  of  flap.    We  have  a  large  namber  of  these 

▼owel  changes,  as  pit  pat,  (Mi  cAoi,  flim  flam,  eniek  muuikf  fltiip 

flfOp^  vriggle  vjaggU,  and  many  more. 
"  Flap  "  is  allied  to  Latin  dldpa,  German  klappe,  Welsh  tUMo,  tiap, 

elap,  ko. 

Filly,  (mas.)  colt,  {both)  foal,  fole,  the  young  of  a  horse. 

Latin  fUia,  a  danghter ;  Old  English  ooU  and  fola. 
Film,  a  thin  skin,  to  cover  with  a  film ;  filmed  (1  syL),  film'-ing ; 
film-y,  fU\my  ;  fll'mi-neas,  R.  xi    (Old  English  ^m.) 

Filter,  fXL\t^,  a  strainer,  to  strain.    Philter,  fiVd^,  a  loye- 
potion;  flittered,  fil'ter-ing;   fil'ter-er,  one  who  filters. 
Filtration, /i2.tray'.«/iun,  the  process  of  filtering;  lU'tzage. 
French  jU^tw,  flUre,  filtration,  filtrage  ;  Low  Latin  fiUrvm. 
Filth,  dirt;  mtry.flV.rhy;  fll'thi-ly,  fll'thi-neas  (Rule  xL) 

Old  Engh^hflMh  or  fyUh^  filth,  impurity. 
Fin  (of  a  fish),  finned  (1  syl.),  having  fins ;  finn'-y  (B.  i.),  fln'. 

Old  English  fin  or  finn,  finihl,  finny.    Finnas,  the  people  of 
Final, /i'.naZ,  last;  fi'nal-ly;  flnaHty, /i.?wr.l.ty. 

Finial,  fWAMlt  an  ornamental  top  to  pinnacles,  &e. 
Finale,  ^.nd/iM«  {not  ftnay'.le,  nor  ftnaVJy),  the  elose. 

Finis,  f  Wilis,  the  end ;  in  fine  (1  syL),  in  conclusion,  once 
for  all.    (French  enfin.) 

Tix^BtL,fln\ishy  the  end,  to  end ;  fin'ished  (3  syl.),  fin'^isUiig; 
fin'ish-er,  {-ish  in  verbs  means  "  to  make  "). 

Finite,  fi\nite,  terminable ;  finite'^neBS,  finiteMefli. 

Infinite,  in\fi  nit,  without  end ;  definite,  dif\tfiXtf  predse. 

Indefinite,  inMf'.i.nitt  not  definite. 

Latin  finis,  flnitimus,  f  initio,  finitus,  finite,  findlis:  Itallaa  jfnah 
(Ssyl.);  French  >{t(aZ. 

Finance,  ftnance'  (not  f %'. nance),  revenue;  flnan'oei^  zeady 
cash ;  financier,  fVnan'jseW. 


Fr.  finances,  financier;  Low  Lat.  findre,  to  fix  a  fine.    ' 
meant  originally  dnty,  tax  (of  the  natnre  of  a  fineX 

Finch,  a  singing  bird;  bullfinch,  goldfinch.    (Old  Eng.jlne.) 

Und,  (past)  found,  (past  part  )  found;  fi^d'-ing,  f&id'.er. 

Finding  of  the  court,  sentence  of  the  court 

To  find  fault,  to  censure.    How  do  you  find  yourself?    In 

what  state  do  you  find  your  health  ?    (In  Latin  we  have : 
me  male  habere  sentio,  I  find  or  perceive  myself  ilL) 
Old  EngUsh^indLan^,  yaal /and;  ^ait  part  fmdsm. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  861 

Fine  (1  rj1.)«  a  forfeit,  delicate,  beautiful,  flashy,  to  impose  aforfeit ; 

Fine  {adj.\  Ha^'W  {comp.),  fin'-eat  {super.);  fi&'-er,  one 
who  refines  metal ;  finery,  /i'.n^.ry,  flashy  clothes ; 
finary,  a  forge  at  iron  mills ;  fine'-ly,  flne'-nsM. 

Ilneaw  {Ft,\  fi.fU88\  petty  artifices;  fineas'-ing  (Rule  xix.)> 

practising  petty  artifices. 
line  (v.).  fined  (1  syl.),  f in'-ing,  fin'-able.    (See  Finftl.) 

Ldw  Lat  finis,  a  fine ;  findre,  to  refinft     Fr.  fin,  delicata :  originaUy 
the  amount  of  pure  gold  or  silver  found  by  Mtay ;  finesss. 

Finger,  ffn'.ger  (not  flng^er),  noun  and  verb ;  fin'gered  (3  syl.) ; 
fln'g^r-ing,  touching  with  the  fingers,  the  right  use  of 
the  fingers  in  playing  on  musical  instruments.  At  my 
fingers  ends  (not  finger's  nor  fingers*  end),  familiarly 
known ;  fin'ger-board,  fin'ger.poet. 
Old  'Kng.  finger,  fsng,  a  grMp,  v.  fifn,  past  fsng,  p.  p.  fangen,  to  Mlse. 

Finial,  fW-tal,  a  decoration.    {See  FinaL) 

Finical, /{n.{.)bc<{;  fin'ical-ly,  fin'ical-ness. 

-ieal  (Latin  termination),  "pertaining  to'*  [what  is  fine  or  elegant]. 

Finis,  funis  (Lat),  the  end,  the  conclusion.    {See  FinaL) 

Finish,  fSn\ish,  the  end;  fi'nUh,  rather  fine  {fine  with  the  dim. 
^ish).    Finnish,  pertaining  to  the  Finns.    (See  FinaL) 

Finn,  a  native  of  Finland.    Fin  (of  a  fish).    See  Fin. 

Rord,  ft»or^t  a  bay,  firith,  or  inlet  (Norw.,  Swed.,  Dan.) 

Fir,  name  of  a  tree ;  its  timber  is  deal.    For,  a  soft  short  hair. 

«*  Fir,''  <Md  English  furhrvmdu,  flr-wood.    "  Fur,"  Welsh  fftono. 

Fire  (1  syL), fired  (1  syl.), fir'-ing,  shooting,  fuel;  fiery, /i'.^.ry. 

Old  English /fr  orfyr,  fyren,  flery ;  fyrpanne,  a  fire-pan ;  ff/r-scoifi,  a 
Ibre^hovel ;  fyr-iange,  fire-tongs ;  /yr-tholle,  an  oven. 

Tirkbitfir^Mn,  a  quarter- barrel  or  nine  gallons  [of  beer],  a  tub 
of  butter  containing  titty -six  pounds. 

Kilderkin,  two  firkins  or  eighteen  gallons  [of  beer]. 

Barrel,  four  firkins,  or  thirty-six  gallons  [of  beer]. 

'*F1xldn,*'  German  /ass  and  kin.  dim.,  a  little  barrel ;  or,  Dutch  irier 
with  dim.  a  little  four  or  quarter  barrel.  "Kilderkin,"  Dutch, 
a  little  baby  [barrel  or  tub]. 

Firm,  substantia],  strong,  a  mercantile  company;  adj.  (comp.) 
firm'-er,  (super.)  firm'-est;  firm'-ly,  flrm'-ness. 
Lai  JlrmiM,  steady ;  firmdmm,  an  establishment  (Ok.  herma,  a  prop). 
Firmament,  fir^.md.m&it,  the  sky ;  flrmamen'taL 

JAiin  fimuunenUtm,  the  prop  of  the  fixed  stars  (Greek  Jurma,  a  prop). 
Firman,  fif^.man,  a  royal  license  or  passport.    (Turk,  firmaun.) 
First,  foremost;  first' Jy,  a  modem  innovation  for  first  (adv.) 
At  first,  or  at  the  first  (?).    If  adverbially  used,  meaning 
"  immediately,"  most  decidedly,  at  first  is  to  be  \i^e6.    \X. 
is  the  Anglo-Saxon  adverb  at/dre  (before),  cetfrumen  as. 


3fl?  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

first.     At  flnt  fiigltt,  here  first  iightt  id  one  word  like 

first-fruits, first-rateyfirst-borrit  and  '*  at"  is  the  adtttrhial 

preiiz  as  in  (Btf6re, 

Old  Eagliih/vr,  fnr ;  fym^  farther ;  fyrrtgt  or/yrst,  fartheol  or  fixst 

Omr  word  is  a  contraction  of  the  Old  English  ^rm««i  (fir'stj,  fomnoeL 

Firtli,  a  corruption  of  frith,  q.v.    (Lat /return,  a  frith.) 
Fiscaly  f^'kiily  pertaining  to  revenue, 

laXinfiacus^  a  money-bag,  the  money  pnt  in  the  bag ;  fiaeaUt. 
Pish,  jpZu.  (colleotiYe)  fish,  pht.  (partitive)  ishes,  fish'M  ;  ilBh'a 
(posB.  sing.),  jishWz  ;  fiflheB',  fijih\et.    (Rule  xzziv.) 

Fish  (verb)t  flifa'es  {third  per,  s,  pru,  Ind,,  Rule  xxxiv.); 
fished  (1  sjl.),  fiah'-ing,  fl»h'-er. 

Fish'-y,  fishl-neSB  (R.  zi.),  fiah'ery,  plu,  Muslim,  flsh\KrU. 

Fish'er-man,  one  whose  occupation  is  to  catch  fish. 

Fish-woman  [fishwife],  a  woman  who  sells  fish  bj  retaiL 

Fish-mon'ger,  a  fish-dealer.    (Old  English  monger,  dealer.) 

Fish'-tail,  to  shape  like  the  tail  of  a  fish. 

Fish's  taa,  the  tail  of  a  fish. 

Old  Eng.  Jlse,  pin.  Jiscas,  fiscere,  a  fisher ;  f8C-nett,JUo-hus,  T.JtsiiiamI 
"Fish"  (a  card  counter),  a  blunder  for  the  French  word  fkhB  (*ftna 

son  piece).    The  two  points  allowed  for  the  tub  ar*  sailed  la 

French  lajiche  de  eonaoUUioA  (see  Rule  Iziv.) 

Fissure,  fizh\*r,  a  crack  or  cleft.    Fisher,  fishier,  one  who  fishes. 

"Fissare."  French ;  Lhtin  fissara  (findo,  snpitie  fiasum,  to  eleaveX 
"Fisher,"'  Old  English yiaeere  (finciian},  to  flshX 

Fit,  a  paroxyy^m,  a  canto,  suitable,  to  adapt,  to  qualify }  (a^j-) 
fit,  (comp.)  fitr-er,  (super.)  fitf-est,  fitT-isg,  ^Wh^g-lf 
(Rule  i.);  (v.)  fitr-ed,  fitf  ^ing;  fit'-ly  (advX  ftT-neai; 
fit'-fol  (Rule  viii),  capricious;   fit'fiil-Iy,  nfftd-neoi; 
by  fits  and  starts,  intermittently. 
"  Fit "  (of  illness),  Fr  faUe,  the  point  or  sammh ;  jMfwrfm,  mesM 
much  the  same  thing,  being  from  the  Gk.  oxua,  itointad  ;  mhim, 
to  make  pointed,  to  sharpen ;  par-oxusmda. 
'*  Fit  *'  (a  canto),  Old  Eng.  Jitt,  a  sofig ;  jiMiaii\  to  iinff. 
"Fit"  (suitable),  Fr./ait,  oomelv,  well  made,  as  im  homms  Mm 41, 
U  est  bienjit  dans  $a  taUle,  cest  Is  fhrs  toutJU,    (LaL  /OefiuiM 

Five,  a  numeral;  fifth,  an  ordinal;  fifteen^  flfteentii;  fifl|y, 

fiftieth  (Rule  xi.);  five-fold,  one  and  four  timet  mova. 
Old  Eng.  fif,  five ;  f\fta,  fifth ;  /(/Vm,  fifteen ;  fffteoihm,  tttMBth : 

fifti  otfifi^*  fifty  .  fftiffthat,  fiftieth :  Af/^ald,  five-fold  ;  *& 
Fix,  to  fasten;   fix'-ing,  fixed  (1  eyl.);   fixed-ly,  fix'MJf: 

fixed-nes8,^.«d.7i«M;  fixity«jix\{.ty;  txtvi^fiafjcmir; 

fixation,  fix.d\8hun ;  fix'-able. 
YxeofiYifixerffixiti, fixation:  Latin ^go,  supine Jlamm,  tolX. 
Fizz,  one  of  the  few  monosyllables  (not  in  /,  I,  or  8)  ending  with 

a  double  consonant:  as  add,  odd;  burr,  etr;  Mtt^  liitt; 

ebb,  egg;  Mues,  fuzz;  fizz,  frizz  and  wMmm  (Bold  Tii.\', 

fizs'-ing,  fibaed  (1  syV^    Kxi  imitative  woird. 


ASD  OF  SPELLISa,  «6?J 

*■  ^^MMM.MBi  I  ■■■■■■  ■■■!■  ■»  ^m^mmm^a^^^m^m^a    ■    ■  ■  ■   —— ^^a>^^fc«^^^i^^i    ■■  i  g  ■ 

Fla^'by,  fiftcdid;  (comp.)  flablyi-er,  (tupir.)  ilBbl>i*«st  (Rule 
IxTiii.) ;  flairbi.ly  (Rule  zi.),  flAVbi-iiMi. 
Weldi  UMn,  ll«edd,  UmlMr ;  ZNb,  4  flaotid  sUt«r. 
Y\BoM^fiaV.M,  Hmp;  flac'dd-ly,  flac'dd-nees,  lUccld'ity. 

Vr.  .^oceidii^ ;  Lat.  JlacciduSt  Jlaeeus,  fla{>-«tr«d ;  Jtaaxo,  to  wither. 
Plftg^  an   ensign,  a  water  plant,  a  paving  stone,  to  dmop; 
flagged  (1  syl.),  flagg'-ing  (Rule  i.),  flagg'ing-ly,  flagg'-er, 
flagg^'y,  flagg'i-ness  (Rule  xi.) ;  flag'stone,  flag'amp. 

To  unfurl  the  Hack  flag,  a  token  of  distress. 

To  nnftirl  the  red  flag  [with  the  Rom,],  a  signal  for  battle. 

To  wiflirl  the  white  flag,  to  sne  for  quarter,  to  give  in. 

"Flag**  {bm  ensign )v  OfrmKaftagge;  I>ani8h>Ia0,  JVofen,  to  flatter. 
"Flaf  "  (the  water  iria),  »o  called  from  its  resemblance  to  a  flag. 
"Flag'*  (a  paving  stone),  Danish /oA,  flat ;  German >fac/i,  level 
"  tlag "  (to  droop),  Latin  Jlaetio,  JIaeeus ;  Welsh  lUg%  to  flag. 

Flagoflate,  flSfM.lcU€,  to  sconrge;  flag^oU&ted  (Role  zixvi.), 
flag^ellat-ing  (Rale  xix.);  flag'eUaiit,  one  who  scooiiges 
himself;  flagellation,  ^/.^.2ay".«Aun  ;  flagellum. 
Fr.  JtageUtTf  flagellaiUs,  JlagellaHon  ;  Lat.  fiageUum^  fiagdUbn. 
Tlageolet,  JUy\5,let  (not  JU{}\i.5.lSt\  a  wind  instrument. 

Vr.  fla^feoUt;  Ok.  plagUiulos,  a  Ante  (plagids  aulos,  the  cross  flnteX 
Flagitioiu,  fla»jUh\tUy  villanous  j  flagitions-ly,  flagitions-ness. 
ljMltinfldglti6au8,JldglHum,flagrum  [a  crime  deserving]  a  sconrge. 

flagon,  Jlag\ihi,  a  tankard*,   the  word  is  now  chiefly  employed 
to  designate  the  large  metal  vessel  which  holds  the  saera- 
mental  wine  before  it  is  poured  into  the  chalice. 
Wtenchflacon,  a  small  bottle,  with  a  stopper  of  the  same  material 
nigmnt, /d^^r^nt,  notorious ;  fla'grant-ly;  fla'grancy. 

Latin  JUxgrantia,  Jlagdre^  fiagrana  [fiagrum^  [deserving]  a  sconrge). 
Flail  {not  frail),  an  instrument  for  thrashing  com. 

Latin  JUtgeUwrn^fldgelUbre,  to  thrash. 
Flake,  anything  put  loosely  together :  as  a  flake  of  snow ;  flak-y, 
fla'.ky  (R.  six.),  fla'ki-ness,  flaked  (1  syl.),  flak'-ing. 
Old  Bnglidi>lacea,  flakes  of  snow ;  Latin /oeeu5,  a  flock  of  wooL 
Flambeau,  i>lu.  flambeaux  {FT,\flam'MJldm\hoze.  (LAt.flamma,) 

Flame  (1  syl.),  a  blaze,  to  blaze ;  flamed  (1  syl.),  flam'-ing  (Rule 
Ttit.%  flk'ming«lyt  ilfim'-y ;  flame'-leas ;  flam'bean  (g.v.) 

Fkttkiiigo,  plu,  flamingoes  (Rule  xlii.), ^a.m{n'.^oa«,  a  bird 

Itiflaiii''mable  (double  m);  inflammabiKty,  in.fldm*.rnaMV\- 

tty  ;  inflammntion,  in' fldm.may'^shim  (double  m), 

Vreaohjtamme,  flambeau,  inflammable,  inflammahititS,  inflatnmation. 
JUtflamma,  imflanMMiiio,  iinfltnnm&re  (Ok.  fhligma,  JEol  phUmma). 

'Wen^  fli&.wXn,  a  Remati  priest  devoted  to  the  fterdee  ol  <me 
god  only.    It  is  air  $nor  to  suppooe  that  *^  flLaxaQnci**  \ia» 


864  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

I-  m«i  ■    II  ri    -■ ■ ■ ■ ■ —^^~— .        — 

any  connexion  with  ^me,  and  that  these  pnests  were  so 

called  hecanse  they  "  set  flame  to  "  the  sacrificial  fires. 

Yarro  says  (De  Ling.  Lat.,iv.  16)  "qnod  capnt  cinctum  habSbant  JUo" 
(flUetX  from  "  filum  "  we  get  jilamines  contracted  to  f*Ubmin4». 

Flannel  (double  n\  not  Jlan'nen^  a  woollen  cloth;  flannelled, 

jUin'.n^ld;  flan'nell-ing  (Rule  iii.,  -Ei')* 

(Tlie  double  nia  a  blunder  peculiar  to  our  own  language,) 

Trench  flanelle;  fllum  laneus,  wooUen  thread,  whence /*2a«'  with  -el 
"pertaining  to,**  "made  of*'  [woollen  thread]:  Welsh  ifwlamm^ 
flannel;  gwUm,  wool;  (German  >lan«U;  Spanish /aneto/  Italian 
fianeUa;  Danish  planet  or  Jton«i. 

Flap,  anything  which  opens  as  it  were  on  a  hinge,  as  the  fla^ 

of  a  garment,  the^jp  of  a  shutter,  the  jlop  of  a  taUe,  the 

fiap  of  the  ear,  &0k,  a  disease  on  the  lips  of  horses;  to 

flap  or  move  the  wings  backwards  and  forwards,  to  hang 

loose ;  flapped  (1  syl.)  or  flapt,  flapp'-ing,  flapp'^-er  (B.  i.) 

German  Tdapp,  a  flap  or  slap ;  Jdappe,  a  valve ;  French  ^Vapper. 
**  Flap  "  (in  the  lips  of  horses),  German  Jla52>e,  a  lai^^e  h^i^giwg  ]^ 

Flare  (1  syl.),  a  glare,  to  glare ;  flared  Cl  syl.),  flar'-ing  (R.  xix.), 
flar'ing-ly.    (German  ylac/E^m;  Danish /a^r«.) 

Flash,  a  sudden  burst  [of  Are,  wit,  &c.],  to  burst  suddenly  on 
the  sight;  flashed  (1  syl.),  flashing;  flasV-y,  showy; 
flashl-ly  (E.  zi.),  flash'i-ness,  flash'. man,  flaah'-pipe. 
French  /ech«,  a  arrow.    A  "  flash  "  ia  a  dart  of  light. 

Flask,  a  bottle,  a  powder-horn.   (Old  Eng.  Jkuc,  a  leather  botUe.) 

Flat,  level,  insipid,  a  sign  in  music,  a  storey  or  Aoot;  flaf  4y, 
flat'-ness,  (comp,)  flatt*-er,  (super,)  flatt'-est  (R.  Ixviii.), 
flatr-ish  {48h  dim.);  flatt'-ed,  made  flat;  flatf-ing  (B.i) 

Flatf-en  (.eri  means  "to  make"  [flat]),  flattened  (3  syL); 

flatten-ing, /at^'n.tn^  ;  flafwise  {not  flatways). 
German  plait,  flat,  plain ;  platten,  to  flatten ;  French  plat 

letter,  to  praise  falsely,  comp.  de$ir.  of  flat;  flattered, ^lcE|'.«r4; 
flatt'er-ing,  flatt'ering-ly,  flatt'er-er. 

Flattery,  plu,  flatteries,  fldtf^e.riZt  overwrought  praise. 

Fr.  flatter tJUttterie  (Lat.  plaudOy  or  fal9o4audOt  to  praiae  falatlyX 

Flatulence,  flMtHuXence^  wind   in  the  stomach ;    flatoleoflj, 

fldt'tu.l&i.8y ;  flat'ulent,  flat'ulent-ly,  fla'tiu. 

laXiu  flaivXentxu  [flMva,  a  gust  of  wind,  fldrt,  to  blowX 

("  Flatnlance  "  avA  "  flatulant"  would  be  more  oorreeL  Itt  Lai  va^) 

Flaunt  (to  rhyme  with  auntt  is  the  more  general  prononeiatMii, 
but  -aU'  as  in  "cause"  is  far  more  auHlogona  to  thft 
general  pronunciation  of  this  diphthong;),  to  give  one^acj^f 
pert  airs,  to  parade  fine  clothes ;  flaunft^HBd  (R.  zxzfi^ 
flaunf -ing,  flaunt'ing-ly,  flaunr-er. 


FUmto,plu.  flautos  (Rule  xlii.),  the  flute,  music  for  flutes  (It^^^^ 


AND  OF  SPELLTNG.  ««& 

VitkYtmx^jid'.vSr {noun  ssid.  verb);  fi&YoaxeA^/lS'.verd;  fla'Tonr- 
ing;  flayoniwoiu,  ^'.v^.us ;  fla'yoar-leBB. 

Oonaption  of  tavour;  Lat  .sdpor,  relish ;  9dpiOf  sapid  taste  or  smeU. 
El«w,  a  blemish ;  flawed  (1  syL),  flaw'-ing,  flaw'-less. 

Welsh  Jlaw,  a  Irarst,  a  crack :  >la,  a  parting  from. 
Flax,  a  plant ;  ilaz'-en,  made  of  flax,  yellow  [hair],  flax'-y. 

Old  EiigUih/ea«,.flax ;  fUaaeen,  flaxen. 

Elajt  to  Strip  off  tbe  skin  of  an  animal  (not^tf) ;  flayed  (1  syl.), 
flay'-ing,  flay'-er  (Rule  ziii.) 
Old  English  yiean,  to  flay ;  past>leatuie,  past  pari  fleand. 
Flea,  flc,  an  insect.    Flee,  to  take  to  flight    Flay  (not  flee). 
Fleas,  flize,  plo.  of  flea.    Flees,  fleze,  runs  away. 

Flea-bite,  a  spot  caused  by  the  bite  of  a  flea^  a  trivial  eril. 
Old  English  yiea,  a  flea ;  fledn,  to  flee ;  JUan,  to  flay. 
Fleam,  fleemt  a  lancet  for  bleeding  cattle.    Phlegm,  flifnh 

Welsh  ^im,  a  lancet.    "  Phlegm  "  (pitoitous  matter).   QlLphlegma. 

FMg9  (1  syL),  to  be  in  feather ;  fledged  (1  syl.),  covered  with 
feathers;  fledg'-ing  (Rule  xiz.),  fledg'-llng,  a  young  bird 
just  fledged,  {-ling  Old  Eng.  affix,  a  dim.,  an  offspring.) 
Old  BngUsh>l60(j(a»],  to  fly ;  German  >(fl(ir0«  or^Iudbe,  fledged. 

Flee,  to  run  from  danger.    Flea,  flS,  an  insect. 

Flee,  (past)  fled,  {past  parU)  fled;  fle'-er  (R.  xix.),  flee'-ing 
(when  a  word  ends  in  two  vowels  it  retains  both  before  -ing: 
as  baa-ing,  see-ing^  agree-ing^  coo-ing,  woo-ing,  dye-ing, 
eye-ing;  except  -ue:  as  argu-ing^  pursu-ing,  ensu-ing), 

Flee«  fly.  Flea,  an  insect.  To  ^y  is  to  use  wings  or  speed 
quickly,  to  Jlee,  to  run  from  danger.  When  great  speed 
is  to  be  expressed,  or  the  idea  of  "  running  away  "  is  not 
indicated,  we  Bajjly  r\ox,jleey  as: 

TKe  "express**  flies  cUong:  the  hoy  flew  like  lightning;  fly  hence  to 
France  voith  t^  %AinoiA  speed.  Even  nmning  from  danger,  if  great 
dispatch  is  to  be  expressed,  as  "  Whither  shoM  I  fly  to  'scape  their 
hands  (Z  Hen.  F.,  L  3.) 

Old  English  fleo^an\  or  fli4[an\,  to  flee  or  fly ;  (jpast)  flMih,  (past 
part )  >Ioyen,  flugen.    '*  Flea/'  Old  English  >lea. 

Reeoe  (1  syl.),  the  entire  coat  of  a  sheep ;  fleeced  (1  syl.),  coated 
with  wool ;  fleec'-y  (R.  xix.),  eomp.  fleec'i-er  (R.  xi.),  super. 
fleecl-est  (R.  Ixviii.);  {verb)  to  plunder  by  exactions: 
fleeced  (I  syl.),  fleec'-ing  (R.  xix.);  fleec'-er.  (The  idea 
is  *'  cutting  o^T  the  wool,"  hence  "  plundering.") 
Old  English  >les  or  fly s,  a  fleece. 

^'•flt,  t  navy,  swift,  to  be  transient,  to  skim  [milk] ;   fleef -ly, 

swiftly ;  fleet'-ing,  transient,  hastening  away ;  fleef -ness. 

** Fleet"  (a  navy).  Old  'EngUsh  fliet,  a  ship. 

**  Fleet "  f  swift,  to  flow  away).  Old  Eng.  fleot[an],  to  float  ot  flow  icwii'y . 

''Fleet"  (to  take  the  cream  off),  Old  English >let  oxjliet,  osMia. 


U6  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


iHem^ing,  a  native  of  Flanders ;  ilam'iah,  pertaining  to  FUadeics. 

Flesh  (noun),  to  fleeh  [one's  sword],  to  draw  blood  with  it  lor  the 
first  time;  fieahed  (1  syL),  HieBk'^ijig.    Fleah'uigs  (plu.), 
flesh-coloured  clothes  worn  aoiniE^tiines  by  actors;  flegh'Jy, 
carnal;  fleah'-y,  full  of  fl^sh ;  fle«hl.ness;  ileah'-lfiflB. 
Old  Bag.  JldBB,  JldMcelU,  fleihy ;  Mfdfc,  fleshly;  JldtelipM^,  flfl^^^nn■ 

Pleiuvde-lis,  plu.  flenrs-de-lk  (Fr.)«  Jluhr  d'ke,  the  water  iris 
or  fleur-de-luce.  The  French  word  is  nonsense,  as  the 
plant  in  nowise  can  b$  termed  a  lily  [lUI.  From  this 
blander  arises  the  erroneous  emblematic  term  the  Wy  of 
France,    The  word  means  the  "  flower  of  Louis.** 

Flew,  the  large  chaps  of  a  deep-mouthed  hound,  past  teuse  of 
Jly,    Flue  [of  a  chimneyj,  fluff.    Flowed  (1  syl.) 

*'  Flew  "  (Urge  cliaps),  Welsh  ffiv>,  a  tendency  to  spread. 
** Flew"  (did  fly).  Old  English .^ZedJt,  past  tmm  of  fl^dg^,  \o  %« 
"  Flue  "  (of  a  cUinney),  formed  from  the  Latin  Jluo,  to  flow. 
«« Fine"  (fluffy  Welsn  plu'  for  plitf,  featiiers. 

FWxihle,/6x'XH  pliant;  flex'ible-ness,  flez'ibly;  flexHiiUij, 

fiex\im'\Uy;    flexile,  fiexTMe;    flexion,  JUkTahttn; 

flex'or,  a  muscle  for  contracting  or  bending  a  joint; 

extens'or,  a  muscle  for  extending  or  straightening  a 

joint ;  flexuous,  jleafM.Usy  toHuous ;  fleznoae,  JUsif.ujfee 

(in  Bot.\  Kigzag  [stem] ;  flexure,  fiikfjahSr. 

Wt.  flexiMlii4,fleirible,  flexion;  Lai  fleadSbOis,  >bsBlfii,  JUtAo, MmmM», 
f4xiija'n,flea^,JUcitirt,  snpjjie.^e»ttt»,  tobencL 

Flicker,  fiWh^,  to  flitter;    fliok'eted  (3  syl),  flickTer-ing, 
flKdL'enngr-ly.     Flick,  to  strijce  with  a  smart  jerk; 
flicked  (1  syL),  flick'-jng. 
Old  Engli8h>Ii«eer[um],  to  fliak»r ;  jUte^,  a  fllokering. 

FKer,  fl%\er,  the  regulator  of  a  machine,    ily^-er^  o;»e  thftt  flies. 
Fliers,  fii\erz,  stairs  which  do  not  wind^    {See  Flj.) 

]^ght,^ittf,  hasty  removal;  flighf'-y,  eccentrio;  fligiitlJy 
(Rule  xi);  flightl-ness,  eccentricity,  levity. 

Old  English /tAt,  v.  /ififan],  to  fly  [-^  of  flight  is  interpolaledX 
Flim-flam,  mere  nonsense,  a  wcnrthless  trifle  (Rule  Ixix.) 
Flim'sy,  Ump ;  flim'si-ness,  flim'si-ly  (Rule  xi.) 

Welsh  Uymsi,  of  fickle  motion,  weak. 
Flinch,  to  shrink,  to  draw  back  [from  pain  or  feat] ;  fljt»Alia^ 
(1  syl.),  flincV-ing,  fliQch'iQg<J7,  flinch'Har. 

WtUdxfficht  to  squmI  out. 
Fling,  {past)  flung,  {p.  p.)  flung;  to  east;  fling'-iag,  Afng'ver. 

Old  English  fl^  flying,  as  fl/ioe^tUy  a  flfiDgdwi,  ▼.  fU§tm»  tfi  flkV* 
Flint,  a  stone;  flint'-y,  flinfi-nen  (Rule  xi.)    (Old  Biig./M.^ 
Flip'pant,  pert  in  speech ;  flip'pant-ly,  flip'paoey. 

W«kh{(^f«ntt,tomsksi^;  ttiiNMi,  agUhpaiMiL 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  ^7 


TUrtf  a  eoqoetto,  to  coquette,  to  flick ;  flirt'-Ml  (Rule  xxxvi.), 

flirf-io^,  iUrt'ixig-ly;  flirtatiou,  j3ir.ta/^^n. 

WeLBh J^Htt^n,  •  flighty  girl ;  ffrittyn,  a  giddj  man :  ffrit,  a  Jerk ;  or 
pld  &iglirii>leare^tanj,  to  play  the  foM ;  ^rd,  foUy. 

TO^  to  fly  away;  flitf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi;,  flltf-ing  (Bule  i.) 

IVtrer,  flitfer-ing,  flitTer^Htt'er  (Rule  Ixix.) 

DanUh  flffUf  to  remove ;  Uli/tUri  [flittery],  "the  Irastle  and  oonfu> 
sion  of  removal "  would  be  a  good  word  to  introdnee). 

Flitob,  the  side  of  a  hog  salted  and  cored.    (Old  £ng.  ^iece.) 

"FUntX^fiote  (1  syl.),  a  buoy,  to  be  buoyed  on  the  top  of  water; 
float'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  float^-ing,  floaf  ing-ly,  floaf-able, 
floaf-er;  floatation,  ^.fat^^«M<n ;  floaf-age  (3  syl.) 
Old  EngUsh/tft,  a  float ;  v.  /ed^an]  part,  fiedt^  past  part,  jltften. 

Flool^  a  lock  of  wool,  a  collected  number  of  sheep  or  birds.    A 

collected  number  of  large  cattle  is  a  herd,  of  horses 

[gtnmg  together]  a  string,  of  hcyrse*  or  oxen  [driven]  a 

&we,  of  hounds  a  pack,  of  bees  a  swarm,  of  whales  a 

school,  of  mackerelt  a  shoal,  of  netted  Jlsh  a  haul  or  take, 

of  human  beings  a  ciowd,  of  children  a  poase  (p5s'^), 

of  soldiers  a  trbop,  of  stars  a  galaxy. 

Old  English  floe,  a  company.    (A  Christian  congregation  is  called  a 

flock  by  Dissenters,  the  minister  being  their  |Kutor  [shepherd]). 
"A  flock  <^  wooU"  German  ,^acA:e. 

a  mass  of  floating  ice ;  an  ioe-hergp  of  stationary  ice. 
Old  English  fl4ih,  a  fragment  broken  off. 
%  to  whip ;  floggad  (1  syL),  flogg'-ing  (Rule  i.),  flogg^-er. 
Lat  flig[o\,  to  flog;  flagrurn,  a  scourge :  Gk.  pligi,  Dor.  jOctga,  a  blow. 
Rood,  fiUdt  a  deluge,  to  deluge ;  flood'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  flood'-ing. 
Flood'-tidii,  fuU  tide ;  ehb'-tide,  low  tide. 
Old  English /(fd,  a  flood. 
nooar,>toV,  not Jlore  (noun  and  verb);  floored  (1  syl.),  floor'-ing 
(n,  and  part.);  floor'^er,  a  knock-down  blow. 
OH  English /(^  fnflAre,  a  floor. 
Hop,  to  bounce,  to  bob;  flopped  (1  syl.),  flopp'-ing  (Rule  i.) 

(Another  spelling  of  the  word  jUvp^  as  "  strop  "  is  of  strap.) 

^knnfld'.raht  all  the  plants  of  a  country.  Fauna,  all  the  animals. 

Floral,  fio'.ral,  adj.  of  flower;  flo'ral4y;  flo'-ret,  a  little 
flower;  florescence, ^.r&^5«n«£,  the  flowering  of  plants. 

Florid,  fl&/ridy  highly  ornamented ;  flor'id-ly,  flor^id-ness, 
flmrid-Xy;  floyidity,;Zo.rld'.i.t2/;  floriferous,>).r|/''.^:ru», 
bearing  flowers  {JUyres  ferens^  Lat.);  floriform,  ^'.rI./on» 
(Latin ,/2ori«  forma,  form  of  a  flower);  flo'iist. 

Horicnltiire,  flo'.ri.kul.tchur  (Lat.  cultura),  cultivation  of 
flowers;  iloricultural,^'.r?./ct3^i".ftf.r(li;  flos'onle (3 syl.) 

■Istin  Flora,  goddess  of  flowers ;  floa,  gen.  flOris,  a  flower ;  jCAraXix^ 
Mrssemt,  gaa.  floveteerUM  (inoeptiTe  QtflSrw,  to  bloMom),  jUiridus. 


Ses  .  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Florentine,  fldr^r^Mn,  a  native  of  Florence,  pertaining  thereto. 

Florid,  JUfr'rid  {not  JW.rid),  flowery.     {See  Flora.) 

Florin,  fl6/r\n  (not^.tin),  a  two-shilling  silver  coin. 

TtiiA  rerj  nn-English  word  was  first  applied  to  a  coin  stmck  In  Vlo- 
renca  in  the  thirteenth  century.  It  nad  a  lUy  on  one  side,  and  tb* 
head  of  John  Baptist  on  the  other.  Thtre  was  an  TZpgUA  Jlorm 
O^alue  68.)  issued  by  Edward  III.,  In  1337,  probablj  to«  Qexmaa 
florin  (yalue  28. 6d  )  suggested  t)ie  word  to  us. 

Florist,  Jlo\ri8t  (not  fld/rUt),  a  cultivator  of  flowers.  (See  Fhna.) 

Flotage, ^,tap0,  the  act  of  floating;  flotation,  fid.tay'^hSn, 

FiotHun  (not  fioUom),  flW jtHm,  goods  found  floating  on  the 
after  a  wreck.    Jetsam,  jitf^m,  goods  cast  into  the 
to  lighten  a  ship  in  distress.    (French  jeter,  to  cast  oat.) 
Old  English/tfton,  to  float ;  fl/6ta,  anything  that  floata. 
FlotUla,  fioM'.lah,  a  fleet  of  small  vessels.    (Spanish  /otiUo.) 

Flounce  (1  syl.),  a  trimming,  to  bounce  about;  flounced  (1  9fL\ 
flounoVing.     (Norman  fiumaj  to  bluster.) 
"Flounce"  is  one  of  the  French  words  misspelt  and  T»<«^ppHiMl 
Fronds  is  a  gather :  as  faire  un  fronds  d  une  mondke,  estte 
chemise  n*  est  pas  assezfroncie  par  le  eoUet,    What  we  mlseall  a 
flounce  is  volant  in  French. 

Flounder,  floun\der,  a  flat  fish,  to  struggle  in  water. 
"Flounder"  (the  fish),  German /ttnder/  Di^nish^Fyndar. 
"  To  flounder"  is  to  flap  about  in  water  like  a  flounder. 

Flour,  ground  com.  Flower,  the  blossom  of  a  plant  (both^/UhiV)  | 
fiour'-ing,  dredging  flour  on;  flour'-y,  like  floor; 
flower-ing,^uV.t7i^,  blossoming;  flower-y,  fall  of  flowers. 
French /leur  defarins,  flour ;  Jletir,  a  flower. 

Flourish,  flur'rish,  an  ornamental  scrawl  with  the  pen,  a  gala* 

tation  with  trumpets,  to  brag,  to  thrive,  to  make  a 

flourish;  flourished,  ^ur'ris/id ;  floorish-ing,  ylilKfifi^. 

ing;  flourishing-ly ;  flourish-er,  flUf'rUh.er, 

Latin  fl6resco  (inceptiye  of  fl&reOt  to  flourish ;  fldres,  flowenX  hMoe 
"ornament,  a  flourish  with  a  pen  is  an  omameiUal  aerawl,  a 
flourish  with  trumpets  is  an  ornamental  turn  by  way  of  honomi^ 
to  flourish  a  sword  is  to  use  it  ornamentally  not  servioeiUUy. 

Flout,  to  mock ;  flout'-ed,  flout'-ing,  flout'ing-ly,  flouV-er. 

Old  English  ^it[an],  to  quarrel,  to  wrangle. 
Flow,  fW,  (poft)  flowed  (1  syl.),  (past  part)  flowed  (not  JUmm) 
Fly,  (past)  flew,  (past  part)  flown. 

The  river  has  overflowed  its  hanks  (not  overj^oton,) 
Old  English /dto[an],  past^Ieow;  oferflov3[an],  to  overflow. 
Flower,  the  blossom  of  a  plant.  Flour,  ground  corn  {bothJUm^ 
Flower-stalk,  flower-garden ;  flower-y,  flSuYr^ ;  ilowv 

nees^ flSuYriness  (Rulexi.);  flower'-et, /^ur'rit. 
T6  flower;  fiowered^  fl5u',erd ;  flower-ing,  but 
Flour,  ground  corn ;  flour'-y,  flour'-ing. 
Welsh  JHwr,  Uoom ;  v.  fflMTo ;  Fr.  fleur,  fleuri;  Lat.  Mr*»»  fl«ve 


ASD    OF  SPELLING,  969 

Flown,  fOMt  part,  of  fly.     {See  Fly,  and  note  to  Flow.) 

Finotiiate,  flul^XuMte,  to  waver;   fluo'tuat-ed  (Rale  xxxvi.), 

flno'tnat-ing;  flactnation,  ^u^.tu.a'^^/iiin.    (Not  Fr.) 

Latin  fiwiudiio,  fivLCtvAre  (flnctuoui  [J(uduOauB'\  ''fall  of  waves "  or 
"  wavy  **  might  be  introdaced),  fiudut,  a  wave  (^uo,  to  flow). 

Fine  [of  a  chimney],  fluff.    Flew,  the  large  chaps  of  a  deep- 

mouthed  hound,  past  tense  of  the  verb  to  fly, 

"Fine**  (of  a  chimney),  a  noon  formed  from  the  Latin Jiuo,  to  flow. 
"Flue"  (flnlT),  Welsh  plu*  torplvf,  feathers. 
"  Flew  "  (liiTge  chaps).  Welsh  JSHto,  a  tendency  to  spread. 
"Flew**  (did  fly),  Old  English .^edA,  past  tense  oifi^igan,  to  fly. 

Fliient,  flQ,\ent,  ready  of  speech,  flowing  freely ;  flu'ent-ly. 
Fluency,  ^tt'.«t.«y.    Fluid,  ^ii'.id;  fluidi^,  ^a.ld'.i.ty. 
Latin  fiuetu^  gen.  JEuenUs,  fiuXdiu^  jl%M  ;  French  fiuide,  Jhtiditd. 
Tlntt,  the  abrasions  of  oloth,  fine  down ;  flufT-y,  flufTi-ness. 

Welsh  plv/,  feathers.    *'  Fluff  "  also  called  Jhu,  q.v. 
Flvgelman  (not  flugleman\  flu', g*l  man,  the  soldier  who  sets  the 
drill  exercises  which  the  rest  imitate. 
(Sometimes  but  incorrectly  called  a  fugleman.) 
German  >[fl(^mann,  leader  of  the  file  {Mgel,  a  wing). 

Flv'id,  fluidl^,  flu.\d,ity.    {See  Fluent.) 

Fluke  (1  syL),  that  part  of  an  anchor  which  fastens  in  the 
ground,  a  flounder,  hap-hazard,  an  irregular  proceeding. 


"Fluke"  (of  an  anchor),  German  pfaeken^  to  pick,  pfug,  a  plough. 

"  Fluke"  (a  fish),  Old  English  JUk,  a  plaice  or  other  flat  fish. 

"  Fluke"  (hap-hazard),  a  flounder.    To  flounder  is  to  stumble  about, 


henoe  a  stumble.    To  get  through  an  examination  by  a  fluke  is  te 
stumble  through  it  irregularly,  to  "  flounder"  through  it 

Flmnniery,  fluTn!,me,ry^  empty  compliments. 

German  ft/laumerei,  food  made  with  plums  {pfiaum.,  a  plum). 
Flunky,  plu,  flunkies,  flun'.hlz^  a  servant  in  livery  (a  term  of 
contempt);    flun'kyism,  pretentiousness,  consequential 
airs ;  flun'ky-dom,  the  state  politic  of  flunkies. 
German  flMiOeemt  to  glitter.    A  flunky  is  one  gorgeously  dressed. 
Fluor,  flu', or t  a  menstrual  flux ;  flu'or-spar,  a  mineral  used  for 
ornamental  vessels.    *'  Derbyshire-spar"  is  a  fluor-spar; 
fluoric,  ^M.^rlfc;  fluorine,  ^w'.o.rln. 
Fr.  >ItM>r,  tpathflwyr.    {Jn  Chem.)  -ine  denotes  a  simple  substance. 

Flurry,  commotion,  to  agitate ;  flurried,  flur^red ;  flurry-ing. 
Hurry,  skurry,  worry,  and  flurry,  are  cognate  words. 
Welsh  Jienoa,  to  harry,  to  prowl ;  Lat.  urgeo,  to  urge  on  {curro,  to  run). 
fivah  [of  a  mill],  an  entire  suit  of  cards  of  one  sort,  a  reddening 
of  the  face,  well  supplied,  well  adjusted,  to  inundate,  to 
elate;  flushed  (1  syl.),  flush'.ing. 
Oerman^KSf,  a  flow,  flux,  or  flush  [at  cards]. 

A  flux  of  water  is  tkfl/mh,  a  flow  of  blood  to  the  face,  a  flow  of  money 
into  the  pockets,  8ie.    Carpenters  call  their  work  flush  when  th<^ 
parts  flt  properly  and  all  is  level :  thus  a  door  is  "  flush**  m\.Yv  \i\v« 
wall  when  it  stands  on  the  same  plane,    (Bussian  ploskei^  fkaV") 

3a 


870  BRUORS  OF  SPEECH 

Fluster,  to  flurry;  flustered^ /u«'<«r<{ ;  flns'ter-ing,  flnflTier-er. 

FUuiber  and  hlnuier  are  oognato  words  t  (as  Latin  fa  and  English  hUm  : 
Latin  fliU4>  and  Greek  bluo)\  hUmkagn,  to  puff ;  henee  a  "blustering 
wind."  Fluster  may  be  a  variety  of  the  same  word«  or  may  indi- 
cate a  similar  "  distarbance  "  in  water; 

Flute  (1  8yl.)i  a  wind  instxament,  chauiiiel  in  a  pillar,  to  ** flute" 
a  pillar;  flut'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi),  flut'-ing  (Bole  xiz.), 
flut'-ist,  one  who  plays  the  flute. 

Fr.  fMe  (the  musioal  instrument) ;  Germ.  fiOU  (Lai  fio,  to  bknr). 

A  "  fluted  "  column  is  one  with  concave  stripes,  being  Uke  *'  a  flute  " 
cat  in  halves :  a  "  Doric  oc^aan  has  twenty  such  diannek ;  and  a 
Tuscan  column  has  as  many  convex  stripes  .called  'cables.'" 

Hatter,  to  flap  the  wings ;  fluttered,  fliitf.terd ;  flufter-ing, 
fluftering.ly,  fluf ter-er;  flitter JSntter  (Rule  Izix.) 
Old  "EnglUhJlogetan:  Q^rxntaiJUUtem, 

Fluvial,  flu\v%.dlt  oonnected  with  or  pertaining  to  a  river. 

Latin  ^uvifilia,  /fivtwe,  a  river  (Jhu>,  to  flow). 
Fhiz  (in  MetaU,),  anything  used  to  promote  the  fusion  of  mctali, 
&c, ;  (in  Med.)  a  too-abundant  evacuation,  ftision ; 

Flux'-ible  (not  -abU) ;   fluxibility,  flux\i.MV\i.ty  ; 
Fluxion,  fluk\8hun,  the  act  of  flowing,  matter  which,  flovs; 
Fluxions,  Jtiikfjhunz,  now  called  Differential  cal'eulut; 
Flnx'ion-^^  flax'ion.ary,  fluxed  <1  syl.),  flux'-lng. 
Vieach  flux,  Jluxion,fmxiona;  "LnHnJMn,  supine  JIvanMs  to  flow. 
Fly,  plu.  flies,  an  insect.  Fly,  plu,  flys,  a  sort  of  hackney  eairiage. 
Fly,  the  index  of  the  mariners'  compass,  a  sort  of  wheel,  to 
move  with  wings,  to  run  with  great  speed,  to  burst  asunder. 
To  fly,.(|>a«t)  flew,  {p<i8tpaTt.)  flown;  flies, ^0;  fly' Jag. 

To  flee,  (past)  fled,  (past  part.)  fl^  (not  ^own):  as  Uis  man 
has  fledt  the  bird  ha>s  flown;  flees,  flee'-ing;, 

Fli'-er,  one  who  flies,  the  regulator  of  a  machine; 

Fly'-ers,  stairs  which  do  not  wind. . 

Fly-blown,  fly-wheel,  flying-buttreas; 

To  fly  in  one's  face,  to  scold  insolently,  to  insult; 

To  fly  in  a  passion,  to  get  into  a  passion ; 

To  come  off  with  flying  colours,  to  come  off  triumi^uuBt^; 

To  let  fly,  to  discharge,  to  let  loose ; 

To  fly  out,  to  attack  with  angry  words ;  to  fly  at,  to  attiflk; 

To  fly  open,  to  start  open:  as  the  door  flew  open; 

The  [glass]  flew,  cracked  suddenly.  '  Will  it  flx«  ...enek. 

Old  English  JUdg[an]  or  fiif^anl  to  fly  or  flee,  pwt  >A,  put  P*>^ 
flogen,  flig,  a  fly ;  German  >Iicv«n,  to  Ay,Jikka\  to  fee. 

F<m1,  jhle,  a  eolt  or  filly.    Fool  (to  rfayme  wztlL«Ba^a«ii 

RmX^  to  bring  Ibrth  a  foal;  foalad  (1  sjL),  fbaTJav; 


AND  OF  SPELLISa  ri 


FottB,  fmrne,  wmt,  to  froth;  immmSi  (1  9jL\  fiMtm'.ing,  fi)Mi^- 
M^pJy,  tem'-y,  fiMim'-lefliL     (<Hd  English  /dm,  foam.) 

IV*,  a  tronser  watch-pocket,  to  "prig,"  to  trick ;  fohbed  (1  ayL), 
fiaM/.iiig  (Rule  L)    Also  called  To  ftth  [marbles],  &o. 
"ft*"  (lo  trick) ;  Oermaa  /oppen,  to  fAagr  upoa. 
l»lu.  fbeoBOe  or  foci,  /^.ft^,  fif.k&s.iz,  fd'M,  the  point  in 
which  light  or  heat  rays  meet ;  (in  mathematics  we  talk 
of  the  /o«i  of  en  ellipse,  jHuraVola,  hyper'bola,  and  so  on, 
hut  never  of  the  focuses);  fyciu-ing,  fo'cal  {adj.) 
Latla/9ew,  the  hearth  {fO  short) ;  Frendi/oorf. 
Eoddex;  food  for  horses,  to  feed  with  fodder.    Eoth^er,  2184  lbs. 
of  lead;  foddered, /$(r.derd;  fod'derJiig. 
Old  English  yildder  or/(kZer  (J6da,  food) ;  /other,  a  load,  a  fother. 
Foe,  p2tt.  foes,  fotfoze,  an  enemy.    Fohl  an  intexj.  of  disgust. 

*'  Foe**  Old  English  fdK.    "  Fob,"  French  p<miah ;  German  pfui. 
FoB^tm,  the  embryo  of  animals;  foBtation, /^.toy'.«Mn. 

French  fceUu;  Latin /ostiM  (Greek  j^kfiiiaa,  to  have  pains  of  travail). 

Fog,  dense  vaponr;  fb^.y  (Eule  i),  (comp,)  fogg'i.er,  (super.) 
fogg'i.est,  fogg'i-xiess,  fogg'i^ly  (Bule  xL) 

Italian  nfogo,  exhalation ;  ▼.  ^fof/aire,  to  exhale. 
Fd'^gey,  a  proj^  old  man.    Generally  old  [fogey]. 

The  iexm  is  derived  from  the  old  pensioners  of  Edinboxy^  Gastle. 

Foible,  fdf'.bX  a  failing.    (French  foible,  now  foible,  weak.) 

Ibfl  (1  syl.),  a  blunt  sword  nsed  in  fencing,  leaf-metal,  to  frus- 

tarate;  foiled  (1  sjl.),  fo^Jng,  foil'^er. 

"FoU"  (a  Wnnt  sword),  Welsh  ffvoyl,  a  foil. 
«'  FoU"  Oeaf-metalX  French /0uiU«,  a  leaf ;  (Latin /o{ium). 
"Foil"  (to  frustrate),  French  affoU,  said  of  a  *' compass"  when  the 
needle  points  wrong. 

Foisi  (1  syl.),  to  insert  surreptitionsly  (followed  by  in\  to  palm 
someUiing  off  upon  another  (followed  by  on)\  foist'iied 
(Bule  xxxvi.),  foist'.ing.    (A  corruption  of  forced.) 

Pold,  a  pladt,  to  double;  fold'.ed  (E.  zzzvi.),  fold'.ing,  fold'-er. 

Old  EngUsh/eoIdCan],  past/eo^  past  part,  gt^eniden  {feald,  a  fold). 

T^Qliage,/d'.K.a^0,  the  leaf-hangings  of  trees;  foliaoeoos,  -a^shus. 

Foliate,  f(f,U.aXe^  to  beat  [metal]  into  leaf,  to  cover  with 
leaf.metal ;  foU&t-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  foOiSt^g  (R.  xix.) 

FoUatioii}  fd\ll^'^hun,  the  leafing  of  plants. 

Mio,  fVuL  foUoB  (B.  xlii.),  fd\U.o,  fdWLoze.    In  bookkeep. 
ing  &e  left  and  right  hand  pages  of  a  ledger,  (fee,  a  book 
of  the  largest  size  in  which  the  paper  is  folded  only  once. 
IntiB/dlMMo,  fmd€eua,f5U(ibus(fmitm,  QrtekfiwWfn,  a  leaf 
^^foke,  people;  folfc-mote,  an  assembly  of  the  people. 

Old  Bigliih  >M<,  fttU-gmnote,  a  popnlar  asieiably .  ^ 


372  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Follicle,  fSV.luk'l  (in  Bot),  a  dry  seed-vessel  opening  on  one 

side  only,   and  having    the    seeds  loose ;    foUicnloiis, 

fU.Uk\u.lu8,  or  follicular,  fillik\u,lar ;  follio'olatecL 

Fr.  follicule;  Lat  foUMUxu  (JbUi$,  ft  bag,  parse,  or  Reed-yessdlX 

Follow,  to  come  after;  followed,  f$l\lowd ;  follow-ing. 

Old  English  folgian  or  fyli^eanl  T^t  fyligde,  p.  p.  fyliged,  folQtn, 

Folly,  plu,  follies,  foV.liz,  foolish  aets ;  a  fanciful  mansion. 

ltaX.fonia:  Fr.  folU;  Welsh /o2,  foolish;  Lat /oU{«,  a  wind-bag. 
"  FoUy"  (a  mansion),  French /otie,  extravagance.    (See  Fool.) 

Foment,  fd.ment%  to  dab  with  a  wet  sponge  or  rag,  to  encourage; 
foment'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  foment'-ing,  foment'.er; 

Fomentation,  fo'.m^.tay^'jihun,  a  lotion,  its  application. 

Fr.  fomenier,  fomentation  ;  Lat.  /omentum,  fomentdri,  to  foment. 
Fond,  foolish,  partial ;  fond'-ly,  fond'-ness. 

Fondle, /^'.d'Z,  to  caress ;  fondled,  fdn\d*ld  ;  fon'dling. 

Fon'dling,  a  pet.  Foundling,  a  child  deserted  by  its  parents. 

Chancer  fonne,  a  fool ;  Irish  fonn,  a  lonidng.    Originally  "fond" 
meant  a  foolish  weakness,  foolishly  partiaL 

Font,  a  baptismal  basin,  a  complete  set  of  type.  Fount,  the  souroe. 

Fr.  fonte;  Lat.  ftnu,  gen.  /onHa,    **  Font  •*  (type),  Fr.  fonte,  /<mdn. 

Food  (1  syl.),  victuals.    (Old  £ng./d(2a.    See  Feed.) 

Fool  (1  syl.).  &  simpleton,  a  jester;  to  delude;  fooled  (1  syl.), 
foor-ing,  foor-ish  {-Uh  added  to  nouns  means  ''like," 
added  to  adj.  it  is  dim.),  foorish-ly,  foorisluness. 

Foolery,  plu,  fooleries,  foor.i.riz,  absurd  acts ;  fooLhar^dy, 
foolishly  daring;  foolhar'di Jiess,  foolhardUy ;  fools'oap 
(not  fooVscap)^  paper  the  size  of  an  ordinary  day-book, 
so  csdled  because  originally  its  trade-mark  was  a  fool's 
head  and  cap ;  foors  errand,  a  purposeless  errand. 

Folly,  plu.  follies,  foV.liz,  foolish  acts. 
Welsh  Jfot,  foolish ;  ffoledd,  folly ;  ffoles,  a  silly  woman ;  #oIi,  todabide. 
Foot,  plu.  feet  (each  1  syl.),  not  /wt,  nor  foote  to  rhyme  with 
boot,  but "  foot "  to  rhyme  with  put    Footfall  (not  footfoL) 

Foot,  (verb)  foof -ed,  foot'-ing.  Foof -ed,  having  feet,  as 
four-footed  beasts.  Foot'-ing,  position,  standing,  as  He 
has  a  good  footing.  Foof-note,  a  note  at  the  bottom  of 
a  page.  To  foot  it,  to  dance.  To  set  on  foot,  to  originate. 
("Foot"  and  "put"  are  the  only  two  words  in  the  lan- 
guage with  this  vowel  sound.  All  other  words  in  -oot 
have  the  usual  diphthongal  sound  of  -OO' :  as  hoot, 
moot,  root,  and  shoot.  "  Soot "  is  at  present  yaoillating, 
some  make  it  to  rhyme  with  foot,  some  with  root^  and 
others  with  hut.  So  with  "put,"  it  stands  alone,  all 
other  words  in  -ut  have  the  short  il  sound,  as  but,  cut, 
gut,  hut,  jut,  nut,  slut,  smut,  tut,  &g.) 
Old  Eng.  flit,  plu.  flit;  Lat.  pea,  gen.  pediit] i  Or.  pone,  gea.  fodiasl 


ANU    nf-    .'ini.lfNli 


«  " 


Coppery.  j>lu.  fr/pp^rl««.  /'>//  '^  /»/.  ''■"  *  '•"  •••■'"'  •*• 

^WcrasKS  T<^  ry?  •/■/•     .'i*.-  •,  /v'*  w*  V  '.'-*/*»     f  *».»*».  /.///• 

•  *  ^f       ^       .'.1  >.  ..  r.    A  ^      ^^      '     ^         *      #.   ..  ■   . 


-IS     .- 


.-    -5         ^         ^        ■''    J-  ^ 


^^     r^    «^  '    0    t-^,     ,     *     , 


-* 


^       ^^  ■'"  ^^ 


^   "««#«  -^ 


I'     a^fc 


874  EHRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Mpamble  the  word  is  used  ia  the  plM»,  mimber  only :  at 
idssors,  tromerst  eraeherif  plmrt^  tweezers,  drawen,  tongs, 
&G.;  but  if  the  two  parts  are  sepurable,  the  word  htm  both 
numbers:  &a  glovet  gloves ;  sock,  socks;  boot,bootS4 
LsktinforeepB,  tongs  (formm  eapio,  to  takt  op  what  is  hotX 

Ford,  a  pass  through  a  riyer,  to  ford  a  river ;  Ibrd'.^  (R.  zxxri.), 
ford'^g,  ford'^r,  ford'^hle.    (OM  £ng./ord,  a  fbrd.) 

Fore-  (Old  Eng.  prefix),  beforehand,  preceding.  In  two  instantei 
{former  SLnd  forward)  the  -e  has  been  dropped,  and  fore- 
close is  a  blunder,  the  prefix  being  the  Lat.  forlumi. 

Fore,  the  front,  the  fore  part;  fore  and  aft,  the  fore  part  and 

hind  part  of  a  ship,  from  end  to  end. 
Old  English  fdre;  0«nnan  vor. 
Forearm,  (n.)  fdr^.arm,  (v.)  for,arm'  (R.  L),  from  elbow  to  wrist, 

to  arm  befiorehand;  forearmed'  (3  ^l.)«  fovearm'-iiiflp* 

"  The  forMMn.**  Old  English  ff/n  Mrm. 

**  To  f oroarm  '^  the  Teutonis  fort/-  joined  te  the  Latin  ortM,  to  ann. 

Forebode,  forJ}dde\  to  presage;  forebod:'.^   (Rule  zxxvi.), 
forebod'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  forebod'-ec 
Old  EDglish/E>re  hod[Um\  to  for*  wara. 
Foracasf ,  (fast)  fbr•cast^  (past  peart.)  foreoai^ted,  faiecasfc'.er, 
forecast'.ing^  to  foresee  and  provide  against  what  is  fore- 
seen.   Foreoast',  (d  syU),  foresight,  At, 
Danish /ore  IcasU,  to  guess  beforehand ;  httnd  host,  a  rough  gneet. 
Forecastle,  for.kas'%  the  short  upper  deck  in  the  forepart  of  a 
ship..    Ships  were  at  one  time  turteted,  hence  the  Latin 
phrase  naves  turrita  (the  part  before  the  tmret). 
Farechosen,  forxhdz^'n,  chosen  beforehand* 
Old  English /ors  oednui. 

Forecited,  forM\t^d,  before  said.    (Latin  eitare,  to  quote). 

(An  ill-compounded  word,  part  Teutonic  and  part  LaHn.) 

Foreclose  (ought  to  be  forclose),  for.kldze',  to  compel  a  person 
to  redeem  a  mortgage  under  pain  of  losing  his  rights 
therein ;  foreclosed,  for.kldzd';  foredSs'-iiig  (Rule  zix.) 

Foreclosure  (ought  to  be  forclosure),  for.kloahiir,  a  Isgsl 
proceeding  to  compel  a  mortgagor  either  to  redeem  Uia 
pledge  or  submit  to  the  loss  of  the  property  mortgaged. 

To  foreclose  a  mortgage  (i.e.,  to  shut  out  a  mortgagee  frt)m 
redress;  is  nonsense,  although  not  uofrequmi^j  used. 
We  for  close  a  mortgagor,  not  a  mortgage. 
(This  prefix  is  the  Latin  fiir\um\  a  law-ooort.) 
Latin /orcttmo  (e  f6ro  clutio,  exclnsion  from  the  law<otNiits)L 
Foredoom,  f&r.dovm\  to  doom  beforehand ;  foredoonad'  (9  sjIX 
foredoom'.ing.  (Old  Eng./of  «  d6m,  judgment  beforehand.  > 

JPorefather,  for^.fai'tlMT,  an  aucwtOT.  (Old  Suglish/ore/^der^ 


AND  aF  SPELLING.  375 

Forefinger,  for^.fin^gfr,  the  fixvger  next  ih»  HxToah, 

Old  English  >bre/n(^. 

Forefoot,  plu.  forefeet,  for^,foot^  for^.feet^  one  of  the  front  feet 
of  an  animal  with  more  than  two.    Forfeit,  for^.fitt  q.y. 
Old  EngMsh  >bre/d«,  fore  fit,    •'  Porfeft/*  Welsh  ffvrStA. 

Forego,  ('pcmt)  forewent^  [not  in  use],  ('paxt  part.)  foregone ; 

ftni^o-ing,  for. go' t  for.gSn',fdr.go\ing, 

Old  English /ar«  gdn,  past  part. /ore  gangen. 

f&rgo,  to  "go  away  from,"  would  express  the  idea  more  slinplj,  bnt 
f&rtifo  means  to  "  go  be/or*  70a  enjoy  a  thing/'  henee  to  giye  it  up. 

Foreground,  fS^i^.grownd,  that  part  of  a  picture  which  is  sup- 
posed to  he  nearest  the  spectator.   (Old  £ng.  fere  grand.) 

Forriiead,  fih^rH  (not  fore.Md\  that  part  of  the  iiEtoe  which  lies 
between  the  eyebrows  and  the  scalp-hair. 
Old  English  >bf8-A«a^. 
FoireliorBe  (2  syl.),  the  leader  of  a  team.    (Old  Eng.  fore  han.) 

"Foiehandifof^.hand,  more  frequently  beforehand,  in  anticipation. 
The  idea  is  that  it  is  in  hand  or  ready  before  it  is  required. 

Foreigna,  fSr^rin  (not  fSr^rln),  belonging  to  another  nation. 

Fr.  forain,  foreign ;  Lat.  fSris^  from  abroad  (Gk.  thura,  the  dooi^ 
Foie^dge,  fdr  judge' ^  to  judge  before  the  facts  nre  proved. 

(This  hybrid  ought  to  be  dropped.    Prejudge  (French 

pr^uger)  is  sufiBicient. ) 

Foreknow,  fdr.ndw'  (-now  to  rhyme  with  grow);  past  foreknew, 

flfr.new';   (past  part.)  foreknown,  fdr.novm'  {-ruyum  to 

rhyme   with   grovm)\    foreknow'-ing;    foreknowledge, 

for.nSV.idge  (not  for.no'.leje). 

Old  Eag.  fore  endwlan],  past  -enetHo,  past  part  -cndtMnfore  endwincg. 

Foreland,  f^.Uind,  a  point  of  land  which  juts  into  the  sea. 
Old  English /or«  land,  land  in  advance  of  the  general  coast. 

Forelock, /o/.Z^/c  [in  a  horse],  the  hair  which  hangs  over  the 

forehead.    In  man,  a  lock  left  on  the  forehead  when  the 

head  is  nearly  bald.     Take  Time  by  the  forelock,  make 

the  best  of  the  present  opportunity. 

The  idea  is  taken  from  the  picturesque  representations  of  old  Time 
with  one  "forelock"  on  his  bald  pate.    (Old  English /or«  loec) 

Foreman,  plu.  foremen;   fern,  forewoman,  plu.  forewomen; 
for^.m&n,  for.men;  fdr.wo'  man,  for.wlm''n,  the  principsd 
employee,  from  whom  others  take  their  directions.    The 
*'  foreman  of  a  jury"  is  the  name  first  called,  this  man  sits 
first  and  makes  the  report. 
Old  English /or«  mann,  plu.  -mewn;  fore  wifmawn,  plu.  -io{/tiienn. 
Foremast,  fdr^.masU  the  mast  nearest  the  b5\y  of  a  ship. 
German  fockmast,  focksegel,  foresail ;  fockstag,  forestay,  &o. 
Foremost,  for^.most,  first  in  rank  or  repute.   ^Old  Y*ii%.  JoTme«\«^ 


.n76  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


TareDBmedtfdr^.ndmd,  mentioned  before.  (Old  £ng./or«  naman,) 

FoireDOOii,fdr,noon\  from  morning  to  midday.  (Old  Eng,  fore  fUhu) 

Forensic,  fojrSn'^lk,  pertaining  to  the  law  conrts.  (Lat.  flreruis.) 

Foreordain, /(C^.or.(2an«^,  to  predestinate ;  fore^ordained'  (3  syL), 

fore'ordain'Jng;  foreordination,  for^,or,di.nay''^hun. 

f  These  are  iXlrformed^  fore-  being  Teutonic  and  -ordain  Lati$L    "  Pre- 
ordain** and  *' preordination^  are  better  compoundej 

Toreipaxtt/or^.partfitie  first  part  {fore-, Tent.;  |>ars, jMirtit, Lat.) 

Foreran,  (past)  foreran,  (past  part,)  forerun, /or.ran'./Jr'niii'; 
foremnn^ang  (Roleiv.) ;  forerann..er,  fdir.riLrC.tTy  one  sent 
before  to  announce  the  coming  of  another,  a  courier. 
Old  EngUflh  /ore-reim[a«],  past  fvttrrwx.  fore-rynel,  a  f oremciMr. 
Foresaid, /(iV.«^(d,  mentioned  before,  set  forth  in  the  previous  part. 
Old  Enghsh  fortsdd,  past  part  of  -Megfon],  past  idde. 

Foresee,  (past)  foresaw,  (past  part)  foreaeent  f5r. see!',  fdrjBaw\ 

f dr. seen',  to  see  beforehand;  foresee'.lng  (K.  xix.,  -ing); 

fbrese-er,  f^jsee^^er  (B.  xix.),  one  who  sees  beforehand. 
Old  Eng./ore'Mdn,  past  -sed/i,  past  part  -ge-seffent  foresednd,  a  foreMflr. 
Foreshadow,  forMxd\o,    to   typify;    foreshad'owed  (3  syl), 

foreshad'owidng,  foreshad'oWi.er.  (Old  Eng. /or^fcatfio.) 
Foreshow,  (po^t)  fore-showed, /or.sAat(7d'  {j\ot  fore-shew),  (jMft 

part.)  fore-shown'  or  forejshowed',  to  predict ;  forediow'. 

ing,  foreshow'-er  (-ehovO'  to  rhyme  with  grow). 
Old  English /oreseedioCian],  past  seedwodt,  past  part  -seecfioocL 
Foreship,  fdr^jshipt  fore  part  of  a  ship.     (Old  English  fore  sei^ 

Foreshorten,  for.8hort^'n,  to  draw  objects  in  an  oblique  direction 
(the  fore  part  being  shortened) :    foreshortened,  fdr*- 
shorf'nd;  toreBhoTt&aJng,  for,short''ning. 
Old  English /or»  »oort[ian]. 

Foresight,  for^.8Ue,  prevision.    (Old  English  fore  ge-sihL) 

Forest,  fdf  rist,  land  covered  with  trees. 

For'ested,  covered  with  forests.  Affor'ested,  eonver* 
into  a  forest  and  protected  by  forest  laws.  Disfor'as^ 
or  dis'affor'ested,  deprived  of  its  forest  privileges. 

Forester,  f8r^  r^.ter,  a  forest  warder  or  keeper. 

Forestry,  for^  rSsdry,  the  right  of  foresters ;  for'esty. 

Forestage, /^r£i.ta^tf,  service  paid  to  the  king  by  fores' 

(All  these  words  are  spelt  with  one  r,  not  double  r,) 

French  foreet  now  forit,  forestier  ;  Latin  fordre,  to  pierce  (wttb ' 
forests  being  set  apart  in  feudal  times  for  huoting  puipMSii 

Forestall  (not  forestal.  Rule  viii.),  fdr.stawl\  to  antitfi 

forestalled'  (2  syl.),  forestall'-ing,  forestall'-er. 

To  "forestall"  is  to  buy  up  goods  before  they  are  brought 
market-staH.    (0\d  Ent^V^li  fore  tUxlian},  eUxl,  a  stalL) 


A  Nit  OF  srt:iJ.i.\(i 


ft.. 


,  (nonn)  fOr^.tdnU,  (v«rb)  ./i)r.fii*/#''(lCiili!  I  j,  i»  limln  in 
sjDticipatioD,  to  ia.HU*.  ht'i'nrn  |Miiiiici«Hi<(ii  m  uidiiiiii.ii  tn 
anticipate;  foretuat'-«d  (J(.  itkivi;, fimiLiML'  iuKtU  *if  ) 
fvn  added  to  tatU.  Oerrii.  ianltm,  !«/  firl  .  l*!  /i4«/<i  ipiMr  /ii/w  . 
ItiL  tojUUirt,  to  Uiuch;  J.»t.  Uulum,  in  U^urlj ,  'ih  nn>ji/.in*i  |»i<i 
xunmoed  (Aii»0ttii«,  or;Utra«Ud  to  UiiMtf'tt;  IM  lunyo,  suii   ImluH* 

fnot  foretel,  R.  Yiii.),  fo  i;f«t«li«l;   /yy//*^  foriil^jW.  '//*/-« 
jKBrt.)fmbf}lA.fvr,Ul\,0/rJo(4';  tunsU\y^Utu,t'rtt>tA.ll'  a^ 
on  Lxigti^fvre  iUC.anl  p»fct /'/r^-twdW*.  pMt  1^*1  /</'«  i^i  '<«'«/ 

/5r.TV/rt,pf0vid«r/ilf0M.»::;/fil.  <Oj»J  JMjj/  Jofrlh//hl  , 

..s>&-TMir:  uf  ujt  iii'juLL..    'O.'j  h'j^  Z'/**^  t^''-  /'//#  '/'A  , 


ii-';«'> 


»??; 


.*^j-'    ly/     ■• 


1. 


'  .♦ 


0i.* 


»•■«> 


—  »      ^■^■..'  .^  — \ 


J"   «• 


»r  '. 


*       .-ir 


S-    .--«L" 


:-*:*..!: 


■  ■  »■  r***^    ^; 


«t<JV!l.'.  'J 


k  . 


378  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Peim,  shape,  to  shape;  fomed  (1  syL),  fozm^-ing,  faoEt^m. 

Fonn-al,  done  in  due  form,  ceremonious ;  fbim^al-ly,  eere- 
moniouBlj ;  for'mer-Iy,  in  times  past. 

Fonnallty,  plu.  foxmalitieB,  JcfrmuXXMt^  ceremonj  •  for- 
malism,/o/jnaZ.iziii;  for'mal-ist 

Formation,  forMay'^skun;  fi>xmatlv9,  foi^Ma.^, 

Formalise, /o/.ma.Hz«;  Ibr^malised  (3  vfi,\  for'maliB-ing 

(Rule  xix.X  for'malis-er  (Rule  xxxi.) 

Fr.  ftmM.  format  fomul  (wrong),  /(yrmaUsUy  formoHtmt^  JmrmoMi^ 
formatian;  Lat.  format  fomwUis,  formdUtas,  formcUiOt  /ormStor. 

For'mer,  prior,  one  who  forms;   for'mer-ly,  in  times  past; 

for'mal-ly,  ceremoniously ;  fdremost,  fof^,mo8t,  first. 

Oar  word  ** former'*  is  compounded  of  fore  mdr.  more  [to  the}  foM : 
and  "foraaoit,"  most  [to  the]  fore ;  both  worda  ovgfat  to  bare  the 
e  in  fore.  In  Anglo-S&xon  fur^  far,  made  /yrre,  farther,  fyrmt, 
fyrrest,  fyrgt,  9,nd fyrmest,  farthest;  fromyVtrdi,  forth,  WMafturder, 
furdur,  furdra^  fwrma,  first ;  from  foriht  was  forihw,  faHk&t, 
forthmestt  formost ;  from  foremthu,  illustrious,  was /o  remdrut ; 
from  feoTt  far  [v.  fcerarif  to  go  a  journey],  feorrout  atfimtlL 

Formic,  for^,mikt  pertaining  to  ants ;  fbrmic  acid,  an  aeid  ori- 
ginally  obtained  by  bruising  red  ants  in  water. 

Formica,  for.mV.hah,  the  ant  genus. 

Formidd^,  for,mi'j6\,di^  the  family  containing  the  FOmiUa 
genus  {'idcBt  &  group  or  family,  a  Greek  patronymie); 
formication,  fon^^mLkay^ahSny  a  sensation  like  that  of 
ants  crawling  over  the  skin. 
Latin /ormfca,  an  ant ;  f^rrmlc&Ho  (Oredc  murm^  aa  aatX 
Fonnidahle,  foi^.mtd&M,  dreadfhl;  for'mldaUe^nMi^  ftnr^. 
midably.    (Latin  formidabXlU,  formido,  fear.) 

Formula,  plu.  formula  or  formnlafl,  for,mu.lah,  pin.  fm^mAM 

or  for^.mu.lahz,  a  pattern  rule. 

Formulary,  plu.  formularies, /o/.mu.^.rfj?,  a  book  of  forms, 
a  ritual ;  formulate,  fof.mudate,  to  reduce  to  a  fonmila; 
for'mulat-ed,  for'mm&t-ing  (BiUe  zix.) 
Latin /ormula,  a  rule,  a  pattern  (/ormo,  a/ormX 

Fornicate,  /o/.wf.ftaftf;   fornication,  for'.ni.fca^'.f Mm;   ft*'- 

nicat-or  (not  -«r.  Rule  xxxvii.),  fern,  for'nioatreee. 

Latin  fomicdtio^  fomicdtor,  fomicdtrix,  fomXcArt  (Greek  jMmttM^ 
pomit  a  harlot). 

Forsake''  ;2  \yl.)>  (past)  forsook',  (past  part.)  fbnMtlnn,  Hoiw 
sak'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  to  desert. 
Old  £ng.  for  [negative]  s^fl[aa],  to  seek,  put  ttfUs,  paift  part  fnAl 
Forsooth,  in  truth.    (Old  English  tosdthe,  tnily;  $&th,  tnith.) 

Forswear,  for.swSre!';  {past)  forswore^  (past  part) 
forawear'-ing;  forswear'-er.    To  swear  falsely. 
Old  English  /ortwer\ia«Y  pis^  /orvwtfr,  past 


AND  OF  SPRLUXa.  «79 


Fort,  a  fortified  plftM.    Eorte  (1  %fL\  epecdai  facility.    Fonght, 
fort,  did  fight.    Forta,  foi^Xe^  load.    For'ty,  a  aiimeral. 

Flort,  a  small  fortified  place  for  seooritj  or  defence. 

ForfreflB,  a  natural  fort  strengthened  by  art,  like  the  fort- 
ress of  Gibraltar ;  fortreseed,  f(y/,tTi8ty  having  a  fortress. 

Fortlet,  a  small  fort.    Fortalice,  for^.td.Vis,  a  small  fortress. 

Fortifioa'tion,  all  the  works  erected  in  defence  of  a  place. 
It  may  include  the  other  four  terms.    {See  Fortify.) 


Bortd,  for^.te  (ItaL),  load.    Forty,  far^.ty,  a  nameraL 

FortitaBixno  (ItaL),load  as  possible.  (Forty,  0.  lEng.feowertig.) 
Forth,  forward,  abroad.    Foorth,  forth,  an  ordinal 

Forthooming, /ort/t-Anim'.tn^,  soon  about  to  appear;  forth- 

idth,  forrh\with  {not  forrKwiTh),  without  delay. 
Old  English  fvrth,  fcrtheuvM.%,  forth  wWk    "  Fonrth,**  feowertha. 
Fortify,  foi^.tX,fy:  fortifies,  foi^,n,fize:  fortified,  fof.tl,fide; 
fcWtlfy-ing;  fo!rtiflcation,/(>r'.tr.^.Aay".aAitn.  (SMFort) 
Ft.  /ortV!«»«o»,  fortifivr;  Lat.  /or«[/lc«Mio,  Mtifi^iO^  (/orM»/ado). 
FflCtitade,  fot^Xi  tude,  strength  of  mind.    (Latin  fortitudo,) 

Fottnlght,  forf.nite,  not  forf.nlt  (contraction  of  fourteen 
mght[s]),  two  weeks.  Day  was  reckoned  by  the  ancient 
Britons  from  sunset  to  sunset.  Hence  also  se'nnight, 
$ik'JU,  that  is,  seven  nights  or  one  week. 

Tadtofl  says  of  the  Britons:   Non  dierum  numirum,  ut  nos,  ted 
noetivm  eompiUaint 

FoftiMB,  fot^,tre89,  a  natural  fort  aided  by  art    (See  Fort.) 

Fortnitoas,  for.tn'.ttiUy  accidental ;  fortnltonis-ly,  fortaltoaa- 
nefls;  fortnity,  plu.  fortuities,  for.tu'XtU. 
Latin /oriwC^iM  (/or«,  chance) ;  French /ort»ii. 
Fortone,  foi^.tchttne,  chance,  portion,  fate ;  for'tone-len. 
Fortanate,  fo/.tchu.nate,  lucky ;    for'tnnate-ly. 
French  fortune  :  Latin  foTtttna^  f&rtun&tus  (/on^  luck). 
IWty,  numeral;  for'ti-eth  (Rule  xL),  ordinal,  4  x  10. 

OHd  English /eotcar,  four ;  feowertyru,  fourteen ;  feowertig,  forty. 
Ibumd,  for^.werd,  advanced,  in  the  firont,  to  promote,  to  send 
on ;  for'ward-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  for'ward-ing,  for'vard-neas, 
for^ward««r.    Forwards  (adv,),  onwards. 
(The  prefix  ought  to  be /ore-.  Old  English /orevMi-d) 
FoM  or  fosse  (1  syl.)    In  Fort,,  the  moat  between  the  scarp  and 
counterscarp ;  V  ^^^  ^^^?  ^^°^  ^  ^^®  sca/rp,  the  short  onit» 
the  counterscarp,  and  the  space  between  the  /off e. 
French /Mse;  Latin /mm,  a  moat  or  trench. 


3R0  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Foflsil,  fSs'^Ut  the  petrified  remains  of  plants  and  animals ; 
foBsillferotiB,  fd8\8tlif'\i^.rii8,  contnining  fossils ;  foe'sU- 
ise  {not  fossillize,  B.  iii.,  -il);  fos'silised  (3  syl.)?  fos'ailiiB- 
ing  (R.  xix.),  fos'sil-lst;  fossilisation,  fo8'M.ijisd"^kun, 
the  process  of  converting  to  a  fossiL 
VT.fosHU;  IstfosHlii  {fodio,  nip./oMum,  to  dig  [out  of  the  earth]). 

Pos'ter,  nursing  or  nursed,  to  nurse,  to  bring  up;  fos'tered  (3 
syl.),  fofl'ter-ing,  fos'ter-er;  fos'ter-ling,  a  foster-child. 

Foster-childf  a  child  nursed  and  brought  up  by  one  not  its 
parent.  Foster-mother,  the  nurse  who  brings  up  the 
child.  Foster-father,  the  nurse's  husband*  Foster- 
brother,  foster-sister,  the  foster-child  is  foster-brother  or 
foster-sister  to  the  children  of  its  foster-mother. 
Old  EngU&h /6stery/Mer-cildf  -brdUiorf  -gweaator,  -fasdor,  -fnddar. 
Pother,  foth\er,  2184  lbs.  of  lead.    (Old  English /of /i«r.) 

Fought,  fort,  did  fight.  Fort,  a  fortified  place.  Forte,  /ort, 
a  special  faculty.    {See  Fort,  Fight.) 

Fool,  filthy,  to  defile.    Fowl,  a  bird. 

Fonl-er,  more  filthy.  Fowl-er,  a  sportsman  who  ptirsaes 
wild  fowls.    Fonl^'-est,  most  foul. 

F6ul-ing,  defiling      Fowl-ing,  pursuing  or  taking  wild 

fowls.   Foul'-ly,  foul-ness.    Fowling-piece,  a  light  gun. 

"Foul,**  Old  English /til,  y./ii2[mn],  pA<<tf&lods,  pMiparLfML 
"Fowl,"  Old  English /uflfel;  fugelere,  a  fowler. 

Found  (1  syl.),  did  find,  to  cast  metal,  to  endow,  to  lay  a  founda- 
tion ;  found'-ed  (R.  xxxvl),  established,  &c.;  fomid'-ing; 

Found'-ling  (notfond'ling,  q.v.),  a  child  *' found,"  its  parents 
.  being  unknown  {-ling  Old  Eng.  dim.,  an  "  offspring  **)• 

Foundery,  founderies,  or  foundry,  foundries,  foun\drU, 

Foundation,  fownAay'^hUn,  the  base  of  a  building,  Ae. 

Foun'der,  fern,  foun'dress  (not  founder-ess),  one  who  endows 
[an  institution,  &c\.  Foun'der,  to  sink  as  a  leaky  ship, 
to  lame  a  horse  by  hard  riding. 

" Found"  (did  find),  Old  Eng.  findianl  past/and,  put  p«xi.>Wckik 
"Found"  (to  establish), Latm/unddre./uncuitio;  French /^mdAKMi. 
"  Found  "(to  cast  metal)  and  "  founder"  (to  sink  or  lame),  LatAMUK 

Fount,  the  spring,  the  source,  contraction  of  fountain,  fatuC^n; 

fountain-head;  fount,  &<tfer  font,  a  complete  set  of  type 

of  any  one  size,  with  all  the  usunl  points  and  aooents, 

about  100,000  characters  in  all;  ir./.,  wrong  font. 

'^  Fount"  (fountain),  French  >bntoin«;  Latin  /ofw,  gen.>b«iiia 
**  Fount  or  font"  (type),  French  fonte,  r./ondre,  to  melt  or  ossL 

Ibur,  /(oV,  a  number.  Fore,  for,  before.  For,  prep,  and  eoiB(j. 
Fourth,  fourth,  a  cardinaL  Forth,  out,  forwards;  fofur- 
fold.     Fouiteea,  /oV.te<n',  a  numeral ;  fororteenth^  a 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  »8l 

eardinaL    Forty,  f<yi^.te^  &  numeral ;  fortieth,  for^ttith, 

a  cardinal.     Forte,  for^,te  (in  Mtuic),  loud. 

Old  English  fwwer,  four ;  feowtriha,  fourth :  feovotrfeald,  fourfold : 
feoweriyne^  fourteen ;  feoxotrthat  or  feotoerteotha,  fourteenth :  feo- 
vertig,  forty ;  feotoerthcei  or  feotoertigotha,  fortieth. 

Foiwl,  a  bird.  Foul,  impure.  Fowl'lng,  catching  or  shooting 
birds;  fowl'-er,  one  whose  trade  it  is  to  catch  or  kiU 
birds ;  fowling-pieoe,  fowV.ing-jpece,  a  light  fowling-gun. 
Old  Englishyti^I,  a  fowl ;  fugelere,  a  fowler.    "  Foul/'yUL 

FoK,  fern,  vixen  (for  fizen)  or  dog  fox,  bitch  fox;  fox'y. 

Foxglove  (3  syl.),  a  plant  called  digitalis  {dif.i.tay'\lU), 

Old  English  fox,  fixen^  fjKcglofa,  a  corruption  of  foloagU^Oy  itixj" 
glove ;  the  Latin  digiCaiU  is  from  digUxOt  a  finger. 

FracM,  fra.hah\  a  brawl.    (Fr.  fracas,  a  crash ;  Lat.  /roctiM). 

Fraction,  fralt^thun,  a  broken  part,  part  of  a  unit;  frac'tion-ol, 
£rac'tional-ly ;  fractions,  fruW^hunz,  an  arithmetical 
rule  for  the  treatment  of  broken  numbers. 

Fractious,  frSk' .shits,  fretful ;  frac'tions-ly,  frac^tionB-nesB. 

Fracture,  frahf.tchur,  a  break,  to  break ;  frac'tured  (2  syL), 

£rac'tur-ing  (Bule  xix.) 
Fr.  fmcHon,  fraeture  ;  Lat.  frdctio,  fractHra,  frarigOf  sup.  fraetvm. 
Fragile,  frdf.U  {not  fi^aj.ile,  noTfray\jil),  brittle ;  (comp.)  more 
>    fntgile,  (super.)  £rag^il-est  or  most  fragile. 

FragiUty,  frii.3iV.Uyy  brittleness ;  frag'ile-ly.    {See  FraiL ) 
Fr,  fra{/iU,  fragiliti;  Lat.  frdgilis,  frdgttUcu  (frago  for  frango). 

Fiai^ment,   an   imperfect  part;    fragment-al,  frag.min\tdl ; 
frag'mental-ly;  fragmentary, /ra/.men.fa.ry. 
Fr.  fragment^  fragmentaire ;  Lat.  fira^Mntum  {frango,  to  break). 
Fragrant,  fray'. grant  (not  frag* grunt),  sweet-smelling;   fra'- 
grant-ly;    fragrieuice,   fray\grunce    (not  frdg'grance) ; 
fra'grancy,  plu,  fragrancies,  fray\grun,8\z. 
Jjsitiji  fragrans,  gen.  fragrantUt  fragrantia  {/ragro,  to  smell  sweet). 
Fran,  a  kind  of  rush,  hence  frail  basket,  a  banket  of  raisins 
about  75  lbs.,  weak,  one  who  yields  to  temptation. 

Frailty,  plu.  fraUtiea,  fraiV.tiz ;  frail'-ly.    {See  Fragile.; 
Flail  (not  frail),  for  thrashing  corn. 
French /n^  (contraction  of  fragile) ;  Latin  A<Xfiri^,  frdgiHUu, 

(in  Fort.),  f raze,  a  chevaux  de  frise,  a  frieze. 
Fr.  fraiae  ;  Ital.  fregio,  a  frieze.    {See  Chovaux  de  frlse.) 
(1  syL),  a  border,  a  state  of  mind,  to  enclose  in  a  frame, 
to  feign,  &o.;  framed  (1  syl.),  framVing  (E.  xix.),  fram'-er. 

•  ■  Old  English  fre7Mn{an],  to  frame,  past  fremmde,  past  part,  fmnrntd- 
"  Frame"  (to  pretend;,  Old  'Exi.g.f  rented,  foreign,  artificial,  not  genuine. 

Fmiff,  fraanjt,  a  French  silyer  coin,  worth  about  lOd.   Txtti)^  q^.^ . 


3%  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Fnaolrtee,  frati'.ch%ze  (not  fr&nf  jBhize\  frBedom  ta  Yote  lor 
memberB  of  pftrlioment.    The  verb  it  Enfmnnliiee. 

Fmudfloaii)  frdtusli'.kan,  the  order  of  "  Grey  fHarB,"  so  named 
from  St  Francis,  of  Assisi,  the  founder,  1209. 

Fna)gible,/ranV{.&Z easily  broken;  fraagibilitf,/rffn^X&ir.tty. 

Latin  frangire,  to  break. 

See  Tragus  and  Frail,  tTomfr&go,  the  older  fonn  of  fnmgo, 

Frank,  a  Christian  name,  one  of  an  ancient  tribe  which  settled 

in  Gallia  (France);  the  Turks  call  all  the  inhabitants  of 

Western  Europe  ** Franks";   open,  candid;  to  exempt 

from  postage ;  franked'  (1  syL),  frank^-ing.  Frano^  a  coin. 

German  fVunJte,  a  Frank,  a  Franeoniaa ;  frank,  free. 

Fmnkinoense,  frdnl^ .\n.teMe,  a  gum  resin  which  flThalfis  a 
fragrant  odour  when  sprinkled  on  hot  ashes. 
An  English  oomponnd,  meaning  "free-liicenae.'' 

Frantic,  frdn'.PLk,  furious,  distxaught;  fiwn'tio-ly  or  firan'ti- 
OEJ-ly.    (Ought  to  be  phrenetic  or  phentio.) 

Frenzy,   fren',zy,  yiolent  agitation  of  mind;    frenzied, 

fren\z^dy  affected  with  frenzy.    (Properly  phremy,) 

liaiiaphringsis,  phriniticus  :  Greek  phrfniaia,  phrfngtikot. 
Tienca  fr&n4sie,fri7utique  (Greek  p^r#n,  gen.  phr^fnos,  the  mindX 

Fraternal,  frader' .ndl,  brotherly ;  frater'nal-ly,  fi?ate]<nity. 

Fraternise  (Kule  xxzL), /ra^'ter.nutf,  to  treat  as  comrades; 
fra'temised  (3  syl.),  fra'temls-dng  (Rule  xix.),  fra'ter- 
nls-er.   Fraternization, /ra^^«r.mJS!Ify^'.« Aim.   (NotFr.) 
FraUmdj  fraUrwiiUy  fraUmiser;  Lat.  firOlemitas,  frAteitmu (firi^Hr/. 
Fratricide,  fra\triMde,  brother-murder ;  fra'trioidaL 

"Fnoxih  finUricide ;  Latin  >VYiLM0k2a,>H(M0fd«Mn(>lnaterewie). 
Fraud,  frawd,  crafty  dishonesty ;  fmiid'^fal  (B.  viii.),  frwi<' 
fnl-ly,  fraud'ful-ness ;  fakTid!almLt,fraw',duJetU:  fran'd- 
ulent-ly;  fraudulence,  fravf  JuXence ;  fran'dnlency. 
Fr.  fravde  :  Lat.  from*,  gen.  /Vovdi*,  /Wcvdii/antia^  .^iMidEiiiaalMt. 
Fraught,  frawU  filled,  laden.    {See  Freight) 

Fray,  a  brawl,  to  frighten,  to  wear  away  by  friction;  frayed 

(1  syL),  fray'-ing  (Rule  xiii.) 

** Fray"  (a  brawl),  Low  Latin  iiSfraAa;  French  fraeoB. 
*'  Fray  "  (to  frighten),  French  effrayer,  to  frighten. 
"Fray"  (to  rub  away),  French >Voi^;  Latin >HMIi^ 

Freak,  freek,  a  whim,  a  prank;   fireak'-ish,  capricians  i^dtk 

added  to  noane  means  "like,"  added  to  aclj.  it  is  dim.); 

frreak'ish-ly,  freak'iah-ness.    (A  saupy  or  nde  tridL) 

Danish  frotk,  impadent,  nide ;  QtnusmfiPtA,  Mtnoor. 

Ffeeekle,  frekf,k%  a  spot  on  the  skin,  to  spot  vith  freskles; 

freckled,  A^-fc^;  fre6Ui]ig,/r^.2«fi|r;  ftwk'-ly. 

Ifelrii  dryehu,  to  treJdB;  Vrfctoii, eonmd  wKh  fttssUss; 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  M3 


V!Be6^  (comp.)  fr«r-er,  (super.)  fira'-epk,  freed  (1  bjL),  free^4ng, 
ttee^'iy,  free'-neBe;  free''-boo''tar,  one  who  ro-ves  about 
for  pluBcUsr ;  freelxx/ting,  pillAging;  jCree'-dom. 

Free^'-maai,  one  who  ei^oys  cIyIo  or  politieftl  franchise ; 

Vkeed'-man,  a  ela^e  eet  at  liberty. 

TreeHRhooJ,  a  school  free  to  a  giren  number  of  the  sons  of 
freemen;  firee*4nind'ed,  ftee-mas'on ;  free'-rtone,  a 
yariely  of  sandstone,  easily  or  &eely  cut ;  £ree'-think"-er, 
a  sceptic ;  firee-trade',  commerce  with  home  and  foreign 
cufitomers  without  duty  or  restriction ;  free^-will,  liberty 
of  obeying  the  will  independent  of  predestination  or  fate. 

To  make  free  [with...],  to  take  without  permission. 

Old  English  fnd,  /nd-heam,  free-born ;  fredcUim.  fredlic,  liberal ; 
JMHce,  fireely ;  fitdmann,  fre&na,  f reeness ;  y.  yVedn,  to  free. 

Yneod  (1  syL),  to  congeal  with  cold.  Frieze,  freeze^  a  coarse 
woollen  cloth,  that  part  of  an  entablature  which  lies 
becween  the  architrave  and  the  cornice. 

Preeze,  (peat)  froze  (1  syl.),  past  part,  fro'zen,  freez'-es 

(R.  xxxiv.),  freez'-ing  (R.  xix.),  freez'-able.  Froet  (g.t7.) 

<Hd  English  yVeofCan],  past^eou,  past  part,  frown,  {ovx  frot/i). 
"Frieze"  (cloth),  French  S^iit  (sorte  d'  fitoffe  de  laine  Ik  poil  frise). 

Also  a  cloth  "  qui  vlent  de  la  province  de  Frl»e  en  HoUande." 
"Fiiexe**  (in  .irc^itecture),  French /rue;  Italian /regio. 

Freight,  frate^  caigo  of  a  ship,  to  load  a  ship  with  "goods"; 

freighf-ed,  (p(ut  part.)  freight'.ed  and  fraught, /ror«; 

fcelght'JUig,  freight'^r,  freight'-a^e,  freight -leas. 
OvrmtOi/rachttfra/Mer;  French  yV^,/r^ier,  affiriteur. 
FvQBflii,  the  language  spoken  in  f^nce,  ad^j.  of  France. 

Frenioh  leave,  taking  without  leave,  the  allusion  being  to 
the  raids  of  French  soldiers  in  their  numerous  wars. 

French^man,  plu.  French'men,  or  The  French,  the  former 
Ib  partitive,  as  two,  three,  four,  some  Frenchmen,  the  lat- 
ter collective  (B.  zlvii.);  Frendiwom'an,  plu.  -women. 

Land  of  the  Frcvnci  ("the  foeemen  "),  a  confederacy  of  German  tif  bet. 

r,/r^'.2y,  distraction  allied  to  madness:  frenzied, /r en'. - 

eH;  £ren'zy-ing.    Frantic, /ran'.trfc;  fran'tic-ly,  fran'- 

•tical-ly.    (Ought  to  be  spelt  with  ph-.)    See  Frantio. 

I«tia  phriniais,  phrSnStieuM  ;  Greek  pkrgnisis,  phriMtikos. 
Am  usnal  our  error  arises  from  copying  the  French/r^n<^i«. 

TntfOieat,  {sudii.)fre'.quent,  {verh)  fre.quen1f^  (Rule  1.) 

Fxetivuenift  to  visit  often ;  frequent'-ed  (Rule  xxx^d.),  fre- 
qnent'-ing,  £requent'-er.   TieqviejitAiiv&ffre.qu^ii\ta.tiv. 

Fse'qiient,  often  ;  fre'qnent-ly,  fre'qnent-nesB;  frequence, 

fir^.quenee;  fnqneiusy,  fr^.qu£n.cy, 

W(HUti\fp£quencs,  friqiunoi,  friqumU,  v.  friqtumiar ;  LkUa  frCq^iMras, 
fan.  frg^punHStfriqimUdn,  supine /Mtipt^iUttuia. 


384  ERRORS  OF  SPEECjr 

TreBOOf  plu.  frescoes  (Rule  xlii),yr&'.ftoz«,  a  method  of  paiotiag 
on  walls ;  frescoed,  fr^.kode,  adorned  with  frescoes. 

Al  fresco,  in  the  open  air.    (Italian,  in  the  cool.) 
Italian  dipignere  afreaeo,  to  paint  on  fresh  [plaster]. 
Fresh,  new,  not  stale,  not  salt,  cod,  hrisk;  freshMy,  freah'-neas. 

Fresh^'en,  to  make  fresh  (-en  converts  nouns  into  verbs); 
freshened,  fresh' -end;  fireshen-ing,  freshening. 

Fresh'et,  an  overflow  of  river- water ;  fresh'man,  a  univer- 
sity  student  of  the  first  year.    (Old  Eng.  fersc,  fresh.) 
Fret,  to  vex,  to  eat  away ;  frett'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  f^tt'-ing  (R.  \,\ 
frett'-er,  fret'-ful  (R.viii.),  fref ful-ly,  fref fol-neaa; 
Old  English /retCanl  to  gnaw ;  ^t^i  frost,  past  part.  freUn. 
Friable,  fri\a.b%  easy  to  be  crumbled ;  fri'able-ness ;  friability, 
frV.a.UV'.i.ty,  the  state  of  being  easily  reduced  to  powder. 
YtcBXih  friable,  friaMliU;  Latin /Hd^ilis  (friSTe,  to  crombleX 
Friar,  Monk,  Nun. 

Fri'ar,  a  member  of  one  of  the  Mendicant  Orders:  tiz., 
Francis'cans  {Grey  friars)^  Car'melites  (8  syl..  White 
friars),  Dominicans  and  Augus'tines  (3  syh.  Black  JHar$) ; 
friarly  (adj.), /n'.ar.Zy. 

Monk,  munh,  a  hermit  or  member  of  a  monastery* 

Nnn,  a  woman  who  'lives  in  a  nunnery  or  cloister. 

"Friar,**  French /rire;  lAtin  frater,  a  brother. 

"Monk."  Greek  monachot  {monoa,  alone);  Old  English  munuo. 

"Nun/*  Old  Eng.  nunne;  Fr.  nonne;  Low  Lat,  tumna,  a  penitoni. 

Fribble, /ri6'.67,  a  trifle,  to  trifle;  fribbled, /n6'.6'W;  fribb'Ung, 
fribbler.     (French /nrofe;  Latin /rit7d£t»,  frivolous.) 

Fricassee  (French),  frik\ds.see'\  meat  stewed  in  a  frying-pan,  to 
make  a  fricassee ;  fric'asseed'',  frio'sssee'^-ing,  (Woitin 
which  end  in  two  vowels  retain  both  when  -ing  is  added 
Rule  xix.),  fricandeau  (French),  frik',an.do'\  a  ragout  of 
veal  larded.    (Latin  frigo,  to  fty ;  Gk.  phrugo,) 

Friction,  frik'^hiin,  resistance  produced   by  bodies    rubbing 
against  each  other,  attrition ;  £rio'tion-al,  £ric'tion-len. 
lAtiafrictiOtfricdre,  to  rub;  French /riction  (medical  tennX 

Friday,  frV.day,    (Old  English  frige-dag,  Friga's  day.) 

Friend,  frend :  friend'-ly,  friend'U-ness  (Rule  xi.),  friend'-lea, 

frlendless.ness,  friend'-ship,  attachment  {-ship,  state  of.) 

Old  Eng.  fr^fnd,  fredndUas,  friendless ;  fredndlice,  -ij,  fredndsolfs. 

Frieze,  freeze,  a  coarse  woollen  cloth.    Freeze,  to  congeaL 

"  Frieze,"  French /rise  (6 toff e  de  laine  k  poll  fdse),  also  toil  cb  JHm. 
"  Freeze,"  Old  English /r«o«[an],  past /rMu,  past  part.>VcNMii», 

Frigate,  frig\ate,  a  ship  larger  than  a  sloop  or  brig.  (Fr.yV^^t^ .) 

Latin  aphradus,  Greek  aphraetos  (a  phrados,  not  fortified),  a  »hip 
without  hatches,  aimUax  U>  VShoba  \&&«d  by  th«  anoieat  Bhodwans. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  886 

Pright,  frite,  sudden  terror ;  frigJaXMk  (R.  yiiiO,  frighffal^ 
(R.  xi.)*  frighf  fol-ness.    A  f^ht,  an  untidy  person. 

Fright-en,  frite'n,  to  terrify ;  frightened,  frite'nd;  fright* 
en-ing,  frit^.nxng  {-en  converts  nouns  to  verbs). 

Affirigh^  af.friW  (not  a-frit^^  to  startle  with  fear; 
affrighf-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  afEright'-ing.(not  a-fright-ing). 

Old  English  forht,  /orhtfu^lf  forhtian,  forhtUee,  frlghtrnlly ;  t^fyrht, 
changed  by  metathesis  to  afryht  (the  -g-  is  interpolated). 

lUgid,  frif.id,  cold ;  frig'id-ly,  frig'id-nesB.    The  fWgid  zones, 
that  part  of  our  earth  enclosed  by  a  circle,  the  centre  of 
which  is  one  of  the  poles,  and  the  radius  30^  deg. 
Frigorifio,  fri.go.rif'\ik,  that  which  produces  cold, 
JAiin  frigidu$,frig(>rifiGU8  {/rigor,  gen./rig&risJicio  [tor /ado]). 
Frin  (Rule  v.),  a  ruffle,  to  ruffle  with  cold  [as  a  hawk  does]; 
friUed  (1  syl.),  frill'-ing. 
Welsh  ffrU,  a  trifling  thing :  t.  ffHU,  to  twitter. 
Fringe  (1  syl.),  a  border,  to  adorn  with  a  fringe;  fringed  (1  syl.), 
firibig'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  fringes-less. 
French /range,  v.  /ranger,  to  fringe. 
Frippery,  plu,  fripperies  (R.  xliv.),  frtp'.p^,r{Zf  finery,  triviality, 

French /Hperie,  /ripier,  a  dealer  in  old  clothes  (/riper,  to  rumple). 
Friak,  to  gambol;  frisked  (1  syL),  frisk'-ing,  frisk'-y,  fHsk^i^ 
ness  (Rule  xi.),  friskl-ly.     (French  /risque,  frolicsome.) 

Fris^et,  the  light  frame  which  holds  the  sheet  of  paper  on  the 

tympan  of  a  printing  press.    (French  frisquette.) 
Fcith,  the  opening  of  a  river  into  the  sea,  as  the  Frith  of  FortK 

Lai  /ritum,  a  strait  between  two  seas  (Jerveo,  /rettmi,  to  boilX 
Fritter,  a  small  fried  pudding,  to  waste  on  triSes;  frittered, 
/r%f.terd  ;  frit'ter-ing,  frif  ter-er.    (Fr.  /riture,  a  frying,) 

Lai  /rictxLS,  fried :  /rigo,  sup.  /rictum,  to  fry  :  Gk.  phntgo,  to  broil. 
'*To  fritter,"  is  to  lose  h^  dicing:  X^tin  /rttilltu,  a  dice-box  (from 
/rUinnio),    A  corruption  of  Jritil,  should  have  only  on^  -t 

Frivolous, /nt?'.iJ.Zi&,  trifling;  friy^olons^ly,  friv'olouB-nesB. 

Frivolity,  plu.  frivolities,  /rivvdVXtlz,  acts  of  folly  or  trifling, 

Latin  /Hvdltu ;  French  /rivoliiS,  /rivoU. 
Frisz,  to  curl;  frizzed  (1  syl.),  frizz' -ing;  frisure,  /riz'zh^. 

Frizzle,  friz'z%  to  curl;  frizzled,  /riz'z'ld;  frizzling, 
firizzler. 

("  Frizz  *•  is  one  of  the  monosyllables  (not  ending  in  /,  I, 
or  8)  which  double  the  final  consonant:  as  add,  odd; 
burr,  err;  hitt,  butt;  ebb,  egg;  buzz,  fuzz;  fizz,  frizz, 
and  whizz,  Rule  viii.) 
French /riser,  to  curl ;  Greek  phrisso,  to  bristle,  to  mfDe. 
Fio  (not  a  contraction  of  from),  back,  backwards.  To  and  fro^ 
there  and  back,  backwards  and  forwarda, 

Nocse>Vt^  Danish,  Norwegign,  &o.,>Va, 

He 


8iB6  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Frock,  a  dress ;  &ock6ft  {1  feyl.),  dressed  in  a  frock ;  i!!ro6k'-leBB. 
Frock'-coat,  a  man's  garment ;  ttnodk'-frodk,  ia  carter's  tslop. 
Tb  unfrock,  to  suspend  a  clergyman  for  ill-condnct. 
French /roc/  Low  Latin /roccus,  corruption  otflowm,  woollen. 
Frog,  a  reptile,  a  foot  and  tongue  disease  of  horses,  a  cbat-tas> 
sel;  frogged  (1  syl.,  Bule  i.) 

"  Frog  "  (a  reptile),  Old  English  ^rocga  orfroga. 

*'Frog"  (a  tassel).  Low  IaWtl  frocctu  {jU>(xus,  a  lock  of  wool). 

"Frog"  (disease),  German /ro«c/i,  la'mpius  [of  horses],  ftc. 

!FroIic,  froV.ik,  fun,  to  play;  jfroUcked /ror.ifet ;  fifonck-ing; 
jfrol'io-some,  full  of  fun  {-some.  Old  Eng.  affix,  "  full  of"), 
froricsome-ly,  froricsome-ness.  (The  -k-  is  inserted  to 
prevent  the  c  fiom  coming  before  e  and  i,  in  which  cases 
it  would  have  the  sound  of  «.) 
German /rd^2icA,  gay,  merry ;  frohlodken,  to  rejoice. 

From  (preposition).     Old  English  fram. 

From  hence,  from  henceforth,  from  thence,  froin.  yKihenob. 
"  From  "  in  these  phrases  is  redundant,  but  nevertheless 
is  too  well  established  to  be  wholly  dislodged. 

Similar  pleonasms  exist  in  Latin :  as  ex-inde  and  d&inde,  '*  from 
thence";  a^-hinc  and  de-hinCf  "from  hence,"  &c. 

Frond,  a  union  of  leaf  and   stem,   as  in  ferns  and   palms; 
frondescence,  fronAes'.sense ;  fron'dose. 
Fr.  fronde;  Lat.  frons,  gen.  frondis,  a  green  bough  with  its  leftree. 

Front,  frunt  (not  front),  the  forepart,  to  face,  to  stand  foremost ; 
front'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.) ;  front-ing, /rwwt'.in^r  {notfrHnt'-ing); 
front'ing-ly ;  front-age,  frunt'. dj  (not  frbnt\aj),  Uie 
fiont  of  a  building;  front-less, /runt'. Z^s« ;  front-view. 
Frontispiece  (ought  to  be  frontispioe),  fron'.tis.peece  (not 
frun'.tis.peece),  the  "  view  "  or  picture  in  the  front  page 
of  a  book ;  front-let,  fronf.let  (not  frunf.let). 

"  Frontispiece  "  is  a  blunder.  It  is  the  French  word  f rontispice,  £a<i» 
fronti'ipiclum  [frons  specio],  the  view  in  the  front  [po^];  amd 
not  the  hybrid  f rontis-piece,  the  piece  of  the  front  [jMige]. 

Frontier,  fronteer^^  border-land ;  frontiered'  (2  syL) 

Fr.  front,  frontal,  frontibre,  frontispice ;  lAt.  frons,  gen.  YronNt,  ttie 
front,  the  forehead ;  frontispicium,  the  "view"  in  a  tiUe-page. 

(There  is  no  sufficient  reason  why  the  "o"  of  the  last  thrM  wordt 
shmUd  have  a  different  sound  to  the  "  o*'  in  the  other  $evtn.J 

Frontigniac  [grape],  frSn.tin\yak  (not  f8n\tin.yak),  from  the 

valley  of  FrontignaUy  between  Montpellier  and  Agde. 
Frost,  frost'-ing,  the  sugar  composition  on  the  outside  of  cakes; 
frost'-ed   (Rule  xxxvi.),  firost'-y,   frost'i-ly  (Rale  xi.), 
frost'i-ness;  fhMt-bitten, /ro^t'.&ff  n,  affected  by  frost 
Freeze    (verb),  past   froze,  past  part,  frtmenL,   flrS'^^; 

freez'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  freez'-ahle. 
Old  English  /ro«t,  /rb«Hg,  -?.  /reoi^aiCV,^.  frwwvP-  P-  frorm^ 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  ,W7 


PrStli,  foam,  to  throw  up  froth;  SfoXiMd.  (1  syl.).  froth'-ii^, 
ftoth'-y,  froth'i-ly  (Ruhe  xi.), iBoth^ness,  froth'-less. 
'Oiedc  apktoit  spome ;  Latin /rft«m.;  Scotch /ri^. 

PxoniQr,  frhw'juy  (frSw-  to  rhyme  with  now)^  musty,  dirty,  and 
untidy;  frou'zi-iiess.     (Dutch  vrouu;,  a  sltittem.) 

Fiowaxd,  frow'-ard   (frdw   to   rhyme  with   grotv),  perverse; 
frow'ard-ly,  frow'ard-ness.     (Old  English  fraweard.) 

Frown  (to  rhyme  with  clowns  not  with  grown),  a  wrinkle  in  the 
forehead  expressive  of  displeasure,  to  make  a   frown; 
frowned  (1  sy].)»  frown'-ing,  frown'ing-ly. 
French  re-frogneiment],  v.  «e  r^frogTter,  to  knit  the  brows. 
Froze  (1  syl.),  frozen,  frd\z'n,    {See  Freeze,  Frost.) 
Fructify,  frUk'.tify,  to  make  fruitful;   fructifies  (Rule   xi.), 
fruk\ti,fize;  tiucti^ed,  fruk' .ti.fide ;  fruc'tify-ing. 
Fructification,  fruk\ttfl.kay''^hun,  fecundation. 
FruotuAtion,  fruk'.tu.a'' ^hun,  fruit,  produce  of  plants. 
Fructiferous,  friik.tif' .e.riU,  producing  fruit. 
Fmctuous,  fr&k\tu.u8,  fertile,  impregnating. 

Fructescence, /rMA.t^s'.«erw«,  the  time  when  the  friiit  of  a 
plant  reaches  maturity,  and  its  seeds  are  ripe.  (See  Fruit. ) 

French  fructification,  fructijier ;  Latin  fruet\fic&re,  fmctuoatta  (fr%C' 
tu8,  fruit).  Fnxctuary  [Latin /rwctudriiM],  "produce  which  yields 
a  profit,"  might  be  introduced. 

Fnigal,/rfi'.j9at,  economical ;  fru'gal-ly;  frugality, /roo.<7«ri.ty. 

^  Vrencix  frugal,  frugality  ;  loitinf rugdlis,frugdlitas  (frugi,  thrifty). 

.Fmgiferous,  frujif'.e.rus,  fruit-bearing. 

Frogivorous,  fru.jiv'.o.rus,  fruit-eating. 
iMtia  fruffifer(fruclu8ferens)f  fruit-bearing. 
**  Frugi vorous,"  Fr.  frugivore;  Lat.  frugts  vdrana,  fruit-devouring. 

Treaty  frute;  fruit'-lng  [season];  fruit'-age,  the  fruit  produce 
of  a  season ;  firuit'-ful  (Rule  viii.),  fruit'ful-ly,  fruit'ful- 
nesB,  fruif-less,  fruitless-ly,  fruitless-ness. 
'Fmitery,  plu.  fruiteries,  frute'.e.riz,  a  place  for  keeping 

fruit;  fruiterer, /rufe'.e.r^r,  a  fruit-merchant. 
Fnrif-y,  juicy,  like  fruit;  frultl-ness.     {See  Fructify.) 
Ynmih. fruit,  fruitier,  fruiterer;  Ijatin/ntdtw,  fruit. 
"Fruiterer"  is  ill- formed,  ''fruit-er"  would  be  a  fruit-agent,  and 
"  fruiter-er  •*  is  about  as  absurd  as  hatter-er,  gU>ver-er,  printer-er,  &c. 

Fmifion,  fru.i8h\uny  the  pleasure  of  possessing.     (Latin  fruor.) 

Fmmentaceous  (Rule  Ixvi.),  fru'.men.ta^^sh&s,  made  of  wheat, 

resembling  wheat.     Frumentarious,  fryf  .men.tair"ri.usy 

pertaining  to  wheat.    Frumety, /rwm'.e.<y  [for  frumevUy), 

a  food  made  of  new  wheat  boiled  in  milk. 

Tmmentation,  fru\mhi.tay'\8hun,  a  gift  of  com  made  to 

the  ancient  Romans  to  prevent  bread-riots. 
LAttn/rOmentum,  friimmiaceus,  frumentdriui,  /ruineutatio  ;  Ytex^Oa. 
fin'mmU  {l»iBAUiur&  epdce  de  116). 


388  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Frustrate,  jrW.traie^  to  4efeat,  to  rendpr  iiitile;  fms'trat-ed 
(K.  xxxvi.),  fnus'trat-ing  (B.  xix.),  fras'trat-or  (B.  xxxvii.) 
Prustration,  fr&s.tra'/.shun  ;  fnutratoiy,  frii8\trdM,ry. 
JjiBX\xifru$iraJtiOtfriuir&rt,  rapine  >Vtw(rS<«iit  (/rtM^ra,  in  Tain). 
^^,  a  swarm  of  small  fish,  a  swarm  of  young  children,  to  dress 
meat  in  a  frying-pan;  fiies,  frize;  fined,  fride  (B.  zi.); 
tiY'ing,  frsr'ing-pan ;  Mtfer,  a  fried  pudding. 

Out  of  the  frying-pan  into  the  fire,  from  bad  to  worse. 

French  frire,  friture ;  Latin  frigere,  to  fry ;  Greek  jihntgo,  to  broil. 
"  Fry  "  (fish),  French /rai,  spawn ;  Italian /re^olo. 

Fuchsia,  fu\8hi,ah  {not  foo',8hah)f  a  fiowering  shrub. 

NaQied  after  Leonard  FuehHtUt  a  German  botanist  {died  160^ 

Fucus, /^(^ih28,  sea- weed;  tncoidal^  fu.koi\dal  (adj.) 

Fuooid,  plu.  fnooides,  fu\koidtfu,koV.deze,  fossil  sea^weed. 

Fucoi^dea,  the  generic  name  for  fossil  sea- weeds. 

(As  Geological  terms  are  Greek,  these  words  should  hare  been  spelt 

phukus,  phrikoid,  &e. ;  "  fucoid  "  is  part  Latin  and  part  Greek.) 
"  Fucoid/'  Gk.  phukos  eidos,  like  sea-weed ;  Fr.  and  Lat.  fueus. 

Fuddle,  fud\d'l,  to  make  tipsy;  fuddled,  fud\d!ld;  fuddling, 
fud'.ling,    (Norse /wW,  full  to  repletion.) 

Fudge  (1  syl.),  an  exclamation  to  express  incredulity,  blatme,  to 
vamp  up ;  fudged  (1  syl.),  fudg'-ing  (R.  xix.),  fadg^^er. 
Welsh  ffug,  pretence ;  ffu,giad,jL  disguising ;  ffugitcvt  a  fudger. 
F^^el,  fi^re-food,  to  supply  fuel ;  fa'elled  (2  syl.),  fu'ell-ing  (Bule 
iii.,  EL),  fu'ell-er. 
French /«u,  fire ;  Latin /(Jcim,  ▼.  fdcUlo,  to  warm, 
^gaeious  (Rule  Ixvi.), /u.^a^'.«^us,  fieeting ;  fnga'doiu-neM; 
fugacity,  fu.gas'.f.ty,  the  act  of  fixing  away,  uncertainty. 
Fugitive,  fu\jiMv^  apt  to  fly ;  fu'gitive4y,  fu^gitive-meM. 
French  fugaoe,  fugitif;  Latin  fSLga/Atert  f&gaXt  gen.  f&gdeis. 
Fugleman,  plu.  fuglemen,  fu.g'l.7nan,  fu.gH.mM  (a  corruption 
of  flugelman),  the  leader  of  a  line  of  soldiers  on  march, 
drill,  &c.    {Geim&n  Jlugelmanny  flUgel,  a  wing.) 

Fugue,  fuge  (in  Miisic),  a  piece  where  the  parts  follow  or  chase 

each  other ;  fugist,  fu'.glstt  a  composer  of  fugues. 

These  French  forms  are  quite  unsnited  to  our  language,  ^igt  voold 
be  far  better;  Latin /u^a;  Spanish /uga;  Italian /uga;  io. 

Fulcrum,  plu,  fulcrums  [or  fulcra],  fULkritm  {fuU  to  rhyme 
with  dull),    (Latin  fulcrum,  v.  fuldo,  to  prop.) 

Fulfil',  to  accomplish  (better  fulfill),  fulfilled  (2  syl.),  falfflT^ng 

(Rule  viii.),  fulfiU'-er,  fn^'ment  (better  fulfillment). 

The  second  {  has  been  restored  of  late  years  to  such  oompomids  as 
hefall,  befell,  recall,  &c.,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  .^  sMU.  and 
thrall  should  not  follow  suite.  There  may  be  some  littie  ^jfieul^ 
with/uU,  as  it  is  often  followed  by  -ly,  but  this  doea  not  apply  to 
the  other  three  woiObt.    /Lft  for  %tiU-y,  the  affix  is  not  -ly  bat  -y 


AND   OF  SPELLING,  889 

Fulgent,  fiiVj^t  {fHU  to  rhyme  with  dull),  shining;  fnlgenoy, 

pUi,  f olgeiiGieB,  filV.j4n.8lz  ;  Itil^gent-ly. 

Latin  fulgen$t  gen-  fulgeiUU,  fulgeo,  to  ftbiae  bright 

Folgorito,  plu,  fnlgoriteB,  fill\gu.ritz  (fiU-  to  rhyme  witii  duU)t 

sand  vitrified  into  tubes  by  lightning. 

Latin  fulgur,  lightning.    "  Fulgorlte"  ia  quite  incorrect,  as  fulgor 
means  glittering  brightness  ur  sheen. 

FoJl  (like  bvU  and  pzdlt  rhymes  with  tpoolt  but  all  other  words 
ia  '■ull  have  short  u  .*  as  cull,  dull,  gull,  hull,  lull,  mull, 
nuU,  skull,  trull,  &c.) 

Pool  (a  simpleton),  rhymes  with  tool,  not  with  wooL 
Fnll,  {comp,)  fnll'-er,  (super.)  foll'-est. 

In  aU  its  other  compounds  "full"  drops  one  " Z";  as — 
Fnl'-ly,  ful'-ness,  spoon'fnl,  brim'fol,  care'ful^  &c. 

Added  to  "fill,**  each  word  drops  an  "  i  ";  a« — 

Pnl-fil',  (the  "1"  of  fill  is  restored  in)  fulfined  (2  syl.), 
folfill'-ing,  foimi'-er,  but  not  in  fulfil'-ment 

When  joined  by  a  hyphen,  the  double  "V*  is  retained:  as — 

Full-age,  fnll-blown,  fall-bod''ied,  full-dress,  full-drive, 
full-length,  fuU.pay,  full-size,  full-soon,  full-speed,  &c 

Foil  {verb),  to  thicken  cloth,  to  gather  into  plaits  or  puckers, 

to  whiten ;  retains  tbe  double  I  always ;  fulled  (1  «yl.), 

fuU'-ing,  ftdl'-er,  full'er's-earth,  &c. 

"Full*'  (adj.),  Old  English /ttZ^  in  composition /uJ-  and  -ful. 
•«FuU*  (verb).  Old  Eng.  ^illtati],  to  full,  t©  whiten;  fiUUre,  a  fuller. 

Fulminate,  fuV.mi.nate  (ful-  to  rhyme  with  dull),  to  send 
abroad  dennnciadons.  to  censure;  fnl'minat-ed  (Rule 
xxxvi),  ful'minat-ing  (Rule  xix),  ful'minat-ory; 

7nlndDAU<m,fuVjHlMay''.shiin;  fulminant; 

Folndnator  (Rule  xxxvii.),  fuV.mi.nayJor. 

French  /ulminer,  fid'mi9icUion,  fiUminani ;  Latin  fulmindUyr,  fv^ 
mitidUo,  fulmindre  (fulmen,  a  thunderbolt). 

TnlBame,  fuV.siim  (ful-  to  rhyme  with  d«W,  not  fullsome,  with 

fuZ-  to  rhyme  with  wool),  obsequious,  nauseous;  ful'^BOme- 

nesB,  foi'some-ly.    (No  compound  of  full) 

Old  English  f&l,  foul,  corrupt,  aod  -same,  full  of  [what  is  foul]. 

FnmUe,  fUm^Jil,  to  handle  much  and   listlessly;    fumbled, 
fUm'.Vld:  fum'hliAg,  fum'bling-ly,  fnm'hler. 
Norae/amle,  to  fumble ;  Low  German /timmeJea. 

Fame  (1  syl.)*  smoke,  fuss,  perturbation,  to  fume ;  fumed  (1  syL), 
fum^ing  (Role  xix.),  fum'ing-ly,  fum'-er,  fum'.y, 
fu^mi-nesB  (Rule  xi),  fu'mi-ly ;  fume'-less. 

Fnmigate,  fu'jml^ate^  to  disinfect  or  purify  by  smoke; 
f&'mlgat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  f u'migat-ing  (R.  xix.)  ,iu'ix^«b\rOT. 


ERRORS  or  SPEECn 


TjuaigAiion,  fu\mtgay^,8?tun  ;  fwmgKtorj^  fif.mugdi,Vry. 

French  fumer,  fumigery  fumigation ;  LatJB  fum^Mio,  fOmXg&tor, 
fumlgdrei  to  perfume  apl&M ;  fumSrt,  to  amoke  C/umiu,  imoke). 

FQb,  sport;  funn'-y  (Bale  i.)<  comp.  fim'xii'er,  super,  fun'iii-eet, 
fun'ni-ly  (Rule  xi.),  fiinr]ii.neB8,  oddity. 
Oenxukn  wonne,  mirth,  d^ight. 

Function,  funk/shuHf  faculty,  special  office  or  work. 

Functionary,  plu.  fonctionaries,  funk\shun,d.ry,  'p\xLf&nV,' 

shilnM.riz,  an  official ;  func'tion-al,  fonc'tional-ly. 
"L&tia  functio,  r.  fungor^  to  discbarge  an  office. 

Fund,  a  store,  to  place  money  in  the  public  funds;   fdnds, 
available  money ;  the  funds,  money  lent  to  govemmeDt 
on  ititerest;  fund'-ed  (Knle  xxxvi.).  fund'-ing. 
French  fonds,  money,  the  public  purse;  Latin /yrufo,  to  found. 

Fundament,  fun'.da.ment ;  ftindament'-al,  essential,  a  primary 
principle;  fUndament'al-ly. 

Lat.  fwiidanwnt'wn  (fundctmen^  a  foundation) ;  ^.  fondamnML 
Funeral, /w'.nc.raZ;  funereal, /rine'.re.aZ, gloomy;  fone^real-ly. 

Latin  fimtriile,  fanereus^  filn0rdrt,  /UnfM^  a  corpsa 

Fungus,  plu.  ftmgi  [or  funguses],  fnn'.giUt  fivn\jiy  a  mushroom, 
a  toadstool,  and  similar  plants. 

Fungi, /«^'.ji,  an  ord^*  of  plants  containing  the  ahove; 

Fungia,  fun\jX.ah,  the  genus  containing  the  fungi ; 

Fungoid,  fiin'.goid,  a  plant  resembling  a  true  fungus; 

Fungous,  (a/lj.)  fun\gu8,  spongy,  fungus-like. 

Lskt.  fungus,  pin.  fungi  fungdsus:  Oik.  aphoggos;  Fr.^ngtm. 

Fun'nel,  a  vessel  used  in  decanting  liquids,  a  chimney-ffae. 

"  Funnel "  ^or  decanting),  Latin  fundiUus,  fundo,  to  poor  out, 
*'  Funnel "  (of  a  chimnoyX  Welsh  Jfynnouej^  an  issue,  a  Yont-hlole. 

Funny,  fun\ny,  odd,  curious.     {See  Fun.) 

Fur,  sott  short  hair.    Fir,  a  tree,  the  timber  of  which  is  deal. 

Fur,  to  line  with  fur ;  furred  (1  syl.),  fiirr'-iug,  ftrnf-y. 

Furrier,  fur^r^.er  (furn-  to  rhyme  with  huurrg). 

Furriery,  /ii/rLcry,  fur  mongery. 

The  tongue  is  fCirred,  furd^  covered  with  morbid  niafeter. 

The  fur  of  a  hettlet  a  deposit  of  boiling  water. 

*'  Fur  "  (hair),  Welsh  ffujrw ;  Fr.  fourrure,  ▼.  fofurrer.  to  UaQ  with  for. 
"  Fur"  (nf  the  tongue  and  kettle),  L&tAn  furfur,  scurf,  bnui,  Aa 
**  Fir,**  Old  English /ur^wmdw,  fir- wood  ;  Welsh  pyr,  ill. 

Furbelow,  fur'.ht.lOy  a  sort  of  flounce,  originally  mnde  €3i  "  ftwr." 

Corrupted  into  French /ulbatos,  Italian  and  Spanish  ./^itfralflk 
The  word  Ufwr  below,  at  t^«  lower  part  of  the  diesa,  a  tar-flouiMML 


AKD  OF  SPELLING.  8pl 

^arlusli,  to  rub  to  brightness.  Fur^i^-nn,  to  ipend,  clean,  and 

qiake  s^rvioeable ;  fnr^iajlied^  ftur^isb-ing,  fiirl)iBh-er. 

Krench  fourhir,  fowrbiMewr,  fourbiamirt ;  La*  ixtfumu*  (from  fwrxus), 
a  furnace!  'Furbish,  like  oran-new,  ibean^  "  made  bright  by  burn- 
ing heat,"  the  two  words  illustrate  each  other. 

Fnzcate,  fur^.kate,  to  fork  or  branch  off;  ftir'oat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 

far'oat-ing  (B.  xix.) ;  furcation,  fur.kay^ahun. 

Latin  fwrca,  a  fork     "  Furcation  "  is  not  a  French  word. 

Forions, /u'.r{.us  ;  fu'rioufl-nesa.     {SeeTnxj,) 

Furl,  to  roll  up  a  sail ;  furled  (1  syl.),  farl'-ing,  fnrr-er. 

French /sr{«r.  to  furl ;  a  yarietf  of  fenner,  to  closn. 
ll^rloAg,  hiilf.a-quarter  or  the  eightl^i,  of  a  mile. 

Old  English /ur-2any,  furrow-long,  the  length  of  a  furrow. 
Furlough,  fur'.loy  leave  of  absence  from  military  duty. 

Danish  forlov^  leave  of  absence ;  German  urlaub. 
Twdlfice  (2  syl ),  an  enclosed  fireplace,  where  great  heat  k  re. 
quired.    (Laiin  furrnu;   h'lencla.  foumaise.) 

I^wfi4^  to  fit  nut;  furnished  (3  syl.),  fur'nish-iug;  fur^xual^-er; 
furniture,  fur\nl.tchur. 

Low  Latin  fumitura ;  French  fowmir,  foumiturt  fRule  bail  \ 
In  French,  /bttnaiurg  means  ''prp vision,"  "trimmings,"  house. fumi» 
ture  is  meubles ;  sojoumir  means  to  supply  soLiiers  with  their  kit, 
Ac.,  and  to  scock  a  house  with  furniture  is  gamir  (Rule  Ixlii) 

Furrier,  fur^rUer  (fur^ri-  to  rhyme  with  hurry).    See  Fur. 

Fiu^w,  fu/.ro  (not  fu/.rer),  a  ridge  made  by  ploughing;  to 
form  a  fuixow ;  fur'rowed  ('^  syl.),  fur'row-ing. 

Qld  English /ur  or/wr/i,  a  furrow  (/dr,  a  short  journey j. 
Fox'ther,  more  distant,  to  promote.    Fur'thest,  must  distant. 

Fur^ther-morQ  {adv.)^  besides,  moreover. 

]fiir'ther-niOBt,  utmost  (not  often  used). 

Tux^er  (verb),  fur'thered  (3  syl.),  fur  ther.iing,  f^r'ther-er. 

Furtherance,  helping  forward. 

** Further,"  "furthest,"  comp.  and  super,  of  the  obsolete  "furth;" 
the  posi'ive  "forth**  remains,  but  its  comp.  "forther"  is  obsolete. 

Tfie  origiual  duttnctiona  of  the  /olhwing  toords  are  lost^  and  th4 
several  toorda  are  now  almost  interchangeable. 

**Far"  I  a  long  way  oft,,  comp.  far'ther,  sup.  fur'thest. 

**Fjfr"  (of  ol«U,  comp  fyrre,  super,  fyrresi or  fyrst  (first]. 

"Fore "(in  front),  comp. /or[el-»/Kr  [i.e.,  more),  super. /ar«. most 

To  these  tidd  f&remdra,  more  illustrious ;  super,  /drem^eat, 

FnrtlY^,  fur^Mv,  by  stenlth ;  fur'tive-ly. 

L»tinjkfrtlvus,  furtive  {fur,  a  thief) ;  French /Vtre\f. 
Fifry,  rage,    ^he  Fw:i^8  {class,  mythoL).  three  avenging  female 
deitiejs ;  fu'rore,  an  ardent  admiration  or  fashion. 

FuriosQ.  fu\ri.o*\8Q  (in  Music),  with  vehemence. 
Faripus./tt'.ritts;  fu'rious-ly,  fu'rious-neaa. 


B&Z  ERRORS  or  SPEECH 

Infuriate  (not  enfuriate\  in,fu\ri,ate,  to  enrage;   ixifa'* 
ziat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  inAi'riat-ing  (R.  xix.),  infa'ziat/ir. 
(Being  Latin,  the  Latin  prefix  in-y  and  not  the  English, 
French,  and  Greek  prefix  en-  should  be  employed.) 
Latin/Oria, /ttrkBf/ttridnw,  iiir/ttHdre/  French /ttrt«,/itr«iir. 
Fuze  (1  syl.),  gorse.     Furs,  pin.  of  ^r.    Firs,  pin.  of  ^. 

Forzy,  fur^jiy,  like  furze,  fhll  of  furze.    "Fxaa^j^  flu£Qf. 

"Fune,"  Old  Knglish/yrt,  fnne  or  bramblef. 

**  Furs."  Welsh  jfwno,  hair.    Latin  furftw,  scarf  [for  of  kettles]. 

"Fir,*'^  Old  English /urA-tmtdtt.  Heal  or  flr-wood. 

"  Fiiis,"  German  aiu/a««n,  fatdnf  to  fease  or  nnraveL 

Fuse,  fuze,  a  tube  filled  with  combustible  matter  for  blasting 
and  firing  shells,  to  liquefy  metal,  to  blend  by  beat; 
fused,  fuzed  (1  syl.) ;  fos-ing,  fUze'-ing  ;  fus'-er  (B.  xix.) 

Fusion,  fu^^hun,  the  act  of  melting,  the  state  of  being  melted. 

Fusible,  fme^.i.VU  able  to  be  melted  by  heat;  Audtaflitj, 
fu\zubirxty,  the  property  of  being  fusible. 

Fusee,  fUJut,  a  small  firelock,  a  fuse,  the  cone  round  which 
the  chain  of  a  clock  or  watch  winds. 

"  Fuse  **  (to  melt).  L%tin  fundn,  enpine/Ofum,  to  cast  or  melt  metaL 
"Fuse  "  or  '*  Fusee,"  French /ii&«r,  ^luee;  Latin /k«us,  a  spindle. 

Fnsil,  fu'^U,  a  fusee  or  light  musket;  fusilier,  fn'MLeef^,  a 
soldier  armed  with  a  fusil.  The  word  still  remains  in 
our  army,  as  The  Scotch  Fusiliers  (the  third  of  the  three 
household  regiments  of  Foot-Guards),  and  The  Bc^yAl 
Fusiliers  (the  seventh  regiment  of  the  line). 
French /iMi{,/u«i{t«r  (from  the  Italian /oeiZe;  Latin /ocms,  lire). 

Fusion,  f&^hun,  the  act  of  melting  or  joining  by  heat,  the  state 
of  being  melted  or  joined  by  heat.     {See  Fuse.) 

Fuss  (Rule  v.),  ado  about  ti  ifles ;  fuss'-y,  interfering  and  bother* 
some  about  trifles;  fuss'i-ness,  fnss'i-ly  (Rule  xi) 
Greek  phUaao,  to  snort,  to  puff  and  blow,  to  be  inflated. 
FSst,  monldiness,  to  become  mouldy;  fQst'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
fust'-ing ;  fusty,  fus.ty,  musty ;  fus'ti-ly,  fosTti-iien. 
French /iMi,  noirfAt,  a  cask  or  barrel,  the  taste  of  the  oaak,  fait. 
Fustian,  fu8\tehiln,  a  strong  cotton  cloth,  bombast. 

We  use  the  names  of  many  cloths  to  express  styles  of  writfaif :  m 
shoddy,  sleazy  compilations  ;  /ttsttan,  inflated  oumpoeiUoai;  ttn^', 
mbbi^h :  silken  words,  &c. 

Span./iurton(nameof  aplace);  IttiLfustagno;  Tr.fuiainitor^tdmtmt, 

Fusus,  fu'^iis,  a  genus  of  shells,  as  the  red- whelk,  Ae, 

Fusulina,  fil\itti.K".nah  (in  Oeol.\  a  genus  of  foraminifeva. 
Lat  fusus,  a  spindle.  The  fuaiUina,  so  called  ftrom  their  oell-frowthe. 

FlntiIe,/fi'.HZ,  trifling;  fu'tile-ly;  futility, /a.ttr.l.ly. 

French /utile,  fuMiU :  Latin /iima,  /atmtcu  (fkUa,  to  poor  ool). 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  303 

Fatfeodoi,  f&t^,t5ks,  the  curved  ribs  of  a  ship  between  the  floor 
and  the  top  timbers. 

Old  English  fSt  hdc.    "Hdc."  a  carved  stick  or  piece  of  iron,  the 
curved  Umbers  at  the  foot  or  bottom  of  a  ship. 

Fatnre,  fu\tehUr;  faturity,  fa4u\ri.tyt  the  time  to  come. 

French /tttur;  lAtinf&tHrus,  y.fuo,  to  be. 
FQzs,  light  particles,  to  fly  ofi*  in  minute  particles;  fSzsed  (1 
syl.),  ftizt'-ing;  fozz'-hall,  a  kind  of  fimgas  full  of  dust. 
Piz2,  to  froth,  to  go  ofi*  with  a  whizz. 
Furze,  gorse;  forzy,  like  goi^e;  fuzz'y,  flufly. 
Fa2z  is  one  of  the  few  monosyllables  (not  in  /,  Z,  or  «) 
with  the  finiil  consonant  doubled,  like  add^  odd;   burrt 
err;  Jntt.butt;  ehh.erjg;  buzz.fUzz;  fizz^ frizz,  a.nd  whizz, 

''Fun.'*  a  corruption  of /ease,  tavelins ;  German  fcueln,  to  unravel. 
'* Fizx,"  Gtormaa  pfeise,  to  whistle  or  whim. 
"Furze,"  Old  English /yr«,  brambles,  gorse. 

-fy  (Latin  termination  "  to  make  **),  contrnction  of  fie'  that  is  fac\ 
for  facio  in  composition  becomes  fi^io  (to  make  or  do). 

Fy!  an  exclamation  of  reproof.  Fynponyou!  Fy!  for  shame  i 
German  pfai,  pfui  9chame  dich,  ty  tipon  you ! 

0  18  sounded  like  j  before  «,  {,  and  y  i  otherwise  it  retains  its 
normal  sound,  except  in  the  word  gaol  :=  jail 

"Before  e  in  the  following  examples,  and  their  derivatives,  **g" 
is  not  sounded  like  j :  viz.,  gan^-er,  gear,  gecko,  geese, 
Gehenna,  geld,  gemara,  gemote,  get,  geum,  and  gew-gaw. 

Before  i  in  the  following  examples,  and  their  darivatives,  *'g" 
is  not  sounded  like  j :  viz.,  gibberish,  gibbous,  gibelinet 
giddy,  gift,  gig,  giggle,  giglot,  gild,  gills  [of  a  fish],  gilt, 
gimlet,  gimp,  be-gin,  gingham,  gird,  girdU,  girl^  girth, 
gittem,  give,  and  gizzard, 

Bekfre  **y,"  gye  and  gypsum  are  pronounced  both  ways,  but  the 
g  hard  sound  is  more  usual  than  the  g  soft  or  j  sound. 

In  words  derived  from  the  Greek  ge-  ought  to  be  hurd,  as 
geography,  geology,  &c.,  but  custom  has  willed  it  other- 
wise,  aod  we  must  6ul>mit  to  its  dictates. 

Gab,  dack,  to  clack ;  gabbed  (1  syL),  gahb-ing  (Rule  i.) 

Gabble,  gah\h%  chatter,  to  chatter;  gabbled  (2  syl.),  &c 
Panish  gab,  the  mouth ;  ga^ab,  a  chatterbox ;  French  gaber. 

Gid,  to  rove  about;  gadd'-er,  gadd'-ing,  gadd'-ed  (Hule  i) 

"Gad**  (a  goad  or  wedge>.  Old  English  gdd  hence  gad-fly. 
"Gad**  (verb).  Old  English  gader[ian].  to  asemble  a  crowd. 

Gaelic,  gay'lik  (not  gdh\lik).  Erse.    Gar'lio,  a  plant. 

The  Scotch  Highltnders  call  themselves  gaidheal,  and  their  langnage 
gadig.    The  Irish  they  call  Oael. 

Gaff  (B.  v.),  a  spar.  (Old  Eng.  gaflas,  spars;  Fr.  po^e, a\>o&V\i.ooV:^ 


S94  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Gag  {noun  and  verl\  gagged  (1  8yl.)>  gf^*ing>  gagg^-«r  (E.  i.) 

Welsh  eegio,  to  choke  ;  ceg,  a  mouth. 

Gage  (1  syl.),  ^  pledge,  to  pledge.    Gauge,  gage,  an  instamo^ent ; 

gaged  (1  syl.),  gag'-ing  (Kule  xix.),  gag'-er;   ganged, 

gaged  (1  syL);  gaug'-ing  (Rule  xix.).  gaug'-er. 

French  go^e,  jattge.  a  gauge,  Javger  (Low  Latin  iradi«aiOk 

Gaiety,  gay\e,ty  ;  gaily,  gay'Aiy,    {See  Gay.) 

These  two  woids,  with  daily,  are  exceptions  to  Bnle  z^ 

Gain  (1  syl.),  profit,  to  acquire;  gained  (1  syL),  g^l^''ful  (Bule 

viii.),  gain'ful-ly ;  gai^^^  earnings. 

Old  English  0y?i[(m] :  French  gain,  gagner ;  Low  Latin  flrvadacpiMm. 

Gajboi'say,    to    contrtidict ;    gain-said,    g^in'^ed   (B^wle    Trr,% 

gain'-say'ing,  ^say'-er.    (Old  English  gean,  opposite.) 

To  "  say  the  opposite.'*    It  has  no  connexion  ^ith  the  verb  gaMk 

Gait  (1  syL),  manner  of  walking.    Gate  (1  syL),  a  door. 

''Gait,"  Old  English  gdth,  from  gdn,  to  walk  or  go. 
"Gate,"  OJd  English  gdt  or  gedt,  a  gate  or  door. 

Gaiter,  gaiters.  When  a  "pair"  can  be  separated,  one  of  the 
articL  8  cnn  be  spoken  of  in  the  sing,  number :  as  a,  gltme^ 
a  stocking,  a  shoe;  but  if  the  pa,ir  is  joined  together 
there  is  no  sing. :  as  tongs,  trousers,  nippers,  <fec. 

French  giUtre,  Le.  gueatre;  Latin  veatis;  Greek  esUUi, 
Galaxy,  plu,  galaxies  (Rule  xliv.),  gal'.ax.iz,  the  milky  v^y. 

Greek  gdlctxias  [kuklos],  from  gAla,  milk. 
Galbanum,  gul'M.num  (not  gai.bay\num\  a  r^ain.    (Xiatin.) 
Gale  [of  winH];  Gall,  gawl,  bile.    {See  Gall.) 

Danish  kule,  to  blow ;  JculiTig,  a  breeze.    Norwegian  gctl,  frantto. 
Galiot  (not  galliot),  gaV.i.ot,  a  small  Dutch  vessel. 

French  galiote.-  German  galeote;  Spanish  galeoUi. 
Gall,  gawl.  bite,  to  fret.    Gaul,  a  native  of  ancient  GalHa. 

"  GhH"  bile),  Old  English  gealla  (gale,  saffron). 

"  Gall "  (the  oak  nut),  French  qalU  {vaix  de  galle) ;  Latin  ffoUa, 

"  Gall "  (to  fret),  French  galer  (Latin  galea,  a  l^eln^t). 

QaUant,  gaVMnt,  brave ;  gallavt\  courteous.    (Rule  L) 

Gallantry,  gaV.lan.trtf,  bravery;    gallant-ly;    g|hH%ii'ted, 

escorted ;  gallant'-ing,  escorting  ladies. 
Gallavant,  gaLh.vant'  (a  corrupt  variety),. 
French  galant,  both  senses  galanterie  (one  I). 

Galleon,  gaV.le.dn.    Gallon,  gallon.    Galloon,  gSlXoov^. 


"Galleon  "  Spanish  galeon;  French  galion,  a  large  ship  (one  I). 
"  Gallon,''  French  gall<m.    *'  Galloon."  French  galon,  a  itbboa. 

Gallery,  plii.  galleries  (Rule  xliv.),  gdl\U,riz, 

German  gallerie :  French  galerie. 

Galley,  plu.  galleys  (not  gallies,  Rule  xlv.),  gSV.VlM. 

The  old  Venetian  galley^  had  tblrty-two  banks  of  o^n,  a^d  aaeh  oar 
was  managed  by  hix  slaves,  hence  the  term  gaiUey-da)»n.  Italiaa 
galera;  French  gaUrt  (only  one  0. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  89& 

Gallipot,  g^l^.lLpStt  an  earthen  pot  used  by  druggists. 
Dutch  giey-pot,  a  daj-pot  (French  pat  dfifanena}, 

OtJloJi^  gaV.lofif  four  quarts.    Ckdieon,  gdV.li.8ny  a  ship. 

French  gallon  (measure  de  litres  4.54S4&9). 

**Oalleon/'  Spanish  galton;  French  gfa^U>it(witiLoae  t^ 

Oalloon,  galloon',  a  narrow  ribbon,  for  shoe-strings,  Ae, 
French  galon  (tissn  itroitf  erois4,  et  tris-ipais), 

GaUop  (does  not  double  the  final  letter,  Rule  iii,  &),  galloped 
(2  syl.).  gall<^-ing,  gallop-er. 

Qalopade,  gdl\o,pard,  to  dance  the  gallop ;  galopad'-ing. 
(Ouly  three  words  ending  in  ^  with  the  accent  not  on  the 
final  syllable  violate  the  rule,  and  ought  to  be  reduced  to 
eonformity  with  it.     Gossip,  gossipp-ingy  &c.;   kidnap, 
kidnapp-er,  &c. ;  worship,  worshipped,  worshipp-er,  ^c. 

French  galop,  galoper,  galopade  (danser  le  galop)  one  {. 

QallowB,  plu,  gallowBes,  gdl\loze,  gdV.loze.iz  (not  gal'.Urz), 
Old  English  galga,  a  gallows  or  gibbet ;  galga-tre&w,  a  gallows-tree. 

Galo^ia^  gadosh',  an  overshoe.    (Fr.  galoche ;  Span,  galoch^.) 

Galvaiusm,  g<il\vdn.izm ;  galvanic,  gdl.vdn\ik. 

Galvanise  (Rule  xxxi.),  gdV.vd.nize;   gal'vanised  (3  fsjL\ 

gal'vams-in^  (Rule  xix.),  gal'vanls-er,  galvanom'eter. 
So  called  from  Oalvaai,  ol  Bologna,  the  djiscove^r,  1790. 

QfonMe,  gam'h%  to  play  fbr  money.    Gam'bol,  to  frisk. 

'* Gamble,'*  a  dim.  of  gaiM.    Old  English  g'tining,  gamarumg, 

"  Gambol,"  French  gambiller,  to  swing  the  legs  about. 

("Carol"  and.  *  gHOibol"  are  the  two  examples  of  words  in  -ol,  not 

accented  on  the  last  syllable.      "Carol**  violates  Bule  iiL,  and 

**  gan^bol "  conforms  to  it     Thus : — 

Ctaur^Ol,  caa^oLled,  car'oU'ing,  car'oll-eT,,  but 

'*  Gam^bol,"  gaia'holed,  gam'bol-ingt  gfumfbolrtir. 

Game,  play,  animals  protected  for  sport,  to  gamble  -^  game'ster 
^Rule  Ixii);    game-flome,  gaitke^.sum  {-som^f  "full  of" 
flskyh  gamed  (1  syl.),  gam'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
QIA  English  gamliav,'},  to  sport ;  gaming,  gam^n  sporl 

Gsm'mogDL  (of  bacon).    Gam'in,  a  French  street  Arab. 

"  Gammon  "  (of  baconX  French  jambon  (Greek  kampi,  Boquefort). 
"  Gammon  "  (to  hoa]().  Old  English  gamen,  sport,  scoff,  jest. 

Gam'mikt  (not  gamut).    The  word  is  gamina  ut  {y-n^).- 

In  the  eleventh  century  the  qDusical  sc^l^  w^  extended  one  note 
below  the  old  Greek  scale.  The  new  note  was  termed  gamtna. 
The  Sol- Fa  notation  b^ins  with  ^'nt."  and  starts  fro^  the  new 
note  gamna,  so  the  scale  is  thai  of  y^  beginning  from  gamma. 

GaadeTt  fern,  goose,  pht.  geese,   offspring  g08U^g.      Except 
when  gender  ia  specially  referred  tp,  botyh  the  vf^  StUd 
female  are  spoken  of  as  goose  or  geese. 
Old  English  ga/ndra^  fern,  gds,  plu.  g6s,  ^-{ing  (-ling,  oftsptVng^. 


S96  EiiROttS  OF  SPEECB 

-  -  -  — 

Gang'vay,  a  pa;:sage  way.    (Old  English  gang^  a  passaare.) 

"  Gang  "  (a  company),  comes  fmm  thtf  custom  of  combining  for  Mfetgr 
on  journeys,  as  in  caravansaries  {gang,  a  joumeyX 

Gangrene,  gan\green,  an  eating  ulcer;  gan'grened  (2  ^yL), 

gan'gren-lAg  (Rule  xix.) ;  gangrenous,  gan\grSjhiiU, 

Fr.  §angbM:  Lat.  g(mgr€Bna;  Gk.  (jfoorgraina  ((^raino,  to  feed  on). 

Ganoid,  gdn\oid..  fish,  like  the  sturgeon,  with  shiny  scalea* 

Greek  gdn6»  eidos  [having  homy  plates],  spendour-like. 

Gantlet  (better  than  gauntlet),  gdmfdet,  a  military  glore; 

gantlet-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  not  gauntUtued  (Rule  iii.) 

French  gdntelet,  dim.  of  gant,  a  gloVe.  Words  in  -et,  not  aeeeated 
on  the  last  syL,  are  very  irregular :  Thus  we  hare  "  carbarci,'*  eor- 
buretted;  "epAulet,"  epauUtt-edt,  &o.,  which  ought  to  be  dqntved 
of  the  second  t  On  the  other  side  we  have  carpet-td,  hanqiHA-ud, 
eoronet-edf  doBtt-ed,  gantlet-ed^  gar^ret-ed,  &o. 

To  run  the  gantlet  (a  corruption  of  gantlope,  or  rdnning- 
passnge  formed  by  soldiers  drawn  up  in  two  linen). 

German  yang-laufen  (gang,  passage ;  lavfen,  to  [be]  run).  The  ooi^ 
responding  German  word  is  gassen-lav/en  gasae,  a  street  ur  lane). 
The  Frendi  say  passer  Us  baguettes  (the  sticks). 

6lu>l,  jail  (the  only  exception  to  g  hard  before  a) ;  ga61'-er. 

Spanish /auto;  French  gedle;  Low  Latin  gaola,  ga4>lariu8f  aJaUei; 

Gape,  gape  (not  garp\  to  yawn ;  gaped  (1  syl.),  gap'-ing  (Bole 

xix.),  gap'-er.     (Old  English  gedp[ani  to  gape.) 

Garbage,  gar^-baj,  offal  (a  contraction  of  garble-age). 

Garble,  ga'/,h%  to  sift,  hence  to  mutilate  by  omisBionB; 

garbled,  gar^bld;  gar'bling,  gar" bier. 
Spanish  garbillart  to  garble  (^ardiZfo,  a  sieveX 
Garden,  garct'n  (not  gar^.den);  garden-ing,  gardening; 
den-er,  gardener  (not  gar^.din.er);  gardened  (3  syJL) 

Welsh  ga'dd,  a  garden;    gnrddtor,  a  gardener;  Gemuui 
French  jardin;  Spanish  Puerto;  Latin  ^^orttu. 

Gargle,  gar.g'L  a  wash  for  the  throat.    Gargoyle,  gar^.ffoiL 

"Gargle,"  Fiench  gargariser;  Latin  gargarizo;  Greek  geur§mrim. 

"GarfToyle"  (a  wliter-spout  made  like  the  head  of  a  moairtetr) 
called  from  the  gargouilUt  or  great  dragon  from  the  Seliitt  Wi 
ravaged  Rouen,  and  was  slain  by  St.  Bomain  in  the  7th  cmA, 

Garret  (not  garot),  gnr.r5t\  to  strangle;  garrotf-ed  (B.  zxzri), 
gartotf-ing  (R.  iv.),  garrott'-er. 
Spanish  garrote;  French  garrotte,  r.  garrotter. 
Gar'ret,  gar'ret-ed  (not  garrett-ed) ;  so  dos'et,  olm'et-ad  (B.iii.) 

Corruption  of  French  gaUtds,  a  garret. 
Garrison,  gar^rus'tiy  a  fortified  place,  a  body  of  soldien  in  a 
garrison  ;  gax^risoned  (3  syl.),  gar'rison-ing. 
Corruption  of  Fr.  gamison;  Low  Lat.  gamisio;  Old  Ckr. 
Garmloos  (not  garrUtnu)^  gar^ru.lUs,  talkative. 
Garrulity,  ^flrrfi'.K.ty;  gar'rolous-ly. 
Latin  0 arrilliu,  yomHUitos,  garruldre  (gKUTio,  Greek  ginM^ 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  a97 


6m  (one  of  the  sixteen  exceptions  to  Bule  ▼.)>  i7^< ;  gasaUer, 
gazf.idee/;  gaseous,  gds'.e.us  (not  gay'. she. us). 
Gasify,  gas'.i.fu;  gasifies,  gu8\i.jUe;  gasified,  gat^X.fide 

(Rule  xi.),  gasification,  gaa'.i.fi  Hay*' .shun. 
CUned  bj  Von  Helmont  (Saxon  gcui ;  German  geitt^  spirit). 
GaaoonadB,  gatl'.koMade'\  to  boast;  gas'oonad'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 
gas'oonad'-ing,  gas'oonad'-er.    (To  boast  like  a  Oascon.) 

Gaatrio,  ga^,trik^  pertaining  to  the  belly ;  gastron'omy. 

CNtftritis,  g&s.tri'.tUf  inflammation  of  the  stomach,    (-itit 
denotes  inflammation.)    Greek  gastSr,  the  belly. 

Gaatropod  (better  than  gasteropod),  gaa^tro.'pM,  plu.  gastropods 
or  gastropida,  gas\trdp'\o.daht  slugs,  snails,  and  other 
molluscs  which  walk  by  a  ventral  disc. 

Greek  gasUr^  gen.  gavUrdt  or  gastrda  pMifa^  belly-footed. 
(In  composition  the  Greeks  always  use  gastro  and  not  gastero.) 

Q*te  (1  syL),  a  door.    (3ait,  gate^  a  manner  of  walking. 

"Gate,"  Old  Eng.  gdt  or  gedt.  "  Gait/'  Old  Eng.  gdth,  from  gdn,  to  walk. 
Gaa'dy,  showy,  (comp.)  gau'di-er,  (super.)  gau'di-est,  gau'dii^ly, 
gau'di-neas.    A  gau'dy,  a  feast  day. 

Latin  gaudiumi  joy,  ▼.  gavdeo,  to  rejoice. 

Qftoge*  gag^f  a  measure,  distance  between  the  rails,  a  workman's 
tool,  a  mixture  for  ceilings  and  mouldings,  to  measure 
liquids  with  a  gauge;  gauged,  gaged  (1  syl.);  gaug*ing, 
gage' Ana ;  gaug-er,  gage'.er ;  gaug'-able.  (.ge  and  -ce 
retain  the  final  e  when  -able  is  added.)  See  Gage. 
Vkench  Jau0«,  r.  jauger  (Latin  iocu^um,  a  stick,  the  gauge  being  *'nne 
▼erge  de  ler  ou  de  bois  pointue,"  wliich  is  thrust  Uito  the  cade,  and 
the  part  wetted  indicates  the  quantity  contained. 

Gauntlet.    {See  Gantlet) 

Gauze,  a  thin  fabric  of  linen  or  silk.    Gorse,  furze. 

"Gauxe,"  Fr.  goM;  (Lat.  gosHplniis,  made  of  cotton,  whence  gaiMdpe). 
"Gorse,"  Old  EogUkh  gorsU  gorse  or  furze. 

Gsrel,  gav'.ely  tribute.    Gavial,  ga'.vtal,  the  Asiatic  crocodile. 
*'  Gavel,'*  Low  Lat.  gcibella,  tax  on  goods.    "  Gavial,"  an  Indian  word. 
Gawk,  a  cuckoo,  a  simpleton;  gawk'-y,  long-limbed,  ungainly. 

Old  English  geae^  a  cuckoo,  a  beardless  boy,  a  simpleton. 
Gay  (comp.)  gay'-er,  (super.)  gay'-est  (Rule  xiii.);  gay'-ness. 
Ckdety,  gay'.e.ty ;  gaily,  gdy'-ly.    (These  two  words  and 
daily  are  exceptions  to  Rule  xiii.    French  gai,  gaieti.) 
GaKsnia,  ga.za'.ni.ah  (not  ga.z\n'.i.ah)^  a  flower. 
Gaselle  (French),  ga.zeVt  a  species  of  antelope.    (Arabic  gazal.) 
Gaaette,  ga.zef,  a  journal ;  gazett'-ed,  officially  announced. 
Gazetteer,  gaz'.et.teer^'   (not  gez'.e.teet"),  a  dictionary  of 
geographical  names.    (lta]i&n  gazetta ;  French  gazette.) 

"Gasette"  de  gazetta  petite  pi6ce  de  monnaie  de  Yenise,  prix  de 
chaque  numero  d'  un  journal  qui  paraisait  en  cette  yIUa  %.\]l  oovci- 
mencementduXYIIesiecle.  {JtHdionn.  U^niverseldesicicuees^dcc.^ 


inns  lERUORS  OF  SPEECH 


Ctear,  g^r  (not  Je&r),  tackle.    Jeer,  to  scoff.    Gear-ing.   (This  is 
one  of  the  exceptions  tofssj  before  e.) 
Old  Eag.  gearwa,  preparation,  dlressing ;  geant^ian],  to  malnVeadj. 
Gelatine,  djet.atln  (the  principle  of  animal  jelly),  Mel.a,Uen' 
(animal  jelly) ;  geUttiliotUi,  d^e.lafS.nSs,  resemUing  jelly. 
Fr.  §ilatinet  gilatineux;  Lat  gilUirt,  supine  gilf^wmy  to  eongMl 
Oem,  djSm,  a  precious  stone,  to  bespangle ;   gemmed  (1  sj[l.), 
gemm'-ing  (Rule  i.)    (Old  Eng.  gitHy  a  precious  etone.) 

Oender  is  formed  in  three  ways :  (1)  By  employhig  a  dilTeroDt 
word  for  the  two  sexes ;  {%)  by  adding  a  <;ender.'word  to 
one  or  both  of  the  sexes ;  (3)  by  a  gender  suffix.  Onty 
Aliglo-Saxon  words  come  into  the  iHt  cIrss,  and  most  of 
the  3rd  class  are  borrowed  from  the  French,  the  suffix 
being  -ess  added  to  the  masculine  to  make  the  feminine. 

Genealogy,  plu.  genealogies,  djen\e.dV\o.jiz,  pedigree ;  genea- 
logical, djen\e.a,lof\i.kdl ;  gen'ealoglcal-ly;    gemMKlo- 
gist,  djen',eMr,oJi8t;  g^n'earogise  (Rule  xxxL) 
French  g&fUalogie,  gindcUogiste ;  Greek  g^edldyds,  ▼.  giPnedldffSd. 
General,  djen'.e.rdl,  usual,  a  military  officer ;  gen'eral-ly. 
Generality,  plu.  generalities^  djSn\e.rdl'\i,tlz. 
Gen'eralise  (Rule  xxxi.),  gen'eralis-ing,  gen'eraliflft''tioiL 

Generalissimo,  plu.  generalissimos,   djm'.e.rdl.U^'si.mdze 
(Rule  xlii.)    The  general,  the  common  people. 

Cton'eral  officer,  plu.  general  officers. 

Identenant  general,  plu.  lieutenant  generals. 

Major  general,  plu.  major  generals  (not  majors  general), 

French   g^niraU,    girUraliUy    ginAraliser,  giniralittatUm^  gtnirai, 
lieutenant-gdn^ral :  Italian  generatmi^no;  loLtingi^roMa. 

Generate,  djen'.e.rate,  to  produce;   gen^erat-ed  (Rule  xxxri.), 
gen^erat-ing  (Rule  xix.),    gen'erat-or   (Rule    xxxvii.): 
generative,  djenf.e.ra.tiv ;  generation,  djSn\e.raif".skun. 
French  g^rUration,  g^n^ratif;  Latin  ginerdtio,  gifnerdtor,  giAiertfrc. 
Generic,  dje.ner^rlk  (notjeh^.e.rtk),  relating  to  genus ;  genezloal, 
dje.ne/ri. kul ;  gener'ical-ly. 
French  g^nSrigue :  Spanish  generico  ;  Latin  ginv4. 
Generous,  djm\e.ru8,  liberal;  gen'erons-ly,  gen'etoiu-iieaB. 
Generosity,  djin\e.r6s'\i.ty^  liberality.    (French  ginirotiti.) 

Latin  generdsitaa,  gen^rdsus.     ("Generosity"  ia  the  oondnct  of  a 
gentleman,  or  one  belonging  to  the  "  gens,"  or  patrtokm  ekna. 

Genesis,  djen\^.8l8.  The  Book  of  Genesis,  or  The  Book  flniiinli  (?). 
Both  are  correct,  but  the  former  is  more  idiomatio :  thus 
we  say,  the  city  of  London^  the  continent  of  Europe,  Ae.^ 
but  we  also  say,  the  River  Thames,  and  not  the  Hiver  of 
Thames,    "^OV  in  tki^M  examples  is  adjectival  :  tbu^^ 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  3!>0 


the  nation  of  France  «  the  French  nation,  the  continent 
of  Europe  ^  the  European  continent,  so  the  city  of  Lon- 
\a6n  =B  the  London  city,  the  Book  of  Oenesist  &c. 
If  not  adjectival,  "  of"  stands  for  of  the  name  of  and  then 
the  phrases  the  city  of  London^  the  Book  of  Oenesis, 
mean  **  called  hy  the  name  of  (vulgo  vocato). 
Geneva,  dje.rit.vah,  gin,  a  town  in  Switzeiiand. 

Oenevftn,  dj^.n^.vah  (not  jen'.^.van),  adj.  of  Geneva. 
Gettevanism,  dje.ne\van,izm  (notj^n\e.van.i2m),  Calvinism. 
Bea&mBe^  c^^'.e.veze^  a  native  of  Geneva. 
The  Ctonevese,  the  inhabitants  collectively  considered. 
\tdbittl,  dj^Mx.al,  social;  geniality,  dje\ni.aV\iA.y, 
I  Latin  geniSJli9t  geni&lilUu  (geniiu,  pleasantnewsX 

Genii,  djt.ni  i,  fairies.    (Arabic  j7nn^«,  mfjinniyeh,  f.) 

Genitive,  djin'.i.tiv.  Only  nouns  denotiDg  animnl  life  and  nouns 
personified  have  a  genitive  case  in  English,  and  this  is 
expressed  by  the  addition  of  ^'s)  in  the  singular,  and  of  (') 
only  in  the  plural,  as  genitive  boy's,  plural  boys'. 

The  double  Genitive.  The  double  genitive  is  used  when 
the  latter  is  partitive,  the  first  genitive  being  mnde  by  of 
and  the  second  by  the  suffix,  as  A  bust  of  Cicero's  (parti- 
tive),  one  of  Cicero's  busts;  a  bust  of  Cicero  would  mean 
a  bust  representing  Cicero.  How  many  hired  servants  of 
my  father's,  how  many  of  my  father's  hired  servants. 

Genius,  plu.  geniuses  (people  of  talent),  genii,  fairies,  djtMi^us, 
dje\ni.ii8.lz,jd\nid,    (Latin  genius,  see  Genii.) 

Genus,  plu.  genera,  dj^.nHs,  djen\e.rah,  a  group. 

Genoese,  djen\o,eze,  a  native  of  Gen'oa.  The  Genoese,  the  in- 
habitants of  Gen'oa  collectively  considered. 

Genre  [painting],  zhdfn,  representation  of  every-day  life. 
Ftencb  gen/re,  man,  his  customs,  habits,  and  ways  of  life. 

Genteel,  djen.teel,  polite,  refined ;  genteel'-ly ;  gentility,  dj^.- 
tU^.tty ;  gen'tleman,  fern,  gen'tlewoman,  plu.  gen'tle- 
men,  gen'tlewomen,  dj^\Vl.w\m"n,  both  gentiefolks, 
collectively  considered  the  gentry. 

Gentleman-at-arms,  plu.  gentlemen-at-arms. 

Gentleman-usher,  plu,  gentlemen-ushers. 

Gent,  a  contraction  of  gentleman,  means  one  with  the  **  show," 

but  not  the  "  birth  "  and  position  of  a  gentleman. 

I«tin  gentlHtas,  gentiles  (geris,  "familv").    A  "gentleman"  means 
a  Man  if  family,  a  man  of  good  bvrth, 

^tisn,  djifn'.shiin,  an  herb  named  from  Gentius,  king  of  lllynv^, 
whodisoovered  its  medicinal  virtues. 


400  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


'n^^twnm  ■ 


Gentile,  djSn'Met  not  a  Jew,  a  heathen.    Gentle,  djhC.tl. 

Latin  gtntiUi.  The  whole  world  is  divided  into  two  dassM,  vix.,  c 
own  nation  and  the  other  nations  (gentesj.  Christians  and  the  n 
of  the  world  (heathen$J. 

Gentle,  c^)en\t%  (comp.)  gentler,  (super.)  gentlest;  gently, 

''Gentle/'  mild,  not  rough,  means  "like  a  gentlemao,*'  q.v, 
Genoflection,  djen\tJLfieh'' JiMuy  a  hending  of  the  knee. 

Latin  geniiJUciiOt  r.  genvJUeto^  French  genvJUxion. 
Genuine,  real,  not  adulterated,  not  a  forgery,    Anthentle,  n 
a  fiction.    Ctonuine  [book],  one  written  by  the  pern 
who  professes  to  be  its  author.    Anthenlio  [book],  o; 
whose  statements  are  facts. 

Latin  genulntu  (Greek  geino[7nai],  to  beget),  a  genuine  book  Si  1 

gotten  by  the  person  who  fathers  It. 
"Authentic,"  l4itin  autfientieus  (Greek  authentiB  [auto»  mMaX  i 

seir-same  instruments),  an  authentic  bool^  contidns  the  salf  m 

facts  or  statements  as  really  occurred. 

Genus,  plu,  genera,  djS'.nua,  dj}in'.S.raht  the  group  oontainii 
species.    Family  or  Order,  the  group  containing  gemu. 
Genius,  a  person  of  talent,  plu.  geniuses,  g^nii,  fairies. 

Latin  gSntu,  plu.  gin^a  (Greek  ginds),  a  general  or  collectiTe  ten 
Latin  genius,  plu.  genii  {gigno,  to  beget),  a  birth-endowment. 

Geodesy,  c^i,dd\e.sy,  the  science  of  surveying  and  mapping. 

Latin  geodtnia;  Greek  geddaisia  (gS  daio,  to  diyide  the  earth). 
Geography,  |)2u.  geographies,  dje.dg'.ra.fiz;  geog^rapher. 

French  giographie  (Greek  gi  graphi,  a  description  of  the  earthX 
Geology,  djlM\bjy ;   geological,  dje\o.l^''.i.kdl;   gedog 
djE.dV.oJize ;  georogis-in^  (Rule  xix.) 

(French  gSologie  (Greek  gi  Idgds,  a  discourse  on  the  earth).  Tethnit 
** geography"  describes  the  external  fecUwes  of  the  earih'e am 
but  "  geology  "  the  phenomena  be^^eaih  its  surface.  J 

Geometry,  dje.dm\e.try,  the  properties  of  lines,  surftuses, 

volumes.  Originally  it  meant "  measurement  of  the  ei 

Latin  geometria;  Greek  geAmitria  (gi  mSlred,  to  mearare  the  e 

Georgic,  djor'.djtk,  a  poem  on  husbandry,  pertaining  to  agriev 

Lat.  georgica;  Gk  ge&rgikos  (gi  ergOn,  earth  workl 
(*'Oeorgic"  oright  to  be  in  three  syl.,  dje  dr'.djik,  b%U  U  hat  t 
pronunciation  from  Oeorge,  the  proper  name.) 

Geosaurus,  dje\o.saw" .HU,  a  gigantic  fossil  earth-lizard, 
Greek  gi  sauros,  an  earth  [or  terrestrial]  lixard. 

Geranium,  pelargonium,   dje.ra'.ni.um,  piV.ar.go'*ML% 

stork-bill,  plu.  geraniums,  pelargoniums.    Pelaiip 

are  greenhouse  geraniums.    {'Sot palargonium.) 

Latin  ggrdnium  (Greek  girdnds,  a  crane).     So  called  be 

beak  of  the  fruit  resembles  a  crane's  bill. 
"  Pelargonium"  (Greek  pilargos,  the  stork),  the  stork-bUL 

GerlUcon,  dj^.faw\kdn,  the  large  "vulture"  falcon. 

German  geier  /oUee,  \^«  vxdture  or  hawk  [-billed]  ftfeim. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  401 

Ger'niaii,  of  the  same  stock.    Germain,  djermanet  appropriate. 

Oonsin-germaii,  jplu,  consiiis-gormaxL,  first  cousins. 

Germain  or  german  [to  the  subject]  d  propos. 

French  germoMi  (both  senses) ;  Latin  germdmu,  of  the  same  stock. 

German,  plu.  Germans,  natives  of  Germany*    (Lat.  Oermdniu.) 

Probably  both  words  are  from  germXno,  to  sprout  out,  for  the  Ger- 
mans looked  on  themselres  as  indigenous,  but  some  derive  the 
word  from  ger  (war),  and  others  from  heer-  (a  multitude). 

Gerund,  ^^rund,  a  verbal  noun.  It  may  be  the  subject  or 
object  of  a  verb,  may  have  an  article  before  it,  may  be 
qualified  by  an  adjective,  may  govern  a  noun,  or  be 
governed  by  a  preposition :  Seeing  is  believing,  the  toll- 
ing of  the  bell,  in  defending  myself  the  quoting  of  authors. 
If  the  eomes  before  a  verbal  noun,  of  must  come  after  it, 
otherwise  not :  as  by  the  preaching  of  repentance,  or  by 
preaching  repentance, 

Gertnre,  ^is',tchilr,  a  significant  movement  of  the  limbs,  fea- 
tures, or  body.    (Latin  gestus,  v.  gero,  to  behave.) 

Get  (not  git),  past  got,  past  part,  got  [or  gotten],  gett'-ing 
(B.  i.],  getjf-er.    To  fetch,  to  obtain  with  effort,  to  induce. 

^o  ge^  head,  to  advance.    To  get  ahead,  to  overtake. 
To  get  along,  to  manage  with  difficulty.  Get  along,  move  on. 
To  get  ajSle^p,  to  fall  asleep  with  difficulty. 
To  get  at,  to  reach  after  having  employed  effort. 
To  get  away,  to  free  from  entanglement.  Get  away,  be  gone. 
To  get  between,  to  insert  with  effort  or  difficulty. 
To  get  dear,  to  disengage  after  effort  made. 
To  get  drank,  to  drink  to  inebriety. 
To  get  by  heart,  to  learn  by  rote. 
To  get  home,  to  reach  home  after  effort  made. 
To  get  in,  to -bring  under  shelter,  to  enter  with  effort. 
To  get  loose,  to  disengage  oneself  with  difficulty. 
To  get  near,  to  advance  close,  to  approach  with  effort. 
To  get  o£E^  to  escape  with  difficulty,  to  remove. 
To  get  on,  to  progress,  to  put  on  with  effort. 
To  get  out,  to  liberate,  to  free  oneself  with  effort 
To  get  o^^>  to  surmount,  to  climb  over,  to  wheedle. 
To  get  qnit  or  rid  of,  to  part  with,  after  effort. 
To  get  the  day,  to  win  after  contest. 
To  get  through,  to  pass  with  difficulty,  to  succeed. 
To  get  to,  to  reach  after  overcoming  obstacles. 
To  get  together,  to  amass  with  toil  or  effort. 
To  get  up,  to  rise  from  bed,  to  mount. 

2c 


402  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

€tow'g:aw,  a  showy  trifle.    (Old  Eng.  gegaf^  vile ;  Ft,J<ni^<m.) 

Geyser,  gay'.z^,  spoating  hot  springs  of  Iceland. 
Icelandie  geyaa,  raging,  roaring. 

Ghastly,  gdstdy,  death-like,  pale,  di:«adftil ;  ghastli-neaB  (R.  xi) 
Old  Ei^liah  gdtl,  a  ghost.    Hie  Interpolated  h  Ib  naeleea. 

Ghaut,  gort^  a  mountain  pass,  two  mountain  chains  of  India, 
stairs  descending  to  the  Changes.    (Hindostani  ghdt) 

Ghebers,  ga'.berzt  Persian  fire-worshippera.    (Persian  ghebr,) 

Ghee,  g^  (notys),  clarified  butter.    (Hindo6tani  ghi,) 

Gherkin,  gSr'.kln  (not  j&r^Mn),  a  small  cucumber  fit  for  pickling. 
Qerman  ijrurle,  cacomber. 

Ghibelline,  g>ib'M.V(n  (not  jlb\illine\  the  Imperialists  of  Italy 

and  Germany,  opposed  to  the  Guel:&  or  papal  faction. 

At  the  battle  of  Weinsberg,  in  Soabla  (1140),  Oonrad.  dnke  of 
Franconia,  rallied  biB  followers  witb  the  war^sry  hie  WaibUnaem, 
whUe  Henry  the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  used  the  cry  hie  TFe^fe  (the 
family  names  of  the  riral  chiefs). 

Ghost,  gost;  ghost'-ly,  ghostH-nees  (Unle  xi.),  ghostlike. 
Old  Eng.  gdd,  gdatlk,  ghostly;  gdatUce  (adr.)   h Interpolated. 

Ghoul,  gooly  a  demon  supposed  to  feed  on  human  dead  bodies. 
Persian  ghul^  a  mountain  demon. 

Giant,  fem.  giantess,  dji\ant,  dgWandess  ;  gigantlo,  dfi,gSfn\ttk 
in  size  like  a  giant ;  gigan^'tical-ly. 
French  g6(iwt,  gigantesque;  Latin  giifos,  gen.  ffiffomHe,  iftgtmiHu, 

Giaour,  djow'r  (Turkish),  one  not  of  the  Mohom.  faith. 

Gib,  dj^,  a  male  cat,  to  shy ;  glbbed  (1  syl.),  gibV-lng,  gibV^ 
Jib,  the  foremost  sail,  to  shift  the  boom-saiL 
Gibe,  djihey  sarcasm,  to  mock ;  gZbed  (1  syl.),  gfb'-lng. 

"  Gib  "  (a  cat),  Germ.  giVbert,  a  male  cat.   "  01b  "*  (to  shy),  Daa  giJ 
"Jib,"  ban.  gibbe,  to  jib  a  sail.    "  Gibe,"  Old  Sng.  0a&S(<m],  to  ic 

Gibber,  df!b\berj  to  prate  inarticulately;  gibliered  (2  s; 
gibl9er-ing,  gib'ber-er.    (Some  pronounce  the  g  faar 
Gibberish,  gW.hevMh  (not  jib^her.Uh),  unmeaning  wor 

Qtber  was  the  chief  alchemist  of  the  elerenth  oentnxy,  and  ' 
several  treatises  in  cryptogram  to  evade  persecution. 

Gibbet,  dQiV.het,  a  gallows,  to  hang;  gibl)et-ed,  glblbet-lr 

French  gibet  (de  1'  arabe  djehel  (montagne),  paree  qn'  amtreff 
executions  se  faissarent  ordinairement  sor  les  lieox  61«rv€a). 

Gibbous,  gib\bu8  {not  jib'.btu),  the  moon  in  the  second  and 
quarter  is  so  cidled.    (Lat.  gibbtu,  humped ;  "Bt^'gil 

Gibe,  djibe,  a  sarcasm,  to  ridicule ;  gibed  (1  syl.),  gfb'-in^ 
ing-ly;  gib'-er,  d/T.&er,  a  snarler.  Gibb*er,  one  tha 
Old  Engliah  gabblau\,  to  «Qoff ;  French  gabtr 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  408 

Gifaleto,  djibW^i  the  off-parts  of  a  Roose,  duck,  turkey,  &o. ; 
giblet  [pie],  made  of  giblets.    (Fr.  gibUr^  with  dim.  let.) 

Giddy,  (corrvp.)  gid'di-er,  (super,)  gid'di-est,  gid'di-ly  (R.  xi.)« 

gid'di-nees.    Heedless,  a  swimming  in  the  head. 

Old  English  g^^g,    (The  g  is  hard. ) 

Gift  (g  hard,  not  Ji/t),  a  present ;  giff-«d,  talented ;  t.  give,  g\v, 

(past)  gftve,  (past  part.)  given,  gWn;  ^V-er,  (^v'-ing. 

Old  Eng.  g\f%,  v.  g^flian^    The  e  of  "  give  "  does  not  lengthen  the  i 

Gig  (g  hard),  a  two-wheeled  open  carriage.    Jig,  a  dance. 

Fr.  gigue,  v.  giguer,  to  frisk  abont ;  teir  similar  to  cahriold,  a  little 
oaperer,  French  cabriole  a  scamper  (com,  a  kid).    "  Jig,"  the  same. 

Gigantio,  dji.gan\tik,  very  large ;  gigaii''tioal.l7,  giant  (q.v.) 

Latin  gigaa,  gen.  glgantia,  a  giant,  gigantivu;  French  gigantetque. 

Giggle  (g  hard),  gig".g%  to  titter;  giggled  (2  syl.),  giggling, 
l^gling^ly;  C^iggldr,  ^t/.{er.  (Old  Eng.  peapZ«,  wanton.) 

Gild  (g  hard),  past  gild'-ed^  past  part,  gilt,  to  overlay  with  gold 
leaf;  gil6-'ing,  ^old-leaf,  overlaying  with  gold-leaf,  the 
finished  work;  gild'-er,  one  whose  trade  is  to  gild. 

Guild  (g  hard),  gild,  a  city  company. 

Guilt  (g  hard),  gilt,  criminality. 

Old  KngUsh  gUdian],  past  gildede,  past  part,  gilded;  gilden,  gilt. 
"  Gtdld,"  Old  English  gild.    "  Guilt,"  Old  English  gyU. 

cm,  dja,  a  quarter  of  a  pint.    Gills  (g  liard),  the  lungs  of  a  fish. 

Lat  gillo,  a  gill,  a  small  drinking  vessel.  "  Gills,"  A.  S.  gec^,  the  Jaws. 

GiUyflowtur,  d^.i,jUAK^er  (not  a  corruption  of  July-flower,  but  of 

the  French  girojlie.    (Latin  caryophyllum,  a  clove.) 

Gilt(g  hard),  overlaid  with  gold-leaf.  GuUt,  criminality.  (5^6  Gild.) 
C&alet  (g  hard),  a  small  auger.    (French  gibelet,  a  gimlet.) 
Ctta,  a  trap,  to  trap,  a  drink ;  ginned  (1  syl.),  ginn'-ing  (Rule  i.) 

"Gta"  (a  trap),  contraction  of  enqins:  so  "spinning-jenny"  is  a 
little  spinning  engine. 

"Gin"  (a  spiritX  A  contraction  and  cormption  of  Fr.  genihfre,  Lat. 
jtmipifniM,  jnnlper-beny ;  these  berries  bj  fermentation  mi^e  gin 
and  hoUanda,  bat  oil-of-tnrpentine  is  generalij  used  instead. 

fliiglMiw  (g  hard),  ging'.dm,  a  cotton  cloth  dyed  in  the  yarn. 

lE«Bdi  guingan  or  gwingamp,  so  called  from  Oningamp  (Brittany). 
CHpy,  fHu.  gipsiea,  dffp'.sU.    (A  corruption  of  Egyptian.) 

The  Wt.  call  them  Bokemiatu,  Danes  Tatars,  ItaL  Walaehiant. 
ttitSB,  djlrdf,  the  camelopard.    (Span,  girafa,  Ital.  giraffa.) 

ttnadole, jlKrdn.doZe,  acandelabrum, whose  hraneheBtum  round. 

ItiiBas  gkamdola;  Latin  gvrdre,  to  tnm  round. 
Cbd  (g  har^  to  bind ;  gird'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  past  part.  girt. 

Cbdle,  gw^M,  a  zone  or  belt;  glr'dled  (2  syl.),  girdling, 

(**  Gtrd^I "  is  the  more  ancient  and  better  spelUfig,) 
OldEBi^ttsh  9yrd[anl,  past  gyrde,  part  part,  (jpyrded ;  ^yrdA. 


i 


^ 


«• 


'^UW>»'"' V|8d6,  Jl«f '    added «>.»^'ri<i*-'"*'^<* 


r 


ffl^f^^^^fiimo. 


/» 


,.    *«r»4nij^^' "« takes jfoaj.^-       ^«ngl«M"T^* 
fa^/ ^'  "«  »«1;  tfiAi,  irT'  "Wur;  •*«»  carried. 


I 


I 


406  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Olib,  smooth ;  gliV-ly ;  gHV-nea^  volubility,  smoothiMfls. 

Lat  gUiber,  smooth ;  v.  globreo  (Ok.  gU(|»Ad,  whence  fl24pfcArdc»  imooth] 
Glide  (1  syl.),  to  slide;  glid'-ed,  gUd'^ing,  glid'-er  (Bole  xix.) 

Old  English  glid{cm\  past  gVid,  past  part.  gUdeii. 
Glim'mer,  to  send  forth  a  feeble  light.    (See  Gleamu) 

Glisten,  glls'^n  (not  gW.ten)^  to  sparkle ;   glistened,  gVUTvid 
glisten-ing,  gW^ning ;    glister,  gWMr  (not  glit-er) 
glis'tered  (2  syl.) ;  gUs'ter-ing. 
Old  English  gli»n{ian] ;  Oennan  gleinen,  glistem. 
Glitfer,  to  sparkle;  glitf  ered  (2  syl.),  glitfer-ing. 

Old  English  gliten{an],  glitin\ian],  and  glit[ian},  to  glitter. 
Gloaming,  gldme\ing,  twilight   (0.  E,  glomung,  a  interpolated. 

Gloat,  gVjte,  to  gaze  earnestly  (followed  by  on);    gloat'-ed 
gbat'-ing,  gloat'ing-ly,  gloi^t'-er.     (German  glotzen.) 

Globe,  Orb,  Sphere,  Ball,  Globn^e. 

Globe  (1  syl.))  a  solid  sphere,  this  earth,  an  artificial  spher 
representing  the  earth,  or  the  starry  heavens. 

Sphere,  «/e'r,  a  poetic  and  scientifio  word  for  globe. 

B|dl,  a  round  mass,  as  a  ball  of  cotton,  a  cricket  ball ;  i 
globe  is  a  ball,  but  a  ball  is  not  of  necessity  a  globe. 

Orb,  a  circle,  hence  the  disc  of  a  planet,  and  henee  a  plane 

Globole,  gloh'bulet  a  little  ball.    {-uUt  diminutive.) 

*'  Olobe,"  Latin  gldbus^  a  bowl,  a  globe,  glifbdre;  gUHrithu. 
*'  Sidiere,"  Lat.  mJuann,  same  as  " globus**;  6k.  ^haira,  ▼.  mhoir 
*'  Ball/'  German  baU;  French  baMe;  X<atin  pila,  a  pill,  a  baU. 
*'  Orb,"  Latin  or6is,  any  round  thing,  a  wheel,  a  oiroalt,  a  eirole, 

Glomerate,    glSm'.e.rate,    gathered   into    a   head    or    hef 
glom^eratied  (Rule  zxxvi.),  glom'erat-ing  (Bole  xi 
glomeration,  gl5m\e.ra'g*'^hun.     (See  Oong^omerate 
Latin  gUSmSrdHo,  ifidnUfrOre  (gldmus,  a  bal^  of  yam,  ftc) 

Gloom,  obscurity;  g:loom'-ing,  becoming  obscure.  Gloaur 
^Za'.minp,  twilight  Gloomy,  ^feo'.my ;  gloo'mi-l7(B 
gloo'mi-ness.    (Old  Eng.  gldm,  gloom ;  glomung^  twil' 

Glory,  jpZu.  glories,  gl^riz  (not  glo'.riz)^  honour,  to  hoi 
(verb)  glories,  glofriz;  gloriedi  gldr^red;  glcsKy-iz 

QloTify,  glo7^H.fy ;  glorifies,  gUyri.fize;  glorified,  gJ 
fide;  glor'ifl-er  (Rule  xi),  glor^if^-ing. 

Glorifi(»tion,  gloT^ri.fi.kay'\$hvn,  act  or  state  of  glor 
Glorious,  gldr^ri.us;  glor'lous-ly,  glor^ions-neas. 
French  glor^icatUmt  glorifier;  Latin  gloridstu,  gUhifleo,  §U!r 
Gloss,  lustre,  a  comment.  Gloze,  to  flatter.  Glows,  shines  wi 
Gloss'y,  {o<mp.)  g^wsl-er,  (super.)  glossl-eet,  gloas' 
Gloss  (Bxile  Yiii-V  ^  eommeut;  gloes'ary,  plu,  ijLi 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  407 

gl&s'ui.rie,  a  dictionary  of  antiquated  words ;  glosBaxial, 
glos^aif^rudl ;  glosB'arist. 

"Gloss"  nmtn).  Old  English  glau,  cIms. 

"Gloss**  (comment).  Germ,  glosse;  Old  Eng.  glaian];  Lat.  gloua. 

Glottis,  gl5f.fl8f  the  narrow  opening  at  the  upper  part  of  the 

inndpipe.  Epiglottis,  f^p'-i.gldlf -iig,  the  valve  of  the  glottia. 

01ottitis,^&S^£.ti'.ti«^flammation  of  the  tongue.  {Mis^nfiam.) 

Fr.  glotUf  epiglotU:  Lat  epigloUis;  Oik.  gldtta  Ooag  o),  the  tongue. 

Okmoester,  GlSs^ter:    (Old  English  OUaw-ceaster.) 

Called  by  the  Britons  Caer-gUm;  gloa  in  LaUn  became  gHo^,  glev-vm. 
The  Saxons  added  cosira,  and  the  word  became  GUm-eeatter  or 
Glw-w-eeaster.    "Gleaw,"  wise,  skilfoL 

Gloze,  to  flatter.    Glows,  shines  with  heat.    {See  Gloss.) 

Gludne,  glu'^ln,  the  oxide  of  gluonum.  Gludnum,  glu^Wnum, 
the  metallic  hase  of  glucine.  Glucose,  glu'.koset  grape 
sugar;  gludc  add,  glu'Mky  acid  ohtainisd  from  grape 
sugar.  (Gk.  glukus^  sweet ;  Rr.  gludne,  {See  Glycerine.) 
(These  words  retain  the  Gk.  "u,"  generally  changed  to  y.) 

Glue,  gJu;  glued  (1  syL),  glu'^^ing.  (AH  words  ending  with  a 
double  vowel  (except  -ue)  retain  both  of  them  before  -ing 
R.  xix.),  glu'-er,  glue'-y ;  gluey-n«ss,  glu\i.ness  (R.  xiii.) 

Gluten,  glu'.tn,  a  gluey  substance  obtained  from  wheat  and 
other  grain.    Glutton,  glut'n^  a  great  eater ; 

Glutinous,    glu'.fH.'n^y   viscous.      Gluttonous,    ^{^e"n.iM, 
greedy;  glufinoua-ness.    Glutinate,  gWAi.naXe;  glu'- 
tinat-ed  (R.  xxxvi),  glu'tinat-ing  (R.  xix.),  glutini^tive, 
gW .ti.na.t\v ;  glutination,  gW .ti,r%ay*' jshitm. 
Fr.  0{u,  bird-lime,  v.  gluer,  ghUm^  glvMnaiif;  Lat.  gluten,  gloe. 
Glut,  to  gorge;  glutf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  ^utt'-in^  (Rule  i.) 

Glutt-on,  gluf%  a  great  eater;  glnUon-ous,  gluf'n.ust 
greedy;  glutt'onous-ly ;  gln.tbony\' glut^n.y. 

Gluttomse,  glut'^n.ize  (Rule  xxxL);  glutt'onised  (3  syl.), 
glntt'onls-ing  (Rule  xix.),  glutt'onis-er. 

latin  ghito,  gen.  glutdnis,  a  glutton ;  glutio,  to  swallow ;  ghUtus,  the 
gidlet ;  French  gloutonne,  glouUmnerie, 

Glnten,  gta'.fn.    Glutinous,  glvf.tun&s,    (See  Glue.) 

Glutton,  gluten.    Gluttonous,  gluf'n.iis,    (See  Glut.) 

Cnyoezise,  gW.e.rin  (not  gW.e.reen)f  the  sweet  principle  of  oils 
and  fat ;  glyceric  [acid],  gVi8'.e.rik. 
Hitio-glyoerine,  n^.tro  gW.e.vin,  a  powerful  blasting  oil. 

Greek  gVukuSy  sweet.    (These  words  convert  the  Greek  u  into  y,  and 
therein  differ  from  their  congeners  GludnA,  q.v.) 

Wyptogxaphy,  gV^.tUg'.ra.fy,  the  art  of  engraving  gems. 

Gceek  ghafftoa  graphi,  a  treatise  [on]  the  art  of  carving. 
^lyptodon,  gl%p'.t8.d8n,  a  huge  fossil  armadillo. 

Graek  ghtptds  odonUit  having  carved,  i.e.  fluted,  tee\^. 


408  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Gn-.     G  or  K  before  n  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  syllable  is 
silent    All  these  (except  gnu)  are  Teutonic  or  Greek. 

Gnarled,  narJd^  knotted  like  the  oak.    (Danish  knoldet,  knotty.) 

Gnash,  nashy  to  grind  the  teeth.    (Germ,  knirschen,  to  gnash.) 

Gnat,  ndt,    (Old  Eng.  gnat.)    Natt'y,  spruce.    (Ital.  netto.) 

Gnaw,  (past)  gnawed,  (past  part)  gnawn,  naw,  nawd,  nawn, 
to  pick  with  the  teeth ;  gnaV  Jng  (not  nor'ring),  corrod- 
ing,  painful,  picking  with  the  teeth ;  gnaw'^r  (not  nof^- 
rer)t  one  who  gnaws  or  picks  with  the  teeth. 
Old  English  gnagian],  past  gn6h,  past  part,  gnagm. 

Gneiss,  nice  (not  ne'iss),  a  slaty  rock,  differing  from  granite  in 

having  its  crystals  broken.    Nice,  as  it  should  be. 

''  Gneiss,"  German  gneiss.    "  Nice,**  Old  English  Ivnltsc,  tender. 

Gnome,  noTne^  a  sylph  who  guards  a  mine.    (Greek  gn&nU.) 

Gnomon,  nojmon^  index  of  a  dial.    (Gk.  gndrndn,  an  indicator.) 

Gnostics,  nds^tiks,  the  knowers  as  opposed  to  the  heUeven.    A 
sect  which  tried  to  fuse  Christianity  and   Platonism; 
gnosticism,  nds'.tiMzm;  gnostic,  n5s\t%k  (adj.) 
Greek  gndstikds  (v.  gigndakAf  to  know;  Latin  noseo,  to  know). 

Gnu,  nu,  a  South  AMcan  ox.    (The  only  word  beginning  with 
gn"  which  is  neither  Teutonic  nor  Greek.) 

Go,  (past)  went,  (past part.)  gone,  gSn;  go^-ing.     "  Went"  is 
from  the  verb  to  wend;  goes,  goze;  go'-er. 
To  go  under  the  name  of,  to  be  called  by  a  pseudonym. 
So  the  story  goes,  so  says  common  report 

It  will  go  against  him,  wiU  tell  to  his  disadvantage,  will  be 

in  his  disfavour.    To  go  against  a  town,  to  besiege  it 
It  will  go  hard  with  them,  tliere's  danger  of  a  &tal  issue. 
A  go-between,  a  middle  man,  a  mediator. 

Go  about  your  business !  mind  your  own  affairs,  and  don't 
interfere  with  mine.    To  go  by,  to  pass  by  or  near. 

To  give  one  the  go-by,  to  give  one  the  slip,  to  shuffle  off. 
Go  and  Gome.    We  go  away  from  the  place  and  come  to 
the  place  where  we  are  [or  the  speaker  is]. 

Plants  come  up,  and  come  into  leaf  or  flower,  bat  go  out  of 
flower  and  go  to  seed ;  because  their  leafing  and  flower- 
ing is  coming  to  be  with  us,  but  their  seeding  and  decay 
is  going  away  from  us. 

The  ship  went  to  pieces.  Th^  jug  came  to  pieces.  Because 
the  ship  was  away  at  sea,  but  the  jug  in  our  hand. 

The  sun  goes  behind  a  cloud,  but  comes  out  from  it  It 
"goes"  out  of  sight  or  away  from  us,  but  "comes**  into 
sight  and  tberefoxe  where  we  are  or  where  we  can  see  it 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  409 


The  sun  goi8  down,  but  comes  forth  as  a  bridegroom  to  run 
his  race ;  because  at  sun-set  it  "  leaves  "  us,  but  at  sun- 
rise it  "  coiiies  "  into  our  hemisphere. 

Go  away,  leave  this  place.    Gome  away,  leave  that  place. 

Go  to  I  a  broken  sentence  meaning  Go  to »  or  get  along 

with  yoB.    Do  not  talk  so  for  I  do  not  believe  it. 

When  he  came  to,  recovered  from  a  fit.  When  he  came 
to  hinuelf,  recovered  his  senses^  In  the  fit  the  "  spirit " 
had  left,  but  on  recovery  it  returns  back. 

It  wo'n't  go  down,  it  is  not  to  be  swallowed  or  believed. 

It  wo'n't  come  down,  descend  or  yield  to  force. 

To  go  on,  to  proceed,  to  fit  [as  a  ^amient].  To  come  on, 
to  grow  [ks  a  plant]. 

To  go  over  to,  he  went  over  [to  the  other  side  or  opinion]. 

To  come  over,  to  wheedle,  to  come  to  our  side  or  opinion. 

To  go  throngh,  to  undergo  Suffering  or  trouble.  To  come 
thxongh,  to  get  free  from,  to  pass  through. 

Exception. — We  use  the  word  eomi  [to  the  place  where  you 
are],  when  we  reply  to  an  invitation,  or  direct  the  idea  to 
the  act  to  be  pei^ormed  or  iiffort  to  be  made,  rather  than 
to  the  intention  formed  in  the  mind  of  doing  what  is 
referred  to  at  some  future  time. 

In  reply  to  an  invitation :  "  Come  here*"  Ans.  "  I  will 
come  [t.e.,  to  you]  directly."  "  When  will  you  come  and 
see  me?"  Ans.  "I  will  come  [i.«.,  to  you]  next  week." 
"  Will  you  come  and  dine  with  me  to-morlrow."  Ans.  "  I 
shall  be  happy  to  come  and  dine  with  you  to-morrow." 

The  stress  on  the  act  and  not  on  the  intention :  "  I  am  com- 
ing to  pay  yon  a  visit  on  Monday,"  ».«.,  I  will  undertake 
the  act  of  a  journey  to  your  house ;  btit  "  I  am  going  to 
pay  you  a  visit  on  Monday"  refers  more  to  the  intention 
formcKd,  than  to  the  journey  to  be  made. 

Effort  to  he  made.  This  is  a  slight  variation  of  the  preced- 
ing idea;  when  our  Lord  was  told  about  the  Centurion's 
son,  he  replied,  "I  will  com£  [i.e,,  to  your  house]  and 
heal  him."  Here  the  main  stress  of  the  idea  is  on  the 
effort  Jesus  was  willing  to  make  to  heal  the  sick  child. 
If  he  had  said,  "  I  will  go  and  heal  him,"  the  main  force 
would  have  been  directed  to  the  healing  and  not  to  the 
condescension  of  Jesus  undertaking  the  mission. 

,  gdde  (noun  and  verb).    Good  (a^}.)    God,  deity. 

Old  Engliih  gdd,  a  goad ;  gdd,  good ;  god,  d«lty. 
(These  examples  vnU  show  eome  of  the  shifts  io«  hant  roorUd  lo 
to  represent  the  accent  so  unwisely  discarded.) 


410  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

CkMd,  goUy  the  winning  post  GhoiiL  gool^  a  vampire,  ^totol, 
/ail,  a  prison.    0ale,  a  high  wind. 

"  Gtoal,"  French  gol,  gauU,  a  pol«.    "  Ohoul,**  Penian  gfm^.  %  monn- 
tain  demon^    **  Gaol,"  French  ffSole.    "  Gale/'  Norse  JbiOe. 

Goat,  he-goat,  fern,  she-goat,  (familiarly)    Billy-^^t,  fem. 

Nanny-goat;  goaf ^ish  {-ieh added  tononns  means  "like "). 

Old  Bng.  gdt,  a  goat ;  udt-hyrdCt  a  goat-herd ;  gdta-kAg,  a  gost-hoose. 

Gohble,  gSb\%  to  devour  fast  and  n(^sil7 ;  gobl>led  (d  syL) 
gobbling,  devouring.  Goblin,  a  spirit  Gobfdlii,  g8b\- 
lin  [tapestry].    See  below.    (French  gober^  to  swallow.) 

Gobelin,  gW.Un  [tapestry].    Goblin,  a  spirit.    Qk>bldiii9,  v^. 

Oobelina,  a  famous  manntectnre  of  tapestry  near  Faiis^  ao  called  from 
the  hrothei»  Gobelin  who  established  it. 

GoVlin  (see  above),    (Fr,  gobelin;  Germ,  iobold;  Gk.  ilfbalSs.) 

God,  fem.  godd-eas  (B.  i);  god'-leiB;  god'-ly,  pious,  piously; 
god'li-ness  (B.  xi.),  god'Ii-ly  or  god'.ly,  godlew^. 
Old  English  god,  god4>eam,  a  god  child ;  god-modor,  god-^wnu,  Ae. 

Gofer,  go\fer^  to  crimp,  a  cake  baked  in  a  goyering  trofi;  goffer- 
ing, crimpiDg.    Gopher,  go'.fer,  the  wood  of  which  the 
ark  was  made,  a  species  of  turtle. 
"  Gofer,"  French  gavfri,  v.  gavfrer.    "  Gopher  [wood]  *'  Helvew. 

Goitre,  goiWr  (French),  a  large  tumour  in  the  neck;  gottered, 
goi'.terd;  goitrous,  goi'.trus,    (Latin  putttir,  the  throat) 

Ctolden  Beinette  (not  -Befnnet\  golden  raifif.et, 
French  Bein-ette,  a  little  queen  [of  ^ple«]. 

Golosh,  gclosh'y  an  overshoe.    (Ought  to  be  galoch.) 

Fr.  galoche;  Span.  gcUocha,  a  clog:  Ger.  galoache;  Lat  gaUUa. 

Gondola,  gon'.do.lah  (not  gon.dp\lah\  a  Venetian  pleMore- 
barge ;  gondolier,  gon\do.leei^,  the  barge-man. 

Good,  (comp.)  better,  (super. )  best  (from  the  obsolete  positifd 
bet,  V.  bet{an],  to  improve) ;  good'Jy,  goodlioieBB  (B.zl), 
goodli-est;  good'y,  mistress;  gciO(d-m«n,  master. 

Good-bye,  -b%  (God  be  with  jfou),  farewell. 

Good-looking  [person],  or  WellJooking  (?)»  *'  Qood-look- 
ing"  is  sanctiooed  by  usage  and  analogy;  thus  we  hti^ 
good-humouredf  good-natured,  good-tempered,  &e,  "  Look- 
ing" is  not  a  participle,  but  a  verbal  noun^,  and  shoalu 
be  written  lookumg,  but  the  termination  -ung  his  been 
unhappily  converted  into  -wip,  thereby  oonfonndioiJ 
verbal  nouns  with  participles. 

Old  English  g6dy  letera,  heUri  or  be4;  gddnta,  gddlk,  gMku. 

Goose,  plu.  geese,  (male}  gan'der,  (offspring)  goOiiig  {-^ 
denotes  offapiing).    (Old  English  gds,  p^  gis.) 


AND  OF  SPELUKO.  411 

^Qomhweff  plu.  gooBebezriea,  goos'.bh^rU  (no  connection  with 

goose),    Gooieberry  fool  (a  corruption  of  gooseberry  foulS 

mashed.    The  French  have  fouli  de  j^ommes,  fouU  de 

raitins,  fcuU  de  groeeilUt,  &c.) 

A  compoimd  of  gorst  and  herie^  the  roogli  bwiy.  The  French  gro- 
BeiUe  is  from  tu  Latin  groit&ia. 

Gopher,  gS'.f&r  (Heb.X  the  wood  of  which  the  ark  was  made. 
Gofer,  go.J^,  to  crimp,  a  cake  baked  on  a  gofering  iron. 
French  gamfr^,  v.  gavfrer. 
Gordiftn  knot,  gor^.dt^n  n5t,  an  inextricable  difficnlty. 

The  leather  barnesa  of  Ocrdiuai,  king  of  Phrygla.  was  tied  into  a  knot 
so  intricate,  that  an  oracle  said  whoever  untiled  it  should  become 
master  of  the  world.    Alexander  eat  the  knot  with  his  sword. 

Ctordonia  (not  gardonia),  gor.do'.ni.ah,  a  plant. 

So  called  from  James  Gordon,  of  Mile  End,  near  London. 
Gore,  clotted  blood,  to  wound  with  homs^  a  gusset ;  gory,  gor^ry. 

Old  English  gdr;  (to  woipid)  gdr,  a  dart :  (a  gusset)  Welsh  g&r. 
Gorge,  a  defile,  to  cram;  gorged  (1  syl.),  gorg'4iur  (Bule  xix.) 

Gauge,  gage  (not  gorge),  to  mete  the  contents  of  a  cask. 

Fr.  gorge  (Lat  gwrgea,  a  glutton).    " Gauge,"  Fr.  jauge,  t.  jauger. 

Gorgeous,  gor^.je'us,  showy  (should  be  gaudioua);  gor'geous-ly, 
gor'geonB-neflB.     (An  exception  to  Bule  Ixri.) 
Latin  gaittdium,  joy;  gaudidlis,  gaudeo,  to  delight. 
Gorilla,  gojriVMh,  4  large  ape.    (An  African  word.) 

Gor'mand;  gormandise,  gor^,m&n.dUe  (R.  xxxi.),  gor'mandised 
(3  syl.),  gor'mandlB.ing  (B.  xix.),  gor'mandlii-er. 

Gor'mand,  a  glutton ;  gourmet,  gouf.may',  a  high  feeder. 

French  gowrmand,  gov/rmet,  gownmndise;  IJatin  (jrttmia,  a  gltitton. 
GoEse  (1  syl.),  furze.    Gauze  (1  syl.),  a  thin  transparent  cloth. 

"  Gorse,"  Old  Eng.  gorst.    "  Gauze,"  Fr.  gaze,  made  at  Gasa,  in  Syria. 

Gosliawk,  the  goose-hawk.    (Old  Eng.  gds'hafoct  goose-hawk.) 

Goding,  g6^Mng,  a  young  goose.    (Old  English  g68,  -ling  dim.) 

Ckiepel,  gSs.pH;  gospell-er  (ought  to  be  gospeler;  (Bule  iii.) 

Go^^Ued,  evangeliaed;  goe''peU-ing.    (These  two  words 

ought  to  be  abolished.)   Gos''pel-i«e  (B.  xxxi.),  gos'pelised 

(3  syL),  gos^pellS-ing  (B.  xix.),  goa'pells-er. 

(The  cUnible  I  of  "gospeller,"  d'c,  ought  to  he  aboUshedy 

(yr  else  gospel  should  have  its  double  I  restored  to  it.) 

GomM^  for  Qods-spel,  Old  fiagUsb  godspeU,  y.  godspeUiian].  godtpel- 
lere,  a  gospeller ;  (spdlj  story,  tidings)  good  tidings.  The  Greek 
word  is  euMiggilion,  good  tidni^. 

QoflBajDier,  gds'.sa.mer  (not  gossimer),  a  fine  web. 

Old  Ev^ish  O08  [god'sl  aedtmere,  god's  tailor.  The  tradiMon  is  that 
gossamer  is  a  raveUing  of  the  Virgiii  Mary's  winding  shoot,  wYk^s^ 
fell  away  when  she  was  carried  up  to  heaven. 


412  ERRORS  OF  3PE£C& 


GoB'sip,  a  tattler,  a  sponsor,  a  neighbour,  to  chat;  gOB'sipped 
(2  syl.),  goe'Bipp-ing,  goB'sipp-er,  gos'sipp-y,  chatty. 

Old  English  Oodsibb  (^5-,  related,  as  Hblingt  a  related  i^bDA). 
(If  one  p  ia  dropped  in  gossip,  U  oti^M  to  be  omitted  in  att  €^  iti 
derivcUivei.    The  same  remark  a^ppiies  to  **  worship,"  RuU  iiij 

Got  i^oat  tense  of  get.  Much  foolish  prejudice  exists  against 
this  very  useful  word.  Has  means  the  simple  &ct  of 
possessing,  but  got  implies  that  the  possession  has  been 
obtained  by  effort,  exposure,  gift,  &c.  Thus  "  I  luive  a 
cold"  states  a  £Eict  only,  but  "1  have  got  h  cbld'*  implies 
that  it  is  the  effect  of  expoisiire  or  bad  weath^.  "  I  have 
the  hammer  *'  stiLtes  a  fjEust,  but  "  I  have  got  the  hammer" 
implies  either  I  have  fetched  it,  of  I  have  taken  it  in 
possession  [without  your  knowledge  or  consent]. 
No  doubt  the  word  is  often  used  in  a  very  slip-shod  manner 
as  may  be  inferred  by  the  following  sentence :  "  I  got  on 
horseback  immediately  I  got  yoiir  message,  and  got  to 
the  train  by  ten  o'clock,  but  got  subh  a  cold,  as  I  shidl 
hot  get  rid  of  in  a  hdrry.  However,  wh^n  I  got  home,  I 
got  my  supper,  and  got  to  bed,  got  nicely  warm,  and 
soon  got  into  a  sound  sleep.  I^ext  morning  I  got  up 
and  ^o£  dressed,  and  scarcely  had  I  got  into  the  break' 
fast  room,  when  I  got  a  telegram,  and  got  the  boy  to  get 
a  little  refreshment,  while  I  got  read^  my  answer,  which 
I  hope  you  will  get  in  good  time." 

Gonge,  gooj  (not  y^'),  a  chisel  foi:  cutting  grooves,  to  scoop 
out;  gouged  (1  syL),  gbog^-ing,  goug'-er. 

Fr.  gouge,  from  the  Low  Lat.  gruvia,  a  gouge ;  Spali.  ^liMo. 
Gkmrd,  goo*rd  (not  gord),  a  plant.    Gor^  gord,  wounded. 

French  gourde  and  oourge ;  Latin  eUcarbitd,  a  cappiiig-g^a«,  &Q. 
Gout,  a  disease.    Gouty,  gout^i-nesd  (B.  jd.)    Gout,  goo,  relish. 

French  gouHe  (the  disease),  so  called  because  it  was  thought  to  pio- 

ceed  from  li  goutte  or  drop  of  acrid  matter  in  the  Jolnta. 
"Qoat"  (relishX  French  gout:  Latin  gustus;  Italian  gu$to. 

dovemor,  a  ruler,  whether  male  or  female ;  governess,  a  fewu 

teacher ;  govemante,  go\ver,nant,  a  lady  who  has  oharge 

of  young  girls  of  quality  $  gbv'emOr-shi^  the  office  of  a 

governor  {-ship,  OldEng.,  office);  goY^em-able,  gov'eni, 

gov'emed  (2  syl.),  goV^eon-ing,  gov'eni-ment. 

French  gouDemer,  gbuvernemerU,  gouvemeniental,  goUvenuuUt;  Latfa 
gvbemdre  ;  Greek  Jbudefnod,  to  guide  oi^  govern. 

Gown  (to  rhyme  with  croton),  gownSAian  (not  goumman),  a  uni- 
versity student ;  a  silk-gown,  a  Q»0. 
Welsh  gum,  a  gown ;  v.  gromio,  to  sew. 
Grab,  to  pilfer;  grabbed  (1  syL),  grfkbV«ing  (R.  i),  gxabV-er. 
Grabble^  gTab%  to  grope*  gtahhledf  grdb'*ld ;  grabbling. 
Welsh  criJbddail,  pUiAis^ ;  Dimlfih  gribe,  to  sdie  (grib,  a  TottoniX 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  413 


Giaoe,  fftTonr,  elegance,  to  adorn,  to  l^ononr;  graced  (1  syl.)> 
graOTiog  (B-  ^px.);  gradpuB,  grd^shiU;  gra'oiooB-ly, 
gra'dons-neas,  graceful,  grace'ful.ly,  grace'fal-neflB. 

Qza^tis,  for  nothing.    Grati'f^,  graf.ufy.    (See  Gratify.) 
Trench  ^noee,  gradeux ;  Latin  uraiia,  grattdsus,  ffraiis. 
Gnde  (1  syL),  a  degree,  promotion ;  gradient,  grd\duent,  the 
elope  or  incline  of  a  raU-joskd;  grad^nial,  grad'nal-ly, 
gn^'^^  (^  sy^*)*  grad^'nat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  gn^'natenship. 
Ozadi^tion,  gra.day'^hun,  a  series;  graduation,  grad\u.a'\- 
iJnm:  a  marking  into  degrees,  reception  of  a  degree. 

Itmoh  orradueZ,  graduer,  gradtMHou^  gradation;  Lfttin  grdddHo 
(grddw,  a  step ;  grddior,  to  go  step  by  stepX 

Gmff  (Bole  v.).    The  older  and  better  spelling  of  gr^ft 

Qiaft,  a  part  of  one  tree  inserted  into  axv)ther,  to  insert  a  graft 
graft-ed  (R.  xxxyi.),  graft' Jng,  graff.er.    (Fr.  griffe.) 

Grain,  gran'ary  (not  grain'ery),  a  grange ;  granivoroiiB,  gran.- 

iv\o.rili;    granulate,  grdn\uJUite;    gran'nlat-^  (Rule 

zxxYi.),  gran'i4at-ing  (Rule  xix.),  gran'ular,  gran'ule  (2 

(B(yl.),  a  little  grain  (-ule  dim.),  granulous,  grdn'.u.ltU. 

(The  blunder  of  i  in  *' grain"  (iseed),  we  have  taken  from 

the  French,  but  it  is  not  perpetuated  in  its  derivatives. 

The  derivatives  of  "grain"  to  imitate  the  grain  of 

wood,  retain  the  i  throughout :  as 

Grained  (1  syl.),  grain'-ing,  grain'^^r.    Grains,  refuse  of 

malt  after  brewing.    Grain,  purple  dye. 

French  grain,  granuler,  granulaiionf  gramUe;  Latin  grdn%mi,  grdn- 
n^bfium,  gran'tfer.     **  Granivorons  "  ia  granpm  voro,  to  eat  gndn. 

OramineooB  (not  graminious.  Role  Ixvi.),  gra.mXn\e.iis,  grassy ; 
graminivorous,  gram\tn.%v'\o.riis,  grass-eating. 

GraminacesB,  grSm-An.d".se.e,  the  order  of  plants  called 

grasses  {-acea  (in  Bot.),  denotes  an  order  of  plants). 
Lat  grdnun,  gen.  gr^mXnif,  grdmineus,  "graminlTorons"  (voro,  to  eat). 
Grtrn'm^   (double   m),  gzamma'rian,    grammat'ic^  gram- 
mat'ical-ly,  grammaficise  (Rule  xxxi),  &c. 
Pr.  grarnvMire,  grammatical;  Lat.  grammaticus  (Gk.  gramma). 
Omnpug,  plu.  grampuses.  Rule  xxxiv.  (not  grampi),  a  fish. 

A  oorraption  of  French  grand-poisson,  great  fish  fgrampoitej. 
Chanary,  plu.  granaries,  gran'.a.riz ;  gran'nlate.     (See  Grain. ) 

Qnnd-father,  -mother,  plu.  grand-fathers,  rniotheis.   Parents' 

parents  to  parents'  children. 

French  oompoonds  adapted :  gravd-v^e,  grandmire. 
Latin  granaiSf  remote,  as  oevurp,  grande,  a  remote  age. 

Gnndflon,  -rclaughter,  plu.  grand-sons,  -daughters.     Sons 

and  daughters  children  tp  sons'  and  daughters'  parents. 
The  French  say  "petit":  petit  fits,  petite-filU, 


414  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Orandchild,  plu,  grand-children,  -teMt.dri^. 
Formed  on  the  same  hiodel ;  no  corresponding  word  In  French. 

Orand-jury,  plu.  grand-jniiea,  -ju'.r^,  the  jury  which  de- 
cides whether  or  not  there  is  safficient  prima  facie 
evidence  of  gnilt  in  an  accused  to  be  worth  **  triaL" 

Petit-jnry,  plu.  petit-jnries,  pef.ty  j'S'.rfe,  an  ordinary  jury. 

Bpeoial  jury,  plu.  special  juries,  a  jury  for  a  special  cause. 

Grandee,  grcm.de\    (Spanish  grande^  a  nobleman.) 

Grandeur,  gr&n'.djury  devation.    (French  grandewr,) 

Grandiloquent,  granMV .o.quent,  pompous  iu  language;  gran- 
diloquent-ly ;   grandiloquence,  ^an*dU\o.quence, 
Lat.  Qra/n^Siadqiuntia  (grandia  loqwnSf  gen:  laquentis,  grand  talking^ 
Granite,  gran'.U,  so  called  from  its  granular-crystalline  compo- 
sition and  appearance;  granitic,  grdn,%fAk, 
French  granite  graniUque;  Latin  grdnum,  grain. 
Grtoular,  gran\u.lar;  gran'ulate,  &e,    {See  Grain.) 

Graphic,  grdf.lk,  life-like,  delineated;  graphical,  grSf.i.kal; 
graphlcal-ly.    (The  -ph-  points  to  a  Greek  word.) 
Latin  graphicus;  Greek  grdphihoa  {grdpho,  to  write  or  drawX 
Graphite,    graf.ite,   black-lead,  or  rather  carburet    of  iron. 
GraphoUte,  grd.f.o.l%te^  slate  fit  for  school. uses. 
-if«,  like  8ton)9 ;  -UfU,  stone ;  Greek  Vlihoa,  grapho,  to  write  or  draw. 
Grapnel,  grdp'.nMj  a  small  anchor  with  four  or  five  flukes. 

Grapple,  grap\p%  to  struggle  [followed  \ijw%tK\;  grsp'pli 

(2  syl.),  grap'pling,  grappling-irons,  grap'pler. 
French  grapin  or  grappin^  a  grapnel,  a  straggle. 
Grass  {noun)^  graze  {verb),  to  feed  on  grass;  similarly 
glaze  (Bule  li.);  plu.  grass'-es  (Bule  zzziv.), 
grassl-ness  (Rule  xi.) 

Grass,  to  cover  with  grass ;  graze  (1  syL),  to  feed  <m.  

grassed  (1  syl.),  grassMng;   grazed  (1  syL),  grai'-iBg::^^! 
grazier,  gra'.zhery  one  who  pastures  and  rears  cattle. 
Old  English  gcera  or  gr<E$,  grass ;  grai^ian\,  to  gran ;  g»w  Jkypa. 
Grate  (1  syl.),  a  fire-stove,  to  rasp.    Great,  grates  large. 

Grat^-er,  a  rasp,  one  who  grates.    Greater,  grS^.tiSr, 
grat-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  grat'-ing  (Rule  riz.), 


(I 


Grate"  ^a  stove),  Ital.  grata;  Lat.  er^e»,  a  hmdl^  crate,  or 


Grate  "  (to  rasp),  French  graiter^  to  scratch.    {Su  Sole  Infl.) 
Grateful,  grate'. ful  (R.  viii.),  thankful,  agreeable ;  grate'ftil- 

Gratify,  grdt'.i.fy,  to  please ;  gratifies,  grSfXfvie  ;  giai 
ted,  grdf.tfide ;  giVkUAeTf  grSf.tft,^;    graftfjr-: 
gratification,  grdf.tfi.kay".8hiin,  pleasure. 

Gracious,  prd'.s7i'il8)kmd[\.^  disused ;  gra'dona-ly. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  415 

Ctefttltiide,  g^rijX XXadi^  thankfnliiefls.    {Ste  Ckatis.) 

Liftin  groiui^  qrcMifMiM,  grati/%edfri,  grati6nt$,  gratUUdo, 
htMM^  grff,Pi88,  for  nothing ;  gratnitoiis,  grd.t&\i.tut,  free  [gift] ; 
gratn'itoiukly,  withont  compensation,  without  proof. 

Gxatnity,  plu.  gratuities,  grd.ta'.{.tu,  a  donation. 

Let  ffrttMltfU,  grdtit  (it.,  grdfot,  for  thaakt  only) ;  Fr.  ifraHa. 
hnnrwadEe,  the  German  way  of  writing  graywaoke  (q.v.) 

hraTannen,  plu.  gravamina  or  gravamens,  grS.vay'.rrUfn,  pin. 
grS.vay\mi.Tulh  or  gra.vay'.mSnZy  cause  of  complunt, 
chiefly  used  in  ecclesiasticid  matters. 
Latbi  i/ravdmeny  pin.  grmvan^na,  a  grievance  (0Tav(«X 
hrave  (1  syl.X  a  place  of  interment,  solemn,  to  carve. 

Grave  {jurnn),  plu.  graves  (1  syL)  Graves,  food  for  dogs. 
Gveaves,  greevz,  leg-armour.  Grieves,  greevz,  laments. 
GitkYe^dbM,  grave-digg'er,  grave-stone,  grave- yard. 

Grave  (adj.),  grav-er  (eomp.),  grav-est  («fp«r.X  grave'-ly, 
grave'aioss.  Gravity,  plu.  gravities,  grav\ttiz.  "  Grav- 
fty"  (seriousness)  has  no  plural.    {See  Gravitate.) 

Grave  (verb),  graved  (1  syL),  grfiv'.Jng,  grav'-er,  a  tool  for 

engraving,  one  who  engraves,     l^gra'vlng,  a  picture 

engraved,  using  a  graving  tool.    Grav'.en  (a^f.),  chiefly 

usSd  in  coignnc'tion  with  "  images":  as  graven  images. 

.  "  Grave**  (for  intermentX  Old  EnglUh  grotf,  also  a  ffraving-tooL 
"Grave" (adj.).  French  grave,  gravity :  Latin  grdvU,  grdtiUu. 
" Grave"  (verb),  French  grwver;  Latin graphiSf  the  art  of  engraving ; 
grapMum,  ao  iron  pen;  (Greek  grdpho,  to  write,  &c.) 

Zftv'el  (noun  and  verb);  gravelled,  grav\eld;   grav'ell.ing, 
grav^eUly,  K.  iii.,  -el.    (Ft.  gravier,  gravelle,  the  malady.) 

layea  (1  syl.)t  should  he  greves,  refuse  of  a  melting  pot,  made 

into  dogs'  food.     Greaves,  greeuz,  armour  for  the  legs. 

Grieves,  greevz,  laments  (Srd  sing.  pres.  ind»  of  Grieve) ; 

Graves.    (See  Grave.) 

" Graves'*  (dogs'  food).  Danish  grever,  residttnm  of  tallow,  fibrous 

naudaB  of  lard.    "Grave,"  Anglo-Saxon  grcff. 
"  Greaves  "  (leg  armoorX  Spanish  grevas.    "  Grieve,"  French  gr^f. 

XAviiate,  grdv\i.tate,  to  tend  towards  a  material  body  by  at- 
traction ;     grav'itat-ed,    grav'itat-ing ;     gravitation, 
grSv'.i.tay".shun;  gr&Yity,  plu.  gr&YiUeB,  grSv'.X.tU. 
Fc  gravUer,  gravitation,  graviU;  Lat.  grdvWu  (gravis,  heavy). 
x»vy«  plu,  gravies,  grd'.vy,  grd\viz,  the  juice  of  cooked  meat. 

Saae  as  grows  (dogs'  food).    Danish  grever,  residaum  of  lard. 
«ay  or  Grey,  (comp,)  gray'-er,  (super.)  gray^.est,  gray^-ish 
('ish  added  to  adj.  is  dimmutive,  added  to  nouns  it  means 
"  like") ;  gray'-beard,  gray'.ness.    (Old  Eng.  grdg,  gray.) 

feayhound  (better  than  greyhound),  the  hound  that  hunts  tkek 
gray  or  badger  without  being  trained  to  do  %o. 


416  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Graywacke,  gray,wak\y^  a  kind  of  sazidstone.  (Germ.  ^annDoeke,) 

Graze  (1  syl.),  to  pasture;  grazed  (1  syl.),  graZidng;   graz'-er, 
an  animal  sent  to  graze ;  grazier,  grdy'jsh^,  one  who 
pastures  and  rears  cattle.    Glazier,  see  Glaaa. 
Old  English  gr<Ulian\,  to  grase.    {See  Or^BS.) 
Grease,  (noun)  greece  ;  (verb)  greaze  (Bule  li.),  teA,  to  smear  with 
grease;   greas^y,  gree'-zy  (not  gree\cy);    greaa^Unesi, 
greas'i-ly  (s  =  z).    Greece,  the  country  89  called. 
French  ffrcviaset  graisser;  Latin  crasnUy  fat  (Greek  hride). 
Great,  large.    Grate,  a  stoye,  to  rasp.    Greet,  to  salnte. 

Great,  grat$  (not  greet),  eomp.  great-er,  ^per.  gir^V-est 

Old  English  i/reat^  qreaines^  greatness. 

"  Grate  "  (to  rasp),  Fr.  gratter.    (A  stove),  ItaL  firroto,  Lst.  erofes. 

"  Greet "  (to  salute).  Old  English  0rl([an],  to  bid  welcome. 

Greaves,  greevzy  leg-armour.     Grieves,  greevz,  laments. 

Graves  (better  greves),  dog's  food.    Graves  (1  syL),  places 

for  interment.    {See  Grief.) 

**  Greares  **  Spanish  ffrevcu.    "  Grieres,"  French  gritf. 
"  Graves  "  (dog's  food),  Danish  grever»  residuum  of  fat.    "GfavM,'*' 
Anglo-Saxon  f/rafcu. 

Green,  a  colour ;  green^-ish  (-ish  a4ded  to  adj.  is  dim.),  green- 
ness (double  n).    Greens  (no  sin^.),  cabbages  dressed  fo:^ 
food;  green-gage  (2  syl.),  a  sort  of  plum;  greeiuswaiA^ 
a  gras^  lawn ;  green-tea ;  8cheele*s  green,  a  pigments 
green-grocer,  a  dealer  in  fruits  and  vegetables. 
Old  English  grine^  grimnes,  greenness ;  v.  griniiem}. 
Greet,  to  salute.    Great,  grate,  large.    Grate,  a  fire  stove. 
Greet'i-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  greet'.ing,  greef-er.  Great^er, 
"Greet/*  Old  English  gri^an],  past  gretfe,  past  part  grit,  gritvmq^ 
Gregarious,  gre.gair'i^.us,  living  in  herds  (-toiw  not  -eous, 
cause  "  herd  "  is  an  abstract  noun),  greg^aiioasjj,  Ac. 
Latin  grggdrius  (grex,  gen.  grifgis,  a  flock  or  herdX 
Gregorian,  gre.gofrl.an,  a^j.  of  Greg'ojiy. 

Grenade,  gre.ndde',  an  instrument  of  war;  grenadier,  grlSnf^ 

deef  (not  gran\a.deer^),  one  of  the  Grenadier  Gourds,  ^ 

called  because  at  one  tune  employed  to  throw  grenad<^   ^' 
Grenado,  plu.  grenadoes,  gre.nah\doze.    (A  blunder  for  flc==he 

Spanish  granada,  plu.  granadas.) 
Fr.  grenade,  grenadier;  ItaL  grenata,  grenadiere;  Spaa,  gnmadc^^^ 
Grey  or  gray,  (comp.)  grey'-er  or  gray-er,  (super.)  gx^-est^    ^ 
gray-eslt,  grey  Jsh  or  gray  jsh.    (Anglo-Saxon  m^.) 
The  followihg  (ire  spelt  with  "  e,"  not  "  a." 

Grey-hound  (the  canis  graius).    Old  English  grig'k6nd^ 

This  is  a  blunder  for  Orayhound,  the  badger-hound,  eo  called 
(unUke  other  dogs)  it  will  hunt  the  gray  or  badger  wtthout 
trained  to  do  ao. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  417 

The  Scotch  Greys  or  The  Oreys,  the  2nd  dragoons.     So 
called  because  they  are  mounted  on  grey  horses. 

Oiey-wetheiB,  -weth'.'rSj  huge  boulders  near  Avebury. 

Grey  Friars,  Franciscan  Mars  (who  wear  a  grey  habit). 

Gridiron,  grid\%.ront  &  grated  frame  for  broHin^  food. 

Welflh  greidell,  a  griddle,  of  which  "  gridinm  "  is  a  corruption. 

Grief^  gre€f(Rxjle  y.)»  sorrow;  plu,  giiefii  (Rule  xxxix.) 

Grieve,  greev,  to    mourn    (Rule    li.);    grieved,   greevd ; 
^ev'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  griev'-er,  griev'.ance ;  grievous, 
gree'.vUs;  griev'ous-ly,  griev'ous-ness. 
French  griff;  Latin  uravia^  heavy ;  y.  grdvcLre,  to  put  to  pain. 

Griffon  or  griffin,  ^H/'./Tn,  a  fabulous  animal. 

French  griffon;  Latin  gryp8  or  gryphut;  Greek  gn^a,  gea.  grupoa. 

Grin  (Rule  y.),  a  grate,  to  broil;  grilled  (1  syl.),  grill^-ing. 
French  griUer,  to  broil  (gril,  Le.,  nn  trellis  de  fer). 

Grilse,  gHls,  a  salmon  not  fully  grown.    (Scotch.) 

Grim,  fierce-looking;  (eomp.)  grimm'-er,  (super,)  grimm'-est 
(Rule  i.),  grim'-ly,  grim'-ness.    Grime  (1  syl,),  dirt. 
Old  English  grim  or  grimm,  horrible  in  aspect :  grimlic,  grimly. 

Grimace,  gri,mace'  (Fr.),  a  distortion  of  face,  to  make  a  grimace ; 
grimaced'  (2  syL),  grimac'-ing  (R.  six.),  grimac'-er. 

Grimalkin,  gri.mSV.kiny  an  old  cat. 

**  MaUdn,*'  a  Moll  or  female  cat,  the  male  being  Tom.  When  the 
cat  meWs,  the  Witch  in  "  Macbeth "  calls  out,  "  I  come,  Gray- 
malkin."  (1 1.) 

Grime  (1  syl.),  dirt,  to  foul  with  dirt ;  ^imed  (1  syl.),  grim-ing 

(Rule  xix.) ;  grim-y,  gri'.my ;  gri'mi-ly,  gri'mi-ness. 

Old  TgngHah  hr&m  01  hrym,  soot ;  hrAmig  or  hrymig,  sooty. 

Crin,  gr^,  a  snarling  smile,  to  smile  scornfully ;  grinned,  gfind. 
grinn'-ing  (R.  i.),  grinn'ing-ly,  grinn'-er.    {See  Grind.) 
Old  English  grinvJiian],  past  grinnode,  past  part,  grinned. 

Ctrind,  grinds  (past)  ground,  (past  part.)  ground;  grmd'-ing, 
to  reduce  to  powder  by  friction,  to  rub  [the  teeth]  toge- 
ther; gi^d-er;  grind-stone,  often  called  ^rind-stone. 
Old  English  grindian},  past  grand,  past  part,  grunden. 

Orip,  gripf  a  grasp,  a  fast  hold,  to  give  a  grip ;  gripped,  gript; 
gripp-ing  (Rule  i.),  gripp'ing-ly,  gripp'-er. 

Gripe,  gripe  (R.  li.)»  to  grasp;  griped,  grip'-ing,  grip'-er. 

••  Grip,"  Old  liig.  griopian],  to  lay  hold  of ;  past  griopte,  p.  p.  griop$, 
"Gripe,"  Old  Eng.  gripian],  past  grdp,  past  part,  gripen;  n.  gripa. 

Oiisette,  grijsSf  (French),  jeune  ouvri^re  coquette  et  galsAft. 

It  meant  one  who  wears  a  gray  or  russet  gown  ^grisette). 

2d 


418  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Grialy,  griz'dy.    Grizzly,  griz'.ly.    OxisUy,  gHs'.ly, 

Grisly,  hideous.    Grizzly,  grayish.     Gristly,  cartilaginous. 
Grisly;  grisli-ne8B»  grisdtness,  hideousness. 
Grizzly;  grizzll-ness,  a  stubbly  state  of  half-gray  hair^ 
Gristle ;  gristli-ness,  the  state  of  being  cartilaginous. 

''  Grisly/'  Old  English  pialie.    "  Grisde,"  French  ^rU,  gray. 
"  Gristle,''  Old  EngUsh  grista. 

Grist,  gi^tf  oom  for  grinding.     Bringing  grkt  to  tbe  mill, 
bringing  gain  or  profitable  work.    (Old  English  grist.) 

Gristle,  ym%  cartilage;  gristly,  ^rlsM^, cartilaginous ;  gxistli- 
ness,  gri8\ii.ne88  (Bule  xi.)    {See  Grisly.) 
Old  English  gristel,  gristel-bdn,  the  gristle-bone. 
Grit,  grit,  the  coarse  part  of  meal,  sand ;  gritf -y  (B.  L),  grittl- 
ness  (R.  xi.)    Grits,  grUz,  prepared  barley  for  ptisan. 
Old  English  gryt,  fine  flour,  mill-dust ;  grut,  yrtet^i  or  barley  meaL 
Grizzle,  griz\z%  grey  [hair]  mixed  with  black ;  grizzled,  gifiz^a'l 
Grizzly,    somewhat   gray.      Grisly,    griz\ly,    hideouB. 
Grist-ly,  gristly,  cartilaginous.    Grizzli-ness.    (Fr.  ym.T^ 

Groan,  grone,  a  cry  of  anguish.    Grown,  increased  in  size. 

Ghroan,  to  utter  a  cry  of  anguish ;  groaned,  grdnd;  groan— ^ 

ing,  grone.ing ;  groan'ing-ly,  gxoon-ftil  (Rule  Yin.) 

Old  English  grdnian],  past  gnbude,  past  part  gntned;  grdmntmg. 

Groat,  grawtf  an  ancient  piece  of  silver  coin  worth  fourpenc 

Our  modem  coins  are  called  "  Four-penny  bits  or  pieces. 

German  grot  (4d.X  a  great  penny,  because  pnov  to  the  odnteg  • 

groats  by  Edward  III.  our  largest  silver  coin  was  a  penny. 
"  Groat "  (a  small  sum),  Old  English  grdt  or  gredt,  a  particle,  alom. 

Groats,  grotz,  also  called  grits,  oats  prepared  for  ptisan. 

Old  English  griLt,  wheat  or  barley  meal ;  gryt,  fine  ^nr. 
Grocer,  grd'.cer,  a  dealer  in  grocery.    Grosser,  grS^xer^ 

Grocery,  plu.  groceries,  gro'^^.r^,  housekeeper's  stores. 

GreeUi-g^rocer,  a  dealer  in  fruits  and  vegetables. 

German  graasirer,  a  wholesale  merchant ;  FrencSi  groMtiia, 
Grog,  grdg,  spirit  and  water,  originally  applied  to  mm  and 
cold  without  sugar;  grogg'-y  (Rule  i.),  tipsy;  grog'( 

Admiral  Vernon  was  called  Old  Orog  because  he  wore  on  dedu        J^ 


rough  weather  a  grogram  cloak.    He  was  the  first  to  serve  wsfesiC   ^ 
the  rum  on  board-diip,  and  the  mixture  acquired  his  nidauune..- 

Grogram,  a  coarse  stiff  taffety.  (LtskLgrossagranaf  Span.^otn^offK-'^i') 

Groin,  groyn,  part  of  the  human  body;  groined <1  syiX  hav^-^^^ 
an  angidar  curve  formed  by  the  intersection  of  two  arok^-  ^^ 

Groom  (I  syl.),  one  who  has  charge  of  a  horse,  to  tend  and  d^'f^ 

a  horse ;  groomed  (1  syl.),  groom'-ing.    Groom  of  ;^T? 

Stole,  keeper  of  the  ro.val  state  robes.  (Gk.  iloM,  a  ro'K'^^ 

Old  £ng.  gumat  a  man.   Qum-cynn,  mankind ;  Low  JsL 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  4l9 

Groore  (1  syLX  a  fmrow,  to  fhrrow.     Grove,  grdve^  a  small 
forest;  grooved  (1  syl.),  groov'Jng  (Rule  xix.) 
leelao.  grocif;  Old  Bng.  grout,  a  graye.    "Grove,**  Old  Eng.  gr^f. 

.Grope,  grope,  to  search  by  feeling.    GrOnp,  groop^  to  arrange  in 

batdies.     Groped  (1  syl.))  felt  in  the  (iai^k|  grouped, 

groopt,  arranged  in  a  group.    Grop'^-ing  (R.  kix.),  search. 

ing  in  the  dark ;  grouping,  groop\ing,  arranging  ih  groups. 

Gx6p'-er,  one  who  gropes ;  group-er,  one  ^ho  groups. 

Old  BngUsh  grdp[iafi\,  past  grdpede,  post  part  griipecU 
"Group,'*  French  grouptf  v.  grouper. 

GiOflB,  grose  (not  grS8\  fat,  thick,  coarse,  unrefined,  whole  or 
entire,  twelve  dozen ;  grofls'Jy,  groBs'-nese. 

A  GroflB,  1^  doz.;  A  great  Gross,  ll2  doz. 

To  sell  or  buy  in  the  gross,  the  whole  lot  just  as  it  comes; 
by  the  gross,  one  whole  lot  where  there  are  several  lots. 
GzOM  weight,  the  entire  weight  including  casks,  dross,  &c. 
Taie,  the  weight  of  casks,  packages,  and  so  on. 
TrSt,  the  weight  of  dross  and  refuse. 
NSt,  the  real  weight  with  tare  and  tret  deducted. 

To  "buy  or  sell  wholesale  in  large  quantities  [to  sell  again], 

as  a  whole  pipe  of  wine,  a  whole  cargo  of  goods. 
To  buy  or  sell  by  retail^  in  small  quantities  [for  use]. 

Vr.  groa;  Sjian.  groterO;  ItaL  grosso;  Low  Lat.  groaaum;  {venditio 

in  grossOf  selling  by  wholeaale);  Lat.  ercuaiu,  fat,  thick. 
Twelve  dom,  Frenek  groaae,  demi-gros»e,  six  doxeiL 

Grot,  grbt  or  Grotto,  plu.  grottos,  grdf.tdze,  a  garden  cave. 
Old  English  grtU;  Italian  grotta;  Frencih  grotte. 

Grotesque,  grod^V  (French),  whimsical,  outr6;  groteaqjae^ly; 
grotesque-ness,  gro.tisk\ness. 

Outrfi  ornaments  such  as  were  employed  in  the  tldrteeafii  eeHtory  to 
ornament  garden  caves  and  bowers. 

Cround  (1  syL),  the  earth,  did  grind,  to  lay  on  the  ground,  to 
stick  fast  [as  a  ship  in  shallow  water],  to  teach  the  first 
principles,  (in  Paint.)  the  first  colour;  ground'-ed, 
gxound'-ing;  ground'-age,  toll  for  lymg  in  port;  ground'- 
mig,  a  fish  that  keeps  to  the  bottom  of  the  water,  hence 
the  dregs  of  the  people ;  ground'-leas,  without  founda- 
tion ;  groundless-ly,  groundless-ness.  Grdunds,  dregs, 
landed  property,  land  in  occupation  (no  sing.) 
Ground-floor,  the  basement  floor  of  a  house.  The  first- 
floor,  aU  the  rooms  above  the  basement  floor.  The 
seoond  floor,  the  fiat  over  the  first-fioor. 

In  France  the  gronnd-floor  is  called  "le  rez-de-chau86e*'=2e  rid 
aft^.ay,  above  which  is  a  low  flat  called  the  "entre-sol,"  and  the 
floors  f Stages)  begin  from  the  entresol.  Thus  persons  wlxo  ^-^^ 
"an  premier"  (o  prinx'.e.ay)  occupy  the  first  flat  &\)ov«\k««uX¥«- 


420  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

8ol;  those  who  live  "an  swson<di"  (o  t^kOne)  occupy  the  seoond  flat 
above  the  en^e-«o{,  and  so  on. 

A  floor  is  also  called  a  storey  {8tgv^ry\  but  great  diversitj 
of  opinion  exists  on  the  use  of  ^is  word.  Some,  like 
the  Americans,  call  a  house  with  ground  floor  and  a  flat 
above^  a  "two  storey  house,"  and  a  house  with  three 
tiers  of  windows  (above  the  ground)  a  "three  storey 
house,"  while  others  begin  the  storey  with  the  first  floor, 
and  call  a  house  with  two  rows  of  windows  a  "  one-storey 
house,"  and  a  house  with  ^ound  floor  and  two  flats  above 
it,  a  "  two-storey  house."  Probably  the  mtgorily  would 
reckon  every  row  of  windows  between  the  basement  and 
the  eaves  a  "  storey"  (but  not  &flat.) 

To  gain  ^ound,  to  advance.    To  lose  ground,  to  recede. 

Old  Eng.  grand;  grundleas,  groundless :  groundkaslice,  gronndlesslj. 

Groundsel,  ground' M  (not  groundsil),  the  plant  s^ecio. 

Old  English  grund-twelige,  the  ground-swlller,  so  called  because  it 
greatly  infests  and  imimverishes  the  soiL  Called  in  Latin  «Aiecio 
(from  seosex,  an  old  mai)),  because  of  its  downy  head. 

Group  (1  syl.),  a  cluster,  to  form  a  groupe.    Grope,  to  feel  one's 
way  in  the  dark ;   grouped  (1  syl.),  arranged  in  group ; 
group-ing,  group-er.    Groped,  gropt^  searched  for  in  the 
dark ;  grop'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  grop'-er. 
French  groupe,  v.  grouper.    **  Grope,"  Old  English  grdp[ianl 

Grouse,  grouce,  the  heath-cock.    Grows,  grdzst  doth  grow. 

Grout,  coarse  meal,  plaster  for  walls,  to  grout;  grout'-ing. 

Old  English  gnit,  wheat  or  barley  meal,  grout. 
.Grove,  grdvCj  a  small  forest.    Groove,  groov,  a  channel. 

.  Old  Eng.  grro?/;  Low  Latin  grova  (a  grove).    Icelandic  groof^  a  groo' 
iGrovel,  gr5v'%  to  act  meanly;   grov'elled  (2  syl.),  giov^ell-e: 
grov'ell-ing  (R.  iii.),  part,  and  adj.,  mean  in  character. 

Icelandic  gruva;  Chaucer  uses  groff^  flat  on  the  ground. 
Gr5w,  {past.)  grew,  {past  part.)  grown.    Groan,  grdne  [of  pain^ 

Grow,  to  increase  in  size,  to  vegetate ;  grow^-ing,  grow' 

Growth,  increase  from  growing. 

Pld  Eng.  9r(^[an],  past  greow,  past  part,  (jnthoen,  growntt,  growth. 
Growl,  an  angry  snarl,  to  grumble ;  growled  (1  syL),  growl'-i 
growl'ing-ly,  growl'-er.    (French  grouiUer,  to  rumble. 

Grub,  a  maggot,  food  {slang)^  to  dig  with  the  hands ;   gmbl 
(1  syl.),  grubb-ing  (Rule  i.) ;  grubb'-er. 
German  grube,  a  ditch ;  grviben,  to  make  holes,  to  dig. 

Grudge  (1  syl.),  reluctance,  to  feel  reluctance ;  gmdged  (1  sy 
gmdg^-ing  (Rule  xix.),  grudg'ing-ly,  gmdg'-er. 
Welsh  gncgnachu,  to  murmur ;  gnognachiad,  a  murmuring. 
6l2iiel,  gru'M  (not  grulc),  oaAmeal  porridge.    (Welsh  grual) 


AND  OF  SPELLING^  4>1 


Graff  (B.v.)»  harsh,  surly;  gntfT-ly,  gntfT-nettt.    (Welsh  ^rw/f.) 

Grumble,  grumf.h%  to  mtirmur;  grumbled,  ^tumWld;  grum'- 
bling,  gnim1)liiig-ly,  grom'bler. 
Welsli  gr^om^  A  maimur,  with  dim.    French  grvmm€leT,  ffrtnnmeleux. 
Onimoiu,  grU^.mus,  dotted.    (Fr.  grumeleiix;  Lat.  grumus.) 

Gnmt  (noun  and  verb),  gnmf-ed,  gnmf-ing,  grtint'-dr. 

Old  English  grufilan] ;  Welsh  grvmg,  to  grunt. 

Grjrphflaa,  gri,fee'iah,  a  sub  genus  of  fossil  oysters. 

Chryphite,  grCf^te,  a  specimen  of  the  above  sub-order. 

Lfttin  gryphltes;  Or$ek  grupos,  hooked,  ^he  beak  of  the  shell  is 
carved  (-<sa  in  Oeol.  denotes  a  sub-genus). 

Gnaiacam,  gwai\a.kum,  better  gwa,d\kum,    (Spanish  guayaco.) 

Giittno,  gwdh\no,  the  dung  of  sea-fowls.    (Spanish.) 

Ouanuitee,  ga'/rdn,tee'  (occasionally  gnar'luity),  one  who  war- 
rants to  perform  a  promise,  the  promise  itself,  to  make 
the  promise;  g^uaianteed,  ^a/ran-^^ed^*  gri^ar^aiitee'-ing. 
(Words  ending  with  any  two  vowels,  except  -ue-,  retain 
both  when  -ing  is  added.  Obs.  only  one  r. 
A  disglracefnl  French-looking  word.    We  ought  to  have 

Guarantor,  the  person  who  stipulates,  the  warrantor. 
Guarantee,  the  person  to  whom  the  promise  is  made. 
Chiarant,  the  assurance,  the  warrant.    ' 
Guaranty,  guarantied,  g^aranty-ing,  the  verb. 
ttehch  gua/rantie,  t.  gtuirantir. 

Guard,  gardj  defence,  a  body  of  men  for  defence,  to  protect ; 
goard'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  guard'-ing,  guar'ded-ly. 

Guardian,  ga'/.dtdn;  g^nar^dian-Bhip ;   gnard'-able. 

The  Guards,  the  household  troops ;  guards-man,  a  soldier 
of  The  Guards.    Van-guard,  the  guard  in  advance  of 
the  army ;  Bear-guard,  the  guard  behind  the  army. 
ItaL  g%ujTda/re;  Span,  gua/rdar;  Old  Eng.  tdeOrd,  v.  foeardiian]. 
Gnaya,  gwdh\vahy  a  tropical  fruit    (Spanish  guayaha,) 
dudgeon,  gud'.juUt  a  small  fish.    (French  goujon.) 
€hielder-rose,  geV.dSrrdze  (not  gil\der\  the  snowball  tree. 

Thero«e<2e6u«2cEres,i.e.,  of  the  ancient  duchy  of  Ouelderland  (Holland). 

dielphs  and  Ghibellines,  Guelfs  and  GWMMnz,  two  factions 

of  Italy  (11th  to  14th  century).     The  former  espoused 

the  papal  cause,  and  the  latter  the  imperial. 

At  the  battle  of  Weinsberg,  in  Suabia  (1140),  Conrad,  duke  of  Fran- 
conia,  rallied  his  followers  with  the  war-cry  Hie  WaihUngen! 
while  Henry,  the  Lion,  duke  of  Saxony,  nsed  the  cry  of  Hie  ive^fe 
(the  IFamily  names  of  the  two  chiefs). 

^^''oirdon,  guf.don,  reward.    (French  gtierdoUt  v.  gUrCTdonucT.') 


422  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

—  -  ,1111.  i.  I  " 

Guerilla,  gweM'.ldh,  [war]  by  skirnnghes.   (Should  be  gOBnOlft.) 
Spai^  IjwerriUa,  %  skirmish  (gvb&rrvk,  war,  t.  gMwrwr). 

OnesB  (Bale  y.)>  ^  copj^ture,  to  eoi^eotnre;    f^iuawd,  ^ht 
(Gnert,  a  visitor) ;  gneas^'ting,  gaeflB^iog-^,  g«eH'-«r. 

Danish  gisae^  to  guess ;  Old  Enflish  (|fMC0[ai»l,  to  explain. 
Oueet,  g^t,  a  visitor.    Onessed,  g^i,  discovered  by  guessing. 

Gtest,  jest^  a  feat,    ^est,  a  joke. 

014  Eng.  ««<,  gaut.  or  gysf  /  Welsh  gnoesf,  a  visit ;  onoesfoi,  a  fUto 
" Qest/  A*.  9esto;  Lat.  gtola,    "  Jest,**  Bpan.  cbisfa.  fun,  wittkba 

Onide,  gide,  a  director,  to  direct ;  gnid'^ed  (B.  zxxtL),  gnid'-iBg 
(R,  xix.),giiid'-anoe,  gnid'-ahle;  guide-book,  guLde-lea. 

Fr.  gruider/  Low  Lat.  guida;  Germ.  CiMg]iMi50r,  a  gijide,  a  teste. 
Guild,  gUd,  a  corporate  body.    Gild,  to  cover  with  leaf-gold. 

Old  IBnglish  g$ld  or  gild,  a  society  (geldan,  to  payX   "GOd,"  fOdN- 
Guilder,  ^l^.^f^,  a  Dutch  "  florin."    Gilder,  one  who  gflds. 

Guile,  giU,  deceit;  guile'-fnl  (Rule  Tiii,),  srdle'ftil-ly,  gidle'- 
fol-ness,  guileMesB,  guile^ees-ly,  guUeleBB-neM. 

Old  SngUah  vnU,  gn^tinest. 

Guillotine,  gU\lo,teen  (not  guilotins),  a  decapitating  machine,  to 

decapitate  therewith ;  guillotined  (3  syL),  guillotiii-iBg> 

80  named  from  Dr.  Joseph  Ignaoe  Gnillotln,  who,  in  1791,  gmtlf 
Improved  the  old  Italian  manrufjck. 

Guilt,  gUt,  crime.    Gil^  covered  with  leaf^ld.    Oiiitt.y,  fit^Jg; 
guiltl-ness  (Rule  xi.),  guUri-ly,  guilf-lew,  Sul 
''Goilt,"  Old  English  ayK,9y{«{0,gnUty.    **aUi.*'9aded4uAgOd»^ 
Guinea,  gin'ny  (g  hard).    A  gold  coin  s:  Sis.,  not  in  use. 

Guinea-pig,  gin'.ny  pig ;  guinea-hen,  guinea-fowL 

The  gold  pieces  coined  of  the  gold-dust  from  the  Orae  Oos#  Chsd^ 
in  Guinea  (Af rioa),  captured  from  the  DuU^  by  Sir  H.  HolM%  IM 

Guipure,  gip.part'   (not   gwe.pwref),  an   imitation   old  )»»'* 
guipeuse,  gip.paze^,  one  who  makes  guipure;  IfBtot^ 
gip\per,  to  make  guipure ;  guip'ered  (2  syL),  gi^fm* 
A  French  corruption  of  the  English  word  whip. 
Guise,  gize,  deceptive  dress;  guisards,  gl'jserU,  masqaenden. 

French  guise;  Welsh  gtoisg,  dress. 
Guitar,  gS.tar^,  a  stringed  instrument  of  music. 

French  guitare;  Italian  chitarra;  Latin  cUhara;  GnekhUhK^ 
Gules  (1  syl.)  In  Her,  denotes  red  (represented  by  upright  lin*)' 

French  gueuUi,  red ;  Latin  gula,  [red  like]  the  gullet. 
Gulf,  plu,  gulfs.     (All  other  words  in  -{f  form  their  pltml  ^7 
chauging  -If  to  -ves :  as  "  calf^"  calveg ;  "  hiJfi  *«^; 
"elf,"  elves;   "self,"  selves;   "shelf,"  shelves;  "wt^ 
wolves ;  Rule  xxxviii.) 
French  goffi ;  Qreeik  leolpos,  «k\MWMn.Qc  bay. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  423 

0uU  (Rule  y.),  a  sea-bird,  a  simpleton,  to  cheat ;  gulled  (1  syl.). 
gnllMng,  gnll'-ible;  fs^^-^WXt^,  gia\iMV\i,ty.  {-able 
and  -ability  would  be  more  consistent) 

Welsh  gwylaUf  a  gaU  or  lea-movr.  "OnU,'*  to  cheat,  ii  rwrj  limilAr 
to  the  German  btjan  Q^ellow  beak),  meaning  a  greenhorn. 

Wllbraham  says  aU  unfledged  nestlings  are  called  guUs,  from  their 
yellow  skin  and  beaks.    (Anglo-Sazon  geolOt  yellow.) 

Gullet,  gulMt^  the  inside  of  the  throat.    (Fr.  gouUt^  Lat.  giila.) 

Gnlly,  gul\ly,  a  channel  for  running  water;  gullied,  guV.lid, 
worn  by  running  water ;  golly-ihole. 
French  oou2er,  to  run ;  oovloir,  a  strainer,  a  drain. 
Olilp,  to  swallow  in  large  portions.    Oulf^  a  bay. 
Gulp' Jng,  gulp'ing JLy ;  gulped,  gUlpt, 
Danish  gulp^,  to  gnlp^  n.  gulp.    **  Otdf,"  a  bay,  Greek  Jbtflp^. 
Giiiii,  a  resin,  to  smear  with  gum ;  gummed,  gumd;  gumm'-ing 
(Bule  i.);  gumm'-y,  gumml-neas  (Rule  xi.) 

The  Gums,  the  fleshy  part  out  of  which  the  teeth  protrude. 

Latin  gummen  or  gufiMn,  also  gummis  and  gtmmi. 

"The  gums,**  Germ,  gawnen,  the  roof  of  the  mouth ;  Dan.  gwnme. 

Gun,  a  fire-arm ;  gun-bar'rel ;  gun-carriage,  -cartridge ;  gun- 
ootton;  gun-boat,  -bote;  gun-shot,  gun-smith,  gun- 
tackle,  gun-powder;  gunwale,  gun'JSl, 

Gnnn'-er  (Kale  i.),  one  appointed  over  guns;  gunn'-ery. 

To  blow  great  guns,  to  blow  very  violently. 
Welsh  (inm;  Low  Lat  gwivna;  Lat.  eanna;  6k.  Jbonna,  a  reed. 
6unter*B  chain,  a  surveyor's  measure,  66  feet  long,  (4  poles), 
divided  into  100  links :  100,000  of  which  forming  each 
side  of  a  square  would  inclose  a  acre  of  land. 
So  named  from  Edmund  Ounter,  of  Hertfordshire  (1680-1626). 
Qhirgle,  gur^.g'l,  to  purl;  gurgled,  gur^.g'ld;  gur'gling. 
Gnrgoyle,  gttT^.goyh  a  fantastic  stone  waterspout. 

Italian  gorgoglio^  a  purling ;  Latin  gurges.  a  whirlpooL 

'*  Gurgoyle  "  or  gargoyle,  French  gcvrgouule.    {See  Gargoyle.) 

Gush,  a  sudden  irruption,  to  rush  [as  water]  suddenly  and  vio- 
lently ;  gushed  (1  syl.),  gush'-ing,  gush''ing'-ly. 

Gust,  a  sudden  irruption  [of  wind] ;  gust'-y. 
German  giesaen,  to  gush  down. 
^Qaset,  gu8*.8it,  a  triangular  gore  let  into  garments. 

Welsh  cwygedf  a  gore  or  gusset ;  French  gotuset,  a  fob  or  gusset. 
^Sat,  a  sudden  blast  of  wind,  sense  of  relish ;   gusf-y,  windy ; 
gusfi-nesB  (Bule  xi.),  gusf i-ly. 

Gust  (relish),  gusf -able ;   gustatory,  gits'. ta.t^H.ry,  pertain, 
ing  to  the  organs  of  tasting.    Gusto,  gUce'do^  relish. 


Welsh  cwthvmt  ft  gast  or  squall. 
Gust"  (relish),  Fr.  goust  now goUt;  Lat  ^stus ;  ItaWva  gusto. 


<« 


Gutter,  gut^.ter,  a  chancel  foi  wat«r;   to  run  down 
tallow  or  wai  of  a.  candla],  to  form  a  gutter; 
g&C'.lerd :   gatter-ing. 
FreDch  ffouttOre  fgoviU,  m  drop  \  Lfttin  guUaJ. 
GutturaJ,  giilf.tv,r.al,  formed  in  the  tliFoat,  a  letter  1 
the  throat  (as  h,  with  e  and  g  before  a,  o,u,tt 
cut;    gall,  got,  gun.      The  sibilant  Boaad  of  e 
sound  of  g  before  e,  i,  was  introdaced  by  tb 
ntter  the  Conquest;    guttural-ly. 
Freoeb  futtwola;  lAtln  iniUiir,  Uw  tbnuit. 
Ony,  plu.  g^iys  (gi,  gin),  a  rope  to  gnide  and  itmj 
while  hoisting  or  lowering,  an  effigj  of  Gny  Fa 
dresaed  in  a  ridiculous  fa^on. 
Spudah  f  uio,  a  ^ulda ;  v.  ffuiar.    The  other  U  from  Qnj 
Guzzle,  jfiz'.i'i,  to  drink  greedily;  gnzxiei,  gufjld  ;  | 

guzzler.  (Ilsl.  gosioviglia,  v.  gonovigliime.) 
Hym murium,  i^(Tn.naji',it.uin,  a  school  for  athletic  eze 
Gymnastics,  djlm.nSt'Mki,  athletio  ezercisea  (Bnl 
Gynmas'tio  <a4i.)<  gpanntftictl-ly  (adv.) 
Oyin'iuuit,  one  who  teaches  gymnastics;  gynuu'i 
Lftlln  trv^oiuuium,  gymitatHc.  gvmi^tuHcat,  fram  th«  Qtt 
tion,  gwAiuuUi,  jHMuuMKWf,  tnunnonoKAii  (jpnimst, 

GynmOBperm,  djim'Mexperm  (in  Bot)    Applied  by  li 
certain  jjanta,  the  seeds  of  nbich  be  erronaonil 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  425 

Oreek  a/nir,  nuui :  the  "  pistils  "  he  called  gynia,  the  female  organs 
.  of  plants,  from  Oreek  §uni,  woman. 

"Oynandbria''  is  gutU  and  arUr  combined,  meaning  that  the  pistils 
and  stamens  are  consolidated  or  combined  in  one  column. 

Oypsam,  djip^m^  plaster  of  Paris  or  sulphate  of  lime. 

Lai  gyp$um,  wMte  lime :  Gk.  gUpaos.    (The  y  shows  it  to  be  Creek.) 

Oypsy^pbi.  gypsieB.    (5««  Oipsy.) 

Gyrate,  dfi\rate,  winding,  to  revolve  round  a  central  point; 
gyrat'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  gyraf -ing  (Rule  xix.) 

C^yration,  dji.ray\8hun,  circular  motion. 
Oyzatory,  dji\ra.t'ry,  moving  with  circular  motion. 
Latin  ffynu,  a  cirde ;  Oreek  guros.    (The  y  shows  it  to  be  Oreek.) 
Gyifaloon,  djiT^.faw'M^t  the  large  vulture-like  falcon. 

Ghftrman  gtier-fd'uXkf  the  vulture  hawk. 
Gyrodns,  djii\r6,dii8j  a  genus  of  thick-toothed  fossil  fishes. 
Greek  gOirot  odotu,  [the  fish  with]  round  teeth. 

Gyromancy,  4ji\ro.frUin.8yf  divination  by  walking  round  and 
round  in  a  circle. 
Greek  gUroa  manteia,  circuit  divination. 
GyroBOope,  dji.ro.8copef  an  instrument  to  exhibit  the  effects  of 
rotary  motion.    • 
Greek  givrds  dOpefi,  rotary  [motions]  I  exhibit 
Cyyes,  e^z,  fetters;  gyved,  djivd,  fettered.    (Welsh  gefyn.) 

X.  The  initial  h  is  wholly  mute  in  only  three  simple  words  in 
the  language,  viz.,  (1)  heir,  (2)  honest  and  honour,  (3) 
hour.  It  is  almost  mute  in  three  other  sets  of  words, 
viz.,  human,  humour,  and  humus. 

The  three  simple  words  give  birth  to  twelve  compounds,  in 
all  of  which  the  h  is  quite  mute :  thus 

1.  Heir,  heir-ess,  heir -less,  heir -loom,  heir-ship.    (See  Heir.) 

2.  Honest,  honesty,  honestly,  with  the  neg.  dis-honest.  Sec. 
Hommr,  honorary,  honourable,  honourably,  with  the  neg. 

3.  Hbtcr,  hour-glass,  hour-hand,  htmr-ly. 

The  three  in  which  the  h  is  almost  mute  give  birth  to  six- 
teen or  seventeen  derivatives  in  all  of  which  the  h  is 
almost  mute :  for  example 

1.  Human,  hum>an-ly,  human-ity,  human-itarian. 

Humane,  humane-ly,  human-ise. 
^.  Humour,  humour-less,  humowr-ist,  humour-ous,  &c. 

Sumour-some,  humoursom^-ly,  <fec.,  humoral. 
'.  Humus,  humate,  humic,  humulin. 

When  h  follows  initial  w,  the  w  is  slightly  aspirated  ^^ 

in  whale,  wharf,  what,  wheal,  wheat,  wheel,  ti7hee2e,uKel\u» 


420  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

whelp,  when,  whence,  where,  wherry,  whet,  whether^  whey, 
which,  who,  whom,  why,  <fec. 

ThA  loss  of  the  h,  like  so  nuuij  oUier  of  onr  iilregalarities,  is  due  to 
French  influence.  There  was  no  mute  initial  h  in  the  language 
before  the  Norman  Conqifest.  Half  a  century  ago  maiif  woacds 
were  similarlj  emasculated,  but  good  taste  has  been  gndiudlj 
restoring  the  aspirate. 

Ha !  exclamation  of  surprise.    Ha  I  Ha  t  laughter.    TTa-h-ln^ii^ 
haw-haw  [hedge],  a  sunk  fence. 
Old  English  hat,  hat  ha!,  and  Kage,  a  hedge. 
Habeas  Corpus,  ha'M.S8  coT^.pus,  a  writ  in  law,  beginning  with 
these  words,  one  of  the  greatest  securities  of  liberty. 

It  provides  that  the  person  addressed  in  the  writ  shall  prodvee  the 
body  of  the  person  accused  within  twenty  days,  and  prefer  a  charge 
against  him  of  having  broken  some  law  of  the  land.  If  bailabM, 
the  person  accused  may  be  set  free  on  finding  bi^,  and  if  the 
charge  is  merely  vexatious  he  may  be  at  once  release^. 

Haberdasher,  hSb\er.dash''.er,  a  dealer  in  woollen,  Unen,  and 

other  cloths;  haberdashery,  hab\er,dash*\e.ry^ 

From  hapertas,  a  cloth,  the  width  of  which  was  settled  by  Magna 
Charta.    A  hapertas-er  is  a  seller  of  haperta»-erU. 

Habergeon,  ha,her^.jS.8n,  a  coat  of  mail  formed  of  rings. 

French  havbergeon,  from  German  haU-bHrgen,  to  guard  the  seek. 
Habiliment,  haMVd.ment,  clothing ;  habiliments,  garments. 

French  hahittemeni,  t.  hdbiUer,  to  dress ;  Latin  MHttM,  drwa. 
Habit,  hay.iU    Gns'tom.     Habit  is  the  effect  of  custom,  and 
custom  is  that  repetition  which  confirms  a  habit 

Habitual,  haMf,u.dl;  habifnal-<ly,  habit^nal-ness. 

Habituate,  7iaMf.u.ate ;  habif uat-ed  (Bule  zxxyL> « 
habit'uat-ing  (Rule  xix.) ;  habituation,  haJj^^.a^ahSm-  i 
habitude,  hab.i.tude, 

French  habit,  hoMtuel,  habituate,  habitude  ;  Latin  hdHtiu,  %Mbtti^i^^ 
(from  kdbSre,  to  have).    "  Custom,'*  French  eo^iwne. 

Habitable,  hdb'.i.ta,h'l,  that  may  be  lived  in ;  ltaVitabl«-iieB^^* 
habitation,  h&h\%,tay"^hun;  habitat,  the  natural  locah^B^ 
of  a  plant  or  animal ;  habltancy,  legal  settlement. 
French  Kabitablt,  habitation;  Latin  hdbitOrt,  hdbUatio,  kOhttaCL 

Hack,  a  horse  kept  for  hire,  anything  used  in  common,  to 
into  small  pieces,  to  notch,  to  mutilate  an  author's 
ing;  hacked  (1  sjL),  hack'4ng,  hack'-er. 

Hackney,  plu.  hackneys  (not  ha4:knies,  Bule  xiii.),  a 

kept  for  hire,  to  use  overmuch ;  hacfkneyed,  Aodfc'.f 

common,  worn  out;  hack'ney-ing;  hadt^ney-ooaeh. 

Frenoh  haquen^e,  a  cob-horse.     The  French  were  at  cum  ttine     ^ 
ca!>tomea  to  let  out  their  cob-horses  for  hire,  and  theit  hoffses,  J^* 
later  period,  were  harnessed  to  a  plain  vehicle  called  a  toal*^^' 
haqpi.enM.    otomance  ha,q%e,  a  horse ;  Latin  equtu.) 
"To  hack,*'  Old  English  kaeclaai],  past  haeeodi,  past  part,  ka/eeod. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  427 

Had,  did  have.    {See  Have.)    Add,  to  sum  together. 

I  had  rather.   I  had  as  lief  he...    These  are  cormpt  forms 
of  rd rather  (I  would  rather);  Vd  as  lief  &e...  (I  would 
as  lief  he...).    Latin  moZo  (magis-volo),  I  would  rather. 
Old  English  ha^de  ftnd  Ka^d  (of  haJb^n\    "  Add,**  Lathi  addo. 
Haddock,  hdd\dShi  a  fish  of  the  cod  kind. 

Cod  with  -oak  dha. ;  Iiathi  gadui,  a  ood. 
Hades,  ha'Mez,  the  abode  ot  the  dead  in  Greek  mythology. 
Oreek  Hadis  (from  of cMs,  hivisible ;  a  eidd,  not  to  see). 
Oxa  word  "hell"  i«  Old  English  hmVianX  to  be  omt  of  sight. 

Hacy,  haj,  the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca  or  Medina;  hadji,  huf.i,  a 
Mohammedan  pUgrim.    (Arah.  hadjdj.) 

HadroBaunu  or  hadrosaarian,  jplu,  hadrosauiiaos,  Md\ro.- 
8aw*\ru8  or  kdd\roMiw*\ri,dnt  plu.  Md\roaav/\riMm. 
a  huge  herbiYQ^QUS  fossil  reptile,  first  discovered  in  the 
chalk-marls  of  Haddenfield,  New  Jersey,  in  1858. 
Oreek  hadr6»  «aur^  large  or  huge  ^zard. 

Hfldma-  or  hema-  (Greek  prefix),  haiTna,  blood. 

HsBina-chrome,  hS^,ma.kromef  colouring  matter  qf  blood. 

Oreek  haima  chir&maf  blood  colour. 
HiBinanthus,  hS.man\Thii8,  the  blood  lily. 

Oreek  Juiima  cmthdi,  blood  flower. 
HtMnat-emeris,  h^.ma.t^m'^ejUSf  blood-spitting. 

Oreek  haima,  gen.  haimdtds  im^sis,  blood  vomiting. 
Hssmat-ine,  Jyt.ma.tln,  the  colouring  principle  of  logwood. 

Logwood  la  called  hetmatoafylon,  blood-wood,  from  its  coloor.    -ine 
<m  C7i«in.)  signifies  a  simple  substance  (haima,  UoodX 

HsBBiat-ite,  W.ma.tite,  blood-stone,  native  oxide  of  iron. 

Ok  kaimay  gea.  ha,in&^»  blood,  with  -ite,  stone-like  (Ok  lUkoi). 
Hflsmato-cele,  hi^ .ma.to.ieel,  a  bloody  tumour. 

OredE  haimay  gen.  haimdMi  leilA,  blood  tumour. 
Haamato-crya,  M.ma.t(51(f'.ri.ah,  cold-blooded  animals. 

Greek  Aoima,  gen.  hairndtds  hruda,  blood-cold  [animals]. 
HsBmato-logy,  he\ma.toV\o.gy,  description  of  the  blood. 

Oreek  Jiaima,  gen.  haimdtds  Idgda,  discourse  on  the  blood. 
HnmatOB-ine,  h^.ma.to.8in,  colouring  principle  of  blood. 

Greek  Aoima,  gen.  haimdtds,  blood,  with  -in€  (in  Chsm.)  a  simple 
indadple.    Tne  o  is  short  in  Oreek 

HnxnatOB-ia,  h^,ma,to.8l8,  the  formation  of  blood.  . 

Greek  tuxirndtdd,  to  make  blood.    The  o  is  short  in  Greek 
Hnmato-iherma,  -to.rher^'.mah,  warm-blooded  animals. 

Greek  haima,  gen.  Jubimdtds  therm&s,  blood-warm  [animalB]. 
HsBiiiato-xyline,  h^.ma.tSx'^uUn,  the  colouring  principle 
of  logwood ;  hnmatoxylon,  hS'.ma.t8x".i.l8n,  logwood. 

Oreek  haimat  gen.  haimdtds  xuldn,  blood  [coloured]  wood. 
Hsmat-urla,  h^.ma.tu^\ri.ahy  discharge  of  bloody  urine. 

Oreek  haima,  gen.  haimdtds  ourdn,  blood  urine. 


L 


430  ERRORS  OF  SPEECB 

■  Half-blood,  bom  of  the  same  father  or  mother,  bat  not  both. 

Half-bred,  a  mongrel.    Half  brother*  half  nstor,  a  brother 
or  sister  related  by  one  parent  but  not  both. 

Half-caste,  half  European  and  half  Hindtl  in  parentage. 

Half >cock,  the  lock  of  a  gnn  raised  half-way. 

Half-orovn,  a  silver  coin  equal  to  ds.  6d. 

Half-dead,  -dSd^  almost  dead,  greatly  exhausted. 

Half-hollda^,  a  school  holiday  from  dihner  time  to  tea. 

Half-moon,  the  moon  when  half  its  disc  is  illuminated. 

Half-pay,  a  reduced  pay  given  to  naval  and  military  men. 

Half-price,  reduction  of  price  to  one  half. 

HtJf-seas-ovet,  nearly  intoxicated. 

Half-sovereign,  a  gold  coin  worth  lOs. 

Half-tint,  an  intermediate  tint. 

Half-witted,  weak  in  intellect. 

Half-yearly,  every  six  months. 

Old  Eng.  heaif,  fhridde  hedlf,  thi^  halves ;  hta^ewie,  half  alive. 
Halibut,  hoV.uhut,  a  large  flat  sea-water  fish.   (Germ.  TieilbuUe,) 
Hall,  hawL    Haul,  hawL    AwL    All,  awl. 

Hall,  a  mansion,  entrance  to  a  house;   haU-nurk,  the 
stamp  on  gold  and  silver  articles.    (Old  Eng.  heat) 

Haul,  to  drag  by  force ;  hatUed  (1  syl.),  haul'-ing.  (Fr.  hUer.) 
Awl,  an  instrument  for  piercing  holes.   (Old  Eng.  eal  or  S.) 
All,  awlt  everyone,  the  whole.    (Old  English  €bI.) 
Hallelujah,  haV.leM'\yah  (Heb.  halalu  Jaht  praise  ye  Qod), 
Halliards,  hdV.yardz,  tackle  fo)r  hoisting  and  lowering  masts. 
A  comimand  of  hcUe,  to  drag,  «nd  yards. 

Halloo,  Hallow.    &olla.  Hollo,  Hollow.    Halo. 

Halloo,  MLloo'y  a  shout  to  dogs,  to  shout... ;  hallooed  (S 
syl.),  haUoo'-ing.  (Verbs  ending  in  any  two  vowels,  «<• 
cept  ue,  retain  both  when  -ing  is  added,  R.  xix.)  Span,  hiko. 

Hallow,  hdV.lOt  to  keep  or  make  holy.    (Old  Eng.  hdlgie»-} 

Holla,  hoV.lah,  shout.    (French  hold;  Spanish  kola.) 

Hollo,  hol.lo\  a  call  to  a  fellow  to  stop.    (German  halkih) 

Hollow,  hoV.lOy  a  mere  case,  to  excavate.  (O.  E.  hoi,  v.  ilt^ ) 

Halo,  hay" do,  a  luminous  circle,  "  a  glory."    (Erenoh  Atf'^'^ 

Hallow,  hdV.lo;  hallowed,  haV.lode  oxhdVo,ed;  hallow-iag* 

Halloo^  hallooed',  halloo'-ing,  to  dogs.    (Spanish  Aai00) 

Hallo,  haV.ler,  or  hollo,  hol\ler,  to  ^M>ut  to ;  halloed,  hSC^ 
or  holloed,  KoV  .lerd ;  haUo-in&  h&V.lSrdn^.  or  )uSkM* 


AND    OF  SPELL1XG.  429 


i 


a  definite  nnmber  of  filaments;   hair-y,  adj.  of  hair; 
hair'i-nen;  hair-dye,  -powder;  -sieve,  slv;  -splitting; 
Air,  the  atmosphere ;  air-y,  air^i-ness.    (Fr.  air;  Lat.  aer.) 
Hare,  a  qaadmped.    (Old  English  Kara,) 
Are,  r  (not  atr),  Norse  plu.  of  the  verb  To  be. 
Here,  h&r,  in  this  place.    (Old  English  fe*r  or  hir,) 
Ere,  air,  before  in  time.    (Old  English  <^.) 
Hear,  Mr,  to  apprehend  by  the  ear.    (Old  English  hiran.) 
Ear,  g'r,  the  organ  of  hearing.    (Old  English  edr.) 
Heir,  air,  successor  to  real  property.    (Latin  hares.) 
E'er,  air,  contraction  of  "  ever."    (Old  English  dfre.) 
Hake  (1  syl.),  a  fish,  an  iron  hook.    Ache,  ake,  pain. 

Old  English  hacod,  a  hakot ;  and  hacce,  a  hook. 
"Ache,    Old  English  cece  or  eoe,  pain. 

Hakeem  or  Hakim,  ha\keem  (Arab.),  a  wise  man,  a  physician. 

Halberd  or  Halbert,  hSV.berd  oi  hoV.hert,  a  battle  axe  mounted 
on  a  long  pole ;  halberdier,  hbV .her.dee'/\ 
French  ftaZIebarde,  haXUhwrdMr;  Oerman  hellebarde,  hellebardier. 
Halcyon,  hdl^s^on,  the  kingfisher ;  hal'cyon  days,  days  of  pros- 
perity  and  cahn. 
Acoordhig  to  Sicilian  ^gend,  the  kingfisher  incubates  four|;een  days, 
seven  before  and  seven  after  the  winter  soUtice,  during  which  time 
the  sea  is  perfectly  tranquil. 
Latin  halcy<m;  Greek  haUciUin  (hoUs  ku6,  to  breed  on  tl^e  mea). 

Hale  (1  syL),  healthy,  robust.    (Old  English  hdl) 

Hale,  to  drag  by  force ;  haled  (1  syl.),  hal'ing  (Rule  xix.),  or 
Haul,  hawl;  hauled,  haul'-ing.    (French  haUr.) 
Ale,  malt  liquor.    (Old  English  eala  or  ealo.) 
Hail,  rain  frozen,  to  salute.    (Old  English  hagl  or  hagol.) 
Ail,  to  be  in  suffering.    (Old  English  egl,  v.  eglan.) 
Hall,  hawl,  a  mansion,  entrance  of  a  house.    (0.  E.  heal) 
All,  awl,  every  one,  the  whole.     (Old  English  cbI) 
Awl,  a  tool  for  piercing  holes.     (Old  English  eat  or  dl.) 

f,  plu,  halves,  harf,  harv?.  (Nouns  in  -af  and  -If  form  the 
plural  by  changing  "f"  into  ves.  The  only  exception  is 
•«  gulf,"  gulfs  (Rule  xxxviii.) 

To  halve,  ^lory,  to  divide;  halved,  harvd;  halv-i|ig,  har'.ving. 

Halfjpenny,  plu.  halfpence  and  h^-pennies,  hay' .pSn.ny , 
hay'. pence,  hay'.pen.niz.  "Half-pence"  means  copper 
money,  either  penny  or  halfpenny  pieces ;  "  half-pennies  " 
means  two  or  more  half-penny  pieces. 

Half  and  half,  a  mixture  of  l^eer  and  porter,  or  ale  and  porter. 
Half-hoarder,  a  pupil  who  dines  at  school,  but  goes  hoxcvQ 
to  sleep.    Half-bound,  the  back  and  corners  in  \ea^\iex. 


432  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Hand,  the  palm  with  its  five  fingers.    And,  a  coijanetion. 
Hand,  a  suit  of  cards  dealt  to  one  "  hand"  or  player,  to 

deliver;  hand'-fOd  (B. xxxvi.), hand'^-ing,  hand'-y, (eon?.; 

handl-er,  (super.)  handl-est;  hand't-no^  luuidl-^; 

hand-bill,  hand-hopk;    hand's-breadth,  four  inches; 

handrloom,  hQjid-mill,  hand-rail,  hand-writing. 
Hand'ful,  plu,  hsgi4fal8  (not  TiandsfuZ),  two,  three, 

handfuU  means  a  handM  repeated  twice  or  thriee,  bat  . 

two,  three, ...  handsful  means  two  or  three  hands  all fiiH 
Off  hand,  impromptu,  without  delay. 
On  hand,  in  the  process  of  being  done. 
On  all  hands,  on  every  side. 
Come  to  hand,  arrived,  received. 
To  have  a  hand  in,  to  be  partaker  in. 
To  lend  a  hand,  to  assist.    To  strike  hands,  to  confirm. 
To  take  in  hand,  to  undertake. 

Old  Eng.  Juind,  hand-breed,  hands-breadth ;  fumc^fuU.    And,  and. 
Hand-cnfib,  manacles ;    handcuff,  to  confine  the  Jiands  with 

handcuffs;  handcnffed,  hand'.kuft;  hand'^onflbig. 

"  Handcuffs  '*  has  no  singolar.  The  nUe  is  this :  if  a  pair  ii  mv* 
able,  each  may  be  spoken  of  in  the  singnW  nnmbff,  uafwM^ 
a  stockiiig,  a  shoe;  bnt  if  the  two  arttoles  are  joined  togtthv 
there  is  no  singular,  as  trotbsers,  nutcmckers,  hfCuukv^^ 

We  see  feet-warmers  announced  at  the  laHwaj  slAfeions.  As  weD  \A 
of  hands-cuffs,  eyes-glasses,  and  hooksrbinder. 

Handicap,   hand\Lcdpt  the  weighting  of  horses  diffiaring  in 

age,  &c.,  in  order  to  place  them  in  a  race  on  an  eqvw* 

The  word  is  borrowed  from  a  game  of  cards  somewhat  similar  to  Looi 
only  the  winner  is  weighted  with  extra  stakes. 

Handicraft,  hand\i.kraft,  work  done  by  the  hand ;  hand'|onfii> 
man,  an  artisan ;  handl-work,  work  of  skill. 
Old  English  handcroift,  handicraft ;  handcrfliflig,  mechanioiL 

Handkerchief,  plu.  handkerchieves,  hand\hirxheef,  plo.  h»i-- 
ker.cheevz.  This  wretched  compound  is  half  Fraich  and 
half  English,  and  the  plural  is  a  foolish  exception  toi 
general  rule,  Rule  xxxix.  I 

We  had  an  excellent  word  in  the  language,  handsoeate  or  koM^ 
hand  napkin,  which  in  every  respect  is  to  be  prefenred. 

Old  English  ha.nd  and  French  couvre  ch^  (ancien  mot  <ra{  Mp^ 
bonnet,  chapeau,  coiffe  de  toile  de  paysanne ;  banosfi  F^ 
envelopper  la  tete.    Fleming  tt  T%biMn8). 

Handle,  hdn.d'l  (noun  and  verb) ;  handled,  hah.d*ld;  bandliifi 
handler.    (Old  Eng.  handle,  v.  handUan^  to  handle.) 

Handsel,   handsel,  earnest   money,   to    pay   earnest  moof?* 
handselled,  Mn'jiSld ;  hand'sell'-ing  (Rule  iiL,  -si)* 
Old  Eng.  handselen,  handsylen,  v.  handsyllan,  to  give  into  tbsb**^ 
Handsome,  /iand\8um, beautiful;  hand'some-ly, hand'i 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  433 

Handy, ready;  Tcomp J  hand'i-er,  C^uper J  hand'i-est;  handl-ly, 
handl-neflB,  B.  xi.  (Old  £ng.  hand  with  the  adj.  suffix  -y.) 

Hang,  to  suspend  on  a  gallows,  (past  and  jp.  p,)  hanged  (1  syL) 

Hang  [not  on  a  gallows],  (past  and  p,  p.)  hnng;    hnng 
[beef];  hang'-ing.    Hang'ings  (no  sing,)^  house  drapery. 

Hang'-er,  a  short  broadsword;  hang'er-on,  a  dependant; 

huig'man,  the  pubUc  executioner. 
Old  Epglish  Mn^  past  hefng,  past  part,  han^m^  to  suspend,  to  crucify. 
Hang-nail  (corruption  of  ang-nail),  a  sore  near  the  ntdl. 

Old  English  anif-nasgle,  sore  of  the  nail  (cmge,  a  sore,  a  trouble). 
Hanker,  io  long  for.    Anchor  [of  a  ship].    Anker  [of  brandy]. 
Hanlcer,  hankered  (2  syl.),  han^er-ing.     (Followed  by 
after  or  for :  "  I  hanker  after  fruit "  or  "  for  fruit.") 

''Hanker,'*  German  [nachVumger,  to  hanker  after. 
"Anchor,**  Latin  anchdra  (Oreek  ogMUds,  hookedX 
"Anker,"  a  Dutch  liquid  measure,  about  thirty'two  gallons. 

Han'aard,  the  books  which  contain  the  official  printed  records 

of  the  proceedings  of  Parliament. 

These  are  printed  and  published  by  the  Messrs.  Hansard.  Luke 
Hansard,  ihe  founder,  came  from  Norwich,  in  1762. 

Hanseatic  [league],  Mn\8e,df\lk,  a  German  trade  union  estab- 
lished in  the  13th  century,  and  virtually  dissolved  in  1630. 

The  triennial  diet  was  called  the  Hanta,  its  members  Hansards,  from 
am^t  [towns]  on  the  sea.  The  leagi;ie  was  first  (jailed  amsee- 
staaten,  free-dties  on  the  sea. 

Han'^oel,  a  reward,  gift,  bribe,  the  first  money  received  in  a  day. 

To  hansel,  to  use  for  the  first  time;  handselled  (2  sy].), 

han'sell-ing.  Han'sel  Monday,  Monday  of  the  new  year. 

A  corruption  of  handsyl.  Old  English  handsyUn,  a  giving  into 
one's  hai^d,  v.  hamdayUan,  to  deliver  into  one's  hand. 

Hap,  chance,  to  befall-;  happed  (1  syL);  hap'-ly,  by  chance; 
by  hap-haz'ard,  by  mere  accident,  at  random. 

Happen,  Mjp'n,  to  befall ;  happened,  hap'jn'd;  happen-ing, 
hdp'Ming.    (Welsh  hap^  luck,  chance ;  v.  hapiaw.) 

Hap'py,   (comp.)    hap'pi-er,   (super.)    hap'pi-est    (Rule    xi.); 
hap'pi-ly,  felicitously ;  haply,  fortuitously. 

Hap'pi-nen  (-ness  abstract  noun),  state  of  eigoyment. 
"  Happy  "  means  lucky.    It  is  an  adjective  formed  from  Aop,  luck. 
Harangue  (Fr.)>  ha,rdng\  a  set  speech,  to  make  a  set  speech ; 
harangued,    hd.rangd* ;      ha,rangn-lng,    hd,rang\ing, 
(Verbs  ending  in  any  double  vowel,  except  -ue,  retain 
both  when  -ing  is  added,  B.  xix.);  harangn-er,  M.rang\er, 
Hanun,  to  torment  (only  one  r).    Arras,  a  tapestry  curtain. 

Hfuaas,  har^rds;  harassed,  har^rast;  harass-ing,  har'rds,- 
ing;  harassing-ly;  harass-er,  har^rSs.er. 

French  haraster;  Oreek  arassd,  to  strike  against,  to  daA\i  oik. 

2e 


4S4  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Harbinger,  har^Mn,dQer,  precnrscor,  to  precede;  hart>iiigered, 

hay Mn^djerd ;  harbingei-kig,  Iwy ,hifii.djwJ.ng. 

A  **luarbing9r"  ia  ob9  mi^  forwwvd  to  jvorido  for  «ii  «nmr  on  the 
march.    Old  English  here-hergant  to  lodge  the  anny. 

Harbour,  hai^^bdr,  a  haven.    Ar'boiir,  a  bower. 

Harnsour,  to  shelter;  hax^urecl  (2  syL),  harl)o«T-ing, 
liarl>oiir-er ;  harbourage,  har'.bdr.age. 

Old  English  fiere-beorga,  a  station  where  an  axmy  on  laftToh  rested, 
y.  here-byrigan,  to  harbour,  to  shelter  an  army  on  the  march. 

Hard»  (comp.)  hurd'-er,  {super.)  hard'-est.    Ar'dour,  zeal. 

Hard,,  not  soft,  difficult ;  hard'4y,  scarcely ;  liard'-ish  (-ish 
added  to  ac^.  is  dim.,  added  to  nouns  means  "  like.") 

Hard'-ness,  firmness,  solidity.    Har'di-neaB,  boldness. 

Hard'-ship  {sMp^  state  of  being  [hard});  lukrd-eamed, 
-umd  ;  hard-fought,  -fort  ;  hard-lieaded»  'Md\ed  ; 
hard-hearted,  -har^.ted;  hard-mouthed;  hard-ware, 
metal  household  goods ;  hard-water,  hard-won,  -wvin. 

I  don't  hardly  know:  Should  be  I  hardly  know, 
I  can't  hardly  tell :   Should  be  I  can  hardly  tell. 

Old  English  hicvrd.  hea/rde,  adv. ;  h>ecurd-heortj  hard-hearted ;  heard- 
heortnes;  Juivrdlic,  hardish  ;  tieardHee,,hBiAy ;  heaaxLnea, 

Harden,  harden,  to  make  hard  (-en,  converts  ac^.  to  verbs); 
hardened,  harden' d;  harden-ing,  hard\'ning;.  harden-er, 
hard\'ner,    (Old  English  heardlian'],  to  harden.) 

Hard'y,  strong  in  health ;  (comp.)  hard'i-er,  (super.)  hard'l-ert 
(B.  xi.) ;  haxdl-ly,  stoutly ;  hardl-ness,  hB^'ifhood,(-hood, 
state,  a  hardy-state),  daring,  e£&ontery.    (French  hardi.) 

Hare,  Are;  Hair,  Air;  Here,  Ere;  Hear,  Ear;  Heir,  E^. 
Hare  (1  syL),  a  quadruped;  (male)hvuck,  (fern.)  doe,  do; 
hare-bell,  the  blue-bell  of  Scotland,  the  squiU; 
hare-brained,  -braind,  giddy,  heedless ; 
hare-lip,  a  oleft  Up ;  hare-lipped,.  -Upt ; 
hare's-foot,  hare's^ear,  hareVtail  grass,  hare-wort  (plante£\> 
Old  EngUedi  hcvra,  a  hare ;  hare-fat,  hare-wyrt,  &o. 
Are,  r  (not  air),  Norse  plural  of  the  verb  To  be» 
Hair,  a  sort  of  wooL    (Old  English  hdr.) 
Air,  the  atmosphere.    (Er.  air;  Lat.  aer;  Oik.  a4r.) 
Here,  ^eV,  in  this  place.     (Old  English  hdr  or  hir») 
Ere,  air,  before,  in  time.    (Old  English  dr.) 
Hear,  fee'r,  to  learn  by  the  ear.    (Old  Eng.  hyran,  hSra — — ^ 
Ear,  gV,  the  organ  of  bearing.    (Old  English  edr.) 
Heir,  air,  the  successor  of  real  property^    (LatiQ  hare 
E'er,  air  contractioii  ot"  ever."    (Old.  Eng.  dfrei  dfir.} 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  486 


Haremt  hai'/'m,  the  female  apartments  in  Eastetn  families,  a 
seraglio.    (Arab,  /larama,  to  forbid.) 

Haricot)  ha/r^riJtd,  the  French  kidney-bean,  aragont 

Fi^.  harioot  (petite  fdre,  ragotkt  fait  ayec  dd  mcnltoii  et  dee  navets). 

BxAf  listen  (imper.  mood).    Ark,  a  coffer,  Noah's  ship^ 
Contractioi^  Of  AMrfcei^,  Old  lEnf UA  Atfdf cnC<aM}. 

Harlequin,  lui'/ .leJkufint  the  compfimiofi  of  Oohttnbine  in  panto, 
mimes;  harleqniiiade,   har^.U.kwinMde^^  a  pantomime 
especially  for  harlequin. 
French  arletpUn,  tuiequinade :  Italiftn  arkeehino. 
Harlot,  a  wanton  woman,  at  one  time  applied  to  males  as  v^^ell 
as  females,  "He  w<i8  a  gentle  harlot  (stripling)  and  a 
kind^"  Chancer ;  harlolry,  ha'/M>dry^  lewdness. 
Webb  herUoDd^  a  tall  stzipiii^  (Jaiod,  a  lad). 

Harm,  iivJ^^^T*  to  injure.    Arm  [of  the  body],  to  equip  for  fight 

humed  (1  syl.),  injured.     Armed  (1  syl.),  equipped... 

harm'^g,  ii]juring.     Arm-ing,   equipping    for    fight 

harm'ful  (Rule  viii.),  injurious.    Armful,  as  much  as  the 

arms  win  hold ;  Harm'^fnUy,  hahn^fbl-nefils ;  harm'-less. 

Arm'-ldsd,  without  arms.    BlarmlessJy,  harmless-ness. 

"Harm,**  Old  English  hearm,  v.  liewhv^ian].    **Axm**"eann  of  arm, 
"To  arm,"  French  ormer;  Latin  armo,  n.  arma. 

Hannattan  (Arab.),  the  hot  dry  wind  of  the  great  desert. 
Har'mony,  jphi.  harmonies,  luv/.mo.nlz,  concord. 

Harmoniste,  ha'/jj^o.nlze  (R.  xxid.),.to  agree,  to  adjust  in 
musical  harmony;  har'monised  (8  syl.),  hor'monis.ing 
(R.  xix.),  har'monist ;  harmonic,  har.monWk ;  harmon'- 
leal,  harmon'ical-ly ;  harmonics,  har.monWks  (R.  IxL); 
harfnonica,  hAr.tnon' A.kah^  a  musical  instrument. 

Harmonious  (R.  Ixvi.),  hdr.mo\ni,u8  ;  harmo'niousJy,  &c. 

French  hawnome^  htwrmonique,  ha/rmonica^  ha/rmonievx,  harmoniste  ; 
Latin  Jia/rmdnia,  TiarmCnicus. 

Hardness,  equipments  for  horses,  armour,  to  harness  [a  horse] ; 

har'nessed  (2  syl.),  hardness-lug,  hdynefi8<^er. 
Welsh  hamaif,  t.  ha/meiiiaw,  Jiamesiwr,  a  harnesser. 
Harp,  a  musical  instrument,  to  play  the  harp ;  harped  (1  syl.) ; 

harp'-ing,  playing  the  h^,  talking  constantly  on  one 

subject ;  harpT^ef,  a  minstrel ;  harp^-ist. 

Old  EngUi^  heaif^ian},  past  fiemrpode,  past  part,  hearjmd;-  Jtearpe,  a 
harp ;  hea/rperey  a  male  harper ;  hearpestre,  a  female  harper ; 
kearpegtireng,  a  h3arp-string';  heeerpung,  a  harping. 

m,  har.poon',  a  spear  for  whdling,  to  use  the  harpoon ; 

harpbonxidf  (2  syl.),  harpoon^-ing,  harpoou'-er. 

French  harpon,  horponnery  harponnewr, 

(net  harpneord),  harp'.8i.kordj  the  dttveein. 


436  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

'Haf'py,  plu,  harpies,  har^,piZj  fabulouB  winged  monsters. 

Frendi  harpU;  Latin  harpyice;  Greek  ha/rpwU  Qiarpcuo,  to  ravageX 

Harqaebns,  harqnebnss,  harqnebnse,  and  arqnebnse,  haV.kwe.- 
bus  or  ar^.kwe.buZf  a  fire-arm ;  arquebuider,  ar^.kwe.bu,- 
seer^,  one  armed  with  an  arquebuse;  arquebuaade, 
ar^,kwe,bu,zade',  the  shot  of  an  arqnebi^se. 

£au  de  arqnebnsade,  a  lotion  for  ganshot  wounds. 

French  wrqru^nue,  a/rquebu$ade,   curqwbuaier;    ItalUa  areobugiif 
{a/rco-bu80,  a  bow  pierced  with  a  hole). 

Harridan,  har^rirdarit  a  worn-out  licentious  woman. 

French  haHdelU,  a  jade,  a  harridan. 
Harrier,  har'ri.ery  a  dog  for  hunting  hares,  a  kind  of  hawk. 

Old  Bngliah  Jiara,  a  hare.    The  word  should  be  Aara«r. 
Har'row,  an  instrument  used  in  farming.    Ar'row,  a  dart. 

Harrow,  hw/roy  to  rake  land  with  a  harrow,  to  distress 

acutely;  har'rowed  (2  syL),  har'row-ing,  har'row-er. 
Latin  Aro,  to  tiU  land ;  Greek  (vr66,  to  plough  or  till. 

Har'ry,  to  pillage,  to  torment;  harried,  hcvr'rid;  har'ry-ing. 

Old  English  hericm  or  hergian,  past  herode,  past  part,  herod. 
Parsh,  rough;  harsh'-ly,  harsh'-i^ess.    (German  harsehJ) 
Hart,  Heart,  Art. 

Hart,  fern,  roe,  (both)  deer,  (offspring)  fawn. 

Old  English  Tuort,  the  hart ;  rd,  the  roe;  "f^wn,"  French /oon. 

Heart,  hart,  part  of  the  animal  body.    (Old  fing.  heorte,) 

Art,  a  work  of  human  skill.    (Jjatin  ars,  gen,  artis.) 
HarumHScarum,  hai'/Mm  skai'/.um,  a  young  scape-graee. 

Har'yest,  ingathering  of  crops,  to  gather  in  crops;  hiH<:vQst.ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  har^vest-ing,  har'vest-er,  har^vesMiaii; 
harvest-home,  harvest-feast;  hanrest.moon,theftillmoon 
when  the  sun  is  crossing  the  equator  in  the  autumn. 
Old  English  hoerfest  or  herfest.    Earning,  the  time  of  sowing. 

Has  {poetical  hath),  verb  have.    As,  coi\j.    (Greek  h/h,) 

Old  English  ic  habbe  thti  hafast  qr  Tutfst,  he  J^faih  OThqfftfi. 
JSas  is  a  later  form,  but  goes  i^  fax  back  as  the  eleveath  oentuy. 

.Hash,  mince,  to  mince.    Ash,  a  tree.    (Old  Eng.  0se,  fui  ash.) 
Hashed  (1  syl.),  hash-ing.    (French  haehU,  y.  hacker.) 

Hasp,  a  fastening,  to  fasten  with  a  haE^.   Asp,  a  yenomoiiB  wonxi- 
Hasped  (1  syl.),  hasp'-ing.     ("Asp,"  Lat.  aspis;  Gk.  a«^^^.^ 
Old  Eng.  luepa,  a  hasp ;  v.  ^cspaCton],  past  Juepsode,  p.  p.  haiptikL^ 

Hassock,  hds'.8Sk,  a  doss.    (Welsh  hesg^  sedges;  and  -oek  dj^wU^-^ 

Hast,  second  sing.  ind.  pres.  of  have.    Haste,  hurry. 

Old  English  Ic  ?iabbe,  \.la&  Kaposi  ot  \saf9l,  whence  ha^s^  ka*sL 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  43 

Haste  (1  ByL),  htirry,  to  hurry ;  hasf  ed  (Sole  xxlvi.),  hfist'-ing 
(Bnle  zix.)  t  liasf-y,  hSaf i-ly  (Bale  zi.),  haBtl-ness. 
Hasten,  Aoe^'n,  to  make  haste  (-^n  converts  a4j*  to  Verbs) ; 
hastened,  hac^'rCd;  hasten-mg,  hace^'ning;  hasten-er. 
Hasty-pudding,  -pood'.ing^  flonr  dropped  into  hot  milk. 
French  h(uU  now  hdU^  hatter  now  hdUr;  Ctemutn  hast,  hasten. 
Hat,  a  covering  for  the  head.   At,  prep.   {See  Hate.)    Hatf-er 
(Bole  L),  a  seller  of  hats,      dater,  one  who  hates. 
Hatt'-ed,  wearing  a  hat.    Hated,  hdte'.ed,  detested. 
"HAt,"  Old  English  A<ct    **At;*cgt,    "  BAte,"  hatian,  n.  h^t€, 
HStch,  a  brood,  to  bring  forth  a  brood,  to  plot ;  hatdied  (1  syl.), 
hiLtch'-ing,  iiatch'-dr.    (See  ^tchet) 
Hatches,  hdtch\iiif  the  coverings  over  the  hatchway. 

Hatch^'way,  an  opeoiog  in  deck  to  afford  a  passage  up  and 

down.    Hatdi-bar,  a  bar  for  closing  the  hatches. 

German  Keeke,  a  brood,  v.  heckeiKt  [au8]Mctn, 
"  Hatch^,"  Old  EngliBh  hcteai  4  bar. 

Hatdi'et,  a  small  axe ;  hatchet-faced^  gaant  with  big  features. 
To  toke  up  the  hatchet,  to  make  war. 
To  bury  the  hatchet,  to  make  peace. 
Fr.  hachette,  figure  A  hache,  hatchet-face;  Lat.  aeda;  Ok.  axini, 
Hatch'ment  (corruption  of  achievement),  a  funeral  escutcheon. 

French  a4:i^vement,  from  aehever,  to  achieve. 
Hate  (1  syl*)*  detestation.    Ate  (1  syh),  did  eat.    Ait,  an  isle. 
Biitd,  to  detest ;  haf-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  hat'-ing  (Bnle  xix.) 
h&f  i-er,  hate'fnl  (Bule  viii.),  hate'ful-ly,  hate'ful-ness. 
Ha'tred.    (S^^Hat.) 

Old  English  hdle,  hitdice,  hatefolly ;  v.  hal[ian},  hatung,  a  hating. 
Hatter,  }idt\ert  a  maker  or  seller  of  hats.    {See  Hat,  Hate.) 
Hauberk,  hato'.berkt  a  ringed  mail-armour  tunic. 

Old  English  heaisborga,  a  shirt  of  mail  {JiealSi  the  lieck). 
Haughty,  hor^.ty,  (comp.)  haughtl-er,  (super.)  haughtl-est, 
haughf i-ly,  haughf i-ness, ;  hauteur  (French),  hd.tuf'r, 
French  hatticuin  (]iavi,  lofty,  Latin  orttw,  from  oHor,  to  arise). 
Haul,  a  catch  [of  fish],  to  drag  by  force.    Awl,  an  instrument 
All,a<^*.  !&auled(lsyl.),haul'-ing,haul'-er.   (Se«Hale.) 
"HanL'' French  Aoler.    "Awl,"  Old  English  <<^  or  atoel.    "All,"att. 
Hanm,  hawm,  a  stalk.    {See  Halm.)    Harm,  iigury. 
Haunch,  hamsh  or  hawnsh,  the  part  between  the  ribs  and  the 

thigh.    (French  hanche,  Uie  hip;  Low  Latin  aneha,) 
Haunt,  hamt,  a  place  of  frequent  resoit.     Aunt,  a  parent's 
sister  or  sister-in-law.    Ant,  &nt  (not  aunt),  an  insect. 
Haunt,  to  resort  often  to  a  place,  to  visit  [as  ghosts]; 
haunf-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  haunf-ing,  haunV-ex. 
"Haunt,"  Fr,  hemUr.    "Aunt," Lat.  amita  fam'tA  . "  AaW*  «^'^- 


438  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


wmm^m^^^^ 


Hautboy,  ho'J}oy,  a  large  strawbeny,  a  wind  iristxiuneDt;  plu. 
hautboyB,  hs.hoyz.    The  instrmnent  19  also  writtea  oboe. 
Fr.  havi  li<A»  (fufkui  &oi«,  long  sta^E) ;  X^.  oboet  the  WU9-  insi 
Hantear  (French),  ho.tur^'r,  insolent  haughtineBB. 
Haut-gont  (French),  hd'.goi/,  high  relish,  rich  flavonr. 

Have,  hdVj  (past)  hSd,  (past  part.)  hS^  hSLv'-ing  (Bule  xiz.)i  to 
possess,  also  an  auxiliary, 

I  had  rather,  a  corruption  of  I*d  rather  (I  would  rather, 
Latin  malo,  i.e.,  magis  volo). 

Old  English  ?Mbb[an\,  payst  hcefde,  past  part,  hafed  or  %«^<2. 
Haven,  'hay'.v*n^  a  harbour.    Heaven,  ^^''n,  paradise. 

Old  English  "hcBfen,  a  haven ;  heofon,  heaven. 
Haversack,  hdv'.er.sdh^  a  soldier's  knapsack. 

French  havre-sac  (dans  lequel  leg  soldats  portent  lenrs  haidesX 
Havoc,  Mv,ok,  devastation.    (Welsh  hafog.) 
Haw,  Awe.    Hoar,  Oar,  0*er,  Or.    Whore.    Horehomid. 

Haw,  the  hawthorn  berry.    (Old  Eng.  hagay  hagatkom,) 

Awe,  fear  arising  from  reverence.    (Old  English  Sge.) 

Hoar,  ho'r,  white  with  frost  or  age.    (Old  English  hdr,) 

Oar,  o'r  [of  a  boat].    (Old  English  dr.) 

O'er,  o'r,  contraction  of  over.    (Old  English  oher  or  6fer.) 

Or,  conjunction.    (Old  !^ngUsh  oththe.) 

Whore,  Mr,  a  harlot.    (0.  E.  ftdr^,  h&re ;  Welsh  hmiren,) 

Hore-hound,  corruption  of  hara-hune^  hare's  honey. 

Hawk,  a  falcon,  a  plasterer's  tool,  to  peddle,  td  clear  the  throat 

Hawking,  sport  with  hawks,  clearing  the  throat  of  phlegm, 
peddling  goods;  hawked  (1  syl.),  hawk'-er. 

** Hawk"  (a  falcon\  Old  English  hafoe,  htijbcere,  a  fowkr. 
"  Hawk,"  Welsh  Jioch,  a  hawking  of  phlegm ;  v.  Jfin^, 
*' Hawk"  (to  peddle),  German  hodcen,  to  take  on  one's  hack. 
**  Hawk"  (a  plasterer's  tool),  German  hoeker,  {nequaUtj.    It  is  a  tool 
to  rub  down  inequalities  fmd  make  the  i>laster  smooth. 

Hawse,  hawz.    Hoarse,  ho'rce.    Horse.    Whores,  hd^, 

^aw8e,  the  position  of  the  cables  before  a  vessel  moored; 
hawse-hole,  the  hole  through  which  the  cable  rons; 
hawser,  haw^zer,  a  large  rope  for  towing,  warping,  &c. 
"Hawse-hole/*  Old  English  hals  hole,  a  nedc  hole. 
Hoarse,  having  a  rough  voice  from  a  cold.    (Old  Eng.  Ma  .> 
Horse  (1  syl.),  a  quadruped.    (Old  English  hors,) 
Whores,  ho'rZy  prostitutes.    (0.  E.  h6re,  hiire;  Welsh  kur^s^ 
Hawthorn,  the  hedge  thorn.    (Old  l^nglish  hagKhthom,) 
Hiawthom-dean,  haw\thom.deen'f  a  species  of  codlin  [ajqale] 
So  called  ttom  HawtYioni  I>«K[L,'&n%lint  near  Bdinbmgli. 


AND   OF  SPSLUIW,  4S9 


Hay,  dried  grass.  Hey?  what  saj  you?  Hal  excitimation  of 
surprise.    Aye,  a,  always.    Ay,  ah%  yes. 

Hay-cock,  a  pile  of  hay  partly  made ;  hay-rick,  a  hay  stack. 

*'  Hay,"  Old  Eng.  hig.    "  Hey  ? "  Fr.  hein  f    "  H»  I "  Pr.  to  / 
"  Ayo,"  Old  Eng.  d,  always.    **  Ay,**  Teatonlo  ia  =  ya ;  Fr.  cui, 

Hazaxd,  h&z\ard  (only  one  z),  accident,  to  adventure;  haz'ard-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  haz^ard-in^ ;  hai^rdous,  hdz\ar.du8 ; 
haz'ardous-ly,  haz'ardous-xiess.     (Ft,  kasard,  hasarder.) 

Haze*  mist ;  haz'-y  (Rule  xix.),  haz'i-neBS,  haz'i.ly. 

Welsh  hw8t  a  covering ;  or  Old  Rngllnh  knuo,  a  livid  colour. 
Hazel-nut,  hay'.zU  nut,  nut  of  the  hazel  tree. 

Old  English  hatsel-hnut  or  htesl-hnut,  the  haxel  or  cap  nai. 

He,  (po88.)  his,  (object.)  him;  fern,  she,  (poss.)  hers,  (ohj.  her; 
plu.  of  both,  they,  (poss.)  theirs,  (object,)  them. 

(His,  her,  their,  possessive  pronouns  used  as  acyectives.) 

He,  she,  are  also  used  as  gender-words :  as  he-att,  the-ass  ; 
he-bear,  she-bear ;  he-devil,  she-devil;  he-goaJt,  she-goat ; 
she-cat,  she-fox  or  vixen. 

He,  him;  they,  them.  Unhappily,  in  our  pronouns  we 
have  departed  from  a  general  rule.  The  ol^.  case  Being 
different  from  the  nom.  has. led  to  endless  perplexitieis. 
In  the  following  examples  the  wrong  cases  are  used. 

(1.)  He  for  "him." 

Let  ht  that  looks  after  them  [mind  this].  fSeattJ 
All  is  now  made  up  between  you  and  he  (between  him), 
I  saw  you  and  fie  in  the  park  yesterday  (saw  him). 
t>id  you  know  it  to  be  he  (it  [obj.  case] .  .him). 
I  always  suspected  it  to  be  ^  (it  [olij,  case] . .  himX 

(2.)  Him  for  "  he." 

No  mightier  than  thyself  or  him. 

She  suffers  more  than  him. 

If  there  is  one  character  baser  than  another  it  is  him  who.. ^Sir 

Sydney  Smith). 
There  were  thousands  who  could  do  as  well  as  him,  (Napier). 
That  must  be  him.,  I  am  sure. 

(3.)  Them  for  "  they,"  and  vice  versa. 

A  fool's  wrath  is  heavier  than  them.  both.    (Prov.  xxvii  3.) 
They  that  honour  me  I  will  honour  (honour,  .them). 

In  rega/rd  to  '*but**  (except.)  and  *'ihan,*'  it  is  quite  certain  that  at 
one  time  they  vjere  used  as  prepositions,  thus  the  expressions  "  than 
whom,"  "than  me,''  "  than  her,"  "  than  him,**  **  no  one  bui  me,"  d;c., 
are  to  be  found  in  our  very  best  authors. 

Old  Eng.  he,  gen.  his,  dat.  him,  ace.  hine.    "She,"  heo,  gen.  hire, 

dat.  hire,  ace.  hi.    Plu.  nom.  hi,  gen.  hira,  dat.  hem,  ace.  hi. 
fit  wiU  be  seen  that  our  obj.  case  is  Uie  dat.  not  the  ace.) 

'^ead,  hJtd,  part  of  the  body,  to  lead.    Heed,  caution. 

Head-ed,  Md'.ed,  led.    Heed'-ed,  regarded. 

Head  Jng,  h^d'.ing,  leading.    Heed'-ing,  regotdixi^. 


440  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Head-leflB,  hSd'.less,    Heed'-lesB,  regardless. 

Eead-pieoe,  hSd-piece;  head-ship  (ship,  office  or  state); 
headsman,  Mdz\ma.n,  an  executioner ;  head-man',  fore- 
man ;  head'Hstrong,  obstinate ;  head'-way,  movement  in 
advance ;  head'-wind,  contrary  wind ;  [so  many]  head  of 
cattle,  [so  many]  cattle ;  head  of  the  table,  at  the  top ; 
neither  head  nor  tail,  no  consistency  [of  account] ;  over 
head  and  ears,  quite  overwhelmed;  duUce  head-way. 

Head-y,  hid\y,  affecting  the  head.    Eddy,  a  whirl. 

Headl-ly,  head'i-ness,  obstinacy,  rashness. 

-head,  -hood,  suffixes  meaning  "  state,"  "  office,"  or  **  per- 
sonality"; god-head  (the  god  personality),  maiden-head 
(maiden  state) ;  child-hood,  man-hood,  priest-hood,  Ac, 

Block-head  is  one  who  has  a  "  wooden  "  [stupid]  head. 

Fore-head  is  the  *'  fore"  or  front  part  of  the  head. 

Old  Engliflh  hetffod,  hedfod^mann ;  -hdd  (snfBx),  -head,  -hood. 
Heal,  to  cure.    Heel,  of  the  foot  (both  heel).    Eel,  a  fish. 

Healed  (1  syl.),  heal'-ing,  heal'ing-ly,  heal'-er. 

.  Old  English  hdVian^,  past  hdlde.  past  part.  hMed,  hasling, 
*•  The  heel,"  Old  EngUsh  hil.    ^*  Ec^'^Old  English  til,  IlrneU. 

Health,  h^th;  health'-fol  (Rule  viii.),  health'fol-ly,  healfh"- 
fnl^nesB.  Health'-y,  conducive  to  health;  healthl-lj 
(Eule  xi.),  health'ijiesB.     (Old  English  hdlth,) 

Heap,  heep,  a  mass,  a  large  quantity,  to  pile  up,  to  amass; 
heaped,  heept;  heap'-ing,  to  heap  up. 

Old  English  hedp,  ▼.  Tud^ian],  past  hedpode,  past  part,  heifyod. 
Hear,  Ear ;   Here,  Ere.    Heir.    (See  Hare.) 

Hear,  h^r;  (past  and  p.p.)  heard,  hurd.    Herd  [of  cattle]. 

Hear'.ing,  hear^-er,  hear-say.    (See  Hearken.) 

Ear,  e'r,  the  organ  of  hearing.  Ear'-ing,  seedtime.  "Bu^m 
ring,  ring  for  the  ear.    (Old  English  edr,  edr-hring.) 

Here,  h^r,  in  this  place.    (Old  English  hSr,) 
Ere,  air,  before  in  time.    (Old  English  <^.) 
Heir,  air,  the  successor  of  real  property.     (Latin  hares,) 
Old  English  hipiicmi,  to  hear ;  past  h^rde,  past  part,  h^red. 

Hearken,  hark"n,  to  listen;  hearkened,  hark\n'd;  hearkening, 
harlt^'ning;  hearken-er,  hark\*ner. 
Old  English  heorcn{ian],  Jieorenung,  a  hearkening,  fte. 

Hearse,  hurse,  a  carriage  to  convey  coffins  to  sepulture. 

French  herae,  a  harrow,  a  frame  with  spikes  to  hold  ft^i^^iff^  qm  tl 
the  herses  mounted  on  wheels.    **  Erse,*'  Qaellc 

Heart,  hart,  [of  the  body].    Hart,  a  male  deer.    Art,  skilL 
Heart-leas,  hartf-Uss^  without  heart.  Art^-leas,  without  tft 
Heartless-ly  (axVleaBrV^V,  \i«vE\:Y^»&-n.eaB  (tanom-nm)- 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  441 


HearUy,  ha/.ty ;  lieartl-iiess,  heartl-ly  (Bole  xi.) 
Heart-aolie,  harf-ake ;  heart-sick,  heart-fllck'ness. 
To  learn  by  heart,  by  rote ;   by  heart,  in  the  memory. 

Old  English  hwrU,  the  heart ;  heort-€C6y  heart-ache ;  htcrt-^eoe^  -sick. 
"  HiffV  Old  English  heart,  heorot.    *'  Art,"  Latin  ars. 

iearth,  harth  (not  hertK),  the  stone  floor  in  front  of  a  fire-place  ; 

hearth-mg,  the  carpet  for  the  hearth;  hearth.0tone,  a 

chalky  stone  for  whitening  a  hearth.    (Old  £ng.  heorth.) 
!eat,  heeti  warmth,  to  make  warm.    Eat,  to  masticate.   Heaf-ed 

(Role  xxxvi.),  heat'-ing,  warming.     Eat'-ing,  feeding. 

Beaf-er,  an  iron  [for  toa-ams,  (fee.].  Eat'-er,  one  who  eats. 
H5t,  heated;  hdf-ly,  h(5t'-nes8. 
Old  En^^h  hdt,  v.  hdtiian],  past  hdiode,  past  part.  hMod. 
Aath,  h4eth,  a  plant,  a  large  open  waste ;  heath-y.  (Old  Eng.  hith.) 
ieathen,  W.thSn^  a  pagan ;  heatheniite  (B.  xxxi),  Mith^Aze ; 

heafhenised,  M,th^.izd;    heathems-ing  (Bole  xix. ); 

heathen-ish,  h^.thSnJish  {-ish  added  to  nouns  means  "  like"); 

heathenish-ly;   heathenism,  M^tMn.lznit  paganism. 

Old  English  h^then,  hdthenise  (hdth,  a  heath),  dwellers  on  the  heaths. 
*'  Pagans,"  dwellers  in  the  villages  (Latin  pcfjua). 

jsather,    hith\er,   the   heath -plant;     heathery,    Mth'.if.ry, 
aboondiog  in  heather.     (Old  English  hdth,) 

iBKve,  (past)  hove,  (past  part.)  hove  [in  sight],  i.e.,  appeared. 
St^ve,  (past  and  p,  p. )  heaved,  [a  sigh].  Bve,  erening. 
To  heave-tb,  heev-too%  to  bring  a  ship's  head  to  the  wind 

and  stop  her  motion;  (past  arid  past  part.)  hove<*to. 
Old  English  hei)b[an],  past  h6f,  past  part,  hafen,  to  heave. 
[eaven,  hSvJn;  Haven,  hay\v*n;  £ven,  t.v'n. 

Heaven,  paradise;   heaven-ly,   heu"n.ly ;    heavenli-ness 
(Bale  xi.),  h&o'*n.ll.ness ;  heaven-i^ard,  hev"7i.wr*d  (adj.), 
heaven-d^ected ;  heaven-wards  (adv.) 
Haven,  hay'.v'n,  a  harbour.    (Old  English  haferi.) 
Even,  g'.t7'n,  level,  evening.  (Old  Eng.  efen,  botb  meanings.) 
Old  English  heofon,  heaven  (from  heofen,  elevated  or  vaulted). 
Heavy,  fc^'.y,  weighty;  heavi-ly  (B.  xi.), /i^'.i.Zy;  heavi-neas, 
h&>,i.ness.    (Old  English  hejig,  hefiglic',  hefigllce,  heavily.) 

if.B  —it  vfill  i>e  observed  (fiat  every  tooVd  (except  heatsey  beginning 
MfUh  hea-  belongs  to  out  native  langiuige. 


Hebrai(^8-ing  (Bule  xix.),  he.bray'.i.size.ing ;  Hebraism, 

M,lray.%zm,  a  Hebrew  idiom  ;  Hebraist,  he'.brayAst,  a 

Hebrew  scholar;  Hebraistio,  he'.hray\H\nk  (ac^.) 

"Hebrew,"  either  from  Abraham,  «  Ebergreat  grand^oii  ot  ^\itti&. 

Gk.  Eibr<»Ms,  H^bra[sti(»dy.);  Xat.  H«6r«Mii;  B?.  H&Sk 


442  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Hecatomb,  Ml^M.iomet  the  sftorifice  of  100  oxen  at  a  tinie. 

Latin  h/o&Umhe:  Greek  MoSMt^  ho\a,  100  oxea. 
Hectic,  hik^.tik,  a  fSBverish  red  blush  on  the  cheeks. 

Latin  hecMca;  Greek  MktXki;  Frendi  TiMM^iM. 

Hector,  Mk^,tSr»  a  bully,  to  bully  and  bluster ;  hec'tored  (2  syl.), 
hec'tor-mg.     (From  Hector ^  the  Trojan  hero.) 

(It  is  hard  to  imagine  how  this  wkodest,  nclble^minded  patriot  eame  to 
signify  a  huUy  and  bra^jgart  Wos  Ajaxj 

Hedge,  a  field  fence,  to  make  a  hedge.    Edge,  a  border. 

Hedged  (1  syl.),  hedg'-i^g  (Bule  six.)    Edge^*  ed^-ing. 

Hedg'-er,  hedge'-less.    Edge'-less,  blunt. 

Hedge'-hog,  hedge'-row,  hedge'-spor'rDw. 
Old  Eng.  hege,  hsdge-rewe,  v.  heglian],  past  hegede,  past  pari  ksgsd. 

Heed,  care,  to  regard  with  care ;  heed'<^  (B.  xxxvi.),  heied'-ing, 
heed'-less,  heedlees-ly ,  heedl^fls-ness,  heed'-fnl  (B.  viii), 
heed'fnl-ly,  heed'fuLjiess.    {See  Head.) 
Old  English  hidlan],  past  h^dde. 

Heel  [of  the  foot].    Heal,  to  cure.    Eel,  a  fish. 

Heel,  to  put  a  heel  on  a  boot,  &c.,  to  lie  over  on  one  side 
(said  of  a  ship);  heeled  (1  syl.),  heel-ing. 

Heal,  to  cure ;  healed  (1  syl.),  heal-ing,  heal'-er. 

At  one's  heels,  close  by.    To  take  to  one's  heels,  to  run  off. 

Old  Eng-  h4l.  H4l-?ieortt  heel-hearted,  i.e.,  fearfnL  (A  good  wind.) 
"  Heel  (to  lay  a  ship  on  its  side),  0.  E.  hyld{an].  to  Incline,  to  bend. 
"  Heal,"  Old  English  halianl    '^Eel,"  Old  Englidi  M. 

Hegemony,  he.g^m\o.ny^  the  leading  influence  of  one  state  over 
others.    (Greek  hSgSmoniaf  kSgimdrit  a  leader.) 

Hegira,  he.dji'.rahf  the  epoch  of  the  Mahometan  era. 

Arabic  hadjara,  to  remove,  referring  to  the  flight  of  Mahoiniit  bom 
Mecca,  July  16th,  A.D.  622. 

Heifer,  Mf'.f^r,  a  young  cow.     Steer,  a  young  ox,  both  calf. 
The  sn-e  a  Bull,  the  dam  a  Oow.    A  steer,  3  years  oU,  Ox. 
Old  English  hea/or,  steor^  buUuea,  eif ,  «^f. 
Heigh-ho !  h^.hd',  an  exclamation  expressive  of  weazinetft 

Height,  kite.   Length,  breadth,  depth,  but  lieig]it  ^not  hdg^^ 
elevation  from  the  ground.    Hight,  kite,  called. 

High,  hiy  elevated;  high'-ly,  hi^'-ness. 

Heighten,  hite'M,  to  make  high;   heightened,  JUt^*'^'* 

heighten-ing,  hitel'Ming ;  heighten^r,  hfW'ner, 

Old  English  hedh,  high ;  hedhlice,  highly ;  htdhnu,  falglmMi:  A*^ 

or  h^the,  height.    (Onr  word  should  be  heigth.)  ^ 

"  Hight "  (to  caU  or  name),  Old  Eng.  hdiicm],  part  kdUi»  p^  p.  k^ 

Heinous,  hay'. nils  (not  h^nuB)^  atrocious;   lieinoiyhly,  Aay<' 
nHs.ly ;  heinous-ness.    (French  hairmts,  fu^ne.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  443 

H^,  (fern,)  }i«iir*e60,  air,  aif-ess.  (One  of  tbe  thxee  simple 
words  which  lose  the  initial  h),  the  others  are  honest  and 
honour,  with  hour  (E.  xlviii.) ;  heir'-flhip  {-shipt  state  or 
office) ;  heir-loom,  something  which  descends  to  heirs. 

Heir-appa'rent,  a  direct  heir.     H^-preBtunptive,  an  in- 
direct heir  who  will  succeed  if  there  is  no  direct  heir. 

In  the  following  derivatives  the  hit  resitmed. 

Heritage,  h^.riMge,  what  is  due  to  an  heir. 

Heritable,  h^rLtaM;  heritor,  hS/ri.tor, 

Hereditable,  he.rM.i,taJ}'l;  hereditably;   hereditament, 
her^ri.dit".a,vMnt;  hereditary,  he.rid'.i.ta.ry;  heredity. 

Inherit,  inMr'rit ;  inher^it-ed,  inher'it-ing;  inher^itor. 

Inheritance,  in.her'ri.tance,  what  an  heir  inherits. 

Latin  Jiceres  (from  Jicer^o,  to  stick).  Heir-loom  is  hybrid,  ''loom" 
being  the  Aas^o-SMon  QeUhna,  household  goodi. 

French  heritage,  Mreditaire,  Mriter,  h4r$tier, 

(The  same  irregularity  exists  in  the  French  words,  thns  the  "h"  la 
aspirated  in  Kirita,ge,  Mriter,  not  in  hiritier,  hdridite,  &c.) 

Helifti»fLl,  he.W .a.kdl,  emerging  from  or  passing  into  the  sun's 
light;  heli'aoEJ-ly.  •  ili&t,hUld.cu8;  Gk.  ^Uos,  the  sun.) 

Helianthns,  he\li.an'\Thu8y  the  sun  flower. 

Qfeek  hiWis,  arUMa,  the  flower  [picturing]  the  sun. 
HeUcal,  hSV.i.Ml,  spiral ;  hgllcal-Iy. 

Gteek  M?i«,  gen.  hdXhda,  spiral ;  ▼.  hiHsad,  to  turn  round. 
Hdiooentiio,  M .li.o.8^n" .tHk,  conoentrio  with  the  sun. 

are«]c  hilMs  kiwtrdn,  piaving  for  centre]  the  sun's  centre. 
HeUotrope,  hiV.i.o.tr5pe  (should  be  he\li.o.trope),  a  turnsole, 
sapposed  at  one  time  to  turn  always  towards  the  sun. 

Greeic  fyilids  trgpd,  to  turn  to  the  sun. 
Hell,  the  place  of  future  torment.    Ell,  a  measure  of  length. 

Hell'-ish  (ish  added  to  nouns  means  ** like,"  added  to  adj. 

it  is  dim.) ;  hell'ish-ly,  hell'^ish-nese,  hell-hoond. 

Old  English  hell,  v.  Mlcm,  to  conceal.  "  Hades  **  is  the  same,  being 
the  Greek  cOdos  (not  ha%do»),  a-idia,  not  seen. 

Hellebore,  h^Vx.hdre,  the  Christmas-rose,  aconite,  &c. 

Greek  JUflHlbMis  (elein  bira,  to  destroy  pasture). 
Hellenes,  hSl.lee'.neez  (not  hSl\Un.eez\  the  Greeks. 

HeUenie,  hil.letf.nih,  a^j.  of  Helle'nes. 

Hellenism,  hSLlee* .nlzm  (not  hiV.UnJlzmX  a  Greek  idiom. 

HeUanize,  hSLUef.nize   (not  hSVl^Aze,  Rule  xxxii.),  to 

imitate  the  Greeks;  hellenizing,  hel\len.ize\%ng, 
Hellenistic,  MV .l^.ii" ,t%k,  pertaining  to  Greek. 
HelleniiticaUy,  hSVMnXs'\tiMl.ly,  in  Greek  style. 
Greek  hKimM;  hglWnXkdB,  hmiwied,  MlUnUtis. 


444  t:RRORS  OP  SPEECIH 


Helm,  a  rudder,  a  belmet.    Elm,  a  tree.    (Old  English  eUm.) 

"  Hdm,**  Old  English  hdma,  A  mdder ;  /ielni,  a  hddnei. 
Helmet,  h/SV.mSt;  hel'met-ed  (Bole  iii.),  wearing  a  helmet,  o^. 

Helot,  hSVMt  Spartan  serfs ;  helotism,  hi^V,o,tizfn,  slavery,  the 

Condition  of  helots ;  herotry,  the  body  of  helots. 

Qreek  HeUAUt,  heUAtera,  serfdom  (from  haired,  to  OYsrpowerX 

Help,  (past)  helpt  or  helped,  (past  part,)  helpt  or  helped  pud- 
pen,  hS'.p^'l,  assistance,  to  assist;  hi^p'-er,  hd^-fnl 
(Rule  YiiL),  help'faUy,  help'fol-neati  help'-leas,  help'- 
lees-ly,  helpless-ness;  help-mate,  one  who  renders  help 
to  another ;  help-meet,  a  wife,  I  mil  make  a  help-wuet 
for  hin^  (Genesis  iL  18). 
Old  English  kdp,  ▼.  helpian],  past  healp,  past  part,  holpm. 

Helter-flkelter,  in  tumultuous  confusion. 

delve  (1  syL),  the  handle  of  a  hatchet ;  helved  (1  sylOt  furnished 
with  a  helve.    (Old  English  helf.) 

fiehi,  the  edge  of  a  garment  sewed  down,  to  sew  down  the  edge, 
to  confine  (followed  by  in),  an  exclamation. 

Henmied  (1  syL),  hemm'-ing  (Bule  i),  hemdi'-er. 
Old  English  ?um,  a  hem  or  border. 
Hema-.    See  Hsama-  for  words  derived  from  Greek  haima-. 
Heml-,  halfl    (Greek  hSmi-;  Latin  simi-;  Frendh  dem'ii) 

Hemicarp,  h^*A.karp  (in  Bot),  one  portion  of  a  froit  which 
spontaneously  divides  into  halves.    (Greek  hSmi-karpos.) 

Hemicrania,  h^\i,kray\ntah,  pain  on  one  side  of  the  head. 

Greek  himi-  krOnUm,  half  the  head. 
Hemieyde,  him'.i-si'.k'l,  a  half  cycle.    (Greek  hSmi-kukl8s.) 

HemigamoQB,  hB.mig'.a.mus  (in  Bot.\  having  two  florets  in  the 

same  spike,  one  neuter  and  the  other  nni-sexnal* 

Greek  Mini-  gdmds,  half  marriage. 

Hemiptera,  hSkniip\ti.rah,  an  order  of  insects  including  ooek- 

roaches,  locusts,  bugs,  grasshoppers,  luitem-flies,  in. 

Hemipter,  plu.  Hemipters,  hB.mlp\ter,  one  of  the  $bc»y*i 

hemip'teral  or  hemipterons,  hB.mip'.ti,rii$. 

Greek  himi-  ptMfn,  half -wing,  becatise  half  of  the  upper  iriap  * 
membranaceous  and  half  cmstaceous. 

Hemisphere,  hiin\ijfere,  a  half  sphere ;  hemispherioal,  M*'-^' 

sfSf'ri.kal;  hem'ispher'ic&l-ly. 

Greek  Mmi-  aphairA,  a  half-sphere  or  ball. 

Hemistich,  Mm^iMik  (often  called  h^\i.stiteh),  half  a  J^tua^ 

two  lines  of  J)oetry  [in  rhyme]. 

Greek  himi-  itichds,  half  a  row  or  verse. 

Hemlock  (cormpUoTi  of  the  Old  Eng.  hefkUaet  "leao"  fflami"? 

a  herb,  whence  le(Lct'(i.Ut  ^  'Vi^xX)  ^S^^n,  Uae^veard. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  445 

Hemp,  a  plant,  the  fibres  thereof;  hemp'-en,  made  of  hemp. 
Old  English  henep  or  hcemp  ;  Latin  cawnSbis,  hemp* 

JE^fem,  of  cook.  In  doraestio  fowls  both  called  poultry;  a 
yoong  hen  is  a  pnllet,  a  young  cock  is  a  cockerel.  A 
"  pullet"  is  sometimes  called  a  poult,  and  a  "  cook"  a  bird. 

Ben  and  pock  (suffixed  or  affixed)  are  also  used  as  gender- 
yiGtdiAiBscock-hirdthenrhird;  cpck-pheasami,  hen-pheasant; 
cocksparr ow, hen-sparrow ;  moor-cock,moor-Jien;  peacock, 
pea-hen;  turkey-cock,  turkey,  (fee. 

Hen-coop,  a  coop  for  hens  when  rearing  their  young ; 

Hen-pecked,  hSn-pekt,  domineered  OTcr  by  a  wife. 

Old  F^g^^"^  hen  or  henn,  eoc  or  coce.    French  povUt. 

Henbane,  hSn'.hane,  the  hyoscy'amus  plant. 

A  oorrnption  of  Old  English  henbelle,  bdene,  helone,  or  belune.  There 
is  no  9nch  word  as  fienrband,  hen-mnrderer,  and  the  notion  of  the 
seeds  bej^  fatal  to  poultry  arose  from  a  misapprehensiop  of  tbe 
word.  The  Greek  word  hyoscyamtu  fhuos  kd^mdaj,  hog-bean, 
throws  no  light  on  the  meaning. 

Henoe  (1  eyl.),  from  this  place.    Hens,  hSnz,  female  birds. 

Hence'-forth,  hence-for'ward,  from  this  time  onwards. 

From  hence,  from  henceforth;  from  thence,  from  thence- 
forth; from  whence.     ("Hence,"  0.  E.  heonan,  hinan.) 

"From,*'  in  the  phrases  given  above,  is  redundant,  bat  well-estab- 
lished. There  are  similar  Latin  examples :  as  ez-inde  and  de- 
inde;  (/b-hine  and  de-hine,  &c. 

Henoh'^man,  a  servant.  (Old  English  hina  or  hine,  a  domestic 
servant,  whence  hinemann,  a  henchman. 

Hepatic,  hii.pSfJik,  pertaining  to  the  liver. 

Hepatitii,  M\pa.U'\ti8,  inflammation  of   the  liver  (-itis 

denotes  inflammation). 
Latin  h^par,  the  liver;  h^dtictis;  Greek  Mpar,  Mjgdt^Scos, 
Hepatica,  he.paf,i'kah  (not  hepetica),  liver  wort. 

Gerard  saviL  "X.t  ^  singular  good  against  the  inflammation  of  the 
liver.'*    (Latin  hSpar;  Greek  Mpar,  the  liver.) 

Egp'ta-.    (Greek  prefix  for  seven.) 

Hep'tarchord,  a  instrument  with  seven  strings.  (Gk.  chordi.) 

Hep'ta-|:5n,  a  figure  with  seven  angles  (Greek  g&nia); 
iMptagpnal,  Mp.tag'.S.ndl  (long  o  in  Greek). 

Hep'tiuidiia,  h^.tan'.dri.ah,  plants  with  seven  stamens 
(linnsdus  called  stamens  andres,  men  or  the  male  organs 
ofplants);  heptan'drian. 

Beptan'gular,  a  hybrid  which  should  be  abolished. 

Hepta{ion  is  good  Greek,  and  septangular  good  Latin. 
Heptarchy,  the  seven  Saxon  kingdoms  of  England, 
Greek  A/pto  areM,  sovereigntj  fnnder]  seven  [ndwa].  ^^ 


446  ERROHS  OF  SPEECB 

Her,  olijeet  case  of  She;   ftlso  a  poss.  pron.,  used  es  an  nd^. 

(Norn,)  Bbe,  (poss.)  lien,  (obj,)  hn\  phi*  (Nam.)  they, 

(pots,)  thein,  (ohj,)  them;   heraelf,   (mas,)  himaelf, 

(plu,  both  genders)  thems^veB.    (See  He.) 

Old  English  h«6,  the ;  gea.  hire,  cUt.  Mrs,  Me.  hij  pin.  bodl  A>, 
gen.  hira,  dat  Aem,  aoc.  M.    (Oar  ol^.  is  the  old  dauTe.) 

fterald,  li^rM,  one  to  make  state  prodamations,  to  prodaini ; 
her^ald-ed  (Bole  xxxvi.),  hex^ald-ing,  heraldjdiip. 

Heraldry,  h^ral.dry,  the  sdenee  of  coat-armoor. 

Heraldic,  he.raV.dik,  pertaining  to  eoat-armonr. 

Heraldical-ly,  he.rdV.di,k6l.ly,  adv. 

French  hiraut,  hiraldique;  Old  French  MrauU;  German  heraXt. 
Herb  (not  erb)y  a  plant  with  a  succulent  deciduous  stalk; 
herbage,  hSr\bdge  (not  S/.hage),  grass,  pasture ;  herlml, 
hSr^.h&l,  a  book  about  herbs;  herlMd-hrt,  a  collector  cr 
cultivator  of  herbs ;  herbarium,  plu*  herbaria,  h^.haif- 
n.ttm,  hSr.hair^ri.ahy  an  album  or  coUection*  of  dried 
plants ;  herbary,  h^.ba.ryy  a  garden  of  herbs ;  herba- 
ceous, her.bay\8hu8  {-e-  before  "  -ous  "  of  concrete  nonsBy 
-i'  before  '^-ous"  of  abstract  nouns,  iLlxvi);  bex^iei'cent. 

Herbivora,  h^r.biv'.o.rah,  eaters  of  herbs;    herbiToroua, 

h^Mv'.o.riis.     Herborise,   hifi^ ,bo,rlze  (Rule  xxzi),  to 

search  for  herbs;    herlxyijsed    (3   svL),  herlmii-iiig 

(R.  xix.),  herlwriB-er;  herborisation,  h^ ^,rijia" .shin, 

French  h&rhe,  herhace,  h&rborute,  herboriaation,  herboriser;  L»tfn 
herha,  Tierbdceus,  Jterbdritu. 

Herculean,  her.kit.leMn  (not  her.ku.leel'.an),  veiy  great. 

Hercules,  Mf.hu.leez,  type  of  strength. 

Herculanean,  h&r' .ku.lai/\ne,dny  Hercules-like. 
Latin  HerciUes,  JierdUius,  hercHldneus;  Greek  HS'raJltlSs, 
Herd  [of  beasts].    Heard,  herd  [v.  hear].    Erred,  erd  [▼.  en}. 

A  herd  of  biLcks,  bullocks,  camels,  cattle,  deef,  eiephu^ 
harts,  horses,  oxen,  stags,  stoine,  rabble. 

A  flock  of  birds,  goats,  sheep. 

A  drove  of  cattle,  sheep,  horses,  going  to  market. 

To   herd   together,  to    associate    together,   like   eittk 
herd'-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  herd'-ing;   herds^maa. 

Old  English  heorde,  same  word  as  hoard  :  v.  AeordTonl 

"  Heard,"  Old  English  \iit[<m\,  past  hyrde^  past  part  A^Ml 

"  Erred,"  French  errer  /  Latin  erro,  to  err,  to  waadur. 

Here,  Ere;   Hear,  Ear;   Heir,  E'er;  Hair,  Air;   OmkAit 

Here,  M'r,  in  this  place ;  here-abentSt  here-aiftef;  Mi^ 
here-in,  here-of,  here-to  (-too),  hexe«ento>  here- 
here-opon;   here-with,  here-withaL    (OldEng.  M 

Ere,  air,  befioie  in  ti&ie.    (Old  English  4f,) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  447 

Wr,  to  apprehend  by  the  ear.    (Old  Eng.  hyr[an\i ; 

r,  9t,  the  organ  of  hearing.    (Old  English  tdr.) 

Heir,  air,  the  sttcceesor  of  property.    (Latin  %d^e«); 

E'er,  iatr,  contraction  of  ever.    (Old  English  rf/er.) 

Hkir,  a  sort  of  wool.    (Old  English  hdg^  m  Mr) ; 

JIe,  the  atmosphere.    (French  air;  Lat|a  <ur.) 

Hare  (1  syL),  a  quadmped.    (Old  English  luura) ; 

Aze,  r,  Norse  plu.  of  Uie  pres.  ind.  of  to  he. 

[eieditery,  ^.r^.t.ta.77,f,  descending  by  heirs ;  heredltari-ly 
(Bi&e  xL) ;  hereditable,  he.r&i\i,ta,Vl ;  hereditament, 
hef/ri,dM^'jajmenty  any  property  which  may  be  inherited ; 
her'itage ;  ker'itor,  owner  of  parish  lands  (Scotland). 

Lihierit,  inMfiU;  inher'it-or,  inher'itriz,  inher'it-able ; 

inheritaiice,  %n.h^ri,tancey  property  inherited. 
li^iktcibiyHihe^h**  itoipifrated.    lii  the foUowviig  ili ia  dxopptd : 

Heir,  air ;  heir^-ess,  heir'-Iess,  heir'Hship,  heir^-loom. 

Latin  liOffridiaidriniaJiaeiitdKtcLS,  hoeres.  The  same  irr^n^arity  prevails 
in  TmuAi :  *'  H  ^  la  aapirated  in  hMtage  and  JiSrUert  bat  not  in 
KMtier,  MridUe,  Mr4d>Uavrt, 

[ereiy,  plu.  heresies,  hSr^ri^siZj  heterodoxy;  heretic,  h^ri.tlk; 
1,  hS,r^1f,%,kdl;  herefioal-ly. 


French  hir^sie,  Mritique;  Latin  fuxr^Hs,  haritkus;  Greek  hoArfyia^ 
Ke^tikoa  QuU/f€Ot  to  choose  for  oneself,  not  to  re^ve  by  faith). 

[erUable,  hermitage,  heritor.     {See  Hereditary.) 

EeEAiftj^rrodite  (not  hermophradite),  hSr.mSf.ro.ditei  a  living 
creatnre  uniting  in  one  the  two  sexes. 
Fr.  henntuphrodiXe  ;  Gk.  h^rmraphrddltiis  {Hermes  and  AphrddlUs). 

lenneneiiticB,  hSr^.me.nu'Wihs  (R.  Ixi.),  the  science  of  exposi- 
tion; hermeneutical,/l^.me.nu'^t^.A;6(Z;  hermenn'tical-ly. 

French  K«nn^neu<t^;  Greek  MmUneuVCh68  (hermineiis,  an  inter- 
pvrter;  from  Hermes,  Mercury). 

lemef  leal,  chemical.    Hermitlcal,  hermit-like. 

Hermetlcal-ly  sealed,  -seeldy  closed  up  [like  a  glass-tnbe] 

by  fusion ;  hermet'ic.     (French  herm^tique.) 
Hfarmfis  (Menmry)  is  the  fabled  inventor  of  chemistry. 
Sofiidl  (corraptioB  of  Er^nite),  fern,  her^mit-ess. 
HmUt'ical,  hermit-like.    Hermet'ical,  chemical 
Hemiitage,  hSr^.mutage,  the  dwelling  of  a  heraait. 

fk«B«h>  Aermito,  hermitage;  Latin  eremlta,  eremittcus;  Greek  iri- 
fniftl*  (from  ^^rAiu9F»,  a  desert)    Our  error  is  from  the  French. 

^ttnia,  hi^.vli.aJir  a  roptnre  of  some  organ  throngh  the  skioL*, 
her'niaL  (adj.)    (Latin  hernia^  a  rapture.) 


i 


448  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Hero,  plu.  heroes,  he'.roze  (Rule  Ixii.),  fern,  heroine,  h^roJin; 

heroism,  h^roXzm;  heroic,  h6.ro\ik;  heroical,  kS.rd'.i.- 

kdl;  herolcal-ly,  he'ro-wor'^hip,  idolising  celebnties. 

French  Mros,  Mrolne^  hSrcHame,  MrcHque;  Latin  hSrda,  hihfinai 
keroicus;  Oreek  A^rd«,  hSr&lnS,  hSHIHeds. 

Heron,  he/rSn,  at  hem,  a  game-bird.    Her'ring,  a  fish. 

Her'onry,  a  place  where  herons  congregate  and  breed. 

Hemshaw,  the  hem  at  which  hawks  were  flown. 

Not  to  know  a  Jtatok  from  a  hemshaw.  to  be  without  diflcifmiBaticHi. 

Not  to  know  a  "  hawk  "  from  the  "  hem  "  at  which  it  flies. 
French  hdron.    Archaic  herruhaw,  heamesew,  Jtemtu^,  hennnafm. 

Herpes,  hSi^.peeZt  a  skin  disease,  the  shingles ;  herpeVic. 

French  herpes,  herp6tique  ;  Latin  herpe»  (Oreek  herpOf  to  creep). 

Her'ring,  a  fish.    Err'ing,  wandering.    Heron,  a  bird  (q.v.) 

Old  English  hirimg,  a  herring  or  shoal  of  fish  {her€,  an  army). 
'*  Erring,"  French  errer  ;  Latin  erro,    "  Heron,"  French  hirpn. 

Hers,  poss.  case  of  She,  (obj.)  her.     Mas.  hia,  n,  he,  oIq,  him. 

Herse  (French),  hoarse,  herset  a  carriage  for  the  dead. 

Hesitate,  h^A.tate,  to  doubt,  to  stammer;   he8'itat*e4  (Role 

xxxvi.),  hes'itat-ing  (E.  xix.),  hes^itaiing-ly;  heiitatioii, 

he8\i.tay'\8hun;  hesitancy,  plu,  hesitancieB,  h&^AxtauiU. 

French  hisUer^  hintaiion;  Latin  hcB^ttdHo,  AcBfttflrc 

"  Hesitude,"  a  state  of  donbt  (Latin  hcBattOdo)  inight  be  ioteodooed. 

Het'gro-  (Greek  prefix),  dissimilar,  irregular,  diverse. 

Hefero-cephalus,  -8^f,a.lu8  (in  Bot,)^  having  male  and  fe- 
male flower-heads  on  the  same  plant    (Greek  ki^hSli,) 

Hef  ero-oer'cal,  [fishes]  having  a  tail  unequally  lobed :  u 
dog-fish  and  sharks.    (Greek  kSrkd8,  a  talL) 

Heteroclitet  Mf.e,rSk^\lit€i  anything  anomalous,  YBtying 
from  the  ordinary  rule.    (Greek  klUw,  a  slope.) 

Het'ero-dox,   heretical;    het'ero-dox'ical,   not  orthodox; 
het'ero-dox'y,  heresy.    (Greek  ddxa,  opinion.) 

Heterogamous,  het\e.r8g".a.mu8,  where  the  florets  in 
the  same  truss  are  of  different  sexes;  (in  gnsufj 
where  the  parts  of  fructification  are  on  difilarent  qn^ 
lets  of  the  same  plant.    (Greek  gdmos,  marriage.) 

Hetero-geneous,  hSf,^.ro-dje\nS.u8,  dissimilar;  Mf^ 
ge'neous-ly,  hefero-ge'neous-ness ;  het'enngUM^' 
-dje.nee'.i.tyj  opposite  of  homogeneily. 

French  h4t£roginef  MUroginiUe;  Oreek  heUM9  ginii,  aaolfev  kind- 
Hew,  Hue,  Hogh,  Yew,  Yon,  Ewe,  U. 

Hew,  you ;  (past)  hewed  (1  syl.),  (p<ut  part,)  l0^  ^ 
hewn,  to  cut ;  hew^-ing.  hew^-ev.    Hewn  stone. 

Hoe,  yout  colour,  tint.    (Old  English  heaw  or  M».) 

Hugh,  you,  pTopex  nttoie  (Dutch  for  "  high  "). 


AND  OF  SPELLING. 


Yew,  u,  a  tree     (Old  English  iir,  the  yew-troe.) 
You,  tt,  plu.  nom.  and  obj.  of  Thoa.     (0.  E.  ge,  dat.  tow.) 
Ewe,  u  (not  y9w)y  a  dam  among  sheep.    (0.  E.  eowu,) 
Old  SngUah  KeduianX  to  hew ;  past  ht&w.  past  part,  ^«choen. 
Hexa-  (Greek  prefix  for  "  six ").    Greek  hm^  lix. 

Hez'a-ohord,  an  inst  with  six  itiingt.  (Ok.  chorda^  a  string.) 

Hez'a-gSii^  a  figure  with  six  sides  and  wgles;  hexagonal, 
hexMg' ,o.mil ;  hexag'onal-ly.    (Greek^dnia,  an  angle.) 

He^'gyniaii,  hex\a.gin",inan  (in  Bot),  having  six  pistils 
or  female  organs.    (Greek  hex  gUnit  six  femsde  [organs].) 

Eexfk-liedrpn,  'he3f.a,}iM",ron,  a  cube  or  figure  with  six  equal 
sides ;  hexa-hed'ral.    (Greek  hedray  a  side,  seat,  base.) 

B^zameter,  hexMm'.eder,  a  Terse  with  six  *<  feet"  or  poetic 
beats.    (Greek  hex  metron^  six  measures.) 

Begandrian,  hexMn\dri.an  (in  jBot.),  having  six  stamens; 

hexandria,  hex,dn\driMK    (Greek  hex  an^r,  six  men.) 
Hexangnlar,  hex.dn',gu.lart  half  Gk.  and  half  Lat,  hez'agon 

is  good  Gk.,  sexangular  good  Lat.  (with  six  angles). 

Eeza-petalous,  'pif,a,lii8i  having  six  petals.  (Qk.  petdVin,) 

Hexapla,  hex.dp\laK  six  versions  in  six  different  languages 
of  a  book.    (Greek  hex-hapl66s,  six-fold.) 

Heza-p6d,  plu.  hexa-pods,  animals  with  six  feet ;  hezapoda, 
hex,Spi\o.dah,  the  genus.    (Greek  pout,  gen.  pddos.) 

Hejrf  what  say  you?    Hay,  dried  grass.    (Old  Eng.  hSg,  hig.) 

Eeydayl  an  exclamation  of  pleasurable  surprise,  frolic,  wild- 

ness :  as  the  heyday  of  youth. 

" Heyday  r  German  heida.    ''Heyday"  (frolicsome  time),  hedhtid, 
the  lestiye-tide,  the  joyous  thne  [of  yomhj. 

kd,  contraction  for  hogshead ;  i.e.,  h  [hog],  hd  [head]. 

latos  {hLd\tu8)  [in  a  MS],  a  gap  from  loss  in  the  continuity,  a 
^Ufficulty  of  pronunciation  produced  by  the  concurrence 
of  vowels.    (Latin  hidtuSf  hidre,  to  ^ape.) 

hcmate,  hx'.bir.nate  (not  hi.liSr^.nate),  to  pass  the  winter  in 
a  dormant  state  or  in  seclusion ;  hil>emat-ed  (B.  xxxvi.), 
]ii1>emat-ing  (R.  xix.);  hibematioii,  hi', h&r. nay'' .shun; 
hiber'naL     (Latin  hibema,  v.  hibemdre,  hibemus.) 

endan,  hi.het^.ni.an,  Irish,  an  Irish  man  or  woman. 

Hibeimiciflm,  hi.ber^.nijum,  an  Irishism. 

LatiB  Hibemia,  Ireland  (lemia)) ;  Keltic  Icvr  or  EH,  western. 
"Srin**  is  Eririnni*  or  lar-innis,  western  island. 

oogh  {better  hiccup),  hlW.up  {noun  and  verb) ;  hiccoughed, 

kU^.upt;  hiccough-ing,  hW.up-ing  (Rule  Ixv.) 

Dntdi  huckup;  French  hoquet,  an  imitation  word. 

'go  (Spanish),  a  nobleman  of  the  lowest  clasa. 

2f 


450  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Hide  (1  syl.)}  the  skin  of  a  beast,  a  measure  of  land,  to  conceal. 
Ides,  between  the  calends  and  nones  (Rmn,  calendar). 
Hide,  to  conceal,  (past)  hid,  (past  part^  hidd'-en ;  hid'-ing 

(Knle  xix.),  hid'-er.    Hied  (v.  hie).    Eyed  (v.  eye). 
Old  English  hyd,  a  skin,  or  a  measure  of  land ;  v.  hycBianI  to  conceal. 
Hideous,  Mdfx.uSt  horrible;  hid'eons-ly,  hid'eons-iififlB. 

'  Archaic  fticlout;  Norman  fticbncs^;  Frendi  fttdctu;. 
(Tht  -e-cif"  JNmmm  "  wu  iwttrjpoloiUA  vihm  Iht  fwhikm  wnvgiUd  of 
pronouncing  "d"  like  "A"a»  "ii«o*'5ri«tp;  ** odious^ szoJms,  90 
^*  Udeous '» =  ^id JIM,  dte.) 

Hie,  hi,  to  hasten.    High,  ^t,  elevated.    I,  pron.    Sye,  t. 

Hied,  hide,  hastened.    Hide  (a  sk^i).    Eyed,  ide  (v.  eye) ; 
hie-ing,  hl'-ing,    (Verbs  ending  in  any  two  vowels,  except 
-tie,  retain  bolJi  when  -ing  is  added.)    Eye-ing. 
Old  Eng.  "  To  hie,"  fttgfan].    *'  High,**  hig  or  hedh     "  ISyB,"  4gs. 
Hierarch,  hWejrarky  chief  priest;   hierarchy,  ha>\e.rar,kyt  the 
church  dignitaries;  hierarchal,  hl^ ,ejrar.kal ;  hlem'ie; 
hierarchism,  h^' .e.rar,k)Um ;  'hietoifTaxiy  (not  -ay), 
Latin  hierareha,  hiermrdLia,  hierarthinu  (Greek  hUhrds  anM^ 
Hieroglyphic,  hWe.ro.gVif  Xk  (not  hV ,ro^glif" ,ik),  a  sacred  sym- 
bol,   emblematic;     hieroglyphicil,    ki'^.ro,gU^"jLk(il ; 
hieroglyphicalJy;  hieroglyphis^  hi'.e,rdg'\Ufyt. 

Hieroglyph,  hl\ejro,gVif,  a  sacred  symbolic  word* 
Latin  hivroglytMcus  ;  Greek  hierds  gluphd,  to  earv»  lacxed  [woidi]. 
Hierogram,  hi\e,ro,gram,  a  species  of  sacred  writing;  hiero- 
grammatic,    hV.e.ro.gram.mdt\ik ;    hiexograiuiiSt'ical, 
hierogrammatlcal-ly ;  hierogranunatist,  -gram'^ma.^Mt, 
Greek  hUhrds  fframmat  a  sacred  letter. 
Hierophant,  hV .e.ro.fdnt,  a  Greek  priest;  hierophan'tio. 

Greek  h'UfrdphcmtSt,  hiSrophanWeoa. 
Higgle,  hig\g'l,  to  chaffer;  higgled,  hXg'^g'ld;  hig^^^Ung. 

Higgler,  hlgC.l^,  a  hawker  of  eatables,  a  caviller. 
Welsh  hie,  hiced,  hoeed,  a  cheating,  a  tricking ;  v.  hUiom,  hoetiit. 
Higgledy-piggledy,'  all  in  disorder  (Bule  Ixix.) 
High,  hi,  elevated.    Hie,  At,  to  hasten.    I,  pron.    1^^  i 
High,  (c(mp.)  lid^h'-er,  (super,)  higV..e8t    HirOt  AtVi  to 

borrow.    Ire,  t'r,  anger. 
High-ly,  M'.?y;  high'-ness;  high'-way  or  high-nad,  th^ 

turnpike ;  high'-lows,  lace-boots ;  high-treasioiL 
Lord  High  Admiral,  plu.  Lords  High  AdniixBL 
High  Admiral,  plu.  High  Admirals. 
High'-way-man,j}{u.  highwaymen,  arobberonthehigb^oid' 
Old  English  hig  or  Aedft,  h«dMke,  highly;  ludhnts,  UghaMl> 
Highlands,  hV-lands,  a  district  of  Scotland.    laUiidB»  i^J^' 
Highlaudec,  hV.ldii.dlr,  a  native  of  the  Highlands. 


AND  OF  8PELUNG,  451 

V 

HilMity»  haMfffi.ty,  mirth ;  hilarioas,  m.laif^rl,iU,  not  hll\la,. 
His  {-i-otu  for  a4j.  formed  from  abstract  nouns ;  -e-oui  for 
those  formed  from  concrete  noons,  Bole  Ixvi.) 
Latin  hUdriUut  MldH9,  y.  hUdrare,  to  make  many. 

Hilary  term,  hU\a.ry,  a  law  term  beginsing  about  the  time  of 
St.  Hilary's  day.  Jan.  18. 

"BSUt  an  eleration  of  land  less  than  a  motrntain.    HI,  not  well. 
"Sill "  retaint  Ut  double  "I"  in  all  compotmdt tKept  hil-ly. 

HilT-ock,  a  small  hill,    (-ock.  Old  English  diminutiTe.) 

ffil'-ly  (acU.),  hiU'-side.    (Old  EngUsh  hyU.) 
Him,  obj.  sing,  of  he  the  pronoon.    Hymn,  him,  a  sacred  lyric. 

Him,  (fem.)  Her,  (nam.)  She;  {plu,  of  both)  They,  (obj.)  thSm. 

Him-self,  fern,  herself,  (plu.  of  both)  thSmselves. 

(For  enon  of  speech  see  He  and  L) 

"  Him."  "  her,"  and  "  them**  are  the  dative  not  the  ace.  cases  of  the 
original  pronouns :  Nom.  he.  Gen.  hie,  Dat.  him,  Aoc.  hine;  plu. 
N.  hi,  G.  hira,  D.  him,  Ac.  hi.  So  Aeo,  she,  G.  hire,  D.  hire,  Ac.  hi. 

"Hymn,"  Old  Eng.  hymen;  Low  Latin  hymnue;  Greek  Jvumnoe. 

H&id,  /(Sm.  of  Stag,  both  Bed-deer,  a  field  labourer,  (adj.)  the 

back  part;  hind'-er  [part],  the  part  behind  (hin'der,  to 

obstruct);  hlnd'-most,  hlnder^-most. 

Old  Eng.  hynd,  a  fem.  stag.    Hinder,  behind.    Hind,  a  labourer. 
(" Hinder,'^ Ang.-8ttx.  "hind&r,"  "behind,': notiheeomp.  qf  "hind.*^ 

Hunder,  hW.der,  to  obstruct ;  hind'  er,  the  back  part ;  hindered, 
hln',derd;  hin^der-ing^hiu'der-er;  hinderance,  Mn^(2€r.. 
aruse,  an  obstruction. 
Old  English  hindr[ian],  means  to  keep  back ;  hinder,  back,  behind. 
Hindoo  or  Hindfl,  hln,doo',  a  native  of  Hindustan. 

Hindtdsm,  Mn.do</.%zm,  the  religion  of  the  Hindis. 
Hindflstani,  h\n\doo,8tan**ni,  the  language  of  Hindfts. 
Hind (Pexsic).    5ind  (Sanskrit),  black.    "India,"  the  black  country. 
Blfngft,  a  joint  on  which  a  door  or  lid  moves.    To  hinge  on,  to 
turn  on ;  hinged  (1  syl.),  hing-ing,  hlnf-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

The  Anglo-Saxon  word  is  hear,  but  our  word  seems  to  be  derived  ftrom 
the  verb  hangi%an\,  to  hang ;  German  haiige,  a  hinge. 

Hinny,  a  mule,  to  whinny;  hinnied,  htn'Md;  hin'ny-ing. 

Latin  hinMia,  to  neigh  or  whinny ;  hiiwws,  a  mole ;  Greek  ginnde. 
^Qi,  an  indirect  allusion,  to  intimate  indirectly;    hint^-ed 

(Rule  xxxvi.),  hint'-ing,  hinfingJy,  hfiaf-er. 
S^t  the  fleshy  part  of  the  thigh,  the  fruit  of  the  dog-rose,  an 
exclamation,  as  in  hip  !  hip  !  hurrah  (hu.ray'). 
Hipped*  hlpt,  melancholy  with  the  meagrims.    (Corruption 

of  hypped,  from  "  hypochondriac.") 
Hlpp'ish,  rath^  hipped  {-ish  diminutive). 
Old  Eng.  ftfgp,  the  hip ;  hypbd»,  the  hip-bone.    ITeope,  tha  bi^  Xmst^  . 


452  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

niponuea,  no  such  word.    It  is  Ipomsda.  a  sort  of  bindweec 
Hippocrass,  Mp^po.kras,  a  spiced  wine  cordial. 

So  called  from  " Hippoc'rates  Sleeve**  or  woollen  bag  used 
strainer.    {Hippo&ratSs,  physician,  bom  at  Cos,  B.C.  460.) 

Hippo*  (Greek  prel&x),  a  horse.    (Greek  hippSs,  a  horse.) 

Hip'po-drome,  a  horse  circus.    (Gbreek  dromot,  a  courm 

Hip'pp-§^riff,  half  a  horse  and  half  a  griffin.    (Gk.  grv^ 

Hip'pOrpathplogy,    -pS.rhdV.S.gyy    the    science    of   h 
diseases.    (Greek  -pathSs  ISgos,  disease-treatise.) 

Hippophagi,   h1p.p5f\a.gty  eaters  of  horse-flesh;    hi] 
phagoos,  hlp.pdf\a,gu8,    (Greek  phagdy  to  eat) 

Hip'^po-pofamus,  plu.  hip'po*x)df  ami,  the  sea  or  liver  h( 

Greek  hippds  pdtdmds,  river  horse. 

.  Hip'po-theriuni,  plu.  hippo-therii^  hip\poTh^ri.um, 

hip\po-The\H.ah,  a  fossil  beast  allied  to  the  horse. 

j&ree|c  Mi>pos  IMrt&n,  horse-beast. 

HippuritQp,   hlp'.pu.ritea    (better   hip.pu'.rites),  fossil    biv 

nioll9scs;  hippu'ric  [acid];  hip'purite  [limestone],  I 

stone  abounding  in  the  above 

(The  -u-  in  these  words^  representing  Greek  -ou-,  is  long.) 
Greek  hippds  oura,  horse-tail  {-ite,  a  fossil,  Greek  liuios), 

Hippuriq,  htp.pu^ris,  mape's  tail.    (Greek  hippos  oura,) 

^ire,  hVr,  wages.    Higher,  hVr,  more  high.    Ire,  i'r,  anger. 

Hite,  to  borrow  on  a  consideration ;   Let,  to  lend  on  a 
sideradon ;    hired,  hi'rd ;    hir'-lng  (Rule  xiz.),  hlf 
hire'-ling,  a  mercenary. 

Old  Eng.  hyr,  hire,  y.  hy^ian\  past  b^de,  past  part,  hirod^hit 
*'  Higher,"  Old  Eng.  hvra     **  Ire,"  Lat.  <r(H. 

Hirsute,  hur^.8utey  covered  with  hairs,  hrdry ;  hiiBute'-neas. 

Latin  hirsHius^  hairy. 

His,  hiZy  poss.  pers.  pron.,  fern,  her,  plu,  th^ir.     Hln  (9.V.) 

Hiss,  to  express  disapproval  by  a  dental  aspiration;   hia 
hi»t ;  hiss'-ing,  hiss'-er.    Hist,  silence  1    ^s,  hiz,  p 
01dEng.%5[ianl,tohl8s.  *'His,"bys.  "Hist,"  Noise  AysM^  to  I 
Hist!  hush  (Norse  hy$!).    Hissed,  hM  (v.  hiss). 
History,  plu.  histories,  his'.to.riz,  chronicle  of  events. 

Historian,  hl8.tofri.an ;   historic,  hls.toi^rik;    UMoiri 
hi8.t5r^ri.kdl ;  histor'ical-ly. 

Historiographer,  hi8\to.ri.5g'\ra.f^,  one  employed  b; 

sovereign  to  write  the  current  history  of  the  realm. 
Latin  histMa,  histM,cus,  histdriographus  (Greek  hisUtriaX 
Histridn'ic,  relating  to  the  stage ;  histrionical,  hU\tri.ihii,*'.i.h 

histrionlcaLly;  hlBtrionism,  his\truQ,faMnL 
Latiii  histrionicus,  KistHo,  an  actor :  French  kMriim. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  453 


Hit,  a  blow,  a  lucky  stroke,  to  strike.    It,  neat,  pronoun. 
mU  (past)  hit,  (past  part.)  hit,  hitf-ing  (B.  i.)>  Mtf-er. 
None  hitte,  to  hit  on.    *<  It/'  Old  Engliah  hit, 
ffitoh,  an  obstacle,  to  budge.    Itch,  an  ixritation  of  the  skin. 

mtched  (1  syl.),  hitch'<-ing.  (Welsh  ^etan,  to  limp;  hecyn.) 
Hither,  hUh'r,  to  this  place.    Thither,  thith^ft  to  that  place. 
Hith'er.to,  hith'er.ward,  hith'er  jnost,  nearest  on  this  side. 
Old  English  hither  or  hider.    Thither,  thider,  thidenoeard. 
Hive  (1  syl.),  a  bee-basket,  a  colony  of  bees,    rte  =  I  have. 

ffive,  to  put  bees  into  a  hive;   hived  (1  syl.),  hiv'-ing^ 
(Rule  tit.)    (Old  English  hyfe,  a  hive.) 

Hot  Ho^!  (ijiteljections)  stop!    &6e,  h5,  a  tool. 

Welsh  ho  J  French  hot    '*  Hoe,"  French  ^iott«,  v.  houer. 
Hoar,  ho'r;  Oar,  oV.    Hors,  hor.    Whore,  hoo'r.    Or.    Haw. 

Hoar,  ho'r  J  white  with  age  or  frost;  hoar'-y,  hoar'i-nefls; 

hoar'-froBt,  ground-£rost»    (Old  English  hdr^  hoary.) 
Oar,  9V,  for  propelling  boats.    (Old  English  4r,  an  oar^) 
Hors  [de  combat],  hdr^  d*  kone\bah',  disabled  (French). 
Whore,  ho&rt  a  prostitute^    (Old  Eng.  h^e  ;  Welsh  huren.) 
Or,  a  coig.    (Old  English  oththe,  or,  either.) 
HSaw,  a  betry.    (Old  English  hosg,  hagth&m,  hawthorn.) 
Hoard,  hS'rd,  a  store.    Hotde,  kordf  a  tribe. 

Hofcrd'-ing,  a  temporary  wooden  fence,  the  habit  of  secretly 
laying-by  money ;  hoard'-er,  one  who  hoards. 

Hoiard  (verb),  hoard'-ing,  hoard' -ed  (Rule  xxxvi.) 
Old  English  hwrd,  a  store ;  v.  h^ordian}.    "  Horde,"  German  horde. 
Hoarse,  hd'rse,  roughness  of  voice.   Horse,  a  quadruped.    Haws. 
Hoarse'-ly,  hoarse'-ness.  (Old  Eng.  JuU,  hoarse ;  hors,  horse.) 
Hoax,  koxe,  an  imposition,  a  trick.    Oaks,  okes,  trees. 
Hoaz,  to  trick ;  hoaxed  (1  syL),  hoax'«>ing,  hoaz'»er. 
Old  English  huox  or  hues,  irOny,  slight,  hoax. 
H5b,  the  shelf  of  a  grate,  a  chimney  settle. 

Old  English  h<M)ian],  to  hold. 
Hobble,  WJ.ft'Z,  to  Ump;  hobbled,  ^(55'.6'Zd;  hobbling,  ^;j6'.iin^; 
hobOding.ly;  hobhlei,  hdb\ler.  (Welsh  ^fteZw,  to  hobble.) 

Hobhledy-hoy  or  hobbedy-hoy,  hW.Vl.dy  or  hbh\he.dy  hoy, 
a  youUi  between  boyhood  and  manhood. 

Eohhy,  plu.  hobbies,  hdV.hiz,  a  pony,  a  favourite  puzeuit,  a 

•small  strong-winged  hawk.    Hautboy,  hd'.hoy  (q.v.) 
'    ESbliy-horBe,  a  child's  plaything,  a  walking-stick  to  ride  on. 

Fr.  kobersau,  a  hobby  [hawk].    Hobby-horse,  a  «orrapUon  ot  hAbbu 
house  (hawK-tosshig,  or  throwing  the  hawk  from  tho  wi\a\Y 


454  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Hobgoblin  (not  hepgohUng)^  hdh.glfb\Vfny  a  bogy. 

Hohoai1>  hW.ndle,  a  naU  for  shoeing  horses  or  for  peasants' 
highlows.    (German  hufnagel,  a  hoof-nail.) 

Hob^5b,  to  fraternise  in  drinking;  hoVnobbeA  (3  tjL\ 
hpVnobV'ing.  (The  &  is  doabkd  because  "nob"  is 
treated  as  a  monogjUable,  Bule  i.) 

H5Qk,  a  Khemsh  wine,  the  ham,  to  out  the  hamstrings  hocked, 

kokt ;  hock'.ing.    Also  spelt  hough,  hoh. 
Old  English  hoh  at  h^  ttie  kook  or  ham. 
HooTiB,  h5\ku8y  to  oheat;    hoooased,  hs'kust;    ho'cuaB-ing ; 

ho'cus-po'cuB,  a  juggling  trick,  to  impose  by  triok. 

An  exception  to  B.  iii.    Wdsh  hocedtu,  a  jngglkig ;  hooedu,  to  trick. 
**HocuB-poca8"  is  said  to  be  a  corruption  of  hoc  est  corpus,  the  wordf 
used  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  in  the  enchanst. 

H5d,  a  dorsel  for  carrying  bricks.    Odd,  not  even. 

Hdd'^-man,  a  labourer  who  carries  the  hod. 

Germ.  hotU;  Fr.  hotU,  a  h6d  or  doneL    "  Odd,"  Aug. -Sax.  oVyer, 
Hdd'den*gray,  a  coarse  cloth  of  undyed  wool. 

Hddge'^-pSdge  (3  syl.),  a  medley,  a  stew  of  odds  and  ends. 

French  hodispci  (ragoftt  f<iit  de  boeuf  hatihfi,  et  ooit  aau  oam  dans  na 
pot  avee  des  marronsX 

Hoe,  ho,  a  garden  and  field  tool.    Ho !  stop  I    How  (A.  S.  h&Y 
Hoe,  ho  (verb),  hoed  (1  syl.);  hoe-ing,  hs'-ing  (verbs  ending 
in  any  two  vowels,  except  -ue,  retain  both  before  'ing) ; 
ho'-er  (R. xix.)  (Fi.Jwue.Y.houer.  **  Ho,**  Welsh  and  Fr.) 
Hog,  a  male  pi;?.    Boar,  the  sire.    Sow,  the  dam.    Litter,  the 
brood.    Farrow,  a  "  litter,"  to  bring  forth  a  litter.    Pork- 
ers, young  pigs  for  slaughter.    Pork,  the  flesh  of  pigs. 
Hogg'-ish,  filthy  (-ish  added  to  nouns  means  "  like,"  added 

to  acU,  it  is  dim.) ;  hegg'ishJy,  hogg'iah-iiesi. 
Hogg'-et,  a  boar  of  the  second  year,  a  weaned  sheep. 

Welsh  hvfch,  a  swine.    ^'  Boat,"  Old  Bng.  Mf.    "  Sow,"  O.  B.  nfa. 
**  Swine,"  O.  E.  su*n  or  twin.    "  litter,^  Fr.  lUihn  (««,  a  bed  ;Lid. 

Uctus),     "Farrow,"  O.  'R.fearh.     "Pork"  and  "porker,"  Vt. 

pore,  Lat.  porcus,  a  pig.    Hogget,  Webh  hagY*^,  a  strtpUag. 

Hogmanay,  hog\md.ny,  December ;  hogmany^night,  New-year's 

eve.    (Old  English  hdHg-mon^thf  holy  month.) 
Hogshead  (written  hhd,),  a  Dutch  measure  of  liquids. 

Hoiden,  hoy'd^»  a  boisterous  romping  gill;  hoi'deli-lift,  ratlier 
boisterous  and  rude  [said  of  gins]. 
Welsh  hoeden,  a  flirt,  a  coquette. 
Hoist  (1  syl.),  to  raise,  to  lift;  hoisr^d  (R.  xxxvi).  hoisf-iitf. 

*'  Hoist  **  (a  oormption  of  luyiae),  Vt.  hansser,  to  raise ;  Oena.  kUfftt-      . . 
Hdty-toity,  hoy'.t]/  toy'.ty,  an  exclamation  to  check  otar  exa-     #•<* 
berance,  or  noisy  m-\Am^«t. 


AND   OF  8PELL1KG.  455 

H^d,  a  grasp,  to  cling  to.    Old,  adyanoed  in  age. 

Hold,  a  grasp,  the  keelson  of  a  ship,  to  grasp,  to  support, 
to  forbear;  {past)  h^,  {past part,)  hgid  [horden]. 

Hold'-ing,  a  tenure,  grasping,  supporting,  ^c. 

Hold'-er,  hold'^ast,  hold  on,  cling  to,  continue. 

Old  English  Keald\an\,  past  Keold,  past  part,  healden. 
*'Hold^  (of  a  Bhii>},  Old  English  hoi,  a  hoUo#^  a  oavitj. 

Hole  (1  syl.),  an  excavation.    Whole,  lidle^  aU. 

Old  En^ish  hoi,  a  cavltf.  **  Whole,**  Old  English  10029;  Greek  hglds, 
QoUAay,  h8l\tdayt  a  festival,  release  from  work.  Holy-day, 
hd\ly.day,  a  day  set  apart  for  religious  observances. 

Both  the  same  compound  word :  Old  English  hxUig-dag. 

Holinees,  ho'M.ness,  sacredness.  His  HolineBS,  the  title  of  the 
pope.    (Old  £nglish  hdlignes.    See  Holy.) 

Holland,  hSV.lSndf  the  Netherlands ;  Hol^nder,  a  Dutchman ; 
hollands,  a  superior  kind  of  gin;  hollaikd,  fine  Unen, 
originally  bleached  in  Holland. 

Holla,  Holloa,  Hollo,  Holloo,  Hollow,  Halo. 

Hcdla  or  holloa,  h6l\lah^  to  shout;  holloaed,  hdl\lard; 
holloa-ing,  hSlWah-ing.  (Verbs  ending  in  any  two 
vowels,  except  -ue,  retain  both  before  -ing.) 

Hollo,  hSl.ld'j  a  shout  of  surprise,  a  caU.   (Fr.  ho  t  Id,  hola !) 

Halloo"^!  a  shout  to  incite  dogs  to  run  after  game. 

Hollow,  hSV.ldy  a  cavity.    (Old  EngUsh  hoi) 

Halo,  hay' do,  a  luminous  ring.    (French  halo  ;  Latin  h&lo.) 

HoBoWy  h6l\ld,  a  cavity,  an  outside  with  no  solid  inside,  false, 
to  excavate ;  hdllowed  (2  syl.),  h511ow-ing ;  hSllow-ness, 
h511ow-ly,  hollow-eyed.    {See  Holla.) 
Old  Eng.  hoi,  a  hollow,  v.  holiian],  past  holede,  past  part,  holed. 
Holly,  hSV.ly,    Wholly,  hdU'.ly,    Hole'-ly.    Holy,  hd'.ly. 
Holly,  hdV.ly,  an  evergreen.  (Old  English  holegn  or  holen.) 
Wholly,  fttJie'.iy,  entirely.  {0,'Et.walg ;  Gk.^5Z&, the  whole.) 
Hole'-ly,  full  of  holes.    (Old  English  hoi  or  hoU,) 
Holy,  hJo'dy,  sacred.    (Old  English  hdlig.) 
Rollyhock,  a  tall  flowering  plant.    (Old  English  hoU-hoe.) 
Holm,  holm  or  home,  the  evergreen  oak.    H5me  (1  syl.),  abode. 
Holm  or  holme,  home,  a  river  islet :  as  Stockholm, 

"Holm"  (the  oak),  Old  English  holegn  or  holen,  holly  or  holm. 
" Holm**  (a  river  island),  Old  Eng.  holm.    " Home,"  Old  Eng.  hdm. 

tUAOm,  h5V.o-  (Ok.  prefix),  the  whole.    (Gk.  hblifs,  the  whole.) 

HSl'o-caust,  -korst,  a  burnt-offering  in  which  the  whole  ^«a 
consumed.    (Greek  holo-  kaustos,  the  wlaole  Wtti^.^ 


456  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Hdl'o-graph,  -graf^  a  deed  written  by  the  hand  of  the 
grantor.    (Greek  hdlo-  graphS,  wholly  [in]  writing.) 

Holoptychins,  hoV .op.tW^iAU^  a  genus  of  fossil  fishes. 

Greek  hSUh  ptHchi,  wholly  wrinkled  or  corrugated. 
Holster,  hdV^ter^  a  leather  case  in  a  saddle  for  pistols,  Hblatered, 
h5l\8terd,  provided  with  holsters. 

Old  English  heoUkr,  %  hiding  plaoeu 
Holt  (Ang.  Sax.),  a  wooded  hill,  a  cover.    (In  names  of  places.) 
Holy,  hdr.ly:  Wholly,  holedy;  H61e'4y,  Holly,  hdl\lif. 

Holy,  hd'.ly,  sacred ;  holi-ness  (Bule  xiO>  ho'li-ly ;  hdly. 
day,  a  sacred  day.    Holiday,  h5Vi.day,  a  festival,  a  day 
of  release  from  business ;  plu.  holidays,  hSl\i,ddze, 
Holy  of  Holies,  ho\ly  ov  hd\liz,  part  of  the  Jewish  temple. 
Holy  Ghost,  ho'.ly  gost,  the  Holy  Spirit. 
Holyrood,  hS'dy.rood,  a  crucifix  over  the  rood-screen. 
Wholly,  hole'.lyy  entirely.    (Old  Eng.  walg  ;  Gk.  hdlift.) 
Hole'-ly,  full  of  holes.    (Old  English  hoi  or  hole.) 
Holly,  hSVdyy  an  evergreen.    (Old  English  holegn,) 
Old  English  hdlig,  holy ;  hdligdceif,  hdligMs,  holiness ;  hdHg-^oater. 
Homage,  hom\age  (not  Sm\age)j  reverence. 

Low  Latin  liomagium  QUSmo^  a  man);  French  liommage  (^omme). 
Home  (1  syl.))  place  of  abode;  home-ly,  plain,  like  home; 
homeli-ness  (Bule  xi.),  home'-less,  homelesB-neaB ; 
home'bred,  reared  at  home.  Home'-made  bread  (-bridu 
bread  made  at  home.  Home'-farm,  the  fields,  ^c,  con- 
tiguous to  the  farm-house.  Home'-sick,  pining  for 
home;  home-sick' Jiess.  Home'-spiin,  plain,  spnn  at 
home.    Home'-hrewed,  beer  made  at  home. 

Home-Sec'retary,  plu,  Home-Secretaries,  '8ik\re.ta,riz, 

Home'-stead,  -stM,  the  ground  on  which  a  farm-hoose 
stands,  the  farm-house  itself. 

Home-ward,  hoTne'wWd  (adj.),  towards  home. 
Home-wards  (adv.),  in  a  homeward  direction. 
Old  English  Mm,  hdmts,  at  home :  MmsUdt,  homestead ;  MNMoeardL 
Homeopathy,  hSm\e.Sp'' .a.thy  (no  compound  of  home) ;  home. 
opathist,  hifm\e.dp^\a.thistt  one  who  praotiseshomeopathy 
or  curing  disease  on  the  principle  of  " like  cures  like":  as 
heat  to  cure  a  bum,  <fec.    The  other  system  of  medidne 
is  Allopathy,  aV .I5p'\a.thp  (no  compound  of  aU). 

"  Homeopathy,*'  Greek  h&moias  pathiis,  [medidne]  like  the  < 
"  Allopathy,"  Gk.  allds  pathds,  [medidne  one  thing,]  (~ 

Homer,  hs^.mer^  the  great  Greek  epic  poet,  his  two  epics. 

Homeric,  Tid.m^rifc,  like  Homer. 


AND   OF  SPELLING.  467 

Homicide  (not  homocide),  h(im\i.8idej  a  manslayer ;  luHoicidal, 
h9m\i.8%".dalj  xnurderons. 
Latin  hSmXcida,  JUhrUcldium  (hdmo,  gefl.  hdmXnisy. 
H51KU)-  (Greek  prefix),  "  the  sai&e."    (Greek  hihn88.) 
HSm^o-centric,  -sSn'.triky  having  the  same  centfe. 
Greek  MmdsMntT&n,  the  same  centre. 

Hdni'o-oercal,  -ser^.kSl,  having,  like  herrings  and  cod-fish, 
hoth  lobes  of  the  tail  alike.    (Greek  kerkdSj  a  tail.) 

HSm'o-chromoits,  -kro^jmiU  (in  Bot.),  having  all  the  flowerets 
of  one  colour.    (Greek  chrdma,  colour.) 

HSm^o-geneous,  -dj^ .nSiUs,  having  a  uniform  structure; 

hom'o-ge'neous-ness ;  hdm'o-geneity,  -djiJiee'A.iyt  uni- 

foiinity  of  struotUre  throughout. 
Greek  hdmdginit,  ?^&m&$  gindSf  the  same  kind  throughout. 

Homologoiis,  h8m.dV.5.gu8j  parts  constructed  on  one  uniform 
plan,  but  each  having  its  proper  function ;  homological, 
hdin',5Mdf\i,kdl;  homolog'ioEkl-fy. 
Greek  hdmds  Ufgda^  the  same  analogy. 

Hdm'o-nym,  -ntm,  a  word  like  another  in  sound,  but  not  in 
meaning.    (Greek  dnHma  for  dn5ma,  a  name.) 

H5ni.''o-petaloas,  -pSt\d.ld8,  having  all  the  petals  formed 
alike.    (Greek  pitmSn^  a  petal)  a  leaf.) 

EooDe  (1  syl.)*  ft  whetstone.    One,  vjuny  a  unit. 

Old  Eni^Ush  hdn,  a  whetstone.    "  One,"  Old  English  dn  or  dn. 

Honest,  ihff,&tt  morally  upright.     (One  of  the  three  simple 

words  which  drop  the  h :  as  heir = air,  hour  =s  our,  Ri  xlviii.) 

Honest-ly,  Sn'.&t.ly ;  honest-y,  8n\^.ty, 

fThU  loss  of  t?u  h  is  dvs  to  French  injiueneej 

French  honne^f  now  honnSte ;  Latin  hdnesku,  Jidnestus, 

Honey,  hUn^y,  a  syrup  collected  by  bees ;  honeyed,  hun*.id  (not 
honied)t  sweet :  as  honeyed  words  ;  hbney-comb,  kSn\i.- 
kdmey  the  waxen  cells  in  which  bees  deposit  their  honey ; 
honey-oombed,  hun\i.komdj  punctured  all  over ;  hon'ey. 
moon,  the  first  month  after  marriage;  honey-suckle, 
hun\%.8ilk'%  a  climbing  plant;  honey.l^ort,  hun'.i-wUrt. 
Old  English  hunig,  hvnig-camh,  honey-comb ;  honig  sucU. 

Honorarinm,  plu.  honoraria,  hSn\o,rait''rX,um,  hdn\o.rair^'ri.ahy 
a  douceur  to  a  professional  man. 

Latin  hMMMum,  a  gift  to  a  consul  whmi  he  came  into  his  province, 
the  "footing"  paid  on  entering  office. 

Hooonr,  ^^^,  rank,  rectitude,  to  respect;  honoured,  Sn\^d; 
honouTidng,  Sn',i^.ing ;  hon'onr^r  (Bule  xlvui.) 

Honorary,  Sn'u>,ra.ry,  without  emolument    Onerajy,  ^^. 

€.ra,ry,  fitted  for  burdens. 
Bonouablea  9ffui,ra,h%  deserving  honour  (Bule  il^^i.^ 


Am  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

The  Bight  Honourable,  title  given  to  cabinet  minifrt»n 
earls  and  countesses,  yisooants  and  visconntessefi)  bai 
and  baronesses,  chief  justices^  lord  majors,  Ac 

The  Honoorable,  title  of  address  giren  to  pnidne  judges 
the  younger  sons  of  earls,  and  to  dU  the  soiMi  of  vieoou 
and  barons. 

Honoorably,  (6n\eT.a.Vly ;  hon^oarftble-neisg  (Bnle  zlvij 

fiononrs,  }5n',^Zt  university  final-examination  diatinctic 

Honours  of  wav,  the  privilege  granted  to  the  vanquishet 
marching  past  their  conquerors  with  military  insignii 

Debt  of  honour,  one  incurred  by  gambling,  hsttin|^  « 

not  recoverable  in  courts  of  law. 
French  honnewH  TwMmr,  honorcM^;  Latin  hdnor,  MnSrdbUit. 
Hood  (to  rhyme  with  goo4  not  with  food),  a  covering  finr 
head,  to  cover  Uie  head  with  a  hood;   hood'«ed  (I 
xxxvi.),  hood'iiing,  hood'-less. 

Hood'.wlnk,  to  bamboozle;  hood'-wfnked  (3  sjL),  ho 
wink'-ing.    (Old  English  hdd,  "*  wink  "  wine[iani). 

-hood  (a  native  suffix),  state,  condition:  as man-hoodj prie$Uh 
child-hood.    (Old  English  hdd^  state,  degree,  sex.) 

Hoof,  plu,  hoo&  (B.  xxxix.),  the  horny  part  of  the  llaet  of  hor 
oxen,  sheep,  &c. ;  hoofed  (1  syL),  having  hoofe.   (O.  £.  I 

Hook,  a  crome,  to  catch  on  a  hook;   hooked  (1  syl.),  liook'-i 

By  hook  or  by  crook,  by  one  way  or  anotiier,  by 

means  or  by  foul.    (Old  English  hdCy  hdciJitj  booked.) 

(N.B.  -ook  [except  in  hookah]  is  always  short :  as  bock,  ffrook, » 
crook,  hook,  look,  nook,  rook,  diook,  took,) 

Hookah,  hoo\kahy  a  Turkish  pipe. 
Hoop,  a  band  for  casks.    Whoop,  a  war  cry.    H5pe,  Ope. 
Hooped  (1  syl.),  furnished  with  hoops ;  hoop'-«r. 

(N.B.    Unlike  -ook,  -oop  is  always  long :  as  coop,  droop,  Aoof,  to 

poop,  9C00p,  sloop,  stoop,  swoop,  troop,  whoop.) 
"Hoop,'»O.E.Mp.    "moop,'^iodi).    ^'Hope,'*^*op<i.    **0p^"»< 

Hooping-cough,  hoo' .ping-k(&f  (should  be  whoopiiig-ooagli)i 
cough  with  a  whoop.    (Old  English  v)6p  at  hwedp.) 

Hoot,  a  shout  of  contempt,  to  shout  in  contempt;   lioof4 

(B.  xxxvi.),  hoot'-ing,  hoot'-er.    (Welsh  hwehw,  •  ^^ 

(N.B.  Except  in  "foot"  and  "soot,**  -ooi  is  always  long:  ••*; 
eoot,  hoot,  moot,  root,  shoot.  *'  Foot "  thymes  with  jmt,  and  * ** 
is  uncertain,  being  a  rhyme  to  foot,  wt,  or  hoot.) 

H5p,  a  jump  on  one  leg,  a  dance,  a  plant,  to  jump  on  ob0  ^ 

h5p,  (past)  hopped,  hSpt;  hSpp'-ing  (Bule  L),  hW"^' 

Old  English  hopp[ian],  to  hop  or  dance:  hoppers,  a  hopper. 
"  Hop"  (plant),  German  hopfsn;  Frenoh  ftottUon. 

Hope  (1  syL),  expectatLoti,  to  expeet.  Ope  (1  ^yL),  to  open.  ^ 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  459 

HSped  (1  8jL),  kdp'-ing  (Hnle  xix.),  kOp'^-er  (of  hoptX 
K^Qied,  ^t;  h^'-ing  (Role  i.),  bj^->«r  (of  Mp\ 
Hdpe'-liDl  (Bole  Yin.),  hope'fiil-ly,  hdpe'fbl-i 


Old  WngHah  Aopa,  hope,  r.  /kopCian],  put  Jkopode,  pMt  purl  hopod, 
"Bap,"  Old  EngUdi  luyptHanii,  pasl  A<>|qMd«,  put  put.  hoff^d, 

Hio^er,  hSp\pir,  the  funnel  through  which  grain  passes  into 
a  mill;  so  called  from  its  hopping  or  jerking  motion. 

Hotil,  hSr^Ml^  pertaining  to  hoars.  Oral,  oK^oi,  hy  word  of  mouth. 

Hioir'ary,  noting  the  hours.    Or'rery,  an  astronomical  toy. 

Latin  hSfnLt  the  hour,  KGrariua;  Greek  Mra. 

'*  Ond,"  French  oral  (Latin  ds,  gen.  6ri»t  the  mouth). 

"Oiieij,**  so  called  hi  compliment  to  G.  Boyle,  earl  of  Orrery. 

HiOfde,  hord,  a  migratory  tribe.    Hoard,  hord,  a  store. 

French  horde  ;  German  horde.    "  Hoard,"  Old  English  heord,  a  store. 

Horehoand,  a  plant    (Old  English  hara-hunig,  hares'  honey.) 

(There  are  many  similar  compounds :  as  "harorfOt^  haresfoot :  hara- 
mini,  hare^nint ;  ha/roHwyrt,  hare-wort,  &&) 

Hdrizcm,  ho.rx'jtdn  (not  h^r{.2dn),  the  line  of  view  where  sky 

and  earth  seem  to  meet. 
Latin  hOvizon  (Greek  hMz6,  to  mark  a  boundary,  h(fro»). 
fiioriaontal,  hdr^ri,z^^\talf  on  a  line  with  the  horizon ;    hori- 

■oa'tal-ly;  hor'izontal^ity.    (French  horizonttU.) 

ESfOt,  a  hard  substance  projecting  from  the  head  of  some  ani- 
mals, a  musical  instrument.    Awn,  the  beard  of  grass. 

Horn'-y;  homed,  hdmd  or  hor^-nSd;  homedJy,  hdr^.nSd.ly ; 
bomed-ness,  hor^,ned.n&8 ;  hom'-er,  a  worker  in  horn ; 
hom'-ing  (said  of  the  moon).    Awn'4ng,  a  cloth  cover 
to  protect  goods  from  the  sun  or  weather. 
Old  Eng.  hom^  homleas,  hornless.    Awn,  Lat.  avSna;  Gk.  aehnS,, 
HambleDde,  hdm.bl^ndy  a  mineraL    (German  hornblende), 
Haaaiet,  a  large  wasp-like  insect.    (Old  English  hymeU) 
Sardkigy,  h5jr6l\o.gy,  science  of  clock-making. 

Qocoiogist,    ho,rU\o4Ut;    horological,    hd.ro.l6dg'\i.Ml ; 

hordoge,  hd\ro*lddgej  a  time-piece ;  horog'raphy. 

•Xiatin  hSrologium,  hUrdldgleus;  Greek  hOra  logos. 

HotiQBoope,  hSr^ro.skdpe  (in  Astrol,),  the  aspect  of  the  planets  at 

a  given  time  [as  at  the  birth  of  a  child];   horoscopy, 

h^r58,ko.py,  divination  by  horoscopes. 

Ikendi  haroioopt;  Latin  hSroscdpm,  hOrotcdpium;  Greek  hdra  skd- 
pete,  to  Investigate  the  honr  [of  nativity). 

ImiUe,  hor'ri.bn  (not  hSr'riib  Vl),  dreadful;  horrihly,  hS/H.blg 
{n0t  hSr'riibiriy);  he^riUe-neas. 

Hnrtid,  A^rfd,  disagreeable;  hor^rid-ly,  hor'rld-iieii. 
HoRify,  hST^rLfy,  to  strike  with  l^orror;  lunriflet,  Wfr'tl.- 
ftze;  hatiUiA^'fide;  hor'il^rJng;  horri&fi,h&i'T<(j'Mb. 


EUtlORS  Of"  SPEECH 


Horror,  hdr^rSr  (nr  t  horrowr),  dread ;  horrora,  a  disease 
called;  horror^trickeiif  hSr^rorMrihf^'n, 

LAlin  horribiliSt  Jwrridus,  honifieui,  horrcr  {horrire,  to  set  the  lu 
OB  end);  French  Aorri2>2e. 

m  de  oomhat  (Fr.),  Mf  <f  kSneJbah'\  disabled  in  batde. 

orse,  hSrcBt  a  quadruped.    Hoatse,  hd^rse,  rough  in  Toioe. 

Horse,  the  animal  irrespective  of  sex.  Stidlion,  Bt&t,y^ 
the  sire.  Mare  (1  syl.),  the  dam.  Foal,  the  in&nt  o; 
spring  irrespective  of  sex.   Oolt,  Filly,  male  and  fiem.  An 

Horsed,  honU  mounted  on  horseback;  horse-shOe,  -bKoo, 
Horse'-laugh,  horce  lahf,  a  loud  vulgar  laugh ;  hone-leae] 
Horse-whip,  hdrceMMp,  a  whip  for  a  horse,  to  flog ;  horn 
whipped,  whipt;  horse'-whippdng  ^Rule  L,  "whip" 
treate«{  as  a  monosyllable),  horse'-whipp-er. 

Horsemanship,  herce\man.8hipj  the  art  of  a  horseman. 

The  Horse  Chiards,  (sing.  '*One  of  the  Horse  Guards"  < 

''In  the  Horse  Guards,")  cavalry  household  troope. 

Old  Eng.  hion,  hora-tUal,  a  h0T8e*8ta]L    *'  Hoftne,"  Old  Bng.  Ms. 
* '  Stallion,**  welsh  ystahayn.    *'  Mare,"  Old  English  mare  or  myn. 
"Foal,"  Old  English  fola.     "CtAtr  Old  English  colL     "JNUji 
French  fUU  :  Latin  JUia,  a  daughter. 

Horse-radish,  hdree.tad'-ish  (not  -rid'.ish),  a  pungent  ^oot 

The  word  horse  enters  into  the  name  of  several  plants,  as  horm>imi 
bte,  AorM-eticumber,  hone-mint,  hor$6-veteh,  horm-panUjft  km 
chestniU.    The  Greek  hippos,  a  horse,  is  nsed  also  for  aajtU 
large  and  coarse,  as  hippo-hrimnos,  a  horse-cliff,  i.e.,  Teiy  •If 
&c ;  so  in  Latin  hippo4apathumf  hippo-maraihrvm,  wild  hu 
htppd-sHinum^  horse  or  wild  parsley.    Compare  also  kont^ 
horse-laugh,  horse-/aced  (having  a  large  coarse  face),  &«. 

Horticulture,  h8r^.ti,kuV\tchurt  the  art  of  gardening;  hortf 
tural,  hih'M.kur.tchurMl;  horticulturist,  h!f/,tUB 
tckHr.lstf  one  skilled  in  garden  plants. 
Fr.  hortieuUnre,  hortieulturcU.    (Lat.  hortUs  cUltura,  garden  es' 

Hortus  siccus,  hdr^.t&s  sXk'.kiiSf  a  colle<ition  of  plants  drie' 
sorted.    (Latin  hortus  seccus,  a  garden  of  dried  plf 

Hosanna,  h5,zSn'.nah,  an  **  lo  triumphe ! "  to  Jehovah. 

A  Hebrew  word,  itaeanitag  "Save,  I  beseech  theel**  but } 
used  to  signify ''Praise  1"  "Glory  be  given  1" 

Hose,  Jioze,   Hoes,  hdze,  plu.  of  hoe,  a  tool.    Owes,  Swm 

Hose,  hozCy  stockings.    (The  plu.  hosen,  hs'.zen,  nc 

Hosier,  hd'.zKir,  a  dealer  in  stockings.   Osier,  d^ah 

Hosiery,  hS'.zhSsy,  stocking-goods. 
"  Hose,**  Old  Eng.  hoie,  plu.  hoian.    "  Osier,"  Fr.  tHer; 

Hospice,  ?i8t',p'i8,  an  Alpine  convent  where  travellen 
tained.  (Fr.  hospiee  ;  Lat.  heapUum^  an  inn ;  hot 


^^!lzf^^^^ 


]^'^  iy  (not  hSg  t>r^  Tr  ■ — — --^  ^«1 

a<W,g^^  lowuta.''C^^nl    "Ho.  ..;*." •"^'  on  inn. 


fe**  ft  ^  ^:^f-    Te.^**' «  dog  Cl'*"'?.  like 
■^-Jy.  <^J^'^  ^f  tiffle     o^"  ^"(f-  h^l  ?  ««ti. 


462  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

■  ■  •  ■ —  -  ■- 

Hontii  hoo'/ry^  plu.  honzis  [or  hourieB],  hoo\Hz,  a  nymph  of 
paradise  in  Mahometan  mythology;    (Arabic  huri.) 

Honse,  (noun)  houce,  (Verb)  hSwx  (Bole  li.) 

House,  houcey  a  dwelling-place;  h<m8e'*>leae,  lioiuie'-lM>ld 
houae-holds,    floulr   for   domestic    use;     hcN]0e-maid 
honse-Ieek,    house-keeper;     honse^'breaker,    brdker 
honse-wife;    hotise-wifeiy,   hUz'Xf.ry^  economical  do* 
mestio  management.    Huzzy,  a  house  trull. 

House,   hiiwz,  to  place  under  the   shelter  of  a  house; 

housed,  hihvzd;  hous-ing,  hSwz'-ing, 
Old  English  hils,  AiU-brice,  honae-breakiiig ;  hOaa,  a  hoiu«Duld. 
Housel,  hdw^Ji^  to  give  or  receive  the  euchazist ;  honselled, 
hcm'jiSld  ;  hOu'sell-ing  (Rule  iii) 

Old  English  hdsd[i<m\,  past  MtMlodt,  past  part.  KAttilodt  to  giTe  or 
receive  the  eacharlst ;  Mbs^  the  eaeharist. 

Housing,  h5w'.zingt  depositing  in  a  house,  a  cloth  laid  oyer  a 

saddle ;  housings,  h^tt/Mngz^  horse-txappings. 

"  Housing"  (in  a  house),  Old  English  Atte,  a  house,  ▼.  ftiis[<cm]. 
"  Housing"  (a  eoTering),  Welsh  hAos,  a  housiw  or  ooYeiing. 

Hdve  (1  syL),  as  hove  in  sights  appeared  in  sight,  past  tense  of 
heave  in  seaman's  language.  (O.  £.  /id/,  past  t.  of  heibban,) 

Hovel,  h8v\el  (not  huv\el)t  a  mean  hut;    hovelled  hih'Jnd, 
put  into  a  hovel ;  hSV'ell-ing  (Rule  iii,  -el). 
Old  English  Mf,  a  house,  with  -«2,  diminutiye;  WelihJ^oflpyi;  ahoreL 
Hover,  hov'.^r  (not  h&i/.^)j  to  flutter,  over,  to  hang  about; 
hovered,  hdv\erd;  hoVer-ing,  hov^ering-lj^  hov'e!P<er. 
(Followed  by  over  or  about) 
Welsh  hqfio  or  hqfian,  to  hover ;  Jiqf,  that  which  hovers. 
How  (to  rhyme  with  noWy  not  with  grow),  in  what  manner  f 

How  do  you  do  ?  i.e.,  how  do  you  du  f    (Old  Eng.  dnglan] 
valere  =  '?  Quamodo  vales,"  how  do  you  thrive?) 

Howbeit,  i^^^.&e^^t,  nevertheless ;  however,  how  so;  iKnr- 

soever,  h6w\8oM",er  (not  h&u/ .9ilm.^'\er,) 
Old  Englisdi  hii,  how ;  hiigeares,  however ;  (gearety  oertain]y,  vm^ 
Howdah,  how.dah,  a  seat  fixed  on  an  elephant's  back  fbr  two  (t 
more  riders.    (Hindiistani  haudah,)  * 

Howitzer,  hSwJU^aery  a  mortar  with  the  trunnions  at  the  fK0^ 

of  the  piece,  and  not  at  the  end. 
A  corruption  of  the  German  haubitze,  a  howtUqr. 
Howker,  hiho.kery  a  Dutch  fishing-boat.    Hookah,  ho6'.i^  * 

Turkish  pipe.    Hooker  (to  rhyme  with  looker.) 

H5wl  (to  rhyme  with  c(iwl,  not  with  bowU)    Owl,  a  bird. 
H5wl,  the  cry  of  a  dog,  to  cry  like  a  dog;  hdwled  (1  *^'''' 
iKywV-hig,  howY-«t.    (<3i«iman  heulen;  Qreak  Md0^) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  4«.^ 

Bowlei,  the  grey  or  brown  owl.    Owlet,  a  young  owL 
**Boii\at,'*Vr,hvMU.    "Owlet»"01dSiig.  die;  Lat.ttUU& 

Soy  I  (interjeetion)^  stop!  a  smiJl  Dutch  yesaeL 
<* Hoy"  (a  boatX  Dntoh  hu§;  FNnoh  JuiL 

^qigm,  koy\yah,  a  hothouse  waJl-flower  called  the  wax-plants  ^^  i  ^ 
its  waxy  appearance.    It  is  of  the  order  AtcUpiadacea. 

loUiib,  hSX/Mb,  uproar.    (Welsh  vban,  a  hubbub,  y.  ttdatn.) 

inokabiick,  h&kf.aMk  (not  hack^hueli\  toweling. 

looklBhoiie,  h&lf^l.hdne,  the  hip  bone.    (G^rm.  hSclur,  a  knob.) 

luckBter,  M^.«t^,  a  pedlar;  hnek'ster^ing.    (^ter,  Bule  Ixi.) 

Archalo  hvLcthB^  a  hutch  or  chest,  with  -sUr. 
Tlie  Gemuun  word  is  AAfee,  a  higgler^  v.  hokm. 

Tnddto,  h&d'd%  to  crowd  promiscuously  (followed  by  together) ; 
huddled,  kiid\d:ld;  huddling,  Md'ding;  huddler. 
Gtomsn  hudUtf  a  huddler ;  t.  hudttn,  to  bmng^  to  nmddl*. 
Indibnustic,  hvf.di.bras'^tikt  in  the  style  of  Hu'dibras. 
I«0,  Hieir,  Hugh,  all  hue.    Yon,  Yew,  Ewe,  U,  all  u. 
Hfiei  huet  tint ;  hued,  heud,  tinted ;  hue'-leas. 
HefW,  to  cut;  hewed,  heud;  hew'-lng;  heV-er. 
fivgh,  hue,  a  proper  name.    (Dutch  for  **  high.") 
You,  nam,  and  obj.  plu.  of  thou.     (Old  Eng^h  eow.) 
Yew,  a  tree.    (Old  English  iw.    The  ash-tree  is  eow,) 
Ewe,  the  dam  of  sheep.    (Old  English  eowu.) 
«  Hue,"  Mw  or  hicw.  **  Hew,**  A«d«[a»],  past  htdvt,  past  part,  ^eehom. 
inff,  plu,  hu£Bi,  /iu/«  (Bule  xzxiz.),  ill-temper,  to  offend,  to  fine 
your  adversary  at "  draughts"  for  omitting  to  take  a  **man  "; 
huffed,  huft;  huff'^ing,  huff'-er;  totajbLehuff,  ...offence. 
Span.  chitfaiTf  to  mock  or  bully ;  O.  Sag.  hwiatff  to  make  an  exchange. 
IQg,  an  embrace,  to  embrace;    hugged,  hugd;    hugg^-ing 
(Bule  i),  hugg'-er.    (Welsh  ug,  that  is  enveloping.) 

logo  (1  syl.),  vast ;  huge^-ly,  huge'-ness.   Hugh,  a  man's  name. 

Old  Sog.  h4m,  a  mountain ;  Oerm.  h'ugel,  Hugo;  Dutch  Hugh,  lofty. 

C^ger-mug'ger,  in  disorder;  In  hugger-mugger,  clandestinely. 

Danish  hug,  to  squat ;  imiig,  privately,  olandeetinely  {"smuggle*'). 
tugnenot,  hew'.gue.nStf  protestants  of  France;  hu'guenot-ism. 

French  h-uguenoi,  hugwnotisme;  Qermaai  hitgenott. 
tSlk,  the  body  of  a  ship,  anything  unwieldy,  to  loiter  abont ; 
hnlk'-yy  heavy,  stupid;    hulk'-ing,  unwieldy,  loitering 
about ;  The  Hulks,  old  ships  once  used  for  convicts. 
Old  EngUsh  hulc,  a  calan ;  hulce,  a  light  ship. 
^tOl,  the  body  of  a  ship,  a  husk,  to  shell,  to  throw ;  hulled, 
hSld;  hull'-ing.    (Old  Eng.  hule,  a  husk;  hulc,  a  ship.) 

tmia-b^loo,  huV.lah  ba.loo\  an  uproar,  a  confused  noise. 
French  hwrhirberlu  {hwrUr  berlue,  to  yell  [like)  a  crazy  mAAY 


464  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Hum,  a  murmur,  a  falsehood,  to  deceive,  to  sing  with  the  mot 
shut,  to  murmur ;  hummed,  hiimd;  humm'idng  (Bole 
hiimm'-er;  hum'-dmm^,  without  animation. 
Humhle-bee,  the  buzzing  (not  the  lowly)  bee. 

German  fcummen,  to  hum,  to  bun ;  %i(mm«M>e6,  the  hnmUe-bet. 
''Hum"  (a  falaehood,  to  deoelTe),  %  oootractioii  of  h¥gnjtmg,  q.T. 

Human,  you\man  (B.  zlyiii.)>  pertaining  to  mankiud;  Ira'ixiaa-^ 
Humane,  you^main'  (B.  zlviii.),  compassionate;  himiaiie^-i 
Humanise,  you^md-nizet  tb  civilise;  hn'manitod  (8  By 
^u'm%ni8-ing  (Bule  xix.),  ha'maniB-er^Bule  xxxi.) 
.  Hiimanity,  y<m\mdn,i.tyy  benevolence,  kindness. 
Hnmanity  Stndies,  -stUd'.iz  or  Hnmanitiea,  you,mS'nf,tt 
classic  literature  (libera  humanu/res),  so  called  in  <^] 
sition  to  divimty  (or  lifera  divina). 
French  hwmain,  hwnaniUf  hwnumiger;  Latin  TvumdnUoB,  hStmdn 
Hlumble,  Mm'.h'l  (not  ttm^&7),  lowly,  to '  debase ;    humUi 
hum'. V Id;     hnm'bling,    hnmni)ling4y,    humnble-iia 
hnm'1>ly  (not  umWLness,  Hm'My).  Hnmble-bee,  v.  Hn: 
Humility,  you.miV,i,ty^  loytrlinei^s  of  mind,  modesty. 

Humiliate,  you,viU\Late,  to  degrade;   huxoil'iat-edt  h 
millat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  humillat-cir  (Bule  x^pcyii) 

Huixoliation,  you.nAl\i,a''^hun,  an  abasing. 

French  humble,  humiliU,  humiliation;  Lathi  hOmiUU,  hUmUUU 
hUmilidtor,  v.  hUmtli&re,  MmXUtaa. 

Humbles,  hUmf.Vlz  for  Umbles,  Urn'. Viz,  the  heart,  liver,  8ct^ 
deer,  the  huntsman's  perquisite;  hum'ble-pie  for  nmU 
pie,  pie  made  of  umbles. 

To  eat  umble-pie,  to  be  humiliated  (to  be  sent  from  tl 

master's  "venison"  to  the  servant's  "  pie  of  umbles." 
Latin  umMVlcus,  the  hisldes  of  ^ything,  the  naveL 
Humbug,  hum^hiigf  a  pretender,  a  deceiver,  to  hoax;  hum 
bugged  (2  syl.),  hum'bugg-ing,  huml)ugg-6r.     (Thi 
word  is  treated  as  if  bug  were  a  separate  word,  Bule  i) 

Irish  uimrbog  =  nmbug,  soft  copper,  worthless  mon^,  a  ndxtniv 
bad  copper  and  brass,  issued  by  James  I.,  whence  vmbug  Im  Li 
opposite  of  8terli7t>g  or  genuine  (F.  Gr6ssley>. 

Humeral,  you\m^.rdl,    tumoral,  y(m\m8.raL 

Humeral,  pertaining  to  the  hu'mSriis  or  shoulder; 
Humoral,  pertaining  to  the  humours  or  fluids  of  the  bod, 
Humerus,  you'.mS.riiSj  from  the  shoulder  to  the  elbow; 
Humourous,  you^mo.rUsy  full  of  humour  or  ftm. 

"Humeral,"  Fr.  huvUraX,  hum,iiru8;  Lat.  h&mSnu;  Gk.  dm*. 
"Humoral,"  French  humvwr;  Latin  humor,  moistiire. 

Hamic,  you'.mlh  [acid],  obtained  from  humui  or  mould. 

Latin  TiumoM,  toLoTiXA.,  mo\Bl  «axth. 


AND  OF  SPELLTNG,  4«5 

Homid,  you^wKd^  moist;  humidity,  dampness. 

French  humidtf  humiditi;  Latin  AAmidiw,  hitmXdXta*. 

.  Humiliate,  vou.mU'.i.attf;  hiimil'iat-ed(R.xxxvi.),liiimil'iat-ing 
(R.  XIX.);  hnmiliationf  you.mXl' ,i,a^hiln ;  humility. 

Hunite,  y(m\m%Ut  a  precious  stone  of  a  brown-red  tint. 

So  named  after  Sir  Abraham  Hume,    (-ite,  a  stone,  Greek  lithoe.) 
Hmmiodk,  hum\m6kf  a  hillock,  a  mass  of  floating  ice. 
Hammock,  ham\m6kt  a  swing  bed  [on  board  ship]. 

"  Hummock,**  hump  with  dim.  -ock ,-  Latin  umbo ;  Greek  omMw. 
"Hammock,"  Indian  hamaxas,  nets  for  sleeping  on. 

Hnmmums,  Persian  sweating- baths.    (Persian  hammaru) 

Humour,  you\m*rf  moisture,  temper,  fun,  to  indulge;  humoured, 
you\merd;  hu'mour-ing,  hu'mour-er; 

Hn'^mour-less,  hu'mour-ist ;   hu'mour-aome,  you\morjiim, 
{^ome.  Old  English  »»full  of") 

Hn'mouioua,  jocose.    Hu'merus,  from  shoulder  to  elbow. 

Hu'mourou8-ly,  you\mor.u8.ly ;  hu'mourous-neas. 

Latin  humor^  moisture.  According  to  an  old  theory,  there  are  four 
principal  "  humours'*  in  the  body,  on  the  due  proportion  and  com- 
uiiation  of  which  a  man'«  temper  and  disposition  depend.  The 
four  humours  are  blood,  choler,  phlegm,  and  melancholy. 

Hfimp,  a  protuberance  [on  the  back] ;  hump'-back,  one  with  a 
protuberance  on  the  back ;   hump-backed,  hitmp-hdkt, 
Latin  umbo ;  Greek  amb&n.    (In  Danish  humpe  is  "  to  hobble.**) 
fimnuB,  you'.mtUf  black  moiUd.    (Latin  humtUy  mould.) 

Hiinoh,  a  hump,  to  elbow;  hunched  (1  syl.),  hunching;  hunch- 
backed, -bukt.    Hunk  or  hunch  [of  bread],  a  large  slice. 
Lat.  imeus,  bowed ;  Gk.  ogkos,  bulk,  mass  (t.  ogkod,  to  enlarge). 
Snndred,  kiin'.drid  (not  hunf.derdh  ten-times-ten ;  hun'dredth, 
hon'dred-fold;   hun'dred- weight,  -wait  (marked  ewt, 
that  is,  c  for  centum,  a  hundred,  and  wt.)y  112  lbs. 
Old  English  hundred,  hundrath,  hund,  hun4feald,  hundtig. 
f,  suspended ;  hanged,  hdngd  [on  a  gallows] ;  hung-beef, 
beef  salted  and  dried.  (0.  E.  hang\ian\,  hangede,  Jumged.) 

r,  k&ng'ger,  desire  for  food,  to  crave  food;  hungered* 
h&ng'gSrd;  hunger-ing,  hung'ger.ing, 

Hun'gry,  feeling  a  craving  for  food ;  hun'gri-ly  (Rule  xi.) 
Old  English  hungu,  y.  hungr[ian],  hungrig,  hungry, 
a  sordid  man,  a  niggard.    (Welsh  one.) 
^tbit,  a  chase,  to  chase ;  hunt'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  hilnt'-iiig. 

Hilxitf-er,  fern,  huntress,  one  who  hunts ;  hunt'-er,  a  horse 
for  hunting;  huntsman  (not  huntman). 

Hunting,  Goursing.  **  Hunting,"  the  pursuit  of  f^axtke  \)3 
horues  and  a  pack  of  hounds.    **  Coursing,"  seaxoXunate 

2a 


466  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

hares  and  rabbits  chiefly  on  foot  with  two  hoonds  held 

in  leash  and  slipped  together. 

Old  English  hvmtath,  a  hnntiiig ;  hfm^sert,  r.  ftuiU[iait],  put  hwidodt, 
past  part.  hwnioA,  hwnMdy  huniung^  a  hnntlBg. 

Hurdle,  hur^,dU  twigs  twisted  into  a  frame  for  a  fence,  to  fence 
with  hurdles;  hurdled,  hur^.d'ld;  hnMling. 
Old  English  hyrdel  Qivrde,  a  guard,  a  guardian,  a  keeperX 
Hnr'dy-gnr'dy,  a  stringed  inst  worked  by  a  wheel  and  handle. 

'*Hurdy/'  ItaL  ordigno,  a  machine ;  "gurdy  "  is  guitar  with  dim. 
Hurl,  to  cast.  Earl,  url,  an  English  peer  next  in  rank  to  a  duke. 

Hnrled  (1  syl.),  hnrr-ing,  hnrr-er.  (Old  Eng.  hweofa,) 
Hurly-hnr'ly,  uproar.  (Fr.  hurlu-beriu,  yelling  of  madmen.) 
Hurrah!  hoo.rdh!  a  shout  of  exultation.    (German  ^rraft/) 

Hurricane,  hu'/,ri.kain,  a  storm  of  wind;  hurricano,  hS/ri.- 

kdh.no,  plu.  hurricanoes,  hur^ri,kah.noze  (Rule  zlii.) 

This  is  not  a  comp.  of  hurry  caiM  (to  carry  off  the  sugar  canes  rapidly), 
but  the  Span,  hurican;  Ital.  oragano;  Fr.  owragon  {orage^  a  ttorai). 

Hur'ry.     Haste.     "Huhy"  implies  haste  with  concision  or 
agitation.    "  Haste"  simply  implies  speed  and  dispatch. 

Huiried,  hv/i^rid,  hastened  and  flustered;  hurrieb,  hwr^riz; 

horried-ly;   hur'ri-er,  hur'ry-ing,  hur'ry-Bkiu^lry. 
Welsh  gyriad,  a  racing,  a  forcing  on,  gvrOl,  ifV^*  to  hurry  on. 
"hurst,  a  copse,  a  thicket.    Erst,  formerly. 

Ang.  Sax.  hyrsU^  a  copse.    ''Erst,"  ^st,  for  ^ut^  super  of  ^ir. 
Hurt,  injury,  to  injure ;  {p<ut)  hurt,  {past  part.)  hurt ;  hnif-iilgt 
hurt'-er ;  hurt" -f ul  (B.  viii.),  hurt'fnl-ly,  hurt'fnl-nflflL 
Old  English  hyrt  (Italian  iirto,  a  blow,  y.  urtiturtf  to  strikeX 
Hurtle,  hur^.t'lj  to  clash  together,  to  jostle ;  htirtled,  hmr'XU; 

hurtling.    (French  hurter,  to  run  foul  of  each  oth«r.) 
Hurtle-berry, the  whortle-berry.  {Qerm.heidel  heerey heath-beny.) 
HusHsand,  fern,  wife  (1  syl.) ;     {verb)  to    manage   fragsUj; 
htisl>and-ed  (E.  xxxvi.),  hQsl)and-ing ;    hfifl^biind-in#"i 
a  tiller  of  the  soil.    Hus'hand-less,  hUx^ .hand-Un, 
Husbtodry,  huz'.hdn.dry,  tillage,  domestic  economy. 

Old  English  hitfibonda,  not  the  house  hand,  but  the  house  wwiviiff^ 
or  house  holder.    "  Wife,"  Old  English  V3\f. 

Hush,  to  silence ;  hushed  (1  syl.),  hush^-ing.    (German  hueh) 
Husk,  a  shale;  husk'-y,  full  of  husks,  hoarsb;  hOak'i-ly  (Bn^' 

xi.),  hu^i-ness.    (German  hiklsey  a  sheath,  a  husL)  II^ 

Hussar,  hoo.zar^,  one  of  the  hussars  or  light  cayalry.    Eni*' 
"  Hussar,"  Fr  hussard,  from  the  Hungarian  hou8iHir(20f$j).hBeif^ 
to  form  this  corps  the  Hungarian  nobles  equipped  at  vdt  o*" 
expense  one  man  out  of  every  twenty  famlUet. 

HoflBif, /ltlz^i/,  a  ca&e  to  contain  needles,  cotton,  &&  (Ao«f«v(/<^^    |   ^ 

Hoasite,  hiJi»\\U,  a  toWoNvei  ol  ^o\niH.\is8  of  Bottt^nitk  , 

''J 


AND  OF  SPELLING.      .  467 

fiii8qr»  hiiz'jsy,  a  slattern.    (Old  English  hiisa,  a  maidservant.) 
HustfngB,  hus'Mngs,  a  booth  where  votes  are  taken,  a  platform. 

Old  English  h€uting,  a  httstlng,  a  place  of  oonnolL 
Hustle,  kSs's'lj  to  posh  together,  to  elbow  out ;  hustled,  hus*.- 
8*ld;  hustling,  h&a'.ling ;  hostler,  hiis'XSr, 
Dutch  hntUden,  to  chake  about ;  Danish  hvMm,  to  act  violently. 
Hiurwife,  hiU^jwife,  a  thrifty  female  house  manager. 

Hnssif,  hUz'.if,  a  needle  and  cotton  case.    (0.  E.  hiu  wif.) 

Hut,  a  mean  cottage,  a  temporary  dwelling,  to  place  in  huts ; 
hutf-ed  (Rule  i.)«  hntf -ing.    (Germ.  hv;tte  ;  Fr.  hutte.) 
Hutoh,  a  rabbit  coop,  a  slight  wooden  chest.    (French  huche.) 

Huzza,  hoo'zdhf,  a  shout  of  joy  or  triumph,  to  shout  with  joy ; 

hnzza-ing,  huzzaed'  (2  syl.)    Hussar',  a  horse  soldier. 
"  Huua,"  German  hustah  !    **  Hussar."  Bohemian  hovMrar. 
Hyacinth,  H\aMnth,  a  bulbous  flowering  plant;  hyaclnthine, 

W.a.8in'\tMnt  purple,  like  a  hyacinth. 

"Fieneh  hyaeinUu ;  laAin  hyacinthtu  ;  Greek,  hudkinthds. 
AccordlDg  to  Grecian  fable,  Hyacinthos  was  a  Laconian  youth  greatly 
beloved  by  Apollo,  but  accidentally  killed  by  him  with  a  discus. 

Hyads  or  Hyades,  hi'. adz  or  hWd.deez,  a  cluster  of  seven  stars, 
the  rising  of  which  (with  the  sun)  was  supposed  to  indi- 
cate rain.    (Lat.  hyades  ;  Gk.  huadSSy  v.  hudt  to  rain.) 

Hybrid,  hi\brid,  a  mongrel,  [applied  to  words]  compounded  of 
di£ferent  languages  as  bi-monthly ;  hybridous,  hWhr^.iis ; 
hybridism,  hV .hfld.izm. 
Hybridise,  hWhriddze;  hybridised  (3  syl.),  hyl)ridis-ing 

(Bale  xiz.),  hybridisation,  hi\brld.i.zay''^hun. 
French  hyhride;  Latin  hybrtda  (Greek  hubris  wanton  violence). 
hydatids  or  hydatides,  hV.dd.tXdz  or  hWddf'.i.deez^  small  vesi- 
cles of  water  (supposed  to  be  animals)  found  in  dropsical 
patients,  the  simplest  kind  of  intestinal  worms. 
Greek  hxiddtiSf  plu.  huddtidga,  vesicles  of  water  (hud6r,  water). 
Rydr-  before  vowels,  hydro-  before  consonants  (Latin  form  of 
the  Greek  prefix  httdVy  hudro-);  huddr,  water. 
Hydra,  hV.draht  a  water-snake.    (Lat.  hydra ;  Gk.  hiLdra.) 

Hydr-add,  hlAras'Xdy  an  acid  containing  hy'drogen  as  an 

essential  element.    (Greek  hudr-;  Latin  cu^us.) 
fTMt  hybrid  imght  not  to  be  U>Ur<Ued,  **  aquacid"  vwUd  be  good  Lat.  J 
^ydr-angsa,  hLdrdnge\ah  (the  «  is  to  soften  the  g),  a  shrub. 

Ored^  hMdOT  aggot,  a  water  pitcher,  which  the  seed-vessel  resembles. 
Hydrant,  hi^drdnt,  a  pipe  for  the  discharge  of  water. 
Greek  hudrainO,  to  sprinkle  water,  to  irrigate. 
Hydr-ate,  hLdrdte^  a  compound  containing  water  in  chemical 

combination :  thus,  slaked  lime  is  a  "  hydrate  oi  "^isi^r 
Eydranlics,  hudraw'.UJts  (E.  Izi.),  the  science  vf\iic\i  \x^^\a> 


ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


of  water  in  motion,  the  laws  by  which  the  motion  is  rega- 

lated,  the  machines  employed,  and  the  effects  prodneed. 

The  science  which  treats  of  water  at  rest  is  Hydrastatioi. 

Hydranlio,  hi.drav/.Vik  (adj.) :  as  hydraulic-preis, 

Greek  htuiravUis  or  hudrautOeds  (huddr  auldi,  a  water  pipe). 

ly'dro-  heic»re  consonants,  same  as  hy'dr-.    (Gk.  huddrt  water.) 

Hy'dro-cephalnB,  -sifxtdtis,  water  in  the  head;    bydio- 

oephalic,  -s^f.uVWk,  (Gk.  hvddr  kepJidlS,  water  in  the  head.) 

Hy'dio^ynamics,  •di.nam'Ak*,  the  science  which  treats  of 

watpr  as  a  force ;  hy'dro-dynam'ic  (a(y.) 
Greek  hudCr  dundmis,  wfiter  [as]  a  force. 

Hydro-gen,  hi\dro.djSn,  the  gas  most  prevalent  in  water. 

(Water  consists  of  two  volumes  of  hyd.  to  one  of  axj.) 
Greek  htui&r  genna6,  to  generate  water. 

Hydropathy,   hi.dr5p',a.ThS.  the  water   cure;     hydrqpathiit, 
hi.dr6p\a.Thi8t ;  hydropathic,  hi.dro,path'.ik. 
Greek  hud&r  pathos^  water  [the  cure  of]  disease. 

Hydro-phobia,  h\.dro.fd\h\.aK  canine  madness. 
Greek  hvd6r  phdbd*,  water-dread,  the  dread  of  water. 
Ey'dro-statics,  -stufAka  (R.  Ixi.),  the  science  whiph  treats 
of  water  at  rest :  its  weight,  prt'ssure,  specific  gravitj,  fte. 
(See  Hydraulics,  Hydrodynamics.) 
Greek  /tuddr  »tdtikdi,  water  static  or  at  rest. 

Hydro-zoa,  hi'dro-zd\ahy  living  creatures  in  water. 
Greek  huddr  z6a,  living  animals  in  water. 

Hyena  or  hyiena,  hue'.nah,  a  wild  beast  of  the  dog  family. 

Latin  hyama;  Greek  huaina  (htu,  a  hog,  so  called  from  its  ibmmX 
Hygiene,  hV.djheen  (not  hi\djeen),  health,  how  to  pres«>rve  sn<7 

how  to  restore  it;    hygienic,  hV.€^thi'\ik;    liygieist 

hi.dje\iat.    Hygieia,  hi,.dje\ahj  the  goddess  of  health. 
Greek  hugUiay  health  .  hugUinoa,  pertaining  to  health. 
Hy'gro-  (Greek  prefix,  moist).    Greek  hugros,  moistnre. 
Hygrometer,  hi.grdm\^.tir^  an  instrument  for  measor? 

the  quantity  of  moisture  in  the  air;  hygrometry,  hLgrSi 

e.try ;     hygrometric,   hV.gro.mif\rik  ;    hygrometri 

hi.gro.met" .ri.kul ;   hygromefrical-ly. 
Greek  htnqHiB  mitr&n,  the  measure -of  moisture. 
Hygrology,  hi.grdV.o.gy,  treats  of  the  phenomena  di 

the  moisture  of  the  atmosphere,  their  causes  and  ef 
GmekhugrdB  Ufg/fa.  a  treatise  on  [atmospheric] moiatat«. 
Hygro-scope,  hWgro^kupe,  an  instrument  to  show  th 

ness  and  moisture  of  the  air;  hy'groHMSopio,  -cU^' 
Greek  hv^rda  sk6p€d,  to  look  at  the  moisture. 

Hygro-statics,  hV .grO'StutWka  (Rule  Ixi.),  the  sei^ 

compiiring  depr^'es  of  moisture. 
Greek  fcitgrds  stdtikds,  taoUture  staMc  or  at  rest 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  469 

lykBOHMunxB,  h%'M,6,8aw'\ru8,  a  fossil  wood-lizard. 

Oxeek  htM  tauroty  wood  li«nd.     It  should  be  Hylesauros  or 
Hyioganma.    Dr.  Hantell's  compound  is  not  a  good  one. 

IJS^igm,  hi'Mzmt  the  theory  which  regards  matter  as  the  priTi. 
ciple  of  evlL    (Greek  huU,  wood,  raw  material,  matter.) 

[jio-theism,  hi'Jlo.'thee^Wzm,  the  belief  tbat  matter  is  God; 

hylo-^eist,  h%'.lo,rhee'\l8U  one  who  believes  in  hylotheism. 
Cbeek  hvU  thgdt  -iam,  the  doctrine  that  matter  is  God. 
^jlo-ggusakf  -zd'.izm,  the  belief  that  life  is  only  material  organism ; 

hylo-SoiBt,  -zo\i8t,    (Greek  hul4  z6S,  matter  [is]  lii'e.) 

[ymen,  hV.m&fi,  the  god  of  wedlock;  hymeneal,  hV.me.nee".ul. 
Greek  Humin,  Hymen ;  huminaios;  Latin  Hymen. 

[ymenoptera,  hi\men,6p'',te.rah,  an  order  of  insects  with  four 
membranous  wings,  like  bees,  wasps,  &c.;  hymenop'ter, 
one  of  the  above  order ;  hymenopterous,  hl\men,bp" .tLrus, 
Greek  AwmAijpieron,  membrane  wing. 
[jmn,  hisOj  a  sacred  lyric.    Him,  obj.  sing,  of  He. 

Hymnal,  hlm\nalf  a  collection  of  hymns ;  hymnorogy. 

Hymn,  to  praise  in  hymns;   hymned,  hlmd;   hymn-ing, 

hXm'.ing  :   hymnic,  hlm'.nik,    (The  y  points  to  (ireek.) 
O.  E.  Kynun;  Lat.  hymnut;  Gk.  hwrnrndSt  v.  humid,  to  praise  in  song. 

lyoioyamiis,  }ii\b8.»i" ,a.mii8y  henbane.    (Old  £ng.  henne-belle.) 

Latin  hyo9eydmu8  (Greek  hUs  kudmds^  hog-t  ean). 

Bane  is  a  corruption  of  Old  English  belene,  beluru,  or  belone. 

■,  hi\pir-  (Gk.  prefix),  over,  above,  beyond.     (Gk.  huper.) 
Hy'per-fldsthesia,  -es.rhee'jstah,  morbid  sensibility. 
Greek  kuper  aisthitU,  over  sensibility. 
Hyperbola,  hi.p^.bo.lah.    Hyperbole,  huper'.bo.lS: 

Hyper'-bola,  one  of  the  conic  sections  or  curves ; 

B^er-bole,  hi.pe'/.bo.le  (not  huper^.bole),  exagj^eration. 

Hyper-boloid,  hLpSf  .bo.loid,  a  geometrical  solid  formed  by 
the  revulution  of  an  hyperbola  about  its  axis. 

Hyperbolic,  hV.pSrMV'.^h;  hyperbolical,  hV.per.bdlLkul, 
exaggerated ;  hyperbollcal-ly. 

Hyperbolism,  hupi/.bol.izm;  hyperl)olist; 

Hyperbolise,   hLp^r^.bo.lize    (Rule  xxxL);     hyper'bolised 

(4  syL),  hyper'boliB-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Latin  hyperbSlef  hyperbolieut  (Greek  huper-haZld,  to  overshoot). 
Hyper-borean,  hi\per-bo\r^.an,  far  north. 

Latin  hyperb(hriu$ :  Greek  huperbdreids,  in  the  extreme  north,  [where 
the  ''hyperboreans"  were  supposed  to  live]. 

Hy'per-critical,  -krif.i.kal,  over  critical;    hy'per-crit'ic; 
hyper-criticiam,  hV.per'krtf.i.8lzm,  petty  ciiUv:\bTXi\ 


i 


470  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Hypo-oritical»  Mp^o.hi^tfA.kSl,  deceitful;  hypo-orltiiaal-ly. 

French  hyptTcriUqM  ;  Oreek  h/u/ptir  krUOedi.    (See  Hypoodfly.) 

Hyper-dulia,  M\p}Sr.du\ll,ah  (better  -duM'-ah),  a  special 

service  to  the  Virgin  Maiy« 

Greek  huper  d&uUia  or  dovXia,  extreme  servitude.  "  ]>iiHa»'*  in  the 
Boman  Cathollo  Church  is  an  inf eriw  adoration  paid  to  sainti,  in 
contradistinction  to  "  latri'a/'  the  worsliip  paid  to  deity  only. 

Hyphen,  /li'./en,  a  short  line  to  join  together  two  parts  of  a 

word:  2k9>me88-mate ;  hyphened,  ^t'./(^(i,joined  by  a  hyphen. 

Lat  hyphen  (Ok.  hupWen,  "under  one,"  both  belonging  to  one  word). 

Hypo-,  hlp\0'  (Gk.  prefix),  under,  less  in  quantity.  (Gk.  Mip^.) 
Hypo-chondria,  hijpi' .o'k(in\dri.dh^  the  spaces  each  tdde  of 
the  epigastric  region ;  hyp'o-chondriac;  hypo-chondriasis, 
h\p.o-k(5n.d'n\a^y  melancholy ;  byp'o-chondziae,  -kUn*.- 
dri.dk,  one  affected  with  melancholy ;  hyp'o-ohondriacal, 
-kSn.dn\a,k&l ;  hyp'o-chondii'acal-ly ;  hypo-chondria. 
cism,  hip\0'k5n,dri\a.8izmt  the  disease  of  melancholy. 

Greek  hupo  chdndrda,  under  the  cartilage  or  spaces  each  aide  of  the 
epigastric  region,  supposed  to  be  the  seat  of  melancholy. 

Hypocrisy,  plu.  hypocrisies,  htp6k\ri-8Uf  dissimulation; 

hyxK>crita,  hlp\o,kr%t,  a  dissembler. 
Hyp'oKsrit'ical,  deceitful.    Hy^per-crit'leai,  over  critical; 

hyp'o-crit'ical-ly,  deceitfully.    Hy'per-crifical-ly. 

Latin  hypdcrigia,  hypocrita;  Greek  hup6-krisi»,  hup6-hrUi»,  hitfi- 
krltikdi,  hupd-htiaia  (v.  hupd-kHiidmai). 

Hy'po-gastric,  -gas\tr%k,  pertaining  to  the  hypo-gastrhon, 

Mp\o-gd8\tri.um,  or  paunch. 
Greek  hupd^astriOn,  the  paunch  Owtpo  gasUr,  un4ar  the  abdo'meD). 

Hy'po-phosphite,  fds'.fit,  a  compound  of  hypo-phosphorons 
acid  with  a  base  (-ite  [in  Chem.]  a  salt  formed  from  an  add 
ending  in  -ou8  not  4c);  hy'po-phosphorous,  -fSs'.f6.riU 
[acid],  an  acid  which  contains  less  oxygen  than  "  phos- 
phorous acid,"  and  phosphorons,  f88\fli.rii8  [acid]  con-  - 
tains  less  than  phosphoric  acid  (-tc  [in  CkemJ}  denotes  -a 
the  highest  possible  quantity  of  oxygen). 

Greek  hupo,  an  inferior  quantity,  with  photphUe,  ke. 

Hypostasis,  hi.p6s\td.8is,  distinct  personality  combined  with.^^ 

perfect  union  (applied  to  the  Trinity);  hypostatic,  M-po, 

8tdt\lk,  individual  but  united;  hypostatical,  l^poaiSX. — 

i.kdl;  hy'postafical-ly. 

Latin  hypoatAds :  Greek  hupo-aiAsia,  subsistence,  reality,  enenee  (v-  "^ 
huphistamai,  to  subsist  or  remain  when  everything  eiea  li  gone). 

Hy'po-sulphate,  •8ilV.fate,  a  compound  of  hypo-aolphuricff 

acid  with  a  base;  hy'po-BulphitO)  -mSr^l,  a  oomponnc: 

of  hypo-sulphurous  acid  wilji  a  base;   hy'po-mdphiizic-^ 

-8iil.fu',Hk  [acid],  an  acid  containing  less  oxygen  tbarw- 

sulphuVic  acid,  but  more  than  sul^phuroua  add ;  hy'po^* 


/ 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  471 

snlphTtioiis,  -9&l\fu..Til8,  a  compound  cpntaining  less  oxy- 
gen than  sulphnrons  acid. 
Greek  hypo-^  inferior  in  qnantitj.  -aU  denotes  a  salt  formed  1^  the 
union  of  an  add  in  -ic  with  a  base.  -iU  denotes  a  salt  formed  br 
the  union  of  an  acid  in  -ous  with  a  base,  -ic,  the  highest  state  of 
oxygenation ;  -ous,  an  inferior  state. 

Hypothennse,  hi.p5th\e.nucey  the  longest  side  of  a  right- 

angled  triangle,  or  the  side  opposite  the  right-angle. 

(This  word  ought  to  be  hypot'enuBQ.) 

Latin  hypotenusa  (Greek  hupoteind,  to  subtend) ;  French  hypotSnuae; 
Germaji  hypotenuse  ;  Spanish  AipoteniMa. 

Hypothecate,  hi.p5th*.e.kate,  to  assign  in  pledge  as  security ; 
hypotii'^ecat-e^  (Rule   xxxyi);    hypoth'ecat-ing   (Rule 
xix.),    hypoth'ecat.or  (Rule   xxxvii.);    hypothecation, 
hi.poth\eJcay'\8hun ;  hypoth'ec,  a  lien  on  movables. 
Lat  hypothiea,  hypothecdriua ;   Gk.  hupo-tJUJd:  Fr.  hypotheque. 
Hypothesis,  plu,  hypotheses,  hupdth^sU,  h/LpbtK.^.seez^  a 
supposition,    som3thing    assumed    for   argument-sake; 
hypothetic,     hWpo.ThitfWky    assumed    without    proof; 
hypothetical,  hWpo.rMtf'.i.kdl ;  hypothetlcal-Iy. 
Latin  hypothesis;  Greek  hupo4hi^  {hupo-iithimi). 
Hyson,  hV^un,  best  green  tea.    (Chin.  hi-Uhuuy  first  gathering.) 
HyBBop,  his8\up,  a  plant.    (Latin  hyssdptut ;  Greek  hussdpoa.) 
HyBterics,   hUsMr'fiks,   mother-fits;    hysteria,    hU8,t^,H.ah; 
hysterical,  hiss.te'/ri.kal;  hyster'icaUy. 
Latin  hystericos  (Greek  hristirds,  the  womb). 
Hythe,  hithe,  a  staith,  a  landing  place.    (Old  English  hyth.) 

I,  Eye,  t.    High,  hi.    Hie,  hi. 

I,  pron.,  (po88.)  mine,  (ohj.)  me.    Plu.  we,  ours,  ns. 

My,  our,  are  possessive  pronouns. 
Anglo-Saxon  ie,  gen.  miUf  dat.  me,  ace.  mee. 
Plu.  we,  gen.  User,  dat.  Us,  ace.  lusic. 
(It  will  be  seen  thai  owr  "  ohj.'*  is  the  "  diitive "  case,  not  the  ace. 

Errors  of  Speech. — ^I  for  Me. 
Let  you  and  I  set  them  a  better  example.    fJLet  me  J 
Let's  you  and  I  go.    (That  is,  let  us,  viz.,  you  and  me  go.) 
Between  you  and  I,  there  is  not  a  word  of  truth  in  it. 
For  you  and  I  it  has  no  sort  of  interest.    (For  me.) 
They  can  do  nothing  without  you  and  I  to  help  them. 
This  is  for  you  and  I.    (For  you  and  for  me.) 
It  has  long  puzzled  a  good  many,  you  and  J  among  the  nvpber. 

Me  for  I. 

Who's  there  ?    It  is  only  me.    Only  you  and  me  are  left. 

Who  calls?    Me.    (I call.)    Who  told  him?    Me. 

Better  you  than  me.    Sooner  you  than  me. 

It  is  quite  certain  that  neither  you  nqr  me  had  any  hand  in  it. 

Eye,  the  organ  of  vision.    (Old  English  ige  or  edge.) 

High,  hi,  elevated.    (Old  English  hedh.) 

Hie,  hi,  away,  to  make  haste.    (Old  Eng.  hig[an\  to  hie.) 


472  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

-ia  (Lat.),  things  pertaining  to :  rega'liOt  insignia. 

-ia  (in  Bot.),  denotes  a  class  or  order :  as  monogyn'icL. 

-iad  (Grreek  suffix,  -iades,  a  patronymic),  belonging  to,  about : 
Luciadt  Dunciad,  Baviad,  Rosciadf  Henriade  (Fr.),  &c. 

Ibidem,  t,b%\d&n  (Lat.)>  in  the  same  place;  ibid.,  %'.bid, 

lUfl,  %\bi88t  an  African  bird.    (Latin  ibii;  Greek  ibis,) 

-ible  (Latin  i-bilU)  adj.,  liable  to,  able  to,  ftill  of,  fit  for :  rinhh, 
fit  for  laughter;  mixible,  able  to  be  mixed. 

(Words  from  Latin  verbn  not  of  the  fint  oonj.  add  -i5I«,  ihoM  IhMB 
thefint  conj.,  with  all  native  words,  and  those  coined  1^  oanelrei, 
add  -able.    For  exceptions  see  Bnle  xziii.) 

Iberis,  V.bS.ris,  the  candy-tuft  (from  Ib^rta,  Spain). 

(The  -e-  is  long  in  Latin  and  Greek  lirfpla,  tSrfpoi.) 
-io  (Latin  -ic-us)^  ac^.,  pertaining  to :  civ'-ie,  gigantic 
-10,  -ics  (Greek  -ik-a),  added  to  names  of  sciences. 


-io  (Greek  -ik-os)  in  Pathology ^  ''in  an  excited  state";  tetan'ie, 
(In  Chem.)  an  acid  containing  the  largest  possible  quan- 
tity of  oxygen :  as  nVtric  [add]. 

-leal  (Latin  -i-cal-is-),  adj.  "pertaining  to":  oatronom-ieaL 

loe  (1  syl.),  frozen  water,  to  cover  with  ice  or  sugar ;  iced  (1  fliyl.); 
ic-ing,  ice*-ing  (Rule  xix.);  icy,  V^ ;  i'd-ly,  fd-neM; 
icicle,  i'M.kX  a  pendent  of  ice ;  ice'-berg,  a  mountain  of 
ice ;  ice '.floe,  -^d,  a  small  mass  of  floating  ice;  ioe'-houe, 
a  place  for  storing  ice ;  ice-pack,  broken  and  drifting  ice 
again  united  into  an  irregular  mass. 
Old  Eoglish  ia  or  itw,  isgieel,  an  idde. 

Icelander,  ice\ldn.d^,  a  native  of  Iceland ;  Icelan'dia 

Ich  dien,  ee*kf  deen\  "  I  serve."  The  motto  of  the  Prince  of  Wales. 

(This  motto  VHU  first  adopted  by  tha  Black  Prinee,  1846.^ 
Ichneumon,  ik.new\m5nt  a  sort  of  weasel  (common  in  Egypt). 

IchneumonidiB,  Ik^.new.mon^'Xdee  {-idat  a  group  or  £unily). 

Ichneumonidan,  ik\new.mSn'\udan,  pertaining  to  the ... 

Latin  ichneumon  (Greek  iehnos,  a  footstep,  so  called  becaast  it  fol- 
lows the  footsteps  of  the  crocodileX 

Ichor,  i\kor,  the  blood  of  god»,  the  pus  of  ulcers;  iokciioii% 
i\k8r,iU,  like  ichor.    (Greek  icMr,) 

Ich'thyo-,  ik\TM.o-  (Greek  prefix),  fish ;  ichthus,  fish. 
Ichthyo-graphy,  W.rhe-Sg'.ra.fy,  treatise  on  fishes. 
Oreek  ichthus  grapM,  a  description  of  fishes. 
Xohthyo-Iogy,  \k\rhe-U\d,gyt  a  history  of  fishea. 
Greek  ichthus  Idgds,  a  taraiA^iM  oia^i^w. 


I 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  478 

lehthjo-gisphirt,  W,rhg.og'\ra.fi8t:  ichthyorogist 
Idithyo-lite,  W.rhg.Uite,  a  fossil  fish. 
Greek  idUhm  lUhot,  a  fish  [of]  stone. 
XchtihyKMHiiiniB,  W.The.6-8aw'\ru8,  the  fish-lizard. 
Greek  iddhyu  §avro$,  the  flsh-Iinrd  or  sAuxlan. 
Tchthiogig,  ik'.rh^.ir'^U,  a  thickening  of  the  skin. 
Greek  idiihus,  [sealr  like]  a  fish. 
lokla,  i'Ji.k'1;  rd-neas,  rd-ly.    {See  Ice,) 
loaao^  ukSn^^o-  (Greek  prefix),  image ;  eikdn^  an  image. 
loona-clagt,  %.k8n\o.kla8tf  a  breaker  of  idols  or  images. 
looDO-dafm,  i,kdn\o.klazm,    (Greek  kUutSs,  klad,  to  break.) 
Xoonhedron,    \'M^dMd'\r^,    havinar    twenty    equal    sides; 
ioonhedral,  I'M^aMd'^rdh  (Gk.  eik^H,  twenty,  hidra.) 

^f  ^'jy*  Aill  of  ice,  cold  as  ice,  consisting  of  ice.    {See  Ice.) 

Td,  Vd,  contraction  of  I  would, 

id.,  oontraetion  of  td^m  (Latin),  the  same. 

*U  (LsL  -id-Kf),  nonns,  something  subject  to  an  action :  actd. 

•*d  (Gk.  'idU,  patronymic),  •»  of  the  race/'  "  about":  JEne'id. 

"Id  (Gk.  -tftdos),  nonns.  (In  Ch&m.)  preceded  by  -o-,  and  indica- 
ting "likeness,"  "resemblance  to":  alkaloid,  spheroid. 

(We  pronoiuce  -oid  in  these  compounds  as  one  syllable,  but  the 
y^peneh  have  preserved  the  proper  separation,  and  we  should  have 
done  the  same :  aV.ka.lo.td  and  »phe  ro.id  would  be  far  better 
tliaa  al'.ka.loid  and  sphef.roid.) 

"te  (Gk.  -idSs,  patronymic),  a  gronp  or  family:  cani'da. 

*^  (1  qrL,  Gk.  -eidos^  like,  (in  Clvm.)  bases,  combinations  of 
oxygen  not  forming  acids :  oxide,  chloride, 

I^Mi,  \,de€^MK  a  mental  conception ;  Ide'a-less ;  ideal,  %.dee^.al ; 
Ide'al-ly;  ideal-ism,  %.dee' .dl.\zm ;  idealise  (Rule  xxxi.), 
%,deif,uLize:  ide'alised  (4  syl.) ;  ide'alis-ing  (Knle  xix.), 
ide'a^-er;  idealisation,  i.^«e'.dZ.i.za^''^A£n ;  ideality, 
i.deeMV\i.tyj  enthusiasm  from  ideas;  ide'aiist.  The 
Ide'al,  the  imaginary  standard  of  perfection.  Bean 
ideal  (Fr.),  bd  i.deel'.al,  imaginary  standard  of  the  beautiful. 

Ideology  (q.v.)    Ideography  (q.v.) 
y  Latin  idea;  Greek  idia  (from  eidd,  to  see). 

*^^^iitical,  %.din'.ti.kah  the  self-same;  iden'tical-ly ; 

Iden'tifjr,  identifies,  %.d^' .ti.f%ze ;  identified,  i.d9ra'.t<./ul^  ; 

Iden'tifl-er,  iden'tify-ing  (Kule  xix); 
Identification,  i.dSn\ti.fi.kay"' jBhun  ;  Xden'tity. 
^^         french  idmUique,  identification,  identifier,  identity  (Latin  idem). 
^<H)grai^y,  \d',iJ6^',ra,fy,  the  representation  of  ideas  by  sym- 
bols;  ideographic,  {d'.^.o.^ra/'.{ft;  id'eogiai^'ioalA^. 
Greek  id£a  graphi,  idea  pleturiitg  or  drawingi. 


474  ERROaS  OF  SPEECH 

Ideology,  \d\eM'\o,jy,  mental  pl^ilosppl^y ;  ideologkt,  Iff  ^5^'.- 
o.jist;  ideologioal,  {(2^l^^.254;"^t.l(a^;  ideolo^^cal-ly. 
Greek  idga  logos,  tieatise  about  ideas. 

Idee  (1  syL),  between  the  cfdends  and  the  nones  in  the  Boman 
calendar.    (Latin  idus  [EtrosQan  tduare,  to  divide]). 

-ides,  -V.deez  (Greek  -idSs,  patronymic),  a  "  family,'*  a  '*  groap." 

Idio-,  ld\i.o-  (Greek  prefix),  indiyidnal,  speciaL 

Idio-orasy,  id\i.61^\rdMf.    Idio^ynerasy,  -Hn^JcrS^. 

Idiocrasy,  personal  speciality.    Idio-synonuiy,  a  erase. 

Idio-cratio,  -krdfWk;  Idio-syncratical,  -^in.hriif.'LkilL 

Greek  idids  krd$iSj  personal  or  indiTidual  craae. 
Greek  idids  «un  krigia^  an  individual  with  a  erase. 

Idionij  id\i.dm,  that  construction  which  characterises  and 
individualises  a  language;    idiomatic,   ^Au)jmSf'Jik: 
idiomafical,  idiomat'ioal-ly. 
fWe  ward  the  word  "idiotism"  rLoUin)  fvr  idUm/eMt  phiroMB.) 
Latin  idiOma;  Greek  idi&ina  (idio*,  one's  own,  individaa]>. 

Idio-pathic,  id\i.o-path'\ik,    Qymptomaf  io  (in  Medi€im), 

A  symptomatic  disease  is  one  which  proceeds  from  soma 

prior  disorder :  as  symptomatic  fever,  which  follows  the 

fracture  of  a  limb.    An  idiopathic  disease  is  one  whiab 

does  not  proceed  from  a  prior  disorder. 

Greek  idWt  pathos,  special  disease,  a  disease  of  Its  own. 

*' Symptomatic,"  Greek  sumptdma  (sun  pipto,  to  fall  wiUi  or  aflar 

another  [disease],  &c.) 

Idio-syncrasy,  plu.  idio-syncraaies,  Kd\i.o-8fn'\kriUU,  « 

craze  or  morbid  notion  held  by  an  individual;  idi» 

syncratic,  id'.i.0'8%n.kriif\lk, 
Greek  idlds  sun  krdsis,  a  erase  peculiar  to  an  individual. 
Idiot,  {d\i.8t,  one  of  imbecile  mind ;  idiotio,  id^A.9fXk 

idiotical-ly,    id\iM\iMl-ly ;     idiotism,    {d'.<.;.afii 

idiotcy,  {d'.i.dtsy. 

Greek  ididtis,  a  private  man,  one  who  has  no  part  in  public  sfltf 
hence  ignorant,  incompetent 

Idle,  i^(^Z,  doing  nothing,  lazy.    Idol,  %'.dSl,  an  image  adofW 

Idling,  Wdling,  frittering  time  away;  fdler;  i'dly. 

Idleness,  Wd'Lnesa.    (The  older  spelling  is  IdeL) 

Old  English  tdef,  idelHc,  idMiu,  idly;  idetnu,  idleneas. 

Idol,  t^d^2,  an  image  adored.    Idle,  i,d%  lazy  (see  above.) 

Idolater,  fern,  idolatress,  i.ddV.a.tSr,  %,d5V,a,trik$, 

Idolatrous,  i,d5V.a,tfiii;  idol'atrousJy. 

Idolise,  if.dd.like,  to  dote  on;  i'dolised  (8  syL),  fdfll 

(Rule  xix.);  i'dolis-er,  one  who  ** idolises"  anotbei 

Latin  id^Aotra,  idolatrix,  idokUHa,  idohtm:  Oraek  etddhit, 
Iatreia,idoVwoxdfeip\  exdAto-tatnte. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  475 

Idyll  (doable  Z),  i'^l,  a  pastoral  poem ;  idill-dc;  iulU'.YA. 

Latin  idyUitm  ;  Oraek  eiduUi»ii  {eiddt  with  dim.) 
If,  provided  that,  supposing  thaL     "If"  for  vfhether  in  not 

agreeable  to  modem  usage,  benoe  the  following  sentences 

are  not  to  be  imitated : — 

I7ncertain,  if  [-whether]  by  auguT  or  cluuioe  (Dryden). 
Noah  sent  forth  a  dove . .  to  see  v  the  waters  were  abated.  Oen.  viii  8. 
(This  use  of  if  is  according  to  Latin  idiom,  "visam  si  domi  m," 
"sinUo  amlbulare  si  /oria,  si  inttu  volent "  (Plau.  Capt.  1,  2,  6) 

-i£F  (Latin  snffix  -iv-us)  nouns,  **  one  who  is  "  :■  as  plaintiff, 

Ig.,  the  prep.  in.    There  are  ten  examples  of  this  prep,  before 

no-,  five  have  ig-,  and  five  in-  for  prefix : — 

Ig-noble,  ig-nominiotUf  ig-noramuSf  ig-norance,  ig-nort: 
In^nocent,  in-noeiuyus,  in-nomifiate,  in-novat$,  in-noxious, 

Igneons,  ig\nS.u8  (Rule  Ixvi.),  containing  fire,  resulting  from  the 

action  of  fire :  as  igneous  rocks,    (Latin  igneus,  burning.) 

Ignis  fatuns,  plu.  ignes  fatui  (Lat.),  ig\nU  fat\u.u8,  plu.  ig*,neez 
fdf.u.iy  Win  o'  the  whisp.  Jack  o'  lantern. 

Ignite,  ig.nite\  to  set  on  fire ;  ignif -ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  ignit'-ing 
(Rule  xix.),  ignit'.er,  ignif-ible  (not  -able.) 

Ignition,  ig.nlsh'.dn,  the  act  of  setting  on  fire.    Combustion, 

eom.biia'.tchun,  the  act  of  burning  after  ignition. 
Igneons,  \g\nS.u8  (R.  Ixvi.),  containing  fire.    {See  Ignens.) 
Latin  ignlTs,  ignltus  {ignU^  fire) ;  French  ignition. 
IJgnoble,  lg.no\h%  the  contrary  of  noble ;  ignoni)le.ne88,  ignoHily. 

Latin  ignSMlis  ^i^fii^Jnd&iZwy,  in-  negative ;  French  ignoble. 
Ignominious,  ig\no.'n0n".i.us  (R.  Ixvi.),  the  contrary  of  renowned; 
ignominlous-ly,  ignominlons-i^ess ;  ig'nominy. 
Latin  ignOminia  ^tgCi^lnomeny,  in-  negative ;  French  ignominie. 
Ignora'^mns,  plu.  ignora'^jnus-es  (not  ignoramh  because  "  ignora- 
mus "  is  not  a  Latin  noun,  but  a  verht  ^^^  means  "  we 
are  ignorant"),  one  wholly  unversed  in  a  matter. 

Ignortknt,  lg\no,rdnU  the  contrary  of  knowing ;  The  ig'no- 
zant;  ig'norantJy.    Ignorance,  ig'.no.rdnce. 

Ignore,   ig.ndr\  the  contrary  of  acknowledge;    ignored' 

(2  pyl.),  ignor'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  ignor^^r. 

French  ignoranU  ignorance,  ignorer;  Latin  ignorcaUia,  v.  ignSro 
(iffiialgnarus,  knowing),  in-  n^ative. 

Iguana,  ig'.u.ah^'.nah,  a  genus  of  the  lizard  family. 

IgnanidiB,  ig* .u.dn" .i.dee,  the  family  of  the  above  genus 

{-ida,  Greek  -id^s,  a  group,  a  family,  &c.) 

Iguanidon,  lg\u.6n" .Lddn,  a  fossil  reptile  with  teeth  like  the 

iguana. 
CiiTier  caUs  iguana  a  "St.  Domingo  word,"  Aiuana  =  ig.o.ah'.nah. 

Bontins  says  it  is  Japanese,  Ugnan,  the  monitor. 
(Ji  mAU  be  observed  that  every  roord,  except  the  lost,  begiim^flm  mov^ 

"  ty-  ••  i*  from  ike  Latin  J 


476  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

_i ,    ,  ■    -  ■       T 1 ■ *■ ■ 1 f  T  I  II        I  ■  r 

-il,  -ile  (Latin  -tZ-w),  adj.,  "capable  of,"  "  belonging  to":  civ-tZ, 
the  manners  belonging  to  a  citizen ;   host-iUj  &e. 

n-  for  in-,  before  words  beginning  with  I:  as  il-legal,  il-liberal; 

il-luminatef  il-lustrate. 
niad,  iV.iMd,  Homer's  epic  nbont  the  siege  of  Ilium  (Troy). 

Greek  IHditf  gen.  UX&i^ds  (Uiaa  p&ifais,  a  p'^em  about  tlia$  gi,  the 
land  of  Ilium) ;  Latin  Ilids  inalorum,  a  wolrld  of  trotfblM. 

Bk.    In  Scotch  it  is  put  after  a  roan's  name  when  the  place  of 
his  estate  is  of  the  same  name  bs  his  own :  as  Balfcmr  0/ 
that  ilk ;  that  is  Balfour  of  Balfour. 
Anglo-Saxon  cele,  each  [alike]. 
Ill,HilL    T\l,iU,    Isle,  tZtf.    Aide,  iZ«. 

ni,  not  well.    Hill,  an  elevation  of  earth.    Ill'.iidgB. 
ril,  iUt  a  contraction  of  I  wiU.    lisle,  iUf  an  islafid. 
Aisle,  iUf  the  wing  of  a  church.    (French  aile,  a  wing.) 

Ill  retains  the  double  I  in  nil  its  compound:^:  as  ill«iiAtiin, 

illtimed,  illtemper,  illwill,  &c. 
"  lU,'*  Old  EngU>h  yfd,  eriL    "  Hill,"  Old  English  hyl 
niapse,  fZ.^aJp8^    Slapse,  eXaps', 

lilapse,  a  gradual  slipping  of  one  thing  into  another. 

Elapse,  to  ^lide  away,  to  transpire. 

Dlapsed'  (2  syl.),  iUaps'-ing  (B.  xix.)    Elapsed,  elapsfaig. 

Latin  iUapsvs  (i{{in]Ia|>su«,  sliding  into  something). 
Latin  elap»ua  («[ez]top«u«,  sliding  out  or  away). 

Illative,  iV.ladiv,  inferential ;   il'lative-ly,  by  inference. 

''niatiye"  is  Latin  i2[in]/m),  itrlaiua;  whence  it  will  be  sen  Out 
infer-ential  and  illat-ive  are  parts  of  the  same  verb. 

lUeg&l,  U-le\gal,  the  contrary  of  legal;  ille'gal.ly;   illegaliae, 
U-lef.gdl.ize ;  iUe'gali&ed  (4  syl.),  ille'galI0.iQg  (Baiexix-j 

Illegality,  ll\U.gdV\l.ty, 
French  iXUgaX,  ilUgaliU;  Latin  Uiialleg&lis,  against  the  law. 

Illegible,   U.ledge\U%  not  legible;    illeg^ibly;    lUegiMUty* 
UJedge'.i.blV\i.ty,  the  state  of  being  illegible. 
Latin  it[iD]legibUi8^  not  easy-to-be-read  (2^0<>,  to  teadX 
Illegitimate,     iV.U.djXf'.tmate,    not    legitimate,    base-boin; 
illegirimate-ly;    illegit'imate-ness;    iiaegitiinit:^^ 
proved  to  be  base-bom ;    illegit'imat-ing  (Bole  xix-)! 
^legitimacy,  plu.  illegitimacies,  iV.lcdjltf'.tmiJU' 
Latin  itUgUtmus  {iJ{in]l^^imu8,  not  legitimate^ 
Illiberal,  ll.W.S.rdl,  the  contrary  of  liberal ;  illib'enl-ly; 
niiberality,  ll.VQ/,S.rdV\\,ty^  meanness. 
Lathi  iUiberdXiB,  iXUbirdlUaa  {iXibiW>ir&li9,  not  liberalX 
Illicit,  {/.iU'.U,  unlaw?\iV\  iUlclt-ly,  iUiclt-neas. 

Latin  illtdtits  (UL\xi\Udtus,  iiQ\  i2^^«^-\)»iA»!«V  j 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  477 

niimitable,  U.lrm\tta.h%  not  having  a  limit;  iUimltable-ness, 
inimitably.     Unllm'ited,  not  limited  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
French  UlimUable  (Latin  i2[in]{imifdre,  not  to  limit). 

Illiterate,  U.lU'J.rate,  the  contrary  of  literate;  illit'erateUy, 
illiferate-ness;  illiteracy,  lLlit'.S,ra,Hyf  ignorance. 

Unlettered,  un.lSf.terd,  not  able  to  read  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  iliUilllUratu$,  not  skiUod-in-letteri. 
lUiieBB,  Vfnis,  sickness,  suffering  from  ill-health.    (See  BL) 

Illogical,  U.lMge\i.kal,  not  logical;  illog^ical-ly,  illog'ical-nefls. 

Latin  Uiiaydgtea,  not  logic 
ninde,  U.liide\    Elude,  e.ludef.    Delude,  de.lvdef: 

ninde,  to  deceive  the  sight ; 

Delude,  to  deceive  the  mind  or  imagination ; 

dude,  to  escape  by  artifipe. 

niud'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  illud'^ing  (Rule  xix,) 

niusioiii,  \l.lu'.shSn.    Delusion,  di.lu\8h&n : 

Illusion,  ocular  deception ;  Delusion,  mental  deception ; 

dnsion,  evasion,  an  escape  by  artifice. 

Illusive,  U.lu'jf%v;  illu'sive-ly,  illu'sive-ness. 

DluBory,  U.lu\85.ryt  deceptive  to  the  eye, 

Latin  il[in]ludifre,  to  plaj  on  one  [to  deceive  his  sight] ;  die  Indirg, 
to  che^t  the  ifljaglnation  or  mind ;  e[ex\lud^re,  to  slip  away. 

Ulnminate,  MM' .m\.nate,  to  throw  light  on,  to  adorn  with  illu- 
minated letters,  &c.,  to  light  up  a  pLice  with  lamps,  tj^c; 
flln'minat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  iUu'minat-ing  (Rule  xix.), 
illu'Aunat-or  (Rule  xxxvii.),  illumina'ti,  those  who  belong 
to  a  clique  assuming  to  be  in  advance  of  the  age;  illu- 
minative, MM' .mi.na.tlv. 

ninmination,    UM\ml.nay''.8hiin.      Illume,    XUume't   to 
adorn,  to  enlighten ;  illumed'  (2  syl.),  illum'-ing  (R.  xix.) 

Latin  iliarmndtio,  illUmindtor,  v.  illumindre  (it[ia]lumindre;  here  in 
is  intensive) ;  French  Ul/umination,  Uluminer. 

UlnsUm,  il.lu*.shuny  occular  deception.    Delu'sion,  mental  de- 
ception.   Illufdve,  ilM^siv ;  illu'sive-ly,  illu'sory. 
Latin  Uiusio  (i{{inJ2iMio,  a  playing  on  [one  to  deceive  his  sight]). 

^Umtrate,  W.lus.trate  (not  il.lu8\trate\  to  explain  by  pictures; 
illustrat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  illustrat-ing  (Rule  xix.); 
illustrat-or  (Rule  xxxvii.);  illustration,  U\lu8.tray''.8hiin; 
illfutrative,  U.lu8\tra.ttv ;   illus'trative-ly. 

UluBtriouB.  il.lu8\trl.us,  celebrated ;  illus'trious-ly,  illus'- 
trious-ness;    iUustratory,  U.lu8\tra.t5.ry. 

Latin  illustria,  illustratio,  v.  illustrdre  (il[in]lu8trdre,  to  shine  or 
ttirow  light  on  something) ;  French  iUtutration,  illustrw^  ^. 

(It  will  be  obsirved  that  every  word,  except  "ill"  and  its  compownda, 
beginning  with  '"iU-"  is  from  the  Latin,  "il-**  rcpreawviwa  •*Vftr^.) 


478  ERRORS  OF  JSPEECff 

Ln-,  the  Latin  inrep.  "  in,"  prefixed  to  words  beginning  with  the 
labials  h,  m,  p :  as  im-bihe,  im-mortaly  im-perfect. 
(If  a  word  i$  not  found  under  "  Im-"  look  tmder  "  Em-"*,) 

-im,  the  Chaldaie  pin.  suffix :  Cherub-im,  Seraph-im. 

rm,  i'm,  contraction  of  I  am. 

Image,  Irn'Mge^  an  idol,  a  statne,  a  personal  likeness;   (v<ii) 
im'aged  (2  syl.),  ixn'ag-ing;  imagerj,  im\age.ry. 

Imagine,  Im  mSdf.in ;  imag'ined  (8  syl.),  imag^-lag  (Bsle 
xix.);  imagin-able,  Imm&dj'.ln.&.b'l;  iaiag^inable-aMi, 
imag'inably ;  imaginary,  im  mddj\tna.ry  ;  f^nnginatlinn. 
im  mdcy\i.nay''^hun:    imaginatiTe,    <mm<l(<^'\{ft.a.^, 
possessed  of  imagination,  fanciful ;  imag'inative-ly. 
Lat  imdgindritUf  imdginatio,  imdginatiim»t  ▼.  imdgindre  {imdgoX 
Imago  (Latin),  i.may\gOf  the  third  or  perfect  state  of  insects. 
The  first  state  is  the  Larva,  the  second  the  Pv^pa. 

Imbecile,  im.bKseel,  weak,  infirm ;  imbedlity,  im\b^.8ir'JLty. 
.    French     imbieiU,     imhiciim ;         Laiin     imbieiUis.    imbieilHai 
(tm[inl6aoiUo,  Ileaning]  on  a  staff  [from  inflrmitylX 

Imbed  (better  embed),  to  collect  into  a  bed.    (O.  £.  em-bisd,) 

"Ims"  "Bm-,"  prefix.     "Im,»'  Lat.  in,  into,  not;   Eng.  <n»  into. 
"Em-,"  prefix  of  native  words,  "  to  make,**  '*  to  oolleet  inta" 

Imbibe,  im.bibe\  to  drink  in ;  imbibed'  (8  syL),  imbib^Jng  (Bola 
xix.),  imbib'-er.    (Latin  t7n[in]&{5o,  to  drink  in.) 

Imbitter  (better  embitter),  to  make  bitter.     (0.  E.  em-biter,) 

Imbricate,  im'.brl.kate  (in  Botany),  to  overlap  like  roof-tiles ; 
iml>ricat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  im'brioat-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Imbrication,  im'.brX.kay^' ^hun. 
Latin  imbricare,  in^ex,  a  roof-tile  {imJber,  [protecdon  froml  nia). 

Imbroglio,  plu,  imbroglios  (Rule  xlii.),  \m.bro^M,oze  (not  em- 
broglio),  a  complicated  embarrassment  (Italian). 

Imbiown  (better  embrown),  to  make  brown.    (O.  E.  emAtrkm.) 

Imbme  (better  embme),  to  make  gory.    (Gk.  em  bro[toi\  gor^ ) 

Imbmte,  im.brute  (not  embrute),  to  degrade  to  the  state  of  • 
brute ;  imbruf -ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  imbrut-ing  CEL  xix.) 
Lat.  im[inl&riita.    It  is  an  Eng.  made  word,  but  from  Lat  aooro* 

Imbue,  im.bu,  to  saturate ;  imbned'  (2  syL),  imbu'*di^.    (Verlif 
ending  with  any  two  letters,  except  ^ue,  retain  both  htk** 
-ing.  Rule  xix.);  imbument,  im.bii\mint. 
Latin  <m[in]buo,  to  stuff  or  swell  in,  to  soak,  to  aatorata. 

Imitate,  im\Uate,  to  copy;  imltat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  imltU^ 

(Rule    xix.),    imltat-or    (Rule    xxxvii.) ;     i]iiitatio>i 

im\utay'\8hun ;    imitative,  im'.Lta.tlv  ;    imltatiT^* 

im'itativeness ;    imitable,  im\i.ta.b'l  (not  tmi(a(a^)' 

imitability,  im\i.ta.bU'\i.ty,    Neg.  In-imltaUe,  ^ 

Latin  imUdbllls,  im^toLlio,  iimXteUor,  v.  imUOH;  French  imii^ 
4m4(atu>is  imUat\|.   ^0\il\9  ^i>a  vv.\ 


AND  OF  SPELLINO.  fT. 

Lnmaoalate,  lnLmSJ:f.ii.lat€j  without  spot,  tmstained ;  imxnac'n- 
late-ly,  immao'ulate-nefls.   Immaciilate  Go&ceptioii,  the 
dogma  that  the  Virgin  Mary  was  bom  without  sin. 
LatlB  im!Ctn}indeQUUu$,  not  spotted. 

ImpMiatloii,  im'.ina,nay'^jhun  (better  Emanation),  flowing  out 

.4      from.    (Latin  mandre,  to  flow.) 
ISrifananeni,  im'jna.nent^  inherent.    Im^minent,  threatening. 

Latin  im[\nymanefu,  gen.  manewtiSt  remaining  In :  im(in]mineiu,  gen. 
miiieaUst  [hanging]  threatening  over. 

Immanuel,  %m.mdn\uM.    In  the  Bible  Emman'uel  {Isa.  vii.  14, 

compare  Matt.  i.  23),  Jesus,  the  Messiah. 
Immaterial,  W.ma.tee^'.fi.dl,  not  material ;  inunate^xiaUy. 
Immateriality,  \m\md.te.ri.aV\\.ty  ;  immate'rial.iBt. 

Immaterialism,    \m\  ma.  tt'  .H.  dl.  izm ;      immate'rialiaed, 

im' .ma.tt' .r\.dl.ued ;  immate'rial-nefls. 
Latin  im[inlfiutterial<«,  not  material ;    French  ifMnaUriti  (wrong), 
immaMriaUmn,  immaUrialitte,  immaUrialiU. 

Immature,  lm',md.t&ry  not  mature ;  immature'-ly,  Immatnre'- 
nesB,  inunatured'  {S  syl.)-,  immatn'rity,  unripeness. 
Unmatured,  un\ma.tiVrd,  not  ripe  (Rule  Ixzii.) 
Latin  im[ln}mdtilftu,  not  mature;  inundtwritOM 
Immeasurable,  im.m&sh\ur.d.b'U  not  measurable;  immeas'ur- 
able-ness,  immeas'urably.    (See  Immense.) 
TJnmea8u:i^ed,  un.mezh\erd,  not  measured  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Lat.  im[ia}menni/rilh%li3,  not  measurable  (meTwOra,  a  measure). 
nmediate,   Im.meil'.cK.ate    (not   im.mee\jlt),    without    delay; 
inmie'diate-ly,  directly ;  imme'diate-ness. 

Latin  immediate;  French  immidUU  (Latin  in  tn/dius,  without  a 
medium,  whence  "  direct,"  directly  or  without  delay). 

memorial,  Iwf.mS.md" .H.dU  beyond  the  reach  of  memory; 
immemo'rial-ly.    Immemorable,  %in.mSm\8.rd.b% 
Lat.  imiinymimdriaf  beyond  the  reach  of  memory,  -memordbtlU. 
aense,  im.mSruel't  not  to  be  measured ;  immenBe''-ly. 
immensity,  lm.mffn''8i.ty,  unbounded  extent. 
Immensurable,  im.m^\8ii.rd.b'l.    Immeasurable,  q.v. 
Latin  im[in]men«iM,  not  [to  be]  measured,  ■^nengwdbiUs. 
srge,  im.merge\  to  plunge  under  [water].    Emerge^,  to  rise 
out  of...  Immerged  (2  syl.), immerg'-ing.   Emerged,  &c, 
nmexse,  im-merse'^  to  plunge  into  [water],  to  be  deeply  en- 
gaged in  business ;  immersed'  (2  syl.),  immers'-ing  (R.  xix.) 

imendon,  im.m&r^.8hun,  the  act  of  plunging  into  [water] ; 

lenion,  S.m^.shiin,  the  act  of  rising  out  of  [water]. 

UMTBible,  lm.mik^.8tb'l  (not  -CLble).    Emersible. 

merged,  un.merged\  not  sunk  (Rule  Ixxii.) 

Jn  im[in}ineri70,  supine  merswn^  to  plunge  into  IwateiV 
In  ^taiiittUTgo,  supine  menum,  to  rise  out  of  IwalerV. 


480  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Immethodical,  lm\mi.Tli6d" X.kaly  not  methodical ;  immethod'- 
ical-ly.    (Latin  im\\n\mMh6d^u8j  not  methodicaL) 

Immigrate,  lm\mLgrate*    Emigrate,  iSm'Xgrate, 

To  emigrate^  to  leave  one's  country  for  residence  eibewhere 
To  immigrate^  to  enter  a  new  country  to  settle  there. 

Im'migrat.ed  (Rule  zxzvi.),  im'migrat-ing,  im'mignuflb 
Immigration,  im\mX.gra"^hil'Hn    Emigrat-ed,  Jko. 

Latin  im\Xa\migr&re,  to  migrate  into  [another  conntiy] ; 
e[ez]mHrrdre,  to  migrate  out  of  tfonx  own  country]. 

Imminent,  %m\mi.n^t^  threatening.    Im'manent,  inherent 

Eminent,  em'XnSnt^  illustrious.  (Lat.  e-minevut  hanging  oat) 

Latin   <nt[in]min«n«,  gen.   minefnHB^   [hanging]  fhieatening  o?«r; 
ini[injmanen«,  geo.  ma)imti<,  remaining  or  uiiding  in. 

Immizable,  InLmix'MJbX  not  mixable.    (Rule  xxiii) 

Unmixed,  un,mixf,  not  mixed  (Riile  IxxiL) 
Latin  t«n[  n]mi«cere,  supine  miastttm,  not  to  mix. 
Immobility,  im\mo.hW\i,tyj  steadfastness,  permanency. 
Immobile,  lm\mo.beeV  (not  lm\mi)Ml').    French, 
Immovable,  Im.moo'.va.b'l;  immo'vable-ness,  IpanflTTaUy. 
Latin  imiiaymdhilis,  not  movable ;  miibUita$:  Frendi  immobiUU, 
Immoderate,  lm.mSd%^.ratej  not   moderate;    iminod'enitB4j. 
immod'erate-ness.    Immoderation,  lnLmi^.g.riXff"akSH, 
XTnmoderated,  un-mSd\e.rd.tid,  not  moderated  (Rule  IxxiL) 
Latin  imiiii]m6diratua,  not  moderate  ^  immddirdHo. 
Immodest,  Im-rndd^estj  not  modest ;  immod^Qst-y,  immod'eit^. 

Latin  im[in}modeatua,  not  modest;  immddestia;  French  finmitrffifi 
Immolate,  im'.mS.late,  to  sacrifice ;  im'molat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi)* 
im'molat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  hn''molat-or  (Rule  xxx?il>  » 
immolation,  im\m8.lay*\8hun, 

Latin  immdldtio,  immdlarey  to  sacrifice.      {In  nMa,  fa  meal-AflKP* 
referring  to  thp  meal  and  salt  thrown  over  the  idctim.) 

Immoral,  im.mZfrdl,  not  moral ;  inimor'al-ly,  indeooroudj* 
Immorality,  plu.  immoralities,  lm\mo,raV'X.iU, 
Latin  im{;iD]m^<lZi«,  not  moral :  •^mdraliUu:  French  imiiMni 

Immortal,  lm,mor^.tdly  not  mortal;  immor^tal4y. 

Immortality,  \fn\mor.tuV\l,ty ;  immortaliBe  (Rule  xul3^)* 
lm.niar^.tul.ize  ;  immor'tabsed,  immo]<tfil^iiig  (R.  xi:^) 

Immortalisation,  ini.mor\taL.i,za" ^hUn, 
Immortelle  (French),  im\mor.tell'\  a  wreath  of  **  everiasti^V 
flowers"  to  decorate  the  grave  of  a  person  deoeaaad. 

Latin  itnlin]fnortdli8,  not  mortal;   immortdlXttu ;    FrwMih  kiM^^^'^ 
tel  ft  I  J  imtnortcUiU,  immortalisation^  immortaUMr, 

Immoyable  (not  immoveable,  R.  xx.),  im.moo\vS.b%  not  mcmtf^^' 
immo'vable-neBa,  isannr-raibly,  fixedly,  stead&atity. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  481 

Immovables,  lm,moo\vd.Vlz,  fixtures,  houses  and  lands. 

Immobility,  \m',moMV\\.iy,    {See  linmobility.) 

Unmoved,  un.moovd'y  not  moved  (Rule  Izxii.) 

"Immovable"  (Eole  zxUL),  Latin  im{ia}tnMri,  not  to  be  moved. 

Immiinity,  plu,  immunities,  lm.mu*.ni,tiZj  exemption  [from  toU]. 

Latin  im{in}muniu,  not  [obliged  to  makel  a  gift ;    4mtnanUa$t 
tnumitiiw,  free.    French  immuniU. 

fmmxaet  {m.inSr«%  to  enclose  in  a  wall;    immured'  (3  syl.), 
immur'-ing,  Bule  xix.    (Latin  t9}i[in]9}iunw,  in  a  wiJl.) 

Ijumntable,    im  mH'.ta.b%    not    mutable ;     immu'table-ness, 

immu'tably.    Immutability,  lm.mii.td.biV\hty, 

Lat  im[il0i}mutdbtti8,  not  mutable ;  immiUaMlitas.    Fr.  immuUtble. 
(N.B.—AU  but  three  %eord$  beginning  with  '*im-*'  [b^onm\ain Latin, 
and  in  two-thirds  of  the  example*  '*imr*  i$  negative.) 

Imp,  a  scion,  a  child;    now  it  means  **a  little  devil,"  to  eke 

a  hive  by  an  extra  piece ;  imped,  fmt ;  imp'-ing. 

Old  Eng.  impian]  (to  eke,  to  graft),  past  impode,  past  part,  impod. 

Impact,  tm'.pdkty  collision ;  impacf-ed,  driven  close  together ; 

impaction,  im^pdl^ ^hUn,  the  act  of  striking  against. 

Impinge,  im,p%nge\  to  strike  against  something;  impinged'' 

(4  syL), imping'-ing  (Bule  xix),  imping'-ent  (not  -ant.) 

Latin  impaciua,  impaetio,  v.  im[in]piMgire  [paiigire],  snpine  pactum, 
to  strike  on  or  against ;  French  impact  ("impaction'*  is  not  French). 

Impair,  impair^,  to  injure;    impaired'  (2  syL),  impair' -ing, 
impair'-«r.    (Should  be  empair,  Fr.  empirer,  La,t,p^or.) 

Tmp^^<>,  im.pail'  (better  empale,  q.v,)    (Fr.  empaler,  empalement.) 
la^alpable,  lm.paV.pd.b%  not  palpable ;  impal'pably. 
Impalpability,  lm.pdVpaMlf\l.ty,  intangibility. 
Fr.  impaipahU,  im^lpabiliti  (Lat.  {m[in]  palpdre,  not  to  stroke). 
Impannel,  %m.pdn\ni^l,  to  enter  the  names  of  a  juiy  in  a  panel 
or  piece  of  parchment ;  impanneled  (3  syL),  impan'nel- 
ing,  impan'nel-er  (Rule  iii.,  -el). 
Latin  imiiilpannus,  [written]  on  "  pannus"  or  cloth  (Greek  pSnde.) 
^npaarf ,  to  communicate ;  imparf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  impart-ing, 
imparf -er,  imparf-ible  (not  -able,  R.  xxii.),  impartibillty. 
Latin  imiia]partire,  to  divide  or  part  to  fpartitio,  pars). 
Xxupartial,  im.pa'/^shdl,  not  partial  or  biassed ;  impar'tial-ly. 
Impartiality,  im.pa7^.8hS.dV*.l.ty,  fair  dealing,  justice. 
French  impcvrtiaZ,  impartialitS  (Latin  im[in]par«,  not  a  part). 
^xnpais'able,  not  to  be  passed.    Impassible,  not  subject  to  pain ; 
impa8s'able«ne88,  state  of  being  impassable;  impass'ably. 
ImpaBs'ible,  impasslble-ness;  impassive,  Xm.pdsaWv ;  im- 
i  pass'ive-ly;    impass'ive-ness,  insusceptibiHty  of  pain; 

I  unpassibility,  im.pd88\l.bil.i.ty,  state  of  being  impassive. 

■  "Impassable,"  French  impassahiliti,  impasaabU  (im  pdsser). 

A  "  Impassible,''  Latin  impassihilis,  trnpcwnHlitos  f  im  patior >• 

K  2u 


482  ERR0B8  OF  SPEECH 

Impaflsioii,  Inupofh' .^Sn,  to  affect  with  passion;   impawimied, 
Im.pash'dnd;  impasaioiv-ing,  Im-pash*  J^ing  ;  impMiioii- 
able,  Im,p(i8h'(^n.d.b'l ;  impaJwricmably,  %m.pash',9iLS.bly. 
French  impassUmert  im-  intensive  (Latin  jxumo,  passion). 
Impatient,  lm.pay'^hent,  not  patient ;  impatient-ly ; 
Impatience,  im.pay'^hilnce,  want  of  patience. 
Latin  impatientia,  impaHeau  (im[la]patimUf  not  p«tia»t); 
Impeach,  tm.peech,  to  charge  with  crime ;   impeadied'  (9  tfi), 
impeaoh'-ing,  impeaoh'-er,  impeaeV-able,  -meBt 

Low  Latin  impetitio,  imptUre ;  Law  Latin  tmpeoidre.  It  Is  not  ton 
the  French  empicker,  to  hinder,  but  imlin]p^^ir4^  to  seek  forlcgil 
redress  against  a  person :  {petltio,  the  chaii^  of  a  phdntifQi 

Impeccable,  im.p}^k\kd.b%  not  peccable;  imjiec'cably ; 

Impeccability,  tm,pik'.kahU".tty ;  impec'cancy. 

Latin  imiin]pecedMli$f  not  peccable,  impeoeSbUitcu. 

Impede,  im.peed\  to  hinder ;  imped'-ed  (EL  xxxvi.),  imped'-ing 

(Rxix.);  impediment,  im.jpedM.mJnt ;  impediment''-al. 

Latin  impidlmeTUum,  impidio  (im{in]pede8,  [dogs]  on  the  feetX  Tba 
idea  is  taken  from  the  custom  of  fastening  "  trice**  or  hair  ronad 
the  legs  of  chickens  to  keep  them  firom  nMuaing. 

Imper,  to  urge  forward :  impelled,  lm.peld^;  imp^'-ing  (Bale 
iv.),  impell''-er,  impell'ent.    Impel,  better  impeU. 

Impnlsive,  Km,puV^lv;  impnl'sLve-ly,  impnl^nye-iMs; 

Impolse,  m'.jpi({c«;  impi^fdoix^  im.puV.9hufi. 

Latin  impelUre^  supine  impvls%kfin,  to  drive  forward. 

Impend^  to  hang  over;  impend^-ed  (R.  xxxvi),  impend'-lBg; 

Impend^-ent  (not  -ant,  B.  xxii.);  impendence,  Imjpin'jUiict; 
impendency,  im.pen'.den^i  the  state  of  impending. 

Latin  impendens,  gen.  ivipendentif^  im[inj jMndA'«^  to  haag  Oftr. 
Impenetrable,  %m,p^\S.tr(l.bX  not  penetrable ;  impenetnUy* 

Impenetrability,  %m.p^\e.trd.bU" X.tyy  obduracy. 

TTnpenetrated,  un.p^n'.e.trd  ted,  not  penetrated  ^Bnle  hxii*) 

Latin  impinitroMlis,  im[in]piniftrciJ>ilia,  not  penetrable. 
Impenitent,  %m.penf,i,t^t  not  penitent ;  impen'itent-ly. 

Impenitence,  im.p^'A,tence ;  impeniteney,  im.p^'.UdM|f' 

Lat.  impaniUna^  gem.  impatniUn^U ;  Fr.  impiniieni,  impHMmer 

Imperative,  im.p^rd.tiv,  absolutely  indisppnj^able ;  impff^*- 
tive-ly;  imperiona,  {m.^e^rir.tl«.    (iS««  Imperial.) 
Latin  imperdHmu  (impir&rt,  to  command  with  aathori^. 

Imperceptible,  ivi' .pSr^^p" MJble,  not  perceptible  (Rule  xiii-^ 
impercep'tible-nesB,  impercep'tibly,  impetoep*fefliil'ttj' 
Unperceived,  un,per,ceevd^ ,  not  perceived  (Rule  Ixxii) 
Fr.  imperceptible,  iinpercc^tibiZit^CLat.  im[in]jieifdi||pfe. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  483 

Imperfect,  im.pef^,fect,  not  perfect;  imper'feot-ly,  imper'fect 
nesB;  imperfectiim,  im\per,feW' jik&n. 
Lat.  im[in]per/(SctiM,  not  perfected ;  imper/e«(io;  Fr.  imper/eoiton. 
Imperial,  im,pee\ri,dl,  royal,  supreme ;  impe'rial-ly. 
•       ImperialUiiB,  im,pee\ri.dl.izm ;  impe'rial-4Bt 
Imperative,  im,p^rd,tlv;  imper'ative-ly  (q,v,) 

Imperious,  im.pee'.fi.iiSf  dictatorial,  arrogant;  impe^rions-ly ; 
Smpe'rions-aess,  arrogance,  haughtiness. 

Umperor,  fern,  empress,  em'.p^.roTt  ^\prett.    (We  owe  the 
irregularity  of  "emperor"  to  the  French.) 

Latin  xmpMMis,  impMdsiu,  imv^rdtor,  impMUrix,  v.  impifrtire,  to 
eommand ;  French  emperetur  !  i  impercUriee. 

Imperil  (only  one  r),  im.per'rih  to  endanger;  imper'illed  (3  syl.), 

imperill-ing,  B.  iii.,  -el.    (Would  he  hotter  with  one  I.) 

Fr.  pMlf  with  im-  to  yerbalise  the  word  (Lat.  pifrldUum,  danger). 

Imperious,  im,pe\rhtl8,    (See  above.  Imperial.) 

Imperishable,   im.p^rishM^bX    not   perishahle    (Rule    xxiii.), 
imper'isliable-nesB,  imper'ishably,  imperishabU^  ity. 
TTnperished,  mi.per^ri8hdj  not  perished  (Bule  Ixzii.) 
Fr.  impirissa^le,  itnp4riMabiliM  (Lat.  im[iii\perire,  not  to  perish.) 
Impermeable,  im.per^.me.d,b'l,  not  permeable ;  imper'meably,  im- 
per'meable-ness;   impermeability,  im.per',mS,d.bU  .tty. 
Unpermeated,  un.pet' .rtve.d.tedy  not  permeated  (Eulie  Ixxii) 
Latin  ifli{in]permed&i2»,  ;iot  permeable  {per  meare,  to  go  tiirongh). 
Impersonality,  im,pet'^d.ndV\i.ty,  without  distinct  personality. 

Impersonal  Verbs,  yerbs  with  only  the  Srd  per.  sing,  of  each 

tense.    (These  verbs  have  it  for  their  nom.  cnse :   as  It 

rains,  it  mows,  it  irks  me,  it  behoves  you) ;  imper'sonal-ly. 

Latin  im{ia]per9dndli3 ;  French  ia^persoiMl  (wrong). 

Impersonate,    im.pet'^o,nate,    to    personify;    imper'soiiat-ed 

imper'soaat-in^;  impersonation,  im.per\8o.nay".shtln. 

Lat.  persona,  a  person,  an  actor  (with  im-  to  verbaHse  the  word). 

Impertinent,  iin.per^.t{,nent,  not  pertinent,  xude,  impudent; 

imper'tinent-ly.    Impertinence,  im.per^Ui.nence. 

Latin  im{iD.]perHnen8,  gen,  impertinentis,  not  pertaining  to  {pertinere, 
to  pertain  to ;  per  teneo,  to  hold  throughout). 

Imperturbable,  im'.per.tur^\bd.bH,  not  to  be  disquieted ;  impor- 
turTiably ;   imperturbability,  im'.pet.tw/.bdMM^'.l.ty  ; 

Imperturbation,  im.pe-/ .tur.bay'^^hiin,  calmness. 

Unperturbed,  uvf.per.turbd',  not  perturbed  (Rule  Ixxii.) 

Fr.  ifnperiurhahlt,  imperturbability ;  Lat.  imperturbdttis  (ini[ln]|)er- 
turb&re,  not  thoroughlj  disturbed). 

Impervious,    im.per^.vtiis,    not   penetrable;     imper^vioos-ly^ 

imper'vioiiB-ness,  impassibility. 

Ltttin  imperwiu  (imlval,  oot,  per  via,  a  *way  tbxough^ 


1  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

mpetnons,  im.p^lf .uAis,  hasty,  yiolemt;  impef noiu-ly,  impef- 
noofl-neaB;  impetuosity,  tm.p^.u.^'.{-ty. 

Impetus,  im'.p^.tuSf  impulsive  force. 
Lfttin  impgltiOnu,  impittu;  Frendi  impitnostU. 
Impiety, jpZtt. impieties,  im.pV.^.t%z, profanity;  impions,  im^ptHs, 
profane  (unpious,  not  pious);  im'pioiui-ly, im^pious-iieM. 
Latim  impi^tof,  imlia]piu»,  not  pioni ;  Frtnoh  impiiii. 
Impinge,   im.pingef,   to   strike   against;    impinged'  (d  syl.), 
imping'-ii^f  (Rule  xix.),  imping'-ent.    Impitcf  (g.v.) 
Latin  impin(K),  supine  impcuium  (in»Lin]]N»n0O,  to  strike  against). 
Impkraa,  xm\piiAu ;  im'piouB-ly.     {See  Impiety.) 

ImplacablOt  im.play\kd.b'l  (not  im.plaJs^.a.b'l),  not  to  be  appeased; 
implk'cable-ness,  impla'cably;  impla'cabillty,  -hU'^tty. 
Latin  impldedbflU,  impldcdbilit<u  (ini[in]p(d0dr«). 
Implant^,  to  plant  in  [the  mind] ;  implanf^  (Rule  xxzvi), 
implanf-ing;   implantation,  im\plun,tay'*^hfin. 
Old  Eng.  plarU[ian],  to  plant,  past  planfock,  past  part  fkuUod. 
Implead,  im,pleed^,  to  prosecute;    implead'-ed  (Rule  xzxvL)^ 
implead^-ing ;   implead'-ei;  one  who  proseoatee. 

Implead  is  to  state  the  plaintiff's  case. 
Plead,  to  state  the  defence  or  answer  to  the  charge. 
Frendi  plaider,  to  plead  {plei^  a  defendant's  answer^ 
Implement,  im'.pU.mentj  a  tool.    (Xjow  Latin  implemeinUi^  plu  —  ) 

Implicate,  im\pU.kate,  to  involve;  im'plicat.ed  (Rule  zxxvi        7, 
im'plicat-ing;  implicatiye,  im\pli.kd  tiu  ;  im'plioatii 
ly;  implication,  im' .pll.hay" ^hiin, 
Latin  impliciUio,  im[inlpltedr«,  to  fold  in,  to  involve. 
Implicit,  im\pU.8\t  or  im.pW.U,  entire,  implied;  fniplifftf-^ 
im.pUs\\t.ly  ;  implidt-neas,  im.pW M-neu, 
Latin  impli(Atu8  (iin[in]|>2[c{to,  freq.  of  pllco)  v.t. 
Implore,  im.pldr^f  to  entreat;   implored'  (3  qrL),  impldi^4.'Ki^ 
(Rule  xix.),  implor'ing-ly,  implor'-er. 
Latin  im{inlp{drdre,  to  beg  or  entreat  for  [scMnetUng]. 
Impl/,  to  mean,  to  hint  at;  implied'  (2  syl.),  R.  xi.,  imidy'-ixi^* 

Latin  im[inlp{ir£re,  to  fold  in. 
Impoison  (better  empoison),  im.poi'a^n,  to  infect  with  poisAo; 

impoi'soned,  impoi'son-ing.    (French  emp<n$onner,) 
Impolitic,  im.p}iV.lMk^  not  politic ;  impoHtic-ly. 

.French  imj>o2{ttgu«;  im[in]pdli<ieu«,  not  politic 
Impolite,  im\po.lite,  not  polite ;  impolite'-ness,  impolite'-l/' 

Latin  impolUus;  im[ia]polUuSt  not  polished. 
Imponderable,  im.pSn\di.rd.bHf  without  weight. 

ImpondeTableB,  im.'}^iin\cU^,rd.b'lz,  whatever  has  no  sensibl' 
weight,  as  ^^t,\ie«^t,  ^\<^\3m\.'^^  and  magnetism. 


AND   OF  SPELLING.  485 

—      •-     -  -I      -  -    — 

Imponderabilily,  im^8n'M.rdMV\tty  ;  impon'deioiu. 
French  impondirabiliU,  imponderable  (Latin  ptmdma,  weight). 
[mporti  (noun)  im'.port ;  (verb)  im,portf  (Bole  1.)    Etpovt. 
Lamport,  something  brought  into  a  country  from  abroad ; 
E^'port,  somethiDg  sent  out  of  a  country  into  foreign  lands. 
Imporf,  to  bring  something  into  a  country  from  abroad ; 
Ezporf ,  to  send  something  out  of  a  country  into  foreign 
lands ;  imporf-^,  imporf-ing,  import'-er,  imporf-able. 

Iitiportation,  im\por.tay".8hiin.    Exportation,  -tay*'^kiln. 
Lamport,  meaning  that  which  is  imported  by  words« 
Imforf ant,  of  great  consequence ;  imporf ant-ly ; 
Importance,  inLpor^.tance,  serious  consequence. 

French  im-parterf  importahlet  importcmeet  importanty  importation^ 
exporter  J  exportation;  Latin  im\ln]portdret  to  carry  into  a  place. 

bnporttme,  im\por.tune\  to  tease  with  entreaties ;  importuned' 
(8  syl.),  importun'-'inir  (Rtile  zix.),  importiin'^r; 
£ftportnnityy  plu.  importunities,  imf,por.tu''Mi4iz  ; 
Importunate,  tm.j)c;r'.tti.nat«,  annoyingly  urgent; 
Impdr'tnnate-ly ;  impor'tnnate-ness. 
Latin  importHnitas,  importunus  (iniiia]portilnu8,  not  qnlef). 
[impoee,  im.poze'  (followed  by  on  or  upon),  to  lay  [a  duty  on  one], 
to   practise    [on  one's    credulity] ;    kaposed'  (2  ayl,), 
impofi'-ing  (R.  xix.),  impo'sing-ly,  impost-able.    Im'poBt 

Imposition,  im\p6.tl8h"-Sn,  a  fraud.    Imposition  of  hands, 
&e  laying  on  of  bands  in  ordination  and  confimuttion. 

Impostor,  im,p58\tor,  a  cheat.    Imposture,  im.pSa'.tchUr, 
deception.  (Lsit.imp58UiOfintpo8tOT,inqp08tilra;  Gk,pono.) 
ImpoflBible,  im.p88\8l.b%  not  possible;  impos'sibly; 

Impossibility,  plu,  impossibilities,  %m.p58\8i,MV\ttls, 
Lat  imiiaJposHbUie  {im,  not ;  posee,  to  be  able) ;  Fr.  imposeibilitS,  Ac. 
[nipoBtlinme,  im'.pds.tume,  an  abscess.    A  corrupt  spelling  of 
apotteme.    (Lat  apo8tema,  Gk.  apostinuiy  an  abscess.) 

[mpoBtnre,  im.p98'.tchilr,    Impos'tor  (see  Impose). 

[mpotent,  imf.pS.tint  (not  im.po* ,tent\  not  potent  or  strong; 
im'^potent-ly.    Impotence,  im'.pb.tense;  im^potency. 
Latin  impdtent,  gen.  impdlmiia^  impdtentia  (im,  not,  p6ten»,  able). 
Cmpoimd'',  to  shut  up  in  a  "  pound,"  to  keep  back ;  impound'-ed 
(Bule  xxxvi.),  impound'-ing,  impound'-er,  imponnd'-age 
{•age  [Latin  ag^re],  the  act  of),  die  act  of  impounding. 
Old  English  pyndian],  to  ponnd,  to  shnt  up. 
^poverish,  im.pSi/.er.i8h,  to  pauperise ;  imp^v'erished  (4  syl.), 
impCVerish-ing,  impSv'erish-er,  impdy'eTiBh.-mQat. 
Italian  impoverire,  [lAtin  paupihro,  to  make  poor ;  pauper^ 


?:nnoRs  OF  sPKKcn 


wMcM.t^im.praV M  A;a.&7,iiotpractioAble;  impxaol'ticable- 
nefls,  imprac^ticably;  impractioability,  im.prdW.VLhu,' 
b\Jf<,lAy.    (French  impracticabilitSt  impracticable,) 

lAitik  praettetu  :  Greek  prattd,  to  do ;  with  in  [in]  negative. 
preoate,  im\pr^.kate^  to  corse;  im'preoaUed  (Rule  xzxvi.), 
iia'precat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  im'prec&tiOr  (Rule  xxxvu.) 

Imprecation,  im'.pr9.kay'\8hun;  im'precatory.  . 
Latin  imprio&tio  (imiiixlprecdr^,  to  pray  against  a  person), 
jnpreg^iable,  im.preg\na,b'l,  not  to  be  taken  by  force  (R.  xxiiL), 
Impreg'naDly ;  impregnability,  im.prig^.ndMV^.l.ty. 
(The  ''g"  in  these  words  is  a  gross  blunder.    See  below  J 
Fr.  iwtpreiMbU,  imprenabUitd ;  Lai  im[in]prehmdi,  not  to  be  taken. 
Impregnate,  im.pr^g' .nate^  to  fecundate,  to  saturate;  impreg'- 
n&t-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  impreg^&t-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Impregnation,  im.preg.nay" .shiin,  the  act  of  impregnating. 
French  wa,pr6gn€T,  iinpr6gnation  (Latin  praQncUio:  Greek  f/enma^ 

Imprescriptible,  im\pre,8cr%p'\ti,b'U  inalienable,  not  to  be  lost 
on  the  plea  of  prescription ;  imprescrip'tibly. 

Unprescribed,  un\prS,8kribd'%  not  prescribed  (Rule  Ixxii) 
French  impreacriptUfle ;  (Latin  im[in]prenori6o,  pragseripUo.) 

Impress,  (noun)  im', press;  (verb)  im,pre»/  (Rule  L),  a  stamp,  tc 
stamp ;  impressed,  im.pr^f;  ijnpress'-ing,  impieaB'-iUe 
impress'ibly ;  impressibility,  im',pr98M:biV\%Ay, 

Impression,  imprSsh'.on,  a  mark,  a  notion,  an  indistin 
remembrance.    Impressive,  im.pr^'.8lv,  exciting  atten 
tion ;  impres'sive-ly,  impres'sive-ness. 

Impress'-ment,  the  act  of  forcing  men  into  the  army  or  nvry 
Latin  impresno,  imprimo,  supine  iinprestum,  to  imprint. 
Imprimis,  im,prV,mis,  in  the  first  place.    (Latin  imprimis,) 

Imprint,  (noun)  im\print,  (verb)  im.print!'  (Rule  L) 

Im'print,  name  and  address  of  printer  attached  to  booto-* 
.    &c,    Imprinf,  to  fix  on  the  mind,  to  stamp;  imprinf^^ 

(Rule  xxxvi.),  imprint^-ing.    Imprima'tor. 
ItaL  imprimgre,  to  print ;  Fr.  imprimer;  Lat.  imprf viAr«,  to  engnr«- 
Imprison  {better  emprison),  im.pHz\5n,  to  put  into  prisoii ; 
imprisoned,  im.priz'.Snd ;  impils'on-ing,  ImpriiB^-er; 
imprison-ment,  im.prU\5n.ment, '    (Fr.  emprisomner,  Sec*) 

Improbable,  im.pr8y,dJ)*l,  not  probable;  improbably; 

Improbability,  plu.  improbabilities,  im,prSb',S.bit\t«s, 

Latin  im.[in]prdbdblli8,  not  probable ;  French  imfrobaU^  tei 
Improbity,  im.pr6b\i.ty,  dishonesty.    (Latin  wii{in]pr8tUas,) 
Improficienoy,  tm'.pT0.Ji»K".55n.«y,  want  of  profleiency. 

Latin  imllnlproftrtww  (5mVVxi\vro  f<)Ltito,TtfA.\A  tnako  profnm). 


A^D  OF  'spelling,  487 

ImpTomptti  (Firench),  {m.pr($mp^tu,  offhand,  without  Btudj. 

Latin  imli\xi\pr(rtnptm»,  not  drawn  ont  ( pr&mo,  to  draw  oat). 
Improper,  im,pr6j^  ,ert  not  proper ;  improp'er-Iy. 

Impropriety,  jpZu.  improprieties,  im'.pro.pri'\i.tXz. 

Impioper  Fraction,  a  fraction  in  which  the  denominator  or 

divisor  is  not  greater  than  the  numerator :  as  |  or  |. 
Lat.  ini{tn]proprtu8f  not  proper,  improprittiu. 
Impropriator,  inLprS'.pri.d.tor,  a  layman  who  **  enjoys "  eccle- 
siastical revenues;    impropriation,  im,prS'.pri.a''.8hun, 
secidarisation  of  church  property. 
Latin  im[in]propriu8,  for  [the  ute  of]  a  private  person  or  layman. 

Impropriety,  jp2tA.  improprietie8,/m^|)ro.2>n''.^.tiB.  (S^^Improper.) 

Improve,  im.proov'  (not  im.prove),  to  ameliorate;  improved, 
im,proovd' ;  improv-ing  (Rule  xiz.),  im.proov*. ing ; 
improv'ing-ly ;  improv-er,  im.proov'.er;  improv-ahle, 
im.proo\vu.b'l  (R.  xx.) ;  improv'ahle-neas ;  improvftbly, 
im.proo\vdMy ;  unprovability,  im.proo'.va.h'iC'.l.ty. 

Improvement,  im.proov\ment^  amendment. 

(Of  the  sixtqen  words  in  "-ove,"  only  two  (movt,  provej  ate  pro- 
nounced -oov;  iova{dove,  glove^  love,  shove)  are  pronounced  -uve^ 
and  the  rest  are  pronounced  -^e,  Bule  Ixzi) 

Latin  pro-viho^  to  carry  or  travel  forwards. 

Improvident,  im,prbv\\.denU  not  provident ;  improv'ident-ly ; 

Improvidence,  im.prtSrf' .Ldence,  want  of  foresight. 
Latin  im[\xi\pr(y&lden8,  gen.  -provtdenHSt  not  fore-aeeing. 
Improvise,  im'.pro.vize'  (not  im\pro.veez*\  to  compose  [poetry] 
offhand ;  improvised'  (3  syl.),  impro^is'-ing  (Rule  xiz.) 

Improvisator,  plu.  improvisators,  im\pro.vW\a.torz  ;  fern. 
improvisatrice,  im\pro.v\z'\d.trls. 

Improvisatore,  plu.  improvisatori,  im\pro.vtz'.a.td.ry,  plu. 
im\pro.viz'.a.td.ri  (Eng.-Ital.),  improvisator,  &c. 

Improvisation,  im.pro.vijia' .shuUt  the  art  of  improvising. 

French  improvisation^  improvUatrice ;  Italian  improwisatore,  im- 
prowisatorit  improwisare,  to  make  rhymes  extempore. 

Impmdent,  tm.|>ru'.dent,  not  prudent;  impm'dent-ly;  impru- 
dence, im.pru\dence,  indiscretion. 
Latin  im[{n]pn2deiu,  not  prudent ;  imprHdentia. 
iBipadent,  im\pu.dentt  not  modest;  im'pudent-ly^  rudely. 
Impudence,  im' .puAence,  efirontery,  want  of  modesty. 
Latin  iin[in]}>iUIen«,  not  modest ;  impiklen(«a. 

Impugn,  im.pun^,  to  call  in  question;   impugned,  im.piind'; 
impugn-ing,  im.pU\nivg ;   impugn-er,  im.pn'.ner;   im- 
pngnoible,  im.pii,\nd.h%  subject  to  be  impugned. 
Arehaie  Vt.  impvgner,  to  Impugn ;  Lat.  impugnare,  to  {i|gb\>  a«a\xub\. 


486  ERRORS  dP  SPEECH 

Impulse,  im'.pUlsef  without  refleotion;    impnlaiTe,  tm.|WSr.sli;, 
energetic  and  tboughtleBB;  impul'sive-ly,  Impul'siye-iieflB. 

Impulsionf  im.p&V.8hiinf  the  force  giv^n  to  a  body  in  motion 
by  another  striking  against  it. 

Impel,  im.pil;  impelled^  ^2  syL),  impell'-lng,  impell'-er, 

Kule  iv.    ("  Impel "  would  be  better  with  double  L) 
Latin  impeUo,  supine  imptUtum  (imiin]peUo,  to  driye  against). 
Impunity,  im,pu\ni,tyf  without  punishment. 
Latin  impunitas  (im[in]imnire,  not  to  punish). 
Impure,  im.pure\  not  pure ;  impure'-neas,  impure'-ly. 
Impurity,  plu,  impurities,  im,pii\rl,tU. 
Latin  im[inlpuru«,  not  pure ;  imparitas;  French  impwrtU  (1 !) 
Impute,  im.pute\  to  attribute  (followed  by  to);  imput'-ed  (Bole 
xxxvi.),  impiif-ing  (Rule  xiz.),  impuf-er,  impuf-ftble, 
imput'able-neas,  imput'ably. 
Imputation,  im\pu.tay'*^Mn,     Imputatiye,  im,p9^.ta,Pio; 
impu^tative-ly,  by  imputation. 

French  imputable,  impntation,  iwputatif,  imputer. 

Latin  tm[inj jnttdre,  to  charge  against,  to  think  ill  of. 

(Of  the  eigMy  or  ninety  words  beginning  toith  "tTi^-p..**  only  ttrw 
[imp,  im-plant,  im-pound]  are  native  words,  two  ofvMth  ham  hee» 
tampered  with,  the  rest  are  LaJbin  or  CkMio-LaHn.  In  nUKer  mom 
than  haJlf  the  number  **imr**  is  negative,  in  Un  examples  it  vertml- 
ises  a  noun,  and  in  thirty-one  examples  it  stands  for  the  prtp.  "kkV 

In-  (negative)  does  not  belong  to  native  English  words,  our 
proper  negative  prefix  is  un-  or  on-,  in  one  example 
(inability)  changed  to  in-. 
In-  is  the  LAtin  negative,  equivalent  to  un-.    Bis-  is  Latin 
and  Greek.    Both  these  have  been  adopted  in  the  Fiench 
and  English  languages. 
In-  and  un-  signify  the  absence  of  the  thing  referred  to. 
Dis-  signifies  severance  from  the  thing  referred  to. 
In-  (not  negative)  belongs  to  our  native  words  as  well  as  to 
Latin  and  French  words.    Its  meaning  is  in,  into,  wUhiiHt 
against,  and  in  some  instances  it  simply  intensifies. 
In-  before  no-  in  five  instances  is  ¥nritten  ig-  (always  in  a  negt* 
tive  sense),  but  in  a  similar  number  of  examples  it  18 
written  in-.    Before  the  labials  "  b,"  **  m,-  "  p,"  it  is  writ- 
ten  im-.    Before  "  1  '*  it  is  I,  and  before  "  r  "  it  is  Ir. 
In  a  negative  sense  in-  should  never  be  written  en-,  a^^ongh 
as  a  preposition  it  is  not  unfrequently  so  written  in  words 
borroweid  from  the  French,  and  always  so  in  words 
derived  from  the  Greek. 
When  en-  is  prefixed  to  native  words  it  nieans  "  to  make," 
"  to  collect,"  or  it  verbalises  a  word. 

In  (prep.),  inn'-ei  (E.  i.),  in'ner-most,  in'most.    Ttiw^  an  hotel 

"Inner-most"  ia  not  most  vMveT,\iiut  s^  corruption  of  itmt-w^  c 
inne-m/est. 


AND  OF  SPELUNQ^  489 

[liability,  in\aMl".i.tu,  absence  of  ability.    Disabillly,  loss  of 
ability.    (The  idea  of  "separation"  is  shown  better  in 
dUahU.)    (Old  English  in-,  neg. ;  abal^  ability.) 
(Thi»  i»  Iht  only  example  of  in-,  neg.  [for  on-]  wUh  a  native  word  J 

[naooeiBible,  in.ak.8fy\8l.Vl  (not  un-,  being  from  the  Latin ;  not 
-dbUt  because  not  of  the  first  cozg.),  inapproachable ; 
in'acces'sible-nesB,  in^aooes'sibly. 

Ihaocessibility,  in.ah.8S8\8\,hiV\\.tyt  unapproachableness. 
French  inacceetiJbU,  iTUuxessibiliU ;  Latin  in^aeceents,  not  accessible. 
[naccorate,  inMk^.ku.rate  (not  un-,  as  it  is  from  the  Latin), 
incorrect;  inac^'carate-ness,  inac'^cnrate-ly. 

Inaccnracy,  plu.  inaccuracies,  in.ak\ku.ra.8lz. 

Latin  inr  acc&rdtus,  -tuxuratio  (v.  in  adiad}curdre,  not  to  care  for). 
[naotkai,  inMhf^hun,  absence  of  action,  idleness,  rest ; 

Inactive,  in,ak\tlv;  inao'tive-ly ;  inactivity,  -akdlvWdy, 

French  inaction,  inadif,  inactitnU.    Latin  in,  actlvua,  not  active, 
[nadequate,  itiMd^i.kwate  (not  itn-,  being  from  the  Latin), 
insufficient;  inad'equate-ly,  inad^equate-ness; 

Soadequacy,  %n.ad\^.kwa.»y,  instifflciency. 

Fr.  imadequaU.    Lat.  in,  dd-aquMue,  toi  equal  to,  f.  adasqudre. 
biadxnisBlble,  in^.dd.mWM.i'l  (not  un-,  being  from  the  Latin ; 
•not  able,  because  not  of  the  first  conj.);  in^admissibil'ity. 

Fr.  inadmieeibU,  inadmiisibiliti,  Lat.  in,  ad-misaus,  not  admitted  to. 
[nadyertent,  in\ad,ver^\tent,  not  intentional ;  inadver'tent-ly; 

Inadvertency^    plu.    inadyertencies,    in\ad.ver'.t^.8lz ; 

inadvertence,  in' ,<id.ver\Un8e^  an  unintentional  error. 

French  inadveriani  (wrong),  inadvertanee  (yrton%).    Latin  in,  not, 
ad^eriena,  gen  vertenUn,  turning  to  vin  aa  verUfre,  not  to  turn  to). 

[nalienaUe,  in\dV\i.^.nd.h'l  (not  un-,  not  being  from  the  Latin), 
not  alienable ;  inallenable-ness,  inal'ien-ably. 

Unalienated,  un,dl',i.e.nate.ed,  not  estranged  (Rule  Izxii.) 
French  inalienable:  Latin  in  cUiinari,  not  to  be  alienated. 
Inamorato,  plu.  inamoratoe,  in\um.S.rah'\t5ze,  a  man  in  love; 
fern,  inamorata,  plu.  inamoratas.  in\dm.o.rah'\tah,  plu. 
-tarz,  a  woman  in  love.    (£ng.-Ital.  for  innairunrato,  &c.) 
Inane,  in.ain',  vapid,  void  of  eneiigy;  Inane'-ly,  stupidly; 
Inanity,  plu.  inanities,  %n.an'.i.tiz,  vanities,  sillinesses. 
Inanition,  in' .a.nl^K'.^in,  feebleness  from  starvation. 
Latin  in&nie,  indnttas,  v.  indnire,  to  make  void,  to  emptf. 
Inanimate,  in.dn',i.mate,  destitute  of  life  or  animation ; 

Inanimation,  in'.dn.tmay".8hun,  lifelessness,  spiritlessness. 
TJnanimated,  un\dn'\tTna.ted,  not  animated  (Rule  Ixsii.'^ 

ip^e  past  part,  in  Fr.  is  negatived  by  pen  or  non,  and  in  Eug.b^i  -vxtv-.^ 
Latin  in-animus,  •without  mind  or  hie,  inAnim&t%8 ;  ¥x«&ai  QiKvrnA. 


400  ehrors  of  speech 

Inapplicable,  in,ap' .jpDLTia.Vl  (not  un-,  being  Latin),  nnt  appli- 
cable; inap'plicably;  inap'plicSbaity.    (Doable  .|»-.) 

Unapplied,  un\ap.plid^f  not  applied  (Rale  Ixxii.) 
Fr.  inapplicable^  inapplicabiliU;  Lat.  apladlplicSft,  to  fold  together. 
Inappreciable,  in'.ap.pree'^^he*d.b'l  (not  in\a.prt^'^ha,b*Dt  not 
appreciable,  invaluable,  inestimable,  not  perceptible; 

Inappreciably,  in\ap.pree^'^he*aJ)ly,    (Doable  p.) 
Unappreciated,  un'.ap.pree'^^he.d.t^d,  not  valaed  (R.  IxxiL) 
Fr.  inappreHaJbU ;  Lat.  in  ap[Bd]precidtu8f  not  prized  to  [Iti  Yalae]. 
Inapprehensible,  in\ap.pre.hhi'\8i.b%  not  intelligible. 
Unapprehen'ded,  not  anderstood  (Bale  Ixxii.) 
Lat.  in,  not,  ap[sA]prehendire,  supine  apprehenauiAt  to  lay-bold  on. 
Inapproachable,  in'.ap.proch" .d.Vl,  not  to  be  approached. 

Fr.  approcher,  to  draw  nigh  {proche,  near ;  Lat.  proxXme),  with  ii»-,  neg. 
Unapproached,  un'.ap.proched',  not  approached  (R.  Ixxii.) 

Inappropriate,  in',ap.prd".pri.ate  (not  in\a.pro",pri,ate)t  not 
appropriate ;  in'appro^priate-ly,  in'appro'priate-nefls. 

Unappropriated,  un'.ap.prd'\pri.d,tid,  not  appropriated. 

(The  past  part,  is  negatived  in  Fr.  by  pen  cr  non,  and  in  Bng.  by  nn-.) 
French  approprier;  Latin  in  ap[Bd]propridref  not  to  appro|nlate. 

Inapt,  in.apf  (not  un-,  being  Latin),  unfit;  inapf-ly,  inapf- 
ness.    Inaptitude,  in.ap'.tXAildey  anfitness. 
French  inaptitude;  Latin  in  apttu,  not  apt. 

Inarticulate,  in'.ar.tWkuXate  (not  un-,  being  Latin),  not  articn- 
late ;  inartic'ulate-ly,  inartic'ulate-neaa. 

Inarticulation,  in'.ar,tWku.lay".8hun,  indistinct  speech. 
Unartioulated,  un'.ar,tlk".u.ldte,^d,  not  articulated. 
French  inarticulation;  Latin  in  artXeiUatua,  not  aiiicolatod. 
Inartificial,  in.ar^ M,flBh'\SX  (not  un-,  being  Latin),  not  arti- 
ficial ;  inartifio'ial-ly,  artlessly. 
French  inartiifUAel  (wrong).    Latin  in,  not ;  ort^^eioUf  (urUfadnih 
In-as-much-as,  in\az.mucK\az,  seeing  that,  because. 

Inattentive,  in' .at.t^*\tlv  (not  in' ,a,thi'* Mve\  not  attentive; 
inatten'tive-ly;  inattention,  in'Mugnf'^hSn. 

Unattentive  should  be  discarded.    (Double  t.) 

French  inattention,  inaUentif.    Latin  in,  not:  atteniua,  attaaiire' 
-aUentio  {at\9A]tendo,  to  stretch  [the  mind]  to  apmethbig). 

Inaudible,  %n,aw'Ai.Vl  (not  un-,  being  Latin ;  not  -ahU,  beeaose 
it  is  not  of  the  first  coni.),  not  audible ;  inaa'diUa-oM 
inau'dibly;  inaudibility,  in,aw'.d\.hirx,ty. 
Latin  in  audltua,  not  heard ;  ▼.  a/udlre,  to  hear. 
Inaugural,  in.aiD'.gu.r^t,  made  at  inauguration. 

Inaugurate,  in.a\D'.gu.TaU,\ft  Sa^^^t  with  office;  inaa'g"- 


AND    OF  SPELLlXg^  401 

rat-ed  (R.  xzxyL),  inan'garairiiig  (R.  xix.),  inaQ'gnrSt-or 
(R.  xxxvii.) ;  inauguration,  in.aw\gu,ray"jhun. 

French  inauaurcU,  inaugurer,  inauguration ;  Latin  ivMugOurare^  in- 
augHratio  {augw^  a  soothsajer.    To  consult  a  Boothsayer). 

IjiaiispicioiiB,  in\au8.pi8h".iis  (not  tin-,  being  Latin),  not  aaspi- 
cions;  inanspiclouBUy,  inanspiclons-ness. 

Latin  in  ausficXum,  not  [favoured  by]  the  auspices  {avi»  spicio,  to 
obeenre  the  birds  [in  augury]). 

Ixkhom',  innate.    (Old  English  in  boren,  past  part,  of  hir[an].) 

IJofarSd^  inherent.    (Old  £ng.  in  brdd,  past  part  of  hrSd[an].) 

Incalciilable,  in.kdV,ku.ld  b%  not  calculable ;  incal'culably. 

U&calciilat-ed.  un.kdl\ku,late.edt  not  reckoned  up. 

(ne  past  part,  in  Fr,  is  negatived  by  non  or  peu,  and  in  Eng.  by  un  .) 
French  inealctUabU;  Latin  in[not]ca2<Mit2dtu«,  calculated. 

Inoaodesoent,  in\kdn.d^''^ent,  glowing  with  white  heat. 

Incandescence,  in'.kdn.dS8'^en8e,  the  glow  of  white  heat. 
French  incandescent,  incandescence:  Latin  incandesdre. 

Incantation,  in'.kdn.tay'^.shiinf  the  words  used  by  enchanters, 
French  incantation;  Latin  in-cantdre,  to  enchant  or  charm. 

Incapable,  in.kay'.pa.bl,  not  capable ;  incapably. 

In'capabil'ity.    Incapacity,  in^ka.pds.Lty. 

IncapadouB,  in\ka/pay'\8hu8 ;  incapa'ciouB-nees. 

Incapacitate,  in\ka.pd8"Xtate,  to  disqualify;    incapac'i- 

tat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  incapaclt&t-ing. 
Fr.  incapable,  incapaeUi;  Lat  in  capaas,  not  capable  (v.  capio). 
Incarcerate,  in.kar^.8e.Tate,  to  imprison ;   incar'cerai-ed  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  incar'oerat-ing;   incarceratioB, -^^-ray^f/tun. 
Lat.  ineofcMttio,  incareirdre  {career,  a  prison) :  Fr.  ineareSraiion. 
Incarnate,  in.ka/.nat8,  embodied  in  flesh  [said  of  deity]; 

Incamation,  in'.kar.nay'\8hiin,  assumption  of  a  form  of  flesli. 
Latin  ineamdHo,  incamdre  {in  oaro,  gen.  eamis.  In  the  flesh). 

IncantionB,  injcaw'^k&s^  not  cautious;  incan'tious-neflB,  in- 
csu'tioxiB-Iy.     (Latin  incautu8,  not  cautious.) 

Incendiary,  plu,  incendiaries,  in.8^*.di.a.riz,  one  who  mali- 
ciously sets  fire  to  [buildings],  or  inflames  the  public  mind ; 

Incendiarism,  tn.8^',(2i.a.rl2m.  (Lat.  incendidriu8,%neendSre,) 

looense,  in'^enset  odoriferous  exhalation.  Incense',  to  provoke ; 
Incensed,  in.8en8f;  incens'«ing  (Rule  xix.),  provoking  to 
anger ;  incens'-er ;  incens-$ve,  in^^'.8iv,  provokative. 


« .  tf 


/As  a  rouafc  rule^  %f  "c"  and  "«"  occur  in  the  same  syl.  "c"  is 
foUowed  by  •'»,••  and  **s"by  "c,"  -R.  Hjb.   "Sense"  i#  an  exception.) 
Lat  incansum,  incense ;  inetoMUS^  provoked  {ineendire^  to  InfLaxcL^'^. 

luoentiTey  in^itn'Mv,  a  stimuius.    (Latin  i?icentivum.) 


492  £RRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Incertitade,  in^er^.ti.tudef  want  of  stability. 

Uncertain,  un.8er^.t%  not  snre ;  mxcer'tain-neBS ; 

Uncertainty,  plu,  tincertainties,  un.8er^.t'n.tU.      (These 

forms  are  established  but  cannot  be  commended.) 
French  ineertUude,  incerUtin;  Latin  incertUvdo,  ineerhu. 
Incessant,  in.sSs' .sunt,  without  cessation ;  inces'sant-ly. 
Latin  incessanter  (in  cessdre,  not  to  cease) ;  French  ineeitaiU. 
Incest,  in\8&t;  incestuous,  inusis'M.Hs ;  inces'tuous-ly. 

Latin  ineestum,  incest'Mtus  [in  cattua,  not  chaste);  French  ineetU. 
Inch,  the  twelfth  part  of  a  foot  in  length.    (Old  English  inee^) 
Incidence,  Incidents.    Acddende,  Accidents. 

Incidence,  in'M.dence,  a  term  in  optics,  as  the  line  or 
angle  of  incidence,  opposed  to  the  line  or  angle  of 
reflexion.     The  two  angles  being  always  equal. 

Co-ineidence,  "  a  chance  concurrence  of  similar  events,**  is  used,  M 
incidence  is  not  used  to  signify  "  a  chance  ocearrence." 

Incident,  plu,  incidents,  in\8tdentZf  an  occurrence. 
Accidence,  ak^sLdenee,  a  rudimentary  grammar; 
Accident,  plu.  accidents,  ak*Jl.dentz,  a  mishap. 
Incidental,  in\8i.d^i''.tal,  casual ;  inciden'taUly. 

French  incidence  (in  Oeom.),  incident,  incidenUl:  Latin  imdit^h 

gen.  inddentis,  v.  inctd^re  (inrcddo,  to  fall  oil). 
French  accident;  Latin  acddene,  gen.  accidentia  (ac[ad]eado)< 

Incipient,  inMp\i.ent,  rudimentary ;  incip'ient-ly. 

Lat.  indplena,  gen.  inctpientia,  v.  indpi^  (Old  Lat.  eaapio,  Ufhf^)- 
Incisive,  in.8i'.8iv,  cutting ;  incrsive-ly.    InoTsor,  a  front  tooth- 
Incision,  in^Uh'.un,  a  cutting  into  [something]. 
Latin  inclaio,  inctaOrea  [dentes]  (in-<xBdo,  to  cat  into). 
Incite,  in.8ite\  to  stir  up;   incif-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  inolf-^ 
(Rule  ziz.),  incit'-ing,  inciting-ly,  incite'-ment. 
Incitation,  in'^tutay^'^hun,  an  incentive,  a  strong  motive. 
Insight,  in'sitef  a  discriminating  knowledge,  a  glanca 
Latin  indtdtiOf  incltdmentum,  ▼.  iniMdre,  to  spnr  on. 
Incivility,  plu.  incivilities,  in\8l,vU^\ttiz,  discourtesy. 
Unciv'il,  not  civil ;  nndVil-ly,  not  civilly. 
Uncivilised,  xm.dvi'M.izd,  not  civilised  (Rule  IxziL) 

(Ttu  poet  part,  in  Fr.  i«  negatived  hy  pea  or  non,  and  in  Sng.  Hf" v^ 
Fr.  incivility,  incivil:  Lat.  inclinZw(in,  not;  eivUia,  Ukeaottw 

Indement,  in,kV&m\ent,  not  mild;  inclem'ent-ly,  rigoroQs^i 
Inclemency,  in^klem^en^y,  severely  cold  [weather]. 
Lat.  inclimentia  {in  clemena,  not  mild) ;  Fr.  ineUmenea,  ineMM*^ 
Incline,  in.kline',  to  slope,  to  feel  dispose^) ;  inclined'  (8  tj^-^ 
incUnMng  (Kwle  xix.),  indin'-er,  inolin'-ablie; 

Indinatioii,  inM;U.iva\|"  iUUT^^vr^^isn^ess,  slope. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  49S 

TTn-inoliiied  not  di<$posed  [a  passiire  stAte].  BiB-indined, 
pohitdvely  averse ;  disinolhiation,  aversion,  unwillingness. 
Latin  imnXinaMlis^  iMidlndtio,  imrcll'n&Tt;  Fiench  inclinaiAon, 
iolose,  in.kloze\  to  shut  up  one  thing  in  another :  as  a  letter 
in  an  envelope;  inclosed^  (2  syl.).  indos'-ing  (Bule  xix.); 
indos'-er,  one  who  incloses;  indosuDe,  in,kld'.zhur,  some- 
thing inclosed,    ("^ndose"  is  the  French  form,  ericlos.) 

Indiide^  in.hlude\  to  comprise ;   inclu^^-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
indud'-ing ;  inclusiye,  in.clu'Mv,  .comprehending ; 

Ezdnsiye,  not  comprehending,  leavi^g  out. 
Indu'siTe-ly ;  Exclusive-ly. 

IndnBion,  inMu\zhiin^  the  act  of  including,  the  state  of 
being  included.    Exolusion,  the  state  of  being  left  out. 

Old  Edit.  ^Itwa,  a  prison  ;  JoA.  inxiusiOt  v.  iwludo,  supine  indHaum, 
to  indade ;  exdiado,  sapine  exduaum^  to  e&zdade. 

noognito,  plu.  incogxdtos  (Rule  zlii.),/em.  incognita  (Italian), 
in.kdg',ni.toze,  in.k8g\nttah.  Con ti acted  form  iiicog'., 
in  disguise,  in  privacy.  Inoognieiftble,  in.koff'jii.za.b'lf 
not  recognisable.    (Lajtin  incognUus,  unknown.) 

nooliereiit,  t7i.fto.^e' r^nt,  not  coherent ;  Ineohe'rent-ly; 

Xncoherency,  plu.  incoherendes,  in.ko.ht.r^.8U ; 

Inoolierence,  in.ko. Tie'. rencCy  want  of  coherence. 

Fi.  incchtrtaUtineoherence:  Lat.  in,  co[con]AaTeo,  not  to  stick  .together. 

ncombiiBtible  (not  -able)^  in'.comhua'.H.b'l,  not  combustible; 

incombus'tible-ness,  incombus'tibly,  incombus'tibll'ity. 

French  incombiis'ihU,  ineombustibUU^ ;  Latin  inrCcmburSrc,  supine 
-eombust'wn  (coivburo  [Old  Latin],  urx),  to  bum  together). 

Doome,  in'.kiim,  annual  amount  of  property  arising  from  inte- 
rest, business,  pay,  &c.    (German  einkommen,  income.) 

iiooiiimenBurable,  in\kdm.men'\8u.ra.b'lf  not  haying  a  common 
measure;  inoommen'surably,  incommen^enrabillty. 

Incommensurate,  in\kbm.m^n'\8u.rate^  disproportionate. 
Fi.  incomanenaurablc,  incommensurabiKU  (Lat.  in,  com,  nuvuHra). 
noommode,  in\kom.mode'  (not  in\ko.mode'\  to  inconvenience ; 
inoonmiod'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  incommod'^ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Incommodious,  in\k6m.mo*' .diiis  (not  in\k5.mr/\jil8),  in- 
convenient; incommo'dions-ness,  incommo'diouB-ly. 
Latw  incommddaret  incommCdus;  Fr.  incommode,  v.  incommoder. 
inoQdimiimicable,  in\k5m,mu'\ni.kd.b%  not  able  to  be  commu- 
nicated; incommu^nicable-ness,  incommu^nicably. 
Incommunicative,  in\k5m.mu'\ni.ka.tlv,  reserved. 
Uncomniu'nicated,  not  communicated  (Rule  Ixii.) 
UnoommunicatiTe,  un' .kdm.wvf'.ni.kaXlv, 

French  ineommunicable,  incommunicdbiliUy  peu  commuuicati|. 
Latin  incommunicobttis ;  in,  not;  oommAMWMXt  f'oommOffvU). 


494  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Incommntable,  tn'./;^.mil'^.ta.&7, indefeasible;  inoommu'table- 
nees,  incommu'tably.    Uncommnf  ed  (Bale  Ixxii.) 
French  incomvMii^Ale  ;  Latin  iM-oMimOMMlM  (in,  wm,  mOMrte/ 

Incomparable,  in.k6mf.pa.ra.b*l  (not  in  k8mpait',a.b*l),  not  to 
be  compared  together;  inoom'^parable-neflB;  inoom''par. 
ably,  infinitely,  l3e3rond  all  comparison. 

Uncompared,  un'.kom.paird\  not  compared  together. 

{The  past  part,  in  Fr.  is  negatived  by  pen  or  non,  arid  in  Bng,  by  nn-.) 
Latin  ineompardbtlis  (in,  eompdrdri,  not  to  be  comptund}. 

Incompatible  (not  -able),  ih'.kSm.paf\i.b%  not  consistent  [with]; 
inoompatlble-ness,  incompatibly.  InoiHnpaf  imeB  (in 
Chem.),  salts  which  in  contact  decompose  eaoh  other. 

Incompatibility,  in\k5m.pdf  A.W'.i.ty,  nnsaitability. 
French  ineompatiblet  inoompatibihU  (Lathi  in,  com  pitirt)» 
Incompetent  (not  -tant),  in.komf pS.tent,  not  competent;   in- 
com'petent-ly,  incom^petence,  incom'petency. 
French  incomp6tent,  incompetence;  Latm  incomp^tens,  gen.  -piteniii. 
Incomplete,  in'Mm' .pleet'  (not  un-,  being  Latin),  not  complete; 
inoumplete'-ness,  in  an  unfinished  state ;  IncompleteMy. 

Uncompleted,  un\kom.pleei\edt  not  completed  (Kale  Ixzii.) 
French  incomplet;  Latin  in,  not ;  oomplere:  supine  complHum, 
IncomprehenBible,  inMm'.pre.h^'^^tb'l   (not    -able),   beyond 
human  understanding ;  incomprehen'sibly ; 

Inoomprehensibility ,  in.kdm\pr€Ji£n'ai,biV\i,ty, 
Inoomprehensive,  in,kiim* .pre,heH^\8tv, 
Uncomprehended,  un.k6m'.pr^.hfn^.d^d,  not  nnderstood. 
Fr.  incomprifiensible,  incomprikensibiliti ;  Lat.  inemnprihMuXMit- 

Incompressible,  in\kompr^8'\8X.h'l,  not  to  be  reduced  in  size  by 
pressure;  incompressibility,  in\k5m.pri8^ stbW^Ji.ty. 

Uncompressed,  un\kom.prest\  not  pressed  together  (R.lxxu.) 

French  incompressible,  incompressibilitd.  Latin  in,  not :  eomvrtwiirt, 
supine  compressum  (in,  con,  pressua,  not  squeezed  together). 

Inconceivable,    in'Mn,8ee^,vu,h%    not     to     be    imagined; 

inconceiv^able-ness,  inconceiv^ably  (Kale  zxviii) 

f**-able,**  tfie  wrong  conj. ,  Rule  xxiii.    This  error,  cu  uawU,  ii  FrwtA  I 
French  ineoncevdble.    Latin  in,  not ;  eonetpire  (eon  o&pio). 

InconclasiTe,  in\kdn.klt^\ziv, not  conclusive;  inooa(dii'iiv8-^« 
inconcln^sive-ness.    Uncondnded,  not  finiahed  (B.  Inii-) 

Fr.  non  eondu.    Lat.  in,  not ;  oonelOdo,  sop.  condHtmm  (eon  ehu^)- 

Incondensable,  in\kSn.din''.8d.b'l  (not  -ible,  being  the  Ist  ton}-, 
liat.),  not  to  be  condensed ;  inoonden'iably,  inooodtfi'' 
sabirity.    Also  nncondensable,  nnoondMiflihililiy. 
French  tMMV-«Ottd<eTmb(e,  non-oondensibilit4.    Vtmsh  mm  aad  fO  "* 
repcetttatAd  by  ui^.  lA\ioi  \«^  wwi^na&ri,  not  te  bt  coadMW^ 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  495 

Inoongnient,  in.kSn',gru.entf  not  suitable ;  incon'gment-ly ; 
InoongmoTis,  -gru.iU,  not  in  keeping ;   inoon'gmons-ly ; 

Inoongmity,  pht.  incongmities,  in'Mn,grt^W.tiz, 

French  incongruity;   Latin  incongr&ut,  ineongrOenSf   gen.    -entia, 
inconirruitaa  (in,  eon,  gnU^e,  not  to  flock  together). 

Inoomeqnential,  inJion'^S,lcwin"jhal,  not  following  from  the 
premises,  of  small  moment ;  incon'Mqnential-ly. 
Latin  in«<m«f<gru«n«,  gen.  -aeqiuntia,  inoontiquentia  {in,  eon,  »ggtu>r). 
iDOonsiderable,  in' .kon.M'\?,ra,b%  not  important ;  -sid^erably ; 

Inoonsiderate,  in\kSn.8Xd" .^sate,  thonghtless,  rash ;  incon- 
sid'erate-ly,  inoonsid'eTatejiess,  thoughtlessness; 

Inconaderation,  irC.honMd'.lray" Jihun,  negligence. 

Unconflidered,  un\16SnMd'\erdy  not  duly  thought  about. 

French  peu  consxder^.    Our  un-  reinresents  the  French  pei«,  mat,  nnn. 
Lat.  incontideratio,  inconsiderdre,  not  to  consider ;  Fr. inconHderation. 

Inconsistent,  in\kdnM8'\tent,  not  consistent ;  inoonslB'tent-ly ; 

XnoaDfliBtency,  pht,  inconsistenoies,  in\k5nM8".tH.8^z ; 

Inconsistenoe,  in',k8n.s'ls'\teniey  incongruity* 
Latin  M,  eon,  tisU^,  not  to  bide  together. 
LBOonsolable,  ifn\kdn.8o".la.b'l  (not  -ihle,  being  the  1st  conj., 
Lat),  not  to  be  solaced ;  inoonsblably,  in\kSn.85'\la.bly. 

Difloonaolate,  di8.k6n'.8o.late,  lost  to  comfort,  unhappy; 
disconsolate-ly,  disoon'solate-nesB. 

Unoonsoled,  un\k6n.8dledf\  not  solaced  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Fr.  iMWVMolaJble ;  Lat  inoonsdlSbiUs  (in,  ooik,  aoldri,  not  to  be  solaced). 

Inoonstant,  in.k(&n\8tant,  not  constant;  incon'stant-ly ;  inoon- 

Btancy,  in.kSn*.8tdR.9yy  fickleness,  want  of  persistency. 

French  inconstant,  ineonstance ;  Latin  inconstana,  gen.  -eonstwniis, 
ineoMUufUia  (i^i^  eon.  atans  [stdre],  not  to  stand  firmly). 

Inooiisiimable,  in\k5n.8u'\ma.b%  not  able  to  be  consumed. 

Uhoonsnmed,  un\kdn.8umed'',  not  consumed  (Rule  Ixxii.); 
nnconsum'-ing  [fire],  tire  which  burns  without  consumiog. 
Latin  in,  eonsumifre,  not  to  consume  {eon  gSimo,  to  take  wholly). 
InoonteBtable,  in\kon,tes'\ta.b%  indisputable ;  inoontest'ably. 
Uncontested,  un\kSn.ti8'\t^d,  not  disputed  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  in,  contestoH,  not  to  be  proved  by  witnesses  fieeiisj. 
Incontinent,  in.kdn\ti.nent,  not  chaste;  inoon'tinent-ly. 
Incontinence,  in.kon\ti.nence ;  incon'tinency. 

French  ine(mtt?t«nce,  incontinent ;  Latin  vncontinens,  gen.  -tinentis, 
inctmJtinentia  {in,  eon,  iineo.  not  [able]  to  contain  [oneself]). 

Incontrovertible,  in.kdn'.tro.ver^'.tl.b'l,  indisputable;  incontro- 
Tor'tibly,  incontrovertibil'ity,  indisputability. 

Uncontroyerted,  unMn'.trcver.tedf  not  called  in  (v?3^e^«.\ioii. 


4»fi  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


TJncontrover'tible,  not  to  be  changed  from  one  form  to 
another :  gold  is  uncontrovertible, 

French  ineontrovertiblef  nofircontroverti,  non-corUrovertible,  non  heiag 
represented  by  un-.  These  words  are  ill-formed.  The  Ia^  Terb 
is  corUroversdri,  to  dispute.  The  French  haye  eyidentlj  taken  ver- 
Ure  (to  turn)  for  versdri  (to  converse),  and  we  bare  copied  the  error. 

Inconvenient,   in\kon.ve"n%,ent,  not  commodioas;    incosiTB'- 

nient-ly;   inoonvenience,  in*xon.ve'\ni.enee,  that  which 

deranges,  to  derange;  inconve'menoed  (5  syL),  inoomve'- 

niencJjig  (Bole  xix.),  incommoding. 

Inconveniency,  plu,  inconvenienoi^s,  in\eon.v^*.nl.fygMz. 

Latin  inconoinienSf  gen.  -vinientit  (in,  opn,  vinient,  pojt  Doming  to- 
gether [amicablyj) ;  Frendh  inconvenUrU. 

Incorporate,  in,kor'.p5.rate,  to  unite  into  one  body,  to  intermix ; 

incor^porat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  incor'porat-ing  (Role  xiz.) 

Incorporation,  in.kor^.pb.ray'',shiin. 

Incorporeal  (not  incorporal),  in'Jhor.po''  rSMl,  not  having  a 
material  body.  Incorporeal-ly  (not  incoriKxral-Iy),  in'.- 
kor.po^\rS.a,l,lyy  immateriidly,  without  a  material  body. 

Incorporeity,  in.hor^.po.rtWtyy  immateriahty. 

Incorporealism,  in\kor.po''rSMAzm,  spiritual  ezisteiiee. 

Latin  inooTTpor&rt^  inoorpordiio ;  French  inoorporw,  teoofyorwliak 
tiatijii  incorpordljLs  or  incarporeut;  French  ineorporel,  inooxponiL 
I^fttin  incorpordlltds  ;  French  inoorporaliU,  incorporealitj. 
Fr.  incorporeitd  (Lat  in  eorpiu,  wiUiout  body),    ate  CktrpOTML 

Incorrect,  in\kor.rek1ft  not  correct;  incprreot'-ly,  incorreof-neM. 

Uncorrected,  un\kor.rek'\tM,  not  corrected  (Rule  IzxiL) 

(The  past  part,  is  negatived  in  Fir.  hy  non  or  pen,  and  inEttg.  5y  va-.l 
French  incorrect;  Latin  ineorrfictus  {in,  corHgire,  supine  -earrsetvm)- 

Incorrigible,  in,kor^rtjib%  not  able  to  be  reformed;  incor'rL 
gible-Jiess;  incor'rigibly,  beyond  the  hope  of  reform. 
Incorrigibility,  in.kor^ri,jl.hW\x.ty^  an  incorrigible  state. 
Fr.  incorrigible,  incorrigibiiiU ;  Lat.  in  eorrigi^  not  to  be^eotwrtii 
Incorrodible,  in\kor,ro'\di.b'lt  not  possible  to  bejcoKroded; 
Incorrodibtlity,  in\kor,r5'.diMV\i.ty, 
TJncorroded,  un\kor.ro''.d^d,  not  cc^rroded  (Bule  Ixzii) 
Fr.  corroder;  Lat.  eorrod^re  (in,  eor[con],  frodfre,  not  to  gnawawV^ 
In'oorrupf,  not  subject  to  decay.    TTn'oormpt',  not  deprared. 
Incorrupf'ed,  not  turned  to  corruption. 
TTncorrupted,  not  morally  depraved. 
Incorrupt'-ible,  not  liable  to  decay.    U«co(mipltb]«i  oot 
liable  to  be  morally  corrupted  (1  Cor,  kv.  52). 

Incorruptlble-ness,  incormp'tibil'ity,  the  quality  of  d^^ 

being  subject  to  material  corruption ; 
Uncorrupf  ible-neaa,  uncorrup'tibil'ity,  the  quality  of  do* 

being  subiect  to  mox«\.  ^iOttxrgVioTi  (J^itua  iL  7). 


^««»^pSo^T  f^^opao^J'^^"  ««e^^ln:: — ■ 

^^^  (noon)  M'  iT*~J'«*»Vaf .  r  .  °*  t«in. 


498  bruors  of  speech 

Incnmbent,  in.kitm'.henty  a  clergyman  with  a  "  living,"  obliga- 
tory; incumnsenoy,  plv,  inoumni)6iicies,  in.kum',1)in^tz. 
Latin  vncuwhena,  gen.  incunibeiUU  {inrcumbirs,  to  lie  aponX 

Incur,  in.kur^,  to  become  liable ;  incurred'  (2  syl.),  incuir'-ing. 
Rule  iv.     (Latin  in-curro,  to  run  into.) 

Incurable,  in,ku\ra.b'l,  not  to  be  cured ;   incu'rable-neas,  in- 
cu'rably;  inoarability,  tn.ku'.rSMV'.tty. 
French  incurable,  ineuraMliU;  Latin  in,  not,  c&rahtlis,  v.  ewrOre. 

Indebted,  in.deVxd  (not  en-,  being  Latin),  to  owe;  indebted, 
ness,  in.ditf.ed.nes8.    (Latin  indebitus.) 

Indecency,  plu.  indecencies,  in.dee'^in^lz,  indecdtum. 
Inde'cent,  ofien&ive  to  modesty ;  inde'cent-ly. 
French  indScent,  indScens;  Latin  indgcene,  gen.  -eeniit  fin  ditto). 

Indecision,  in^d^Mzhf.uny  want  of  decision  ;  indecisiTe,  in'M.- 
8i'\8iv;  indeci'sive-ly,  indeci'sive-ness. 

Undecided,  un'.de.8i'\dM,  not  decided  (Eule  Ixxii.) 
French  indecision;  Latin  in,  not,  dictdSre,  sup.  decUumtde  eadoj. 
Indeclinable,  in\de.klV\na.h%  not  declinable. 

Undedined,  un' Ae.klind\  without  case-endings  (B.  Ixzii) 

Indecorous,    in' M.ko7^'ra8    (not   in,deW(S,Hi8), .  not    decorous; 
indecor'ous-ly ;   indeco'rum,  impropriety  of  conduct 
Latin  iTidicorum  {in,  not,  dUcor,  decent,  v.  di^cgo,  to  be  fit). 
Indeed,  in  fact,  is  it  possible  ?    (Old  English  in  ddd^  in  fact) 

Indefatigable,  in\de.fatf.tgd.b%  persistently  industrious;  in- 
defat'igable-ness,  indefat'igably,  indefatlgabillty. 
Latin  ind^fdtigdbttis,  in,  d^dtigdH,  not  to  be  wearied. 
Indefeasible,  in' .de,fee\zd,h%  inalienable ;  indefea'sibly. 

Indefeasibility,  in\de.fee\z&MVX.ty,  imprescriptiWKiy. 
Low  Latin  in,  not,  d^d-iiMlis  (Latin  de-ficio  [facio],  to  nndoX 
Indefensible,  in' .de.f^n' .si^hU,  not  to  be  defended;  indefen'albly! 
Indefensibility,  in'.de.fin'MMr'.tty. 

Undefended.  un'.d^,f^".dM,  not  defended  (Rule  Ixxii) 
Lat.  in,  not,  de/endire,  supine  d^enaum;  Ft.  indtfenddbUiyma^ 

Indefinite,  in.def.tnU  (not  in.def.i.nite),  not  deflnj^J 
indef inite-ly,  indefinite-ness,  indeflnlty ;  indefiniti^ 
in'.de.fin".Ufv;  indefinltive-ly. 

Indefinable  (Rule  xxiii.),  in'M,fi".n(UVl:  indeffnably' 
Undefined,  un'.d^.find',  not  defined  (Rule  IxxiL) 
Latin  in,  not,  definire,  -d^nUlvut;  French  {n<f^i«io5lf  (intfl^ 
Indeliberate,   in'.dS.lW'.^.rate,   without    due    conaideratioD  J 
indeliVexttte-V^.    UudeliVerated  (Rule  Ixzii.) 
Latin  in,  not,  dgllberdre,  V>  ^%>i\wt^\»  \$ayra, «  bala&oeX 


/* 


AlfD  OF  SPELLING.  499 

Ind^ble,  inAeV.i.Vl  (not  -a}>U\  not  to  be  erased; 
Indelibly;  indeUbiUty,  in.d&^ ,\MV\Uy, 

f These  words  ure  di^raoeful  and  nugM  to  he  comcted  tn<o  indflleble, 

indeleblv,  and  indelehility.    The  verb  U  deleo,  not  delio.) 
Ft.  indiUble,  indilihUiU;  Lat.  indOmHa  (diUo,  io  blot  ont). 

Indelicate,  iiudel'.I.Jcate,  not  refined ;  ind^lcste-ly,indeFxcate- 
ness;  indelloacy,  2)Zu.  indeVxeaetea,  in^l'Xka^g. 
French  ind^icat ;  Latin  in,  not,  dSlicdtus,  delicate,  dainty. 

Indemnify,  in,dem\ni.fy,  to  secure  against  lof^s;  indemnifies, 
in.di^m\ntfize ;  indemnified,  in.d^m'.nl./i^  (Rulexi.); 
iBdem'nifi'^r,  indem'nify-^ing.  Indemnififiation,  in.- 
d^\n€.fi.kay^\8h^,  security  against  loss. 

Indemnity,  plu.  indemnities,  in.d^m\ni.tlz. 

Fr.  indemniU;  Lat.  indemnU  lUHre  [fa^e],  to  Becnre  from  loss. 
Indemonstrable,  in\de.m6nl^.8tra.b'l,  not  to  be  demonstrated. 
Undemonstrated,  un\de.jndnf\8trd.ted,  not  proved  (R.  Ixxii.) 

Latin  indemonstrdHUs  [in,  not,  demonstrdri,  to  be  demonstrated). 

Indent',  to  mark  with  indentations,  to  make  an  indenture; 
indent'-ed  (Eule  xxxvi.),  indent'ang ; 

Indentation,  in\d^n.tay'\8huny  a  jag,  a  dent; 

Indenture,  irudSn'.tchur,  a  written  contract,  to  bind  by  an 
indenture;  indentured,  tn.den'.£c/ii«rd ;  .inden'tjare-ing. 

These  are  ill-formed  words.  The  Latin  in-dent[aht8]  means  without 
teeth,  and  'indent"  in  English  means  to  make  teeth  or  jags. 

LaUn  dens,  gen.  dentis,  a  tooth  ;  Greek  Cdovs^  gen  ddontds. 

** Indentures"  are  so  called  because  they  were  originally  made  in 
duplicate  on  one  skin.  The  skin  being  divided  with  an  indented  or 
Bigzag  edge,  the  tuoo  parts  of  which  could  be  Jitied  together. 

Independent,  in\de,pen'\dent  (noun),  a  "  diss^^nter,"  (a^j.)  not 
dependent;  indepen'dentJy.  Independence,  in'.de.- 
I»e7i".d€wctf,  private  means,  self-reliance,  self-confidence ; 
independency,  plu.  independencies,  in\de.pen^\den.8Xz. 

Dependent  on  [another],  ''  hanging  on  "  another. 

Independent  of  [another].    Of  unites  the  two  nouns  in 

regimen :  so  exclusive  ofy  irrespective  of. 

French  Ind^pendant  (wro»ig\  indSpendofUce  (wrong);  Latin  in,  not, 
dependens,  gen.  dependeniis,  dependire,  to  hang  Irom'or  on. 

Indescribable  (R.  xxiii.),in'.de.«/cri".6<7.6'i  (not  in'.des-krV\bd,h*i), 
not  able  to  be  described ;  indescri'bably. 

TTndescribed,  un\de.skrihd,  not  described  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
jjtMn  in,  not,  de-scrib^e,  to  write  down  or  describe. 
Indestmctible,  in\de.8tru¥\ti.b'l  (not  in\d(^8.triih'\tl.bH)t  im- 
perishable ;  indestruc'tibly,  indestructibil'ity. 

Undeatroyed,  un\dS.8troid\  not  destroyed  (Rule  lxid\.^ 
Fr.  indestructible,  indestructibiliU ;  Lat.  twi,  dcnatrii^rc,  lo  puML  ^wra. 


,^00  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Indeterminate,  in' M.tev^\miMiU,  indefinite ;  indeter'mixiate-ly; 
Indeterminable,  in' M.tev^\m\.na.Vl ;  indeter'miiiably; 
Indetermination,  in' .dS.te/ .vAMay" ahUny  irresolation ; 
Undetermined,  un',de.tef^'.rn!indt  not  fixed  (Bule  Ixzii.) 
Indeterminate  [quajntities],  those  which  cannot  be  known. 

Undetermined  [quantities],  those  which  are  capable  of  being 

known,  but  have  not  yet  been  determined. 
Fr.  indeterminable,  indeterminoHon ;  Lat.  in,  not,  dHenidindm. 

In'dex,  plu.  ii^xes  [of  books],  iiidioeB  [of  figures],  %n'Mji&. 

Indiees,  in'Al^iz,  exponents :  in  8*,  a*,  the  little  figores  3, 
8  are  the  indices  to  point  out  to  what  power  the  figusais 
to  be  raised ;  *'  3  "  is  to  be  raised  to  the  square  or  second 
power,  3  X  3  =:  9 ;   and  a  to  the  cube  or  third  power. 

In'dex  {verh\  to  make  an  index;  indexed,  in^Aext; 
in'dex-ing,  index'ioal,  index'ioal-ly. 

Jn'dex  ExpurgatoriuB,  ex.put'.gS.tor^'ri.Ust  the  list  of  books 
which  Boman  Catholics  are  forbidden  to  read  till  the 
objectionable  parts  are  expurgated. 

In'dex  Libro'rom  Prohiblto'rom,  the  list  of  books  whollj 
forbidden  to  the  faithful  in  the  Roman  Catholic  choreh. 

Index-finger,  the  first  finger  C^*).    {See  I^dioate.) 
Fr.  index;  Lat.  index,  pin.  indiioe$,  inventoiyof  a  book,  the  totdbtg&t. 

Indian,  in'.dtSn,  pertaining  to  India,  a  native  of  India; 

Indian-oom,  Indian.red,  Indian-yellow; 

Indian-ink,  or  India-ink,  in'.dV  ink  ; 

India-rubber,  in'.dt  riih'.er;  India-paper,  in\dC  pff.per; 

India-man,  in'.dV'man,  a  large  merchant  ship  for  trading  (0 
India.    (Persian /ii7t(2;   Sanskrit  stnd,  blaok.) 

Indicate,  in'.di.catey  to  point  out;   in'dioat-ed  (Bule  jzxH). 
in'dicat-ing  (R.  xix.),  in'dicat-or  (R.  xxxvii.),  iB'dioiU^' 
Indication,  in\dl.kay" ^hun^  a  premonstration. 
Indicative,  in.dXl^.aMv;  indio'atiTe-ly.    {Ste  Index.) 

French  indication,  indieatif;  Latin  indfcdtio,  indteaUmi,  t.  <*^ 

care  {indUHum,  a  discovery ;  index,  a  discoverer). 
fThis  is  not  a  compound  o/dieere,  to  ihow  or  apeak,  but  tfikirt-) 

Indict,  in.dite\  to  charge  with  crime.    Indite',  to  write. 

Indict-ed,  in.dite'.ed;  indict-ing,  in.dite',ing;  i]idiot4bl*t 

in.dite'.d.b'l,  what  may  be  legally  indicted. 
Indictment,  in.dite'.ment,  a  formal  charge  in  writing. 
Indict-or,  in.di',tor,  the  person  who  indicts  anotlMr. 
Indict-ee,  in.dV.tee,  the  person  indicted. 


Latin  in-dico,  &upVu« iu-dicCu?n.  to  speak  against,  to '»— i...     ^ 
**  Indite"  is  ttom  V.Yift  «am&\aXY(i'««t\^  Tananing  "  to  write  est 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  501 

odiction,  %n.dXk'^hunt  the  reckoning  by  cycles  of  fifteen  year:*. 

fT%i8  gystem  %o<u  introduced  by  Cotuiantine,  A.D.  S1S»  in  cowMcHon 

vHh  ike  paffment  of  tixbutej 
Latin  indidio,  declaration  [of  a  tax  prior  to  Its  being  collected]. 

odiffBrent,  in,dif.fi.rent,  regardless;  indiTferent^ly,  not  well. 
Indifference,  in.dlf\fi.rence,  absence  of  intei^t  in  a  matter. 

French  indiffirent,  indiffircnee;   Latin  indiffirena,  gan.  -different  ut, 
indiffgrentia  (in,  not,  diffiro,  to  distract  Loneselft). 

odigenoiis,  in.dldg''Sjnu8,  native  to  a  place. 

Latin  indig^na,  a  native  {indu  geno  [in-giffno],  bom  wlthlnX 

odigent,  in\di,djent,  needy ;  in'digent-ly,  indigency. 

French  indigent^  indigence;  Latin  indigentia^  indigeo,  to  want 

adigestion,  in\di.dj(^8'\tcMn,  constipation;  indigestible  (not 

-able),  %n'.di,dje8",t\.Vl;  indiges'tibly. 

Undigested.  un\d\.djS8'\tHi  not  digested  (Rule  Ixxii.) 

t^ndb   indigeaiion,  indigestible;    Latin  indigestio,  indigeailMh'.'*, 
in,  not,  dig^r^re,  snpine  digestum,  to  dissolve,  to  digest. 

odignant    (not   indignent\    in.d^g\nantf    scornfully    angry ; 
indig^nant-ly.    Indignation,  in\dig,nay'\8hun  ; 
Indignity,  plu.  indig^ties,  in.d%g\ni,tUt  insult. 
Latin  indigndtio,  indignitas,  v.  indijndri;  French  indignation,  &c 
lidigo,  plu.  indigoes  (Rule  xlii.),  a  blue  dye,  a  plant. 

Fr.,  ItaL,  Span.,  indigo;  Lat.  indicum,  the  Indian  plant. 
idtreot,  in\di.rekt,  not  direct ;   indirect'-ly,  obliquely ;   indi- 
lect'-ness.     (Fx,  indirect ;   Lat.  indir^cttis,  rcci w«,  right.) 
idiacemible,  in'.diz.zef'.nl.Vl  (not  -able),  imperceptible ; 
Undiscemed,  un\diz.zemd'  (not  un\de.zemd'),  Rule  Ixxii. 
Latin  in,  not,  dis-eem^e,  to  sift  [flour],  to  discern. 
odiBCOYerable,  in\di8.cuv*\^r.a.b*l,  not  to  be  found  out; 
Undiscovered,  un\di8.cuv'\erd,  not  discovered. 
French  in,  not,  d^couvrir.    Low  Latin  cofira,  a  coffer ;  de-cofera,  to 
take  out  of  a  coffer ;  in,  de,  cofira,  not  to  take  from  its  coffer. 

lldiacreet,tn^d^8.A;r^e£^ imprudent;  indiscreeV-ly,  -creet'-nesa; 
Indiscretion,  in\di8.kri8h''.un  (not  in'Aia.kree*' '8M n). 
French  indiscretion,  indiscret;    Latin  in,  not,  discemire,  supine 
discritum,  not  to  sift  or  separate  [right  from  wrong]. 

ndificriminate,  in^dis.krimf'.l.nate,  promiscuous ;  indiscriml- 
nate-ly ;  indiscrim'inat-ing,  not  making  any  distinctions ; 
Indiscrimination,  in' .dis.krtm' .l.nay*\8hun ; 
Indiflcriminatiye,  in\di8.kr\m'\i,na.tKv  ;   -native-ly; 
Undiscriminated,  Mn'.dw./friw".f.na.t^d,  not  sorted  (R.  Ixxii.) 
Lat.  <n,  not,  discrlmindre:  Gk.  dis-krima.  Judgment  between  [things]. 
[ndispensable,  in\di8.p^'\8a.Vl,  absolutely  necessary;  indis- 
pensably, indispen'sable-ness,  indispensabillty. 
Undispensed,  un' Ais.penst,  not  dispensed  (Ru\e  \"xx\\.'^ 
Fr.  indispenacMe,  indispensabiliU ;  Lat.  in,  not,  dispensore. 


602  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Indisposed,  in'.dis.pozed',  not  in  health,  disinclined ; 
Indisposed  towaids,  averse  to. 

Indisposition,  inMs'.poalsh" Mn,  ill-health,  reloctanoe. 
Undisposed  of,  tm' Ais.pozed'  ov,  not  sold  (Eule  IxxiL) 

French  indispoaer,  indisposition;  Latin  di^orUfre,  to  8et  aside,  hence 
to  put  in  order ;  in-dtspongre,  to  put  out  of  order,  hence  to  be  dis- 
ordered or  unwell ;  not  set  aside,  hence  not  parted  with. 

Indisputahle,  in.dts^pii.ta.b'l  (not  in'.dis.pit'.ta.Vl),  without  dis- 
pute;  indis'pntahle-ness;  indis'putahly,  beyond  all  donbt 
Undisputed,  un\dis.pu'\ted,  not  disputed  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
French  indisputahle;  Latin  in,  not,  dispHtabUis,  dispHtdre. 
Indissoluble,  in.dis\zd.lu  VI  (not  in' .dis.8dV\u.h'l),  not  capable 
of  b«'ing  melted;  indis'soluble-ness,  indis'solnblj. 
Indissolubility,  in.di8\zd.lu. blV'Xty. 
Indissolvable,  in' .dis.z6V* .va.Vl^  not  able  to  be  dissolved. 

Undissolved,  un'  di<t.zolvd',  not  dissolved  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
French  indissoluble,  indis9oluhilit4 ;   Latin  in,  not,  dis-soMr*,  to 
loose  thoroughly  ;  Greek  sun  luo,  to  loose  altogether. 

Indistinct,  in\di8.tlnct\  not  distinct;    indistiuct^'-ness,  indis- 
tinct'-ly.     Indistinction,  in\di8.tXnk".8hun. 
Indistinguishable,  in'.dis.tW.gwXshM.b'l,  not  able  to  be 
distinguished.      (An  ill-formed  word,  the  Latin  corres- 
ponding one  is  indisting^ilbUis  pn.di«.fin.^«?t.67]). 
Undistinguished,  un' .dUdln" .gwtsht,  not  distinguished. 

Fr.  in-h'stivd,  indidinction ;   Lat.  in,  not,  dt'stindio,  distinehtf> 
disting^t^re,  distinciv.in,  to  notify  by  a  mark  (Ok.  stigma,  a  BUtri')- 

Indite,  in.dite',  to  write.    Indict,  indUe',  to  accuse;  indit'-®*^ 

(Rule  xxxvi.),  indlt'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  indlt'-er. 

Latin  inrdlc^re,  supine  indicium,  to  set  forth  in  wilting.     H^i^ 
Cicero  says  "  non  idem  loqui  est,  et  dicere"  [to  write]. 

Individual,  ■in\di.V'id".u.dl  (not  in'.di.vi'.juM),  one  person  or 

thing; individually;  individuality, ln'.<iT.uTd'.u.ar.^^' 
Individualise  (R.  xxxi.),  in\di.v1d"  .nMUze,  to  patkicolanBe; 

individ'ualised  (6  s.yl.),  individ'ualls-ing ; 
Individualisation,  in\dX.v\d'.UML%.zay"^hSn  ; 
Individualism,  in\dl.v\d^' .uMl.lzm ; 
Individuate,  in' .dl.vid" .u.ate ;  individ'uat-ed  (Rule  xixH)- 

individ'uat-ing ;  individuation,  in'.dX.vXdf.%t.d"jshv,% 
Fr.  individuel(\%  individv/ilitS,  individualisation,  individaal^' 

Lat.  individuus  (in,  not,  dwldi,  to  be  divided^ 

Indivisible,  in' .di.v^z" .l.h'l  (not    able),  not  capable  of  \i^^ 
divided  :  indivisibles.  in'.dl.vW.'i.Vlz  (in  Maikemti^y' 
indiviaibly,  in\di.vu'\tVlif,  inseparably; 
Indivisibility,  in'.di.viz'A  WTXty,  inseparability. 
Undivided,  itn'. dim". ded,  not  divided  (Rule  Ixxii) 
Fr.  I'Tidivisible,  indivisibiUU ;  \a\..  \-(v4\vv(KbUC«  Ctfn-tfieldMiA 


AND  OF  8PELLTNG.  I 


Indocile,  in.dHi'Me,  not  docile;  io^ocility,  in' M.8\V\i,ty. 

lyench  indociU,  indociliU;  Latin  indOdOU,  indodUtas. 

Indoctrinate,  in.d6k'  tri.nate,  to  instxact ;  indoc'trinat-ed  (Rxl 

XXX vi.),  indoc'trinat-ing ;  indqc^trination,  -nay'^^hun. 

Ab  the  Latin  word  in-doctui  is  "  un-learned,"  ettdoctrinaU  (Freno. 
endnetriner)  would  hare  been  a  better  form. 

Indolent,  in'.dd.lent,  slothful ;   indolent'-ly,  listlessly ; 

Indolence,  in\dS.lence,  laziness,  slng^n^^hness. 

Latin  inddlentia  (v.  in-dOl^e,  not  to  feel  pain,  not  to  grieve),  a  state 
in  which  tliere  is  no  grief,  "labonr**  being  trouble. 

Indomitable,,  ^n.c2o/»^{.t(i.&7  (not  -ible,  the  tirst  Latin  codj.), 

untauiablt',  persistent ;  indom^itably,  porsistently. 

Pr.  indompfahle  (!  U  Lat.  indCmdbllis  (in,  not,  ddmnre,  to  tame). 
We  have  taken  the  f  req.  v.  ddMitdre,  to  tame,  to  weary. 

Indoors,  in'.ddrz  (not  indoor^  in  the  house.    (It  is  tbe  -s  [-es] 
which  '•ives  the  adverbial  form,  as  in  backwards,  north- 
wards, anights,  adays.)     Old  English  in  ddr  [in-fldres], 
IndoTBe,  in.dorce'j  to  write  one's  name  on  the  buck  [of  a  bill, 
cheque,  &c.];  indorsed'  {'i  syl.),  indors'.ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Indorse^'.ment  (only  five  words  omit  e  Xyefoie  -ment,  li.  xviii.) 
Indors'-er,  the  person  who  indorses  a  bill,  &c. 
Indorsee',  the  person  to  whom  a  bill  of  exchange  is  assigned 

by  indorsement;  indors'-able. 
Latin  indorsdre,  to  put  on  the  back  (dorsum,  the  back). 
Indubitable,  in.dn.htto.b'l,  beyond  all  doubt;  indu'bitable-ness; 
indu'bitably,  doubtlessly. 
French  indubitable;  Latin  indHMtdbllia,  in-dilMtdre,  not  to  doubt. 
Induce,  in.duce\  to  persuade;   induced'   (2  syl.);   iuduc-ing 
(Rule  xix.),  in.duce'.infj ;  induc-er,  in.dace'.er. 
Induce'-ment  (Kule  xviii.);  induc-ible,  in.duce'.i.h'l. 
Latin  in-ducere,  to  lead  into  [a  scheme],  to  persuade. 
Induct,  in.dukt'.  to  put  firmidly  into  possession  [of  a  "living"]; 
induct'-ed(R.xxxvi.),induct'-ing,  induct'-or  (R.  xxxvii.) 
Induction,  in.ditk'.ahiin,  introduction  into  a  benetice,  the 

drawini;  of  inferences  from  given  data; 
Inductive  [philosophy],  iv.diik'.tiv,  the  science  of  drawing 
general   conclusions    from   given    data;    induo'tive-ly ; 
induction-al,  in.ditk'.shun.al,  adj.  of  induction. 
(In  the  following  examples  the  prefix  is  negative  J 
Inductile,  in.diik'.til   [metal]  not  capable  of  being  drawn 

out  into  threa  s;  inductiUty,  in\dak.td".i.ty. 
French  induction  indw-tile;  Latin  indv^tio,  inductor  findiidrej. 
It  is  mofft  undesirable  to  blow  hot  and  cold  vHth  the  same  prejix.    ' 

ue,  in.du,  to  invest.    Endue,  en.du\  to  endow. 
Indued'  (2  syl.).  indu'-ing.     (Verbs  ending  with  any  two 

vowels,  except  -ue,  r«tain  both  before  -in^^  IXvvVft  ■5LvL^i 
Latin  indu&re,  to  put  on  [a  garment] ;  Greek  end\U). 


504  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Indulge,  in.dulge\  to  humour,  to  cocker;    indulged'  (2  syL), 
indnlg'-ing  (Role  xix.) ;  indulg'.er;  indnlg'-ent,  indnl'- 
gent-ly;  indulgence,  in.du^.jence. 
Fr.  indulgent^  indulgence;  Lat.  indtUgtnUa,  indulgent,  gen.  -enUi*. 

Indurate,  in'.dusate,  to  harden;    in'dorat-ed  (Kule  xxxvi.), 
in'dnrat-ing  (Bule  xix.) ;  induration,  in\du.ray'\$hiiii. 
Latin  imMxatiOf  indurdre  {dwrue,  hard);  French  tndv/nUion. 

Industry,  in'.dua.try  (not  in,du8',try),  diligence  in  -work; 
industries,  manual  trades;  industrial,  %n.du»' .tH.Sl ; 
indus'trial-ly ;  industrial  school,  where  trades,  dto.,  are 
taught ;  industrious,  in.du8\trl.ii8  (not  tn.<2i)ts'.tr&),  hard- 
working ;  indus'trious-ly,  diligently. 
French  induatrief  indvstriel;  Latin  induetnat  industrha. 

Indweller,  in.dwelV.er^  an  inhabitant ;  indwell'-ing. 

Norse  in  dvale,  to  dweU  in ;  dvcder,  a  dweller, 
-ine  (Latin  'in\u8]),  a<^.,  pertaining  to,  as  ccunine  (catiis,  a  dog), 
-iue  (Latin  'in[u8\\  nouns,  (in  Chevu)  a  gas  or  simple  substance. 
-ine  (Latin  -tna),  feminine  termination,  as  hero-ine. 

Inebriate,  in.e' .hrX.ate,  to  make  drunk ;  ine'briat-ed  (B.  xxxvi)i 
ine'briat-ing  (R.  xix.);  inebriety,  in\e.hn'\i.ty. 

Inebriation,  in.e'  brtd'^shiint  intoxication. 
Lat.  inebridtio,  inehridtor,  v.  indrxare  (i/i  intensive,  ^briue,  drank)- 
Inedited,  in,ed' ,l.t^dy  not  published.    (Latin  inedxtus) 

Ineffable,  in,^f'.fa.b%  unspeakable ;  ineffably. 

French  ineffable;  Latin  ineffdWiB  [in,  not,  fori,  to  speak). 

Ineffaceable,  in.ef.face'.d.b'l  (only  -ce  and  -ge  retain  the  e  befow 
-able.  Rule  xx.),  not  to  be  effaced ;  inefface'ably. 
Fr.  ineffapahle  (Lat.  in,  ^[ex}facies,  not  [wiped]  from  the  faoeX 

Ineffectual,  in\tf.fik'\iu.al  (not  in'.ff.m'\tchii.al),  failing  to 
produce  the  desired  result ;  ineffec'tual-Iy. 

Ineffective,m'.€/'./cfc".t!y;  ineffec'tive-ly,  ineffec'tive-Bfli^ 

Ineliicacious,  tn'.e/'./i.Aa^''.s/i7A«,  inadequate;  inefflcadoitf* 
ly,  ineffica'cious-ness,  inefiicacy,  in.ef' f\,ka,iy. 

Inefficient,  in\lf,f%sh".ent,  not  sufficient  for  the  purpoWl 

inefficiently;  inefficiency,  in\if,fi8h*\en.8y. 
Lat.  uu^fficax,  gen.  -efflcdcie,  without  potency  {in,  ^{vxlfido  [fteioj^ 

Inelastic,  in'.e.lo8s'\tik,  not  elastic;  inelasticity,  in'.i.lat.lU'*^ 
sl.ty,  not  possessed  of  elastic  power. 

Non-elastic  non-elasticity.     (Fr.  forms  non^iliutiquB,  ^) 
French  in,  not,  eUutique,  HaeiiMd  (Greek  elaund,  to  draw  ontX 
Inelegant,  inJi  V  ^.gunt ,  liot,  elegant ;  ineregant-ly ;  inelegia^ 


AND  OF  SPELLTNG,  60.T 

Ineligible,  (with  •{{-  not  -U-)y  inM'X.g\.h%  not  eligible; 
inel'^igibly;  ineligibiUty,  inM'.hgl.hU'\i.ty, 

finneh  in£lAganee,  iiUUgant.  inSligibU,  irUliifiMUU;  Latin  iniU- 

ganUa  (in,  not,  tiex]liQo  [Ugo],  to  pick  out). 
An  "elegant"  thing  is  something  "  picked  oat"  for  its  beanty. 
An  "el^bie'  person  is  one  "picked  out**  for  his  suitability. 
(If  we  had  not  Cicero's  assurance  of  the  fact,  the  derivation  of 

deganU  from  eligenf,  gen.  eligenUa,  would  be  quite  incredible.) 

leqiiality,  plu.  ineqnalitiefl.  in'.S.kw6V\i.tiz,  want  of  equality. 
Ineqnitablei  in.ek'kwtta.b'l,  not  jast  or  impartiaL 
Unequal,  un.^.kwaU  not  equal;  nneqnal-ly,  unequalled. 
Latin  in,  not,  ctqudlttat,  cequUas  (cBquus^  equal). 

leradicable,  in\i.rdd'\i.kd.h%  not  to  be  rooted  out. 

Uneradicated,  un\S.radf'.i,ka.tedy  not  uprooted  (IL  Ixzii.) 
Latin  in,  not,  elex}rdc{»cdr«,  to  root  out  {rddix,  a  root). 

lert,  in,ertf,  slow  to  act,  slaggish ;  inerf-ly,  inerf -ness. 

Inertia,  in.e7^jM.ah,  the  reluctance  of  material  bodies  to 

change  motion  for  rest,  or  rest  for  motion. 
French  tnerte;  Latin  inen,  gen.  inertis,  i'neiiia,  sluggishness. 
A  eeie  (Lat.),  in  Ss^^y,  in  actual  existence,  in  actual  possession ; 

In  XK)sse  (Lat.),  in  v58'.8y,  in  expectancy,  what  may  be. 
lestiniable,  in.^\tl.ma.1)%  invaluable ;  ines'tilnably. 
Unesteemed,  un' .&.teemd\  not  esteemed  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Fr.  inutimahle:  Lat.  inautlmaHlis,  -<estlmdre  (Gk.  eis  tinuf). 

nevitable,  tn.^v\l.td.h%  not  to  be  avoided ;   inev'itable-nesB, 
inevitably;  inevitability,  in.ev\ttd.bir'.i.ty, 

TJnavoided,  un'M.void\id,  not  avoided ;  unavoid'-Able. 

Fr.  inevitable;  Lat  inivltdbUit  (in,  eiexyvUdri,  not  to  be  avoided). 

nexaot,  in\ex.act\  not  exact;  inezacf-ness ;  inexac'titude. 

ITnezacted,  un.ex.ak'Jedf  not  exacted  or  insisted  on. 

Fr.  inexaete,  inexactitude;  Lat.  in,  exodus,  not  exact  (exactut,  done 
throughout ;  ex-ago,  to  do  to-the-end). 

aezdtable,  in\ex.si'\td,h%  not  excitable;   inezci'table-ness; 
inezcitability,  in\exM'.tdMV\l.tyi  insensibility. 

TJnexcited,  un.exM'tid,  not  exciter!  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Fr.  in,  not,  excitable,  excitability ;  Lat.  -excitdre  (ex  deo,  to  stir  up), 
nexcusable,  in^ex.kn" ^d.b%  not  to  be  excused ;  inexcu'sably, 
inexcn'sable-ness.     Unezcused,  un'.ex.kmed*,  not ... 
Fr.  inexcusable;  Lat.  inexcusaMlis(in,  ex,  causa,  not  free  from  motiveX 
nezhausted,  in\ex,haufs\f^d,  not  exhausted ;    inexhaustible, 
in.ex.haug'.ti.b'l  (not  -able) ;    inezhaus  tible-nees,  inez- 
haus'tibly;  inezhaustibility,  in\ex.Iiau8^.tlMr.i.ty. 

TTnezhausted,  un^ex.hxiv^' .t^d,  not  exhausted  (Rt^lIq  Vltu.'^ 
Latin  in,  not,  exhaurio,  supine  exhaustum  (to  draw  \.a£li  outV 


508  -  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Infernal,  in.fer^.naly  diabolical,  pertaining  to  hell ;  infer'nal-ly. 

.  French  infernal;  Latin  infetndlis  {infra^  below). 
Infertile,  in.fer/tile,  not  fertile;  infertile-ly,  in*fer^.tU.ly. 

Infertility,  in\fer,tlV\i.ty,  sterility,  barrenness. 
French  infertile,  infertiliti;  Latin  imfefttilis. 
Infest^,  to  annoy,  to  haunt  [as  vermin,  weeds,  beggars,  thieves, 
&c.] ;  infesf-ed  (Rule  xxxvL),  infest'-ing,  infesf -er. 

Latih  infut&re  {in^  festuB,  not  Joyful) ;  French  infester. 
Infidel,  irC.fi.dU,  a  disbeliever  in  the  national  religion. 

In  England,  one  who  does  not  believe  in  the  "  atonement" 

In  Turkey,  one  who  does  not  follow  the  Mahometan  fSEdth. 

Beist,  one  who  does  not  believe  in  revelation. 

Atheist,  a^rM.istj  one  who  does  not  believe  in  a  Ood. 

Infidelity,  de'iam,  a'theism,  the  notions  of  infidels,  deists^ 

and  atheists  respecting  God  and  the  Bible. 
Fr.  infidde,  infidiliU;  Lat.  infidelis,  irifidmtai  {fidu,  faith) 
Infiltrate,  in.fiV.trate^  to  enter  through  the  pores ;  infil'trat^ 
infil'trat-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  infiltration,  in'.f%l.tray''^h&n. 
French  vnJiltratUyn^  v.  imjiltrvr  {infeutre,  [strained]  through  felt). 
Infinite,  inf.flMt  (not  in\ji.nite\  endless ;  in^finite.ly. 

Infinitiye,  in.fln\lMv  [mood],  part  of  a  verb  in  Grammai'; 
infin'itiye.ly.    Infinitude,  in.fin'X.tude. 

Infinitesimal,  in' ,flnX.tSs*' .l.mdl,  infinitely  small. 

Ad  infinitum  (Lat.),  ad  in' .fi.nV'.tUm,  for  ever,  without  end. 

French  infinite,  infinitesimal,  infinitif:  Latin  inflnUaa^  <i|^Uttf, 
inflnitivus  mddus  {in  finis,  without  end). 

Infirm',  feeble.    Unfirm,  not  steady ;   infirmly,  mifinn' Jy. 
Infirmity,  plu.  infirmities  (Rule  xliv.),  in.Jir^.n^*fU. 
Infirmary,  plu.  infirmaries,  injir^.ma.riz,  a  hospitaL 

French  infirme,  ivfirmerie  (wrong\  infirmitd;  Latin  if^rfiim,i^ 
marium,  infirmltas  {in  firmuSi  not  firm  or  strong). 

Infiame'  (2  syl.),  to  kindle ;  infiamed'  (2  syl ),  inflam'-ing(Biil0 

xix.),  inflam'-er.     (The  verb  should  have  been  tiyifli"*') 

Infiammable,  in.Jlam'.ma.Vl;  infiam'mable-nea^  inflsv'* 
mably.     Inflammatory,  infldm\md,td.ry. 

Inflammability,  in.Jl&m\md.bil.i.ty. 

Infianmiation,'  in\Jlam.may" .shUn  (not  in'.fla  may'jthSi^)' 

French  in^ammable,  irffiummabilitS,  infammatiofK,  ii\flamm§t'^'' 
Latin  inflummdiio,  v.  infiummdre  (fiamma,  a  flameX 

Inflate'  (2  syl.),  to  puff"  out;  infiaf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  inflaf-W 
(R.  xix.),  infiat'ingJy,  infiat'-er.    Infiation,  in.flay'jJ'i^ 
Lat.  inflatio  ("inflation,"  not  Fr.),  infidre,  to  blow  or  puff  out 
Inflecf ,  to  bend;  Inflect'-ed,  infiect'-ing;  inflective,  iiLfi^-^^' 
Inflection,  in.jl^k'.shun;  \sSL<^'Uou-al,  infleo'tionil-ly' 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  509 

Inflexed,  iiufi&et',  bent;  inflex'-ible  (not  -a&le),  inflexible* 
neas,  inflexibly;  inflexion,  in.Jlek'8hun; 

Inflexibility,  in.Jlex'XMV\ttyy  obstinacy,  stiffiiess. 

Latin  ivjlectio,  v.  ir^ecUre,  supine  ivJUxum,  injlexio,  iikflex^lis* 
inJUxiMUUu  (in-Jl^,  not  to  bend) ;  French  inJlaeil>U,  ir^fiexibiliti, 
infiesdon,    (The  other  fonps  are  not  French.) 

Inflicf ,  to  impose  (followed  by  on) ;  infliot'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.)* 
inflicf4xig,  inflicf-er;  infliot-ive,  {n.j!i/r.t<t;; 

Infliction,  in.fiik' .shun^  a  hardship,  a  calamity. 
French  in^fiiction,  inJUctif;  Latin  inrjllgire,  supine  injlictum. 
InflorefiQence,  in' -Jid.rSs'', sense,  a  flowering,  a  mode  of  flowering. 

Fr.  irkfioreseence;  Latin  ivfartadrtt  frequent,  of  f^rto,  to  flourish. 
Influence,    in'.fiu.enee^   authority,  social  or   moral  power,  to 
induce,  to  afiiBct  by  social  or  moral  force;   in'flnenced 
(3  8yl.)>  in'^flnenc-ing  (R.  xix.),  influ'enc-er ;  influential, 
in\flu,in''sh&l;  influential-ly,  in'.Jlu,en'\shdl-ly. 
Influenza,  in'.Jlu,en'\zah,  an  epidemic  catarrh  or  cold. 
In'flux,  an  inpouring,  a  large  number  of  strangers  arrived. 

French  influence,  ▼.  i^fluencer:  Latin  infbuentia,  ir^fUunfi,  in-flv^fre, 
supine  -Jluxum,  to  flow  in.  (The  idea  is  that  one  liquor  affects 
another  by  flowing  into  it. )  *'  Influenza  "  (Ital.),  an  astrom.  notion 
that  the  disease  is  under  tlie  "  influence  "  of  the  stars. 

Infold'  (not  en-fold.    It  is  to  "fold  in,"  not  to  ''make"  a  fold), 
infold'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  infold'-ing,  infold' jnent. 
Old  Eng.  in,  in,  feaMlan},  past  -feold,  past  part  -g^ealden,  to  infold. 
Infbrm',  to  instruct,  to  tell;  informed'  (2  syl.),  inform' -ing. 
Infoim'-ant,  one  who  tells  another  a  piece  of  news  op  gossip. 

Inform'-er,  one  who  tells  a  magistrate  of  persons  who 
violate  the  laws,  one  who  prosecutes  a  law-breake|r. 

Information, m'./or.7na^".8/iun.  To  inform  against,  to  accuse. 

Inform'-al,  irregular;  inform'al-ly ;  informal'-ity. 

Vr.inf(>r7nation,Y.iikforrner;  Lat.  informdiio,  ifkformdre{/ortna,torm). 

Infraction,  in.frdk' .shiin,    {See  Infringe.) 

Infrangible,  in.fran\gi.h%  &c.    {See  Infriuge.) 

Infirequent,  in.fr e'.quent,  Unfrequent,  un.fre\quent,  seldom;  in- 
or  nn-fire'quent-ly;  in- or  un-fre'quency ; 

Unfrequented,  un.fre.quSn\ted,  rarely  visited  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  infrifguens,  gen.  -frequentis,  infriquentia,  infriquentatus. 
Infringe'  (2  syl.),  to  violate,  to  encroach  on ;  infringed'  (2  syl.), 
infring'.ing,  infring'-er  infringe'jnent  (Rule  xviii.); 

Infrangible,  in.fran\gt.Vl,  not  to  be  violated  or  broken; 
infran'gible-ness,  infhm'gibly,  infirangibil'ity. 

Infraction,  in.frdk'.8hun,  a  violation,  a  breach. 

Latin  irtfringfire  [frauRo],  fractum,  to  break  in  piecea,  lo  -vVcj^Va  *, 
ivf radio,  i-nfran^HA^lis     French  iVr/iction,  i-n/ro/nglbU. 


510  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Infuriate,  in.fit.ri.ate,  to  enrage;  infu'^riat-ed  (Riile  xxxvi.), 
infu'riat-ing ;   infu'riate  (adj),  enraged ;  infu'rUt-er. 
Latin  in,  intensive,  fUriSre,  to  madden,  'fAriatvs. 

InfoBe,  in.fUze%  to  steep  in  water  without  boiling  ^followed 
by  in),  to  instil  (followed  by  into);  infused'  (2  8yl.)> 
inf us'-ing,  infus'-ible  (not  -able) ;  infufidbii'ity. 

Infusion  (R.  xxxiii.),  in,fu,zhun.    Decoction,  de.kdk'^hiin. 

Infusion  is  maceration  without  boiling :  as  tea ; 

Decoction  is  a  boiled  infusion :  as  gruel  and  barley-water. 

Infusive,  in,fu'^v ;  infu'sive-ly  {in-  meaning  "in"). 

(In  the  following  examples  the  pr^  "%n-'*i8  used  negatively,  and  the 
sanve  words  are  used  in  a  directly  eontrculictory  sense.) 

Infu'sible,  able  to  be  infused,  or  not  able  to  be  inftised. 

Infusibillty,  capacity  of  being  made  into  an  in^sion  {see 

above),  incapacity  of  being  made  into  an  infusion. 
(Some  other  negative  prefix,  as  "non-,*  ought  to  have  been  employed. J 

Infusoria,   in\fu.zdr^'ri.ah,  minute    animal   organisms  in 

impure  water.      Obtained   from  infusi&ns  of  Tegatable 

matter,  after   being  exposed  to  the  air;    infoso'iial; 

infu'sory,  an  order  of  infusoria,  containing  infusoria. 

French  t7^/im&2«,  infusibilit4,  infusion,  infusoire,  infusoires;  Lstin 
infusorium  (a  cruse),  infUsio,  v.  ir^un44re,  sup.  infUsuin, 

-ing  (native  suffix),  the  pres.  part,  (representing  -ende  or  -indt), 
as  "  he  is  corning  "  {cum-endel. 

-ing  (nntive  suffix),  in  ve^rbal  nouns  (representing  -ung),  as  "the 
preachinj^"  \_predic-ung'].     It  is   much  to  be  regretted 
that  this  termination  has  been  discarded. 
-ing  (native  suffix),  a  patronymic,  originating  from.    Common 
in  the  names  of  places,  with  or  withotit  -ham,  -ton,den,!^' 
Ingenious,  in.gee'.nl.u8,  skilful.    Ing^enudus,  in.gSn'.H.'&s,  fbok* 
Inge'nious-ness,  inge'nious-ly.    Ingenuity,  tV.^^.fw'^.l^* 
Latin  inginiosus,  ing€nuUas  {inginium,  talent) ;  French  IngtMsf^ 
Ingenuous,  in.gen\u.us\  frank,  candid.    Ingenious,  skilfiiL 
Ingen'uous-ness ;   inggn'uous-ly,  candidly. 
Latin  ingew&us,  honest,  frank  (becoming  a  gentleman,  gens^ 
Inglorious,  in,glor''ri.u8  (R.  Ixvi.),  ignominious ;  inglor'ioitf-lyf 

inglorlous-ness.     (Latin  ingldrius,  ingldrioim,) 
Ingraft.     {See  Engraft.) 

Ingratiate,  in.grd\8hi.ate,  to  secure  the  goodwill  and  fSEtTOor^^ 
person.    (Followed  by  with  before  the  person  oonterM^)* 
ingn^'tiat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  ingia'tiat-ing. 
(In  the  following  examples  "vn,"  vAih  gratia  w  n«0aties.^ 
Ingratitude,  in.grdt\i.titde,  want  of  gratitude.    Ingit**'* 
Ungrateful,  un.grQ,te\fiU ;  imgrate'fiil-ly. 
Fr.  infirrat,  iitgratitxbde ;  IaI.  VdsrOXMnkdbo,  ingrddw  (praMo^  tbaab). 


AND  or  SPELLTNQ.  511 

Ingiedieiit,  m.gTee' .di.ent  (not  in.gree'.djent)^  one  of  the  items 
of  a  mixtnre,  a  component  part. 

In'grMB,  entrance;  FgresB,  exit.    Ingtession,  in.gr&h'.un. 
Frenoh  ingredient;  Latin  ingrtdioT  \gradior\  to  enteir  in. 
Ingnlf.     {See  Engrolf.) 

Inhabit,  inMh'.%  to  occupy  as  a  residence,  to  dwell  in;  in- 
hablt-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  inhaVit-ing,  inhablt-able. 

Inhabitant,  a  rightful  and  permanent  resident ; 

Inhablt-er,  one  living  in  a  house  permanently  or  not. 

Habitation, /la5^^.fa1/'^«/^1)^n;  habitable,  M5^^.ta.&'^;  habi- 
table-nees;  habitancy,  hal/X.tan.8y. 

Latin  iiiMMtOhttUy  inhdHtanUs,  inhMiidiio,  inhdHtdre,-  French 
habitabU,  tidbitatum,-  '' in-habitabl«"  (French),  not-habitable. 

Inhale'  (2  syl.),  to  draw  into  the  lungs;  inhaled'  (3  syl.),  in- 
hil'-ing  (R.  xix.),  inhal'-er,  inhal'.able  (first  Lat*  conj.) 

Inhalation,  in' .hd.lay'\8hun,  inspiration  [of  fnraes]. 
Latin  inhdldtio,  in-hdldre  (to  breathe  in);  French  inhalation. 

Inharmonic,  in\har.m6n*Wk,  sequence  of  sounds  at  abnormal 
intervals;  inharmonical,  -m5n'\%.kul ;  inharm(»ilcal.ly. 

Inharmonious,  in\har.md'\nl.us  (Rule  Ixvi.),  not  harmo- 
nious; inharmo'nious-ly,  inharmo'nious-ness. 
Fr.  in,  not,  harmonqus,  fiarmonieux;  Lat.  harmdnia,  harmdnicus. 
Inherent,  in.hi'.rent,  innate ;  inhe'rent-ly,  inhe'rency. 
French  inhSrent,  inherence;  Latin  in-han^e,  to  stick  fast  in. 

Inherit,   inMffit^  to  possess    by   inherit*ince ;     inhgr'it-ed 
inher'it-ing,  inhSr'it^ble,  inher'itably,  inher'it-ance. 

Inher'it-or,  fern,  inher'itresB  or  inhgr'itriz. 

Inheritability,  in.her^H.taMV'X.ty. 

(The  pr^  "in-"  ahovid  not  h4we  been  added  to  these  to&rd^,  for  " in 
hxrea  "  (Lat.)  ia  "  one  who  is  not  the  heir"  or  one  who  has  no  heir.) 

heritage,  her'rl.tage ;  her'itable,  her'it..ot. 
Hereditable,  hesed' .x.td.h'l ;  hered'itably,  heredity. 
Hereditary, /»e.redM.ta.ry ;  hereditament,/i€r'r£.dlf '.d.ment. 
(In  the  following  tht'^h**  ia  not  sounded.  J 
Heir,  fem.  heir-ess,  aiVf  air' -ess ;  with  the  compounds. 

French  Mriter^  hArita^,  Mritier,  h^iditaire;  Latin  hcergditafiui, 
hoeredUas,  Meres,  an  heir.    No  verb  in  the  Latin. 

BihoBpitable,  in-h68.pi.td.b'l  (not  in'.hd8.pit"M.b'l),  not  hospit- 
able ;  inhoB'pitably.    Inhospitality,  in'M8.pl.tdl".%.ty. 
Latin  inhospitdlis,  inhospitdlltaa  (in,  neg.,  hospes,  a  host). 
InhtiTnaTi,  in.you,' .mun^  cruel;  inhii'man-ly,  cruelly. 

Inhumanity,  plu.  inhumanities  (R.  xliv.),  in'.t/ou.monfi"  X.\\z. 
Latin  inMtmdmM,  inhHim&nitds ;  French  itJiumain,  i'riK'wraa'AAU. 


612  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Inhume,  in.hewm\  to  bury.    Exhume,  exJiewm',  to  disinter. 
Inhumed'  (2  syl.),  inhum'-ing;  in'humation,  -nw^' ahSn. 
Fr.  inhumaiion,  v.  inhumer;  J^.  inMmdtio,  inMmdre  fhmmuij. 
TmminAl,  in.im\i,kdl  (not  in\i.fiu'\kdl\  hostile ;  InimlcaLly. 

Latin  inimicu*  (in,  not,  amfciu,  a  friend). 
Inimitahle,  inXm\ttd,b%  exquisite,  beyond  imiti^tion ;   inim'i- 
t^bly;  inimitability,  inXm\i.ta.VU"X,ttf. 
Lai,  inimttdbau  {in,  not,  imttdri,  to  be  copied) ;  F^.  inimitabU. 
Iniquity,  plu.  iniquities,  inXyicwi.tUt   atrocity;    iniqnitoui, 
in.WkuH,tus;  iniquitous-ly,  inXk'l(wi.tu8.ly. 
French  iniquxU:  Latin  iniquUat  {jin^  not,  ceguiu,  even  or  Just). 
yni«ftlR,  inJUh'Mlz,  the  first  letters  of  a  person's  name :  as  J.  S. 
[John  Smith];  initial,  in.%sh\al,  at  the  beginning. 
Initiator  (Rule  zxxvii.),  in.%sh\t.a,tor,  one  who  initiftt^ 
Initiate,  inJUh'.tate,  to  teach,  to  introduce;    initiat t^ 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  inJUh'.tate.^d ;    initiat-ing  (Rule  xix.), 
in.Uh\tateAng.    Initiatiye,  inXsh'XSMv  ;  initiatiTe-lfi 
inXsK.lMMv.ly ;  initiatory,  inXsh\V,a.t6jry, 
Initiation,  in.l8h\l.d" .shun,  formal  admission, 

French  iniiiativt,  initiation:   Latin  {nCUOtto,  inXHittwr,  iiilM** 
{jinUium,  the  be^nning ;  in-eo  supine  in-Uum,  to  go  in). 

Injeof ,  to  force  in ;  inject'-ed  (B.  xxxvi),  injeot'-iiig,  Injeef-tf* 

Injection,  in.j^k^.8hun,  the  act  of  injecting,  what  is  to  be- 

Fr.  injection,  v.  injecter;  Lat  injectio,  ifijed&re  (injc^cto,  to  throvin^ 

Injudicious,    in.dju.dX8h'\u8,   not  judicious;    iigudio'ioai^i 

injudiclous-ness.  Injudicial,  in\djii.dli8h'\Sl,jiotindi(aMi 

Injudicable,  in.dju' .dX.1ca.b%  not  amenable  to  law-conrts* 
Latin  ir^tidicdbUis ;  in,  not,  jUdMcUii  (jQdex,  a  Judged 
Injunction,  %n.junW .shiin,  command.    (Latin  injunetio) 
Injury,  plu.  injuries,  in\dju.r^,  damage;  in'jiir-er. 

Injurious,  in.dju\H.iU ;  inju'rions-ly,  li^'iioiis-neM* 
Injure,  in\djur,  to  damage ;  in'jured  (3  syl.),  in^jfir-M* 
Latin  injwrin,  injuriSsua,  v.  injUridri  (in,  not,  jua,  nhMi  It  i^)> 
Injustice,  in.ju8tfX88,  failure  or  violation  of  justice. 

Unjusf  (should  be  injust),  unjusf-ly,  iinju8tifi''aU0. 
Unjustified,  un.djils\tl.fide,  not  justified  (Rule  Ixzii.) 
French  injustice,  injuste;  Latin  injfutUia,  injurtnt,  ir^utU  (tA*^^ 
Ink,  a  fluid  for  writing,  &g.,  to  daub  with  ink;  inked,  i*^* 
ink'-ing,  ink'-y,  ink'i-ness  (R.  xi.),  ink'i-ly,  inkf-^ 
French  «ncre;  Italian  incAto«<ro/  Latin  encaiMttcm,*  Datdi  i*'^ 
Inkling,  ink'.ling  (no  connection  with  ink),  an  intimation. 

Welsh  yngan,  to  hint  or  intimate. 
Inlace'  (2  syl.),  to  embellish  with  lace,  to  lace  together;  inlio^ 
(2  8yLV»  iaalw^-ing,  in.ldse'.ing ;  inlao-er,  im,lan^jr. 
Latin  in  Iddno,  V>  m«k«\io\iaVn.\5^\SDLV,  (dcCnld,  friafci 


AXD  OF  SPELLING.  513 

InUdd',  'laidt  paid,  said,  with  their  compounds.    (See  Inlay.) 
Inland,  remote  from  the  coast;  inland-er,  one  who  dwells  inland. 
Inland  Bevenue,  re.v^'.u,  derived  from  taxe^, excise,  stamps. 
Old  Enfr.  inland,  inlanda,  am  inlander ;  inlandise,  bom  in  the  land. 
Inlay,  (noun)  in\\ay,  insertion ;    (verl»)  in.lay\  to  lay  brass, 
ivorv,  dS:c.,  in  furniture.    Inlay,  past  inlaid,  past  part, 
inlaid  (R.  xiv.),  inlay^-ing,  inlay'-er.    (0.  E.  in  lag,) 
Inlet,  a  small  bay,  a  passage  into. 

Old  Eng.  in  with  Idt,  v.  Ud[an],  to  lead  in,  or  ldi[an],  to  let  in. 
Inly,  in\ly,  internally.    (Old  Eng.  inllc  f adj.),  inlice  (adv.),  inly.) 
In'mate  (3  syl.),  a  mate  in  the  same  house.    (Dutch  maat.) 
In'xnost,  furthest  from  the  outside.    In'nermost  (a  corruption 
of  the  Old  English  innemest  [in'.ne.mest]). 

Iiui,  an  hoteL    In,  a  prep.    Inn-keep'er,  Inn-yard. 

IluiB  of  Gonrt,  the  four  "societies"  which  exercise  the  right 
of  admitting  persons  to  practice  at  the  bar:  (1)  2'he  Inner 
Temple,  (2 )  The  Middle  Temple,  (3)  Lincoln's  Inn,  (4)  Gray^s 
Xnn.  Inns  of  Chancery,  nine  appendages  to  the  *']nns 
of  Court":  (1)  CUment's,  (2)  Clifford's,  (3)  Lyon's  (of  the 
••Inner  Temple");  (4)  FumivaVs,  (ft)  Thavies',  (H)  Sy- 
mond's  (of  "  Lincoln's  Inn");  (7)  New  Inn  (of  the  "  Middle 
Temple") ;  (8)  Barnard's,  (9)  Staples'  Inn  (of  "  Gray's  Inn"). 

Old  English  inn,  an  hotel,  i^  mansion.  In,  prep.  ''Clifford's  Inn," 
once  the  mansion  of  De  Clifford:  "Lincoln's  Inn,"  of  the  earU  cf 
Uneoln:  "Gray's  Inn/'  of  the  lords  Oray  {of  WilUm\. 

^inate'  (3  syl.),  inborn ;  innate'-ly,  innate'-ness.   ( Lat  inndtiu.) 
Wner,  comparative  of  in,  {super.)  in'ner-most  or  in'-most. 

"Inner-most,**  a  oormption  of  inrumost  or  innemest  (in'.ne.mest), 
not  inner  and  most.    Old  Englidh  in,  inner,  inritmeU. 

Innervation,  in'.ner.vay^.shun,  a  state  of  weakness,  a  vital  pro- 
cess by  which  nervous  energy  is  imparted. 
XTnnerved,  un.nervd',  the  nerves  unstruns?.    (Lat.  nervus.) 
f**In**  finiens.  and  neg.J  in  the  same  word  is  objectionable.) 
InidngB,  in'.ningz.  the  turn  of  a  player  to  use  the  bat  in  cricket 

Old  Eqg .  innung,  an  inning.     "  Outing,"  a  jauQt  into  the  country. 
Iiinooence,  in\n6.8ense.    In'nocents,  idiots. 

In'nocenoe,  freedom  from  impurity,  even  in  thought ;  < 

in'nocency.    Innocent,  in'nocent-ly. 
The  Innocents,  the  babes  slain  by  Herod. 
French  innocence,  innocent;  Latin  inndcens,  gen.  -centis,  inndcenHiL 
Innoonons,  in.nok'kil.ii8.    Innoxious,  in.n6k'she'u8  (Rule  Ixvi.) 
Innoonons,  productive  of  no  harm,  safe  from  harm. 
Lmoxioiis,  free  from  harmful  qualities. 

Yon  may  take  [chloral]  innocmmsly,  because  it  is  <iivaoxio<tt«. 
The  drug  is  iimoetunu  [harmless],  because  it  la  ^110x10%^. 


614  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Innoo'aons-ly,  innoc'uouB-ness,  freedom  from  harming; 

innoxioiiB-ly,  in.n5k^,8hu8.ly ;  innoxioiiB-neaB. 
Latin  inndcuua  (in  ndoens,  not  hurting) ;  innosdtu  (noxa^  a  hvrtX 
Innoyate,  in'.no.vatet  to  introduce  change;    in'novat-ed  (R. 
xxxvi.),  in'novat-ing  (R.  xix.);  in'novat-or  (R.  xxxvii.); 
innovation,  -vay'^shuUf  a  change  of  established  custom. 
Lat  infidvdtio,  iwnMUor  inndvSre  {ndvus,  new) ;  Fr.  innovation. 
Innoxious,  in.nok\8he'u8,    (See  Innocuous,) 

Innuendo,  plu.  innuendoes  (double  n),  in^nu.^'^d^2e,  an  indi- 
rect hint.    (Lat.  in-ntiendo,  [to  hint]  by  nodding  to  one.) 

Innumerable,  in.nu\mi.ra,b*lf  numberless ;   innu'merably. 

Unnumbered,  un.nuin\berd,  not  numbered  (Rule  Ixxii) 

Latin  innilmi(rdbtti8(in  niimgrtUt  without  number). 

Innutritions  (not  -ciousj  nutriciuu  [in  Lat.]  is  the  adj.  of  nutrix, 

gen.  nutriciSf  a  nurse),  yielding  nourishment  (Rule  Ixvi.) 

Innutritive,  in.nu\tH.tiv ,  innutrition,  in' .nu.trlsh" -iin. 

Latin  innutritio,  y.  innUtrire  (in  nUtriOf  not  to  nourish). 

Inobservant,  in\ob.zer".vanty  not  observant;  inobser'vant-ly; 

inobservance,  in'.o6.2er".va7ic«;  inobservable,  -zef^\va.b'l- 

Unobserved,  un' .oh.zervd\  not  observed.    (Rule  Ixxii.) 

Latin  XTiobaervaMlis,  inohaervaniia,  inoburvani,  ^en.  -wmiia  (<(•»  ^^ 
observdrCf  to  observe) ;  French  inobservable,  v.  tnobserver. 

Inoculate  (only  one  -c-)»  in.oJ<f.u.late,  to  bud,  to  propagate  diseft-** 

by  introducing  infectious  matter  into  the  Uood;  inoc'i" 

lat-^  (Rule  xxxvi.),  inoc'ulat-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Inoculation  (one  -n-  and  one  -c-)>  in.ok\fi.lay",8hiin. 

Inoc'ulat-or  (only  one  -c-).  one  who  inoculates  (R.  xxxvii) 

Latin  inddUdtio,  indcSUdtor,  indciildre  (in  dciUus  [to  put]  an  eT<)Jf  ^ 
French  inoculation,  v.  inoculer,  inoculiste,  a  partisan  of  inocnUu''''' 

Inodorous,  in.o\d6.ru8,  scentless. 

Latin  inddSrua  [in  odor],  without  scent. 
Inoffensive,  in\6f.fen'\8lv  (not  in\o.f^''Mv),  giving  no  oflSsnc^l 
inoffensive-ly  (double  -/■)•  inoffen'sivejiess. 
-Latin  inoffenatie,  inoffendire,  supine  -offensum  {in,  €if[oW«nid»,  ^ 
to  strike  against,  not  to  provoke  to  anger);  French  inoffauiif- 

Inofficial,  in' .(5f, fish" Ml  (not  in' .o.fXsK' .al,  a  common  error)i 
not  official;  inofficial-ly,  in'. bf. fish" Ally  (double  •/•)• 
Latin  in,  not.  offiddlis  (officium,  office);  French  in  qfflHH  (waM^ 
Inoperative,  in.(yp'.S.rS.tlv,  not  effectual ;  inop'erative-ly. 

Lat.  in,  not,  dpA^ri,  to  work  (dpus,  gen.  (fp^rie) ;  Qk.  Mp6,  to  be  WT* 
Inopportune,  in.op'.por.tune,  not  opportune ;  inop'poirtiine-iy* 

Latin  inopportunus,  in,  not,  opio}i]port'as,  in  the  port 
Inoppressive,  in\dp.pri8".8%v   (not  in' .o.pr^" j^e,  a  oomffloo 
error),  not  oppressive ;  inoppressive^ly  (-pp-  and  4t-\ 
Unoppreeaed,  un'.op.presV  ^not  un',o.pre8f),  not  oppress^ 
Lat.  in,  not,  opprimSre,  «cc(.  oiM>^«MumV9'|^s^VY«iM«  to 


AyD   OF  SPELLING.  lib 

undinate,  in.ofM.natey  immoderate ;  inor^dinate-lyi  inor'di- 
natejiesB.    (Ijitin  inordXndttay  in  ordindret  ordOt  order.) 

lorganio,  in\or.gdn'\ikf  not  organic,  as  earths  and  minerals  ; 
inorganictiJ,  in'.or.gan'Wkal;  inorganlcal-ly. 

Inorganised,  in,or^,gdn.lzedy  not  paving  organic  stmctore ; 
Unoxganifled,  not  methodised,  not  arranged ; 
Biaorganised,  deranged,  broken  up. 
French  inoryant^ue;  Latin  in,  not,  orydnieiM;  Oreek  org&ndn, 

lOtonlate,  in.6t\ku.latey  to  unite  as  two  yessels  in  a  living 
body;  inoB'ciilat-ed  (K  xzxvi),  inoe'oulat-ing  (R.  xix«) 

InoBCiilation,  in.os' .kii.lay" ^hiin,  nnion  by  ducts. 
Lat.  in  otciUdri,  to  [fit]  one  little  month  into  another  (osciUum,  o« dim. ) 
iquietude,  in.kwV.^.tudef  anxiety.    {L&t.  inquetudo,  disquiet.) 
Diaqniet,  di8.kwV.et,  discomfort;  disqui'et-ed,  distressed. 
Unquiet,  un.kwV.eU  not  in  repose,  restless. 

iquire,  in,kwlre^i  to  ask  about,  to  search  after ;   inquired'  (2 
syl.),  inquir'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  inquir'iiig-ly,  inquir'-er. 
Inquiry,  ylu.  inquiries,  in.kwi'.riz,  investigation,  a  question. 
Inquisitive,  in.kwiz\\.t\Vy  prying,  apt  to  ask  questions ; 
hiquisltive-ly,  inquisltive-ness,  impertinent  curiosity. 
'  Inquest',  an  official  investigation  into  the  cause  of  a  death. 
Inquisition,  in' .kwi.zlsh" .un,  a  court  for  trying  "heretics"; 
inquisition-al,   in'.kwi.zlsh^'.Hn.al,  acy.   of  inquisition ; 
inqaisition.4bry,  in' .kvoLzlsK' .Un.a.ry ; 

Inquisit-or,  in.kwlz' .\.t(yry  an  officer  of  the  inquisition ; 
inquisitorial,  in.kwiz' .i.tdr''rt.ul ;   inquisito'rial-ly. 

Prench  enquirir,  enqueste  now  enqv4te,  inquisition,  inquisitorUif, 
inquinteur;  Latin  inqulsltio,  inquisitor,  y.  inqulr&e,  snpine 
inquiAtvm  {in  qucsro,  to  search  into). 

road,  in'. rode,  an  encroachment.    (Old  English  in  rdd.) 
lalubrioos,  in' ^d.W .hri.us  (R.  Ixvi.),  unhealthy ;  insalu'brity. 
Insalutary,  in.8dl'.u.tS.ry,  not  faYourab]e  to  health. 
Latin  insdliUnis,  insdlQbritas  (salus,  health);    French  insalubriti. 
lane,  in^sain'^  mad ;  insane'-ly,  insane'-ness,  madness. 
Unsound,  not  sound ;  unsound'-ly,  nnsound'-ness. 
Insanity,  plu.  insanities,  in.8dn'.i.tiZf  madness. 
Latin  insdnia,  irudnitas,  y.  insdnlre  (in  sdnus,  not  sonnd). 

latiable,  in.8ay'.8hl.d.b'l,  greedy ;  insa'tiably,  insa'tiable-ness ; 
insatiabiUty,  in.8ay'.8h%.d.Hl".i,ty. 

Insatiate,  injay'.8M.atej  never  satisfied;    insatiated,  in.- 

8ay'.8hi.d.tidf  not  satisfied;  insa'tiate-ly. 
Insatiety,  in'.8a.ti".S.ty,  state  of  hungering  for  moxe. 
French  i/MoMdbU,  insatiability;  Latin  ifiitdtiubllis,  iiu&tiab^UloA. 


616  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

—  ■  ^— — I      ■  ■■■!  Hill  M»l  ■  11  ^^—^^— ^^^—  ■■"  ■  ^ 

Inscribe,  in.8kribe,  to  write,  to  draw,  to  address  [to];  inscribed' 
(2  svl.),  inscrib'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  inscrib'-er. 

Inscription,  in.8krip'jfhun;  inscriptive,  in.8krip',lXv. 
Latin  inscriptio,  inscribire,  supine  ins^ptum;  French  ingcripHon. 
loscroll'  (not  inscrol),  to  insert  on  a  scroll ;  inscrolled'  (2  8yl.)» 
inscroU'-ing.  inscroll'-er  {tn-scroU,  in-roU,  see  BolL) 

Inscrutable,  in.8kru\td,b'l,  mysterious;  inscru'table-ness. 
Inscrutability,  in.8kru'.td.bU"Xty ;  inscru'tably. 

French  i7Lseruto2>2«,  inscrutabUiti  ;  Latin  inscrutdMlu,  inaerHUOHUtai 
(in-sorutdrif  not  to  scrutinise). 

In'sect,  a  small  animal  (like  a  bee  or  fly)  whose  body  seems  to 
ba  almost  cut  through  in  parts ;  inseptivora,  in\8^k.tW.- 
o.rah,  a  family  of  animals,  like  the  hedgehog  and  mole, 
that  lives  on  insects;  insectivorous,  in' ^ik.tiv'^S.rUs. 
Latin  insecta  vordre,  to  devour  insects. 
Insectile,  inMk'.tiUj  having  the  nature  of  insects. 
Insection,  in.8ekf .8huny  an  incision;   insecf-ed. 
Latin  insecta,  insecUo  {in  aioo,  supine  sectum,  to  cut  into  slioes). 
Insecure,  in\8i.kur^,  not  secure ;  insecure'-ly,  insecu'rity. 
Unsecured,  un\8e.kured',  not  secured  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Lai  in  in,  not,  aicwnUf  -aScHHtcts  (seiarsum]  cwa,  special  care). 
Insensible  (not  •abl£),in.8en'.8l.b'l,  without  feeling;  insen'sibl^ 
ness ;  insen'sibly,  by  imperceptible  degrees. 

Insensibility,  in.8in.8t.biV'.i.tyt  loss  of  sensibility. 

Insensate,  in^en'^ate,  destitute  of  sense  or  sensibility. 
Insentient,  in.8in\8M.entf  not  having  perception. 
Fr.  imtensi^le,  insensibilitS;  Lat.  in8«nsU)ttia,  -aensibtUUu  ftennul- 
Inseparable,  in.8ep\d.rd.bH  {-pa-  and  only  one  p),  not  separabldi 
insep'arable-ness,  insep'arably,  inseparability. 
Insei)arables,  in.8€p\a.ra.b'lz,  things,  &c.,  not  to  be  parted 
Unsei)arated,  un.8ep\d.rd.ted,  not  separated  (Rule  Ixxii) 
Fr.  inseparable,  ins4paraJ)iliU,  inseparables;  "Lai.  inr  aipdrdbOit. 
Insert^ ,  to  put  in ;  insert'-ed  (R.  xxxvi),  insert'4ng,  inserf'^* 
Insertion,  in^ei^.8hun,  a  putting  in,  something  inserted. 
French  insertion;  Latin  insertio,  in-siro,  to  put  in. 
Insessores,  in'.se8.8o%reez,  birds  which  live  perched  on  treeBi 
insessori^I,  in\8e8.8dr^*ri.dl,  adj.  of  the  above. 
Latin  insldire  [sed^o]  inaessum,  to  perch  on  [a  tree],  inseaeor, 
Inshrine.     {See  Enshrine.) 
Inside,  in\8i4e,  the  part  within.    Ont-side,  the  part  without 

Old  English  in  side,  tit  aide,  v.  insithlian],  Utaithiian}. 
Insidious,    in.8id\i,u8    (not    i7i.8ld\ju8),    treacbnrouB,   eraft/i 
insidlouB-nea&,  ixvsid.'\o\i&JLy,  craftily,  treaoheroo^. 
I<atin  insidiOsvjit  insidia,  &  vnaxft. 


AND   OF  SPELLING,  617 

udight,  inf^sitet  a  clear  comprehensioQ,  a  sight  beyond  the  surface. 
Old  Exig.  in  ifetUU,  r.  gtMdn,  [to  see],  past  gtAtdh^  past  part.  ges4gen. 

iflignia  {plu.\  in.sig'.nX.  ah,  badges  [of  office],  &c.  (Lat.  insignia.) 

isignificant,  in' Ag.nlf'.i.kant,  of  no  importance;  insignif'i- 
cant-ly;  insi^mficanoe,  in'jUg.nlf'W.kdnce;  insignifi- 
cancy;  insignificative,  in'j^.n\f*'.\.kd,t\'Ot  not  expres- 
sive by  symbols. 
Lat.  i»,  not,  sign^ficantf  gen.  -canHt,  tignXfUOiivJU  {^ignwrn,  a  sign). 

ninoere,  iv^ sin.8eer^ ,  not  sincere ;  insinoere'-ly,  untruthfully ; 

InsinceTity,  i»'.sin.«^r"fl.ty,  want  of  candour  and  fidelity. 

ft.insindtrt;  Lat.  inniuft-iM  (irH  «in«-e«ra,  not  wlthont  wai).    The 
ref ereii  ce  is  to  honey  from  which  the  wax  has  been  carefully  extracted. 

udniiate,  tn.sin'.t?.at6»  to  screw  oneself  into  [place  or  favour], 
to  hint  insidiously ;  insin'aat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  insin'nat-ing 
(R.  xix.).  insin'nating.ly,  insin'nat-or  (R.  xxxvii.) 

Inrinuation,  ifuiin\u.a",8hun;    inginuatiye,  in.8in'.u.d.tiv. 

Latin  imAyvMio,  inainvMlvus,  inslnvMor,  insinudre  (in  sfnus,  [to 
creep]  into  one's  bosom ;  French  iruimiation,  v.  irisinuer. 

iBipid»  in^^p^id,  without  flavour ;  insipld-ly,  vapidly ; 
Insipidity,  in*M.pid'\tty ;  insip^id-neas,  vapidity. 
French  insipide,  intripidiU;  Latin  intipldua  (in,  not,  sdptdus,  sapid). 

iflist',  to  demand  (followed  by  on),  insisf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 

itupsf-ing,  insis'tence  (not  insistance).    We  have  also 

eowsistent  and  consistence,  persistent  and  persistence  .- 

but  have  copied  the  French  error  in  resistant,  resistance. 

("  Desistent  **  is  not  fixed.) 

Latin  inaistens,  gen.  insistentia  {in-sist^e,  to  sit  or  stand   on); 
French  inHatance  (wrong),  insistant  (wrong),  v.  insiater. 

I  aita  (Latin),  in  sWtu,  in  position.  (Said  of  a  fossil,  when 
found  in  its  original  locality.) 

isnttre,  in.8nair^,  to  allure  into  a  trap ;  insnared'  (2  syl.),  in- 
snar-ing  (R.  xix.),  in.snair^.ing  ;  insnar.ier,  in.snaiv^.er. 
Old  English  in  snedrt,  [to  drive]  into  a  snare  :  Danish  snare. 
iflobriety,  in'.so.brV'.S.ty,  drunkenness.    Un8ol)er,  drunk. 

Latin  in,  neg.,  sSbrUfttis  (sobrius,  sober,  »  priv.  and  ehrius,  drunk. 
The  corresponding  Greek  word  is  e6-phr6n,  of  round  mind). 

iBOlent,  in'.8o.lent,  impertinent;  in'solent-ly,  in'solence. 

French  intolent,  insolence;   Latin  insdlent,  gen.  -lentis,  insdlentia 
(in-s^fUre,  to  be  unusual).     "  Insolence  "  means  ununuU  conduct. 

uoliible,  Inaolvable,  in.s6V.u.Vl,  in.s6V.vd.Vl, 

InBol'able,  incapable  of  being  melted  or  dissolved; 
Insorvable,  incapable  of  being  solved  or  guessed. 
InsolublUty,  in.sm\ii.lya'\\.ty,    Insolvabillty. 
InsolTent,  in,sbV.vent,  one  not  able  to  pay  bis  ^e\>\A. 


518  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Ixisoryency,tbe  State  of  being  insolvent.  (Lat.  sofoo,  to  pay.) 

French  insolvhle,  iiuotvabUf  -^nsolubUUS,  insolvdbiliti ;   Lfttin  in- 
MdlubilU,  inaolvcM,  gen.  insolvevUia  {solvere,  supine  aolutum). 

In  so  much  that,  so  that,  to  such  a  degree  that...     (Old  Eng.) 

Inspect^,  to  review;    inspeot'-ed  (Eule   xxxvi.),  inspecf^g, 
inspecf-or  (Rule  xxxvii.),  inspect^or-ship  (-s/iip,  office). 

Inspection,  in^pek^shun;  inspective,  in^pek\t%v. 

Inspeximua,  in.9piaf XjnUs,  confirmation  of  a  grant.      So 

called  firom  the  first  word.    "We  have  inspected"  the 

grant  and,  being  satisfied,  confirm  it. 

Latin  inspectio,  inspector,  v.  insptcto  (freq.  of  in-apMio,  to  pij  into) ; 
French  inspection^  inspeeter,  inspeetewr. 

Inspire,  in.8pVW,  to  infuse  courage  or  divine  afflatus ;  inspired' 
(2  syl.),  insplr'-ing  (B.  zix.),  inspir'.er,  inspur'-able. 

Inspiration,  in\8pi.ray" .shiin,  divine  afflatus. 

Plenary  Inspiration,  ple\na.ry,  inspiration  which  renders  a 
person  incapable  of  committing  error. 

Verbal  Inspiration,  inspiration  of  words  as  well  as  thoughts. 
Inspire,  to  draw  air  into  the  lungs ;  Bespire,  to  exhale  it. 
Inspiration,  inhalation;  Bespiration,  exhalation. 
Inspiratory,  in* .spi.ra.Vry ;  Eespiratory,  rS8\p%.ra,t*ry. 
Uninspired,  un'.in^spi'rd't  not  inspired  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Fr.inspirationy  v.  itispirer;  Iiat.  inspiratio,  v.  in-spirdref  to  breathe  in. 
Inspissate,  in.8pi8\8ate  (double  -s-),  to  thicken  [by  evaporation]; 
inspis'sat.ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  inspis's&t-ing  (Rule  xix.) ; 

Inspissation,  in'.8p^.8ay*\8h'un,  the  act  of  inspissating,  ^c. 

Lat.  in,  intens.,  spissdre,  to  thicken ;  spissdtio  ("-spissament,*'  [Lai 
spissamentvm],  vrh&t  is  used  for  thickening,  nught  be  intzoduoedji 

Inst.,  Prox.,  Ult.,  for  in'Mantj  prox\i,mOf  iiVM.mo, 

Instant,  the  current  month :  as  On  the  10th  Inst,  or  intt 

Ultimo,  the  month  just  past :  as  On  the  10th  ult. 

Proximo,  the  next  month  :  as  On  the  10th  prox. 

"  Instant,"  for  instante  mense,  in  the  current  month  .  proaeimo  me»>tf 
in  the  next  month ;  ultimo  mense,  in  the  last  month  (Latinj. 

Instability,  in'.8taMV'.%.ty,  want  of  stability. 

Unstable,  unMayWl,  not  steady,  not  permanent 
French  instahilite;  Latin  instdMHtas  {in,  not,  <tore,  to  Bland). 
Install  (not  imtal),  inMawV,  to  invest  with  office  by  pitf^ 
the  person  on  a  stall  or  chair;    installed,  injta»l^> 
install-ing,  in.8tawV.ing ;  instaU-er,  in,8tawV .er ; 

Installation,  in\8tul.lay*' .shun^  the  ceremony  of... 
Instalment  (wo\i\OL\ie  Vlter  installment^  in,8tawV.ment' 
Ft.  installation,  v.  instnlXeT ;  Ciwcta..  S.'WAlaUV.Twv.iiMtoaaWwi. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  619 

* 

Instanoe,  in' stance  (B.  lix.),  an  example  in  point,  to  give  an  ... 

For  instanoe,  for  example.   In'stanoed  (2  syl.),  in'stanc-ing. 

In'stant,  a  moment,  present;  in'stant-ly,  directly. 

Instanter,  in.8tan\ter  (Lat.),  direotly. 

Instantaneous,  in\8tdn.tay".n^Al8^  momentary;   instanta'- 
neons-ness ;   instanta'neous-ly,  momentarily. 

Latin  irutanSf  gen.  instantis,  instantdneus,  instanter,  insixmUa  (in 
stare,  to  stand  by) ;  French  iristanee,  v.  instant. 

Instate'  (2  syl.),  to  put  in  office;  instat-ed'  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
instat'-ing.  Rule  xix.    (Latin  in-stdtus,  [to  put]  in  state.) 

Instead,  inMid,  in  the  place.     (Followed  by  of,) 

Old  English  stcde,  a  place,  hence  sted-ig,  steady  or  fixed  in  its  place, 
sted-fcest,  stednes,  steadiness,  &c. 

In'step,  the  upper  curve  of  the  human  foot    (Old  Eng.  insteppe.) 

Instigate,  in\8ttgate,  to  urge,  to  induce;    in'stigat^ed  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  in'stigat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  in'stigat-or. 
Instigation,  in\8ti.gay'\8hun.  inducement. 

Latin  instigdtio,  instigdtor,  instigdre  {in  stigo,  to  prick  on ;  Greek 
stizd,  to  prick) ;   French  instigation. 

Instil'  (better  instill'),  to  infuse  by  drops ;  instilled'  (2  syl.) ; 
instill'-ing  (Rule  iv.),  instill'-er,  instil'-ment. 

Instillation,  in' Mll.lay'\8hun,  infusion  by  drops. 

Fr.  instillation,  v.  instiller;  Lat.  instillatio,  instilldre,  to  drop  in. 

Instinct,  (noun)  in'8tinctj  (adj.)  in.8tinc1f  (followed  by  with). 

In'stinct,  the  "  intellectual "  faculty  of  animals  below  man. 

Beason,  ree'-8ont  the  intellectual  faculty  of  man. 

Instinct'  [with],  replete ;   instinctive,  in.8tink'.fiv,  impul- 
sive, spontaneous;  instinc'tive-ly,  spontaneously. 

Latin  instinctvs,  instinguire,  supine  instindum,  to  provoke,  to  spur 
on  (stigo,  Greek  stizo,  to  provoke) ;  French  instinct,  instinctif. 

Institute,  in' .stttute,  a  liternry  society,  a  law,  to  found,  to  in- 
stall ;  in'stitut-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  in'stitut-ing  (Rule  xix.), 
in'stitut-or  (Rule  xxxvii.),  in'stitut-ist. 

Institution,  in'.stl.tu".shun;  institu'tion-ary,  institu'tion- 
al;  institut-ive,  in'.8ti.tu".tiv. 

Latin  instUutio,  instUHtor,  institutum,  v.  instUtto  (instdtiio,  to  ap- 
point); French  institut,  institution,  instituer. 

Instruct',  to  teach,  to  direct;  instruct'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  in- 
struct'-ing,  instruct'-ible  (not  -able). 

Instrucf -er,  one  who  gives  directions  to  another. 

Instruct'-or,  fern,  instruct'ress,  a  teacher. 

Instruction,  in.8truk'.8hun;  instructive,  iuMruk'.tXv. 

Latin  instructio,  instructor,  instrvUfre,  supine  -structum  (to  pile  \3c^» 
to  draw  up  in  rank) ;  French  instruction,  instmd\f. 


620  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Instrument,  in'Mru.ment^  a  maohiDe;  instnunent-al,  itC^tru.- 
minf'.tdl,   conducive,    [music]    by    instruments;    vocal 
[music]  by  voices,  instru'mental-ly. 
Listnunentation,  in\8tru.min.tay'\8hun ,  instrumenTtist. 

Instnunentality,  in\8tru.mSn.tdV\K.ty,  agency. 

French  instrument,  instrumental,  instrumentation,  instrumeMisU ; 
Latin  instrumentura,  instrimentdUM,  y.  instruire,  to  instruct. 

loBnbjection,  in' ^uh.jik" .shun,  unruliness,  want  of  subjection  ; 

Unsubjected,  un' ^ub.j^k'\ted,  not  subjected  (Rule  Ixxii.) 

Lat.  in,  neg.,  «t?yecWo  {svib-jlcio  U'dfciol,  stipine  -jectum,  to  lie  nnderX 

Insubordination,  in\8ub.07^.dX.nay''^hun,  resistance  of  authority ; 

Insubordinate,  in^sub.or^'.dl.nate,  not  yielding  to  authority. 

Fr.  insubordination;  Lat.  in,  neg. ,  or(Hnaiio,hody  of  rules  (v.  ordindre), 

InsufTerable,  in.suf.fer.d.h'l  (Rule  xxiii.)»  not  to  be  tolerated; 
insuf ferable-ness,  insufferably^  intolerably. 
Latin  in,  «i</Isubl/erro,  not  to  bear  up  under. 

Insufficient,  in\8uf.fl8h'\ent,  not  sufficient;  insuffici'ent-ly; 
Insufficiency,  -fl8h''.ent.sy  ;    insuffidence,  -fi8h".ence, 
Lat.  in,  not,  sujSficiens,  gen.  -en  lis,  -suJBKdentia  [au/isahlfieio,  i.  e./aefo). 
Insular,  in'^u.lar,  adj.  of  island;  Insularity,  in' .8U,ldr*'rt,ty. 
Insulate,  in\8u.late,  to  detach  ;    in'sulat-ed  (Rule  xzzyi.), 
in'sulat.ing    (Hule    xix.).    in'sulat-or    (Rule    xxzvii.); 
insulation,  in\su.lay'' .shun  (Latin  forms). 
Isolate,   i\86.latey  to    detach,     fsolat-ed    (Rule    xxxvi.), 
i'solat-ing  (R.  xix.),  Tsolat-or;   isolation,  V.8o.lay"^hiin 
(b'reuch  forms). 
Lat.  insHlaris  (inriUa,  an  island)  *  Fr.  isoUr,  isolement  Oil-formed). 
Insult,   (noun)  in'.«ii^t,   (verb)  in-sulf,  an  afifrunt,  to  afifront; 
insult-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  insult'-ing,  insult'ing-ly,  insuif -er. 

Latin  insulto  [salto],  to  leap  on  one.  Similarly  *' Result"  to  Iwp 
back,  and  hence  to  connect  effect  with  cause  :  but  *'  CJonsult"  has 
quite  another  derivation,  being  from  the  v.  coniiiilo,  sup.  cotuuUum. 

Insuperable,  in.8u\per.a.b'l,  insurmountable;   insu'perably. 

Latin  insHpiroMlis  (in-sHper,  [not  to  be  got]  over). 
Insupportable    (double    -p-).    in\siip.por'\td.Vly    insufferable; 
insuppor'tably.     Unsuppor'ted,  not  sup[)orted  (EL  Ixxii) 
Fr.  insupportable;  Lat.  in,  not,  sup[BVLb]porto,  to  bear  up  under. 
Insuppressible,  in' .sup.pres^'si.b'l,  not  to  be  suppressed ;  insnp- 
presslbly;  insuppressive,  in' .siip.pres" .siv. 
Unsuppressed,  un'. sup. prist'  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  in,  not,  sup{s,vM\primo  [prSmoX  sup.  presswoiy  to  press  In. 
Insure,  in.8hure';  Assure,  as'.shure;  Ensure,  en.sure. 

Insure.  (This  word,  in  the  sense  of  "  assure,"  ought  to  be 
abolished;  the  Latin  in-securus  means  "unsure,"  "inse- 
cure ; "  it  never  meauft  "  «»ft<i\ire,") 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  621 

Aasiire,  to  contract  for  an  indemxiity  in  case  of  fire,  &c. 
Ensure,  to  make  sure,  to  certify,  to  guarantee. 
Instired,  in^hUred*;  insur-ing  (Rule  xiz.),  in*8hilr^4ng. 
luBor-er,  in.shure'.er,    (So  with  Assure  and  Ensure.) 
Insurance  (better  Assurance),  in.8hure\ancek 
Insurable,  in.8hure\a.Vl  (better  Assurable). 

Insurer,  in.8hure\er,  one  who  makes  a  contract  to  indemnify 

himself  against  loss  (better  Assurer). 
Fnnch  <i»8urer ;  Latin  ad  securus,  to  make  secure  to  one. 
TngnrgATit,  injtut'.djent,  one  who  rises  in  arms  against  govern- 
ment; insurgency,  plu.  insurgencies,  in,8ur^,dj^n^iz. 

Insurrection,    in\8ur.rek^\8hun,    a    revolt,    an    uprising; 

insurrec'tion-ist,  insurrec'tion-al,  insurrec^tion-ary. 

French  insurgent,  insurgence,  insurrection,  in/turrectionnd ;   Latin 
inanrgens,  gen.  -gentis,  insurrectio  {in-aurgo^  supine  aurrectum). 

Xnsarmountable,  in^.8ur. mount**. a,b'l,  insuperable ;  insurmount'-  * 
ably.     (French  insurmontable  ;  Latin  in  sursum  monies. ) 

Iiunirrection,  in'jmr.rik^\8hun.    (See  Insurgent*) 

Imnisoeptible,  in*.su8.8ip".tl*b%  not  susceptible ;  insuscep'tibly, 
insusceptibility,  in\8u8.sep'.tl.biV\l.ty,  callousness. 
Latin  intuseeptua  (in,  not,  av^Bub]ctpio  [capio^  supine  attaceptum). 
Intact',  untouched,  uninjured.     {See  Intangible.) 
Intaglio,  p^u.  intaglios  (Rule  xlii.),  in.tuV.yd,  induV ,yoze. 

Intaglio  relievato,  in.tuV.yo  rH*.i.vah*'.to  (Eng.-ItaL  for 
Hlevato),  intaglio  in  relief.  **  Intaglio  "  is  a  gem  or  stone 
with  a  design  cut  in  it,  like  that  of  a  seal.  When  designs 
are  raised  above  the  general  surface  they  are  called 
Believos  (Eng.-Ital.  for  rilievo  or  rilevo) ;  intagriated. 

Intangible  (not  -able),  %n.tdn'.djf.b%  insensible  to  touch; 
intan'gible-ness,  intan'gibly,  intangibil'lty. 

Intact,  in.tact',  not  touched,  uninjured. 

French  intangible,  intangibility,  intact;    Latin  in,  not,  tangire, 
supine  -tactum,  to  touch,  inta^tu,  intact. 

Integer,  in\ti.djir,  a  whole  number.  Frac'tion,  less  than  a 
whole  number.  Integral,  in'.te.grdl,  whole,  entire ; 
in'tegral-ly ;  integrant,  in\t^.grdnt,  a  component  part. 

Integral  Calculus  (in  Math,),  in'M.grdl  kdl\ku.lu8. 

Integration,  in\tS.gray*\8hun  fin  Math.) 

Integrate,  in\ti.grate,  to  renew,  to  complete ;  in'tegrated 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  in'tegrat-ing,  in'tegrat-or  (Rule  xxxvii.) 

Integrity,  in.tig'.ri.ty,  honesty,  entirety. 

French  irUigral,  intdgrant,  integration,  v.  intigrer,  int^griii ;  1a\&&. 
imUgcft  integraXio,  integritaa,  integrdre  (intact). 


522  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Integument,   in'.tS^gu.ment,   a  covering  [like  the  Bkin]; 
integomenta^,  inMg'gu,m^n".td.ry  (a4j.) 
Latin  intig&mmtum  {in  Ugire,  to  coyer  In,  to  cover  entirelj'). 

Itxtsllect  (doable  -Z-),  in\tiLlekt  (not  tn\t^.lekt)j  talent,  the 
understanding;  intellect-nal,  in'MMW.tii.al;  intel- 
lec'toal-ly,  intellec'tnal-ist,  intellec'tual-Ism. 

Intellection,  in' Ml.Uk" .shUn  ;  intellective,  in.tSl.U1^ .t\v. 

Intelligence,  in,t^' M.jenee,  intellectual  acuteness,  news; 
intelligencer;   intelligent,  intelligent-ly. 

Intelligible,     in.tSV .li.gl.h%     clear,    lucid,     ^erspicnons ; 

intelllgible-ness,  interUgibly;    intelligiblHty,  in,^.' 

li.glMV\i.ty,  perspicuity. 

French  intellect,  intelUcUf,  intellection,  intelUd'ud  (wrong),  UMO/ir 
gence,  intelligent.  intelligibUiti,  intelligible;  Latin  iniette^ikUw, 
intellectus,  intellXgens,  gen.  -gentis,  intelUgentia,  inteUfgibUis, 
Y.  i7vtellig€ret  supine  inteUectum  {inter,  leg^re,  to  reiad). 

Intemx)erance,  in.t^m\pS.rancef  excess;  intemperate,  in,tSm'.- 
pLrate;  intem'perate-ly,  intem'perate-ness. 

French  intemp4rancej  intempirant;  Latin  intempSranOa,  inUmpi- 
rana,  gen.  -rantia  (in,  not,  tempgrdre,  to  mix,  to  abstain). 

Intend',  to  mean,  to  design  ;  intend'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  intend'-iag. 

Intend'-ant,  a  manager ;  inten'dancy,  management. 

(Tuoo  French  words,  and  both,  as  usual,  conjugatumally  wrongj 

Intense,  in.ten8e,  extreme;  intense'-ly,  intense-neflB. 

Intensity,  %n,tf>n' .sX.ty  ;  intension,  in.t^n'.8hiin. 

Intensify,  in.ten'.s%.fy,  to  render  more  intense ;  intemdfiei 

(Rule  -xi.),  in.t^n'.^.fize ;  inten'sifled,  -Jide;  Intensifier, 

in.ten'.8i.fi.er;  inten'sify-ing. 

Intensive,  inMn'jiiv;  inten'sive-ly,  inten'sivewneflB. 
Intent',  having  the  mind  bent  on  a  subject,  meaning,  drift; 

intent' -ly,  earnestly ;  intenf-ness,  close  application. 
Intention;  Intension,  in.t^n* .shun ;  Attention,  aUtenMm, 
Inten'tion,  meaning,  purpose,  determination ; 
Inten'sion,  same  as  tension,  state  of  being  strained ; 
Atten'tion,  diligence,  vigilance,  a  listening  state. 
(Obs.  **-sion  "  is  restricted  to  the  meehanuxU  VBord.) 
Intention-al,    in.ten\shun.dl,   with    design,   on    purpose; 

inten'tional-ly ;  [well]  or  [ill]  intentioned,  in.ten'jkM, 

Attentive,  at.ten\tiv,  bent  on  a  subject,  diligent;  fttten'- 

tive-ly ;  atten'tive-ness,  state  of  being  attentive. 
To  all  intents  or  To  all  intents  and  purposea,  virtnaElj. 

French  intendant,  infendance  I J  intense,  intensif,  intetuiU,  imUMiio*, 
[Hen]  or  [ma^intentionni,  intentionel I !  attmtif,  cUtend&n;  Lktin 
intendena,  gen.  iuteudeutis,  intentio  and  inUnrio,  inimUfU  and 
intends,  v.  in  teud^re,  svxv'^ix^  vaUivanum,  to  strain  on  [somatUocJ- 


I 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  625 


In'ter-  (Lat.  prep.),  between,  among :  as  inter-vene^  inter-cept. 
Ill  the  word  inter-dict  it  is  a  negative. 

Inter',  to  burj  in  the  earth;    interred,  %n.terd' ;  inten<-ing 
(Eule  iv.),  inten<-er,  inter'-ment.    (Should  be  interr.) 
Ital.  interrare;  Lat.  in  terra  (ier,  thiioe,  ferrfa],  earth). 
Intercalated  (only  one  -l-\  in.ter^.kdLd.ted,  interposed  [applied 
to  Feb.  29  in  Leap  Year];   intercalation  (not  intercalla- 
tion),  in\ter.hal.d*' .thiin,  addition  of  a  day  to  the  calendar. 
Latin  annus  intercdldris,  leap  year,  dies  interedldris,  the  extra  day 
in  leap-year ;    intercdldtio  (inter  cdldre,  to  call  [the  extra  day] 
between  [the  ordinary  ones]). 

Intercede,  in\ter.8eed'\  to  go  between,  to  interpose;  interced'-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  intercedMng  (Rule  xix.),  interced-er. 
Intercession,  in\teT.8is'\8Mn ;   interces'don-al,  interces'- 
sional-ly,  intercess'-or  (Rule  xxxvii.);    intercessor-ial, 
in'.ter.8e8.8dr''7^.dl ;    intercessory,  tV.tcr.«^«".a3.ry. 

(We  have  ten  words  from  the  Latin  **cedo  "  fto  go  J,  seven  of  which  spell 
the  word  "-cede,"  and  three  *'-ce«<i."  The  three  ["  exceed^'*  '*  proceed" 
** succeed'*]  ought  to  be  written  "-cede"  like  the  other  seven,  R.  xxvii.) 

Lat.  intercession  intercessor,  inter-eSdo  ;  Fr.  interc^der,  intercession. 

Intercellular  (double  -Z-),  in\ter.8eV\lu.lar  (in  Bot.),  lying  be- 
tween the  cellular  tissues.    (Lat.  inter,  celliila,  a  little  cell.) 

Intercept,  %n\ter.8^1fy  to  take  or  seize  while  on  the  way ; 
intercept'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  intercept'-ing;  interception, 
in\ter.8ep'*Miun;  interceptive,  -8^",tiv;  intercepf-or. 
French  interception,  v.  intercepter;  Latin  interceptio,  interceptor, 
inUr-dlplo  [cApio],  supine  -ceptum,  to  take  [on  the  way]  between 
[the  sender  and  the  proper  recipient]. 

Intercession,  in' .terMs" ^hun,  (&c.    {See  Intercede.) 
Interchain,  in\ter. chain,  to  link  together  with  a  chain. 

Fr.  inU^  chaine  (Lat.  cdtena),  y.  -chainer,  to  put  a  chain  between  [two]. 
Interchange,    (noun)  in'.ter.tchdnge,  (verb)  in.ter.tchange',  an 
exchange,  to  exchange ;  •  in'terchanged'  (3  syl.),  inter- 
chang.ing,  in\ter.tcl\ange*\ing ;  interchajig-er,  in'der.- 
tchange*' ,er ;   interchange'-able  {-ce  and  -ge  retain  the 
-e  before  -able.  Rule  xx.);  interchange'able-ness,  inter- 
change'-llbly ;  intercihangeability,  -tchdnge'dMVW.ty, 
French  inter  changer;  Low  Latin  cambidre,  to  change. 
Intercolonial  (only  one  -l-),in\ter.kS.l(y'.ntal  (not  in\ter.cSl.ld'\- 
ni.dl),  relating  to  mutual  colonial  intercourse. 
Latin  inter,  between,  colUnia,  a  colony. 
Intercommunicate    (double    -m-),  in\ter.kom.mu'\nt.kdte    (not 
in^.ter.kd.mu'\nl.kdte),  to  communicate  mutually ;  inter, 
commu'nicat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  interoomma'nicat-ing  (R. 
xix.),  intercommunication,  in\ter.k5m.mu\ni.kay'\8hii'n. 
Intercommunion,    in\ter.kom.myf\n%.on,   mutual    commu- 
nion; intercommunity,  in\ter.k5m.mu'\nX.ty. 
French  inter,  communication,  communion ;  Latin  comm'A'aUaA,  oonnv- 
mimlc.  communication  cormnuntcdre  (communis,  conauoxC). 


624  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Intercostal,  in\ter.k83^\tul,  lying  between  the  ribs. 

French  iniercostai  ;  Latin  irUercoatdliB  (inter  casta,  between  the  ribiX 
Intercourse  (K.  lix.),  in\ter.korcey  good  fellowship,  traile. 

French  inter  course;  Latin  -eursut,  a  running  from  one  to  another. 
Interdict,  (noun)  in\ter.dlkty  (verb)  in.ter,dikt\ 

In'terdict    Excommunication,  ex\kSm.mu'inX.hay'^jhSn. 

An  interdict  is  a  papfil  bull  forbidding  the  clergy  to  ]»erform 
religious  rites  to  the  person  or  state  named  in  the  docu- 
ment.   "  To  interdict "  is  to  issue  this  bull. 

An  excommunication  (the  necessary  effect  of  an  interdict), 
is  the  cutting  off  from  church  fellowship  the  person  or 
state  interdicted. 

"  To  excommunieate  "  is  to  cut  off  from  church  fellowship 
the  person  or  state  interdicted. 

An  iri^terdict  carries  excommunication,  and  excommunica- 
tion implies  the  issue  of  an  interdict. 

An  excommunication  is  capable  of  degrees,  and  the  amonut 
is  always  stnted  in  the  bulL 

Interdict^ ,  interdiot'-ed  (Bule  xxxyi.),  interdict^-ing. 

Interdiction,  in\ter.dlk*' .sMn ;  interdictive,  xn'.ter.^Uir.- 
tio ;  interdictory,  in\ter.dW\td.ry, 

Fr.  interdiction,  excommunication;  'La,t.interdicifo,interdietwik.iiiikr' 

dlc^e,  sup.  -dictum,  to  forbid  :  excommttnlcdtiOf  exeomiHuniein. 
f"  Interdict "  is  the  only  yoord  in  which  "  inter  '*  hiu  a  neg,  tnm.) 

Interest,  in',ter.€8t,  concern,  influence)  a  premium  for  a  loan,  \o 
amuse.  To  interest  [oneself],  to  use  one's  inflaenoe  adi! 
exertion  (followed  by  in  or  on  behalf  of); 

Interest-ed,  in\ter.e8,tidt  amused,  biased,  concerned; 

Interest-ing,  in'.ter.est.ivg,  £imiising,  exciting  an  interest; 

interest^ing-ly ;  interest'ed-  ness,  bias. 
IT  In  loam :  the  sum  lent  is  the  Prin'dtMd, 

the  premium  paid  for  it  is  the  Interesti 
the  amount  of  premium  is  the  Bate. 
If  £6  is  given  for  the  year's  use  of  jglOO,  then  ^100  is  th« 

principal,  £b  the  interest,  and  5  per  cent.  (5  %)  the  rate. 
Simple  Interest  is  when  the  annual  premium  is  paid  to  the 

lender,  so  that  the  interest  is  limited  to  the orig^alloan. 
Compound  Interest  is  when  the  annual  premium  is  9fit 

paid,  but  being  added  to  the  loan  increas'-s  it    Ib  ^ 

following  year  interest  ie  paid  on  the  original  loan  -|*  ^ 

interest  due  thereon. 

Thus :  If  £100  is  lent  at  £5  per  cent.,  at  the  end  of  the  first  7<tf  ^ 
loan  will  be  £100  +  £5,  on  which  interest  must  be  pidd  ftt  tbs  cw 
of  the  second  year.  At  the  end  of  the  third  year  the  aoenfflvl*^ 
loan  will  be  100  -V  5  -V  6i  (£110  5s.).  on  which  interest  will  bs  dw. 
and  so  on,  the  ' *  pTm(i\v«\"  Vtvct%aa\tig  every  year. 

Germ,  interessent,  &  pttiXM^Qt;  via^mM^Ns^A-nav^jLal  imUt  tm 


AND  OF  SPELUXG.  526 

Interfere,  in' .ter.feeY\  tointermeldle;  interfered,  in\ter,feeWd" ; 

interfer-ing,    vnf.terJeeV'ing ;     interfer^er,    in'.ter,- 

feeY'.er ;    interferenoe  (not  -anee\  in\ter,feeY\ence. 

Latin  inter  ferre,  to  cany  tones<»lf  ]  between,  or  inter  ferlre,  to  strike 
between.  Similarly,  "interpose"  is  inter  pongre,  to  put  [oneself] 
between,  and  "interrupt"  is  inter  rumpere,  to  burst  in  between. 

Interim,  in\tS.Hm^  meanwhile.    (Latin  int^im.) 

Interior,  in.tee'.fl.or,  inside,  internal.  Ej^te'rior,  ontside,  ex- 
ternal;  inte'rior.ly;   exte'rior-ly.     (Not  comp,  degrees.) 

Lat.  interior,  eaderior,  comp.  deg.  of  intra  apd  extra,  but  in  English 
used  sometimes  substantively  and  sometimes  as  positive  adj. 

Interjacent,  in\ter,jay'\8entf  lying  between. 

Interject,  in\ter.jekt'\  to  throw  in,  to  throw   between; 
interject'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  interject'-ing,  interjecf-er ; 

Inteijection,   irC,ter,jihf'^hun,  an  exclamation,  an  oath; 
inteijec'tion-al;  interjec'tional-ly. 

Interlace,  in\ter.lace'\  to  intertwine;  interlaced'  (3  syl.),  inter- 
lao-ing    (Rule    xix.),  in',ter,l€kce'\ing ;    interla'cing-ly, 
interlace^ment. 
French  entrelocer;  Latin  laqueua:  Greek  It^s,  awitha. 

Interlard,  in'.ter.lard^'y  to  intermix  [fat  with  the  lean] ;  inter- 
lard'-ed  (Kule  xxxvi.),  interlard'-ing. 
French  entrelarder;  Latin  lardum,  lard. 

Interleave,  in\ter.leev"f  to  insert  blank  leaves  between  printed 
ones  interleaved,  tn'.t«rie«i;d"  (not -Zfi/f);  interleav'-ing. 
A  hybrid,  Latin  inter^  between,  and  Anglo-Saxon  leaf,  a  leaf. 

Interline,  in'.ter.liney  to  write  between  other  lines ;  interlined^' 
(3  syl.),  interlin'-ing  (R.  xix.),  interlin'-er;  interlinear, 
in\ter.Unf\i,ar ;  interlineary,  in\ter.l%n'\Lajry  ; 

liiterlineation,  in\terMn\S,d" ^hun,  remarks  between  lines. 

French  xnterlinAaire,  interlinSation  v.  interlinier;  Latin  interlinia, 
ivJterHneariif  interllnire,  (linea,  a  line). 

JnterlocntOTf  in\ter.l8k"ku.tor,  one  of  the  speakers  in  a  dialogue; 
interlocntory,  inf.terlohf'ku.to.ry,  consistinij  of  dialogue. 
Latin  iiUerUiciJiiarius,  interAoquoT,  to  speak  between  [each  other]. 

Inteiloper,  in*.ter.lo''.per,  an  intruder;  interlope,  in'.ter.lope'\ 
to  intruder  interloped'  (3  syl.),  interlop'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

French  interlope,  which  is  compounded  of  inter  and  the  Anglo-Saxon 
verb  )Uedp\an],  to  leap  or  loop ;  past  hleop,  past  part,  hledpen. 

Xnterlnde,  in\ter.lude,  a  slight  dramatic  piece  performed  between 
the  mMn  drama  and  the  "  afierpiece."   (Lat.  interladium.} 

^tnterln'nar  (not  -er)f  pertaining  to  that  dark  period  which  comes 
between  the  disappearance  of  one  moon  and  lV\e  n\s\\A» 
appearance  of  the  new  one,    (Latin  interlunium  luua.^ 


526  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Inteimarry;  in',ter.mar''ry,  to  many  a  relatiTe ;  intermarried, 

in' .ter.mar"  1^    (Rule    xi.);    intermar'ry-ing.      (Latin 

inUr-marUare  ;   French  marier,) 

(The  doubU  "r"  im,  **marry"  is  disgrcus^ul.    In  "bury**  toe  have  a 
simila/r  "  r,"  InU  tuver  think  of  dovMing  it  to  help  out  the  eoundj 

Intermeddle,    in\ter.m^d'\d%    to    interfere ;      intermeddled, 

in\ter.medf\d'ld ;  inteimed'dling,  inteimeddler. 

Qerman  [veir')^UUln,  to  mediate,  to  interpose,  -mittlerf  tax  tateipofler, 
•mittelung,  an  interposing ;  -mUUer,  a  mediator. 

Intermediate  [space,  colour],  in'.ter.m^'.di.atef  between  two  ex- 
tremes; interme'diate-ly.    (Lat.  inter  mSditts.) 

Interminable,  in.ter^.mi.na.b'l,  boundless;  inter^minable-nesB, 
inter'minably ;  interminate,  in.t«/.mt.7iat«,  endless. 
Indeterminate,  in\de.te7^\mi.natef  uncertain. 

French  intermincible  (not  a  compound  of  [Latin]  inter  mindri,  to 
threaten  sererely,  but  of  in-termi7Uiret  not  to  terminate). 

Intermingle,  in\ter.mln" .g%  to  mix  together;     intezmingled* 

in' .ter.mln'\g'ld ;  intermin'gling,  intermin'gler. 

German  inter,  [geymengselt  a  confused  mixture,  [geymenge. 

Intermission,  in'Uer.  mlsK'Mn,  temporary  interruption ; 

Intermit,  in',  fcr.mit";  intermitf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.) ;  inter- 
mitt'-ing  (Rule  iv.),  intermitfing-ly. 

Intermitt'-ent  [fever,  tpring],  ceasing  at  intervals. 
Fr.  intenniasion,  tkc  ;  Lat.  iider  mitt^re,  to  cease  between  yrkdln. 
Intermix',  to  mix  confusedly ;  intermixed,  in'.ter.mizf,  (past 
part.)  intermixt';  intermixture,  in\ter.mix'\tchur. 
Latin  intermixtue  from  imier-misceor,  to  intermix. 
Intermural  [burials],  in' .ter.mu'\ralt  within  the  city  walls,  be- 
tween wall  and  wall.    (Lat.  intermUrdlis,  murtM,  a  wall.) 
Inter'nal,  interior,  domestic.    Exter'nal,  exterior,  foreign ;  in- 
ter'nal-ly.    Exter'nal-ly.    (Latin  intemus,  extermu.) 

International,  in\ter.na8h'\unMli  mutual  between  nationi. 
Intemational-ly,  in'.ter.n<i8h'\un.al.ly,  mutually... 
Intemationality,  in\ter.na8h\un.SV\i.ty. 
French  international;  Latin  inter  natiSnet,  between  n^tloM, 
Internuncio,  plu.  intemunoios  (Rule  xlii.),  in\ter.niin"Mote, 
a  representative  of  the  pope  in  inferior  states,  a  messeo* 
ger  between  two  courts.    (£ngUsh-Italian  tnterfwuio.) 
In'terpellation,  -p^lXay" jihun,    Inter'polatian,  .po.2<^".«Mi. 
Interpella'tion  (double  -Z-),  a  citation,  a  summons. 
Inter'polation,  a  spurious  word  or  sentence  foisted  in. 
Latin  interpeUatio  (inter  pelldre,  to  drive  or  force  betwe^). 
Xhterpolate,  in,tef/.po,lat€,  to  add  something  without  anthon^ 
to  what  haa  been  written  by  another ;  inter'polit-^  (^ 
xxxvi.),bitef  ijo\a\rVn%  (;B..xix.),  inter'polM-ar  (B.  jxx»n-) 


AND    OF  SPELLING,  627 

Interpolation,  in.Ur^ .po.lay'' ah&n^  In'terpella'tion,  q.v, 

Latin  interpdlMio,  interpdldior,  in<erpd2dr<  {inter  pHio,  to  polish  or 
furbish  between  [the  parts  supplied]) :  French  interpolation. 

iterpose,  in\ter.pdze'\  to  intervene ;  interposed,  in'.ter.pdzd'^; 

iaJteTpoa4ngtin''ter.pdze'\ing  ;  mterpoB-er,in'.t^.|>(>2f ''.(;r. 

Interpoeition,  inder^ .po.zi8K' .Un,  intervention. 

French  interpoeitiont  v.  iiUerpour;  Latin  inJberpMtiOf  inter  pOno. 

nterpret,  in.ter^.prit,  to  explain,  to  translate;   inter'prgt-ed 

(R.  xzxvL),  inter'prSt-ing,  inter'prSt-er,  inter'prSt-able. 

Interpretation,  in,te7^.pri,tay'',8hun,  explanation,  meaning. 
Interpretiye,  in.ter^.pri.tiv;  inter'pretive-ly. 

Ftanch  interpritation,  interpritif,  v.  interpreter;  Latin  interpretdtio, 
imterpritator,  interpretdbUis,  interpHftdri(int^rpre9t  an  Interpreter). 

iterregnum  (double  r),  in'.ter.r^g'\nuTn,  the  interval  between 
the  death  of  one  sovereign  and  the  succession  of  another. 
Latin  inter  regnum,  space  between  two  reigns.  (^  inter-vallum.) 
itenogate,  in.tei^ro.gate,  to  question ;  inter'rogat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 
inter'rogat-ing  (E.  xix.),  inter'rogat-or  (R.  xxxvii.) 
Interrogation, tn'.terVo.pa^''.«/mn,examination  by  questions. 
Interrogative,  in'.ter.rdg'\a,tiv ;  interrog'ative-ly. 
Interrogatory,  inkier. r8g'\a.fryf  a  question,  containing  a 

question. 
Lftt.  interrdgdtio,  interrdgativS,  interrdgdtor,  interrdgatOritis,  inter- 
rogdre  {inter,  rogo,  to  ask  questions);  £^.  interrogaiiont  vnterroyati/. 

itermpt,  in\ter.rup1f\  to  hinder,  to  stop;   intermpt'-ed  (Kiile 
xxxvi.),  interrupt'ed-ly,  iuterrupt'-ing,  interrupt'ing-ly. 
Interruption,  in'.ter.rttp".«/iMn;  interrupt'-er  (should  be -or. 
B.  xxxvii.) ;  interruptive,  in\ter.rup*\tiv;  interrup'tive-ly. 
laMninterruptio,  interruptor,  inter-rumpire :  French  interruptwn. 
itersect,  in\ter.8ikt\  to  meet  and  cross  [Hke  two  lines] ;  inter- 
■eof -ed,  intersect'-ing;  intersection,  in\terMk'\8hun. 
Latin  intersection  vtUer-aicdre,  to  cut  midway ;  French  intersection. 
ttens^rse,  in\ter^perce'\  to  scatter;   interspersed'  (3  syl.), 
intezspers'-ing  (R.  xix.)  Interspersion,  in\ter.sp^r'\shun. 
Latin  interspersvs  (inter  spargo,  to  scatter  among). 
iterstice,  in.ter^.8^^  a  chink;  plu.  intersticeB,  irt,ter' .stLsez 
(Rule  zxxiv.);  interstitial,  in\ter.8tliiWdl. 
French  interstice;  Latin  intersiitium.    {-eietOy  past  idXli.) 
itertwine,  in' .ter.twme'\  to  twist  one  thing   into  another; 
intertwined%  intertwin'-ing,  -twin'ing-ly,  -twin'-er. 
Old  FwgifaiH  inter  (Latin),  twin^an],  to  twine  or  twist. 
iterral,  the  space  between  two  events,  two  points  of  time,  two 
musical  sounds,  (be.    {Fr.  intervalle,  Lat.  intervallum.) 

itonrene,  in'.t<r.t;<en",  to  come  between;  intervened'  (3  syl.), 
interven'-ing  (R.  xix.)    Intervention,  tn'.ter,v^"  .«l\uu. 
Latin  interventio,  inter-v^nio,  to  come  between ;  FrencYi  vatenocralWa. 


528  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Interview,  in'.ter.vew^  appointment  between  two  persons  to  see 
each  other.    (Fr.  entreviLe  ;  Lat.  inters  videre,  to  see.) 

Inter-weave    (past)    inter-wove,    (past  part.)    inter-woven, 
in\ter.weev'\  in'.ter.wove*',  in\ter.wu'\v*n. 
Latin  inter,  Old  English  wSf[an\,  past  uaf,  past  part.  tm^/Vm 
Intestate,  in.tis^tatey  without  a  will  at  the  time  of  death. 

Intestacy,  in.tis\ta.8y,  the  state  of  being  intestate. 
Latin  in-testdtus,  not  witnessed  {tfstia,  a  witness),  an  "intMUte"  Is 
one  whose  will  is  not  duly  attested  ;  French  intatoL 

Intestine,  in.t^8\tln  (not  in.tisl'.tine),  domestic,  home,  internal; 
The  Intestines,  in.t^s'.tlnZy  the  entrails ;  intes'tinaL 
Lat.  inteHlna,  intestlniu  (intus,  within) ;  Fr.  imtestin,  inteatimal. 

Inthral,  in.thrawV  ;  inthralled',  inthrall'-in^.     (See  Enthral) 

Intimate,  in'M.mate,  a  familiar  firiend,  to  hint,  to  announce; 
in'timat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  in'timat-ing,  in'timate-ly. 
Intimation,  in'.tl.may" .shun^  a  hint,  an  announcement. 
Intimat-er  (sbonld  be  intimat-or,  R.  xxxvii.),  iV.tl.ina.tor. 

Latin  inti-mas,  tren.  in*i'mdtis,  intimdtio^  intimator,  <ntCmdi%  intf' 
mus  {irdra,  within) ;  French  intimation,  y.  intimer. 

Intimidate,  in.tim\l.date,  to  frighten ;  intim'idat-ed  (R.  xxxvi), 

intimldat-ing,  intimldat-or  (R.  xxxvii.);  intimidatioa, 

in.tlrn\i. day" .shun.    (Fr  intimidation;  Lat.  timldiif.) 

C^  EntimidatS  **  ^en  timtdus  "  to  make  '*  timid)  imnUd  be  bttUt.    J%' 
timidate  sfumld  properly  mean  '*not  to  frighten." J 

Into  follows  verbs  of  motion.    In  follows  verbs  of  rest. 

latolerable  (-tol  only  one  I),  in.t5V.^.r(i.b%  insufferable ;  intoTa* 

rable-ness,  intolerably.  Tolerable,  pretty  good,  bearable. 

Intolerance  (not  intollerance)^  in,t6V .e.rance^  want  of  tole* 

ration;   intol'erant  (only  one  -Z-),  prejudiced;    intol'^* 

rant-ly     Intoleration  (only  one  l\  inMV.e.ray"jihML 

Latin  intdlSrahllix,  intd^irans,  gen.  intdlSrantU^  intSUhfXKtia,  <» 
tdierdre,  not  to  tolerate :  French  irUolirahle,  intoliranoe^  iidoUrwi. 

Intonate,  in\to. natty  to  modulate  the  voice  in  speaking;  in'to> 
nat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  in'tonat-ing ,  intonation,  -nai/'MiL 

Intone,  in.tone^  to  read  with  a  monotonous  chanting  voice; 

intoned'  (2  syl.),  intou'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  inton'-er. 
Latin  inl&ndre,  to  speak  with  a  strained  or  stretched  voiee  (Mmm, 
tone) ;  Greek  t6n6s,  from  teino,  to  stretch :  French  intonoMMi. 

Intoxicate   in.tox\i.kate,  to  make  drunk;  intox'ioat-ed  (Bole 
xxxvi.),  intox'icat-ing  (Rule  xix.);   intoxicant 
Intoxicat'on,  in.tox'.i.kay" .shun,  drunkenness; 
French  intoxication  (Latin  tox/Ccum;  Greek  tOxXkdn,  rank'POlna)i 
Intra,  in\tra  (Latin  prep.),  within. 

latraotable  (not  4hU\  in.trak'.ta.b%  stubborn;   intnuy'tilil^ 

ness,  intiac'tabiy^  intractability,  stubbornness. 

Latin  introctoibllis,  in  trd^wSre,  va^^Nn^  -VroxAum,  not  to  draw. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  529 

Intza-mu'ral,  within  the  city  walls.    Extra-mu'ral,  outside... 

Latin  muraXis  {miirus,  a  wall).    The  Latin  forms  are  intro-mtlrdnia 
and  extrarmwrdnua^  within  and  without  the  city  walls. 

Intransient,  in.tran*8X'ent,  not  transient. 

Intransitive  [verb],  in.traru'.ttiVj  a  verb  with  "  subject"  but 
no  ''  object."    A  Transitive  [verb]  has  both. 

"I  fif*:  8it  has  the  "subject"  J,  but  no  "object,"  and  therefore  is 
an  Intransitive  verb.  "I  love  him":  love  has  the  "subject"  I 
and  the  *'  object"  him;  it  is,  thnrefore,  a  transitive  verb. 

Lat.  intranHtlvtu,  in  trana  itum,  not  to  go  over  [to  an  "object"]. 

Intrench.    {See  Entrench.) 

Intrepid,  in.tr^ip'Xd,  fearless ;  intrepld-ly,  fearlessly. 

Intrepidity,  in,tre.pid*.t,ty,  fearlessness. 
Latin  intri(pidu8,  irUriptdUcu  (in  tripldvs,  not  trembling). 

Intricate, in',trtkate  {notin,trik^.it),  complicated;  in'tricate-ly; 
in'tricate-ness,  state  of  being  complicated ; 

Intricacy,  plu.  intrioacies,  in'.trtka.8iz.  complication. 

Latin  intricdtus,  intricdtio  (in  Mca,  in  the  clogs  of  hair  called  trieci 
fastened  round  the  l^;s  of  fowls  to  prevent  their  loamiag). 

Intrigne,  in.treeg\  a  cabal',  a  plot,  to  plot ;  intrigued,  in.treegd'; 

intrign-ing,    in.treeg'.ing   (verbs    ending   in    any    two 

vowels,  except  -ue,  retain  both  before  -ingf  Rule  xix.); 

intriguing-ly,  in.treeg'.ing.ly  ;    intrigu-er,  irUreeg' ,er ; 

intriguant,  in.tree^-anU 

French  intrigant,  intrigue,  ini/riauewr,  v.  intriguer  (Latin  iniHcdre, 
to  entangle).    (See  Intricate.) 

Xntrinsio,  in.trin'^lkt  real,  not  merely  outside  show;   intrin'« 
gic-ly  or  intrin'sical-ly,  truly,  really,  genuinely. 
LaUn  intrinaicua  (intra  sSeua,  in  the  inside);  French  intrin8eq^e, 
In'tro-  (Latin  piepusitional  prefix),  within,  into,  in. 

In'tro-duce  (3  syl.),  to  brinj»  in,  to  begin,  to  make  acquainted ; 
introduced'  (3  syl.);  introdnc-ing,  in'.tro.duce'\ing  ; 
introducer,  in'.tro.duce" ,er ;  introdnctive,  in\tro.duk'\- 
nv ;  introduc'tive-ly,  introduc'tSry,  introduc'tSriJy. 

Introduction,  in\tro,duk'\8hun,  the  beginning,  <fec. 
Latin  introduetio,  intro-dtu>fre,  to  lead  in ;  French  introduction. 
Intromit,  in\tro.%t,  what  is  sung  while  the  priest  is  going  to 
the  aliar.    (Latin  intro-it,  [while  the  priest]  goes  in.) 

Intrude,  in,trilde\  to  come  without  right  or  welcome ;  intrud'-ed 
(R.  xxxvi.),  intrud'-ing  (R.  xix.),  intrud'ing-ly,  intrud'-er. 

Intrusion,  in,tm\zkun  (Rule  xxxiii.);  intru'sion^t ;  intm- 

aive,  in.tra\ziv ;  intru'sive-ness,  intm'sive-ly. 
Latin  in-trOdBre,  supine  trv^wn,  to  thrust  in ;  French  intrusion. 
Intuition,  in'.tu.Uh" Mn^  instinct ;  intuitive,  in.tu',l.tlv^  ix^a^sb!^ 
tive ;  intu'ltive-ly.    (Fr.  intuition^  tntuiti/ ;  LaX.  in  tueor  .^ 

2l 


630  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

InundAte,  in'MrudjaU  .(not  inMn\daU\  to  overwhelm ;  in'im- 
dat-6d  (K.  xxxvi.),  ia''uiid&t.iiig  (R.  xis:.)>  in'imdatr4ir; 

Inundation,  in'Mn.day^^hUn,  ci  flood,  an  overflow. 
Latin  inundation  inundator,  inundOre  {undOf  a  wave). 

Inure,  innure',  to  habitaate;  inured,  innured';  innr-ing  (Bule 
xix.),  innure' -ing ;  innre-ment,  in.nure^.ment. 

Should  be  Enurt.    Archaic  «re,  nse,  habit ;  French  en  heur^  hoorlj. 
Innm",  to  put  into  an  urn;  inomed'  (d  syL),  umm'-ing. 

Latin  in  wma^  [to  put]  into  an  ran. 
Inutility,  ^n^u.t^^^^.ty,  uselessnesB ;  inutile,  in\«.teeV; 

UnuBefol,  un.u8e^,fulf  not  useful; 

Unused'  (2  syl.)>  not  used ;  Dis'used,  the  use  diseontinued. 

Use-less  (2  syl.),  useless-ly,  useless-ness. 

Latin  inutilitas,  irvOUlis  {in-ntor  [tnu],  not  to  nse);  YrtnuSiimUiUiU, 
inutile,  inueiU  (ueer,.  to  nse). 

In  vacuo  (Latin),  iru  vak'ku,.o,  in  a  place  ftv)m  which  all  air  has 
been  extracted.    A  vacuum,  vdk^.u,um. 

Invade'  (2  syl.),  to  violate  another's  rights,  to  enter  a  country 
hostilely ;  invad'^d,  invad'-iig  (Rule  xix.),  inrad'-er. 

]bivasion  (R.  xxxiu.),  in.vay^.zhun ;  invanve,  in.vay'jsiv. 
Lat.  in-vddifre,  supine  vnvamm,  to  go  i^ainst,  invasion  Fr.  invatum. 
Invalid,  (noun)  in\va.leed\  (adj.)  in.vaV.id  (Rule  li.) 

In' valid',  one  not  in  health,  one  disabled ;  invalid'-^d. 
Inval'id,  worthless,  of  no  authority ;  invalid'ity. 

Invalidate,  in.mV.i.datey  to  render  worthless ;  inYal^id&t-ed 

(R.  xxxvi.),  inval'idat-ing,  R.  xix.    (AU  with  -W-.) 
Invaletudinarian,  in.vdV.e.tu.di  nair^'ri.an,  one  always  ilL 

Fr.  invalid*,  iv/9aUditi;  Lat.  inv^UtOdo  (in,  vdleo,  not  to  be  wsU)l  ' 
{*' Invalid,"  the  noun,  ought  to  be  writt&n  "invalidiL"J 

Invaluable,  in.vdV.u.d.bH,  inestimable ;   ii^val'ual^. 
Unvalued,  vn.vdV.ude,  not  appreciated  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
French  in  value;  Latin  vdlor,  value  (vdlere,  to  be  worthX 
Invariable,  in.vair'riM.b%  without  variation;  inva'xiableveBB; 
inva'rif^hly.    (Fr.  invariable;  Lat.  in  vartoMttt,  varius.) 

l3iviuaant*n.vay'jshun;  invasive,  tn.vay'jEyv.    (fif««  I&vade.)        , 

Invective,  in.t;fift'.t?t;,  a  tirade;  invective-ly.  J 

Inveigh,  in.vay'  (followed  by  against),  to  rail  at ;  InwigM 
in.vaid';  inveigh-ing,tn.t?ajf'.fnflr;  inveigh-er,  tfi.tMgf>' 

Invade,  in.vdde',  to  enter  a  country  hostilely. 

fThe  epeUing  of  **  inveigh  **  cannot  be  commended,  And  A«  iNtoVi'*' 
tUm  of  "g"  b^ore  "h"  to  lengthm  a  vowel  or  to  give  "-»-  *« 
eound  of  "a"  is  certainly  a  very^  clunuy  contrivaneef  toMy  ik» Uff^ 

Latin  inv^Ko,  supine  vwtum,  to  inveigle  [in  vihi,  to  be  oamed 
one),  invectlva,  iuveciiwA ;  Ixeuch  «n«ecK«e,  v.  imvtOimr. 


AND  OF  SPELLING  681 

iiTeigl^,  in.veel'.gU  (not  in.vay' .g'l)y  to  ftllnre;  iiiyeigled,  in.- 
ftet^.g'ld;  ^"VQif^^^in.vee'.gling;  inyeigler,  in.ve0^^^«r; 
inveigle-xnent,  in,vee' .g^Lment.  enticement  to  evil. 
ITormain  mweogler;  French  ateugU^,  tO  Uind^  to  koodwlBk. 
nTenf .    DiscoTer,  di»Mv\er. 

We  invent  {at  find  out)  a  work  of  art,  as  a  maohine ; 
We  disooY^er  (or  find  out)  a  country  or  work  of  science. 
To  invent  is  to  create  what  did  Hot  before  exist 
To  discover  is  to  make  known  what  was  before  unknown. 

Invenf-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  invenf-ing,  invenf^r  (should  h.^ 

invent^-or,  R.  xxxviL),  fern,  inventress,  in.v^n'.tress. 
Invention,  in.vin^^hun^  a  discovery  in  art. 
Inventive,  in.vH'.ilv ;  inven'tive-ness,  inven'tive-ly. 

Liventory,  in'.vin.tS.ry  (ought  to  be  inventary),  a  list  of 
movable  property ;  inventorial,  in'.v«i.tar"fl.ai. 

Invention  of  the  Gross,  the  alleged  discovery  of  the  cross 

in  the  fourth  century,  by  certain  agents  of  St.  Herena. 

(This  use  of  the  word  is  quite  abnormaL) 

French  inventaire,  invmtif,  PmentioHj  v.  invtnUr^  v.  inv&ntorier; 
Latin  inventarivm,  inventio,  inventoVf  in  venio,  supine  vetUum. 

avene,  in^verse  (a<^.),  in.verse'  (verb)  (Rule  li.);  inverse'-ly. 
Inversion,  in.ver\8hun,  a  reversion  of  the  order. 
Invert",  to  turn  upside  down ;  invert"-ed,  invert'-ing. 
Inversely  as  (not  to) :  as  **  Velocity  is  inversely  as  the  time." 
In  inverse  ratio  to  (not  in  inverse  ratio  as) :  Thus,  1,  2,  3, 

is  in  inverse  ratio  to  3,  2, 1. 
In  the  inverse  ratio  of  (not  in  the  inverse  ratio  to) :  as 

**  Time  is  in  the  inverse  ratio  of  velocity." 
Latin  inverriOt  in  verto,  rapine  versum;  French  inverse,  inversion. 
UTextebrate  (obs.  -te-),  in,ver^ .te.hrate^  an  animal  with  no  back- 
bone ;  invertebral,  in.ver'.t^.hrdlt  without  a  backbone. 
Invertebrata,  in.ver^.te.bray'^tah,      Lamark   divided    the 
animal  kingdom  into  vertebrata  and  invertebrata;  the 
former  embraces  all  animals  which  have  a  backbone  or 
bony    skeleton;    the  latter,   those  animals  which   are 
devoid  of  such  a  structure :  as  molluscs  [snails,  <fec.] 
Tjit-in  in  vertebra,  without  backbone,  vertebrdtus. 
avMf ,  to  dress;  invest'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  invesf-lAg. 
Inveef-ment;  inveetive,  in.ves'.tiv,  covering,  clothing. 
Investitnx^,  huv^'.tUehur,  the  act  or  right  of  giving  legal 

possession  [of  church  preferment]. 
Roiman  CathoUc  bishops  hcum  a  ring  and  crosier  given  as  external 
signs  of  dffiice.  An  Anglican  bishop,  a  crosier.  A  university  stvdvnA 
has  a  cap  and  goton.    A  freemason  has  an  apron,  <fcc. 
Lttlft  PitrwstiOj  to  clothe  in  roffidal  symbolsl,  «ertis,  a  ro^be. 


532  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

^ I 

Investigate,  in.v^\tl.gate^  to  examine  into ;  inves'tigat-ed  (Bnle 
xxxvi.),  inveti^tigat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  inves'tigat-or  (Rule 
xxxvii.) ;  investigable,  %n.ve8\t\.ga.Vl, 

Investigation,  in.ves'M.gay'^shun;  investigative,  tn.1;&^- 

ti.ga.tw;  investigatory,  in.vet'.tl.ga.Vry, 

X<atin  investigdble,  investlgcUio,  investigator,  inve$Ugdir6  {vet^gia,  a 
slot) ;  French  investigation. 

Inveterate,  in.v^t\i.rate,  confirmed  by  long  babit;  invet'erate-ly, 
invet'erate«ness ;   Invet'eracy,  long  babituation. 
Latin  invitMUus  (vitus,  old,  long-standiog). 

Invidious,  in.vW.i.u8  (not  in.vld\ju8),  obnoxious,  provocatiTO, 
ill-natured;  invid'ious-ness,  invidlons-ly  (Rule  IxvL) 
Latin  invldiOstu  {invldia,  /anvy). 

Invigorate,  in.vlg'.o.ratey  to  strengtben;  invig'orat-ed  (Rnle 
XX  \  vi.).  invig'orat-ing ;  invigoration,  in.vig\d.ray"ahun; 
invig'orat-er.    (Latin  vigor,  vigour,  strength.) 

Invincible,  in.vin\8i.b%  unconquerable;   invin'cibly; 

Invincibility,  in.vin\8i.biV'.%,ty ;  invin'cible-nesB. 
Fr.  invindbUiU,  imwiu^U:  Lat.  invindCbilis  (vincire^  to  ooBqiur). 

Inviolable,  in.vWo.la.Vly  not  to  be  profaned  or  polluted; 
invi'olably ;  inviolate,  inm'J6date,  unbroken,  unpolluted. 

Inviolability,  in.v%\h.la.hlV\\.ty,  state  of  being  inviolable. 
Fr.  inviolable,  invioldbiliU ;  Lat.  invidldbtlie  (violdre,  to  violate^ 

Invisible   (not  -able),  in.viz'Xb'l,   imperceptible  to  the  eye; 

invis ible-ness,  invisibly.    Invisibility,  in,vWJLWr'Xty, 

Fr.  invisible,  invibibUiti;  Lat.  inviatMliM  {video,  sup.  vUum,  to  m»). 

Invite'  (2  syl.).  to  request  the  company  of,  to  challenge,  to  solicit; 
invit'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.).  invit'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  invif ing-Jif, 
invit'-er.    Invitation,  in'.vl.tay'\shun. 

Latin  invitdtio,  ▼.  inmtdre  (in  vltdre,  to  do  the  contrary  of  dras- 
ning,  i.£.,  to  seek,  to  court) ;  FrexiCh  invitation,  y.  invUtr. 

Invocate,  in'.vo.kate,  to  aldress  in  prayer ;  in'vocat-ed  (BoJe 
xxxvi.).  in'vocat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  in'vocat-or  (R.  xxxm) 

Invocation,  in'.vo.kay'^shUn,  an  address  to  deity. 

Invoke,  in.vdke\  to  address  in  prayer;  invoked'  (9  tyU 
invok'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  invok'-er. 

("Invocate*'  vf  v^ted  in  poetry,  but  "  invoke**  in  ordinary  ^peeckj 
Latin  invdcdtio,  in-vdcdre,  to  call  on  [one]  for  help. 

Invoice,  in'. voice,  a  written  priced  list  of  goods  sent  to  • 
customer,  to  make  such  a  Jist;  in'voiced,  iavolor-liV> 
Rule  xix.    (French  envois,  things  sent.) 

Lat.  in  via,  [a  list  of  goods]  on  the  way ;   Spanish  Miviadt^  It*^ 
inviato  {Vfi.  envoy),  show  the  compound  more  dittinetly. 

Invoke,  in.vofce^;  invoQa\aou,va'.'oo.kay''.«A»n.   (iSwDivoo**^^ 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  S33 

LTOliintaTy,  in,voV.un.ta,ry,  not  done  by  the  will ;    invorun- 
tari-ly  (Kule  xix.),  inyornntari-ness. 
Latin  inffdlwUdrius  {in  v^luntiu,  i'n-vdlo,  not  to  will). 
iwdlve'  (3  Byl.)<  to  implicate,  to  surround,  to  embarrass ;  in- 
volved' (3  syl.),  inv61v'-ing  (Rule  xix.).  involve'-ment. 
Involution,  in* M.W .shiin.    Evolution,  e\v8.lu*\8hun  (in 
Math,\  "  Involution,"  the  raising  of  a  number  to  a  given 
power.    **  Evolution,"  extracting  the  given  root. 
Involution :  as  4',  i.e.,  multiply  4  thrice  by  itself  ^  64. 

Evolution :  as  •  v'64,  *  v'a,  i.e.,  extract  the  third  or  cube 

root  of  64,  and  the  6th  root  of  "  a":  (»  VOl  =*  4). 

Latin  in'Volvo,  to  roll  on  [itself];  e-volvo,  to  roll  ont,  extricate,  or 
extract ;  invdlutio,  tvdlut^ :  Fi«nch  involution,  evolution. 

Lvnlneiable,  in.viiV.n^.ra.h'l^  not  able  to  be  wounded ;  invul'- 

neiable-ness,  invul'nerably,  invulnerability. 

,       "Freaeh  invulnerable,  invulnira^iliti  :  invulnerdbilis  (vulnuaj, 

iward,  in\wardt  intir-rnal,  placed  inside;  in'ward-ly. 

iB^mrds  (adv.),  towards  the  insi'le.    (As  the  -s  [-es]  is  the 

adverbial  suffix,  it  is  wrong  to  use  inward  as  an  adv.) 
Old  English  inweard,  Inward ;  inweardlice,  inwardly. 
iweave,  (past)  inwove,  (past  part.)  inwoven,  in.weev',  in.- 
wove\  in.wo\v'n,  to  intertwine ;   inweav'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Old  £ng.  in  w4/[an],  past  tocB/ot  w^fode,  past  part.  %o^ren  or  w4/od. 
Lwrap,  in.rap\  to  envel'op ;  inwrapped,  in.rapf;  inwrapp-ing 
(Rule  iv.),  in.rdp'.ing.    Enrapt',  inspired. 

iirronght,  in.rawt%  worked  in,  adorned  with  figured  work. 

Old  English  in  v}eorc{an],  past  vwhte,  past  part,  ge-worht. 

There  are  672  vxyrdg  beginning  with  **in"  all  of  which,  except  81,  are 
directly  or  indirectly  from  the  Latin.  In  640  eoMe  the  force  of'Hn" 
ie  negative^  in  26  it  is  part  of  another  prep. :  as  "inter,"  "intro," 
dee.,  in  11  it  means  "  to  make,**  and  in  9  it  is  radicaX. 

dine,  %'.o.dine  (not  V.o.deen),  an  element. 

In  Chem.  the  termination  -ine  denotes  a  simple  substance. 
lodate,  i\o.date,  a  salt  of  iodic  acid. 
In  Chem.  -ate  denotes  a  salt  from  an  acid  ending  in  -ic. 
Iodic  [acid],  Wo.dik.    (In  Chem.  -ic  denotes  an  add  con- 
taining  the  grt^atest  possible  quantity  of  oxygen.) 

lodons  [acid],  V.o.dus.    (In  Chem.  -ous  denotes  an  acid  with 
less  oxygen  than  -ic.) 

Iodide,  i\o.dide,  a  compound  of  iodine  with  a  base. 

In  Cktm.  'ids  denotes  a  compound  with  a  base. 
lodite,  i\o.dite,  a  non-acid  compound  of  oxygen. 

Greek  iddis,  violet,  so  called  from  its  colour. 
oian,  uo'.nhdn,  relating  to  Ionia,  in  Asia  Minor. 
Icmic,  iJhi'de,    (The  -o-  is  long  in  Greek  idnifcot.> 


534  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Iota,  uo^ddhy  a  jot,  a  tittle.    (The  smallest  Greek  letter.) 
I.  0.  U.  (I  owe  you)f  a  brief  acknowledgment  of  a  debt. 
Ipecacnanba,  ip'XkShf.itMn'^.ah,  a  South  American  plant. 

Peruvian  ipe,  the  root,  eaeuanha, 
Ipomcea,  Ip^o.mee^'.ah,  a  plant  allied  to  the  oonvotvolus. 

Greek  ipa,  gen.  ipds  hdmoiOs,  like  a.  worm. 
It-  for  in-,  before  the  letter  r. 
Irascible,  Lras^stVl,  prone  to  anger ;  iraa'cible-oiess ; 

Irascibility,  i.ra«'.8l6U".Ui/ ;  irap'oibly. 

Fr.  irascible,  irasdbiUtA;  I^ut.  Iraeeer,  to  be  angry  (fra,  anger). 
Ire,  iV,  anger;  ire-ful,  lY.ful;  iiefol-ly,  lY.ful.ly. 

Old  BngUsh  yrre  or  irre,  Latin  ira,  anger. 

Iris,  i'.ri8,  the  rainbow,  the  coloured  circle  which  surronnds  the 
pupil  of  the  eye ;  ixised,  i'.rist ;  irisated,  i\rig.a.t^d. 

Iridescence  (not  irrediscence)^  ir^riMs" .Mme^  a  rainbow- 
like  exhibition  of  colours ;  i^des'cent ; 

Iridium,  l.rid\\.um,  a  metal  which  assames  divers  eoliomB  while 

under  dissolution  in  bydroohloriiG  aieid. 
Latin  Iris,  the  rainbow ;  Greek  iria. 
Irish,  i\7^h,  the  language  of  Ireland,  the  people  of  Ireland,  a 

cotton  cloth  made  in  Ireland,  pertaining  to  Ireland ; 

Irishoisni,  i'.Hsh.izm,  a  blunder  of  speech  conveying  a  con- 
tradiction of  terms.    Ireland,  iY.Umd. 

Irishman,  plu.  Irishmen,  fern.  Irishwoman,  plu.  -«^nmie9. 

Proper  names  of  a  people  ending  in  -ch,  -sh,  and  -x,  have  two  idnnl 
forms,  one  partitive  made  by  adding  -man,  and  one  ooUeotive  by 
placing  The  before  the  word :  as  The  Irish,  2, 8,  i,  &a,  IrlldUllSB. 

Celtic  Eri-in  or  lar-in  [innis],  the  western  island. 

Irk,  erk,  to  distress ;  irk-some,  erk^sum,  distressing  (-tome  de- 
notes "full  of");  irk'some-ness,  irk'some-ly. 

Old  English  earg,  wretched,  evil,  earg-sum. 
Iron,  generally  pronounced  i'on,  sometimes  Vron, 

In  irons,  Vonz,  in  chains.  Fire  irons,  poker,shoT6l,  and  tongs. 

To  iron,  Von,  to  smooth  with  a  hot  instrument  fbr  the  V^' 
pose ;  ironed,  I'ond ;  iron-ing,  Vhn.ing ;  iron-er,  ^^' 
Iron-y,  i\dn.y,  containing  iron.    Ironry,  i\r6n,ry,  eslifre. 

Old  English  iren,  iren-bend,  an  iron  band,  iren-fetor,  an  iron  fBtttfi 
iren-grceg,  iron-grey,  iren-sid,  iron-side. 

Ironry,   I'.rbn.ry    (never    Von.ry),    ironical    speeeh,    ntnusBH 
ironical,  i.rdn\i.kdl ;  iron'ioal-ly.    Ixoay,  VJlm.y  (vx) 
Latin  fr(Mieu8,  irdnia;  Greek  eirdneia  (eirdn,  a  ^iMinldci^ 
Irradiate,  \rrdd\l.ate.    Eradiate,  e,rad'X,aU, 

Irradiate,  to  adotti  ^ith  rays  of  light.    Evadiata,  to  riwot 
foKth  like  laya  o?  U^^iX.  *,  Vrca^Vai-^  i]!md'i&t4Bg. 


*i 


\ 


^.VD  OF  SPBLLTSa.  M5 

ImMlmtHW,  \r  rS^Xa^'akSm,  tbe  act  of  being  irradiAted ; 
&mdiatioB,  i.rad^A.d^aMtm,  emission  of  beams  of  light. 
Iixadianoe,  ^rrSd'.iMncf,  lastre;  imd'iABey;  imdlant. 
Lst.  irrddiaiio,  trliii]rtfcK9re.  tocMtmytoii  [ol^ectil :  Fr.  imdiaium, 

IrrmticmAl,  %r rcuh'.dn.al,  unreasonable;  irratUnial-ly,  irrotA'.- 
onMLly :  iiratianality,  ir  rash'JinMl".l,ty. 
Lat  irrdtiondlis  {in  rAHo,  withofat  reason) ;  Fr.  irrati&nd  (wrong). 

IrredaimAble,  ir^rf. claim'' MML  not  to  be  reclaimeii ;  irTedaim'- 
ably.    Un'reclaimed'  (3  syL),  not  reclaimed  (Bule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  if\\sijfl*datmdre,  not  to  claim  again  {ddmo,  to  demand). 

Irreconcilable,  Ir'r^  lcfmjii\la.h%  not  r^concilaMe ;  irreconcil'- 
able-neas,  irreconcil-ably ;  irreofmciliatioTi,  ir^re.k^.- 
^\ija" ^hun^  want  of  reconciliation. 

Unieconciled,  un'siyj^tLMlld^  not  reconciled  (Kale  Ixxii.) 

Freneb  irHcwucHiabU  :  Latin  ir{\ii\n(»neiliiHo,  r.  rt-comciHdre^  not 
to  conciliate  again  (oomcUiam,  a  meeting ;  concdlo,  to  call  together). 

Irrecoverable,  ir^re.C'lv".erM.h'L  not  to  be  recovered ;  inecov'- 
erable-neeB,  irreoov'erably. 

Unrecovered,  un'.rexuv'^^rd,  not  recovered  (Role  Ix-di.) 
Fr.  recoarrofcW  (re-eouvrir) ;  Lat  rie&pirdre,  to  recover ;  with  neg.  ir. 

Irredeemable,  ir^re.deem".a.h*lt  not  to  be  redeemed ;  irredeem« 
ably.    Unredeemed,  (3  syl.)  not  redeemed  (Rule  Uxii.) 
Latin  redlmfrt  (r^djgm^re,  to  bnj  back) :  with  irHin]  neg. 

Irreducible,  ir^ri.du''M.b%  not  to  be  reduced ;  irreda'cibly. 
Unreduced,  un're-dneed'^  not  reduced  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  rs-ducire,  to  reduce,  to  bring  back  again ;  with  ir-{in]  neg. 
Irrefrangible,  if^r6.fran'\ji.b'L    Irrefragable,  if'rif.ru.ga.h'l. 
Irrefran^gible,  not  to  be  re&acted;   irrefhtn'gibly,  ine- 
frangibillty.     Irref 'ragible,  not  to  be  gjiiusaid. 

Latin  refringire  (re-frangot  supine /rac<wm;,  to  refract  or  bend  back, 
with  irlin],  neg.    Used  ohieny  in  reference  to  rays  of  light. 

Irrefragable,  If'ref.r&.ga.b^  not  to  be  gainsaid ;  href  ragably. 

French  irrefragable;  Latin  irrefrdgdHlU,  v.  r^frdgdri,  to  gainsay. 
Irrefntsble,  ir^re.fu'.ta.b'l.  not  to  be  refuted ;  inrefa'tably. 

Latin  irr^idbUi*  {ir{in}re-futdri,  not  to  be  refutedX 
Irregular,  irreg'.u.lar,  not  regular;  irreg'ular-ly ; 

Irregularity,  plu.  irregularities,  ir  rig'.u.lar^'ri.tle. 
Latin  irregiUdris,  irrigHldritas,  iriin]rigiUdre  (rfgiUa,  rule). 
Irrelative,  Ir  riV.a.tXv.    Irrelevant,  Ir  rH\i.vant. 

Irrelative,  unconnected :   as  irrelative  chords  (in  mnsic), 

chords  which  have  no  common  sound ;  irrelative-ly. 
Unrelated,  iin'.r^.late'\ed,  not  related  (Rule  Ixxii.^ 
Latin  ir{ia}rildtlvus  (re-/erro,  supine  Idtuta,  to  wtetV 


636  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Irreleyaut  (not  irrevelant\  inapplicable,  not  to  tlie  point : 

as    irrelevant    to    the    suhjecty .  irrelevant    testimony ; 

irrerevant-ly,  irrerevancy;  irrelevance,  \rreV,e.vance. 

Latin  ir[inyre-iev&Te,  not  to  lift  off  or  relieve.    Something  th*t  does 
not  ''lift  off"  the  difficulty. 

Irreligion,  Ir^r^Mdy^un^  want  of  religion  or  contempt  of  it; 
irreligious,  ir^.re.lidf.ua;  irreUgloTUS-nesB,  irreUg'ioiis-ly. 
French  irrdligion;  Latin  irrifligidsua. 

Irremediable,   lr^re.me'\di.&.h'l,   not    curable;    irreme'diably, 
irreme'diable-nesB.    Bemedi-less,  re.m^d\l.les8. 

Unremedied,  un,r^'.%.did,  not  cured  (Rule  Ixxii.) 

Lat.  irrimgdidbilis  (ir[noi}rgnUdium,  without  remedy);   Fr.  irriwU' 
diable,  irr&mMiabUis. 

Irremovable  (not  irremoveahle,  only  -ce  and  -ge  retain  the  e 
before  -abley  Rule  xx.),  ir're.moov''.a.b'l,  not  able  to  be 
moved ;  irremov'ably ;  irremovability,  ir^re.moov'M^bUf'.- 
l.ty.    Unremoved,  un'.ri.moovd''  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  re-mdvio,  to  remove  ;  with  ir  [in]  negative. 

Irrejiarable,  Xrrep'.d.rd.Vl  (not  t/r^.jpair".ra.67),  not  to  be  re- 
paired or  recovered ;  irreparably,  irrecoverably. 

Unrepaired,  un\rS.paird'\  not  repaired  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Lat.  vr[in}r^pdraMli8  (re  pdrdre,  to  make  anew) ;  Fr.  irr^^arakU, 
Irrepealable,  ifr^.peeV\d.Vl,  not  to  be  repealed. 

Unrepealed,  un\re.peeld'\  not  repealed  (Rule  Ixxii.) 

Latin  ap|  A&\pdlare,  to  call  to  one ;  re-appellare,  to  call  back  again ; 
ir{in}re-ap[&d]peUare,  not  to  recall  or  repeat 

Irreprebensible,  Ir  rep\r^Mn'\8i.h%  not   blamable;    irrepire- 
ben'sibly.     {VAt,  irreprehenslhilis  ;  "Bt.  irreprehensibU.) 

Irrepressible,  ir^re.pre/'M.b'U  not  to  be  repressed ;  irrepree'sibly. 
Unrepressed,  un'.re.prest',  not  repressed  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  re-prirtigre  (prgmo),  sup.  preasua,  to  press  back  ;  with  ir  neg. 

Irreproachable,  ir'rL'protcli'\d.b%  not  worthy  of  censure;  ine- 
proach'able-ness,  irreproach'ably. 

Unreproached,  un.re.prdtchd,  not  censured  (Rule  IxxiL) 

French  irrSprochable,  re-procher  (proche  [Latin  proximua],  near,  n- 
procher,  not  to  admit,  to  reprove ;  ir^eprocher,  not  to  reprove)! 

Irreprovable,  lr^r^.proov'\d.b'l,  blameless ;  irreprov'ably. 
Unreproved,  un'.re.proovd",  not  censured  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  prdbdre,  to  prove :  re-prdbdre,  to  reprove ;  with  ir  neg. 
Irresistance,  ir^r^^zU^'.tdnce^  forbearance  to  resist. 

(Would  be  better  irresistence,  but^  as  usual,  we  have  been  Madnifh 
the  French,  which  gives  ** resistance  "  b%U  r6sist-i5{e  / 1) 

Irreeistible  (not  -Mt\lr^r^.zW\tl,bX  not  to  be  resisted; 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  637 

Seosf-lesB,  not  to  be  resisted;  Te6i8tleB8.neeB, resistlees-ly. 

Unresisted,  wi\ri,zU'\ted  not  resisted  (Kule  bncii.) 

Vrench  rtsitlaneet  irritigtible,  irrisiglibiliti ;   Latin  n-sisUfre^  to 
make  to  stand  back,  with  iriin],  negative. 

rresolnte,  irrez'^d'Ote,  not  decided;  irres^oLnte.nesB, 

Inesolntion,  lrriz\5.lii'jhun;  irres'olnteJy. 

Inesolnble,  \rr^z\6.lu.h%  incapable  of  being  resolved  into 
parts  or  into  a  more  elemental  state. 

lRe8olyable»  {/r^.z5Z''.va.&'Z,  not  to  be  resolved 

Unzeeolved,  un\r^Jiolvd'\  not  resolved  (Rule  IxxiL) 

Vr.  irr6»olutum,  irrtaolu:   Lat  irresdluMlis,  -risdluiio,  re-9olvire, 
rapine  -tdltUnm^  to  melt  back  Lto  its  simple  state],  with  ir.  neg. 

cxespectiYei  ir're^p^k'^.tiv  (not  eVr^.gpe^'.ttr),  independent; 

irrespec'tive-ly.    Unrespect'ed,  not  respected  (R.  Ixxii.) 

Latin  re-sptcio,  snpine  rupectum,  to  look  back  upon,  to  respect,  with 
<r[in],  negative,  not  to  respect,  to  disregard. 

cxespirable,  irris'.pi,rd.b%  not  fit  for  respiration. 

Unrespired,  un*. re  spired',  not  exhaled  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latm  re-gpirdrCt  to  exhale  breath,  with  ^in],  n^^tive. 
rresponsible  (not  -able)  i'/ri.8pon'\d.hl,  not  responsible ; 

Irresponsibility,  ir^ri.spd'nf^MV'Xty ;  irrespon'sibly. 
Unresponded-to,  un\ri.npon'\ded'too  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  rt-tpondire,  snpine  responsum,  to  respond,  with  ir[\n\  neg. 
rretrievable,  it're.tree'\va.h%  not  to  be  retrieved  or  recovered; 
iiretriey'ably;   irretrievable-ness,  ir're.tree'\vaM.nes8. 
Unretrieved,  un\r^.treevd'\  not  recovered  (Rale  Ixxii.) 
Latin  re-tribuire,  to  give  back,  with  iriin],  neg.;  French  trtmver. 
neverent,    lrr€u\e.renty   not  reverent;    irrev'erent-ly ;    ir- 
reverence, irriv\k.rencey  want  of  reverence. 

Unreverenced,  un.rei/.e.rencd,  not  reverenced  (R.  Ixxii.) 
Fr.  irrdv^reHt,  irriv&rence ;  Lat  irr^virentia,  irrilvirens,  gen.  -eatis. 
rrereisible,  ir^re.vei^'^i.b'l  (not  ir^re.ver^'^a.bH),  not  to  be  re- 
versed or  recalled ;  irrever'sable-ness,  irrever'sably. 

Unreversed,  un',rS.verit'\  not  reversed  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Lat.  re-verUre,  snp.  reversum,  to  turn  back,  to  reverse,  with  «r[in],  neg. 
Revocable,  lrrev\o.kd.b'l  (not  irr^.vdkei'M.b'l),  not  to  be  re- 
versed or  annulled;  irrev'ocably  (not  ir^ri.vok^\a,b'ly). 
Unrevoked,  un\re.vdkt\  not  revoked  ( Rule  Ixxii.) 
Latin  lr[in]  r€-v6c6bili8,  not  to  be  recalled ;  French  irr^vocahU. 
rrigate,  ir^ri.gate,  to  pour  water  over  [land] ;   ir'rigat-ed  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  ir'rigat-ing  (Kule  xix.); 

Irrigation,  I'/f^.gay" ^hun ;  ir'rigat-or  (Rule  xxxvii.> 
Lat  irrigaUo,  irrtgator(ir[ixi}riifdre,  to  throw  water  oil);  It.  vrri^tVya 


538  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Irritate,  J/rt.taf^,  to  provoke,  to  inflame ;  ir'ritai.ed  (R.  mvL), 
ir'ritat-ing  (R.  xix.),  ir'rltat-or  (R.  xxxvii.) 

Irritation,  ?r'r?.«ay".«ftMn;   iiritative,  t/r{.ta.f{v ;    ir'rita- 
tive-ly.    Irritant,  that  whicti  kritates ;  ir'ritaiu^. 

Laritable,  Yr'r¥.f^.&'Z,  passionate;  iz'riiably,  irritabitlly. 

Irritatory,  Xr'rl.ta.t'ry,  productive  of  irritation. 

Frendi  irritdbilitS,  irritable,  irritant,  iirritati€n,  v.  irrUtr;   Latin 
irritdMlia,  irrltdblHtas,  irritdtio,  irritdtor,  y.  irritar&. 

Irruption,  Ir rup^shurif  incuiBion.    Erup'tion,  a  bursting  out; 

irruptive,  ir  rup^.tlv.    Eruptive^  e.rup'.ttv. 

Lat.  irruptio,  ir[ln}rumpifre,  sup.  ruptum,  to  break  In ;  Vt.  irrttptitm. 
f There  are  thirty-nine  words  beginnwg  wUh  the  pr^ia  "-fr,"  all 

dvrecUy  or  indirectly  from  the  Latin,  and  in  ail  {except  the  fir$t 

one  and  the  la^t  three)  the  pr^  is  negaiive  ) 

Is,  u,  third  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  the  anranalous  verb  To  be. 
Gothic  i-m,  i-s,  is-t.    Old  English  eo-m,  ear-t,  is,  plu.  ar-oik 
-ise  (Latin  Mxum)  nouns,  "  act  of,"  "  habit  of":  as  exercise. 
-ise  (Latin  -ire)  verbs,  "to  give,"  "to  make  **:  as  apologue, 

(The  corresponding  Greek  ending  is  **-ize."J 
-ish  (Old  English  -ise  or  -isch)  adj.,  pertaining  to :  as  EngUisK 

Added  to  adj.  it  is  a  dimin.  as  good-ish,  had-ish. 

Added  to  nouns  it  means  "  like  "r?  as  hoy-iaK  girl-Uh, 
-ish  (Lat.  -ir«,  Fr.  -ir,  -isa)  verbs,  "to  make,"  "to  give":  fin-ith. 

Isinglass,  l\ztn.gla88  (a  corruption  of  German  hauMenhUue,  that 
is,  hausen-hlase,  the  sturgeon's  bladder). 
This  is  a  very  disgroAxfuX  word,  and  tptite  misleads  {set  Ksle  IzIt.) 
Islamism,  iz\la,mizm,  the  religious  creed  of  Mohammedans. 

Islam,  lz\l&m,  the  religion  of  Mohammed,  the  ooantries 
where  it  is  professed,  the  whole  body  of  Mohammedans. 
Arabic  islam,  obedienoa  to  the  will  of  God,  folamo,  to  afubmit. 
Island,  i'.lcmd,  land  surrounded  by  water.    Highland,  H\land. 
Island-er,  I'.ldn.dery  an  inhabitant  of  an  island. 
Highland-er,  hWUun.der,  one  who  lives  in  the  Highland!. 
Old  Eng.  ed,  water ;  ed-land,  water-land,  aa  Island ;  Lad.  intdia. 
Isle,  lie.    Aisle,  iU,    TU,  Ue,    lU,  HilL 

Isle,  iZ«,  an  island ;   iaLet,  V.let,  a  little  island. 
French  isle,  now  He ;  Lat.  vnsMa,  an  island. 
Aisle,  iZ«,  the  side  "wings"  of  a  church. 
French  cnsle,  now  aile  [of  a  ohurch] ;  Latin  ala,  a  wing, 
rU,  lUj  contraction  of  I  wUU 
m,  U,  not  well.    (Old  English  yfel) 
Hill,  hxl,  an  elevation  less  than  a  mountain^  (O.  Eng.  ^^) 
-ism  (Gk.  Bufi&x  -ism-osV  nouns,  "system,"  "doctrine"  ««iiiut«- 
tion  of" ;  aB  baptism,  d^s-pot A«nv,  Wihammed4m, 


AND  OF  8PELUNG.  639 

'so-  (Greek  prefix),  equal,  similar.    (Greek  t8o«,  equal.) 

IflCMshzonal,  usW ,r6.7Uil^  occurring  at  equal  int^vals,  like 
the  beats  of  the  pulse.    (Greek  uos  chronoSf  equal  time.) 

iBO-olinal,  V^o-kli^'.ndU  having  eqtwJ  inclines  or  dJ^ps. 
Ghnek  iaot  MfnO,  to  make  equal  slopes  or  Inelines. 
rs9-I»5d«  pht.  i'so^poda,  an  insect  ^hich  has  all  its  legs  . 

alike;   iflopoda,  i^op\6.dahf  the  order... ; 
IieK>podoiis»  ij8p\d.du8,    (Greek  isos  pSdSSf  equal  feet.) 

IsoBoeles,  usSt'M.leez  or  i,td8'8S.l€eZt  applied  to  triangles 
which  have  two  sides  equal.    (Greek  skelos^  a  leg.) 

Iso-thermal,  I'  so-rhef  .mSl,  having  the  same  temperature. 
Greek  Uoa  thermS^  equal  heat. 

lolate,  V^o.late,  to  cut  off  from  all  connections,  to  detach ; 
f  solat-ed  (H.xxxvi,),  TsQlat-iiig;  isdUktion,  i'^o.lay^'^hun. 

In'sulate,  in'sulat-ed,  in'solat-ing,  iosulat-or  (H.  zxxvii.) ; 
insulation,  in' ju,lay'\9hun  ;  in'sulax. 

"Isolate,"  &c.,  the  French  form,  iaoUr,  isolcUion.     "Insulate/*  Ac., 
the  Latin  form,  insiUa,  insiUdris,  insiUdre,  supine  hiriUcttum. 

Kraelite,  iz'.rdM.ite  (not  Kz'.rH.ite),  a  descendant  of  Israel  or 
Jacob,  a  Jew ;  Israelitish,  %z\rdM.ite*\i8K 

maOt  iss^su  (not  ishf^shv),  result,  oifspring,  exit,  an  artificial 
ulcer,  to  proceed  out  of;    issued^  ias^tude;    issu-ing, 
is8'.8U.ing  (verbs  ending  in  acy  two  vowels,  except  -ue, 
retain  both  before  -ing^  Rule  xix.);  issu-er,  us\8U.er, 
Fr.  issue,  outlet ;  <mu,  bom  (past  part,  of  issir):  Lat  eas-fr«,  to  go  out. 
0t  (Greek  suffix  -ist-h)  nouns,  "  an  agent " :  art-ist 
ster  or  -ster,  nouns,  *^one  engaged  in":  chorister.    (B.  Ixii.) 

ithmns,  isth^miis,  a  neck  of  land  joining  a  continent  or  penin- 
sula to  the  mainland ;  i3thmia]i,  isth'.mlMn. 
Latin  isthmus ;  Greek  isthmds,  a  neck  or  bridge.         * 
;,  possessive  its,  plu.  they,  theirs,  them*    Hit,  to  strike. 

(The  introduction  of  **it8"  dates  from  the  beginning  of  tiu  reign  of 

James  I.  (1603).    In  the  Bible  "his"  is  usedfmr  its  J 
Old  English  nom.  hit,  gen.  his,  dat.  him,  ace.  hi^ 

alian,  i.tdV.ydn,  adj.  of  Italy;   Italian-ise,  ttdV .ydn.ize,  to 
reduce  to  Italian  habits  or  idiom ;  Ital'ianilB-ing  (R.  xix.); 
Ital'ianised,  l.taV .ydn.izd ;  ItaFlaals-er. 
Xt^lioB,  sloping  type.    Italicise,  i.tdV.l.size,  to  print  in  slop- 
ing type;  italicised,  l.tdV Xsxzed ;  itaTicISxing  (R,xix.); 
italicism,  \,tdV .Lsizm,  an  Italian  idiom ;  ItaI'W(i4zon. 
Latin  ItaUa,  the  land  of  the  ViiaJA,  TitfulA,  or  Siouli^ 
;ch,  a  cutaneous  irritation.    Hitch,  an  obstruction. 

Itched,  itcht;   itch'-ing,  itch'-y,  itch'i-ness,   (Rule  xi.\, 
itch'ing-ly*    (Old  English  gictha^  itch  ox  teUei.^ 


640  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

-ite  (Latin    it-us),  adj.,  " quality  of,"  "pertaming  to,"   "like", 
dte  (Latin  -xt-u8\  nouns,  subject  of  an  action  r  favour-ite, 
-ite  (in  Chem.),  a  salt  fturmed  from  an  acid  ending  in  -out:  as 
sulphite  [of  silver],  sulphurous  acid  combined  with  sflver. 
-ite  (Greek  lithos,  stone),  in  Geology,  a  fossil :  ammon-ite. 
Item  (Latin),  V.tem,  furthermore,  also,  a  separate  article. 

Itinerant,  i.tln\i.rdnty  a  vacant;    itiu'erant-ly,   itin^eranoy ; 

itinerary,  plu,  itinerariefi,  i.tln\i.rd.r%Zy  a  route-book,  a 

traveller's  book  for  jottings  on  the  way. 
Latin  iter,  gen.  itiniris,  a  journey  (eo,  supine  Uum,  to  go), 
-itia,  i\tl88,  added  to  Greek  words  to  denote  injlammatian :  as 

card-itU  (kardia),  inflammation  of  the  heart. 

Itself,  plu.  themselves,  a  reciprocal  pronoun.    (O.  E.  hit  tylf.) 
-ity,  if.y  (Latin  -Uds),  abstract  nouns:  as  curiosity. 
-iiun  (in  Chem.),  a  metal :  as  poteLsS'ium,  sall-ium. 
-ium  (in  Bot,\  a  species :  as  delphin-ium  (larkspur). 
-ive  (Lat.  -iv-v^),  adj.,  *•  able  to,"  "inclined  to":  cohesive, 
-ive  (ditto),  nouns  formed  from  a^j.,  "one  who  is":  captive. 
I've,  ive,  contract,  of  I  have.  Hive,  a  place  for  bees.  (O.  E.  kyfe.) 
Ivory,  i\vo.ry,  the  tusk  of  male  elephants,  made  of  ivory; 

Ivories,  i\vo.riz,  works  of  art  in  ivory ; 

I'vory-black,  charred  ivory  or  bone  mixed  with  charcoaL 
Fr.  ivoire;  Lat.  idmr,  gen.  ibdris  (e[ez]&arru«,  from  elephant's  tooth). 
Ivy,  plu.  ivies,  i'.vU,  a  plant.    (Old  English  ijig.) 

-ize  (Gk.  hizd),  "to  make,"  "to  make  like,"  " to  give":  tantalrite. 

The  corresponding  Latin  suffix  is  "-iw." 
Jabber,  djuh'.ber,  to  gabble  unintelligibly;  jab-bered,  djab'  herd: 
jab'ber-ing,  jab  baring Jy,  jab'ber.er<    (French  jaboter.) 

Jacinth,  djas'.cinth,  a  pellucid  gem  (Rev,  xxi.  20). 

Latin  jarinthus  or  hyacinthua .-  Greek  huakinihos.    This  gem  is  so 
called  because  its  colour  is  like  that  of  the  purple  hyacinth. 

Jack,  a  machine  for  sundry  purposes. 

Jack-ass,  the  male  ass.    Jack-daw,  a  daw. 

Jack-pike,  a  young  pike.    Jack-rat,  a  male  rat. 

Jack-plane,   a  large  rough  plane.     Jack-towel,   a  long 
coarse  towel  huug  on  a  roller.    Jack-pudding,  a  clown. 

Jack  o'  lantern,  ignis  fatuus,    Jack.in.office,  official  priig* 

Jack  of  all  trades,  a  man  who  can  turn  his  hand  to  anything. 
Jackal,  jaft'.au;2,  an  animal  half  dog  and  half  fox.  (Span,  ckaeal) 
Jackanapes,  jdh\a.ndpes,  an  impertinent  vulgar  prig. 
Jacket,  jdk\Hy  a  Bhoit  coat  without  tails ;  jaok'et-ed,  put  in«<» 
jackets,  wearing  a  iackeXM    V^t^nch  jaquette.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  Ml 

Jacobin,  Jacobite,  zhak.oMn,  djdk\o.bite, 

Jacobins,  a  revolutionary  party  in  France  who  met,  daring 
the  first  revolution,  in  an  old  monastery  of  Jacobin 
monks ;  Jao'obinJsm,  JacobinlcaL 

Jacobites,  favourers  of  the  pretenders,  when  the  Stuart 
dynasty  was  set  aside.  So  called  from  Jac^obuSj  Latiu 
for  James ;  Jac'obit-ism ;  Jacobitical,  djdk\oMt'\i,kdl. 

Jacob's  ladder.  djd\cdhz  Idd'.der  (not  djd\cup8...\  the  common 
Greek  vale'rian.    Its  successive  leaflets  form  a  ladder. 

Jaconet,  zhdk\o.n&ty  a  thick  muslin.    (French  jaeonas.) 

Jaoqriard  loom,  zhd.hf.ard  loom,  for  weaving  figures  on  silks  and 
muslins.    Invented  by  M.  Jacquard,  of  Lyons. 

Jade,  djdde,  a  sorry  horse  or  woman;  jad'-ed,  wearied  out. 

French iadu,  once,  in  times  gone  by.    A  "  jade/'  " once"  a  horse. 
Jag,  ^dg,  a  rough  tatt'-red  edge,  to  notch  like  a  saw ;   jagged 
(1  syl.),  jagg'-ed-ly    (3  syl.),  jagg'-ed-ness,  jagg'-ing 
(Rule  i.),  jagg^-er,  jagg'-y,  not  smooth  at  the  edge. 
Welsh  gag,  a  hole ;  or  Grennan  zacke,  dented,  a  jag  or  spike. 
Jag^oar,  djdg\u.ar  or  djd.gwdr^,  the  American  tiger. 

Jail,  djdle,  a  prison ;   jail'-er ;   jail-bird,  a  prisoner. 

Spanish  iauto/  French  gedle;  Low  Latin  gaola,  gaalarius,  a  jailer. 
Jalap,  djdVMp  (not  dj6V.6p\  a  purgative  drug. 

Rr.  Salop  :  madfe  from  the  root  of  a  plant  common  in  Xdlapa  (Mexico). 
Jalonsy,  plu.  jalousies,  zhdVjo.zeez'.   Jealousy,  djel\5.8y.  (q.v.) 

Jalonsy,  zjdV.o.zee\  a  Venetinn  blind.  Jealousy,  suspicion... 

French  io^oitste.  both  senses ;  Italian  geloaia,  jealousy. 
The  perslenne  fpaif.ae  enn')  is  a  folding  outside  shutter  with  bars 
like  those  of  a  louver  [window].    The  JalOUSy  is  an  inside  blind. 

Jam,  a  conserve  of  fruit,  to  squeezf.    Jamb,  djdm  [of  a  door]; 
jammed,  jdmd  (Rule  i.) ;  jamm'-ing,  jamm^.er. 

Jamb,  djdm^  the  side  supports  of  a  door- way,  fireplace,  &q. 
French  jambagt  fjambe,  a  leg) ;  Greek  kamax,  a  pole  or  stake. 
Jangle,   djdn\g'ly  to    wrangle;    jan'gled  (2  syl.),  jan'gling, 
jan'gler.     (Germ,  zanken,  to  quarrel,  zanker,  zankerin,) 

Janitor  (Lat.),  djdnf.i.tor,  a  door-keeper  {janiuif  a  door). 

Janizary,  plu.  janizaries,  djdn* X.zu.riz,  Turkish  foot-guards. 

The  Turkish  infantiy  so  called  rose  in  1826  against  the 
Sultan  and  were  uttedy  exterminated  to  the  number  of 
25,000.     (Turkihh  yeni  askari,  new  troops.) 

Jansenism,   zhdn^se.nlzmy  the  dogmas  of  Jan  sen,  bishop  of 
Ypres,  regarding  grace  and  free-will ;   Jan'sen-ist. 

January,  djdn'.u.irry,  the  first  month  of  the  year. 

Latin  janudritu,  from  jdnua,  a  gate  or  porch.    OenetaW-y  (^«tV^«\ 
from  Jdnua,  a  god  with  two  faces,  one  behind  and  on^  \k<6lox«. 


542  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Japan,  djd.pdn',  to  yarnish  with  "japan  varnish";  Japanned, 
jd.pikid'  (Rule  iv.)';  japann'-ing,  japann'^r. 
Japanese,  dQdp\&n.eez'  (sing,  and  plu.),  a  native  of  Japan. 
Names  of  peoples  in  -ese  are  both  sing,  and  plu.,  as  Portngvese,  &e 
Jar,  dQwr,  an  earthen  vessel,  to  distress  the  ear,  to  ela^,  to 
wrangle ;  jarred,  jard ;  jarr'.ing,  jMr'ing-ly  (Bule  i.) 

Ajar,  not  shut  close  [said  of  a  door]  because  in  cuoih  a  state 

it  is  liable  to  rattle  by  striking  the  jamb. 
Spanish  iorra,  a  jng ;  (Mnieur,  to  sing  out  o<  time  and  tome. 
Jardiniere,  zhar.dSn'.i.air,  an  ornamental  flower-stand. 

French  jordtn,  a  garden ;  jardiniir6f  ailower-stand. 
Jargon,  djar'.gdn,  unintelligible  talk.    (Fr.  jargon,  gibberish.) 
Jargonelle  [pear],  djar^.go.neV.    (Called  after  Mad.  Jargonelle.) 
Jasmine,  djas'.mm^  a  flower.    (Fr.^'oxmift,  Lat.^inlnuiik) 
Jasper,  ^Ss^per^  a  variety  of  quartz.    (Fr;  jaspA,  Lat.  iatpis.) 
Jaundice,  djam'.dM,  a  disease ;  jaundiced,  jam^^U 
¥ieiich  jaunisse  (jaune,  yellow).    The  d  is  interpolated. 
Jaunt,  djaunt  (to  rhyme  with  aunt),  a  pleasure  trip. 

Archaic /atwice;  Archaic  French  iancer. 
Jaunty,  djam'.ty,  coquettish  in  dress ;  jann'ti-lieaB  (Role  xl), 

jaun'ti-ly.    (French  gentil,  gentilesse,) 
Javelin,  djdvWin,  a  light  spear.    (Ft.javeline,  Lat.  jSciUum.) 
Jaw,  djaw,  the  bone  in  which  the  teeth  are  elet,  to  snag ;  jawed 

(i  syl.),  jaw'-ing.     (Old  English  geagl  or  geaMas,  pin.) 
Jay,  djayy  a  bird.    (French  g^aif  in  Latin  grSciilus.) 
Jealousy,  djSV.us.y,  suspicion  of  fidelity  in  love.    Jalousy,  q.v. 
Jealous,  djeV.us;  jeal^ous-ness,  jearovsJy. 
YxenQh-jaUmsie^jaXoyM;  Spanish  eeloao;  Latin  a^tis,  seal,  envy. 
Jean,  djdne  (not  c^een\  a  twiUed  cotton  cloth.    Jane,  a  name. 

French  j«an,  so  called  from  Gdnes,  i.e.  Genoa,  in  Italy. 
Jeer,  c{jeer,  a  scoff",  to  scoff";  jeered  (1  syl.),  jeer'-ing,  jeer'- 

ing-ly,  jeer'-er.    (German  scheren,  to  teaze,  to  jeer.) 
Jehoyahi,  jS.hd\vah,  not  connected  with  the  word  Jove. 

*' Jehovah"  is  made  from  the  three  letters  yhv  (y[e]h[(^[ah]X  *Bd 
comes  from  the  Heb.  verb  to  be :  hence  the  synonym  "  I  am.** 

*' Jove"  is  a  contraction  of  Jup[tter],  that  te  DtapUer  [pofer],  Qnek 
IHs  or  Zeua  pdtir,  "  father  Dis,"  whence  Latia  di«s,  day  or  lic^i 
From  thed  (to  put  in  order),  or,  according  to  Plato^  At6  (to 
ran),  ftom  the  course  of  the  heavenly  bodies.  OiHiert  dftrive  ih» 
word  from  the«torMbi,  to  see  [ali  things].  (CompMrd  Btetidotiis 
KdcTfUfi  GENTEZ  rd  vdjna  and  Xenophon  *HirM  «2  QBOI 
AI-BGESAN.)  ' 

Jejune,  dje.djune't  empty-headed,  childish,  deficient  in  bniii- 
muscularity ;  jejune'-ness,  jejune^-Iy. 
Latin  j^fOmu,  tuA^,\wM,>QWRKa. 


AND  OF  SPELLma,  543 

Jelly,  plu.  jellieg,  dj^Wlz,  a  conserve  from  fruit,  calves'  feet,  &c. 
Jellied,  djSVMd,  made  into  a  jelly.    Gelid,  d^eVM^  cold. 
**  JeUj,"  SpanishjoZMK  jeUy.    "  GkUd,**  Latin  9^JXd%u,  cold. 
Jennet,  (^'en^n^t,  a  smaU.  Spanish  horse.    (French  genette,) 

Jenneting,  djin\niMng,  an  apple.    (French  jeanmton.) 

Not  a  oomipticm  of  June-9eimi>,  although  it  means  the  okldsiimmer 
apple.  Xa  Saint  Jean  means  midsummer.  Jeannette  is  a  dim., 
aaxdJeanneUm  means  the  little  midsummer  [apple]. 

'  Jenny,  dj^'.ny,  a  spinning  machine.     (Corrupt  for  'g^n'y.) 

Not  80  named  by  Arkwright  from  his  wife,  for  his  wife's  name  was 
Betsy,  but  from  engine  with  dim.  'gln-ie,  pronounoed  'gSn-y. 

Jeopardise,  dj^p'.ar.dize,  to  endanger;    jeop'ardiaed  (3   syl.), 
jeop'ardis.ing  (Kule  xix.) ;  jeopardis-er,  djSp' .ar.dize.er. 

Jeopard-ed,  djep'Mr.dM  (R,  xxxvi.),  exposed  to  loss  or  injury. 

Jeopardy,  df^p\ar.dy,  exposure  to  loss,  injury,  or  danger. 
French  ieu  parti  fjd-cus  pattitus),  an  even  game  (Tyrwhitt). 

Jeremiad,  dj^r^.tntade,  a  doleful  long-winded  story. 

So  called  from  the  **  Book  of  Lamentations  "  by  Jeremiah. 
Jerk,  djerkj  a  twitch,  meat  dried  in  the  sun,  to  twitch,  to  jolt; 
jeiked,  djerkt;  jerk'.ing,  jerk'ing-ly;  jerk'-y. 

"Welsh  tere,  a  jerk  or  jolt ;  v.  tercu.  '*  Jerk  "  (dried  meat).  Per.  charqui. 
Jerkin,  dj^rk\in,  a  short  coat    (French  jaque  with  kin  dim.) 

Jer'sey,  yZt*.  jer'seys  {not  jet'aies),  a  woollen  under- waistcoat. 

So  called  from  a  fine  woollen  yam  spun  in  Jersey. 

Jemsalem-artichoke,  dje.ru\8d.lem  ar^.tttchoke,  a  plant  from 

Brazil,  with  edible  roots,  akin  to  potatoes. 

"Jerusalem,"  a  corruption  of  the  Italian  gira^li,  the  sunflower, 
whioh  the  plant  resembles  in  leal  and  stem. 

JesBamine  (corruption  of  jasmine),  a  plant. 

French  joflnin;  lAiin  jasmlnum  ;  Greek  ia«m«. 
JesB,  pbi.  jesses,  the  leather  strap  tied  to  a  hawk's  leg  and 

fastened  to  the  fist  of  the  tosser.    {Fi.jeter,  to  toss  off.) 
Jmkf  a  joke,  to  joke;  jest'-ed  (R.  xxxvi),  jesf-ing,  jest'ing-ly. 
Jesf-er,  a  joker,  a  licensed  fool.  Q'BStwre,djSs\tchi[r,  attitude. 
Spanish  chiste,  a  witticism,  fan.    "Gesture,**  Latin  gestus. 
JeBiiit,  djiz^uXt,  a  member  of  the  "  order  of  Jesus,"  founded  by 
Ignatius  Loyola,  in  1534,  a  crafty  propagandist ; 

Jesuitical,    djH'.u.U'\l,kdl;    jes'uitlcal Jy ;    jesuit-ism, 
dj&s'.u.U.Um;  jesuit-ry,  dj^z\u.l,try  (not  djez\uX8.try.) 

Jet,  dj^U  a  small  shoot  of  water,  a  gas  nipple,  agnate. 

Jet  d*eau,  phi,  jet  d'eauz,  zhd.dd\  zhd»doze\  a  fountain. 
Jet^Min,  goods  oast  overboard  to  lighten  a  ship; 

HSfsam,  goods  found  floating  about  ttie  sea; 


544  ERRORS  OF  SPEECB 

La'gan,  goods  thrown  into  the  sea  but  tied  to  a  buoy. 

Fr.  jti,  T.  jBier,  to  throw  [out].    "Flotsam,"  Old  Eng.  fi6t\!am\  to 

float.    "  Lagan,"  Old  Eng.  licgan  or  Hggan^  to  lie  on  [the  sea]. 
"Jet"  (the  mineral),  Lat.  gagdtes,  so  called  from  Oagdte$,  in  Sicily. 

Jetty,  plu.  jetties,  djet\tiz,  a  pier,  a  landing-place.    (Fr.  jeiSe.) 

Jew,  fem.  Jewess;    Jew'-ish,  Jew-like  (-i$h  added  to  nouns 

means  like,  Bule  Ixvii) ;  Jdw'ish.neBS,  Jew^ish-ly. 

Jew'ry,  Judea.   Ju'ry,  a  panel  of  twelve  men  for  law  trials. 
Jew  s  harp  (corruption  o{jeu  harpe  (Fr.),  a  toy-harp). 
Jew^s  eye,  10,0(X)  marks.    (Italian  guna^  a  jeweL) 
French  Judah,  the  father  of  the  Jewish  race,  fourth  son  of  Jaeobk- 
Jew'el,   a   gem.    jewelled,  djew'.ild,   adorned    with  jewels; 
jew'ell-ing  (Rule  iii.,  -el),  jew'ell-er;  jew^el-17. 
Qenaaia  juioel,  fmoelier ;  Itnlitm  giaUUo,  gifHelliere. 
Jib,  djfb.  to  start  aside.     Gibe,  djibe,  to  scofEl    Jibbed,  4ifOfd; 
jibb'-ing  (K.  i.),  (noun)  a  ship's  sail,  the  beam  of  aerane; 
jib-boom.     (See  Gibe.) 

Jiffy,  djif'.fy,  a  hurry.    "  To  send  one  off  in  a  jiffy." 
Welsh  yagip,  a  quick  snatch ;  t.  ysgipio,  to  snatch  off. 

Jig,  djig,  a  dance,  to  dance  a  jig.    Gig,  a  two-wheeled  open 
carriage;  jigged,  djigd;  jlgg'-ing.     (Fr.  ^u«,  a  jig.) 
"  Gig/'  Fr.  giguer,  to  frisk  about.    So  cabriolet,  ttom  eaftri,  a  Ud. 
Jilt,  djilt.    Guilt,  gilt,  crime.    Gilt,  covered  with  gold  leaf 
Jilt,  a  woman  who  wins  a  man's  love  and  then  discards  H, 
to  win  and  discard  a  man's  love ;  jilt'-edt  JUf -ing. 
Jim'my,  a  small  crow-bar  for  forcing  doors. 
Jimmers,  djim'.merZt  jointed  hinges. 

Jingle,  djingH,  a  rattling  sound,  to  rattle  pseys,  &cJ];  Jin^^ed, 
djin.g'ld;  jin'gling,  jin'gling-ly. 

J5b,  a  piece  of  chance  work.    Job,  a  Bible  character. 

J5b,  to  do  a  job,  to  hack,  to  sell  to  a  broker ;  jobbed,  JSbd; 
j3bb'-ing  (Rule  i.),  j5bb'-er;  jobb-ery,  dljSb\bi,ry, 
Jockey,  plu.  jockeys  (not  jockies),  c^5k\y,  cfjdk'.U,  one  who  rides 
a  horse  in  a  race,  one  who  deals  in  horses,  to  cheats  to 
bilk ;  jockeyed,  djokf.id ;  jock'eyung,  jook'ey-igm. 
Scotch  JockiCf  English  Jachy,  a  little  Jack. 
Jocose,  djo.kdce'f  given  to  jokes;  jocooeMy,  joooee'-nen. 

Jocular,    djok\u.lar,   full    of   little   jokes;     joo'illtl^ff 

jocularity,  djoWM.lar''H.ty,  sportfulness. 
Latin  jdcdnu  (jdcus,  a  joke),  JMUdrU  (JdcOlua,  a  UtUa  Jok4 
Jocund,  djdk'.und,  lively ;  joc'und-ly ;  j5oim'dity. 
Latin  jCeunduB  (for  jucundus^  pleasant),  jHcundUa$. 
J5g,  a  shake,  a  iolt,  to  jolt ;  jogged,  dj6gd;  jfigg'-ing  (Bole  i); 
J^gg'-ei.    ^^e\&Vi  gogvtA  %Wkd,  gogU,  a  jolt) 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  545 

Join  (1  syL),  to  unite;  joined  (1  syl.),  join'-ing,  join'-er; 
join'ery,  the  art  or  trade  of  a  joiner. 

Joint  (1  syl.))  a  hinge,  a  piece  of  meat,  as  a  joint  of  mutton, 
shared  by  two  or  more,  to  separate  into  **  joints,**  to  form 
with  joints,  to  fit;  joinf^  (Rule  xxxvi.),  joint'-ing, 
joinf-ly,  joint-stock-company,  plu,  ...oompaniesy  -niz. 

Joinf-er,  a  plane.    Jointure,  c^oin'.teJmr,  a  settlement  on 

a  wife  at  the  death  of  her  husband ;  jointured,  joint. - 

tchurd;  jointur-ing  (Rule  zix,),joinf.tchiir.ing. 

French  jokU  or  Joimtwrt,  »  joint ,  y.  joindre;  Latin  jungirt^  to  join. 

Joist  (1  syL),  djoyst  (not  djute),  the  beams  to  which  the  boards 

of  a  floor  or  laths  ^f  a  ceiling  are  nailed.    Bafter  (g.v.) 

A  similar  meaning  to  "  sleeper  "  of  a  railroad.    French  guUr  (gUer), 
to  sleep,  to  lodge  ;  gitte  fgitej,  a  "  sleeper,"  a  resting-place. 

Joke  (1  syl.))  a  jest,  a  merry  trick,  to  make  a  joke ;  joked  (1  syl.), 

jdk'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  jok'ing-ly,  jok'-er;  in  joke,  in  fun. 

A  practical  joke,  a  trick  played  on  a  person.    (Latin  jdcus.) 

JdUy,  buxom,  merry;  j5ni-ly  (Rule  xi.),  jdl^-nesB,  j51'li-ty; 
jollification.  jdVM,fi.kay'\8hun,  a  feast. 

Jolly-boat,  a  small  boat  belonging  to  a  ship,  a  yawl. 

French  jolit  pretty.    Jolly  [boat],  another  form  of  "yawl " ;  French 
joie,  a  large  bowl ;  German  and  Danish  jolU ;  Swedish  jvdle. 

Jolt,  a  jog,  to  jog;  j6lf-ed,  jolf-ing,  j6lt'ing-ly,  jolf-er. 

Jonqiiil,  djSn\kwUf  a  flower  of  the  narcissus  species. 

Vremch  jonquUle;  Italian  giunehigUa  (Latin  ^nciM,  junk). 

Jostle,    dj68%   to    push    against    rudely;    jostled,    djos'Td ; 

jostling,  djo8\ling ;  jostler,  dj58\ler. 
Flrench  Jouster,  now  jouter^  to  tilt;  Italian  giostrare. 
Jot,  a  very  small  quantity,  to  note  down ;  j5tf -ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 

jdtf-ing  (Rule  i.),  jott'-er.   (Gk.  idta,  the  smallest  letter.) 

Journal,  djO/i^.naU  a  daily  newspaper,  a  daybook ;  jonmal-ise, 
djai^ jn&l.\ze,  to  enter  in  a  journal ;  jour'nalilsed  (3  syl. ), 
joor'naliB-ing  (Rule  xix.),  jour'nallis-er,  jour'nal-ism ; 
jonr'nal-ist,  a  newspaper  writer ;  jour^nalisf'-ic. 

Jonmey,  plu,  journeys  (not  joumies.  Rule  xlv.),  djUf.ny, 
djUr.nU,  land-passage.    Voy'age,  sea-passage. 

Journey,  dj&r^.ny^  to  travel  by  land ;  jonmeyed,  djur^.n^; 
jonr'ney-ing;  jour'ney^r,  one  who  travels  by  land. 

Jonmeyman,  plu.  joomeymen,  (fern.)  -woman,  -women, 

c^ttK.ny-m^n,  -m^n,  djur.ny'WS.mant  -wim'.en^  a  mechanic 
employed  from  day  to  day  and  paid  wages. 

An  "  apprentice'*  is  not  hired,  but  juiys  a  premium  to  be  tau^it  ^ 
trade.    An  (urticUd  clerk  or  assistant  is  an  apprenUce  Vu  »•  v^^^^ 
sion  (law,  medicine,  school).  ^^ 

French  jofwmal,  jaumdlxsU,  jowmit  (jow^  a  day,  Iiat\xi  dAe«>.  -        S 

2  m 


646  ERRORS  OF  SPEECB 

JoQst  (1  syL),  a  tournament.    Just,  equitable,  right. 

Joust  {verb),  joust'-ed  (Kule  xxxvi.),  jousf  ang,  joosf-er. 
'  *  JoQst "  Fr.  jorute,  no^joxUe,  y.  jotiter,  *'  Just "  Fr.  juste,  Lai  Juihu, 
Jovial,  djd.vlAl,  cnnvivial,  gay,  jolly ;  j6'vial-ly,  jd'yial-ness ; 
joviality,  plu.  jovialities,  djo\vi.dV'.i.tiz,  conidyiality. 

Bom  under  the  planet  Jove  [Jupiter],  the  most  genial  and  auq^ous 
of  all  the  planets  according  to  astrologf. 

Jowl,  jole,  the  cheek.    Cheek  by  jowl,  tSte  d  tSte,    (O.  £.  eeoU.) 

Joy  (1  syL),  plu.  joys,  joiz,  pleasure ;  joy'-ful,  joy^ful-ly,  joy'- 
ful-ness,  joy'-less,  joy'less-ly,  joyless-ness. 

Joyous,  j5y'-?w ;  joy'ous-ly  joy'ous-neas.    (French  joi«.) 

Jubilant,  dju'M.lant,  ezultin? ;  julbilant-ly ;  jubilation, 
djvf M.lay'' .shun,  exultation. 

Jubilee,  dju*.hi.le,  a  ^^rand  periodical  festival. 

Jubilate  [Sunday],  dju\hi.lay" .te,  the  third  after  Easter. 

(The  service  for  this  Sunday  anciently  began  vnth  Psalm  laevi,  "  JuU- 

late  Deo,  omnes  tei  rse  "  (Sing  joufuUy  to  the  Lord,  all  ye  landaj. 
French  jvMlation,  jubiU  ;  Latin  jubUatio,  jubUans,  gen.  jUbUamiis. 

Judaism,  jn.da.xzm,  the  religion  and  social  system  of  the  Jews; 
judaise,  ju'.da.ize,  to  conform  to  Judaism ;  judi^S-ing 
(Kulti  xix.),  judaised)  ju'  da,izd ;  judals-er.  Judaic, 
ju.day'.ik;  indAioal,  jii.day\i  k&l ;  judalcalJy. 

JudesJi,  judee' .art,  a  native  of  Jude'a;  juda'ist. 

Judah,  fourth  son  of  Jacob,  father  of  the  trib6  of  Jodah,  and 
founder  of  the  Judffii  or  Jews. 

Judge  (I  syl.),  judged  (1  syl.),  jiidg'-ing  (R.  xix),  jndge'-ahip. 

Judg'-ment  (words  in  -dg  and  'Ue  drop  -e  before  -meiU :  as 
acknowledg-ment,  abridg  ment,  lodg-ment,  and  argu-ment, 
Bule  xviii.);  judg'ment-day,  judg'ment-seat ; 
Judge-ad'vocate,  plu.  judge-ad'vocates  (not  judge*,,,). 
Judicature,  ju'.duka.tchur ;  judicative,  ja'.(2Lika.t{v. 
Judicatory,  ju\di.kd.Vry ;  judicable,  ju'.dX,ka.h*U 
Judicial,  ju.di8h'.dl ;  judioial-ly,  ju.dish'.ul.ly. 
Judicious,  ju.dish'.iis ;  judic  ious-ly,  judiclous-neeik 
Judiciary,  ju.dUh'.td.ry,  pertaining  to  courts  of  justice. 

French  juge,  judicature,  judiciaire,  jydicietuc,  jugement,  y.  jugtr; 
Latin  judex,  jwUcuMlis,  jOdicidlis,  jud^cidrius,  jwUoSn. 

J&g,  a  pitcher,  to  warble  [like  a  nightingale],  to  stew  [hare]. 

Junius  speaks  oijugge  (an  urn,  a  pitcher),  and  calls  it  a  Danish  word. 
Juggernaut,  djiig'ger.nawt  (better  Jag'annaut),  a  Hindu  idoL 

Hindustani  joyannatTia,  lord  of  the  world. 
Juggle,  djuy'.g%  to  coiyure;  juggled,  jtf/.pZ'd ;  jngg'ling. 
Juggler,  djug'  .glcr ;  yi^a\«^,  diug'gle.ry,    Jn^golar  {q.v.) 

Span,  jugkur,  jugUno,  XkxAooi&sci  -.^.  ^VAfi^mit^  %iew,  Lat  jdetUUtr, 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  647 

Jugular,  Jocnlar,  Juggler,  dju\gu.lart  cy5k'ku,lar,  djug'.gler. 
Ju'gnlar  [vein]  (not  djug,u,lar),  the  large  vein  of  the  neck< 
JScTular,  given  to  jokes  and  fun.  {Ijat.j5cularis,jScuSt  a  joke.) 
Jug'gler,  a  conjurer.    (Spanish  jugtar^  Latin  jSculator.) 
"Jugular"  Lat.  jUgiilum^  the  throat.    In  Lat  the  first  syl.  is  short 

Juioe,  djuce,  the  liquor  of  fruit;  juicy,  (comp.)  jnci-er, 
(sttper)  jvLci-eA^jUce.y.  juce'.ter,  juce'.ueH ;  juiciaiess, 
juceS'.i.ness  CRuie  ^.);  juice'-lesa,  without  juice. 

Sie  final  -e  is  dropped  before  -y:  as"  stone,**  stoit-y,  Bule  xtz.) 
tin  juSf  juice,  gravy  (Greek  zi6,  to  boil,  whence  zdrnds,  broth). 

Jujube  (Fr.),  zhu*jshube,  a  sweetmeat     (Latin  ziziphium,) 

Julep,  djU'.Up  {not  julup\  a  liquid  mixture  serving  as  a  vehicle 
to  medicines.    (French  julep,  Persian  djuleb,) 

Julian  [sera,  year],  djuWi  an.    So  named  from  Julius  Caesar. 

Julian  nra,  began  forty-six  years  before  the  Christian  eera. 

Julian  year,  365^  days.    Corrected  by  Gregory  XIII.,  1582. 
July,  djU.ly\  so  named  from  Julius  Caesar,  who  was  born  in  July. 

Jumble,  dJHm\b%  a  confused  mixture,  to  mix  helter-skelter; 
jumbled,  djUm'.bld ;  jum'bling,  jumlblingJy,  jum'bler. 
Archaic  jombre,  used  by  Chaucer. 
Jlimp,  a  leap,  to  leap ;  jumped,  jiimpt ;  jUmpMng,  jiimp'-er. 

Junction,  djunk^shun,  the  point  of  union,  union ;  juncture, 
djunk\tchur,  a  critical  period,  a  seam,  a  joint. 

Latin  junctlOf  junctUra;  French  jonetion,  conjoncture. 
June,  djune,  the  ^ixth  month,  deJicated  to  Juno. 
Jungle,  djUn^.g'l,  land  in  India  covered  with  thick  brushwood. 
Junior,  dju\n\.or,  the  younger.    Senior,  se'.nl.or,  the  elder. 

Latin  jiiw^nis,  young,  (comp. )  iftnlor.    Sinex,  old,  (comp.)  sSntor. 
Juniper,  dju.ni.per,  an  evergreen  shrub.     (Latin  junipSrus.) 

Junius  ferre,  to  bear  [berries]  in  June.    Its  season  of  fruit. 
Junto,  plu.  juntos  (Rule  xlii.).  djun.toze,  a  cabal. 

A  blunder  tor  junta  ("Spanish),  a  secret  council 
Juzisdiction,   cljti.rUMk*' shiin,  the  district  over  which    any 
authority  extends.     (Latin  juris-dictio.} 

Jurisprudence,  dju.ris.pru'\denre,  skill  and  knowledge  of  law. 

JaMnjuris-priJLdentia  {prudens,  Le.,  pravCdentf.  foreseeing). 
Jury,  |>li*.  juries,  dju\riz,  a  panel  of  twelve  men.   Jewry,  Jude'a. 
Ju'ry-man,  plu.  ju'Ty-m§n,  one  who  serves  on  a  jury. 

Grand-jiiry,  a  panel  of  not  more  than  twenty-three  men 
who  decide  if  a  cause  shall  be  sent  before  a  judge. 

Petty-jury,  a  panel  of  not  more  th»\n  tvteXv©  tcvqtl  "v\io 
decide  if  a  per^oa  accused  is  guilty  ox  iio\.  o^  \»\ie  c;\iBS\&e. 


48  ERRORS  OF  SPEECff 

Juror,  one  sworn  on  a  jury.  Non-juxo!r8,  certain  clergymen 
who  reftised,  after  the  Revolution,  to  swear  allegiance  to 
the  new  govcFument  The  non-jurors  were  Archbishop 
Sancroff,  eight  other  bishops,  and  four  hundred  clergymen. 

Jiiry-mast,  a  temporary  mast.    (Corruption  of  jowry  mast, 

a  mast  for  a  day  (jour),  used  for  the  nonce). 
Fr.  /ury,  petty-jwry,  grand-jwry  (Lat.  jurOf  to  swear,  the  m«n  awom). 
Just,  right,  equitable.    Joust,  a  tournament ;  jusf-ly,  just'-nen. 
Justice,  djus\tl88.    Justice  of  the  peace,  plu,  juBtioea... 

For  justice  sake  (not  for  jtutice*  sake  nor  for  jtutiee'i 
sake).  Similarly  for  conscience  sake,  for  rightsoumeu 
sake,  for  mercy  sake.  Only  names  of  animala  and  words 
personified  have  a  possessive  case. 

Justiciary,  plu.  justiciaries,  djiis.1^h\tS,riz. 

Just  now,  a  little  time  a^o.   So  presently,  a  short  time  hence. 

fin  French  *' presentement "  means  now  at  this  presefU  time,) 
Jj&tinjiutidrius,  JuatUiOy  Justus  {jus,  legal  right)  *  Freiudi  JusUes. 

Justify,  djiW.tLfy,  to  acquit ;  justifies,  djut\ti,f%ze  ;  justified, 
djiis' M.flde ;  jus'tifi-er,  justifr-able,  juntif fahln  now, 
justifrably  (Rule  xL),  jus'tify-ing  (Rule  xi) 

Justification,  djus\ti,fi.kay'\shiin,  exoneration. 

French  jusUfier,  justifiable,  justification;   Latin  Justf^ftoOiiOt  /im^- 
fiedre  (Justus-ficio  [facia],  to  make  just). 

Jut,  to  project  forward.  Jute  (1  syl.),  fibre  used  for  cordage. 
Jutf -ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  jutt'-ing,  jutt'ing-ly.     (Fr.  jeter.) 

Jute  (1  syl.),  an  Indian  plant  used  for  cordage  and  coarse  cloths. 

Juvenile,  djuM.nile,  youthful  Ju'venal,  a  Roman  poet 
juvenility,  dju\vS.nU'\i,ty,  youthfulness. 

Latin  jii/vinUis,  jUvSnUitas  [jUvinis,  a  young  man). 
Juxta -position,  djux\ta-po.zish\on,  contiguity. 

Latin  juxta  positio,  a  position  close  to  each  other. 

Kail,  greens,  cabbage.    Eale,  colewort.  {0,'E.  cawl;  lAt  eamUs.) 

Kaleidoscope  (not  -de),  ka.li.do.8k6pe,  an  optical  toy. 

(With  few  exceptions  Tthe  chief  being  telesoope],  the  vowel  befon 

-scope  is  always  -o-,  Bule  Ixxiii.) 
Greek  kalos  eidos  tkOpid,  I  view  beantifol  appearances. 

Kali,  kd'.U,  glass- wort ;  kalium,  the  metaUic  base  of  kali 

Arabic  JbaK.  ashes  of  the  Salicomia.    AUkaU  (aJ;  theX 
Kalmia,  kal\mlLah,  a  genus  of  evergreen  shrubs.  f  ^' 

So  named  from  PeUr  Kalm,  pupil  of  Llnnssos. 
Kangaroo,  kSn.gd.roo,  a  mursupial  animal  of  Australia.  |^^ 

KJa'olin,  one  of  the  cVoya  used  in  the  finest  China  poroeliiB. 

So  called  from  KauHn,  »^^^Ik.CS^si9A.  ^^osik  Vinq^  Ugh  MgsX 


AXD   OF  SPELLING.  549 

Kean-fleedlingB,  no  such  word.    {See  Keen  seedlings.) 

Kedge  (1  sjl.),  a  small  anchor  used  in  rivers  and  harbours,  to 
move  a  vessel  by  a  kedge;  kedged  (1  syl.),  kedg'-ing 
(Eule  xxxvi.),  kedg'-er  same  as  kedge, 

KeeL  Eele.  Keel,  the  principal  and  lowest  timber  in  a  ship, 
to  turn  the  keel  upwards,  to  scum  broth.    Eele,  to  cool. 

Keeled  (1  syl.),  keel'-ing ;  keel'-age,  port  dues ;  keer-e5n, 
the  timber  on  the  keel  into  which  the  mast  is  stepped  ; 

Keel-haol'lng,  hauling  delinquent  seamen  under  the  keel 

from  one  side  of  a  ship  to  the  other. 
Old  English  ecsle,  a  keel  or  ship's  bottom.    **  Kele  "  (to  cool)  cdl[an\. 
Keen,  sharp ;  keen'-ly,  keen'-ness.     (Old  English  cSne,  keen.) 

K6en.4ieedliiigB,  an  early  dark  strawberry  full  of  seeds. 

So  named  from  Michael  Keen,  of  Isleworth  (1806). 
Keep,  condition,  board,  a  castle  fort,  to  retain,  to  take  in  charpre ; 
(past)  kept,    (past  part.)  kept;    keep'-ing,   keep'.er, 
keep'erHihip  (-ship,  office  of);  keep'-sake,  a  gift. 

Old  Eng.  eipianl  past  o£pte,  past  part,  e^pt ;  ecepe-hils,  a  stone  house. 
Keeve  (1  syl.),  a  mashing  tub,  to  set  wort  in  a  keeve ;  keeved 

(1  syl.),  keev'-ing.     (Old  English  cyf,  a  large  tub.) 
KSg,  a  small  cask  (more  correctly  Cag.) 

French  caque;  Latin  cdcdMis;  Greek  kachdbds,  a  caldron. 
Kele  (1  s^rl.),  to  cool ;  keled  (1  syl.),  kel'-ing  (R.  xix.)  Keel,  q.v. 

Old  English  cdl[an\,  past  cdlode,  past  parf.  cdlod. 
KSlp,  sea- weed,  the  alkaline  produce  of  burnt  sea- weed. 
Kelpie,  k^V.py,  a  water-sprite  in  Scotch  mythology. 
Kelt,  a  salmon  that  has  been  spawning,  a  celt.    Kelts,  the  Celts. 
^Itic,  the  modem  way  of  spelling  Celtic. 

len,  to  know,  to  perceive;   kenned,  k^nd;   kenn^'-ing  (Eule  i.) 

O.  £.  ev/n/n[an],  past  cAthe,  past  part,  ctith;  Welsh  ceniaw,  to  perceive. 

eimel,  a  cot  or  bouse  for  dogs,  a  pack  of  hounds,  to  lodge  iu 

a  kennel;  kennelled,  kSn'.vMd;  ken'nell-ing  (R.  iii.,  -el). 

French  (henil  (Latin  cdnia,  a  dog).    Our  word  is  badly  formed. 

nf  lah,  of  or  from  Kent.    Kenf  ish-fire,  vociferous  applause. 

Kent'lsh-rag  (in  Geol.)y  a  limestone  common  at  Hythe  (Kent). 

Kent's  hole,  an  ossiferous  cavern  in  the  Devonian  lime- 
stone near  Torquay,  in  Devonshire. 

bnrtone,  the  stone  rim  at  the  outer  edge  of  street  pavement, 
the  stone  coping  of  a  well.    (Fr.  courbe,  a  curb,  v.  courber.) 

ihief,  plu.  kerchieves  (should  be  kerchiefs).  Rule  xxxix., 
ke/.tchlf,  ker'.tchivZy  a  covering  for  the  head  or  neck  •, 
kerchiefed,  kef.tchlft,  wearing  a  kerchief. 

land-kerchief,  plu.  hand-kerchieves  (better  'haTkdik!etO(^is&^ 


550  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Neckerchief,   flu.   neckercliieveB  (better  neekeiohielSB), 
nik'.er  tchlfy  pin.  nik^er^chifSy  a  cioth  for  the  neck. 

<*  Handkerchief  "  ftnd  "  neckerr^hlef "  are  disgmceful  hybiida. 

Fr.  eouvrtcfuft  a  coif  for  the  head.    " Hand  "  and  '*  Necca,"  Anf  .-flax. 

Efflines,  ker^.meez  (not  kermz\,  the  dried  bodies  of  certain  inflects 
which  yield,  when  crushed,  a  scarlet  dje. 
Arabic  ktmus  or  harmcu ;  French  kerm4». 

Eem^  an  inferior  Irish  foot-soldier  (in  times  gone  by),. armed 
with  inferior  weapons,  a  vagabond.    Quern,  a  hand-mill. 

Eer'nel,  the  nut  of  stone-fruit.  Colonel,  ker^,nel,  a  mi^tary  officer. 

Ker'nel,  to  form  a  kernel;  kemelled,  ker^.neld;  ker'neU-ing. 

** Kernel/' (Hd  English  cirnet.   "Colonel,"  Fre»eh  oo/oneZ.  (OnrpiD- 
nunciatien  of  this  Wijrd  iis  a  vulgar  contraction  :  Co'n-eL) 

Kersey,  plu.  kerseys  (not  kersies),  ke'/.slz,  a  coarse  woollen  doth. 

A  cormption  of  Jeraejf,  where  this  eloth  was  ftrsi  made. 

Kerseymere,  ker^.8e.meer,  a  sn^erior  cloth  woven  of  the  finest  wooL 

French  easimir  (da  nom  de  son  inventenr),  M.  Pierre  Casimir,  of 
Abbeville.    The  usnal  English  derivation  is  Cc$shmere,  in  India. 

Kestrel,  k&i\trel,  the  wind-hover,  a  kind  of  hawk.  (Fr.  cr^erelle.) 

Ketch  (Jack  Ketch),  a  hangman.  So  named  from  John  KeteK 
hangman  in  the  reign  of  James  IL  The  name  of  the 
present  [1877]  hangman  is  Marwood. 

Ketchup,  kSlf.  tchiip,  sauce  made  from  mushrooms.  (EJnd.ke^ah.) 

Kettle,  Kittle,  KidcQe,  kitf.fl  k%tr.t%  hid\d'l 

Kettle,  a  vessel  for  boiling  water.     Kittle,  an  apparatus 
for  dragging  the  flukes  of  an  anchor  towards  the  b5w. 

Kiddle,  a  basket  set  in  the  opening  of  a  weir  for  catching  fish. 

A  pretty  kettle  of  fish  (a  corrupt  form  of)  A  pretty  kiddle 
of  fish,  a  pretty  mess,  a  very  disag^eable  d^emma. 

Kettle-drum  (a  corruption  of  kiddle  drum),  a  drum  in  the 

shape  of  a  *'  kiddle  "  or  basknt  used  for  catching  fish. 

"Kettle."  Old  English  cetH.    "Kiddl*,"  Bret  hidel,  a  net  fMsMd 
to  two  stakes  near  the  opening  of  a  weir  for  trapping  fish. 

Key,  plu.  keys,  kee,  plu.  keez.  Quay,  plu.  quays,  kee,  keez,  a  whaifl 

Key,  an  instrument  to  open  a  lock,  an  instrnment  to  ton 
a  screw,  an  ivory  lever  in  a  piano-forte,  a  musical  scab 
denoted  by  the  frtndamental  note  (€u  the  key  of  0>. 

Key- hoard,  kee.bord,  the  entire  range  of  leveia  (touched  by 
tixe  fingers)  in  an  organ  or  piano-forte. 

Key-stone,  the  highest  central  stone  of  an  airoh. 

Power  of  the  keys,  a  power  claimed  by  the  pope  of  looking 

or  unlocking  the  gates  of  heaven  (Matt.  xvi.  19). 
"  Key,"  Old  Eng\i&\i  cog  ot  oeQ.    **  Q,uay,"  French  q^urni,  a  wharf. 
Khedire,  Ud'X^o^  (iiotkcc.dwe'^^^vieta^  Q-l^JiSTftt. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  561 

Ehaa,  han^  an  Asiatic  chief.    Oan,  a  jug,  to  be  able. 
Khanate,  han\ate,  the  dominion  or  jurisdiction  of  a  khan. 

•'  Khan, "  Arab.    "  C5an,"  » jug,  O.  E.  canne.    **  Cto  "  (verb),  0.  B.  eoik 
Ei<^  a  blow  with  the  foot,  to  kick;  kicked  (1  s.vL),  kick'-ing, 
kick'-er.    (Welsh  cieio^  to  kick ;  eic,  a  foot.) 

Kiftkflhaw,  Idk^ahaw^  a  worthless  ornament,  finciful  but  not 
substantiiil  fo< )d,  a  dainty.    (Fr.  quelque  chose,  something.) 

Eld  (Dan.),  a  young  goat;  kid'ling.  a  little  kid  {-lingf  dim.) 

Kiddle,  Jdd\dn,  a  basket  for  catching  fi^h.    Kettle,  kef.t'l  [for 
boiling  WHter].    Kittle  [for  dragging  an  anchor]. 

A  pretty  kiddle  of  fish  corrupted  into  A  pretty  kettle  of 
fish,  a  fine  mess  has  been  made,  a  dilemma. 

"Kiddle,"  Bret,  kidel,  a  fi>«h-net  fastened  to  two  stakes  at  the  month 
of  a  weir.    '  Kettle,"  Old  £ngli8»>  cetel. 

Kidnap,   to  envei^sle  children;    kidnapped,  kid'.nSpt ;    kid'. 
napp-ing  (Kule  iii.,  -p)  ;  kid'napp.er     (Better  one  p,) 
**  Kid,"  slang  for  chiXd,  *'  nab,*'  slang  for  prig  or  steal. 
Kidney,  plu.  kidneys  (not  kidnies),  k\d\n\z,  part  of  the  animal 
body ;    kid'ney-shaped,  -shapt ;    kidney- bean,  a  bean 
kidney-8hap«d.  Of  tiie  same  kidney,  of  the  same  tastes. 
Kilderkin,  klV.derMn,  a  tub  containing  eighteen  gallons. 

Dutch  hinderken  or  Mnneken^  a  babf-tub  (kind,  a  child). 
Kfll,  to  take  life.    Kiln,  kiVn  (1  syl.),  for  drying  bricks,  &c. 
KiU;  killed,  kUd  (not  kilt);  kill'-ing,  kiU'-er  (Rule  v.) 
Old  English  eufel[an],  to  be  killed,  past  ewel,  past  part,  cvoilen. 
Kiln,  kiVn  (1  syl.),  a  furnace  for  drying  [bricks].   (0.  Eng.  ctfln.) 
Kiln-dry,  kiln-dried,  -dride ;   kiln-dry-ing. 

]Qlt,  a  Scotch   philibeg,  to   tuck  up   [a  gown]  for  walking; 
kilt'-ed,  kUt'-ing.     (Followed  by  up.)    Kelt,  a  Celt. 

THm^ho,  arched.    Arms  a-kimbo,  with  hands  on  the  hips  and 
elbows  out.    (Italian  a  sghemho,  awry,  shemho,  crooked.) 

-kin  (suffix  dimin.),  as  lamh-kin.    -kind,  race,  as  man-kind. 

Kin,  a  blood  relation ;  akin',  allied,  of  the  same  sort ;   klns'- 
man,  plu.  klns'men,  (fern.)  kins' woman,  plu.  -women, 
uHmf.'n,  a  relative ;   kinsfolk,  klns'.foke,  male  or  female 
relatives;  kindred,  kln\dred,  related,  similar. 
Old  Englifrh  cyn,  lineage,  akin,  suitable.    (See  below,  Kind.) 

-kind  (Old  Eng.  suffix),  "  race":  as  man-kind.    Kin,  dimin. 

Kind,  race,  indulgent  as  a  kinsman;    kind'-ly,  kind'li-nesB, 
kind'-ness;  kind- hearted, -/iar^-^(2;  kind-heart'ed-ness. 
Old  English  cyn,  lineage,  race,  y.  cenn{an],  to  beget,  (past)  cenned. 

Kindle,  Un\d%  to  set  on  fire ;   kindled,  kwf.d'ld ;    kin'dUn%> 
setting  on  fire,  material  for  lighting  a  ^te  \«a  <^\v^\ 
kin'dler.   (Welsh  cynnetuid,  a  kindling,  cynueu^Xo'^ss::^^^ 


652  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Kine  (1  syl,\  oows  and  oxen  (a  collectiye  noun).  0.  E.  eHi  a  cow. 

The  pin.  oteAiAcy  (ki) :  the  "  -ne  "  is  -en,  a  post-Norman  pin.  ending, 
representing  -an,  as  in  " ox-en";  c^-en  [«$-'»  or  Jnne]  a  double  pin. 

S3ng,  fern,  queen,  a  monarch;  king'-ly,  kin^-neflB  (Bule  xL), 
king'-like,  king'-less;  king'^raft,  the  art  of  ruling  a 
nation ;  king-dom,  king\dum,  the  dominion  of  a  king  or 
queen  (-donif  Old  Eng.  dominion,  possession) ;  king'-ship, 
office  of  a  king  {-ship,  office) ;  king'-ling,  a  petty  king. 

Eing-at-arma,  plu.  kings-at-arms,  herald.  There  are  three, 
viz.  Oarter,  Clarencieux  (kla.ren',so),  and  Norroy  (north- 
roi  or  king) ;  king-x>06t,  the  middle  post  of  a  roof. 

IQng's-bendi  or  queen's-bench,  one  of  the  high  courts  of 
law  in  which  the  king  used  to  preside. 

King's  ev'idence  or  queen's  evidence,  evidence  given  by  an 
accomplice  on  the  promise  of  a  free  pardon. 

King's  Counsel  or  queen's  oounsel  [Q.C.],  a  barrister 
selected  as  advocate  for  the  crown. 

(It  is  qnite  absurd  to  change  "king"  into  "qneen*'  in  these  com- 
pounds when  the  sovereign  happens  to  be  a  woman.  Just  as  well 
call  the  "kingdom"  a  "qneendom**  for  the  same  reason.) 

ling's  evil,  scrofula,  supposed  to  be  cured  by  royal  touch. 
Old  English  cyning,  a  king,  eyning-d6m. 
King.flsher,  a  bird.    Certainly  not  the  king  of  fishers,  as  it  is 
one  of  the  worst,  wounding  many  more  than  it  catches. 

So  called  from  its  note  which  sounds  ke-fee-achew.  So  with  the 
cudcoo,  the  peetoit,  the  crow,  the  wfUp'poor'toillf  and  others. 

Kins'folk,  kins'man,  kins'woman.    {See  Kin.) 

Kiosk,  ke.68k\  a  Turkish  pavilion  or  summer-house. 

Kip'per,  a  salmon  dried,  to  dry  salmon;  kippered,  k(p\perd; 
kip'per-ing,  kip'per-er. 

Skipper,  master  of  a  trading  merchant  ship. 

*'  Kipper,"  Danish  kippe.    *'  Skipper/'  Danish  skipper. 

Kirk,  the  Scotch  church.    (Old  Eng.  cyrce ;  Germ,  kirehe.) 

Kirtle,  kir^.t%  a  short  jacket ;  kirtled,  kir.t'ld,  wearing  a  kirtle. 
Old  English  cyrtel,  a  woman's  gown,  a  kirtle^ 

KOas  (Rule  v.),  plu.  kiss'-es  (Rule  xxxiv.),  a  »alute  with  the  lips, 
to  salute  with  the  lips ;  kiss'-ing,  kiss'-er. 

Kissed,  kist,  saluted  with  a  kiss.    Gist,  sist,    Oyet,  tin.  * 
Gist,  a  stone  box,  a  Keltic  coffin.     (Latin  cUta^  a  chest.) 
Oygt,  a  bag  containing  morbid  matter.  (Gk.  kiutU,  a  bladder.) 
Old  English  cyaSy  a  kiss :  v.  cys^oji]^  past  cyate,  past  part,  eysl 
Kit,  a  large  bottle,  a  collection  of  necessary  articles  [for  a  march] 
as  a  soldier's  kit^  a  little  cat,  a  small  violin. 

*•  Kit  '*  (a  large  bottle .  &c.>,  OY^^Esi^L.  cytel.  "  A  soldier's  kit  "•  (DutchX 
"Kit,"  dim.  ol  cat,O\0Ll,iis.caU.  "'J^V*  Vjwvw^i.'JX's^QUal unknown. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  563 

Elt-cat  [club],  80  called  from  the  cook  (Christopher  Cat),  a  small 
portrait  the  size  of  those  on  the  walls  of  the  kit-cat  club. 

Kitchen,  kif.tch^rif  the  room  for  cooking  food ;  kit'ohen^tnff, 
refuse  fat  and  dripping ;  kit'chen-maid;  the  female  ser- 
vant under  the  cook;  kit'chen-range,  the  kitchen  fire- 
stove  ;  kit'chen-garden,  the  vegetable  garden. 

Old  English  cycene;  Italian  cucina:  Latin  dUlna,  the  [back]  kitchen 
(from  colluo,  to  wash  up,  corirlavo). 

Ete  (1  syl.),  a  bird  of  prey,  a  toy.    (Old  English  cyta,  a  kite). 

^th,  acquaintance ;  kith  and  kin,  friends  and  relations. 

Old  English  cyth,  knowledge  of  a  person,  cythling,  a  relation. 
Kleptomania.  klSp\td.may'\ni.ah,  a  thieving  propensity. 

Greek  kU^tos  mania,  thievish  mania. 
Knack,  dexterity ;  knick-knack,  a  showy  article  of  small  value ; 
knack'-er,  a  worn-out  horse,  a  dealer  in  knackers. 

German  knack,  knacken,  knacker,  &,o. 
KnSp,  to  break  short.    Nap,  a  short  sleep,  the  "  down  "  of  cloth. 

Knapped,  knapt ;  knapp'-ing.     Napped,  n&pt ;  napp'-ing. 

**  Elnap,"  Old  Eng.  hni^an\  to  bend  (Germ,  knacken,  to  crack). 
"Nap^'  (to  slumber).  Old  Eng.  fmcefiian].    Nap  (of  doth),  hnoppa. 

Knap'sack,  a  wallet  to  carry  on  the  back.    (Germ,  knappsack.) 

Knap-sack  propeiily  means  a  bag  carried  by  a  lad  or  servant. 
Knappe  'German),  a  lad  or  servant ;  and  sack,  a  wallet  or  sack. 

Knave,  navCy  a  rog^e.    Nave  [of  a  church,  of  a  wheel]. 

Knave,  strictly  means  a  son,  hence  the  "knave"  of  cards; 
Knav'-ish  (R.  xix.),  fraudulent  (-ish  added  to  nouns  means 

"like,"  with  adj.  it  is  dim.);  knav'iflh-ly,  knav'ish-ness. 
Knavery,  plu.  knaveries,  nd\v^.riz,  dishonest  trickery. 
Old  English  cndpa  or  cna/a,  a  youth,  a  son  ;  German  knabe. 
"Nave "  (of  a  wheel),  Old  English  nafu  {nafela,  the  navel). 
"  Nave "  (of  a  church),  French  nef;  Greek  ndos,  the  inmost  part  of 
a  temple,  where  the  "  God"  was  placed  (not  Lat.  navis,  a  ship). 

Knead,  need,  to  work  up  dough  into  food.    Need,  necessity. 
Knead'-ed  (E.  xxxvi.),  knead'-ing,  knead'^r ;  knead'lng- 
trongh,  need^irig.tr^ff,  Need-ed,  need'-ing,  need'-ful,  &c. 

**Kne«vd,'*  Old  English  cned[an],  past  cnoed,  past  part,  cneden. 
"Need,"  Old  Eng,  nedd,  v  7iedd[ian],  past  neddode,  p.  p.  neddod. 

Knee,  nee,  the  joint  of  the  leg,    (Old  English  cneow,) 

Kneel,  neel,  to  bend  the  knee.    Neal,  neel,  (now  anneal.) 

Kneel,  (past)  knelt,  nelt;  (past  part.)  knelt;  kneer-inif, 

kneer-er.  (O.  E.  cneowlian],  past  cneowede,  p.  p.  cneowed.) 

Knell,  nell,  the  stroke  of  a  tolling  beU.    Nell  for  Nelly. 

Old  English  cnyll,  v.  cnyll{an],  past  cnyllde,  past  part,  onylled, 

Knicker-bockers,  nik'.ker-h6k'\erz,  loose  knee-breeches. 

Named  from  JHedHch  Knickerbocker,   the  suppositious  author  of 
Washington  Irving's  **  History  of  New  York."    It  ia  eoiu^Q\]cadje.<l 
of  the  Dutch  nickw^  broekj  niggard-breQfihe& 


554  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

"  "        ■"  ■  1  ■     1      I  ■■■■  ......  ■■■■■■  II  ■  ■    ■     ■    I    »mm^^^m^^^mmm^^^^^m^^^m^^^0m 

Knidk-knack,  a  small  showy  article  of  trifling  value. 

Enife,  plu.  kniyes,  knife,  knivz.  (Only  three  words  change  -fe 
into  -vesy  to  form  the  plural.  "Knife,**  knives;  "life,** 
lives ;  and  "  wife,"  wivesy  Rule  xl.) 

War  to  the  knife,  war  without  quarter.  (O.  E.  enl/,  a  koife.) 
Knight,  nitey  a  gentleman  entitled  to  bear  arras.  Kight,  mte. 
"  Knight "  is  now  a  title  next  below  hartmet ;  and  both 
prefix  *'Sir"  before  the  Christian  name,  as  Sir  John 
Smith.  In  the  ad<lress  of  a  letter,  <feo.,  hart,  is  added 
after  the  surname  of  a  baronet 

Knight,    to    make    a    knif^ht;    knighf-ed,    knighf-ing, 
knighf -ly,  knightli-ness,  knight.hood  (-hood,  rank). 

Knight  Templar,  plu.  Knights  Templars.     (A  GaUieitm,) 

Knight    Hospitallar,    plu.    Knights    Hoq^itaUara,    nUe 

ho8\pit.dl.ar.     (A  Gallicism.) 
Knight-ban'neret,  plu.  Knight-ban'neretB. 
Knight-baronet,  plu.  Knight-baronets. 
Knight-marshal,  plu.  Knight-marshals  (not  KnighU...) 
Knight  of  the  Shire,  plu.  Knights  of  the  Sl^re  (not  sheer). 
Knight-er'rant,  plu.  Koight-errants  (not  Knights  errmU). 
Knight-errantry,  wandering  in  quest  of  adventure. 
Squire,  the  personal  attendant  of  an  ancient  military  knight 
Accolade,  ak'.ko.laidy  the  stroke  which  confers  knighthood. 

Old  English  cniht,  a  fouth,  cnight-hdd,,hnj-hood;  Qerman  fawelU. 
(The  "or"  i<  interpolated  and  8erve$  no  tuejul  purpose.) 

Knit,  nit,  to  weave  with  knitting-needles.   Kit,  the  egg  of  a  louse. 
Knitt'-ed  (i^ule  xxxvi.),  knitt'-ing  (Rule  i.),  knitT-er. 
Old  English  cnytt[an],  past  enytte,  past  part.  ge<nyt. 
Knob,  nlib,  a  lump.    Nob,  the  head  (one  for  his  nob,  in  **crib- 
bage").    ]^obbed,  nohd,  having  a  knob;  knobb'-y,  fhll  of 
knol<s;  knobbl-ly  (Rale  xi.),  Imobbl-ness,  knoV-irtiek. 
Old  Eng.  cnoep ;  Germ,  knopf.    Our  word  is  a  blunder  for  kmo§, 
"  Nob"  is  a  still  more  corrupt  form  of  the  same  word. 

Knock,  nok,  a  blow,  to  ^ve  a  knock ;  knocked,  nSkt;  knodk'-ing; 
knook'-er.    To  knock  up,  to  weary  out  to  call  out  of  bed. 
Old  Eng.  cnw^ian]  or  eny^ian],  past  enysMfe,  past  part.  ciiftaJ. 
Knoll,  n5h  a  little  mound  (Old  Eng.  cnoU).    Noll,  Oliver. 

Knot,  n^t,  a  tie,  to  form  a  knot.    Not,  adv.  of  deniaL    Xnofcf-^ 
(R.  xxxvi.),  knott'-ing    (R.  i.),  knotf-y,   knotri-nflfli 
Knof -grass,  a  grass,  the  underground  stems  of  whiob 
are  full  of  knots.    Knot  [of  wood]. 
Old  Eng.  cnottf  v.  cnyt[an],  to  tie,  past.  cnytU,  past  part  §tmi$t 

Knout  (to  rhyme  with  out),  a  whip  for  flogging  criminals  io 
EuBsia,  10  use  \i!^<&  knout ;  knouf-ed  (R.  xxxvi),  knoof- 
iag.     (Elu&BVKii  lcuu\.^^  '^«^^'a>kt€^  an  eft. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  655 

Enow,  (to  rhyme  with  ^ow\  to  be  cognisant  of.    No,  not  so. 

Know,  (past)  knew,  (past  part.)  known  (rhyme  to  grown). 

Knew,  new,  did  know.    New,  not  old.    Gnn,  nv,  an  antelope. 

Known,  elearly  understood.    None,  nun,  not  any.    Nnn,  q.v. 

Knows,  k  silent  (rhyme  to  grows).    Nose,  noze  [of  the  fiice]. 

KnoV-ing,  k  silent  (rhyme  to  grow-ing);  know'ing-ly. 

Knowledge,  nW.Udge  (not  no'-ledge),  information. 
Old  Eng  ish  endw[an),  past  ciuAto,  past  part,  cndwen. 
** Knowledge,"  endio-loi^.  (after  the  oouqnest)  endw-ledi  (4aek  or 
IdCf  the  gift  or  state  of  [knowing]). 

KnnbB,  nubs,  the  waste  silk  in  winding  off  cocoons. 

Knuckle,  nuk'.kH,  protuberance  of  a  finger  joint,  to  propel 
[marbles]  by  a  filip;  knuckled,  nilW.k'ld;  knuck'ling, 
knnckler.      To  knno'kle  under,  to  yield.     Knuckle- 
duster, an  iron  "  frise  "  tot  the  hand.    (German  knOchel.) 
Ebbold  (German),  ko.hold',  a  spectre  or  spirit.* 
Koran,  ko^ran,  the  Mohammedan  bible.    (Arab,  al  koran.) 
Kraal,  krawl,  a  Hottentot  village  of  huts.    (Dutch  kraal.) 
Kraken,  krdh'.k'n  (Norw.),  a  water-serpent  of  enormous  size. 
Kremlin,  krim\Un,  a  Russian  fortress  in  Moscow,  once  the  cap. 
Kreutzer,  kroyf-zsr,  a  German  coin  somewhat  less  than  Id. 
Krill^  a  Malay  dagger. 
Krishna,  krish'mah,  one  of  the  incarnations  of  Vishnu. 

Knfio,  ku'.fik,  applied  to  the  ancient  Aiabic  letters. 

80  called  frost  Ku/a,  a  city  of  Bagdad  noted  for  Kuflc  writers. 

Kyaaise,  ki'.an.ize,  to  preserve  wood  from  dry-rot  by  steeping  it 

in  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate,  <bc. 

So  named  from  John  H  Kyan,  of  Dublin,  the  discoverer  (1774-1850). 
fOnly  two  words  beginning  with  '*k'*  {kennel  and  kitchen]  are  even 

indirectly  draicn  from  the  Latin  language.    Fowr  or  five  are  Chreek 

and  the  reft  Teutonic.  J 

Label,  lay\bl^.   libel,  li\b^,  a  slander.    Labial  (q.v.) 

Label,  a  slip  of  paper  [on  a  bottle]  stating  its  contents ; 

labelled,  lay'.beld ;  la'bell.ing  (K.  iii,  -el],  lal>ell-er. 
*' Label,"  Welsh  Uah,  a  strip,  with  -el  diminutive, 
"libel,''  Lat.  libellum,  a  little  book,  the  statement  of  a  defendant 
which  always  slanders  the  plaintiff,  and  hence  its  present  use. 

Labial,  lay*.Vi.aU  one  of  the  It'tters  b,  p,  m,  pronounced  by  the 
lips ;  la^ial-ly.    Labiate,  lay\bi.ate,  to  form  by  the  lips; 
la^biat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  la^iatong  (Rule  xix.) 
Labium,  plu.  labia,  lay'-bLum,  lay\b^.ah,  the  under  lip  of  in- 
sects, the  inner  lip  of  shells.    The  outer  lip  is  Labnim. 
Fr.  labiai;  Lat.  Idbium,  plu.  Idbia,  a  lip ;  Idbrum,  labra,  a  brim. 
Laboratory  (not  labratory),  Uib' ,o.ra.Vry  (not  Id.booKTa.t'njV  ^ 
chemist's  workroom.    {¥1. 2a6oratoire,  Lat.  Idboratoflfium-^ 


556  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Labonr,  lay' Mr,  toil,  to  toil,  to  cultivate  [the  soil] ;  laboured, 
lay'Mrd;  la'lwur-ing,  la^nr-er. 

Laborious,  la.bdr'ri.us;  labo'rions-ly,  labo'rioiu-neflB. 
Lat  W)or,  Idb6ri68%u,  v.  WOrOre:  Fr.  labeur,  Utborieux,  Idboureur. 
Labnun,  plu.  labra,  lay\brum,  lay'Mah,  the  mouth -cover  of  in- 
sects, the  outer  lip  of  shells.    The  inuer  lip  is  Labium. 
Latin  laJbruviy  plu.  laXyra,  a  brim;  labium,  plu.  labia,  a  lip. 
Laburnum,  plu,  laburnums,  la.hur^ .nvmz,  a  flowering  tree  called 
The  shower  of  gold,     (Latin  lahumum,  Plin  16,  31.) 

Labyrinth  {-by-  not  -5a-),  lah.l.rinthy  a  maze ;   labyrinth-ine, 
lah'.l.'flntKWn;  labyrinth-ian,  W/ .l.7i,nth'\\.an, 
Lat.  WbyrinihuM  (the  "  y  "  shows  it  to  be  Gk.) ;  Ok.  MMlrinflMk 

Labyrinthodon,  plu.  labyrinthodons,  IShWjfintK'Jd.dSnz,  a  fossil 

reptile  of  the  toad  kind ;  labyrinthodontia,  IdV  ,ijr\ntV  Jo- 

d6n'\she.ah,    (In  Bot,  and  Zool.  -ia  denotes  an  •*  order.") 

The  labyrinthine-toothed  (Greek  IdbArirUhds  ddOn}.   Under  the  micro- 
scope the  teeth  of  this  reptile  exhibit  a  labyrinth  of  folds. 

Lac,  Idk,  a  resin,  100,000  rupees.    Lack,  deficiency.    Sbell-lac; 
laccic  [acid],  Idk^siky  acid  obtained  from  lac. 
"  Lac  "  (resin),  Germ,  lack;  Span.  laoa.   **  Lac  "  (of  money),  Ind.  lakk. 

Lace  (1  syL),  dentelle,  to  fasten  with  a  cord  [highlows,  stays, 

&c.] ;  lac-ing  (R.  xix.),  lace^-ing ;   laced  (1  syl.) ;   stoait- 

laced  (not  straight) y  narrow-minded,  bigoted ;  laoe'-man. 

Latin  ULcKnia,  a  fringe,  v.  IddinAre,  to  make  holes  or  Jags. 
The  French  dentelle,  from  dens  a  tooth,  and  the  Latin  (dcina,  tooth- 
edged  or  jagged,  contain  the  same  idea. 

Lacerate,    las'.e.rate,    to    tear;     lac'erat-ed    (Bule    xxxvi.); 

lac'erat-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  lacerable,  Ids'.i.rd.b'l ;  laceratfye, 

ld8\i.ra.tiv.    Laceration,  Uis'.e.ray" .ahiin  ;  lac'erat-or. 

French  laceration,  lacdrable,  v.  lac^rer;   Latin  IdcSraHo,  laeerator, 
T.  IdcSrdre  (Idcer,  a  rent ;  Greek  Wcis,  ▼.  ldM6). 

Laoertian,    la.se'/.shi'dn,    pertaining    to    lizards;     lacertine, 

la.8ef.tin,  like  a  lizard.     (Latin  lacertus,  a  lizard.) 
Laches,  larsh'-iz  (in  Law),  acts  of  neglect.    Lash'es,  stripes. 

" Laches"  Old  Fr.  lachease  {lache,  slothful).    "Lash"  Germ.  ItudUa 
Lachrymal,  lak' .ri.Tndl,  causing  tears;    lach'rymal  duots,  the 
ducts  which  convey  tears  to  the  eye ;  lach'rymal  glands. 
Lachrymose,  ld1^.H.mdce,  mournful;   lach'rymose-ly. 
Lachrymation,  lak'fi.may'\8hun  ;  laoVrymable ; 
Lachrymatory,  lak\ri.ma.t'ryy  a  tear- bottle. 
Lat.  lachrymdtio,  Uichrymdbllis  {lachryma,  Gk.  IdkrHmet,  a  tearX 
Lack,  deficiency,  to  want.  Lac,  a  resin,  100,000  rupees.  (See  Imc) 
Lacked,  lukd;  lack'-ing,  lack'-er,  but  lac'qner,  vamish. 

Lack-a-day  \  aVas,  Yio'ti  v^q^^V    Lack-a-daisy,  -day*,sy  /  dear  me ! 
lackadaiaicaY,  Idk'  .a.dmj' '  %\.V.a\,  ^«bfc\ftdly  pensiv  e. 


AND    OF  SPELLING.  567 

lAckey,  plu,  lacke3ni  (not  lackies,  R.  xlv.)*  a  flunky,  to  follow  ns 
a  lackey ;  lackeyed,  luk'ed ;   lackey-ing,  Idhf.y.ing. 
SpuL  laoayoQacearf  adorned  with  ribbons);  Fr.  laqwiiB:  Germ.  Uukei. 
Lack-luBtre  (not  lack'lustred)^  lal^-lutWr,  Yoid  of  lustre. 

Laocmic,  la.kdn'Ak^  brief;  laconical,  la.kdn\%,kal;  laoon'ioal-ly. 
Laooniam,  la\k5nXzm,  great  conciseness. 

Latin  IdednXce,  pithily,  briefly ;  French  laconique,  Uiconimie, 
(**  Laoon,"  a  Spartan,  noted  for  brevity  of  speech  and  condseneas  of 
writing.    The  Greek  t  is  called  the  Lacedaamonian  letterX 
Lacquer,  lak\er,  a  vamish,  to  varnish  with  lacquer;  lacquered, 
Idk^erd;  lac'quer-ing,  la<fqaer-er. 
Fr.  laquerflaquej;  €rerm.  Uukiren,  lackirer  flaekj :  Arab.  lak. 
Lacteal,  lak\te.alt  conveying  milk,  one  of  the  small  tubes  which 
convey  the  chyle  to  the  thoracic  [tho.rasWk]  duct ;  lactic 
[acid]  UlkWik^  the  acid  of  sour  milk. 
Lacteous,  lah^.U.us  (Rule  Ixvi.),  milky,  resembling  milk. 

Lactation,  Idk.tay'jihun,  the  act  or  time  of  suckling. 

Lactometer,  ldk.t5m\eter,  an  instrument  for  testing  milk. 

{This  hybrid  shovJd  be  QaJactometer ;  Greek  galacUHnetronj 
French  lactation,  laetovUter;  Latin  UuAeus  {lac,  milk). 

Lactaca,  Idk.tu'.kah,  a  genus  of  plants  including  the  lettuce ; 
lactncic,  lak.tu'Mk;  lactnsiiie,  lak.tu^stn. 
Latin  kustuca,  the  lettuce  or  milky  plant  (2ac,  milk). 
T.fM»iinft^  plu.  lacnniB,  la.ku\naht  la.ku'.neey  a  defect,  a  gap; 
lacunar,  la.ku'.nar  (in  Arch.\  a  soffit  with  panels. 
Latin  Ide&na,  plu.  IdcUnce,  IdcUna/r,  »  beam. 
Lacnstrine,  la.kHs'.trinej  pertaining  to  swamps,  lakes,  and  pools. 
LacTu'trine  deposits  (in  Geol.),  those  found  in  swamps,  &c. 
Lacns'trine  habitations,  houses  of  great  antiquity  raised 

on  piles  in  the  midst  of  lakes.    (Switzerland,  &c) 
Latin  Idcustris  {Ideus,  a  lake ;  Greek  lakkds  and  lakos). 
LSd,  fem.  lass,  a  boy, /em.  girl.    Lade  (1  syl.),  to  load. 

'*  Lad,**  Welsh  Uatod.    "Lass,**  lad-ess,  la*s8,  a  female  youth. 
LSd'der,  a  machine  for  mounting.    (Old  English  hUeder.) 
[Lade],  obsolete,  j9a«t  part,  laden,  lay\den.    For  the  other  parts 
we  use  the  verb  load,  lode;  (past)  load'-ed;  (past  part.) 
either  load'-ed  or  la'-den ;  load'-ing.    Load  (noun). 
Bill  of  la'ding  (not  loading),  invoice  of  a  ship's  freight 
Old  English  hlad,  » load ;  v.  hladian],  past  hUd,  past  part  hlcBden. 
Ladle,  ld\d%  a  large  spoon  or  scoop,  to  lift  liquids  with  a  ladle ; 
ladled,  Id'.d'ld;  irdling,  la'dler. 
Ladlefol,  plu.  ladlefuls  (not  ladUsful),  two,  three  "  ladle- 
fuls"  mean  the  quantity  held  by  a  full  ladle  repeated 
.twice  or  thrice;  but  two  or  three  "ladles  full"  means 
two  or  three  ladles,  each  one  full. 
■Old  English  klddel,  a  ladle,  connected  with  HUbden,  k  wc^^xatStuX. 


568  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Lady,  plu.  ladies,  (mas.)  lord,  lords,  and  gentleman,  gentle- 
men, id'.diZt  gin\t'l.mdnf  -m^n,  A  woman  oi  rank,  any 
woman  above  the  ardzan  or  operative  cIhbs. 
Lady  retaiiu  the"y'*  inaU  iU  tompmmdt :  for  example 
Ladybird,  ladybug,  ladylike;  ladyship,  term  of  address 
in  speukiiig  lo  a  Jady  by  ri}>ht  of  rank;  Ladyday,  March 
25tb,  tlie  annunciation;  ladylove,  a  sweetheart;  <feo. 

Old  English  hUkfdigt  or  hldfdM  (jMAfy  a  loaf :  dige  is  suppoted  to 
meaa  "  sender/'  but  the  word  has  not  yet  been  traced). 

Lag,  to  loiter,  to  fall  behind ;  lagged.  Uigd ;  lagg'.ing  (Bnle  i.)> 

laggfing-ly,  lagg'-ard,  lagg'-er.     (Welsh  llag,) 
Lag^ine,  la.goon\  a  marsh,  a  fen.     (Ital.  laguna;  Span,  lagtma.) 
Laic,  Id'.ik;  laical,  Id'.i.kalj  secular.    {See  Laity.) 
Laid  (of  tlie  v.  lay),  placed.    Lade  (obsolete  verb),  to  load. 

Laid  [paper],  paper  with  ribbed  suiface;    as  cream-laid, 
blue-laid;  laid-np,  stored  up,  unwell.    {See  Lay.) 
Lain,  past  part,  of  v.  He.  Lane  (1  syl.),  a  narrow  road.  {SeelAj.) 
It  has  lain  hy  for  two  fears,    fit  has  been  lying  ....J 
It  has  lain  in  my  head  a  long  time,    fit  has  been  lying.. ..) 
He  has  lain  at  the  porch  from  boyhood.    (He  has  been  lying.. ..) 

Lair,  2a/-£,  the  bed  of  a  wild  beast.    Layer,  lay\er,  a  stratum. 

Germ,  lager,  a  lair,  a  lodging,  v.  lagem,  to  set  down,  to  encamp. 
Laird,  layrd,  a  Scotch  squire  or  landed  propiietor. 

Laity,  IcT.i.ty,  the  secular  people  as  opposed  to  the  Glergy; 
laic,  ZaMA;,  a  Liyman :   laical,  2a'.i.fcaZ;   lalcal-ly. 
Latin  laicus  (Greek  Idos,  the  people) ;  French  latqtu;  Italian  laioo. 
Lake  (1  syl.).  a  large  pond,  a  purplish  red  colour.    Lac,  a  resin. 
Lake-dwellings,  houses  raised  on  pilen  in  the  midst  of  a 

lake,  which  serve-i  as  a  moat  {see  Lacustrine) ;   lakfy. 
Lat.  Idcus,  Gk.  lakkds  or  lakoSf  a  lake.   **  Lac, "  Germ,  lack;  Spaa.  kua. 
Lama,  Idh'.vidk,  a  Tartar  priest.    Grand  Lama,  the  chief  lama 
repre>entiiig    deity ;     la'ma.ism   (not    la'nuiAzm),   the 
religion  of  those  who  adore  the  Grand  Lama. 
In  the  Tangutanese  dialect  llama,  mother  of  souls. 
Lamb,  lam,  the  young  of  a  sheep.    Lame  (1  syl.),  halt. 

A  male  lamb  is  a  tup-lamb,  a  female  a  ewe-lamb.     The 
castrated  tup  is  a  wether  or  hogget;   the  female,  after 
b«'ing  weaned,  is  a  ewe<hogget. 
After  the  first  sheaiinf?,  the  hogget  is  a  shearling. 
When  the  female  sheHrliug  has  had  a  lamb,  it  is  a  ewt. 
To  lamb,  to  bring  forth  a  lamb ;  lambed,  Ichnd;  lamV-ing. 
Lamb-kin,  lambkin,  a  little  lamb,    {-kin,  Old  Eiig.  dim.) 
Lamb-like,  lamb-skins,  lamb's-wooL  Lamming,  a  beating. 
Strictly  speaking  the  young  of  a  sheep  is  a  *'lamb**  only  Utt  it  is 
weaned,  but  popuiaWy  spe"king  it  remains  a  **lamb^  HU  U  ii 
sheared,  when  it  is  called  a  "  slieep,*'  regardless  <tf  seas. 
"  lAmb/'  Old  Eug.  loumb.   '"'Uaii^;'  Q»\^^Ea«.  (a%  ▼.  lmmlmi\. 


AND  OF' SPELLING.  659 

lAmbent,  lam'. bent,  flickering  like  a  flame. 

Latin  UimhtM^  gen.  Uvmbentia,  licking  {lambo;  Qreek  lapto). 

Lame  (1  8yl.}«  halt,  to  make  halt;   (eomp.)  lam'-er,  (super.) 
lam'-est,  lamed  (1  syl.),  lam'-ing  (K.  xix.),  lame'-nees. 
A  lame  duck,  a  stock  broker  who  breaks  his  engHgement. 
Old  English  tom[an],  past  kemede,  past  part,  kerned. 

Lament,  lu.menlfy  to  bewnil ;  lament'<^  (R.  xxxvi.),  lament'-ing, 

lament'ing-ly,   lament^er;    lamentable,   lam'.^.td.Vl; 

lam'entably ;  lamentation,  lam  .en.tay'\8hiln. 

Latin  Idmentdtio,  IdmentdMlis,  Idmentumf  y.  IdtneTUdri;    French 
ktmentation,  lamentdbU^  y.  lamenta. 

Lamia,  phi.  lamiie  (Latin),  lam'.tah,  lam\i.St  a  demon  under 
the  guise  of  a  beautiful  woman,  a  hag. 

Lamina,  plu.  laminsB,  lam'.i.nah,  lam\i.ne,  a  thin  plate  or  scale ; 
laminate,  lum'.t.nate,  to  form  into  laminae;  lum'inat-ed 
(R.  xxxvi.),  lam'inat-ing  (R.  xix.),  lam'inable,  lam'inax. 

Lamination,  lum'.tnay'\8hun;  laminiferous,  -nlf\i.ru8. 

Laminariacesd,  lumW-nair'H'd" .se.e^  a  order  of  algse. 

Laminaria,  IdmW-naif'^ri.dhi  a  genus  of  the  above  order. 

Laminarites,  Idm'.tnd.rites,  broad-leaved  fossil  algae  {-acea, 

an  order ;  -ta,  a  genus ;  -ite,  a  fossil). 
Latin  Idmtna,  pin.  Idmince,  a  thin  plate  of  metal ;  v.  Idmindre. 

Lam'mas  (mass  used  as  a  suffix  has  only  one  s).  the  feast  of 

harvest;  lam'mas-day,  August  1st;  lam^mas-tide. 

Old  English  hUff  masse,  loaf -feast,  i.e  ,  the  feast  of  firtft-fmitt. 

Lam^ming,  a  beating.    Lambing,  bidnging  forth  laibbs. 

''Lamminif,'*  a  pnn  on  the  Latin  verb  tomlw,  to  lick,  a  licking. 
'*Lamb,"  Old  English  lamb. 

Lampt  lamp.Iight,  lamp'-light-er,  lamp-black,  safety-lamp. 
Latin  lampas  ;  Greek  lampas  (y.  lampd,  to  shineX 

Lampoon,  Idm.poon*,  a  personal  satire,  to  assail  with  lampoons ; 
lampooned',  lampoon'-ing,  lampoon'-er,  lampoon'-ry. 

So  called  from  the  burden  sung  to  them,  latnpone,  kimpone,  cameretda 
lampone  (Sir  Walter  6cott) ;  French  lampon. 

Lamprey,  jplu. lampreys  (not  lampries).  R.  xlv.,  Idm'.pry,  ldm\priz, 
a  fish  resembliDg  an  eel;  lam'pem,  the  river-lamprey. 
Old  Eng.  kmpreda;  Lat.  lampetraj^kimbo  petra,  to  lick  the  rocks). 

LSaoe  (1  syl.),  |k  shaft  with  a  spear-head,  to  cut  with  a  lancet; 
ISnced  (1  syl.),  hurled,  cat  with  a  lancet;  lanc'-ing  (Rule 
xix.);  lanc'-er  (should  be  lander). 
Lance -cor^poral,  a  soldier  from  the  ranks  acting  as  corporal. 

(In  the  middle  ages  a  soldier  vxis  called  a  '*  lance,"  and  a  soldier  uAUw 
(he  horses  and  stable-lads  under  his  tharqt,  a  iance-touci^tt.') 

Lanceolate,  lan'^e.o.late,  shaped  like  the  head  oi  &\bi3xca. 


6':0  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Lanoeolar,  ldn'^e.S.lar  (in  J5of.)i  tapering  towards  each  end. 

Landform,  lan\8i,form^  lance-shaped ;  lance'-wood. 

Lancet,  lan*.8ett  a  surgical  instrument  for  opening  a  vein. 
Fr.  lance,  lander,  kmeette;  Lat.  laneea,  y.  laneire  (Ok.  logchi). 
Land ;  land'-ing,  putting  on  shore ;  land'-ed,  having  an  estate 
in  lands ;  laiid'-ed  propri'etor  (not  -er) ;  land-ward,  adj., 
towards  land;  land-wards,  adv.:  as  we  are  sailing  laind- 
trard«(R.  Ixxiv.);  land-argent;  land-hieeze,  a  wind  from 
the  land  towards  the  sea;  land-carriage,  carriage  of 
goods  by  land ;  land-crab;  land-fiall  (double  .{,  R.  viii.); 
land-flood ;  land-force ;  land-jobber,  one  who  buys  and 
sells  land  as  a  trade ;  landlord,  fern,  landlady  {pla.  -ladies, 
^a^dlz),  an  hotel-keeper;  landJiold'er ;  land-lock,  to 
enclose  with  land;  land-lock^ing,  land-locked  {-loki)\ 
land-lubber,  land-l5per;  land-mark;  land-measure 
(-mez'zhur),  land-measur-ing  (-mez'zhur-ing,  R.  xixj; 
land-rail,  a  bird;  land.slip;  land-stew^ard ;  land- 
suirey^ing ;  land-tax ;  land-waif  er ;  lands-man,  one 
Dot  a  sailor;  land'ing-net,  IttQd^ing-place.   (0.£.  land,) 

Landau,  lan.daw',  a  light  carriage,  the  top  of  which  may  be 
thrown  back.    (So  called  from  Landau,  in  Germany.) 

Landgrave,  fem.  landgravine,   land\grdve,  land\gr&.veen' y  a 

Germ,  noble ;  landgraviate,  land.grdv'X.&ty  territory  of  ... 

Fr.  landgroAoe,  landgravine,  Umgramat;  Genu,  kmdgr^f,  landgrafitL 

Landscape,  land'^skep,  a  rural  prospect,  the  representation  of 

a  rural  scene ;  land'scape-gar^dener,  land'scape-gar^den- 

ing,  planning  grounds  so  as  to  produce  a  pleasing  effect 

Old  £ng.  Uwdadpe  {-acape  or  -tihip,  form  [prospect],  provlnoe,  &e.) 

Landwehr,  land'-vdre,  Prussian  and  Austrian  milifift- 

Gtorman  land  tvehrf  land  defence. 
Lane  (1  syl.),  a  narrow  road.  Lain,  jxut  part,  of  lie.  (Dutch  (oon.) 

Langsyne,  langMne',  times  gone  by ;  auld  lang-eyne. 

Scotch  atUd  (old),  lang  (long),  syne  (since,  gone  by). 
Language,  ldn\gwage,  human  speech,  written  or  spoken. 

French  langage;  Latin  lingua,  the  tongne,  speech. 
Languid,  ldn\gwid,  weary,  feeble ;  lan'gnid-ly,  lan^gnid-nen. 

Languish,  lan'.gwish,  to  pine,  to  fail  in  spirits;  lan^gaisked 
(2  syl.),  lan'guish-ing,  lan'gnishing-ly,  IkH'gniBh-meiit 

Languor,  lang'gwor,  feebleness,  lassitude. 

Latin  languldus,  languor,  v.  languXddre,  langtuteirt  (hngumX 
Laniard,  lan'.yard,  a  rope  for  setting  up  rigging. 

French  lanxtrt,  a  narrow  thong  of  leather,  a  laniard. 
Lank,  gaunt;  lanV-y,  long  legged ;  lank^i-neaa.    (O.K.  hlanc.) 
Xantem  (not  lanthorn),  lutC  .tern^  «b  «%a«  Vst  ^  oandle ;  mag'ic- 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  661 

lan'tem,  dark-lan'tem ;  lan'tem-fly,  a  lumitious  insect; 

lan'tem-jaws,  long  thin  face ;  lan'tern-jawed,  -jawd. 

This  word  is  a  blunder,  copied  from  the  French  lanteme;  the  Latin 
word  is  l&tema,  from  lateo,  to  lie  hid.  Lcmthom  is  a  still  worse 
blunder,  as  it  confounds  the  last  syL  with  "  horn,"  with  which  the 
word  has  no  connection. 

Lanyard,  Idn^yard^  a  rope  for  setting  up  rigging,  any  rope  made 
fast  for  the  sake  of  securing  it.    (Better  Laniard.) 
French  Umikre^  a  narrow  thong,  a  hawk's  tassel,  a  laniard. 

Laoooon,  la.Sk\8.on  (not  Id'.o.koon'),  a  group  of  sculpture  repre- 
senting the  fate  of  Laocoon  and  his  two  sons. 

Lap,  a  seat  on  the  knees,  to  nurse,  to  lick  water  with  the  tongue ; 
lapped,  Idpt ;  lapp'-ing  (Kule  i.),  lapp'-er,  ll^)-d5g. 

Lap'fol,  plu.  lap'fols  (not  lapsful).  Two,  three.,. lapjuls 
means  a  lapful  repeated  twice  or  thrice,  but  two,  three... 
lapsfull  means  two,  three... laps  all  full. 

Lapp'.ing  engine,  a  doubling  machine. 

Lapel,  la.pU\  the  facing  of  a  coat ;  lap6lled^  la.pSld'  (R.  iv.) 

Lappet,  ldp\et,  a  little  loose  flap. 

Lap-wing,  the  peewit,  one  of  the  plover  genus. 
Old  English  lappa,  a  lap ;  y.  lap{ian],  past  lapede,  past  part,  taped. 
Lapidary,  plu.  lapidaries  (Eule  xliv.),  ldp\i.ddr7iZf  engraver  or 
dealer  in  precious  stones ;  lapideous  (B>ule  bLvi),  stony. 

Lapis-lazuli,  lap'. is  ldz\u.l%  an  azure-blue  mineral. 

Latin  IdplddritLs,  Idpideua  (lApiSy  a  stone);  French  lapis-laauli; 
Italian  lapis-lazecdi  or  lapis-lasmtli,  the  sky-blue  stone. 

Lapse,  lapSy  a  slight  mistake,  a  slip.    Laps,  plu.  of  lap. 

Lapse,  to  slip  away ;  lapsed  (1  syl.),  laps'-ing,  laps'-able. 
Lat.  laps&re  (frequent,  of  Idbor^  sup.  lapaum),  to  glide  away, -to  slip. 
Lap'-wing,  the  pee-wit.    (Noted  for  flapping  its  wings.) 
Lar,  plu.  lares,  lair^rez,  household  gods.    (Lat.  lar,  plu.  lares.) 
Larboard,  la'/.bdrd,  the  left  side  of  a  vessel  (looking  forward). 

Fort  is  now  used  instead.    Starboard,  the  right  side... 

Italian  quello  bordo,  questo  bordOf  contracted  into  'to-bord,  'sto-bord. 

Larceny,  plu.  larcenies,  lar'.se.nlz,  petty  theft ;  larcenist,  -si.nist. 

Fr.  lardn;  Lat.  latr6ctniu'm,(latro,  a  mercenary,  a  robber ;  Gk.  latron^ 
pay,  lalHs,  a  hireling,  mercenaries  being  generally  robbers). 

Larch,  a  tree  of  the  flr  kind.    (Lat.  lariXt  Gk.  larix,  a  larch.) 

Lard,  the  f&tat  pigs,  to  smear  with  lard ;   lard'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 

lard'-ing;  lard'-er,  a  room  for  food;  larderer,  lar'.de.rer, 

one  who  has  charge  of  the  larder;  lard'-y,  containing  lard. 

French  la/rd,  v.  larder;  Latin  lardum. 

Large,  extensive;  largely,  large'-ness;   at  large,  a\.\\\iet\.^. 

French  torg*;  Latin  largtu  (Greek  latvros,  that  is  la  cumils,  '^'fiie^. 

2n 


662  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

JjBO^geBB,  a  gift.  (Fr.  ktrgetset  a  bounty ;  Lat  largiOj  to  gWe  freely.) 
Larghetto,  kMr.giSf.to,  somewhat  dowly.   (Ital.  largot  with  dim.) 
Lar'go,  slowly,  but  not  so  trlow  as  gravet  and  "  gltsve  **  is 
not  so  slow  as  adagio,    l^he  degrees  are  larghettOf  largo, 
grave,  adagio  slowest  of  all. 
(All  Italian  words.)    A  qnayer  in  " largo" = a  minim  in  " piMto." 
Lark,  a  bird,  a  piece  of  fan,  to  catch  larks,  to  devise  a  piece  of 
mischievous  fun ;  larked  (1  syl.),  lark'-ing^  lark'-er. 

Lark'spur,  a  flower,  so  called  from  a  fancied  resemhlanoe 

of  the  homed  nectary  to  a  lark's  spur. 
Skylark  (the  most  musical),  wood'lark,  meadowlazk. 
Skylark'ing  with  sailors  consists  in  dimbing  to  the  highest 

of  the  yards  and  then  sliding  down  the  ropes ;  ftm. 

OM  Eoflish  la/ere  or  lawerc;  Scotdi  laveroh;  Latin  dUmdm, 
**  Lark  ^  (fan),  a  corrupt  form  of  the  Old  ISnglish  Ida,  spork 

Larva,  lar^.vah.    Lava,  lah'.vah,    Laver,  lay\ver. 

The  Jirst  state  of  an  insect  is  a  Egg. 

The  second  state  a  larva. 

The  third  state  a  pu'pa  or  chrysalis  Ihr^M.issl. 

The  fourth  and  final  state  the  loia'go. 

Lar'Yal,  ac^j.  of  larva ;  lar'TifbnH,  like  a  larva. 

Lava,  lah'.vah,  melted  rock-matter  from  a  volcano. 

Laver,  lay'.ver,  a  vessel  for  holding  water. 

Latin  larva,  h  mask,  "grabs,"  &c.,  are  so  called,  becanae  their 
appearance  "  masks  "  the  future  state.  "  Papa  "  (Latin),  "  baby," 
the  baby-state  of  the  winged  insect.  "  Imago  ^  (Latin),  "  Ukeness," 
when  the  insect  assumes  its  true  "  likeness  "  or  adiape. 

"Lava"  (of  a  volcano),  Latin  lavare,  to  wash  [down]. 

*'  Laver  **  (a  vessel  for  purifications),  Latin  loffOr^,  to  watiL 

Larynx,  Idr^rinx,  the  upper  part  of  the  wind-pipe ;  laiyngeal, 
Id.iing'giMl,  acij.  of  la^nx ;  laryngean,  la.ring'gi^dn. 

Laryngitis,  lar^rin.gV\tis»,  inflammation  of  the  laryaz 
(^itis  added  to  Greek  nouns  denotes  inflammation). 

Laryngoscope,  larr^\go.8kope,  an  instrument  for  inspect- 
ing the  larynx.  (Except  in  tele-scope  and  pJutnta-scope, 
the  vowel  preceding  -scope  is  always  -o.  Rule  Ixxiil) 

Laryngotomy,  lar^rin.g5t.8,my,  cutting  the  larynx. 

Latin  tdrynx;  Qreek  Idrugx,  tdruga^slOpedf  I  inspect  the  laiytiz. 
"  Laryngotomy,"  Greek  Idrugx  temndf  I  cut  the  laiynz. 

Las'car,  a  native  East  Indian  sailor,  an  artillery  metkiaL 
Hindustani  Ioshkar,  the  popular  name  of  a  Maltjm'gattni 

Lascivious,  las^v\i.uSf  wanton ;  Innrlr'imin  ly,  iMoiy'lom  mm. 
Latin  laseividsw  (laselvtu,  a  wanton ;  Givek  asflgts,  lewd)L 

ISah,  a  whip  thong,  a  blow  with  a  whip,  to  whip)  to  dash  agiiin«t| 
to  fasten  witk  a  rope ;  lashed,  ISsht ;  liudi^teg,  ladi'-«r. 
Genu.  loscTien,  to  wh!k^ ;  Tt.  Vmss^  «^a\B%,  <»  kii8N»  ttsd  to  a  ttdi^ 


AND  OF  aPELLTNG.  668 

LaflB,  plu,  lasB-es,  Uu^ez,  fern,  of  ISd,  a  girl ;  lassie,  I£s'.«y,  a 
little  girl,  a  term  of  endearment  (lad-eis  con.  Into  la'ss). 

LasBO.  Ids^soi  a  long  rope  with  a  noose  for  catching  wild  horses,, 
to  nse  the  lasso;  laasoed,  las'Mde;  las'so-ing* 
Spanish  Iomo^  %  noose  (Latin  looms,  loost)^ 

Last,  the  final  [one],  the  one  just  before  the  present  [one],  the 
model  of  a  foot,  a  measure  [Id  sacks  of  wool^  to  endure, 
to  continue ;  last'-ed  (E.  xxxTi.)»  laat^-iag,  last^ing-ly, 
lasf  ing-nesB.  Stick  to  your  last,  do  not  venture  to  pass 
an  opinion  on  a  subject  you  know  nothing  about. 
At  last,  or  at  the  last?  If  adverbially  used,  meaning 
lastly,  most  decidedly  at  last  should  be  need.  "At"  is 
the  Ang.-Sax.  adverbial  prefix,  at-kate  or  on-kbsUy  lastly.. 

At  the  last  requires  a  neun :  as  at  the  last  [supper], 

**  Last "  (final),  Old  Eng.  la*U.  "  Last **  (dioemater'sX  IM  or  Ust. 
**  Last"  (twelve  sacks  of  wool).  Old  £n«:li8b  hkut,  a  load,  a  freight. 
*'La«t"  (verb),  Old  Eag.  ttMlam},  past  bdtMs,  ywt  part.  Ud«d. 

Latakia,  lafM.kee''.ah,  a  Turkish  tobacco  of  supenor  quality. 

So  called  from  LaiakVa  or  "  Laodioe^a,"  where  it  is  grown. 
LSteh  [of  a  door],  to  fasten  with  a  latch;   latched  (1  syl.), 
latch'-ing;  latoh'-key,  -hee,  for  raising  a  door-latch. 

Latchet,  latch'. it,  a  shoe-tie.   (O.  £ng.  ge-laeclan\,  to  catch.) 
L&te  (1  syl.),  convp,  laf-er,  super,  lat'-est;  late'Jy,  late'-neis. 

Qt  late  (adv.),  lately ;  too  late,  after  the  proper  time. 

O.  B.  Uet,  comp.  ketra  or  Icetor,  sap.  laiost  or  laiemost,  IcU  Uce,  adv. 
iLateen,  IS.teen',  a  broad  triangular  [sail],  a  lateen-veeseL 

French  latin  (both  senses) :  Latin  UUub,  broad. 
Lateat,  lay'. tent  (not  lat\ent)y  concealed;  la'tent-ly ;  la'tency. 

Latent  heat,  heat  which  passes  into  a  body  [as  ice]  without 
affecting  the  thermometer.    (Latin  l&teo,  ta  lie  hid.) 

Later,  late^ety  more  late.    Latter,  Uii^.tert  the  last  of  two. 

Latter  refers  to  time.    Lat'ter  refers  to  order,    (See  Late.) 

Lateral,  l&f.i.rdl,  proceeding  from  the  side,  pertaining  to  the 
side;  lat'eral-ly.     (Latin  t&tSralis,  latu»,  the  side.) 

Lateran,  la1f.S.rdny  one  of  the  churches  of  Borne,  the  pope's  see,  <&c. 

So  caUdd  from  the  Latwcetii,  a  family  which  possessed  a  palace  on 
this  spot.    Being  seized  by  Nero,  it  became  an  imperial  residence. 

LaUi,  Idthf  a  long  thin  slip  Gi  wood,  to  cover  with  laths. 

Lfttha  (1  syli,  a  turning  machine ;  lathed  (1  syLj,  lath'-ing, 
latk'-;f»  lUce  a  lath,  thin  and  feeble. 

German,  Vnoch  UUt^ :  Welsh  Kio^,  a  rod  or  staff  a  jard  long. 
"Lathe"  ^  turning-machine),  Welsh  lUUlwyky  to  polish  or  smooth. 

l^kther,  ISrh'.er,  the  froth  of  soap,  to  cover  with  soap  froth ; 

lathered,  larK.erd;  lath'er-ing,  lath'er-er. 

Old  English  Idhffiia/nl,  past  letbrode,  past  part.  letKrod. 


664  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Lathyrus,  la.rhWrus,  the  everlasting  pen,  the  vetchling,  <Src. 

Qreek  lathwrroa  (lathro  \lanthdno\,  to  lie  hid),  so  called  becauie  the 
flowers  "  lie  hidden  "  amongst  the  leaves. 

Latin,  lafXn  [language].    LSt'ten,  iron-tinnecL    Lateen',  a  sail. 
Lafin,  the  language  of  the  ancient  Bomans;  lat'in-ism, 
lat'in-ist.    Latinity,  la,tin\%,tyy  Latin  style  or  idiom. 

Latinise,  lafJln.ize  (Bule  xxxi.),  to  convert  into  Latin  ; 
latinised,  ld1fJln.izd;  lafinis-ing  (Bule  xix.),  lafiniB-er. 

The  Latin  Church,  the  Western,  whose  liturgy  is  in  Latin. 

The  Oreek  Church,  the  Eastern,  whose  liturgy  is  in  Greek. 

The  An'glican  Church,  the  English  Protestant  church 
(established  by  law),  the  liturgy  of  which  is  in  English. 

The  Latin  race,  the  people  of  Italy,  France,  Spain,  and 
Portugal,  whose  languages  are  based  on  the  Latin,  and 
called  Bomanoe. 

Dog-Latin,  gibberish  Latin;    Law  Latin,  debased  Latin 

used  in  law  courts ;  Monkkh  Latin,  debased  Latin  used 

by  monks ;  Low  Latin,  debased  medieval  Latin. 

Latin,  so  called  from  Ldtium.    Abba  Longa  was  head  of  the  Latin 

league,  and  Borne  was  a  colony  of  Abba  Longa. 
"Latten,"  Welsh  llatvm:  Span,  laton;  Fr.  laiton;  ItaL  lotto. 
"Lateen,"  Fr.  IcUin;  Span,  totino  (Lat.  ULiua^  Gk.  plAUu,  wide). 

Latitude,  laf.ttude.    Longitude,  lon\gi.tude. 

Latitude,  the  distance  of  a  place  due  North  or  South  from 
the  Equator.    The  greatest  latitude  is  90  degrees ; 

Longitude,  the  distance  of  a  place  due  East  or  West  of 
some  given  line,  called  the  Meridian  of  Longitude.  The 
greatest  possible  longitude  is  180  degrees. 

Latitudinal,  ldt'.X.tu'\di.ndlt  acy.  of  latitude. 

Parallels  of  latitude,  par^raLUlz  ov  IdfX.tude,  parallel 
lines  drawn  due  East  and  West  of  each  other. 

High  latitudes,  hi  IdtW.tudes,  those  parts  of  the  earth  which 
lie  near  the  poles.  Low  latitudes,  those  parts  of  the 
esirth  which  lie  near  the  equator. 

Latitude,  license  of  speech,  conduct,  or  faith ; 

Latitudinarian,  lat' X-tvf .dX-naii^^riMn^  one  whose  religious 
opinions  are  too  lax  to  be  orthodox ; 

Latitudinar^ian.ism,  inorthodoxy. 

Latin  IdtiWdo  {IdttLs,  broad).  The  ancients  sap]}OBed  tk«  earth  to  be 
a  flat  surface,  bounded  by  the  Atlantic  and  eidieoding  thence  ^• 
definitely  eastward.  This  was  called  its  breacUk.  Its  length  was 
similarly  measured  from  the  tropic  of  Cancer  northwards. 

Latria,  Id.tri'.ah,  divine  adoration.   The  reverence  paid  to  saints 
is  called,  in  the  Latin  Church,  dulia  [better  duWah]. 

Oreek  lotreia,  MteA  aerAcfc,  service  of  the  gods.  "DuUa"  Greek 
douleia^  the  service  ol  ft\«v«&  wAXsotv^mwi. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  606 

Latten,  lut\t^n,  iron  tinned  over.     Laf  in  [language]. 

Welsh  llatvm:  Span,  laton;  Fr.  UtUon;  Ital.  latta,  latten. 
"Latin/'  so  named  from  Lativm,  of  which  Borne  was  a  colony. 

Latter,  Idf.ter,  the  last  of  two.    Later,  lay\ter,  more  late. 

rormer,  fdr^.mer,  the  first  of  two.    "  Latter"  and  "  former  " 

refer  to  orders  "  later"  and  "  latest"  refer  to  time. 

Lat'ter-ly,  of  late.    Lat'ter-day  Saints,  the  "  Mormons." 

"Latter"  is  the  second  of  two,  and  '* former'*  the  prior  of  two.  When 
three  or  more  things  are  referred  to  these  comparatives  shovXd  not 
he  v^ed,  but  the  superlatives  *'last"  and  first. 

Errors  of  Speech. — 

Ck)pper,  silver,  and  gold  are  used  for  coinage,  the  laUer  is  by  far  the 
more  valuable  (Utit,  most). 

Gold,  silver,  and  copper  are  all  minted,  bat  the  former  is  more 
valuable  than  either  of  the  other  two  (first). 

Of  larks  there  are  many  kinds :  as  the  brown  lark,  wood  lark,  meadow 
lark,  and  skylark,  but  the  latter  is  the  most  musical  of  them  all. 

•B,  p,  m,  f,  and  v  are  labials,- but  the  latter  two  are  caUed  labio- 
dentals (the  last  two). 

Lattice,    Idf.tbss,    a   framework    with    diagonal    cross  -  bars ; 

laftioe-work;  latticed,  ^at^t{8t,  covered  with  lattice- work. 

French  lattis  (lattes,  laths ;  Welsh  Uath,  a  rod  or  staff). 

Land,  lawd,  praise.    Lord,  a  nobleman,  a  term  applied  to  deity ; 

land,  to  praise ;  laud'-ed  (B.  xxxyi.),  land' ung,  land'-able 

(1st  Lat.  conj.),  laud'able-ness,  land'ably. 

Landation,  law.day'\8hun ;  laudatory,  lati/,da.t8.ry. 

Latin  laudabUis,  IcMddtio,  lavddre,  to  praise. 

Landannm,  Wd^'n.um  (not  law\dd.nuni),  a  drug. 

Fr.  laudamum;  Lat.  Idddnum  (from  the  shrub  loda,  Plin  26.47.  The 
Arabian  name  of  the  shrub  is  lodan;  our  error  of  spelling  we  owe 
to  the  French,  our  pronunciation  to  the  Arabic. 

Langli,  Idhf  (noun  and  verh) ;  langhed,  Idhft;  langh-ing,  Idhf-; 
laiigh''ing-ly ;  langh'-er,  ldhf.er;  langh-able,  ldhf.d.b% 
langh'able-ness,  laugh'ably;  langhlng-etocik,  a  butt; 
langh'ing-g^,  nitrous  oxide. 

Laughter,  Ubhf'.ter;  laugh^ter-less. 

To  langh  at,  to  ridicule ;  to  langh  to  scorn. 

To  langh  in  one's  sleeve,  to  laugh  inwardly  with  scorn. 

(The  spelling  of  this  word  has  greatly  deviated  firom  the  older  form, 

and  the  interpolated  *'g"  is  worse  tham,  useless.) 
Old  English  hlOiian],  past  hldh,  past  part,  hlcegen ;  hleahtor. 

Launch,  Idnch,  to  move  a  vessel  into  the  sea;  launched  (1  sjl.), 

launch'-ing.    To  launch  out,  to  give  free  scope. 

(The  better  spelling  of  this  word  uxmld  be  **  lanch.") 
French  lancer,  to  daxt  [lance,  Latin  Umcea;  Greek  logdU). 

Laundress,  lamf.dreis,  a  washerwoman  of  the   better   sort; 

laundry,  lam\dry,  a  room  where  linen  is  "  ^o\,  xr^''  *, 

laund'ry-maid  (corruption  of  lavandre%%^. 

French  lavandidre,  a  wash  woman  (Latin  lavdre,  to  ^8a\iV 


566  ERRORS  OF  SPEECJT 

Laurel,  Ifh^ril,  an  eyergreen,  to  crown  with  laurel;  lamelled, 
lor'rild;  lan'xell-ing  (B.  iii., -el)  ;  lanrifenras,  l&rrif'.' 
i.Hi8  ;  laurine,  l&/rine^  the  bitter  principle  of  the  laurel; 
lanrels,  Wr^rilz^  glory,  honour  obtained  by  merit 

Poet  laureate,  pd'M  lat^r^Mt^  the  crown  salaried  poet 

Lau^'reate-ship,  the  office  of  poet-laureate  (-s^ip,  office). 

Lat.  UmredUu,  kmrea,  a  laurel ;  Fr.  lawriatf  lawier,    (-el  dim.) 
LauruBtinuB  (not  laurestimis),  IWHUAV^nHs^  an  evei^een. 

Latin  lamrus  ti'wiu,  the  "Yibor'ntim  tfrnu.** 
Lava,  ldh.vdh.    Larva,  la/,vah,    lA-vet^  lay\ver* 

Lava,  melted  rock-matter  from  a  volcano. 

Larva,  the  insect  in  its  grulb  or  cater^nllar  state. 

Laver,  a  vessel  for  holding  water  for  purification. 

**  XiaTa*'  and  "  Layer,**  Latin  la/vdre,  to  wash. 

"  Larva"  (a  gmb),  Latin  larva,  a  mask.    (See  Larva.) 

Lave  (1  syl.),  to  wash ;  laved  (1  syL),  lar'-ing  (R.  xix.);  laV-er, 
a  vessel  for  purifications ;  brazen-laver  £of  Solomon]. 

Lavatory,  plu.  lavatories,  l&v\a.tS.fiZf  a  place  for  washing. 

Latin  tdvdtdrium,  latSxt^  to  wash ;  French  v.  laMr,  Imvoir. 
Lavender,  lav\^n.der,  an  odoriferous  plant ; .  lavender-Trater. 

Lat.  lavamdMa  (from  lanando,  for  its  hm  in  batlxa  and  f omentationsX 
Laverock,  ldf/.irr6k  (Scotch),  the  lark.    (Old  English  lafere.) 

Lavish,   Uiv'AsK  profase,.  to   squander;    lavished,  Uiv/isht; 
lav'ish-ing,  ISv^ish-ly,  IS.T'ish-ment,  lEv'ish-neflB. 
French  lavoiese,  shower ;  "  lavish'*  is  to  " shower  down '*  (moiiey]. 

Law,  law'-ful  (R.  viii.),  law'fol-ly,  law^fnl-nese;  law^-f^v'er, 
law'-less,  law^lesB-ly,  law'Iefls-ness;  law-nukker;  law- 
breaker, -brdk\er.  By-laws  (not  bye-laws),  local  or 
borough  laws  {by,  Danish  a  borough  or  town). 

IF  Gan'on-law,  ecclesiastical  law. 

Oiv'il-law,  the  Roman  law  having  respect  to  man  as  a  citizen. 
Common  law,  *' unwritten"  or  traditional  law.    Its  force  is 
derived  from  long  usage  and  not  from  *'  statutes.'* 

Statute  law,  stdftute  law,  law  which  owes  its  force  to 
"  statutes  "  and  not  to  tradition  or  long  usage. 

^  Oriminal  law,  hiimX.n&l  law,  that  which  rules  what  shall 
be  deemed  "  crime,"  mnd  what  punishment  is  to  be 
awtirded  to  those  proved  guilty  thereof! 

Ecclesiastical  law,  ^kMee^M*as"M.Ml   2aio,  that  which 
rules  the  government  of  the  church. 

Maritime  law,  mar^7i,Ume  law,  that  which  roles  on  the  set 

considered  ea  a  highway  of  commerce. 

Municipal  law,  ma-uW  A.-pSX  \a>D,that  which  zoles  a  parti- 
cular borough  OT  t^^wu^^YA^. 


AND  OF  S^ELLIKG.  567 

National  law,  nlUKJSnJtl  loto,  that  vliieh  i^iles  an  entire 
nation  or  state. 

International  law,  \n' .ter-nath' JSnM  low,  that  which  rules 
in  the  intercourse  of  nation  with  nation. 

IT  Oeremonial  law,  s^rejnlf'jnlJH  law,  the  Levitioal  law 
given  by  Moses  to  the  Jews. 

Moral  law,  mb/rSl  law,  the  ten  commandments. 

Physical  laws,  f\z'X.hSl  lawz,  those  of  nature  observed  in 

tiie  physical  creation. 
BeTealed  laws,  rLveeld'  laws,  those  of  God  made  known 

to  man  in  the  Bible. 

IT  Lynch  law,  Vinch  law,  moh  law,  or  punishment  inflicted 

without  legal  examination.    (From  Lynch,  of  Virginia.) 

Old  English  Uign,  lag  or  Idk.  Ia^-^^«M.  a  Uw-bcaakflr ;  UkUc,  lawful ; 
lahUoe,  lawfully  (v.  Ucglam.],  to  set  down). 

Lawn,  a  grass  plot,  a  fine  sort  of  linen.    Lom,  forsaken,  lonely. 

Lawn'-y;  lawn-sleere,  a  [bishop's]  sleeve  made  of  lawn. 

WttUh  Uan,  a  yard,  an  open  meadow.  "Lawn"  [cloth].  Span,  and 
Fr.  linon;  Lat.  llnum,  linen.    '*  Lorn,**  Old  Eng.  farloren,  forlorn. 

LSx,  loose.    Lacks,  doth  lack.    Lakes,  Idks,  large  ponds. 

Lax'-l7,lax'-ne8S,  laxity;  lazation,  2&r.a'.«^9»n ;  laxative, 
Idx'M.tiv,  purgative;  lax'ativeness ;  laxa'tor  [musoles], 
muscles  [of  the  ear],  opposed  to  the  Ten'sor  [muscle]. 

fThecfffieeofthe  '*  Tensor  fiMjMU'*U  to  draw  the  head  qfih4**maleu»'* 

badewards,  that  of  the  **Lax&tor  fMudee"  fonoardi. 
LaUn  Uu^tas,  laxue,  laaatio,  v.  toe^e,  to  slacken,  to  loose. 

Lay,  (j^aat)  laid,  (past  part.)  laid,  to  place  (a  verb  transitive). 

Lie,  li;  (past)  lay,  (paxt  part.)  lain,  to  recline,  to  remain. 

(Note — laid,  paid,  said  (tSd),  are  irregular  in  spelling.) 

Lay  is  the  pres.  tense  of  the  transitive  verb  lay,  and  the 
past  tense  of  the  intransitive  verb  He. 

LKLd,  lade,  the  p.  p,  of  *'  lay  " ;  lain,  lane,  the  p.  p,  of  lie. 

To  lay  by,  to  rest,  to  set  aside. 

To  lay  up,  to  store ;  to  he  laid  np,  to  he  HL 

To  lay  to,  too,  to  stop  [a  ship].    To  lay  waste,  to  devastate. 

To  lay  oat,  to  expend,  to  plan  out  [a  garden] ; 

To  lay  on,  to  strike; 

IT  To  lay  cmeself  down,  to  He  down. 

To  lay  wait  for,  to  wait  in  ambush,  Met  To  He  in  wait,  to 

He  in  ambush. 
To  lay  apart,  to  put  on  one  side;  To  lie  apart,  to  slee^^ 

away  from  each  other. 

To  lay  down,  to  relinquiah ;   To  lie  down,  V>  x^cS^ue. 


568  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

To  lay  together,  to  collect,  to  place  close  to  each  other ; 
To  lie  together,  to  occupy  one  bed,  to  agree  in  a  mis- 
representation of  facts. 

Lay  (noun)^  a  poem ;  lay  (adj.)^  not  clerical,  as  lay-brother, 

lay-Bister;    lay^man,  one  not  a  minister;   lay-figure, 

lay-flg'.er^  an  artist's  jointed  model  figure. 

Mu^  error  exista  in  the  use  of  the  two  verbe  "{ay"  and  **  lie.** 

Obe.  1.    "  Lay"  intL8t  have  a  noun  in  regimen  with  it,  and  mams  to 

" place**  (yr"depoHt." 
'*Lie"  cannot  have  a  noun  in  regimen  with  it,  and  it  means  to 

"redine,"  to  *' remain.'* 
Oha.  2.     "Lay"  is  the  present  tense  of  the  verb  "tof,**  and  the  pcut 

tense  of  the  verb  **lie." 
Obs.  8.    The  past  paH.  of  "  lay*'  is  laid,  and  of  "  lie  **  lain. 

EXAMFLZS— 

The  hen  {ays  an  egg.  The  man  lays  bis  hat  down.  Rain  toys  the  dnst. 
The  hen  laid  an  egg  yesterday.    The  man  laid  his  hat  on  the  table. 

The  rain  laid  the  dust. 
The  hen  has  laid  an  egg     The  man  has  laid  his  hat  on  the  table. 

The  rain  has  laid  the  dust. 
The  hen  is  laying  an  egg.    The  man  is  laying  his  hat  on  the  table. 

The  rain  is  laying  the  dust. 
Obs.  " egg,*'  "hat,"  "  dust "  follow  the  verb  "  lay**  in  proper  regimen. 

Errors  of  Speech. — 
There  let  it  lay  (Bvron).    There  let  it  lie. 

They  laid  in  bed  till  the  clock  struck  ten  (Norsery  rhyme).  They  lay. 
I  haye  lain  the  book  on  the  shelf  ^I  have  laid. . ..). 
The  land  lays  very  low  (The  land  lies. . . . ). 

How  lays  the  battle  (How  lies.. . .     ** Battle**  is  subject,  not  object). 
Here  will  I  lay  to-night  (Here  will  Hie....). 
The  land  lays  desolate  (lies ....    See  Lev.  xxri.  84»  48 ;  Isa.  xxxiiL  8). 

To  toy  in  ambush  {lie See  Josh.  viiL  0). 

They  toy  in  wait  for  blood  (lie..,.    See  Mic.  viL  2 ;  Acts  zziii  21X 

"Lay,"  Old  English  lecg[an],  past  legede,  past  part,  leged. 
"Lie,"  Old  English  licg[an],  past  Iceg,  past  part,  legen. 

Lay'er,  a  stratum.    Lair  (1  syl.),  the  bed  of  a  wild  beast. 

Layer,  a  row  [of  bricks],  a  ooat  [of  paint],  a  shoot  laid  in 

tiie  ground  for  propagating;  lay^er-ing,  propagating... 
German  lage,  a  stratum  or  layer.    Latter,  a  lair  or  conch. 
Lazzarone,  plu.  lazzaroni.  Viz' jia.rd,ny ,  Neapolitan  vagrants. 
Lazaretto,  plu,  lazarettos,  ldz'jsa.ri^f\toze,  a  pest  house. 
Lazar-house,  laz\ar  house,  a  hospital  for  lepers. 

(If  the  Italian  is  adopted,  as  in  "  lazzarone,"  the  double  t  sJiovId  hs 
preserved  throughout.  If  "  Lazarus  "  is  to  be  the  model,  Lauanms 
should  be  spelt  with  one  z.  "Lazaretto**  is  Franeo-ItaUam,  ami 
"Lazar-house"  English-French  and  a  hybrid. 

Italian  lazzarone,  lazzeretto  (! !);  French  kusare,  lasuwgt. 

Lazuli,  laz',u.li  or  lap'is-laz'uli,  an  azure-blue  mineral; 
LazuHte,  laz' ,U.l%te,  an  inferior  species  of  lapis-lazulL 

Lapit-himiM  is  neither  Latin  nor  Italian.  The  Frenoh  o(mipoiuMl 
borrowed  by  us  \a  meant  for  the  Italian  lapis  IcuBsali  or  lamah. 
The  Latin  noTm  lazQXiis  m«axA\>t\«  "  «bzure-blue  stone,"  and  lapit, 
a  stone,  is  not  xeqvux^   (>x«^'\  wuw,\}(x^  vsos^itone.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  669 

Azy,  lay'jsy,  indolent ;  la^'ad-neas  (R.  xi),  la'zi-ly.  (Welsh  llesg.) 

A  (Lat.  -r  or  -IV,  with  any  preceding  vowel),  noons,  instrument, 
or  diminative,  sparkle,  a  little  spark;  candle,  table,  &c. 

lea,  lee,  a  meadow,  a  field.    Lee,  defended  from  the  wind. 

Leas,  leez,  pin.  of  lea.  Lees,  dregs.  Lease,  ISce  [of  a  house]. 

*'  Lea,**  Welsh  Ue.    **  Lee,**  Old  English  hied,  shelter,  lefnge. 

"  L^es,**  Fr.  lie  (Lat.  limus,  mad).  "  Lease,"  Fr.  laissert  to  let  one  have. 

lead,  ISd  (a  metal),  leed  (to  conduct).    Led,  did  lead. 

Lead,  lid,  a  metal,  to  cover  with  lead;  lead-ed,  Ud'.ed; 
leaid-ing,  Ud'.ing;  lead-en,  Ud"n,  made  of  lead  {-en 
added  to  materials  denotes  "made  of,"  as  gold-en,  wood  en). 

Leads,  ledz,  a  roof  covered  with  lead,  slips  of  metal  inserted 
by  printers  between  the  lines  of  type,  a  point  for  writing ; 

Black-lead,  plumba'go  or  graph'ite,  a  compound  of  iron  and 
carbon ;  White  lead,  oxide  of  lead.    Lead  pen'dl,  led... 

Lead,  leed,  to  convey ;  {past)  led,  {past,  part.)  led;  lead'-ing, 

lead'-er,  lead'er-ship  {-ship,  office  of) ;  lead'ing-strings ; 

a  lead'ing  question,  a  question  which  leads  to  the  answer. 

"Lead"  (metal).  Old  English  Uad,  leaden. 

"Lead"  (verb).  Old  English  ldd[an],  past  Iddde,  past  pari.  UMed. 

eaf  [of  a  plant],  leef.  Lief,  leef,  willingly.  Leave,  live,  to  quit. 

Leaves,  Uevz,  plu.  of  leaf  (3  per.  sing.  pres.  tense  of  leave). 

Leaf,  plu,  leaves.  (Nouns  in  -af  and  -If  make  the  plu.  in 
-ves,  B.  xxxviiL) ;  leaf-less ;  leaf-age  {-age,  collection), 
abounding  in  leaves,  season  of  leaves. 

Leaf -let,  a  small  leaf;  leafy,  leafinesa  (Bule  zi) ; 

Leaf-stalk,  leef-stawh,  the  stalk  of  a  leaf;  leaf-bnd,  the  bud 

which  develops  into  a  leaf;   froit-budi  the  bud  which 

develops  into  fruit. 

"Leaf,"  Old  Eng.  leaf.    "Lief,"  Old  Eng.  led/,  comp.  Ie6fre,  rather. 
"Leave,"  Old  Eng.  led/,  aledf[an\,  to  give  leave,  geUd^an],  to  believe. 

eagne,  leeg,  an  alliance,  a  cabal,  three  miles,  to  combine  for 
mutual  aid;  leagued,  leegd;  leagu-ing,  leeg'-ing  (verbs 
ending  in  any  two  vowels,  except  -tt^,  preserve  both  be- 
fore -ing,  Bule  xx.);  leagu-er,  leeg*.er. 

French  limte,  a  union ;  Latin  llgiret  to  tie. 

"  LcNB^^e    (three  miles),  Low  Latin  lettga  or  leuca;  Froich  lieue. 

cak,  leek,  a  chink,  to  ooze  out.    Leek,  a  kind  of  onion. 

Leaked,  leekd;  leak'-ing,  leak'-age  {-age,  act  of),  leak'-y, 

leak'i-nesa  (Bule  xi.);  to  leak  out,  to  get  "wind." 
"  Leak,"  Old  Eng.  hlece,  hlece-sdp,  a  leaky  ship.    "  Leek,"  O.  E.  leac. 
ean,  leen,  thin,  to  incline.    Lien,  le\en,  an  obligation. 

(Past  and  p.p-)  leaned,  leend,  or  leant,  lent.    IaiiX.  (,q.'o^v 
(Comp.)  lean'-er,  (super. J  lean'-est,  leanT-neoB^loas^  A^« 


670  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

A  lean-to,  a  building  the  rafters  of  which  lean  against 

another  building.    To  lean  on,^  to  rest  on,  to  depend  on. 

"Lean"  (verb).  Old  Eng.  hMin{icm\  past  hUnod«,  past  paft.  MmmA. 
"  Lean  '*  (thin),  Old  English  Uhyt  or  A{<to«,  y.  ldm\yin\  to  be  lean. 

Leap,  leep,  a  jump,  to  jump;    (past  and  past  part.)  leaped, 
Uepty  or  leapt,  Upt;   leap'-lng,  leap'ing-ly,  leap'-er; 
leap-frog,  jump-back ;  leap-year,  every  fourtii  year,  the 
date  of  which  will  always  be  an  exact  measure  of  4. 
Old  English  /iZedMan],  past  Meop,  past  part,  hledpen. 

Learn,  lem,  to  receive  instruction.  Teach,  teech,  to  give  instruc- 
tion. Leam.er,  lem'-er^  a  scholar.  Teaeher,  teeeh'-ift 
an  in  structor .  Leam'-ing,  lem'-ing,  receiving  instructioD, 
knowledge  obtained  by  study ;  learned  or  leanrt,  lemt, 
acquired  by  study ;  leam-ed,  lem\ed,  wise ;  leaorned-lyf 
lem\ed.l/y,  wisely.    The  leam^-ed,  the  book-wise. 

Errors  of  Speech. — 

Lead  me  in  Thy  path  and  learn  me  (Pa.  xcv.  4.  Prayer  Book  wbIoi^ 
8uch  as  are  gentle,  them  shall  He  Uo/m  His  way  (/'«.  zxv.  8^  ditto). 
O  lea/m  me  true  understanding  (Ps.  czix.  06,  ditto). 
[They  shall]  keep  My  covenant,  .that  I  [will]  learn,  them  (cxzziL  Z\ 
Old  Eng.  Ie6m[ian],  past  ledmode,  past  p.  Uifrnod,  ledmers,  a  learner; 
le/fmigende,  learning  (part.) ;  ledrwanQf  learning  (verhal  ncnm). 

Lease,  leeee  [of  a  house],  leeze,  to  glean.    Lees,  leez,  dzegs. 

Leased,  leest,  let  for  a  term  of  years.    L^aat,  Iseit,  smallest 

Leasing,  Ue'Mng^  letting  on  a  lease,  Ue'jsingy  lying. 

Lease'hold,  property  held  by  lease;  lease-hold'er. 

•    Less'or,  one  who  gives  a  lease.  Lees'ee,  one  who  holds  a  lease. 

Less^er,  smaller  in  size.    Leaser,  lee^,zerj  a  gleaner. 

'' Lease "  (a  contract),  Fr.  laisser,  to  leave,  to  let.  "Lees,"  ft.  Ik 
*'  Lease  "  (to  glean),  Old  English  2es[an],  to  glean ;  lase,  a  gatherfatf. 
'* Leasing"  QyisMg),  Old  Eng.  learning,  leas,  falsehood ;  leatSUm],  tone. 

Leash,  Uesh,  three  head  of  game,  three  hounds.  See.,  to  hold  by 
a  string ;  leashed,  leeshd ;  leash'-ing. 
A  brace  is  a  couple.    Two  bnace  »  4.    Two  leash  =■  6. 
Fr.  laiMe;  Low  Lat.  Usia;  Lat.  lAquems,  a  noose  (Gk.  lugot,  a  witheX 
Leasing,  Ue\zing^  iying.  gleaning.  (0.  E.  leastmg,  lese.  See  lease.) 
Least,  leest,  smallest    Leased,  leest,  let  on  lease.    LSst  (q»v,) 

At  least  or  At  ilie  least  ?    "  At  least**  »  at  any  rate.    (This 

is  the  Old  £ng.  adv.  prefix  ast-).   "  At  the  least  ''...requires 

a  noun  to  follow  as  At  the  least  [disturhan^'l,  "least" 

being  an  adj.     In  the  least,  i.6.,  in  the  Ua9t  [iSisgrte\ 

The  degrees  are  [little],  less,  least.     ''LitUe"  is  not<if 

the  same  root,  but  is  supplied  for  want  of  a  positive. 

Old  Eng.  [lea»,  opposite  of  fu.U\  comp.  Icesfe  or  Umaa  flmt  rak  woMt- 
Uut  rlcP«-€st;, "  Ujuwa"  or  "lasee"  is  owr  ** leaser,*'  and  "IttT  <» 
merely  a  coutrocted  form.  "leased,"  Fr.  t^iaier.  "Leiti''  OU 
£ng.  thy  l«u,  t;h«\eaa,\N^.  Vkub^u 


AND  OF  SPELLIXO.  C71 

Leather,  lirh\er,  prepared  hides.    Lather,  ISrh^.eri  soap-froth. 

To  leather,  to  beat  with  a  leather  strap;  lettCh'er-ing,  a 
beating ;  leath'erj,  tough,  resembling  leather ;  leathern. 
**Lea.t}ier,'*O.TLk(ker,U(hem.  '*  Lather/' O.B.MJkr[ian],  to  lather. 
Leave,  leev,  permiseion,  to  quit,  (pmi  and  past  part.)  left 

LeaTes,  leevz^  doth  leave,  also  the  plu.  of  leaf  (which  see); 
leav-ing  (E.  xix.),  leev'dnff.    Lea;ving8,  Ue'xfingz^  refuse. 
To  leave  of^  to  desist    To  leave  ont,  to  omit 

Left  to  oneself,  left  to  one's  own  devices,  left  alone. 
As  *'  leave  *'  is  a  verb  transitivet  the  foUowing  ars  iUipHeal. 
I  shall  not  leave  tiU  to-morrow  (leave  this  place). 
He  left  by  train  {left  this  house,  this  place). 

Old  Eng.  WioMl  PMt  Idifd^,  past  pari  Idfed.    "Leaf,**  O.  E.  lel^f. 
"Left "  [hand],  Old  Eag.  l^,  left  or  weak,  the  weak  hand,  and  not  as 

Dr.  Triasch  asserts  "the  hand  that  is  left "  or  not  used. 
ftjoery  vord  hut  one  in  "Ida-*'  heUmga  to  our  fuUive  language  J 

Leaven,  Wo^'n,  ferment.    Eleven,  e.lSi/'n,  one  more  than  ten. 

To  leav^en;  leavened,  lev^*nd;  leaven-ing,  Uv'^n.ing ; 
leaven-er,  Uv'^n.er.    (Fr.  levain;  Lat  HvdrCt  to  raise.) 

Lecherous,  UtcK.i.riis,  lustftil;  lech'erous-ly,  lech'erous-ness; 
lechery,  Utch',Lry,  debauchery ;  lech^er,  a  debauchee. 
O.  E.  Ugerkipe,  fornication,  adultery ;  Low  Lat.  lecootor,  a  debauchee. 
Lectnm,  Uhf.tutn  (not  Uctem\  a  reading-stand. 
Low  Latin  hctvmium,  Latin  lectrwn,  a  reading-detk. 
Leetion,  Uk\shiin,  a  portion  of  Scripture  appointed  to  be 
read  in  Church,  a  MS.  "reading";   lec'tor,  a  reader; 
leotion-ary,  UY.shiiiinM.ryt  a  book  of  the  **  lessons." 

Leeture,  ISk^.tch-dr,  instructive  discourse  read  from  [notes] ; 
a  reproof,  to  give  a  lecture;  lectured,  2^ftMcMr<l;  lec'tur- 
ing  (B.  xix.),  lec'tur-er,  leo'tnre-ship  {^hip,  office  of). 

Lesson,  ISt^son,  a  task,  selected  portion  of  Scripture. 

Lai  leetiOt  UdionarvwA,  Uetor,  leetSra,  y,  Ug^re^  sf^.  leetumt  to  read ; 
Fr.  kfon;  Oerm.  Zesen,  to  read,  leaung,  a  lesson,  a  reading. 

LSd,  conducted  {past  and  p.p.  of  lead,  leed).  Lead,  Ud,  a  metal. 

A  ledJione,  a  sumpter-horse.  A  led-captain«  an  obse- 
quious guest  who  acts  as  *'  padding  "  to  the  host. 

"Led,"  Old  Eng.  lAdan,  past  Ubdde,  past  part.  McZM,  tolead,  to  g^de. 
*'Iied-horse,"  O.  Eng.  hladen-horse  or  *l(Bcl^-horse,  a  sumpter  or  laden- 

horse,  similarly  lade-saddle,  the  saddle  for  a  sumpter-horse. 
"Led-captidn/'  th%  *'eaptain"  in  leading-strings,  a  lady's  man. 

-ledge  (Anglo-Saxon  suffix  -lack,  -lac),  gift,  state;  know-ledge, 

Lgdge,  a  ridge,  a  rim,  a  fillet,  a  spline.    (O.  £.  lecgian'],  to  lay.) 

Led'ger,  an  account-book,  an  extra  line  in  the  staif  [of  mTi&V!^. 

German  lager\bueh],  stock  book.    (The  d  is  inteTpo\ate<V..^ 

Ledger  lines  (in  music)  means  ledges  for  the  notes  out  at  \i\va  eXaSL. 


672  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Lee,  defended  from  the  wind.  Lea,  Ue,  a  field,  a  meadow. 
Lee-Bhore,  the  shore  upon  which  the  wind  is  hlowing. 
Under  the  lee  of  [A.],  [A.]  heing  hetween  yon  and  the  wind. 

The  lee  side,  the  side  on  which  the  wind  does  not  b^ow; 
the  weather  side,  the  side  on  which  the  wind  does  blow ; 
thus  if  the  wind  blows  on  the  starboard,  the  starboard  is 
the  weather  side,  and  the  port  the  lee  side. 

Lee-ward,  lu\*rdt  in  the  direction  of  the  lee  side. 

Windward,  uHnd.Wd,  in  the  direction  opposite  to  that  firom 
which  the  wind  blows. 

Lee-way,  the  loss  of  way  caused  by  drifting  to  leeward. 
"  Lee/'  Old  English  Ue6,  shelter,  refuge.    "  Lea,''  Welsh  VU. 
Leech,  a  blood-sucker,  a  physician ;  leech-craft,  medical  skill. 
Old  English  Ukee^  a  medical  man,  a  blood-sacking  worm  ;  UBoererafl 
Leek,  a  kind  of  onion.    Leak,  leek,  a  chink,  to  ooze  from  a  chink. 
"  Leek/'  Old  Eng.  Uac.    "  Leak,"  O.  E.  AZece,  Ueca-scip,  a  leaky  ship. 
Leer,  a  libidinous  side-look,  to  look  with  a  leer ;  leered  (1  syl.), 
leer'-ing,  leer'ing-ly ;   leer'-er,  one  who  leers. 

Lees,  UeZy  dregs  [of  wine].    Lease,  leeeet  a  contract. 

"  Lees/'  Fr.  lie  (Lat.  llmus,  mud).  "  Lease,"  Fr.  laisser,  to  let  one  hare. 
Leet,  an  Anglo-Saxon  senate  and  law-court ;  court-leet. 

Old  Eng.  Uod,  the  people,  Uod-vnta,  a  legislator;  Low  Lat.  leta,  a  leei 
Leeward,  lu.'rd;  lee-way.     (See  Lee.) 

Left,  not  right,  past  and  past  part,  of  leave ;  left-hand,  the 
"  weak"  hand  (not  as  Dr.  Trench  says  the  "  left"  or  unused 
hand) ;  left-handed,  one  who  uses  the  left-hand  most 

A  left-handed  marriage,  mdr^.ridge^  a  German  marriage 
allowed  to  the  nobility,  which  can  be  dissolved  withoat 
divorce,  also  called  a  Morganatic  marriage. 

(The  bridegroom,  pledges  his  troth  with  the  "left"  hand.  MorgaiiatiC 
means  "  curtailed'*  or  "  limited"  becauw  the  rights  of  the  bride  art 
limited  to  the  dowry ^  and  do  not  extend  to  the  /iiw&amTs  estates.) 

Old  Eng.  lef,  left,  weak  (not  from  v.  ldf[an]X  past  Ui^de,  p.  p.  M/hL 

Leg,  a  member  of  the  animal  body ;  legged,  legd,  having  legs; 
legg'ings  (R.  i.),  covering  for  the  legs  (when  a  pair  can  be 
divided  into  two  articles,  it  has  a  sing.:   as  a  legging,  a 
glove;  otherwise  it  has  nosing. :  asscissorSt  tongs);  leg-Jesa 
To  take  leg-bail,  to  run  away  from  one's  creditors. 
Icelandic  leggr,  a  stalk  or  stem.    In  Italian  lacca  means  a  kg. 
Legacy,  plu.  legacies,  Ug\djsiz^  a  bequest  of  movable  property. 
Leg'ator,  one  who  leaves  a  legacy. 
Leg'ateeS  one  to  whom  a  legacy  is  bequeathed. 
Latin  Kgdtor,  Ugdtum,  aVs^ws^, ^.  leqftrt,  to  beqneath.    (Thb  Lsto 
verb  muat  xioi  );>«  coido\xxk.^^^H2i^Vs^t\ftq^^Vk  tnudL) 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  673 

I — — ■ ■ ' ■ — — — 

jegal,  Ze^.<7^{,  according  to  law ;  le'gal-ly,  legality;  legalise, 
leel',gdl.ize  (Bole  xxxi.),  to  render  lawful;  legalised, 
lee'.gdLizd;  le'galls-ing  (Bole  xix.) 

A  legal  tender,  coins  which  may  be  legally  offered  in 
payment  of  a  debt  (copper  to  tiie  extent  of  Is.,  silver 
to  the  extent  of  40b.,  gold  to  any  amount). 
Latin  legdlis,  UgdUku  {lex,  gen.  Uffis,  a  lawX 
jegate,  U^,ate  (not  Uef.gaUj  it  has  no  connection  with  legal), 
leg'ateHship  {-ship^  office  of);  legatine,  leg'.a.tvne,  ad(j. 
Legation,  li.gay\8hun,  the  ambassadorial  suite. 

(The  first  voioel  is  long  in  Latin,  so  is  it  in  legacy.) 

Latin  Ugdtus,  Ugdtio  (from  lega/re,  to  send  on  an  embassy). 

jegend,  ledg\^7id  (not  lee'.gend)^  a  traditional  tale,  the  words 

round  the  rim  of  a  coin ;  legendary,  ledg"n.dd.ry. 

Latin  Ugenda,  things  to  be  read.  Applied  originaUv  to  a  book  of 
lessons  appointed  to  be  read  in  the  Bomish  churcn ;  then  to  the 
chronicles  of  saints  and  martyrs  read  at  matins  and  meals. 

legerdemain,  Udg'.erM.main,  sleight  of  hand. 

English-French  for  Umr  de  fnain, — "leger  ds  la  main**  is  light-fin- 
gered (Bule  Iziii.) 

jeghom,  U.gdm'y  a  plait  for  bonnets  originally  made  at  Leghorn. 

jegible,  Udg'.lM,  easy  to  be  read;    leg'ible-ness,  leg'ibly; 
legibiUty,  Udg\iMV\i.ty.    Negative  il-legibility. 
Latin  legibllis,  (Ugifre,  to  read ;  Greek  Ufgo,  to  recount,  to  tell), 
isgion,  lee'.djun,  a  Roman  brigade  of  600  horse  and  6,000  foot 
Legion  of  honour,  a  French  order  of  merit  (by  Napoleon). 
Legionary,  lee\djunM,ryf  a^j.  of  le'gion.    Legendary  {q.v.) 
Legendary,  Udg\en.ddry,  fabulous,  adj.  of  leg'end,  q.v, 
Latin  Ugio,  gen.  Ugidnis,  Ugidnarius  {UgSre,  to  pick  out,  to  select). 
■egislatt,  Udg'.iss.late,  to  enact  laws;  leg'islat-ed  (Eule xxxvi.), 
Itg'islat-ing  (Rule  xix.);  legislatlye,  Udg'Xee.laMv. 

Legislation,  lidg'Ji88.lay'\8hun,  enaction  of  laws. 
Legislature,  ledg^isa.la.tehurf  the  power  that  legislates ; 

Legislator,  ledg^lss.la.tor,  a  law-maker,  one  of  the  legisla- 
ture, (fern.)  leg'islatrix ;  le'gist,  one  skilled  in  law. 
Fr.  UgislatUmy  UgisUztif,  Ugislatv/re,  Ugiste ;  Lat.  legislator. 
legitimate,  U.djif  .i.mate,  lawful,  to  render  lawful ;  legifimat-ed 
(Rule  xxxvi.),  legit'imat-ing  (Rule  xix.) ;  Itgifimate'-ly, 
legit^imate-nees,  legitimacy. 

Legitimation,  U.dQl1f  .l.may*\Bhun,  legalisation. 

Legitimise  (R.  xxxi.),  le.djU' .Lmlze,  to  prononnce  a  child 
legitimate;   legif imised  (4  syl.) ;   legit'imis-ing  (R.  xix.^ 

Legif'imist  (in  France),  a  favourer  of  the  Bontboii  d^'Tii\«\»'^ 
Fr.  UgitimaMon,  Ugitimisfe,  Mgitimer;  Lat.  l^gltlmiis,  UglilmaTe. 


574  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Legumen,  lS.gu\mSn,  pulse.     Leg^nmiiM,  lS,gu\min,  a  product 
called  vegetable  caeeine  [kat'.eM'],  obtained  from  pulse; 

Legumes,  le.gumz\  peas,  beans,  &«. ;  kgn'minous,  -wXnMS. 

Legmninoisites,  U.gu'.m\.nd^.i^e»,  fossil  seeds  of  pnlse  {-ite 

denotes  a  fossil,  Greek  lithoij  a  stone). 
French  Ugume,  Ugumea,  Ugvmineux/  Latis  UfgQmen,  pnlse. 

Leisure,  le\zhur,  time  unoccupied;  lei'snze-ly;  at  lei'snrt,  not 
busy.  {Fr. loisir;  Lat.Zu;«t4ti8  lawful,  hence  Zoist&Ze,lawfuL) 

Lem'ma,  a  geometrical  proposition  assumed  as  granted,  and 
taken  to  help  out  the  proof  of  a  dependent  proposition. 
Bilem'ma,  a  perplexity,  two  antagonistio  propositions. 
Greek  Umma,  anything  assumed  {lamMnOf  eiUmmai,  to  takeX 
Lemon,  Um'J6n,  a  &uit ;  lem'on-ade  (-ode,  a  drink  "  made  of). 

Span.  litnon;  Ital.  linumt;  Lat  llmSnes,  pin.;  Ind.  leemoo. 
Lemur,  lee\murj  one  of  the  monkey  tribe.    Lemures,  l^^,u.reeg, 
ghosts.    "  Propitious  "  ghosts  were  by  the  Bomans  called 
lares,  lair'rez  ;  '<  evil "  ones,  Lat'tss. 

-lenoe  (Latin  -l-entia),  nouns,  "fullneu  of";  corpu-ImiM,  ftill- 
ness  of  corpus  (flesh);  vio-lence,    (See  -lent.) 

Lend,  (pant)  l§nt,  (past  part.)  l^t,  to  grant  tempoiazy  use; 

lend'-ing,  lend'-er.     Loan,  the  thing  lent.      Bozzow, 

b5/roy  to  obtain  the  temporary  use  of  a  thing  lent. 

Old  English  Ukn,  a  loan ;  t.  UMian,],  past  Idnde,  past  part.  Idmed. 
"Borrow/*  O.  E.  borg,  something  borrowed;  v.  ooriHian],  to  bonow. 

Length  (-th  added  to  ac^.  converts  them  to  nouns).  Length, 
breadth,  depth,  but  height  (not  kighth).  Length'-y, 
lengthl-ness  (Rule  xL),  lengthl-ly;  lengtli'.wiae  (not 
length-ways.  It  is  the  Anglo-Saxon  termination  -loCf,  in 
the  direction  of).  At  length,  at  laet.  Lengtih^-en  (-fn 
signifies  'Vto  make'0»  to  add  length  or  make  longer; 
length^ened  (2  syl.),  length'en-ing. 

Long,  (comp.)  long-er,  long'g'r;  (super.)  long-eat,  long'gitt. 

Old  English  lang,  comp.  leng-ra,  (super.)  Ung-eti,  lengthy  Isiidi09«»i 
to  lengthen ;  leni^ian],  to  make  long ;  past  tengoe,  past  p«l  ImiftA. 

Lenient,  Ue\nl,^rvt  (not  WiW.ent)^  mild;  le'nient-4,y. 

Leniency,  lee\nl.^n.sy,  mildness ;  ISn'ity,  len''i.:ti'v«,  -tbo. 
Latin  Unltas,  leniena,  gen.  UnUrUiSf  t.  29»fr0  (2M<«,  mfld). 
Lens,  lenz,  plu.  lens-es,  lenz\ez,  an  optical  glass  for  ifhu^fl^g 
the  direction  of  the  rays  of  light.      OrygtalUne  leoii 
kris\tdl.line  Unz,  the  middle  humour  of  th«  eye^ 

Lenticular,  len^tW .u.lar,  in  the  shi^e  of  a  doaUe  eoDvex 

lens;   lentic'ular-ly. 
Latin  tms,  gen.  Untia,  a  lentil ;  Fi«neh  iMiMcuioira 
-lent  (Lat.  .l-ent^us'W  aio^., ''  full  of":  as  vio-Unt,  Ml  of  vit,  iiree ; 
corpu-lent,  ix&W.  oi  cor^gut  ^osiSiY  «vceu4siii;  fiUl  of  joioe. 


AND  OF  SPBLLINO,  675 

Lent,  forty  days  fast,  beginning  with  Ash- Wednesday,  part,  of 
▼.  lend;  Lent'en,  pertaining  to  Lent,  frugal  [in  diet]. 
Old  Eng.  lencUn,  lent,  leneUn-fdMen,  lent-faat,  leneten-Hd,  lent-tide. 
Lentil,  l^n'Ml,  a  plant  of  the  bean  kind. 

French  ItntUUf  Latin  lenB,  a  lentiL 
Leo,  lee'.Ot  the  lion,  the  fifth  sign  of  the  aodiac;   leonine, 
lees'. o.nme,  like  a  lion.  (Lat.  leo,  a  lion ;  UoniMUXf  adj.  of  leo.) 

Leopard,  Upward,  the  lion-pard,  offspring  of  a  panther  and 
lioness  {pard  means  spotted,**  leopard"  the  spotted-lion). 
Lat  leopardui;  6k.  leoparddHa  or  leopardds,  the  lion-pard. 

Leper,  Zep^0r,  one  afiteted  with  leprosy;  leprosy,  Up'.r^jy ; 
leprous,  lip\ru8  ;  lep'rons-nesB.    (Gr.  lepra,  leproSy  scaly.) 

Leporine,  Up\S.riney  pertaining  to  a  hare.    Leporidn,  U.pi^- 
f\.de€y  the  hare  tribe  (-t^,  a  groap  or  family). 
Latin  iepor%nu$  Qifut,  gen.  lip&rii,  Greek  Idgds,  Ktgds,  a  hare). 
Leiffosy,  lep'.ro.8y;  leprotus,  Up'. His.    {See  Leper.) 
Lesion,  Ue'jsMn,  injnry.     (Fr.  Urion,  Lat.  Uesto,  gen.  UesionU.)  ' 
-less  (nat.  suffix  leas),  **yoid  oC  ''loose  from":  fear-lets,  joy -less. 
Lees,  smaller  in  quantity,  shorter  in  duration,  &c. 

Less'er,  smaller  in  size,  is  always  in  contrast  with  greater : 
as  "  The  greater  light  to  rule  the  day,  and  the  lesser  light 
to  rule  the  night."  The  lesser  Asia.  The  lesser  of  two 
circles  or  triangles,  (fee.    (Never  in  contrast  with  much.) 

LesB'-en,  to  make  less  {-en,  "to  make").  Lesson,  a  task. 
Lessened,  less'. end;  less'en-ing. 

Leiser  is  not  a  comparative  degree  of  less,  but  another  form  of  the 
comparative  degree  of  the  lost  positire.  The  adj.  supplied  is  litiU, 
but  "little"  is  not  of  the  same  root  The  lost  a<U.  is  has,  the 
opposite  of  f  uU. 

[Leas],  com  p.  UBsaa^  (lesser),  lau-ra  shortened  into  leu,  less,  and 
kui-ett  shortened  into  Icut.    The  older  forms  were  tasse  and  kuoat. 

Instead  of  "lesser"  being  a  doable  comparative,  the  truth  is  that 
isM  is  a  mere  contraction  of  Usaer. 

Lesson,  less'*n,  a  task.    Lessen,  less'^n,  to  diminish. 

"  Lesson,"  Fr.  kfon;  Lat  lectio,  a  lesson.    "  liCssen,**  O.  B.  Ices,  less. 
Less'or,  one  who  lets  on  lease.  Less'ee,  one  who  accepts  the  lease. 
LesB'er,  less  in  size.    Leaser,  lee'jser,  a  gleaner. 
**Lea»e,*  Fr.  laim.    ** Lesser,"  O.  E.  loesss.    "Leaser,"  O.  E.  leaianl 
LSsttfor fearthat,  that. . .,  not.  Least,  leest,  smallest.  List  [of  cloth]. 
"Lest,"  Old  Eng.  Ues.    "  Least,"  Old  Eng.  Icest.    "  List,"  O.  B.  Ust. 
•let  (a  native  diminutive  suffix),  as  stream-let,  a  little  stream. 
Let,  (pa^t)  let,  (past  part.)  let,  to  allow,  to  hinder,  to  put  to 
hire ;  lett'ing,  hindering,  putting  to  hire.    Bfire  (1  syL), 
to  ti^e  on  a  consideration  what  is  let;  hlr'-ing  (R.  xix..^ 
Letf-er,  one  who  lets,  one  who  hinders,  an  ep\&\le,  -^sxX.  o^l 
the  alphabet.    Hirer,  Mre'.er,  one  who  hires  ^VvskX\&\Q^>. 


i 


i«*'i>»*iS» 


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lis"" 


M""?- 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  «77 

Lettuoe  (obs.  the  u),  UifAUt^  a  table  vegetable  for  salads. 

(The  toord  ahovld  be  "  laUuce"  or  "  laebuee.*'  theflrHsyl.  being  "lacV 
German  lattech;  Latin  ladUca  (loe^  mUk),  the  milky  plant 

Leucoirhea,  lu\h6rre€^'Mhy  a  female  ailment,  the  "whites." 

French  leucorrhSe:  Greek  leukdsrMt.  Am  in  "diarrhoea"  the  r  is 
doubled  to  compensate  for  tlie  aspirate  wliich  cannot  be  expressed 
in  Greek.  Tlie  Greek  form  of  "diarrhoea"  Is  Sidppoia  (not 
bidfifoutt  from  did  p€ia\  and  the  Greek  form  of  "leucorrhea** 
would  be  \evK6ppouk  (not  \evK6fifoia  from  Xevic6[s]/96w). 

LeTant,  IS.vanf,  the  eastern  part  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  to 

abscond  without  paying  a  lost  bet ;  Levant'-er,  a  strong 

east  wind  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  one  who  absconds... 

Levant-ine,  U.vSn\tinef  acy.  of  Levant,  a  silk  doth  so  called. 

Gallavant,  g&l\la.v&nt,  to  attend  on  ladies  with  gallantry. 

French  Uwmt;  Italian  levante,  the  east,  (Lat  I^vAre,  to  rise,  to  ease, 
hence  "  to  get  rid  of,"  "  to  repudiate."    The  Latin  phrase  cere 
alieno  u  Uv&re  means  to  pay  not  to  repvdiate  a  debt). 
"Gallavant,"  a  corruption  of  Spanish  gcUanUar,  French  ffolanterie. 

Levator,  Depressor,  lS,vay\tor,  de.prit'^or,  masdes  of  the  mouth, 

eye,  uvula,  &q.     The  levator  [of  the  mouth]  serves  to 

elevate  the  upper  lip,  the  depressor  to  draw  it  down,  &q, 

Latin  Uvdtor,  a  lifter  up.    Depressor,  a  presser  down. 

Levee,  ISv'  y,  a  court  reception.    LSv'y,  to  raise  troops,  (fee. 

French  levie  the  process  of  getting  up  and  dressing.  During  the 
monarchy  certain  gentlemen  were  privileged  to  pay  their  respects 
to  the  queen  during  her  "  lev4e,**  and  these  visits  were  called  lev6e< 
visits,  but  what  we  call  a  court  lev4e  ia  in  French  termed  a  r4feption. 

"Levy"  (of  troops),  Fr.  levie;  Low  Lat.  Uvina;  Lai  Uvdre,  to  raise. 

Level,  l^\elj  smooth,  even,  to  make  level;   levelled.  Hi/, eld; 
lev'ell-ing  (Rule  iii.,  -el),  lev'ell-er,  lev^eU-neas. 
The  degrees  of  "level"  are  nearly  level,  more  nearly 
level,  very  nearly  level,  quite  leipel;  " more**  and  " most" 
level  are  the  degrees  of  not  level. 
Old  English  Ictfddref  lafd  (a  level),  Low  Latin  leveila,  a  leveL 
Lever,  leei'.ver,  one  of  the  mechanical  powers;    lever-age, 
lee'.ver.age  (not  Uv\er,age)  {-age,  the  act  of). 
French  lemer,  v.  lever,  to  raise  (Latin  UoS/re,  to  raise). 
Leveret,  Uv\e.rH,  a  young  hare.    (Fr.  levrant,  liivre;  Lat.  Upus.) 

Our  word  is  the  French  lidvre,  with  -et  diminutive. 
Leviathan,  UM'd.rhan,  a  huge  sea-monster  alluded  to  in  the 
book  of  Job  xli.,  a  whale.    (Hebrew  l\e'\.vi.th\a\n.) 

Levitation,  Uv\i,tay'\shiin,  the  opposite  of  gravitation,  or  the 
power  that  acts  in  opposition  to  gravitation.  {See  Levity.) 

Levite,  lee\vite,  a  Jew  of  the  tribe  of  Levi,  one  of  the  priestly 
order;  Levitical,  li.vU\l,kal ;  levitical-ly. 

levitious,  li.vit^.l.kiis,  a  book  of  the  Bible  Te\a\iii^  .V^ 
Jewish  priesthood.    (Levi,  third  son  ot  3aoob.^ 

2o 


678  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Levity,  |>^  levities,  Uv'.ttiZf  frivolity;  levitation,  lev\Ltay'\' 
shufiy  the  oppoEting  power  of  giavitation. 
lAtin  Uvttas,  Ufffia,  Ught. 

Levy,  ISv^.y^  to  raise  troops,  to  impose  a  tax.    Lev'ee,  liv'y,  a 
ooart  reception.    (Erenoh  lev4e,  a  levy.)    See  Levee. 

Lewd,  lude,  wanton.    Looed,  ludef  fined  at  the  game  of  loo  for 
not  having  won  a  trick ;  lewd^-ly,  lewd'-ness. 
Old  English  Idwede,  one  of  the  laity,  pertaining  to  the  laity.    Mar- 
riage and  courtship  being  forbidden  to  the  BoHum  OathoUc  clergy, 
''lewdness "  is  identified  by  them  with  the  laity. 

Leilcon,  lex'.i.kSn,  a  dictionary;  lexical,  lex\i,kal,  a^.;  lex'i- 
eal-ly,  lexicorogy,  lexicorogist. 

Leixicography,  Ux\lMg"sd,fy^  the  art  of  compiling  a  dic- 
tionary; lexicographer,  ^ex^t.ft^^^ra./l^r;  lexicographic. 
lex\tko.grdf\ik ;  lexicographiad,  lex^i.ko.grd^'.i.kdL 

Lexigraphy ,  lex.lg\ra,fy,  definition  of  words ;  lexig'raphist ; 
lexigraphic,  lex'.i.grdf^^ik;  lexigraphical,  -graf'^ukaL 
Lexicology,  lex\i.k5l.8.gy,  treats  of  the  proper  meaning  and 
application  of  words;  lexioorogist,  one  sldlled  in... 

Greek  lix^£kdn  (Uxia,  speech  ;  ligd,  to-speak) ;  Latin  {eaeCooik 

*'  Lexicography,"  Qreek  lexQcdn  graphein,  to  write  a  lexicoii. 

"Lexigraphy,"  Greek  lexis  grapnevn,  to  write  upon  words. 

"Lexicology,"  Greek  lexXkon  Idgds^  a  lexicon  treatise. 

Leydeo.jar,  lay'.d*njary  ajar  used  in  electrical  experiments. 
From  Leyden  (Netherlands),  birthplace  of  Vanleigh,  the  inventor. 
LeEe-majesty,  leez-tnddge^.^8.tyy  a  crime  committed  against  tbe 
sovereign,  treason,  rebellion.  (Lat.[cnmen]  ItMamajestdtis.) 
Liahle,  l%\a.h%  responsible,  apt  to,  subject  to;    li'able-nesB ; 
liability, plu.  liabilities,  ll\aMV\i,tlZt  responsibility,  debt 
Limited  liability,  responsibility  in  a  joint-stock  company 
limited  to  the  extent  of  one's  "  shares."  (Lat.  Ugo,  to  bind.) 
Liaison  (French),  le.d\zcn,  an  intrigue.    (Latin  Ugdre,  to  bind.) 
Liana,  l^.d'mah,  a  luxuriant  woody  climbing  plant. 
Liar,  IV mt^  one  who  tells  falsehoods.  Lyre,  {i'V,  a  lute.  (See  Lie.) 
Lias,  li'.aSt  a  calcareous  day.    Liars,  IV.arZj  plu.  of  liar.    Lyres, 
li'rzy  plu.  of  lyre.     Ly'-ers  [in  bed],  from  lie  (q,v,) 
Liasic,  li.d8\lk,  a^j.  of  lias. 

Lias,  a  corruption  of  lyers  or  laven^  from  its  stntiflBd  I4>peamice  in 
the  quarries  where  it  is  worked. 

Liatris,  U.d\tri8,  a  flower  (meaning  unknown). 

Libation,  li.bay^^hUn,  a  drink-ofi'ering.  Libration,  U.braiu'akiiit, 

Latin  libdtio,  Ubation;  lihraUo,  Ubration. 
Libel,   li'.hel,  a   lampoon,  to    defame.      La'bel,   a    directioQ. 

LibeUed,  li'Mld;   ITbell-ing  (Rule  iii.,  -el),  ITbell-er; 

libeU-OTiBt  lx\h^,ti8y  defamatory ;  Iil>elIoiu4sr. 

Latin  UbeUus,  aVLl^Q  Vm\l.  l\.Ta«sxit  originally  **a  plalbtin  itete> 
meat,'*  henoe  a  tSi^on  tsMSJU^'n^Ti,  «.\»sblv»a. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  679 


Liberal,  VO/.ejr&U  geDerous;    A  liberal,  a  whig;   liVeral-ly, 
liberality,  W/,S.r&V\i.ty;  liberal-ism,  wh^ism; 

Liberalise  (R.  zxzi.),  W)\e.r&Luey  to  &ee  from  Darrow  yiews  '* 
lib-eralised  (4  syl.);  lib'eralis-iiig  (B.  xix.) ;  lib'eraUS-er ; 

Liberate,  Vih\e.rate,  to  set  free.  LiHbrate,  to  poise. 
Lib'erat-ed  (Rule  zxxvi.);  Kb'erat-ing ;  IXb'erat-or; 
liberation,  VU/^jray^jthun^  freedom  from  bondage. 

Libertarian,  W}\er,tair^'rtan,  one  who  believes  in  the  "free- 
dom of  the  wilL"  Neoessita'rian,  one  who  believes  that 
man  must  do  what  he  does  do ;  libertarfanoion. 

Libertidde,  Uh.er^.ttsidey  a  destroyer  of  liberty. 

Libertine,Zl^^er.t{n,  a  debauchee;  libertlnigm,  VCb'ier^fXnXzm. 

Lib'erty,  freedom;  liberties,  W>^.er.tiz,  unwarranted  free- 
dom of  conduct ;  The  liberties  [of  London],  limits  withhi 
which  certain  civic  immnnitieB  are  eqjoyedl 

Lib'^erty  of  the  press,  freedom  to  print  and  publish. 

At  liberty,  disengaged,  free  from  restraint 

Latin  ItMrdlis,  llMrdHtaa,  llhi^dtor,  llMrdtio,  KbifrAre^  supine 
libgrdtum,  Itbertinus,  libertas{W)er,  free);  VxemmUMral,  liMrMiU, 
hbtrtin,  HberU  ("  Uberation,"  is  not  FrenchX 

LiUdinons, U.Vid\i.nu8y  lustful;  libid'inous-ness,  libid'inous-ly. 

Ltktki  Kb%dXn68U8(lil>ldo,lxuit);  French  li&idinew. 

Libra  (Lat.),  IV.brah,  the  balance,  the  seventh  sign  of  the  zodiac. 

Library,  plu.  libraries,  U'Ma.riz  (not  ll'M.ry),  a  room  for 
holding  books;    librarian,  lubraii^riMn,  one  who  has 
charge  of  a  library ;  libra^riani-ship  .{-ship,  oiffioe  of). 
Latin  Kbrdria,  IXbrd/rina  (J.€bery  a  book). 
Librate,  li'.&rate,  to  poise,  to  balance.    X^^erate,  to  set  free. 
L!braf-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  librat'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  ]ll>ratory. 

Libration,   li  hray'^hurij  applied    to  certain   phenomena 
connected  with  the  moon's  motion.  Lib'eratieii,  freedom. 
Latin  Uhrdtio,  librd/n;  French  libration. 

Libretto,  plu.  librettos  (Rule  zlii.),  liJ)r^tf.tdzef  the  words  of  an 
opera.     (Italian  librettOj  a  little  book;  librot  a  book.) 

Lioe  (1  syl.),  plu,  of  louse,  as  mice  is  the  phi,  of  mouse. 
Old  EBgMsh  liis,  plxL  lys,  a  k)iue ;  miUy  plu.  nn^  a  nonse. 
li'cence,  a  liberty,  a  permit.    Li'cense,  to  permit  (Rule  li.); 

li'censed  (d    syl.),  li'cena-ing  (Rule   xix.),  li'cens-er; 

licens^able,  li'jsenja.h'l,    Li^'oensing  cocfft. 

Licentiate,  iLsin^sh^uite,  one  licensed  to  prtMstise  [medi- 
cine] ;  licensed  victnaUer,  t;{t'.a2.€r,  one  licensed  to  sell 
wine  and  spirits,  to  be  drunk  cnq  the  premises. 

Lioentioiis,  U,8in\8hie8,  profligate;  lioen'ticma-Beaa^'^i^^x^- 
tious-ly.     (Fr,  licence  (noun) ;  Lat.  licentia,  l?U:cul\osu»^i 


580  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Lichen,  IV Mn  (not  litchTn  nor  Uhrn\  rock  or  tree-moss. 

lichenin,  IWk^Xn,  starch  of  Iceland  moss ;  lichenic,  li'.- 
hSnXh^  adj.  of  lichen.  (Lat.  lichen;  Gk.  leichSn;  Fr.  lichen.) 
lich-gate,  tltch-gate,  the  gate  at  the  entrance  of  a  cemetery 
where  the  coffin  awaits  the  arrival  of  the  clergyman. 
Old  Engliflh  lie,  »  dead  body ;  iic4d»,  a  sepolchie ;  He  geoL 
Uck,  to  wipe  with  the  tongne,  to  flog;  licked  (1  syl.),  lick'-ing. 
Lick'-er,  one  who  licks.    liquor,  Uh^.er,  **  spirits." 
lick^piftie,  a  parasite;  lick'ing,  a  drabbing. 
To  lick  the  dust,  to  fall  in  battle.    To  lick  up,  to  doTonr. 

To  lick  into  shape,  to  bring  into  order.    (It  was  once  sup- 
posed that  the  bear  had  to  lick  its  cub  into  shape.) 

Old  English  liedian},  to  lick ;  pait  lieeode,  past  pari.  Heood. 

"  lick  ^  (to  flog).  O.  £.  Oidan] ;  past  elieede,  past  part,  alieeed,  diee. 

lickerish,  lW,er,i8ht  dainty.    Liquorice,  J!H^.erJU$,  a  drag. 

Lick'erish.ness,  lick'erish-ly.    (Germ,  leekerig,  lickerisL) 
Licorice  or  liquorice,  lih^.er,X88,  a  demulcent  drag. 
Lictor  (Latin),  Vik'.toTf  a  consul's  ikscis-hearer. 
lid,  the  cover  of  a  hoz,  the  cover  of  the  eye.    (Old  Eng.  Mid.) 
Lie,  liy  a  falsehood,  to  recline.    Lay,  to  place.    Lye,  ley. 

Lie  (to  tell  falsehoods),  past  Ued  (1  syl.),  ly^-ing,  Ifar. 

Lie  (to  recline),  past  lay,  past  part,  lain;  ly^-ing. 

Lay  (to  place),  past  laid,  past  part,  laid;  lay'-ing. 

"  Lie  **  and  "  laj  '*  are  constantly  misused  even  br  the  well-educated 
Bemember  "lie"  Is  intransitive,  and  has  no  " object **  following  it: 

but  "la7"iBtransitiTe,andhasan  **  object"  exproaied  or  understood. 
He  told  me  to  lit  down,  so  I  lay  down,  and  had  lain  down  an  hoar 

when  John  arrived. 
He  told  me  to  lay  the  carpet  down,  to  I  laid  «  down,  and  it  had  been 

laid  down  an  hour  when  John  arrived. 

Errors  of  Speech. — 

Here  lavs  the  bodj  of  poor  Kaiy  Ann  (lies;  "body**  la  not  the 

object  but  the  aviiject :  here  the  body  lies). 
He  told  me  to  htj  still  (to  lie  still). 
They  laid  in  bed  till  the  clock  struck  ten  (th^  lay. .). 
The  ship  lavs  in  the  downs  (lies). 
The  ship  lud  at  anchor  all  yesterdav  (loyX 
The  enemy  laid  in  wait  for  you  {lay^ 
That  stone  is  laving  in  the  way  (lytngX 
-  These  goods  wlU  lay  on  my  huias  a  long  time  (UaX 
This  trouble  lays  heavy  on  my  mind  (lies). 
The  troops  still  lay  imder  arms  (Ue). 
They  have  laid  in  the  trenches  all  night  Qain), 
Suffolk  lavs  south  of  Norfolk  (lies). 
He  has  laid  in  that  state  of  coma  for  a  week  (lainX 
*'  Lie,"  Old  English  lieg[an\,  past  keg,  past  part  legen. 
*'  Lay,*'  Old  EnsMi  leogtan],  past  legede,  past  part,  legtd. 
"  Lie^  (to  teU  an  \m\.tu\.\i\  CM^Eii^llah  {edgfoa],  pMt  ta^,  pot  ptfi 
loflfen,  Utfgere  oi  Ugert,  «b\to. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  581 

lieberknhn,  lee^,ber.kuney  a  reflector  attached  to  a  microscope. 

So  called  from  tbe  inventor,  Lieberkahn,  a  German, 
lief,  leef,  williDgly ;  as  lief,  as  readily.    Leaf  [of  a  book  or  tree]. 
"Uel"  Old  Eng.  led/,  eomp.  Mfre,  rather.    **Leaf/'  Old.  £ng.  lef\f. 
liege,  leege,  a  vassal,  bound  to  as  a  yassal ;   liege-lord,  the 
master  of  a  liegeman ;  liege-man,  a  vassaL 
Allegiance,  aLlee'.djancet  obedience  to  which  we  are  bound 
as  subjects.    Loyalty,  obedience  from  respect  to  law. 

French  lige:  Low  Latin  ligitu  (Latin  l{gdr9f  to  bindX 

"AHegitaxce,**  Latin  aliad]Hgo,  to  bind  to  one. 

"Loyalty/'  French  loyal,  loyaXisU  (loi,  law,  Latin  lex,  gen.  ligi»). 

Lien,  t^,en.    Lion,  IV. on.    Lean,  leen.    Lain,  lane.    Lane. 

Lien,  le\en,  a  charge  on  property  for  debt. 

Lion,  a  wild  beast.    (Latin  Zeo,  gen.  leonU.) 

Lean,  leen,  meagre,  thin,  to  incline. 

Lain,  pcLst  'part,  of  the  v.  lie,  to  recline.    (Old  Eng.  legen.) 

Lane,  a  narrow  road.    (Dutch  loan.) 

French  lien;  Latin  VCg&men,  a  bond  (v.  Vigd^,  to  tie). 

Lien,  VPu,  place ;  in  lien  of,  instead  of.    Loo,  a  game  with  cards. 
French  Heu  (Latin  Weue,  a  place) ;  a«  lieu  de,  in  the  place  of. 

Lieutenant,  Uv\t^'.ant,  an  officer  next  below  a  captain. 

Lieutenancy,  pJu,  lieutenancies,  'UvMn'.an.siz,  commission 

of  lieutenant ;  lieuten'ant-ship  {-shipj  office.) 
lieutenant-colonel,  plu.  lieutenant-colonels,  Uv.tSn'.ant 

ker^.nSly  officer  next  above  a  m%jor  and  below  a  colonel. 

These  officers  are  styled  "  colonels." 
lieutenant-general,  plu.  lieutenant-gen'erals,  officer  next 

above  a  major-general,  and  below  a  general.      These 

officers  are  styled  "  generals." 
Lord  lieutenant,  plu.  lords  lieutenants  [of  counties]. 

fThis  plural  shovM  he  lord-Heutenanie  [of  Ireland  or  of  eountiee]. 

The  Gallicism,  "Lords  lieutenants,"  is  as  absurd  ow  lords  mayors  J 

French  lieutenant  (lieu  tenant,  Latin  Idcum  tinens,  holding  the  place 

of  another).    A  "lord  Ueutenant"  is  vice-roy  or  deputy  of  the 

sovereign  ;  and  a  "lieutenant"  in  the  army  is  (in  case  of  absence) 

the  Ideum  Ufnens  of  the  officer  next  above  him  in  rank. 

Life,  plu.  lives,  life,  llvz.  (This,  like  "  knife,"  knives,  "  wife," 
wives,  makes  the  plu.  by  changing  "  fe  "  into  "  ves."  R.  xl.) 
Idfe  Jike,  life-less,  lifeless.ly,  lifeless-ness,  life'-long,  life'- 
belt,  life'-blood;  life-boat, -bot^;  life-buoy, -&o^;  life- 
Canards,  -gards,  two  regiments  of  cavalry,  so  called  because 
they  "  guard  the  life  "  of  the  sovereign ;  life-gnards'man, 
one  of  the  "life-guards";  life-interest;  life-lines,  ropes 
in  rigging  to  hold  on  by;  life-preser'ver,  a  life-buoy,  a 
loaded  weapon  for  self-protection;  life-rent;  li£«-\>Sxii<^. 
life-annu'ity,  plu.  -annuities,  &n.nv^X.fXi^  a  %vmi  olxsiOTi&^ 
paid  annualJjr  during  life,  .    m 


582  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


_»Ui^dM*^« 


Lffe-asBu'ranoe,  a  sum  of  money  paid  at  decease,  in  con- 
sideration of  an  annual  payment  daring  life. 

LiveMy,  animated ;  Uveli-ness  (Bnle  xi.),  cheerfolneBS. 
(ThefclUyvoing  have  the  -ir  skori  teiHumt  any  tuffieUntreaMn./ 
Live,  Uv ;  lived,  Uvd  ;  Uv'-ing  (Role  xiz.)*  live-long. 
The  living,  those  now  alive.    A  liv'ing,  church  prefer- 
ment.    ^nner  of  liv^ing,  style  of  housekeeping. 

Old  EngUsh  Uf,  Itf-dceg,  Ufe-time ;  lif-leaa,  lifeless ;  lif-Ue,  Uirely. 
Liflian],  to  live,  past  Itfode  or  li/eode,  past  part.  l^foA  or  lifeod, 

Hft,  a  machine  for  Ufdng,  tq  raise ;  Uft'-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  lift'ing, 

liff -er.    Shop''-lift-er,  a  thief  who  steals  goods  exposed 

for  sale ;  Bhop-liff'ing.    A  dead  lift,  a  hody  in  which 

there  is  no  buoyancy;   lift'ing-gear,  an  apparatus  for 

lifting  the  safety-valve  of  steam-engines.    Lifts,  ropes  for 

hoisting  or  lowering  the  yard  arms.    Left,  omitted,  &c 

Old  English  hUflian],  past  hlifbde,  past  part.  Mifod. 
"Lift,"  Old  English  Wian],  past  Id/,  past  part,  li/en. 

Ligament,  Ug\d.fnent,    Ligature,.  Ug\d,tehtir. 

Ligament  (in  Anat.),  a  strong  elastic  membrane  connecting 

the  extremities  of  movable  bones ;  ligamenf-aL 
Ligature,  a  bandage,  a  tie  in  mu»c,  waxed  thread  used  in 

surgical  operations  for  tying  veins  ox  arteries,  a  double 

type-letter  on  one  shank. 

Ligan,  ll\gan,  goods  tied  to  a  buoy  and  sunk  in  the  sea. 
Hotsan,  goods  left  floating  on  the  sea  for  transport,  &c. 
Jetsan,  goods  cast  into  the  sea  to  lighten  a  ship. 
Lat.  Itgdmtntvm,  WgdtUra,  ligSre,  to  He;  Fr.  Ugament,  Mgwi^wML 
Light,  litey  medium  of  visibility,  not.  heavy. 

Light,  lighter,  light'-est ;  Hght-ness,  Ught-ly. 

Light,  lite,  to  kindle,  (past)  lit  or  lighf -ed,  (post  part.) 
[Ut]  Ught'-ed. 

Light,  to  alight,  lit  [Hghf-ed],  (past  part,)  [lit]  Ughfed. 

Some  eoniend  thai  the  verb  **llght"  (to  kindlej  Aofdd  bt  conjuaaUd 
light,  lighted,  lighted,  and  the  verh  *' light"  (to  eeitUj  l^fil%, 
m,  lit,  biU  (1)  there  is  no  such  distinction  in  the  original  verbs,  (2) 
no  such  distinction  holds  in  ordinary  speech,  (8)  the  verb  ''aUafu" 
is  never  conjugated  alight,  alit,  alit,  b%U  ahoaye  allglli,  aUgUsd. 

A  lighted  candle  (not  a  lit  candle),  a  candle  homing. 

Lights,  lites,  the  lungs  of  quadrupeds.    (So  called  from 

their  lightness.)    Not  applied  to  the  lungs  of  man. 
Northern  lights,  the  auro'ra  borealis  or  "  dancing  fires." 
Lighten,  lite^'n,  to  ease,  to  illuminate;  lightened,  Ute^nd; 

lightexk-ing,  l%te''ning,  easing.  Lightnings  Ute'fung  [flash]. 

Lightning  conAxLot^ox^  «k  t^^\a  "protect  from  lightning. 
Light' er,  Utci'.CT,  ftlax^e  ^«k\,.\iQ\X«ai^\iQ!iX5sa  loading  and 


««• 


«*■ 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  583 

unloading  ships ;  lighf  er anan,  one  employed  in  a  "  light- 
er"; lighter-age,  money  paid  for  the  use  of  a  "lighter" 
{-age,  something  done,  the  charge  for  doing  it). 

Light-house,  a  lighted  tower  to  warn  ships  of  danger. 

Light-dues,  tolls  on  ships  for  the  service  of  light-houses. 

Light-ship,  a  ship  with  a  light  anchored  near  a  shoal. 

Lightsome,  llte'^iim,  airy  {-same,  native  suffix,  **  full  of"); 

light'some-ness,  lighf  some-ly. 

Old  English  liM.  HMing,  Ughting;  UMimg,  lightning;  liktinanu 
lightness ;  lihtlice,  lightly.    (The  interpolated  g  is  quite  useless.) 
'Light*'  (to  kindle),  lihiianl  past  lihte,  past  part.  liM  or  WUiicMl 

past  lihtede,  past  part.  Ithied. 
'Light"  (to  settle),  Hht[an]  past  likU,  past  part.  WU  or  aiihtianl 

past  alihte,  past  part.  cUiht. 
The  tvjo  verb^,  ther^ore,  shouUit  in  stri/ctneBS,  he  eoi^ugaied  ihtu.'-' 
•< Light "  (to  kindle),  light,  Ut  or  Ughted,  lighted  or  Ut. 
"Light"  (to  settU)  light,  lit  (notltg/itedf),  lighted  (not  m). 

Lig^naloes,  line-dl\dze,  a  grove  or  planting  of  aloes  (Num.  xxiv«, 

6);  aloes-wood.    (Latin  Zi^nt^m  a2oe«,  wood  of  aloes.) 

Ligneous  (R.  Ixvi.),  Iig\ni.ii8,  woody,  resembling  wood. 

Lignine,  Ug\nin,  pure  woody  fibre. 

Lignite,  lig'.nite,  fossil  brown  coal,  exhibiting  the  wood 
origin  {-ite,  a  fossil).    Lignitio,  UgMtjik,  adj.  of  lignite. 

Ligniferous,  Vig.nlf,S,rus,  producing  wood.    (Lat.  firens.) 

Ligniform,  lig\ntform,  resembling  wood.     (Latin  forma.) 

Lignify,  lig\nl.fyy  to  convert  to  wood ;  Mgnifies,  llg\n\.fize; 
Ugnified,  Ug'.ntfide  (Rule  xi.) ;  lig'nify-ing ;  Hgnifloa- 
tion,  lfg'.ntfi.kay^\8hun,  conversion  into  wood. 

Ligfniperdous,  lig\ntper^\du8 yifood destroying.  (Lat. perdo.) 

Lignum  vite,  lig\num  vV.tee,  the  tree-of-life,  i.e.,  the  life- 
enduring  tree.    (Its  wood  is  very  hard  and  durable.) 
Latin  Ugwum,  wood,  ligneiu,  &c.,  lignyier,  Ugnum  vOm. 
-like  (native  suffix  lie),  a(^.,  resembling,  like :  as  god-Hke. 

Like  (1  syl.),  resembling,  in  the  same  manner ;  like'-ly,  likeli- 
hood (E.  xi.,  'hood,  state,  condition),  like'li-ness. 
Like'-ness,  a  portrait,  resemblance ;  Uke-mind'ed. 
Had  like  [to  be  drowned],  Had  like  [to  break  his  head], 

came  little  short  of  being,  chanced,  nearly. 
Like,  to  approve  of;  liked  (1  syl.),  lik'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 
Likes  and  dislikes,  attachments  and  aversions. 
Liken,  like'*n,  to  compare ;  lik'ened  (2  ^1.),  lik'en-ing. 
Likewise,  like^-wUe,  also,  in  like  manner. 
(Like  is  tued  as  a  verb,  adj.,  and  adv.,  but  shovXd  never  he  wed  (U  a 
conjunction;  htnoe  the  following  expresHona  ahordd  he  oniiMifA,) 
Like  you  do,  like  you  say  (as J. 
like  I  do,  like  we  do.  like  he  is  (as). 
Old  "EngUsh  lie,  lic-ness,  v.  lic\ian\,  past  WxfidA,  pwat  "P«tV,.  Iteod.. 


trA  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

lalao,  lV.lak  (not  lay\lak  nor  lay\luk)y  a  sbmb,  a  colour. 

Persian  Ulcut;  Spanish  lUac;  Frmdi  UUu, 
Lilipntian,  Ul\tpu^\8hiint  dwarfish,  a  dwarf. 

So  oaUed  from  Swift's  tale  of  "OnUiyer's  Travels"  to  Liliput. 

Lilt,  a  cheerful  song,  to  sing  cheerily,  to  do  a  thing  dexterously; 
lUf -ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  Ulf -ing. 

Gothic  IvllOt  Low  Grerman  lollen,  Oerman  laMen» 
Idly, 2>{u. lilies,  UVUz.a  flower;  liliaceous,  VIV U.d'\8hu8, SLdj, of Vlji 

(not  U.lay'^kus),  Rule  Ixvi. ;    liliaceas,   VlX'lLd^' ^he  (not 

li,lay'jii.d)  the  order  containing  the  lily  {-cLcea  [in  Bo£.],  an 
.    order  of  plants);  lilied,  ViVUAy  adorned  with  lilies. 

Latin  lUKum,  lUldceus;  Greek  leirion;  Spanish  Hrio. 
limacious,  U.may'.shus,  slimy,  pertaining  to  a  snail,  snail  like. 

(Lai  noons  in  -ax,  add  -dout^  not  -ewiu  for  adj.  snfBx,  B.  IxyL)  ' 

LimaddiB,  li,7na8\i.d^^  the  snail  family  {-idcBt  Gk.  a  family). 

Latin  Umax,  gen.  {frnom,  the  slug  or  snail. 
limb.  Vim,  a  member  of  the  body,  the  edge.    limn,  Um,  to  draw. 

limbed,  Umd,  having  limbs ;  limbMeas,  without  limbs. 

"  Limb  "  (of  the  body),  Old  ilng.  Urn.    "  Limb"  (border),  Lat  limbut, 
''Limn"  (to  draw  or  paint),  Lat.  lUmXno;  Fr.  eniimiiner,  to  illuminate. 

limber,  llm'.ber,  flexible.    (Old  English  lempe,  pliancy.) 

limbo,  plu.  limbos,  Um',hoze  (R.  xlii.),  the  frontier  of  hell,  where 
there  is  neither  happiness  nor  misery;    in  limbo,  in 
prison,  in  pawn,  under  restraint. 
Italian  limho;  Latin  limbua,  the  edg& 
Lime  (1  syL),  an  earth,  a  fruit,  to  smear  with  lime  earth,  to 
entangle;  limed  (1  syL),  lim'-ing,  lim'-y,  llml-neas. 

lime^'-bur'ner;  lime'-kiln,  a  place  for  burning  Jime-stone; 
lime'-water,  water  impregnated  with  lime ;  lime^-atone. 

Slaked  lime,  slakf-lime,  hydrate  of  lime  or  lime  watered. 

Lime-light,  lime'-lite,  Drummond's  light  produced  by  pass- 
ing upon  a  small  ball  of  quick  lime  a  stream  of  oxygen 
gas  through  the  flame  of  alcohol.    Lime'-white. 

lime-juioe,  -juce,  juice  of  the  lime-iruit ;  lime'-xilant,  the 
May-apple.  Bird'-lime,  a  glutinous  substance  for  catch- 
ing birds.    lime'-hound,  a  hound  for  boar.hunting. 

"Lime"  (the  earth).  Old  Eng.  lim,  mortar,  bixd-Ume:  Lai  Kiimm, 

mud ;  ge'lim[anl,  to  glue  ;  past  ge-Hmede,  past  part  ae-linud. 
"Lime"  (the  fruit),  the  dirus-linutta. 
"  Lime-hound,"  the  hound  led  by  a  learn  or  string.    (Fr.  lUnt  abaai.) 

Liniti  llm'Mt  the  utmost  extent,  boundary,  to  bound ;  Umlt-iag, 
l!mlt-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  lim'itedUy,  lUn'ited-nen,  limit^r, 
lim'it-able;  limitary,  Um\Uderry,  restrictivew 
Limitation,  Um'Xtay'^^hiin,  restriction. 
limited  liabilitY^  mox^^^  \\«.bility  limited  to  the  number  of 
ahares  held.    I&mi\A^\\8iX!k'^V^  ^:KRfi;^A3£|^l^  -niw. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  585 

L&nlt-len,  without  limit    Unlimited,  illimitable. 

Latin  limu^  gen.  livMUt  limXtdris^  llmUdiio^  UmMArt, 
French  limxUt  t.  Umiier,  limitation^  illimiti. 

Limn,  Km,  to  draw  or  paint.    limb,  Km,  a  member  of  the  body. 
limned,  Umd;  limning,  Um\ing ;  Umn-er,  Vim'^r. 
Tr.  tniuminer,  to  illuminAte ;  Lat  iUamXnOre,    '*Limb,"  O.  S.  lim. 
L&np,  flexible,  to  halt  in  walking ;   limped,  Umpt ;   limp'-ing, 
Ump'ing-ly;  limp'^r.    (Old  Eng.  limp-haU,  lame.) 
"limp"  (flexible).  Old  English  lempe,  pliancy,  =  Latin  Unitas, 
limpet,  Km'.pety  a  shell  fish.    limpid,  Um'.jAd,  clear  [stream]. 

**  Limpet,"  Lat.  lipa»,  gen.  Upddis:  6k.  Zepof,  so  called  from  it  ding- 
ing to  the  rock  [l^paa,  a  bare  rock  or  crag).   ^'Limpid**  (see  hdoto), 

limpid,  Um'.pid,  clear  [running  water].    lim'pet,  a  shell-fish. 

"  Limpid,"  Lat  limpidus.    "  Limpet,"  Lat  Upas,  gen.  ISpddis  (v.«). 
Limnlns,  Um\u.lu8,  the  king  crab.    (Latin  limultu,  crooked.) 
linch'-pin,  the  pin  which  fastens  a  wheel  in  the  axle-tree. 

Old  Eng.  lynit-penn,  an  axle-tree  pin  (Welsh  pin,  a  pin  or  pen). 

linden,  lXn'.den,  a  lime-tree.    (Old  Eng.  Und,  the  Unden-tree.) 

lone  (1  syl.)  a  rope,  a  string,  a>  row  of  letters,  a  lineament,  a 
mark,  a  calling,  a  family  descent,  the  12th  part  of  an  inch. 

The  line,  the  equator.  A  line  of  battle,  a  rank  or  row  of 
soldiers  or  ships  arranged  for  battle.  LTner,  one  of  a 
line  of  trading  ships. 

Troops  of  the  line,  the  regular  infantry  regiments. 

Horizontal  line,  a  line  drawn  parallel  to  the  horizon. 

Vertical  line,  a  line  at  right-angles  to  an  horizontal  line. 

Parallel  lines,  lines  equi-distant  throughout. 

line  of  beauty,  Hogarth's  dogma  about  a  curve  ^-^ 

line  of  defenoe,  the  line  of  fire  of  the  flank  of  a  bastion. 

line  of  dip,  the  slope  of  a  stratum. 

line  of  fire,  the  direction  in  which  the  guns  Are. 

Line  of  march,  the  route  taken  by  an  army  on  march. 
.  line  of  operations,  the  different  points  of  attack. 

Bight  line,  a  straight  line.    Hard  lines,  ill-treatment. 

lone,  to  cover  the  inside  of  a  garment,  &o. ;   lined  (1  syl.), 

lln'-ing,  covering  the  inside...,  the  material  used  for... 
(The  foUovjing  ehangt  the  quantity  of  ike  first  voioel.J 
lineage,  Vin\i.age,  race,  progeny  (-a^e,  Fr.  collective  suffix). 

Lineal,   Un\i.al'  in  a  direct  line  firom  some  ancestor ; 
lin'^^U-ly;     lin'ear,  consisting   of  lines;    lin'ear-ly; 
Un'^ear  numbers,  those  which  relate  to  length  only; 
lin'ear  perspeo'tiye  regards  the  magnitudes  of  objeeta  «.<& 
they  stand  in  reference  to  the  vanishing  -poVn^a. 

Ae'xial  perspeotlTa  takes  cognizance  of  Ug)oLt  ttn^  f^<d^Qs«< 


686  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

lineament,  Un' X&jment,  feature.    Idn'iment,  embrooation. 

LineamentB,   Virif.i.&,menU^  the    distingoisbing    lines   or 

marks  of  the  face.    I^'iments,  embrocations. 
Old  Bug.  line;  Lat.  Ifnea,  llnedlis^  linedmentum,  Une&ris,  v.  tineSft, 
to  draw  lines ;  Vr.  lignagt,  lineage,  liniairet  liniameni,  Knimeni. 

linen  (not  linnen),  JXvf.en^  doth  made  of  flax,  underdothiog, 
made  of  linen ;  linen  drapes,  one  who  sells  linen  doth. 
Old  Eng.  Unen;  Lat.  linum,  flax ;  Ok.  lindn  (with  the  i  long). 

-ling  (native  patronymic),  offspring,  descended  from,  and  hence 
diiai.i  Jir&t-ling  (first  offspring),  duck-Ung  (a  little  duck). 

ling,  heather,  a  fish  of  the  cod  kind,    (Danish  lyng,  heather ) 
lingel,  Ung^gH,  a  little  tongue  of  leather,  shoemaker's  thread, 
lingua,  Vin'.gU.ldh,  molluscs,  with  tongue-shaped  valyes. 
Lat.  lingHlay  a  little  tongue  flingvaj;  Fr.  Ugneul,  shoemaker's  thread. 

linger,  Ung'ger,  to  tarry;    lingered,   Ving'gerd;   ling'er-iBg, 
ling'ering-ly;  lingper-er,  one  who  hangs  behind. 
Old  English  tan^iian],  past  langitdef  past  part.  Umgod. 
lingo,  plu.  lingoes  (R.  xlii.),  Unf^goze,  dialect    (Lat  lingua) 

linguist,  llnf.gibist^  one  who  knows  several  languages ;  lingniatlo, 
Vin.gwlsWik ;  linguistics,  science  of  languages. 
Lingual,  Un\gw&U  formed  by  the  tongue ;  l^^gualJy. 
linguals,  lin'.gwalz,  letters  formed  by  the  tongue,  as  sh,  zK 

linguadentals,  lln\gwa-d^\tdlZy\Qt\/eits  formed  by  the  joint 

action  of  the  tongue  and  teeth,  as  d^  t,  dh^  th, 
linguiform  {-giu-  not  -gua-\  tongue-shaped, 
lingel,  lin'.gUy  a  little  tongue  of  leather. 
Lingula,  lin\gu.lah,  molluscs,  with  tongue-shaped  valves. 

Lingulate,  Vin'.gu.latey  tongue-shaped. 
French  lingual^  linguiste;  Latin  lingua,  lingiUa, 
Liniment,  lin\i.m^nt.    Lineament,  l!n\SM,m^t, 

Liniment,  an  embrocation. 

Lineament,  feature,  a  distinguishing  character  of  the  fiuM. 
"Liniment,"  Latin  linimentum,  an  ointment  (linfrey  to  besmearV 
"Lineament,"  Latin  llneamentum,  a  diagram,  an  outline,  a  maik. 

Link,  one  ring  of  a  chain,  a  torch,  to  join  by  links  or  bonds; 
Links,  plu.  of  link.    Lynx,  linkst  a  wild  animaL 
Link,  linked  (1  syl.),  link^-ing;   link-motion,  -mS^ahSn, 

an  apparatus  for  reversing  steam  engines. 
Link'-boy,  a  street  torch-bearer. 

* '  Link  "  (of  a  chain),  German  ge-lenk, 

*' Link"  (a  torch),  Lat.  Ivchnus,  a  lamp  or  link ;  Ok.  huehmot,  aUl^i 

LinnsBan  [system],  Vin.nee\an,  that  of  Lirmam,  the  Swede. 
Lln'net,  the  ftax-bird,  so  called  firom  its  feeding  on  flax. 

Old  Eng.  Mnece,  t\ift  fLM.-tLxv(iWJ.in.,  ftax);  Welsh  llinoe  (tfte,  flax);  ft. 

linotte.  In  Lat.  caxduelia,  \Jckft  \XMXv\Jaft.,^ldoh  is  so  oaUad  te» 

carduus,  tbiatle,  on  viYiidii  V\.U«Aa. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  687 

Linoleiiin,  Zfnn^.Z^.tlm,  floor-cloth  on  a  basis  of  linen  or  flax. 

Greek  Union,  made  of  flax ;  Latin  linum,  flax,  flax-thread. 
linseed  (not  Untseed)^  V6n\8eed,  the  seed  of  flax.   (O.  E.  U/nsad.) 
Lmsey-woolsey,  Un\ze  wooV.zet  a  fiEibric  of  mixed  linen  and  wool. 

linstock,  Vln\8tdky  a  gunner's  match  once  used  for  firing  cannon. 

Ck>mpoand  of  lint  and  stock,  a  stock  or  staff  with  a  lint  cap. 
lint,  the  fluff  of  scraped  linen.     (Old  English  Unci,) 

Lintel,  Un'.tilf  the  head-piece  of  a  door  or  window  frame. 

Spanish  lirUel;  French  linteau  (Latin  If  men  aiipifrvmy. 
lion,  fern,  lion-ess,  li'.!^n,  li\5n.e88.    Lien,  le\en  [on  property]. 

Lions,  plu.  of  lion  (the  wild  beast),  places  or  persons  of 
interest  shown  as  sights. 

Lionise,  IV.S.nizef  to  show  a  person  the  sights  of  interest ; 
li'^oniiied,  U'oniis-ing  (Rule  xix.),  IToi^-er. 

To  see  the  lions,  to  see  the  things  of  interest  in  a  place. 

The  lion's  share,  the  whole  or  a  very  disproportionate  share. 

Lion-hearted,  'hartf.edt  courageous.    Lion's  cub  or  whelp. 

Old  Sng.  leo,  a  lion ;  leon,  a  lioness ;  leoUa,  lion-like ;  leon-hivelp,  a 
lion's  or  rather  a  lioness's  whelp ;  Lat.  Uo,  gen.  lednis;  Gk.  le(hi. 

lip,  part  of  the  mouth ;  UpMess ;  lipped,  llpt,  having  lips ;  lip'- 
let;  lip-ser^vice,  ostensible  but  not  real  bervice  or  attach- 
ment; lip-wisdonL     Lip-salve,  -sarve. 
Old  EngUsh  lippe,  a  lip ;  German  Uppe;  Latin  l&bium. 

Liquefy,  llVkwS.fyy  to  melt ;  liquelles,  lik'kwS,fize  ;  liquefied, 
lWkwS.fide ;  liquefi-er,  Uk'kiDi.fi.er  (Rule  xi) ; 
liq'uefy-ing;    Hquefl-able,  ttk'kw>l.fr.d.h'L 

Liquescent,  li.kwi8'.8ent,  becoming  finid  (deliquescent). 

Liquefaction,    Uk'kw^J&k''^huny  solution;    liquefaciant, 

lik'kwS.fa8h'\l.dnt,  a  promoter  of  liquefaction. 
Latin  Wquiffdcio,  IXqiUf/actio,  HquSfio,  llquesco  (IXqneo,  to  melt). 
Liqueur  (French),  le,kure\  a  cordial.    Liquor,  llk'ker,  spirits. 
Liquid,  Uk'kwid,  a  fluid;  liquid-ly,  liquid-neas. 

Liquidise  (R.  xxxi.),  lik'kwl.dize,  to  reduce  to  a  liquid  state ; 
liquidised  (3  syl.),  liquidls-ing  (Rule  xix.),  liquidDs-er. 

Liquidate,  IWkwtddte,  to  discharge  a  debt;  Uquidat-ed 
(R.  xxxvi.),  liquidat-ing  (R.  xix.),  liquidati.or  (R.  xxxvii.) 

Liquidation,  lWkiDi.day*\8kunf  payment,  solution. 

Liquor,   Uk'.er,  an   intoxicating   beverage,  as  "spirits"; 
liquored,  IW.erd;  liquor-ing.     (Americanisms.) 

Liquor  sanguinis,  Uk'kwor  8an\gtDi.n^. 

Latin  Uquldtis,  liquiddre,  supine  llquiddtum,  liquor  ^^.  l\quS.T«,  \a 
melt);  Frendi  liqtU/actUm,  liqu^fiahlei  lig\«4fier,  Uq^oeaTfUqwvdA, 
Uqwider,  liquidation. 


588  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Liqnorioe,  Uk^.erXss  (not  lW.er.ish\  the  root  of  a  plant  from 
which  a  sweet  drug,  called  Spanish  liquorice,  is  made. 

Liquorish,  Wkf.er.iah,  sweet :  as  a  liquorish  tooth, 
Latin  glycyrrhiza;  Oreek  glvkua  rAtoo,  sweet  root. 

Lisp,  to  convert  sibilants  into  liquadentals  in  speaking;  lisped, 
Vispt ;  lisp'-ing,  lisp^'ing.ly,  lisp^er. 
Dutch  liapen;  German  lUpeln^  noun  lispi^ 
Lissom,  W^m  (colloquial),  for  lithesome,  pliant, 
lost,  the  salvage  of  cloth,  an  inventory,  hearken,  to  desire. 

I^ts,  a  place  enclosed  for  tournaments,  d^c;    lisf-ed; 
listing;   listMess,  spiritless;  listless-ly,  li^esi-ness. 
To  enter  the  lists,  to  compete  with  others. 

The  civil  list,  the  household  expenses  of  the  sovereign. 
Old  Eng.  list,  selvage  of  cloth,  a  catalogue,  lixt-Uas,  purposeless. 
Listen,  %''n,  to  hearken ;  listened,  2{8"n£2 ;  listen-ing,  VitTning.; 
listen- or,  IW^ner,    (O.  Eng.  lystanj  past  lyste,  p.  p.  lisUd.) 

Litany,   plu,  litanies  (Rule  xliv.)      Liturgy,  plu,  litnigieB, 
UfM,nyt  plu.  Ut\d,nHz  ;    UtfAirxljy,  plu.  Uf.Hr^ix; 

Litany,  a  part  of  the  liturgy  (being  a  humble  supplication) ; 

Liturgy,  the  whole  church  service  contained  in  the  Com- 
mon Prayer  Book ;  litur'gic,  litnr'gicaL 

"Litany,"  Lai  Htania;  Gk.  Utana^  the  prayers  (llUai,  prajersX 
"Liturgy,"  Lat.  liturgia,  liturgletu;  Gk.  leitourgia. 

Literal  (one  t),  UlfXrdl,  exact     Littoral  (do.uble  t),  Vit.t5,r&l, 
relating  to  the  sea-shore.    (Lat.  litordlis,  littu,  the  coast ) 
Ut'eral-ly,  Uferal-ness;   UteraUty,  lif.g,rdV\i.ty, 

Literary,  litS.rd.ry,  one  who  follows  the  profession  of 
literature,  book-learned. 

Literate,  Uf.^.rate,  a  degree  given  to  non-university  candi- 
dates for  ordination.    Illiterate,  uneducated. 

Literati,  VU\e.ray*',tyy  men  of  erudition. 

Literatim,  lif  ,e,ray'\thn,  literally ;  litera^'tim  et  verba'tim 
(Latin),  letter  for  letter  and  word  for  word. 

Literature,  Uf  .e.ra.ture^  all  books,  except  those  on  science 

and  art;  polite  literature,  po.lite'  W;\e,ra.ture,  works  of 

taste  as  poetry,  belles-lettres  [hel  ISf'r],    (See  Letter.) 

Lat.  imrdlis,  UUrdriiu,  HUfratHra,  ItUfrdtus,  pin.  liUrStL 
(The  absurdity  of  spelling  letter  with  ett  is  due  to  the  French,  hat  we 
have  avoided  their  error  of  double  t  in  the  derivatives.) 

Litharge,  Uth\arge,  partially  vitrified  protoxide  of  lead. 

Lat  lithargyros,  the  scum  of  silver ;  Gk.  lUh^argwreos,  stone  of  silver. 
Lithe  (1  syL),  flexible;  lithe'-ness;  lithe'Hsome,  -sUm  (collo- 
quially Us'sSmV,  AitWsome.jiess,  lithe'some-Iy. 

Old  English  lithe,  UtheUc,  UilvbUoe,  «A:«  .\  V.\ksMMa«  UthttMSi. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  689 

Lithia,  Uth\i,dht  an  alkali  found  in  pef  alito  (3  syL) 

lithium,  a  metal  obtained  from  lithia. 

lithio,  lUh'Xk  [acid],  uric  aoid,  an  acid  liable  to  form  into 
"  caVciilus."  lithics,  medicines  to  prevent  the  formation 
of  cal'culas;  lithiasiB,  li.rhWaMs,    (Gk.  lithoSy  a  stone.) 

litho-,  lUh\o  (Greek  prefix),  stone,  made  of  stone  (lithos), 

Lith'o-carp,  carpolite,  a  fossil  fruit.    (Gk.  karpoSt  fruit.) 

lith'o-chxome,  -krofM,  the  impression  on  canvass  of  a 
painting  in  oils  upon  stone.    (Greek  chrdma,  colours.) 

Lith'o-graph,  -grSft  the  impression  of  a  drawing  on  stone; 
lith'o-graphed,  -gr&ft;  lithVgn»ph'-ing ;  lithographer, 
U.ThSg\rd,f^ ;  iitho-graphic,  lith^o-grSfXh;  Utho- 
graphical,  lUh\o.gr&f\i,kdl ;  lith'o-graph'ical-ly. 

Lithography,  U,Thdg'\rS.fy,  the  art  of  drawing  on  stone ; 

lithographer,  Itrhdg'.rd.fer,  one  who  lithographs. 
(Greek  lithaa  graphd,  I  write  or  draw  on  stone.) 
lithoidal,  lUh»&i\dSl,  of  stony  structure  or  aspect. 
(Greek  lUhoi  «ido$,  ttone  likeness  or  resemblance.) 
Idthology,  li,Th8V,d,djy,  that  part  of  science  which  treats  of 

rocks  without  reference  to  their  fossils;    litho-logic, 

lUh\o.lddg'\lk  ;  Uth'oUogical,  Uth\oX6dg'\lMl ;  Uth'o- 

log'ical-ly;  Uthologist,  VLrhbVb^Ut. 
(Greek  Wiho»-logoat  treatise  abont  stones.) 
lithophagus,  ItrhSfM^giUt  eating  or  swallowing  stones  or 

gravel  [as  some  birds  do] ;  lithophagi.  U.ThSf,d.cyi, 
(Greek  lithos  phagd,  I  eat  stones.) 
Lith'o-phane,  -fane,  pictures  on  thin  sheets  of  white  por- 

celaia  for  lamps  and  other  transparencies. 
(Greek  liUioa  phands,  stone  transparent) 
lith'o-photography,  'fo.tog\raJy,  the  art  of  photographing 

drawings  done  on  stone. 
(Greek  lithos  pMs-graphd,  I  draw-by-light  from  stone.) 
Lith'o-phyte,  -/ittf,  a  stone-plant :  as  coral ; 
lith^o-phytic,  -flt'.lky  pertaining  to  stone-plants. 
(Greek  lithos  phutdn,  stone  plant  or  growth.) 
Lithomis,  U,Thor^.nl8,  fossU  bird-remains. 
(Greek  lithos  omis,  stone  [remains]  of  birds.) 
Lithotomy,  lurh5f.5.myy  a  medical  operation  for  extracting 

cal'c&luB  from  the  bladder;    lithotomic,  U,Thdt\o,mik ; 

lithotomist,  U.Th5t\S,ml8t,  one  skilled  in  lithotomy. 
(Greek  Uthos  temo,  I  cut  [for]  tlie  stone.) 
Lith'o-tripfly,  -trip'^sy,  or  lithotrity,  U.rhSt'.H.ty,  a  medical 

operation  for  crushing  calciilus  in  the  bladder ;    litbTo- 

triptic,  KT/i'.o.tnp'.«fc;  lith'o-trip'tist. 
(Greek  lithos  iribo,  7  rub  [to  pieces],  the  Btone.) 


690  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

lithotrity,  li.Th5t\fi.ty ;  lithotrite,  Uth'^Arite,  an  instara- 
ment  for  crushing  cad'culus  in  the  bladder. 

(Greek  Whoa,  Latin  trittts,  a  rubbing  or  grinding  of  the  stone.    This 
hybrid  should  be  lithotrifbite.) 

litigate,  lit'.tgatey  to  contest'  in  law;  llfigat-ed  (Bole  xxxvi.)* 
Uf  igat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  Ut'ig&t-KW  (Rule  xxxvii.) 

lit'igant,  one  engaged  in  a  law-suit;  litigation,  UfXgay'\' 
shuriy  a  law-suit,  a  contention. 

Litigions,  U.tU\jVu8 ;  litig'ioufl-ly,  litigioafi-aeflB. 
Latin  lUlgdtio,  UtXgdtor,  lltXgiuin,  litigar$  {lis,  gen.  lUU,  strife), 
nf  muB,  a  darkish  blue  pigment  prepared  from  certain  lichens 
[li'-kins];   lit'muB-paper,  unsized  paper  colcmred  with 
litmus  and  used  as  a  test  for  acids  which  turn  it  red. 
German  lade-miMS  or  laJee-moss,  a  moss  which  prodttoes  airehiL 
litter,  Utf.ter,  straw  for  the  bed  of  horses,  straw  for  cattle  yards, 
a  hand-barrow  for  a  coffin,  a  brood  of  pigs,  disorder,  to 
strew  about,  to  bring  forth  a  litter  of  pigs;    littered, 
Uf.terd ;  lit'ter jng ;  lit'ter-er,  one  who  Utters  a  room. 
French  litxbre  [lis,  Latin  leetus,  Greek  likMa,  a4XRi«h  or  bed). 
little,  lit\t%  (eovvp.)  less,  lesser,  (^uper.)lBaBt^  small,  trifling; 
Hftle-ness;  little  by  little,  slowly,  in  small  quantities. 

"  Little  "  is  the  supplied  positive  of  less,  Ucut,  as  *'  good  **  is  of  frettsr, 
best,  and  "  bad  .  ot  to&rse,  wont.    The  real  positive  is  lost. 

Old  Eng.  lyUl,  comp.  Ixssa,  super.  Icut.  *'Less"  is  a  contracted 
form  of  lesser  (loessa  or  laisse).  Lesser  is  only  tisod  hi  contrast  to 
greater,  and  never  in  contrast  to  mtuh. 

littoral  (double  t),   Vitf  .t6.rdl,   pertaining  to  the    sea-shore. 

literal  (one  t),  not  figurative,  exact.   littoral  Oonorete. 

In  Latin  there  is  only  one  t  to  either  of  these  words.  "  Littoi "  is  a 
poetical  form  of  lUus.  Our  word  is  the  French  blander  Wioral. 
Lltdrdlis  (lUus,  poet,  liitus).    *"  Literal,"  Lat.  lltfyulis  (lUira). 

litoite,  Ut'tuMe  (in  GeoL  -ite  denotes  a  fossil),  a  shell,  the  last 
chamber  of  which  is  produced  into  a  trumpet-like  tube. 

lituolite,  Uiftu,o,lvtey  a  genus  of  minute  foraminifSara  having 
a  spiral  form.    (Latin  Vltuast  a  trumpet.) 

liturgy,  plu,  liturgies.    litany,  plu.  litanies. 

liturgy,  plu,  liturgies,  M,ur,djiiZy  the  general  church  service. 

litany,  plu,  litanies,  li1^,a,viizy  part  of  the  liturgy. 

liturgic,  Vl,tur.jik;  liturgical,  ll,tHr^.fi.kaL 

"Liturgy,"  Gk.  leitourffia,  puUic  service  (Mtos  ergos,  pahHo  work); 

Lat.  liiua-gia,  litiMrgicus  (litwrgus^  a  minister) ;  Fr.  litmrqis. 
"Litany,"  Gk.  ta  Iftona,  the  i^rayers  (J/iUy  prayer) ;  Lat.  liian/iA, 

live,  IXVy  to  exist  with  animal  or  vegetable  life;   lives,  fiw; 
lived,  Uvd;  liv-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  Uv-er,  one  who  lives,  part 
of  the  animal  body,  [lights,  g.v.] ;  live-long,  VivWong, 
The  living,  thoee  no^  «.\we.    A  living,  chnreh  pceliaiiDent 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  501 

Aliye,  ai»f?«,  still  having  life.   (Old  Eng.  alibbey  a  survivor.) 

I^e-ly,  active,  full  of  life;  liveli^nesB  (B.  xi.),  sprightliness. 

Idfe,  plu.  lives  (each  1  syl.),  vitality ;  life-like,  MeJess, 
l£felefl8-ly,  Hfelefls-nesB,  life-time. 

Old  Eng.  lift  liflic,  adj.,  VtveAj,  lifUcu,  llfel«8B,  lijUaM,  lifelessness, 
V.  lifiian\,  past  lifode,  past  part,  lifod;  also  lyhlian\,  lybhode, 
lybbod  (from  which  vetb  we  get  our  short  {). 

liver,  Uv\er,  part  of  the  body  (it  seeretes  bile),  one  who  lives. 

Old  English  l^fer,  the  liver,  but  lybbere,  one  who  lives. 
livery,  phi,  liveries,  Uv\i.riay  a  manservant's  uniform. 

The  liv'ery,  the  whole  body  of  liverymen  in  the  city  of  London. 

liv'eryman,  plu.  liv'ersrmen,  a  freeman  of  one  of  the  96 
guilds  of  London  entitled  to  wear  a  livery  gown. 

livery-stable,  W.i.ry  8td.b%&  stable  where  horses  are  fed 

or  kept  for  hire.    (French  livrSe,  v.  Ktrrer,  to  deliver.) 

A  "  liveir"  is  a  dress  given  to  a  servant ;  '*  liver7  stables  "  are  stables 
where  norses  are  "  delivered  "  into  the  charge  of  a  keeper. 

livid,  W.id,  a  leaden  blue  colour;  liv^id-ly,  Uv'id-ness. 

Lat.  VMduB.  "  Lividity  "  (Lat  Hvtditaa,  blneness)  might  be  introduced. 

lizivimn,  Ux.lv\i.umy  water  impregnated  with  wood-ashes. 

lixiviate,  lix.W .Late,  to  impregnate  water  with  wood-ashes ; 
lizivUat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  lixiv'iating  (B.  xix.) ;  liziviati<m, 
Ux.WX.d''^hun ;  lizivial,  Ux.lv'JLal. 
Latin  UscMnan  Qnaty  lye) ;  French  liaeiviel,  lixiniaMon. 
ZizilTd,  liz^.ardy  a  reptile.    Fossil  lizards  are  called  sauMans. 
French  Uxard;  Latin  laeerta.    "  Saurian,**  Greek  taiiron,  a  lizard. 
lizard  Point  (Cornwall),  a  corruption  of  lazars'  point,  being  a 
place  of  retirement  for  lazars  or  lepers. 

Llatna  (Peruvian),  lahf.mah,  an  animal  of  the  camel  kind. 
Llanos  (Spanish),  lay\noze,  treeless  plains  along  the  Orin6co. 

Lloyd's,  part  of  the  Boyal  Exchange  (London)  set  apart  for  ship 
brokers.    Lloyd's  agents,  persons  in  divers  parts  of  the 
world  who  supply  shipping  news  to  the  underwriters. 
Lloyd's  Ust,  a  daily  sheet  of  shipping  intelligence. 
Originally  rooms  at  Lloyd's  coffee  horise  were  set  apart  for  the  purpose. 
L5 !    Law,  not  high.    Loo,  a  game  with  cards.    Lieu,  le'u,  place. 
"Lo,"  O.  B.  Id,  behold  I    "  Low,"  Old  Eng.  hldw.'*    ••  Lieu,"  Fr.  lieu. 
Load,  I5de,  a  burden,  to  pack.    Lode,  a  mineral  vein. 

(Load,  a  corrupt  form  of  the  verb  lade,  from  the  past  tense  hlddj 
Load'-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  load'-ing,  load'-er. 
Laden,  lay\d%  the  original  past  part,  of  the  verb  lade. 
Loaded,  regards  the  act ;  laden,  the  effect, 
**  Loaded"  denote  that  the  act  of  packing  is  ooTQc^\eAA. 


692  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

"  Laden  "  implies  that  the  object  referred  to  is  quite  fall  or 

as  heavily  weighted  as  it  ought  to  be. 

The  ship  ioaa  weU  loaded,  Le.,  the  act  ot  packing  It  was  well  done. 
The  ship  was  toeU  laden,  ie.,  was  heavily  freighted  or  burdened. 
The  gun  voas  loaded,  charged  (not  laden  or  heavily  freighted). 
The  horse  was  heavUy  laden  (burdened). 
Laden  with  sorrow  (oppressed) :  laden  with  cares, 
I  am  loaded  with  presents  (not  oppressed  or  weightedX  like  a  letter 
carrier  or  pack  horse,  but  "  am  in  the  reception  of  a  large  number." 
Old  English  hlad{an],  past  Mdd,  past  part  hladsn. 

Loadstone,  lode-stone^  a  magnet  (this  should  be  lode-stone); 
loadHBtar,  the  pole-star  (this  should  be  lode-star). 

(The  first  part  of  these  words  has  no  connection  with  "load.**) 

*'  Load-stone."  the  stone  or  ore  that  leads  or  guides  (0.  B.  Iddlanf). 

"  Load-star/*  the  star  that  guides  (0.  E.  kbdlan],  to  lead  or  gidde). 

Loaf,  plu.  loaves,  lofe,  lovz  (all  words  in  -af,  and  all  but  one 

(gulf)  in  -If,  form  the  plu.  by  changing  "  f  "  or  "  If"  inio 

-ve8y  Bule  xxxviii.),  a  mass  of  bread  bigger  than  a  roll,  a 

conical  mass  of  white  sugar. 

0.  Eng.  h^f,  bread.  Lord  is  h^f-ord,  the  cause  or  earner  of  the  bread. 

Loafer,  Id'.fer^  an  idle  man  who  obtains  a  living  by  sponging  on 
others ;  loaf-ing,  living  by  sponging  on  otiiers. 

Spanish  gdU(\fa,  a  Iblxv  indolent  life,  gaUofedr  y  gaUofStr,  to  aaonter 
about  and  live  on  alma ;  German  lauufer,  a  running  footman. 

Loam,  lome^  sandy  'clay.    Loom,  a  weaving  machine. 

Loam-y,  W,my  (not  loo'.my),  containing  loam,  like  loam. 

"Loam,"  Old  English  Idm  or  loom.    "Loom,"  so  called  from  Sir 
Thomas  Loom,  who  set  up  the  first  at  Derby  for  weaving  raw  aUk. 

Loan,  Idnef  something  lent.    L5ne,  desolate,  lonely. 

"Loan,**  Old  Eng.  Idn,  v.  Uniani  to  lead.    "Lone,"  atone  [all  one]. 

Loath  (to  rhyme  with  both),  reluctant.  Loathe  (to  rhyme  with 
clothe),  to  detest;  loath-some,  Idrh'-siim  {some,  fall  of 
[what]  disgusts) ;  loath'some-nees,  loath'some-ly. 

Loathe,  to  detest  ,*  loathed  (1  syl.),  loath'.ing,  loath'^er. 
Old  Eng.  Idth,  enmity,  hateful ;  v.  UUhlian],  past  Idthode,  p.  p.  Idfhod. 
Lob,  to  droop ;  lobbed,  W)d;  lobV-ing  (B.  i.)    (Welsh  Uob.) 
Lobby,  plu.  lobbies  (Bule  xliv.),  Idb'.biz,  an  antechamber. 

German  laube,  a  shed,  an  arbour,  with  -y  diminutive. 
Lobe  (1  syl.),  the  lap  or  soft  part  of  the  human  ear,  a  division 
of  the  lungs,  liver,  &o,,  a  division  of  a  leaf,  seed,  &c; 
lobed  (1  syl.),  having  lobes;  lobate  (2  syl.),  having  lobes; 
lobule,  Id.bule,  a  little  lobe  {-ule,  Lat.  dim.) ;  lolnilar. 
French  lobe;  Latin  ISbus;  Greek  IdbCs,  same  meanings. 
Lobelia,  lo.bee\li.ah  (should  be  ld.bil\\.ah),  a  genus  of  plants. 

LobeliacesB,  lo.bee\li.d*\8S.i,  the  **  order  "  of  the  above. 

(In  JBotanii  \i\ie  ^Tialnation  'ace<e  denotes  an  order.) 
So  called  f torn  MaliKvu  dA  U^^  ^^\»ai^\MAaaiat  (1688-1610). 


AND  OF  SPELLTNO.  893 

Loblolly,  loh.l6V,ly,  gruel  and  other  spoon-food ;  loblolly-bcyy. 

Welsh  lloby  a  dolt ;  Archaic  Ml,  a  spoilt  child,  with  -y  dim.,  "a 
stapid  little  spoUt  child."  When  seamen  apply  the  word  to  spoon« 
food,  they  mean  food  only  fit  for  a  loblolly.    (See  Lollypop.) 

Lobster,  lob'^teTt  (male)  cock-lobster,  (fern.)  hen-lobster,  a 
omstacean  (Bnle  bdi.,  termination  -Bter), 
Old  Eng.  lopputn  or  lopiutre:  Lat.  ldeu$ta,  a  locust  or  lobster. 

Local,  IS'.kdl,  limited  to  a  locality;  lo'cal-ly. 

Locality,  plu,  localities,  Id'.k&l'X.^,  a  oircnmscribed  spot. 

Localise  (B.  xxxi.),  lo.kdLize,  to  limit  to  a  circumscribed 
spot;  localised,  Id'.kdl.izd;  lo'calis-ing,  lo'calis-er. 

Localisation,  ld\kdlX,zay'* ^hun ;  locable,  2o^H.6'Z. 

Locate,  ldJiate\  to  establish  in  a  special  place  or  position ; 
locat'-ed  (Bule  zxxvi.)*  locaf-ing  (Bule  xiz.) 

Location,  lo.kay'^Mn,  situation,  state  of  being  located. 

Latin  UMUis,  IdcSbflU,  UksdHo,  UcArey  supine  Ukdium,  to  place  {Uieui, 
a  place);  French  local,  location  (a  law  term). 

Loch,  V5k,  a  bay,  an  arm  of  the  sea.    Lock,  an  instrument. 

(In  Scotch  the  "  ch  "  iagutitvraZJ 

**  Loch,**  GaeUc  loch;  Welsh  loe,  a  dam.    "  Lock,"  Old  English  loe, 

Lochaber-aKO,  Idk  kay'.ber  ax,  a  pole  with  an  axe-head. 

So  called  from  Loeha'ber,  in  Scotland,  where  it  was  first  made. 
-156k  (native  suffix),  nounSy  gift,  state :  wed-lock, 
-15ck  (native  suffix  -leac,  a  herb),  plants :  as  hem-lock, 
-Idck  (native  suffix  -loce),  nouns,  a  tuft  of  hair :  fet-lock. 

Lock,  a  tuft  of  hair,  a  machine  for  making  [doors]  fast,  the 

trigger,  &c.,  of  a  gun,  the  part  of  a  canal  confined  by 

gates,  to  lock;  locked,  Ukt;  lock'-ing;  lock'-age,  toll 

paid  for  passing  through  a  lock  (-age  Latin,  toU,  service) ; 

lock'-er,  a  cupboard  or  box  which  may  be  locked;  lock'-et, 

a  little  tuft  of  hair.    Lock-jaw,  rigidity  of  the  lower  jaw. 

Lock-smith,  a  maker  of  locks.    A  lock-up,  a  temporary 

prison.    Deadlock,  a  complete  stoppage. 

Old  English  loc  [of  a  door],  loca,  a  loch  or  prison ;  hcc  [of  hair],  v. 

UxianX  past  Udc,  past  part,  loeen,  to  lock,  to  fasten. 
(It  i»  a  pity  these  aisbinciiwns  have  'been  a^UshedJ 

Locomotion,  lo^ko.mo^shun,  the  act  or  power  of  moving  from 
place  to  place ;  locomotive,  Id'.ko.mo^tlv,  a  steam-engine 
to  draw  railway  carriages;  locomotivity,  ld\ko.moMv'\i.ty, 
Fr.  locomotion,  locomotif;  Lat.  Ucus  mSUo,  motion  [from]  a  place. 

Locust,  ld\ku8t,  a  winged  insect.    (Latin  locusta,) 

Lode,  a  mineral  vein.    Load,  lode^  a  burden.    Lode-stone  aivd. 
lode-star  (better  than  loadstone,  loadstaxV 

Old  English  Idd,  a  lode.    Lode-stone,  lode-sixvr,  Vzd\ari\,  \o  c^dA. 

2p 


694  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

m 

Lddge,  the  cottage  of  a  park  gate-keeper,  to  deposit  for  safe 
keeping,  to  abide  in  hired  rooms;  lodged  (1  sylOtlodg'-ing 
(Bole  xix.);  lodg'-er,  one  who  lives  in  hired  rooms. 

Lodg'-ment  (words  in  -dge  and  -tie  drop  the  -e  when  -ment 
is  added.  Those  in  -dge  are  dbridg-ment,  aeknowledg- 
ment,  judg-ment,  and  lodg-menty  Btile  xyiii) 

A  lodg'-ing,  hired  apartments,  temporary  abode. 
A  lodg'-ing-hotifle,  a  house  let  off  in  apartments  for  lodgers. 
To  lodge  a  complaint  against  [one],  to  inform  against. 
Old  Eng.  logiian],  to  lodge,  to  deposit,  paet  logodef  past  part  loff0d. 

USitf  a  floor  over  a  stable ;  cock-loft,  a  loft  over  a  loft;  hay-loft, 
a  loft  where  hay  is  stored;  rood-loft,  a  gallery  in  chnrehes 
to  hold  the  rood  or  representation  of  the  crucified  Saviour. 

Lofty,  Idf.ty,  tall;  loftijiess  (Rule  xi.),  loTti-ly. 
Dan.  loft;  Ang.-Saz.  lyfUdor,  an  aerial  dwelling,  Zyfen,  lofty. 

LSg,  a  piece  of  cleft  wood  for  fires,  a  clog  fastened  to  the  foot  of 
a  horse,  a  registry  used  on  board-ship,  &c. 

Log-book,  the  book  for  registering  a  ship's  rate,  ^. 

L5g-line,  a  line  used  at  sea  for  measuring  the  rate  at  which 
a  ship  is  moving ;  log-house,  a  house  constructed  of  logs. 

Logwood,  a  heavy  red  wood  employed  in  dyeing,  &o. 

Water-logged,  -VSgd^  rendered  motionless  by  leakage. 

Log-rolling,  to  aid  in  collecting  logs,  to  aid  in  any-way. 

Old  English  tloi,  a  log ;  Welsh  doigen,  anything  tied  to  another  : 
Dntch  log,  heavy. 

Logan-stones,    W.gdn  atom    (corruption    of  logginc^-Btones), 
weather-worn  blocks  of  stone,  so  finely  balanced  that  a 
very  slight  force  will  make  them  rock ;  rocking-stones. 
Log  (Cornwall)  means  to  oscillate  fHaXUwMJ. 

Logarithm,  I6g' .d.rithm,  one  of  the  exponents  of  a  series  of 
powers  and  roots;  logarithmic,  Idf.S.rith^.mik;  log»- 
rithmical,  l5g'M.rithf\mi,kdl;  logarith'mical-ly. 

Logarithms,  ISg'.a.rithmz,  the  logarithmic  system. 
Fr.  logarithme,  logarithmique;  Ok.  lo^osaritftmos,  proportion  number. 

L^g'ger.head,  -hed,  a  dunce;  at  logger-heads,  in  dispute;  to 
go  to  logger-heads,  to  contend  (log  and  head). 

Logic,  Iddg'Xk,  the  science  of  ratiocination ;  logical,  ISdff'X.hSl; 
log'ical-ly;  logician,  Id.djish'Mn,  one  billed  in  logie. 

French  logique;  Latin  Idgica,  tdgicSlis;  Oreek  IS^M  Hetknfi, 
{AU  the  9cience8  «xeept  fiv  with  a  timilar  ttrminoHon  mn  ptmnl 
The  jive  esceptvme  are  from  French  vfords,    The^  are  aiitoiiMtie 
rarahmeKfinie),\o|(\Q  (V>qlqM),ma^o  fmagiquej,  mxudo  fwmmqut/. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  695 

Log'o-  (Greek  prefix),  nowis,  a  word.    (Greek  %5«,  a  word.) 

Logography,  lo.g5g\rd.fy,  a  method  of  printing  in  which  a 
type  represents  a  ,word  instead  of  a  letter :  as  10*  hand, 
t  dagger,  •  star,  o  circle,  (fee. 

Logographio,  Vog'.o.graf'Wk  ;  logographical,  ldg',o.gr&f''.t' 

kdl;  logographlcal-ly. 
(Greek  logos  grapho,  I  write  a  [whole]  word  [at  once].) 

Logo-griph,  Vog'.o.gry,  a  word  puzzle,  the  word  selected  (hy 
different  arrangements  of  the  letters,  or  by  certain  omis- 
sions) form  other  words :  thus  P.L.A.T.E  will  form 

(1)  petal,  lapet ; 

(2)  pate,  peat,  peal,  late,  leat,  leap,  teal,  tale,  tape  ; 

(3)  ate,  eat,  let,  lap,  ape ;  (4)  at,  la  I  &e, 

Logogriphio,  lSg\o.gHf\ik,  of  the  nature  of  a  logogriph ; 

logogriphioal,  l5g'.o.gHf\i.-h&l;   logogriph'ioal-ly. 
(Greek  Idgda  griphds,  a  word  puule.) 

Logomachy,  lo.gom\a,ky,  contentions  about  words,  a  war 
of  words.    (Greek  Ibgos  machS,  a  word  battle.) 

LSg'wood,  a  heavy  red  wood  used  in  dyeing.  The  colouring 
principle  is  called  hsB'matine  (3  syl.)»  £rom  haima,  blood. 

Loin  (1  syl.,  rhymes  with  coin),  a  joint  of  meat:  as  a  loin  of  mut- 
ton.   The  loins,  part  of  the  animal  body. 
French  Umge,  pronounced  lon»;  Latin  lunibus, 

Loinette  (no  such  word).    See  Lorgnette. 

Loiter,  loy'.ter,  to  dawdle;  loitered,  loy'.terd;  }ofter-ing, 
lo^teringijy;  loi'ter-er.    (German  lotter-bett,lsLzy-hed,) 

LSil  (Rule  y.),  to  hang  and  lounge  listlessly  about,  to  hang  out 
loosely,  as  a  dog's  tongue ;  1511ed  (1  syl.),  loll-ing. 

Lollop,  IdV.Up,  an  idle  sloven,  to  lounge  and  loll  about ; 
lollop-ed,  lollop'-ing,  lollop-er. 

Lollard,  VH'.ldrd,  one  of  the  early  reformers  in  Germany.  The 
term  was  applied  in  England  to  the  followers  of  Wick- 
lijffe.    An  older  form  is  loUer;  loUAidiem,  I5l\lar.dlzm, 

Lollipop,  UiV.li,pSp,  a  sweetmeat  made  of  treacle. 

LoUie,  archaic,  a  little  spoilt  child,  and  "pop"  (Italian  p^ppare,  to 
sack),  ova  pap,  food  eaten  by  sacking  it,  ''  food  for  little  children 
to  be  sacked/'  or  loUie  pup,  the  child's  {daythings.    (Fr.  poup4e.) 

Londoner,  liin\dun.er,  a  native  or  inhabitant  of  London; 
Lon'^donriam,  eockneyism;  London  clay,  that  of  the 
London  basin.    (Ang.-Sax.  forms  Londen,  Lunden,  -burh.) 

L5ne  (1  syl.),  solitary.    Loan,  lone,  something  lent.    Lorn,  for- 
saken.   LoneMy,  loneli-ness;  15ne'-Bome,  -sum  {-some^ 
**  full  of;"  ** exceedingly") ;  I6ne'85me-ly, loiiQr«&ixi!b-ii»is^ 
" Lone *'  for  dhne  {aU-one).    "Loan,"  O.  E.  kfen.    "  lioru;*  U6Ta'».. 


696  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

LDng,  (comp,)  long-er,  (super,)  kxng-est,  VSnff'ger^  ISng'geH, 
extensive  in  regard  to  time,  quantity,  or  extent,  to  eraye. 
Jjong,  verb  (always  followed  by  for  or  after),  to  desire 
earnestly;  longed  (1  syl.)*  long'-ing;  long'-er  (not 
Umg'ger^  like  the  comp.  adj.),  one  who  longs.  LSng-iah 
('Uh  added  to  adj.,  is  dim.,  added  to  noons  it  means 
"  like,"  B.  IxvlL)  Long  ago,  far  back  in  time ;  long-boat, 
'hdte,  the  longest  boat  belonging  to  a  war-ship ;  long-bow, 
a  bow  the  height  of  a  man ;  To  draw  the  long-bow, 
greatly  to  exaggerate  one's  own  prowess  or  achievements. 

Long  dozen  cr  bakers^  dozen,  thirteen  for  twelve. 

Long  hnndred,  "hUn'^drid,  six  score,  or  120  for  100. 

Long-headed,  -hSd'Jd,  sagacious,  foreseeing. 

Long-lived,  -lived,  living  for  a  long  time. 

Live-long  [day],  IXv-lSng,  the  entire  [day]. 

Long-prim'er,  a  type  two  sizes  larger  than  that  of  this  line. 

Long-range  (2  syL),  the  greatest  range  of  a  gun  or  cannon. 

LongHshankB,  having  long  legs,  sobriquet  of  Edward  L 

Long-gighted,  -nM'.ed,  able  to  see  to  a  great  distance,  wise 
to  foresee  events  or  calculate  prospects. 

Long-stop  (in  cricket),  the  scout  behind  the  wicket-keeper. 

LongHspun,  tedious ;  long-suf 'fering,  patient. 

Long-Tom,  a  cradle  for  washing  out  gold  **  at  the  diggings." 

Long-tongued,  -tungdy  a  blab,  one  who  talks  too  much. 

Long  Vacation,   -vaxay' ^shiin  (in  the   law-courts),  frohi 
August  10th  to  the  end  of  October.     (In  Cambridge  Uni' 
versity)  from  the  last  week  of  June  to  the  beginning  o^ 
October.    (In  Oxford  University),  about  ten  days  later. 

Long-wise  (not  long-ways),  in  the  direction  of  its  length. 

Long-winded,  prosy  and  tedious. 

Long-yam,   a  sailor's   exaggerated   tale    of  adventures; 
to  draw  a  long  yum,  to  tell  a  very  exaggerated  tale. 

In  the  long  run,  in  the  final  result 

The  long  and  short  of  [it],  in  brief,  the  result  without  detafls.^ 

Length,  length'-y,  length'i.neB8  (Rule  xL),  length'Uy; 
length-wise,  in  the  direction  of  the  length. 

Length'en,  to  increase  the  length ;  lengthened  (3  syl.),  <frc 

"Lonflr"  is  both  adoeetive  and  adverb.  We  have  not  retained  the 
adverbial  form  Umq-ly  flanglieej,  although  we  ttill  rum  the  word 
ahort-ly  (applied  to  time).  We  have  also  the  adverbi  widMf, 
brwid-ly,  aeep-ly,  sfuiaow-ly,  latmU-ly,  superfieiat-ly,  &o. 

Old  Bngliah  lang  or  Umg.  (comp.)  Ungtri,  (super.)  lettgesi,  (ad|.),  hat 
(oomp.)  Ung,  (super.)  Ungat  (adv.);  ktngliee,  for  a  long  tLm; 
V.  langjLion],  (p.}  kmiiode,  (p.  p. )  langod.  to  lengthen  or  looff-for. 

'iCM94^^loniB-\ivQd\  laugny«  (longness),  that  is,  length. 
4* ^*~-»^\]Ul(Rg«wm^,\oT^t^»«^M^^,xBi^  be  re-intradoeed.) 


''4ND  OF  SPELLING.  697 


Longevity,  l5n.dj^v'Jl.ty,  great  length  of  life;   longeval,  Wn.- 

dje^.vaL    (Latin  longavltas,  Umgcsvus,  longtu  avum.) 
Longitade,  liin\dj%.tilde.    Latitude,  lafX.tilde. 

Longitude,  tlie  distance  east  or  west  from  a  given  poipt. 
Our  point  is  a  line  drawn  from  pole  to  pole  through  the 
spot  on  which  the  observatory  of  Greenwich  stands,  from 
this  meridian  longitude  extends  180  deg.  east  and  west. 

Latitude,  the  distance  from  the  equator  towards  either 
pole.    It  extends  90  deg.  north  and  90  deg.  south. 

Ltmgitudinal,  lSn\djiM'\d/l.nill ;  longitu'dinal-ly. 

Longitude  from  the  starting  point,  in  the  place  sailed  to. 

Merid'ians  of  longitude,  lines  drawn  from  pole  to  pole  at 
right  angles  to  tiie  equator  (number  optional). 

Parallels  of  latitude,  lines  drawn  parallel  to  the  equator, 

across  a  map  or  round  a  globe  (number  optional). 

Latin  l&ngitUdo,  IdtXtHdOf  longitvdindUSf  IdtUUdlndlis  (from  longus, 
long,  and  Idtus,  broad).  The  ancient  Komans  supposed  the  earth 
to  be  a  large  plain  bounded  on  the  west  hj  the  Atlantic,  and 
extending  thence  to  an  indefinite  length  in  an  eastern  direction  ; 
■imilarly  the  southern  boundary  was  the  tropic  of  Cancer,  whence 
it  stretched  indefinitely  in  a  northern  direction. 

Loo,  a  game  at  cards.    Lieu,  Wu,  place ;  in  lieu  of,  instead  of. 

Looed,  lood,  fined  for  not  having  won  a  single  trick; 

loo-table,  a  round  table  on  a  pedestal,  more  convenient 

for  a  round  game  like  loo  than  an  ordinary  card-table. 

I«oby,  plu,  loobies  (R  xliv.),  loo'Mz,  a  half-witted  creature; 

100^)1-17  (R.  xi.),  stupidly.    (Welsh  llabi,  a  looby.) 
Look  (short,  not  loo'k)^  a  glance,  a  sight,  to  take  a  look;  looked 
(1  syl.),  look'-ing,  look'-er,  one  who  looks. 

A  looker-on,  plu.  lookers-on,  one  who  looks  on  a  transaction. 

To  look  about  one,  to  be  vigilant.    To  look  for,  to  expect. 

To  look  after,  to  watch  over.    To  look  blank,  to  show  in 
the  face  signs  of  great  disappointment 

To  look  down  on,  to  treat  with  contempt. 

To  look  into,  to  examine.    To  look  up,  to  brighten. 

To  look  up  to,  to  respect,  to  confide  in. 

^J^^'e}^^  a  mirror;  look-out,  a  watch-tower. 
(The  00  before  -k  is  shorter  than  when  a  labial  or  Uquid 
follows ;  thus  book  (not  boo'k),  brook,  cook,  crook,  hook, 
look,   nook,  rook,  shook,  took ;    but  fo&l  (long),  roo'wi, 
noo*n,  pooW,  loo'p,  &c.  .^        v      o/» 

^^*h€(^b  is  to  follow ''loohramd  when  the  adjeeUw 

^^^arowW,  and  not  the  way  of  producing  that  rwult.  an  ad^f 


^'t^^^i;:'i^:i^X'^^'£!lJ:^r}^o<m  Cnot  maiest^U.^  VX^- 


OiajeBtio  appearance. 


698  ERRORS  OF  8PEE€tl  ^ 

. #£^ 


ExAMPun  (eontimaed)~- 

You  look  seorvifidly  {i.e.,  70a  look  in  a  Boomfal  manner). 

Tou  look  superb  {i.e.,  your  appearance  is  superb). 

8tu  looks  sadly  (here  sadly  is  an  ad].  =  unwMlX 

She  looks  sad  (i.e.,  distressed). 

Ttu  moon  looks  bright  (not  brightly.    It  is  the  result). 

She  looked  coldly  or^  (in  a  cold  manner).    She  looked  cold. 

She  looked  h^mghtily  {i.e.,  in  a  hau^^tj  manner). 

She  looked  haughty  (i.e.,  she  appeared  to  be  haug^tyX 

Old  Eng.  Iddiian],  past  Ufeode,  past  part  Ukod,  Ufea  nil,  look  now. 
Loom,  loo*m,  a  weaver's  work-frame.   Iioaia,  Idme,  dajey  mould. 
Hand-loom,  a  loom  worked  by  the  hand; 
Power.loom,  a  loom  worked  by  Bteam ; 

JacquardJoom,  zhak'kard-,  a  loom  for  weaving  figured 

goods,  invented  by  If.  Jacquard,  of  Lyons. 

"Loom,"  so  named  from  Sir  Thomas  Loom,  who  introduced  the  first 
from  Flanders,  and  set  it  up  in  Derby,  for  weaving  raw  silk. 

Loom,  to  show  imperfectly,  as  through  fog  or  at  a  great  dis- 
tance; loomedf  looTnd ;   loom'-ing.    (0.  Eng.  Z«dm[an].) 

(Before  labials  and  liquids  -oo-  is  longer  than  when  A;,  d,  or  t  follows : 
thus  "hook"  (notfcoo'fc),  "hood"  (not  hoo'd),  "foot"  (not  foo't), 
but  schoo'l,  loo*m,  noo*n,  poo*r,  loo'p,  &o„  have  -oo-  lengthened.) 

Loon,  loo'Tiy  a  good-for-nothing  fellow.    (Old  Eng.  lun,  needy.) 

Loop,  loo*p,  a  noose,  to  make  a  loop,  to  fasten  with  a  loop; 
looped  (1  syl.),  loop'-ing ;  loop  Jine,  a  connecting  line  on 
a  railway ;  loop'-ing,  running  on  together  by  seuGofusion. 

To  loop  along,  to  walk  with  large  strides. 

Loop-hole,  a  peep-hole,  a  secret  means  of  escape. 

Gaelic  Iv^,  Itiba,  a  thong  or  loop ;  Irish  Iu5am,  to  fold. 
"  Loop"  (to  run  ore),  is  the  Dntdi  loopen,  to  run. 

Loose,  loo'ce,  slack.    Lose,  loo'ze,  to  suffer  loss.    Luoe,  a  pike. 

Loose,  loo'cey  to  unfasten;  loosed,  loo*cd;  looBung  (Rxiz.), 
ho'ce-ing;  loos-er,  loo'ce-er;  looee-ly,  loose-neas. 

Loose-cash,  small  change  of  which  no  strict  reckoning  is  kept 

Loosen,  loo'.8'n,  to  unfasten;  loosened,  loo'^^nd;  loosen- 
ing, loo*ee,ning;  loosen-er,  loo*ce-ner. 
To  break  loose,  to  escape  from  confinement. 

To  let  loose,  to  set  free.  To  play  fast  and  looee,  to  act 
contradictorily  for  personal  advantage. 

Old  English  lys[an]  or  leosian],  psat  lyste,  past  part.  lyst. 
Loot,  loo'ty  plunder,  to  ransack  for  plunder.    Lute,  a  mus.  inst 

Loot'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  loot'-ing ;  loof -y,  a  plunderer  (E.  Lad.) 

L5p,  hanging  down,  heavier  on  one  side  than  the  other,  to 

prune,  to  cut  off;  lopped,  ISpt;  lopp'-iog  (K.  i.),]opp^> 

Lop-Bided,  liaNin^  cme  side  heavier  than  the  other. 

liop-eiekxed,  YiavVng  \iMi^m%  «m:^. 

Welsh llab,aatto^o;XloW«,\»€UKe.  "\*s\rV^^^^«Sw.\n»»,Vjto*4afc 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  699 

LoquadouB  (R.  Ixi^),  lo.kwd'^hus,  talkative ;  loqcia'cioufl-xieBi ; 
loquacity,  lo.kwa8\l.ty ;  loquacious-ly,  lo.kwd'^huidy. 
Latin  IdqwuAtaa  (Idquar,  gen.  Idquacis) ;  French  loquacitd. 

Lord,  fern,  lady,  plu.  ladies,  lay\cRz;  landlord,  landlady,  the 
master  and  mistress  of  an  hotel,  the  owner  of  property  let 
to  a  tenant;  to  lord  it  over  [one],  to  domineer;  lord-ed, 
lord-ing,  lord-ly,  lordli-ness  (Rule  xi),  lord-like. 

Lord-ling,  a  little  lord  {-ling,  dim.);  lord-ship,  the  juris- 
diction or  territory  of  a  lord,  a  manor  {-shipy  office,  &c.) 

My  lord,  your  lordship,  terms  of  respect  in  addressing  a  lord. 

Lord,  the  supreme  heing ;  the  Lord's  day,  Sunday. 

The  Lord's  Supper,  the  eucharist   Our  Lord,  Jesus  Christ 

Lord  Advocate,  plu.  Lord  Advocates  (not  lords...). 

Lord  High  Chancellor,  plu.  Lord  High  Chancellors. 

Lord  lieutenant,  'liv.tSn\(mt,  plu.  Lords  Lieutenants. 

Lord  Justice,  plu.  Lords  Justices.  Lord  Karcher,  plu. 
Lords  Marchers. 

(These  OallidsriM  ought  to  he  abolished.  They  a/re  just  as  siUy  cu 
"Lords  Mayors'*  would  be  J 

Lord  Mayor,  plu.  Lord  Mayors. 

Lord  Spir'itual,  Lord  Tem'poral,  plu.  Lords... 

House  of  Lords,  the  legislative  assembly  of  the  peers. 

Old  English  hl4f-ord,  loaf-earner ;  hUlford-scipey  lordshipw 
L5re  (1  syl.),  learning.  Law,  a  statute.  Lower,  low\er,  more  low. 
*' Lore,**  O.TL  Idr.    **  Law,"  O.H.  lag  or  lah.    "Low,"O.E.  ?M7i,aplt 
Lorgnette  (Fr.),  lomf.yeif.    Lunette,  loo.netff  a  flat  watch-glass. 

Lorgnette,  an  opera- glass,  a  double  eye-glass  which  does 

not  hold  on  by  gripping  the  nose  like  a  pince-nez, 

French  lorgner,  to  eye,  to  ogle.  In  French,  lorgnette  is  a  telescopic 
opera-glass,  lorgnon  or  lunette  a  single  eye-glass,  jumeUes  an  opera- 
glass  not  telescopic. 

Loricate   (one  r),  ISr^ri.kate,  to    cover   with    mail    armour; 
lor'icat-ed  (B.  xxxvL),  loricat-ing  (E.  xix.),  lorioa'tion. 
Latin  iSrlcdtio,  Idricdre,  snpine  Wrlccttum  {lorlca,  a  coat  of  mail). 
Lose,  loo*ze,  to  suffer  loss.    Loose,  loo*ce,  free.    Luce,  a  pike. 

Lose,  loo'ze,  (past)  lost,  (past  part)  lost  (rhymes  with  frost); 
loser,  loo'zer,  one  who  suffers  loss.  Looser,  loo'ser,  more 
slack.  L58S,  privation ;  at  a  loss,  perplexed,  in  perplexity. 

The  temainatioDS  -ose,  -ost,  are  very  irregular  in  sound. 

(1)  ♦*-ose''  =  6ze:  chose,  close,  v.  glose,  hose,  nose,  -pose  (except  pur- 
pose), prose,  rose,  those. 

(2)  "  -ose  "  =  oce :  close  (n. ),  dose,  globose,joeose,  morose,  rugose,  verbose. 
I  "  -ose  "  =  oo£ :  lose,  whose.    (4)  =  us :  purpose. 

_;  "-ost"  =  68t :  ghost,  host,  most,  post. 
[2)  **  -ost "  =  ttst :  cost,  frost,  lost,  tost.    (S)  =  "UBt  •.  dost. 
Old  English  lotion],  past  losode,  past  port,  losod,  los,  Vna. 


600  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


L5t,  fate,  pordon,  to  sort  in  lots ;  lotf  ^d  (R.  zxxvi.),  lott^-ing. 

To  cast  lots,  to  determine  by  the  throw  of  a  die. 

To  draw  lota,  to  determine  by  drawing  a  slip  of  paper  from 
a  bag,  &c.    To  pay  soot  and  lot,  to  pay  rates  and  taxes. 

Lottery,  plu,  lotteries,  I5t.t6jiiz,  a  distribution  of  money 

or  goods  by  lots,  the  goods  or  money  to  be  so  distributed. 

Old  Eng.  hlat,  v.  hleot[<m],  to  cast  lots ;  (past)  hledt,  (p.  p. )  Moten. 
"  Scot,    Old  Eng.  9cot,  payment ,  8Cot-/re6h,  scot-free,  payment-free. 

Lotion,  Wahunt  embrocation.    (Fr.  lotion;  Lat  lotiot  Ictvo.) 

Loud,  Vkod  (to  rhyme  with  proud),  noisy;    (eomp,)  lond'-er, 
(super,)  lond'-est,  londMy,  lond'-ness. 
Old  English  Tiltid,  Mildne»,  loudness. 
Longh,  ISk,  a  loch,  an  arm  of  the  sea.    (Irish  form  of  loch.) 

Louis  d*or,  loo',i-ddr,  a  gold  coin  of  the  French  monarchy, 
about  equal  to  a  sovereign.    (First  struck  by  LauU  XIII.) 

Lounge  (1  syL),  to  loiter  about.  Lnnge,  to  thrust  at.  Lung(g.t;.) 

Lounged  (1  syL),  loung'-ing  (Kule  xix.),  loung'-er. 

French  longia  (se  dit  d'un  homme  qui  est  extrfimement  lent  IL  tout  ce 

qu'  11  fait),  a  lounger.    Fleminq  et  THbbins. 
**  Lunge,"  Fr.  aUonger,  to  thrust  in  fencing  (to  lengthen  ont  the  ann). 

Lour,  Ww*r  (to  rhyme  with  sour),  to  look  cloudy,  to  look  gloomy. 

Lower,  low.er  (to  rhyme  with  mower),  more  low. 

Loured,  low*rd;  lour-ing,  UwW-ing ;  lour'ing.ly. 

Lour  is  not  a  corruption  of  lower,  but  of  the  Anglo-Sucon  heivo,  shade. 

Louse,  plu.  lice,  Idwce,  lice.    So  mouse,  plu.  mice.    Lousy, 
Ww'.zy  ("  low*'  to  rhyme  with  rvow);  lou'si-neBS  (Bule  xi) 
Old  English  hit,  plu.  l^;  so  mtte,  plu.  wyt. 
Lout  (to  rhyme  with  out),  a  bumpkin,  a  loseL    Loot,  plunder. 

Louf -ish  {-ish  added  to  nouns  means  *'  like,"  added  to  a^j. 

it  is  dim.);  lout'ish-ness,  louf  isluly. 
"  Lout/'  Dutch  loete,  a  rustic  "  Loot,*'  an  East  Indian  word. 
Louvre  (better  louver),  lou'.ver,  a  window  unglazed,  but  haying 
cross-bars,  like  the  windows  of  church  towers,  brewing- 
rooms,  drying-rooms,  and  so  on;  louver-boards,  the 
cross-bars  of  a  louver- window ;  louver-tower,  a  wooden 
belfry,  fitted  all  round  with  louver-boards. 

It  is  a  great  blunder  to  suppose  that  the  Louvrt  of  Paris  has  any 
connection  with  the  word  Umver,  and  hence  the  si)elling  of  the  two 
words  should  be  kept  distinct.  The  Umvrt  is  a  oormption  of 
luparUk  (Latin),  ''a  haunt  for  wolves,"  and  so  is  it  called  in  old 
title-deeds;  but  Umver-vnndow  is  a  corruption  of  the  Fnmeh 
Vouvert  [window],  "  the  open  window." 

Love,  liiv,  affection,  to  be  fond  of;  loved,  liivd;  lov-ing  (Rule 
xix.),  luv'.ing ;  loVing-ly,  lov'ing.ness,  loVing-kindneaB; 
lov-er,  luv'.eT;  \o'7-«^A.^>lu»\a.\ill;  loveJess,  lUv'.lest; 


AND    OF  SPELLING.  601 

love-ly,  V&v'.ly^  (oomp.)  loveli-er,  Vui/JLer^  (super.)  love'- 
li-est;  lovely  {adv.)  (rarely  loveli-ly  (R.  xi.),  luv\Vi.ly); 
loveli-neas,  lavl'.UMess, 

LoYe^pple,  }uv'Mp,p%  the  toma'to;  love'-charm. 

LoYe'-childy  a  enphemism  for  a  child  bom  before  wedlock. 

Love-fia'yoTir;  loye-feast,  luv'-feest,  a  religious  repast  held 
by  Wesleyan  Methodists. 

Love-knot,  luv'-ndt,  a  knotted  bow  symbolical  of  mutual 
affection.  Loveletter.  Love'-lock,  a  curl  over  the  fore- 
head common  in  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  and  James  1. 
Love'-lom,  forsaken  by  one's  lover;  loye'-xna'king,  court- 
ship ;  loye'-sick,  loye.to'ken. 

Love-lies-a-bleeding,  the  i>endulous  amaranth. 

The  termination  -ove  is  very  irr^ular,  and  has  three  distinct  sounds : 
(1.)  ^'-ove"  =  ove:  dove,  cove,  drove,  grove,  hove,  rove,  stove,  strove, 

throve,  toove. 
CL)  *'-ovB''  =  uve:  dove,  glove,  love,  ahove. 
(8.)  '*-ove''  =  oove :  move,  prove,  and  their  componnds. 
Old  English  hif,  l^feliee,  lovingly ;  lufitnd,  a  lover ;  Ivfiic,  lovely ; 

Vvfiice,  adv. ;  lv/-taetn:  v.  lvf[ian},  past  Ivfode,  past  part  ht/od. 
(We  might  re^wbroduce  me  adj.  **  lovesome  "  ihif9wm\) 

Low  (to  rhyme  with  grow).    "Lio !  behold. 

Low,  not  high,  mean,  to  bellow  like  a  cow. 

Low,  fcomp.)  loV-er,  (super.)  low'-est;  lower-most. 

Ldw'-er,  more  low,  to  sink.  Lour,  lSw*r,  to  look  cloudy; 
lowered,  ldw\erd;  loVer-ing. 

LowUy  (adj.),  humble,  meek;  fcomp.)  lowli-er,  (super.) 
loWli-eet,  lowH-ness  (Rule  xi),  low'-ness;  low-life, 
mean-condition;  low  minded,  mean  spirited,  humble- 
minded;  low-spirited,  depressed. 

Lowlands,  districts  not  hilly,  opposed  to  Highlands  (Soot- 
land)  ;    lowland-er,  an  inhabitant  of  the  lowlands. 

Low-water,  the  lowest  point  of  the  tide  at  ebb ; 

Low-water  mark,  the  depth  of  the  tide  at  low- water. 

Low-pressure  engine,  a  condensing  steam-engine. 

Low-Sunday,  the  Sunday  next  after  Easter,  so  called  be- 
cause it  is  at  "the  bottom"  of  easter,  which  it  closes. 

Low-bell,  night-fowling  (the  birds  are  first  roused  by  the 
tinkling  of  a  bell  and  then  dazed  by  a  low  or  flame. 

"Low-beU,**  Scotch  lowe,  glare:  as  *'a  lowe  of  fyre,**  to  "raysea 
great  lowe**  [flame];  Welsh  ttug,  a  glare,  Uugain,  teeming  with 
light,  Ifugaa,  daybreak. 

"Low"  (depressed).  Old  English  loh,  a  deep  pit. 

Low  affixed  to  naines  of  places  is  the  Anglo-Saxon  hXcew,  «  Yi^w^^  v 
barrow,  a  small  hill,  lisjng  ground :  as  fi«d-liev>»  ImA-Vad^  ^^^ 


602  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Loyalty,  Obedience,  Soyalty. 

Loy'alty,  voluntary  attachment  to  a  sovereign,  devotion  of 

a  wife,  fidelity  to  one's  word,  &c. 

Latin  lego,  to  choose  (obedienee  from  ohoioe),  "laws'*  are  rales  freely 
chosen  by  a  govemuig  body  for  the  general  good. 

Obedience,  conformity  to  a  command,  voluntary  or  not. 

Latin  ob  audio,  doing  something  becanse  "I  hear**  the  order. 

Boyalty  is  quite  another  word,  and  means  the  state  or  office 

of  a  sovereign.    (French  roit  a  king ;  Latin  rex.) 

French  loyal,  layauU  (loi,  law);  Italian  leale,  lealta.    These  wordf 
have  departed  far  from  the  Latin  ISgdUa,  liifdUtoB  ilex,  law). 

L5z'enge,    diamond -shaped,    a    lozenge -shaped    sweetmeat; 

loz^enged  (2  syl.),  loz'eng^.    (French  losange  or  lozange) 

Lub'ber,  a  clumsy  fellow ;  a  land.lnbber,  a  sailor's  word  of  con- 
tempt for  a  landsman ;  lub^ber-ly,  awkward. 

Lubber's  hole,  between  the  head  of  a  lower-mast  and  the 
edge  of  the  top-mast,  through  which  "lubbers  creep" 
instead  of  trusting  themselves  up  the  ftittock  shrouds. 

Lubber's  point,  the  mark  on  the  inside  of  the  compass-case 
indicating  the  direction  of  the  ship's  head.    So  called 
because  only  a  "  lubber  **  would  regard  it  in  steering. 
Welsh  lUihiy  a  looby ;  llabies,  a  strapping  wench ;  Udbvjst,  gawky. 
Lubricate,   lit.brtkate,  to  make  slippery  with   oil  so  as  to 
diminish  friction  ;  lu'biicat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  hil>Tioat-iiig 
(E.  xix.),  lul>ricatuxr  (R.  xxxvii.);  lubrication,  la^bH,- 
hay" .shun;  lubricity,  2tZ.6rfa'.i.ty,  slipperiness. 
Latin  Ivbridtae,  Ivbricdre,  supine  InbHeatvm  (IvibHcus,  dippeiyX 
Luce  (1  syl.),  a  full-grown  pike.  Loose,  loo'eet  slack.  Loao,  loo'ze. 
** Lnce,"  Lat  lucHm,  apike.  " Loose,"  O.E.  Uaa.  "Loee,"  O.B.  lo^ia»\ 
Lu^cent,  shining.  (Lat.  lucenSj  gen.  lucenUs  {lux,  light),  shining.) 

Lucerne,  lu^sem,  a  fodder  for  cattle.    (French  Uuieme.) 

Fr.  Lucerne,  in  Switzerland,  the  soath  of  which  is  famous  for  itspastare. 
Lucid,  lu'.8id,  clear,  distinct;  lu''dd-ly,  hi'dd-noBs,  Incid^ity. 

Latin  {ucCdus,  ludtdUoB,  lUdddre,  to  make  bright  (hu.  lightX 
Lucifer,  lu'.il.fer,  a  fiiction-match,  the  morning-star,  Satan. 

Latin  Iv/^er  [Iim  firo,  I  bring  the  light). 
Luck,  a  happy  casualty;  luck'y,  fortunate;  luok'i-ly  (Bule  xi); 
luck^-less,  unlucky ;  luck'less-ly,  luckleas-nesB. 
German  qliuk,  ghuklicher  weise,  luckily,  ungUuikUeh. 
Lucrative,  W.hrd.tlv,  profitable ;  lu'crative-ly. 

Latin  huratlmu  (lucrum,  profit,  r.  lUcrdxi,  to  gain  profit). 
Lucubration,  W .ku.hray'' .shun.   Lubrication,  lH\hr%Jtatf'jy^ 
Locdbia'tioii,  %t\idy  at  night  time  by  lamp-light ; 
LabTioa'Uoii,  moiaXi&mii^  ol  teaxSi^qcy  to  decrease  fiictioa 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  608 

Lnoabratory,  lu\ku.bra.fryy  composed  by  lamp-light ; 

Lnbricatory,  W ,hri,ka.t'ry ^  slippery. 

Latin  lUeSJbr&tiOf  InUsSthratCriua,  lUcQbrdre  (lUenbrum^  a  torch,  but 
lubrid[ta8t  Ivbric&re,  supine  lubricSivim  ({ubrtcus,  slippery). 

LndicroTiB,  2u'.<2{.Jkrt^,  laughable;  lu'dicrons-ly,  In'^crons-ness. 

Latin  ludionu  [ludus^  sport],  laughable. 
Lues,  loo\ezej  a  cankerons  disease.    (Latin  luest  the  plague.) 
Luff  (B.  v.),  to  put  the  helm  so  as  to  bring  the  ship  up  nearer 
to  the  wind;  lufiTed  (1  syl.),  luff'-ing. 
Luff-taQkle,  'tdck^l,  a  "purchase"  composed  of  a  double 
and  single  block.    Luff-upon-lufE^  a  luff  tackle  upon  the 
fall  of  another  luff  tackle. 
Spring-a-luff!  Keep  your  luff  I  orders  to  luff. 
Danish' It(#«;  French  to/,  venir  au  lof,  aulofSe,  v.  lofer. 
Lfig,  the  ear,  to  haul  with  difficulty ;  lugged,  lugd;  lugg'-ing 
(B.L);  lug£^-er,  one  who  lugs,  a  vessel  carrying  lug-sails. 

Lug  sail,  a  sail  bent  to  a  "  yard  "  hung  obliquely  to  the  mast. 

Lug'gage,  the  trunks,  (fee,  of  a  passenger,  goods  packed 

for  conveyance  by  raQ,  &c.    (0.  E.  a-liic[an]j  to  haul  out.) 

Lugubrious,  lu.gU'.'M.iis^  doleful;  lugu'hrious-ly. 
Latin  lugubria  {lugubrvm  or  luffuhra^  a  lamentation). 
Luke'-warm  (not  loo'-warm,  "warm"  to  rhyme  with  storm), 
tepid ;  luke'warm-ly,  luke'warm-ness. 
Oerman  latUich,  warm  (lau,  tepid) ;  Danish  luiiken,  tepid. 
Lull  (Eule  v.),  a  cessation,  an  abatement,  to  abate,  to  quiet ; 
lulled,  mid;  lull'-ing. 
Lullaby,  pUU  lullabies,  Wl'MMj  plu.  lSl\laMze,  a  song  to 

quiet  infants  and  soothe  them  to  sleep. 
"Lull."  German  VuUm;  Danish  VulU. 

"Lullaby,"  Gr.  IdUo,  Lat.  UMare  {laUus,  a  lullaby).  The  "by"  is 
common  to  many  languages,  as  Gr.  paud,  to  soothe,  Lat.  pacOf 
Russian  bayu.  The  word  means ' '  to  talk  or  sing  in  order  to  soothe. " 

Lumbago,  plu.  lumbagoes  (Rule  xlii.),  lum.hay\goze,  pain  of  the 
loins ;  lumbaginous,  lum.bddg\lMU8,  eldj. 
Liim'bfiT,  pertaining  to  the  loins.    Lum'ber,  rubbish. 
Lumbar-regions,  -rt.junz,  the  lower  part  of  the  trunk. 
Latin  Wmbctgo  {lumbus,  the  loins);  French  lumbago^  htmbaire. 
Lfim'ber,  rubbish,  bulky  things  which  are  not  of  use,  to  encum- 
ber with  heavy  articles.     Luml)ar,  pertaining  to  the 
loins;  lumbered,  lum'.berd;  Ifim'ber-ing;   lumHb^r-er, 
one  who  lumbers,  one  who  deals  in  lumber,  one  who  fells 
and  shapes  timber,  a  backwoodsman ;  lumber-dealer  or 
lumber-broker;  lumber-room,  for  boxes,  &o, 

tMrnhard,  a  pawnbroker's  shop.    The  first  pawnbrokers  were  Lom- 
bards, and  the  places  where  the  pawns  were  keyti  w«t«  <S82^^ 
"lumber-rooms.^    Thus  Lady  Murray  writes*.  " Tiv«y -pxiX.  «a\ XJsvvk 
litUe  plate  tbejr  bad  in  the  lumber,  wMch  is  pawnixi^  i\i.** .... 


604  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Luminary,  jplu.  ImninarieB,  lu'.mi.na.Hz,  a  thing  that  gives  light, 
a  person  who  enlightens  others ;  Inminous,  W^mtniit ; 
In'minouB-ly,  In'minous-ness;  luminosity,  lu.mLriSi'.i.ty. 

Lnmination,  W.mi.nay'^»8hunf  or  niiunination,  q.v, 
LnminiferoTiB,  lil\mi.nif\i.rii8,  light-producing. 
Latin  lumindtio,  lumXneus,  laminOvm,  Wmin&re  {Iwnenf  light). 
Lump,  a  mass,  to  throw  into  a  heap,  to  strike;  lumped,  lumpt; 
lump'-ing,  lump'ing-ly ;  lump'-ii^  heavy  (-ish  added  to 
nouns  means  "  like,"  added  to  ac[}.  it  is  dim.) ;  lump'ish-ly, 
lump'ish-ness ;  lump'y,  lump^i-ness  (Bule  zi.) 

Lump'ers,  labourers  employed  by  merchant-ships  for 
loading  and  unloading  cargoes. 

Lump'en,  a  long  fish  of  a  greenish  colour. 

Lumps,  a  kind  of  brick,  a  mass  of  loaf-sugar  larger  than  a 
"  loaf"  which  is  conical,  or  a  "  titler"  which  is  flat  at  top. 

Lump-sugar,  loaf-sugar ;  lump-fish,  the  "  sea-owL" 

German  klump,  der  lump,  the  lump-flah,  phunp,  lumpish,  Iwmpenr 
zucker,  lamp-sugar,  klumpig,  lumpy. 

Lu'nacy,  madness  supposed  by  the  Bomans  to  increase  and  de- 
crease as  the  moon  waxes  or  wanes ;  lunatic,  lu\na.tiht 
one  afibcted  with  lunacy ;  lu'natio  asylum,  -a^g^dunL 

Lu'nar,  pertaining  to  the  moon;  lu'nary,  infiuenced  by 
the  moon ;  sublunary,  sub'.lujna.ry,  terrestrial. 

Lunarian,  lu.nair^ri,an,  an  "inhabitant"  of  the  moon. 

Lunate,  lu'.nate,  formed  like  a  half-moon;  lunat-ed, 
lu.nate\ed,  crescent-shaped ;  lunation,  ItUnay'^Itun,  one 
revolution  of  the  moon,  a  lunar  month. 

Lunar  month,  one  day  thirteen  hours  more  than  four  weeks. 

Lunar  caustic,  nitrate  of  silver  (Latin  luna,  the  moon),  the 

name  given  to  silver  by  the  old  alchemists. 

Lat.  HmdrU,  WmdHcuSy  lUndtio,  lUnoUus,  v.  Itmdn  (Ulna,  the  moonX 

Lunch  or  luncheon,  lun^shuny  a  light  repast  between  break&st 

and  dinner ;  to  lunch,  to  eat  luncheon ;  lunched,  lunch'- 

ing.    (Welsh  llvmc,  a  gulp,  llyncu,  to  swallow  at  a  gulp.) 

Frequently  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Spanish  Tones  (the  eleven 
o'clock  repast),  but  as  Mr.  Skeat  says  (in  Notes  and  Queritt)  why 
should  we  speak  Spanisl^  in  such  an  everyday  matter? 

Lunette,  lu.nSt,  a  fiattened  watch  glass.    Lorgnette,  lom'yit. 

French  hinetU,  an  eye-glass,  a  watch-glass.  "Lorgnette,**  t.  lormMr. 
to  ogle.  (In  French  a  double-eyed  opera-glass  whi<di  does  not  hoM 
on  by  gripping  the  nose  iBjumeUe,  u  it  grips  the  nose  •  pincs-nci; 
a  telesooplo  opera-glass  is  lorgnette;  •  mn^e  eye-f^Lass  iMlorgnon. 

Lung,  one  of  the  lungs.  Lunge  (1  syL),  to  thrust  at  in  fencing. 
Lounge,  q.v.  li^  (^ommoii  -^ozlance  we  always  say  The 
lunga,  except  ^\iekii  ^^  ^«qX>  \a  '^'K^vsQ&aclsfi,  in  which 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  605 

case  we  add  one,  or  specify  which  one :  as  one  lung  is 
affected,  the  right  lung  is  sound,  the  left  lung  is  gone. 

Lung- wort,  black  hellebore,  the  leaves  of  which  ard  spotted 

like  tubercular  lungs. 
Old  EngUflh  .2un9«,  the  longs ;  hi/t^fwyri,  lungwori 
Lunge  (1  sylOf  to  thrust  out  in  fencing.     Lung,  one  of  the 
lungs,  va.;  lunged  (1  syL),  lung-ing  (Rule  zix.),  hmge'- 
ing ;  lung-er,  lunge^.er. 
French  aUonger,  to  lengthen  [the  ann],  to  make  •  throat. 
Lupercal,  lu\per.kal  (not  lu.per^.kal),  a  Roman  feast  day  in 
honour  of  Pan,  February  15th.    (Latin  lupercdlia.) 

8o  called  from  h^peredl,  a  cave  at  the  foot  of  moont  Palatine,  where 
Bomolofl  and  Semos  were  said  to  have  been  soekled  hy  the  wolf, 
hot  really  from  Lopercos,  an  Italian  deity,  which  warded  the  sheep 
from  woma. 
Lupine,  lu'.jUn,  a  flowering  plant  producing  a  kind  of  pulse. 

Latin  lupinus,  the  lopin ;  French  lupin. 
Lurch,  a  rolling  on  one  side,  as  a  ship  in  a  storm,  a  game  won 
by  a  player  before  his  adversary  has  scored  a  point. 

To  leave  in  the  lurch,  to  leave  in  a  helpless  condition  with- 
out one  "point"  in  your  favour. 

To  lurch,  to  roll  en  one  side  (as  a  ship);  lurched  (1  syl.), 

lurduing. 
Lurcher  (a  corruption  of  lurher),  one  who  lies  in  wait,  and 

hence  a  poacher's  dog  which  '*  lurches  "  for  game. 

"Lorch"  (to  roll  over),  a  corroptlon  of  the  Welsh  Uuch,  a  throw ;  v. 

Uwhiav),  to  fling  over. 
"Lorch"  (to  lie  in  waitX  Welsh  Uen,  v.  I2ere[i<inl,  to  loiter  aboot. 

Lure,  luV,  an  enticement,  to  entice ,'  lured  (1  syl.),  lur-ing  (Rule 
zix.),  Wr-ing ;  lur-er,  luY-er ;  allure-ment. 
French  Uv/rre,  a  lore ;  v.  leurrer ;  Latin  lorvm,  a  cord  [for  a  snare]. 
Lu'rid,  gloomy,  overclouded.    (Latin  lUridus,  luror,  paleness.) 
Lurk,  lurked  (1  syl.),  lurk'-ing,  lurk'-er,  lurk'ing-place. 

Welsh  Here,  v.  Uerdan,  to  skolk,  to  loiter,  to  lie  in  wait 
Luscious,  lush'.us,  sickly  sweet ;  lus'cious.Jie8S,  lusdous-ly. 

ItaL  fuMuriore,  to  be  over  fertile ;  2t(«M>,  lozoiy ;  2iw«uria,  sensoality. 
Lugiad,  lu'^.dd,  the  Portuguese  epic  by  Camoens,  on  the  **  dis- 
covery" of  India  by  Vasquez  da  Gama. 
Lusians,  the  Portogoese  {-ad  6k.  patron.),  "the  adventores  of/'  &c. 
Lfist,  sensuality,  to  long  for  (followed  by  after) ;  lusf-ed,  lust'- 
ing,  lusf-ful  (Rule  viii.),  lusf  fnl-ly,  lusf ftd-ness. 
Old  English  lyat,  v.  lyst[an],  past  lyste,  past  part,  lysted. 
Lofltral,   used   in   purifications,  pertaining   to    purifications; 
luslxaJia,  liis.tray\Vi.ah,  purifying  feasts  of  the  Romans. 

Lustrate,  VS^Arate,  to  purify.     Illustrate,  tlMus.tTate,  v^ 
explain  or  exemplify  by  pictures.   Lua'tratnaA.  ^,xkksM>» 


606  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Ins'trat-ing  (B.  xix.);  liiBtratioii,  lus.tray' .shun,  the  act 
of  purifying,  the  purification  feast.  Illustration,  eluci- 
dation hy  pictures.    Lustraf-or  (R.  xxxvii.)    II-.. . 

Latin  hu^cUis,  lustrdtio,  Ittstr&tor^  Itutrdre  {IvMrwm,  a  public  puri- 
fication held  every  five  years  ;  Greek  lutrdn,  v.  luO). 
"  niustrate/  Latin  iUustrart^  supine  UluttT&twm,  to  make  manifest 

Lustre,  Zu^.tV,  brightness,  a  sconce  with  ornamental  glass  pen- 
dants, (in  Min,)  the  sheen  of  metal  which  is  of  fiye  sorts, 
splendent,  shining,  metallic,  vitreous,  or  pearly. 
Lustre-less;  lustrous,  lus'.tr&s;  lustrously. 
Fr.  lustrt;  Lat.  illustris,  bright ;  ▼.  iUusbrdre,  to  throw  light  on. 
Lustrum,  plu,  lustra,  a  period  of  five  years,  the  interval  between 
the  Boman  lustrations.    (Latin  lustrum,  same  meaning.) 

Lusty,  lOs^ty,  sturdy ;  (comp.)  lus'ti-er,  (sup.)  lus'ti-est  (R.  xi.), 
lus'ti-ly,  lus^'ti-ness,  lus'ti-hood  (-hood,  state,  concdtion). 
Old  English  lustlic,  joyous ;  German  huHg;  Norse  lysHg. 

Lute  (1  syl.),  a  musical  instrument  similar  to  the  lyre  but 
smaller,  a  composition  for  securing  the  joints  of  vessels, 
a  putty  made  of  clay,  sand,  and  water,  for  coating  retorts. 

Lute-string,  the  string  of  a  lute,  a  stout  shiny  silk  (a  cor- 
ruption of  the  French  lustrine,  from  lustre,  shining). 

To  lute,  to  stop  joints  with  lute ;   lut'-ed  (Hule  xxxvi) ; 
lut'-ing;  lutation,  lu.tay'.shun,  application  of  lute. 

"Lute"  [musical  inst.),  Fr.  luth;  Ital.  liuto;  Germ,  laute;  Norse  hU. 
"Lute "  (for  stopping  joints),  Latin  UUwnii,  clay  or  loam ;  Qk.  ittoia. 

Lutheran,  W.rh^.ran,  according  to  the  theological  system  of 
Martin  Luther,  a  disciple  of  Luther;  Lutheranisni) 
W .Th^.rdn.lzm,  the  theological  system  of  Luther. 

Luxuriant,  luxjiu\H.dnt,  exuberant ;  luxu'riant-ly,  luxn'riant- 
ness,  luxu'riance,  luxu'rianoy.  Luxuriate,  laxjiu\¥LaU, 
to  indulge  (followed  by  in) ;  luxu'^riat.ed  (Bule  xxxvi.), 
luxu'riat-ing  (Bule  xix.);  luxuriation,  liixjiu\f\.ff'.shuii. 
Luxury,  plu.  luxuries,  lux\zu.Hz  (not  liik\8ku.riz),  what- 
ever contributes  to  self-indulgence;  luxurious,  lUxsu'.- 
ri.us  (not  lag zhu'.vi.us)',  luxu'rious-ness,  hixuMoua-ly. 
Lat  luacQ/ria,  luxSuridsua,  Iva^rians,  gen.  Ztixitridntis  ({uanM,  leiveliy). 

-ly,  "  like,"  represents  the  native  ac^ectival  suffix  -lie  and  the 
adverbial  suffix  -lice :  thus  "  godly,"  "  manly,"  "  lovely," 
&c.,  are  hoth  ac^ectives  and  adverhs  representing  god-ic 
(adj.),  god-lice  (adv.),  man-lie,  man-lice,  Uif-Hc,  luf-Uee* 
It  is  a  pity  that  these  distinctions  have  not  been  retained. 

I^ceum,  ILsee^iim  (not  Us\S.um  nor  li'MMvC),  a  place  for  l6^ 

tures,  a  school,  a  theatre.   Elysiujn,  B.Uz'X,iim,  the  heaven 

of  classic  mythology;  elysian,  l.Viz\\.iin,  ac|j. 

•Jt  A.ihfiiUL  "vhere  Aristotle  taught  phlloflophy. 
"  l4i^ilViiu.m,  vvc»A^\  Ok.  •iMuiot^  («liid,  toaslfiMjL 


AND   OF  SPELLING.  607 


Lychnis  (not  lyehnm),  Vih\nli,  "  ragged-rofain,"  *'  catoh-fly,"  &c. 
Greek  hUkmiU^  •  lantern,  the  oalyx  being  semi-tranBpareni 

Lyoopodimn,  li' .kh,po\6R.M'mj  club-moss,  its  fine  seed; 

Lycopodiacesd,  W.ko.p(^.di,d''^B.ly  the  order  containing  the 
above,    (-acea  in  Bot.  denotes  an  order.) 

Latin  lycopddiwni;  Greek  hdeos  pous,  wolfs  foot. 
Lydian,  Vid'.Uin,  a^j.  of  Lydia,  effeminate,  soft. 
Lye,  liy  water  impregnated  with  ashes.    Lie,  2i,  a  falsehood. 

"LTe,"  0.  Eng.  lye;  Lat.  lie,  whence  Hxtvitim,  lye  made  of  wood  ashes, 
'•lie ^  (to  falsify),  O.  £.  l&H/[an],    " Lie "  (to  redine;,  O.  £.  lieglan]. 

Ly^-ing,  telling  falsehoods,  reclining.-  (See  Lie.) 

Lymph,   Umf,  a  nearly  colourless   fluid   in   animal   bodies; 
lymph-y,  XHtiCfy^  resembling  lymph. 

Lymphatics,  Vm.fat'Xk»,  vessels  containing  lymph. 

Fr.  lympAc,  Ifn/gXwMqoA;  Lat.  V\fmpiyi^t  hpnt^^^icwi  Gk.  numph6. 

Lynch,  Unch,  to  punish  without  trial ;  lynoh-law,  mob-law. 

So  called  from  James  Lynch,  a  farmer,  of  Piedmont,  in  Virginia,  who 
was  very  fond  of  taking  the  law  into  his  own  hands,  and  obtained 
the  sobriquet  of  "Judge  I^ynch." 

Lynx,  IJinkSf  a  wild  heast  keen  of  sight.    Links  [of  a  chain]. 

I^cean,  Un'^^.&n  (not  lynxecm),  a^j.  of  lynx. 

Lynx-eyed,  links-ide,  having  very  keen  vision. 

L3rnx-sapx)hire,  links  sSf'.fire,  a  greenish  blue  sapphire. 
Latin  lynx,  {ync^iw;  Greek  lugx  (-g  before  a  =  "  n  **  in  Greek). 

Lyre,  lire,  a  musical  instrument.    Liar,  li.ar,  one  who  tells  lies. 

Lyric,  Vir^rik  [poetry],  suitable  to  be  sung  to  the  lyre. 

Lyrical,  Ur^H^kdl;  lyrist,  li'.rist,  one  who  plays  on  the 

lyre ;  lyrist,  K/r&t,  a  lyric  poet. 
Latin  lyra,  lyrica,  lyrUua,  lyrisUa;  Greek  V&ra,  lHurikos, 
-lyte  (Gk.  termination)  nouns,  denotes  a  substance  which  can  be 
dissolved  or  decomposed:  as  electrolyte  (Gk.  luo,  to  loose). 

K  A.,  Master  of  Arts.    A.'HL,  ar^tium  magis'  ter  (Latin). 

ILD.,  MedimuB  doctor  (doctor  of  medicine). 

US.,  plu,  KSS.,  manuscript,  pUi.  manuscripts. 

ILP.,  plu,  M]ii.P.,  member  of  parliament. 

AJL,  (1)  anno  mundi,  in  the  year  of  the  world,  %,e,,  since 
the  "beginning^'  of  creation  ["4004  years  before  the 
hirth  of  Clhrist"];  (3)  ante  meridian,  ante-merid'ian,  be- 
fore noon ;  (8)  a/tium  magWter,  a  university  degree. 

M-ioof  (in  Arch,),  a  double  gable,  like  an  inverted  W  (M). 

Ka'am,  mSm  (not  marm),  contraction  of  Madam  {^m^ 


608  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Mac,  Scotch  affix  before  proper  names,  meaning  "  son  of." 

The  Welsh  affix  is  op-,  the  Irish  0\  the  English  Fitz-. 

Macadamise  (B.  xxxi.),  mak.ad\Sm,izet  to  make  roads  according 
to  Macadam's  system;   macadamised,  m&h.dd' j&mAzd ; 
macad'amiS-ing,  mac'adandlB-er  (Bule  xxxi.) 
Boadmaking  on  the  plan  of  Sir  John  London  Macadam  (1766-1886). 

Macaroni,  jml^ .a.rS^' .ne,  a  food,  a  dandy,  an  extravagant  folly; 
macaronic,  mSk^,a.r8n'\ikt  adj.  applied  also  to  a  burlesqne 
kind  of  poetry.    Macaroon,  mak'.a.roonf  a  cake. 

French-ItaL  fnaearoni,  nuicaroniquei  mofio/roon;  Ital  fnaecheroni. 

"Macaroni"  as  a  sing,  ia  qnite  indefensible,  the  Italian  is  wn 
trMCcherone.  The  Macaroni  Glnb  consisted  of  flash-men  who 
aimed  at  foppery,  eztravagansa,  insolence  and  prodigality  (1778). 

Macaw,  ma.haw',  a  bird  of  the  parrot  kind  {Antilles,  3  syL) 

Maccabees,  mak^,k&.beez,  an  heroic  Jewish  family^  the  name  of 

four  books  of  the  Apocrypha ;  Maocabean,  m&k.ka,bee''an. 

Said  to  be  formed  from  the  initial  letters  of  the  motto  M.C.B.L 
("  Who  is  like  to  thee  among  the  gods,  O  Lord,**  Exodu$  zv.  11). 

Mace  (1  syL),  an  insignia  of  authority,  a  spice ;  maoe-bearer, 

'hare^,er,  or  ma'cer,  a  beadle.    Mace-ale,  ale  with  mace. 

''Mace"  (of  office),  Fr.  masse;  ItaL  mama,  maopicre,  a  maoer. 
"Mace"  (q>ioeX  ItaL  maee;  Lat  mads;  Ok.  mdhSr,  mace. 

Macerate,  mSs'si.rate,  to  steep  in  cold  liquid  either  to  soften  the 
texture  or  to  obtain  an  extract,  to  mortify  the  body,  to 
make  lean;  macerat-ed  (Bule  xxxvL),  mSs'sisate.ed ; 
macerat-ing  (Bule  xix.),  ma8'8S.rate.ing  ;  maoerat-or. 

Maceration,  ma8'8i.ray"^hilnf  is  obtained  by  steeping  a 
substance  in  cold  water. 

Infusion,  in.fu\zMn,  is  obtained  by  steeping  a  sabstance 
[as  tea  or  coffee]  in  boiling  hot  water. 

Decoction,  de.kok^shUn,  is  obtained  by  boiling  a  substance. 

Latin  md^rdtio,  mde^r&re,  supine  lyuXo^hx^um  (mdcer,  thin). 

"  Infusion,"  Latin  infusio,  irti^ndere,  supine  iftftueum,  to  pour  over . 

"  Decoction,"  Lat  decoctiOf  decdquire,  sup.  decoctwn,t  to  seethe  dowB. 

Machiavelian,  m&k'.ta.viV'Xan  (not  md8h\i.d.vH'\tan  nor 
may\8hS.a.veV\l.an)t  the  political  principles  of  Nicolo  del 
Machiavelli,  of  Florence,  which  may  be  termed  end);  or 
"expediency,"  not  uprightness  and  plain  dealing,  one 
who  adopts  these  political  principles ; 

Machiavelism,  mak\i.d.viV\izm,  state-craft  or  cunning. 

Machicolation,  ma.shW .o.lay" .sh&n,  erection  of  a  galleiy  in  * 
castellated  building,  having  such  a  galleiy. 

Machicolated,  ma.8hXk'.o.late.ed,  fhmished  with  a  galleiy 

from  which  pitch,  (fee,  can  be  poured  on  invaders. 
Low  Lattn  madi^a^rMtA'mk ;  '^is&sb.  mdtMctmlis  fwkkhs  cmilstjL 


AND  OF  SPEZLTNG.  609 

Machine,  maaheen\  an  instrument  made  by  art,  now  applied  to 
a  componnd  contrivance  and  not  to  snch  things  as  knives, 
forks,  spoons,  spades,  and  so  on ;  machin-lng  (B.  xiz.)> 
mS,.8heen\ing,  the  working  off  of  letter-press  by  steam ; 
Machinery,  plu.  machineries,  ma^heen' .i.¥iz, 
Machin-iflt,  ma^heen' Mt^  a  maker  of  machines; 
Mechanist,  m&lff.&nXit^  one  skilled  in  mechanical  work ; 

Mechanic,  me.kan'Xki  an  artisan,  one  who  gains  a  livelihood 
by  doing  "  skilled  labour  "  with  his  hands. 

A  "machinist"  makes  swsh  ponderous  macUnes  as  steam  engines. 
A  "  meohaaist "  is  skilled  in  smaller  mechanical  contrivanoes,  and 
a  "  mechanic  "  is  a  workman  who  follows  the  instmotion  given  him 
or  the  mechanical  work  of  his  trade. 

Fr.  fn(i6M/ne,  mdeanique,  ma4shinMe;  Lat.  meUMna;  Gk.  mSehanS. 

(The  pronunciation  of  -ine  as  -«en,  shows  that  we  have  taken  tiie 
woia  from  the  French  and  not  ttom  the  Latin.) 

Machination,  mdk^ .%,nay'\8hitn,  a  scheme,  a  plot;  machinate, 

mak'.tnatey    to    plot ;       machinat-ed    (Rule    xxxvi.), 

mak'.tnayjted;  machinat-ing  (R.  zix.),  maJ^A.nay.ting. 

LaUn  macMndUo.  v.  macMndH.  The  oh  =  k  directs  ns  to  the  Greek 
nUcKaninui,  a  device  or  trick  (mSchOs,  contrivance) 

Madntosh,  mdk\in.tS8hj  waterproof-doth,  a  waterproof  doak. 

Patented  by  Mr.  MadtUod^f  from  whom  it  takes  its  name. 

Mackerel,  mak^.6.rilt  a  fish ;  mackerel-gale,  a  gale  which  only 

ripples  the  sea,  and  is  favourable  for  catching  mackerel ; 

MackerelHsky,  a  sky  spotted  and  streaked  with  white  and  blue. 
Welsh  moctvU;  German  moJbnele;  French  ina<{uere(nt. 
Macro-  (Greek  makroe,  large),  mak\ro-. 

Mao'ro-cephalous,  sif.a.lus  (in  Botaiiy),  having  a  large 

head.    (Greek  makrSs  kephSlSy  large  head.) 
Mao'ro-ooBm,  -kdzmy  the  universe.    Micro-oosm,  mi\kro.' 

kozm^  a  miniature  world,  applied  to  man. 
(Greek  makroSt  great,  mihroSf  little,  hdsmos,  world.) 
Mac'ro-dactyle,  -dSk'.tUy  a  bird  with  long  toes;    macro- 
dactylic,  -dak^MXk.    (Greek  dactulds,  a  finger.) 
Macxometer,  ma.kTom'.^,tert   an    optical    instrument    for 

measuring  inaccessible  objects.     (Greek  mitrdn.) 
Mac'ro-pod,   a  crustacean    with    enormously   long    feet; 

macropodouB,  ma.kr6p\S.du8t  adj. 
(Greek  mdhroi  pddeSy  long  feet  [potu  pdios^  •  foot].) 
Mac'ro-therium,  'The\ri,um,  an  extinct  ant-eater. 
(Greek  makros  therion,  the  long  [bodied]  wild  beast.) 
Macula,  plu.  maculsB,  mak'M.lah,  plu.  mak'.u.Uey  a  spot  [on  the 
moon,  sun,  <fec.];  maculate,  mak\u.late,  to  spot;  mao'u- 
lat^  (R.  xxxvi.),  mac'ulat-ing ;  maculation,  mak'ku.- 
lay'\8hiin.    Immaculate,  perfect,  without  blemish. 
Latin  mdeSUaf  mddUcUio.  v.  mdcHldre,  supine  mdoiUatuia. 


610  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

MSd,  deranged  in  intellect,  to  infuriate;  (comp.)  madd'-er, 
(super.)  madd'-est  (Rnle  i.)>  madd'-ed,  madd'-ing. 

Madden,  madfriy  to  infuriate;  maddened^  mddTnd;  mad- 
dei&>-iBg,  vmd"n-ing ;  madiden-er,  mdd"n-er;  mad'-ly, 
mad'-man,  mad^  Jionse. 

Mad'.i^es8»  is  insanity  beyond  personal  control. 

Insanity,  is  the  dominance  of  fancy  over  reasoou 

Lu'naoy,  is  chiefly  limited  to  legal  phraseology. 

Old  Eng.  ge-mad,  mad.    "InsacM/'  in^a&mu,  not  [of]  aoood  [mind]. 
"  Lunacy,"  a  madnogs  sappoeed  to  \te  affected  by  tbe  moon. 

Madam,  plu,  mesdames,  mSd\amt  mh,'  dtmi,  "  Madam  *'  is  con- 
tracted into  ma'am,  w&m, 

"Me8dam«B"  in  French  ia  called  ma/^-dahnk^  but  ia  never  ao  pro- 
nounced as  the  English  plural  of  madam.  The  word  ia  chiefly 
used  in  heading  announcementa  of  untitled  ladiea  «b  Iftveea,  &c, 
and  in  trade  circulars. 

Madden,  9na<2"n,  to  infuriate.    {See  Mad. ) 

Mad'der,  a  plant  the  root  of  which  is  used  for  dyeing  red,  more 
mad;  mad'der-ing,. dyeing  with  madder;  mad'der  lake, 
a  colour  obtained  from  maddev.    (Old  English  maddere.) 

Made  (1  syl.),  past  tense  of  maket,  q.v.    Maid,  a  virgin. 

Madeira,  m(i.de€^.rahf  a  wine  fi'om  the  island  of  Madeira. 

Mademoiselle  (French),  7nad'.mwd.ziVt  Miss  (not  madam...) 

Madonna,  ma.dSn'.naK  the  Virgin  Mary,  a  picture  of  the  Yirgin. 
Italian  madonna;  Spanish  Tnadona. 

Madrepor,  mad\rS.pdr,  a  genus  of  corals ;  madrepoiite,  mad'- 

ri.pd'\ritey  fossil  madrepore.    {4te  denotes  a  fossiL) 

French  madripore;  Italian  mad/repora  (madre  poro,  "mother-poro," 
qui  veut  dire  pore  ficond,  paree  que  oe  polype  semble  enc^ndri 
•     dans  les  pores  de  la  crotXte  qu'il  habite.  Diet.  Univ.,  Sto.} 

Madrigal.  Glea  Madrigal,  mad\ri,gdl,  a  very  elaborate  vocal 
composition  for  filve  or  six  voices  in  the  anoient  sl^le  of 
counterpoint  and  fugue.  (Words  pastoraL) 
Glee,  a  vocal  composition  for  three  or  four  voioeB,  less  eoir- 
plicated  than  a  madrigal.  Originally  gleeful,  bat  now  of 
any  style,  gay,  erotic,  bacchanalian,  or  pathetic 

"Madrigal,"  Italian  madrigale  (fait  de  la  ville  de  Madrtgal  oa  d* 
celle  de  Madrigal^,  en  £spagne»  oil  ce  genre  aorait  d'abord  M 
cultiv6.  Diet.  Univ.  dea  Sciences^  dee.) 

Maelstrom,  mahV .stroomy  a  whirlpool ;  The  Maelstrom,  a  whirl* 
pool  at  the  south  end  of  the  Loffo'den  Islands,  off  the 
west  coast  of  Norway.    (Norman  maUtrSm.) 
(The  "e**is  qmUe  uBden  and  the  natine  tpeUing  wAOd  he  better.) 

Magazine,  mag'ga.zeen',  a  storehouse,  a  strong  building  for  the 
storing  of  gunpowder,  a  serial  in  pamphlet  fi>niL 

The  pTonundalVon  ot  *'iiae"  as  zeen  ia  bad  Frendi  for 
Arab.  nvaJchsMV,  «k  \ii«MKat^ . 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  611 

Magdebnig  hemisplieres,  ma^M.herg  him\%z,feerz,  two  brass 
caps  for  illtrstrating  the  foroe  of  atmospheric  px^ssure. 
Invented  by  M.  <K  Guoricke  of  Magdetmrg,  he  Saaconj. 
Magrtlanio  Cloada,  ma^djilldn^lk.,.,  two  white  nebnltt  near  the 
south  pole,  which  revolve  like  stars. 
First  observed  by  Magellan  [ina.dj81'.l&D],  the  navigator. 
Maggiore,  mad.djd'.ri  (each  p  to  be  distinctly  sonnded),  the 
scales,  intervals,  modes,  &c.»  to  be  major ^  not  minor. 

Maggot,  m&g\g(St,  a  small  grub,  an  odd  whim ;  maggotty,  mug'.- 
gS.tyy  ftill  of  maggots  or  whims.    (Welsh  maceiod,  plu.) 

Magi,  may\dji  (plu.  of  magtu,  not  in  use),  the  "  wise  men  "  who 

came  from  "the  East"   to  honour  the  infant  Jesus; 

magian,  md'.dji.dny  a  Persian  priest;  magianism,  md\- 

dji.Sn.izmf  Zoroaster's  system  of  religion,  philosophy,  <fec. 

Latin  moj^nu,  pin.  magi;  Greek  magos,  plu.  mag(yi,  a  magian. 

Magic,  madg^.lk]  sorciery;  magical,  madg' X.kdl ;  magical-ly; 
magician,  md.dji8h' .&%  one  skilled  in  magic;  mag'ic 
laentem,  magpie  square,  <fee. 

Five  of  the  Msiences  [taken  from  the  French']  end  in  "Ae**  instead  of 

"-ica":  viz.,  arithmetic,  logic,  magic,  mode,  and  rhetoric 
Fr.  ma,gique;  Lat.  magtciu/  Gk.  magihos  (mag%k8,  a  magiclui). 

Magiistrate,  mSdg'.ls.trdtey  a  justice.    Majesty,  madfje8.ty. 

Magistracy,  plu.  magistracies,  mddg\i8.trdMz,  the  office  or 
dignity  of  a  magistrate. 

M)agifiterial«  mddg^.is.t^^riMi ;    magiste^rial-ly,  magiste'- 
rial-ness.     (Latin  magUtrdtus  [magister].) 

ttjetgna  Charta,  m&g'.nah  kar'.tah  (not  tehar^.tah),  the  great 
charter  of  English  rights  extorted  by  the  barons  from 
King  John.    (Ldtin  magna  charta.) 

Magnanimous,  mc^.nan'.i.mt&8,  of  noble  spirit;,  magnan'imons- 
ly;  magnanimity,  mag^.nd.ntm^'.i.ty. 

Lat.  fnagndnimu$f  VMgndhdmitas  {magntu  animus,  a  great  mind). 
Magnate,  mdg\ndtet  a  grandee.    Mag'net,  a  "  loadstone." 

Latin  magnas,  gen.  -ndtis,  a  grandee ;  magnes,  gen.  -nStiet  a  magnet 
Magnesia,  mag'ne\ztah,  the  protoxide  of  magnesium. 

Magnesiaai,  mSg.ntJii.anf  a4j.  of  magnesia;   magne'sian 
Ihne'stone,  limestone  with  twenty  per  cent,  of  magnesia. 

Magnesiiun,  mag.ne^.zt'&m,  the  metallio  base  of  magnesia ; 

Magne'sinm  light  (not  magnesian...),  a  brilliant  light  pro- 
duced by  the  burning  of  magnesium  wire. 

Sulphate  of  magnesia,  8ul'.fate...y  Epsom  salt. 

French  magnMe  (mot  dMv6  de-tno^nte,  parce  que  oette  terre  a  la 

{)ropriet6,  ainsi  que  plusieurs  terres  aigileuses,  de  hag^x  ^  Sa^ 
angue,  de  V  attirer,  comme  1'  aimant  attire  le  f er.    Koqxief ot^. 
MagnesiOt  in  Theasaly,  is  generalljr  given  as  the  oxlglu  ot  ^bA  -vot^ 


612  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Magnet,  rndg^nH^  the  loadstone.  Magnate,  m&g\naU,  a  grandee. 
Magnetic,  mag.n^lfXkt  possessing  the  prox)erty  of  the  lode- 
stone;  magnetical,  mag.nSf.tkkl;  magnet'ical-ly. 

Magnetics  (B.  Ixi.),  mdg'.nSfXkSy  the  science  of  magnetism. 

Magnetism,  mag'.ni.lXzmf  the  attractive  power  of  a  magnet 

Magnetise  (Bale  zxxi.),  mSg'.ni.tize,  to  render  magnetic; 
mag'netised  (3  syl.),  mag^netlB-ing  (B.  xix.),mag'netiB-er. 

Magnetisation,  mSg'.nS.t%Jsay"ahiln. 

Magnetite,  m&g'jnS.tUet  an  iron  ore  from  which  the  finest 
steel  is  made,  also  caJled  magnefic-iron. 

Magnetic  hat'tery,  magnetic  dip,  magfhef  ic  eqna^'tor, 
magnet^ic  fluid,  magnetic  merid'ian,  magnetic  needle, 
magnetic  poles  (poles,  1  sjl.),  magnetic  tel^egrajih. 

Magneto-electricily,  mag.nif.o  e.lSk.trU\l.ty,  electric  phe- 
nomena produced  by  magnetism ;  magnet'o-elec^tiio. 

An'imal  mag'netism,  mesmerism ; 

Terrestrial  mag'netism,  ter,rii',triM  (not  ter.ris'.tchal..,), 
the  magnetic  power  of  the  earth. 

Magnetom'eter,  Magnetomo'tor. 

Magnetometer,  mdg\nS.tdm'\i,terf  an  instrument  for  mea- 
suring the  intensity  of  magnetic  force. 

Magnetomotor,  mag' .nSt.b.mo'\tor,  a  voltaic  series  for  the 
production  of  a  store  of  electricity  for  exhibiting  electro- 
magnetic phenomena. 

French  magnitique,  magnSHsme,  magnetiser;  Latin  mognes,  gen. 
magneHs,  magnHictu;  Greek  magnitU  or  [lUhos]  fnaonefot  ab  in- 
ventore  ejna  nomXnis,  Plin.  86,  25 ;  a  Miigngata,  Lyaiaa  regifine, 
magnetum,  quia  sit  patriis  in  finibas  ortns.  Lucr.  vi.,  909.  Saia 
to  have  been  first  discovered  in  the  town  of  HeraclSum,  near  Mtg- 
nesia,  hence  called  in  Greek  [lithos]  HeracUia  or  MagrniUs. 

Magnificent,  mdg.nlf'X,8ent,  grand,  splendid;  magnif'ioent-ly. 

Magnificence,  Tn&g.nlfW.sense^  grandeur,  splendour. 

Magnifico,  plu.  magnificoes  (Bule  xlii.),  m&gMfWMze,  s 
Venetian  grandee  (Italian). 

Magnify,  mag'.nl.fi,  to  enlarge;  magnifies,  ma^.vSLfize; 
magnified  (Bule  xi.),  mag'.nX.fide ;  mag'nifl-er;  mag"- 
nif  I-ahle,  mag'nify-ing. 

Latin  magnJIificentia,  v.  magni-fiMo  [fUcXo},  to  make  laigw;  Fnndi 
magnificence,  magnjfieo. 

Magniloquent  (not  magneloquent),  mag.fM\o.qiient,  pompous  in 
words  or  style ;   magniloquent-ly ; 

Magniloquence,  mag\nU\6.quence^  inflated  talk. 
Latin  magTi%Uk)uen<ia  (magniM-Io^KeiM,  "taU**  talkinffX 
Magnitadef  mdg'  .n\.tude,\^\3kS&,  ^^.   (^tin  moffvXUido,) 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  613 

Magnolia,  m&^ jnif  M.ahy  a  genus  of  plants. 

IfagnoliacesB,  mag\no.Vi.d.s^.^j  the  magnolia  "  order.'* 

Named  in  honour  of  Pierrt  Magnol,  professor  of  botftnj^  at  Mont- 
pelier,  1688-1715.    (-ia,  a  genus,  -iaeea,  an  order.) 

Mag'niim  (Lat.),  a  large  wine-bottle,  two  doxen  of  wine. 

Mag^nnm  bo'nnm,  a  plum,  ideal  or  supreme  excellence. 

Magpie,  mdg\pit  one  of  the  crow  tribe.    (Lat.  majlor}  pica.) 

Magyar,  mard\yar,  one  of  the  dominant  class  in  Hungary. 

The  Magyars  were  the  conquerors  and  founders  of  the  kingdom  of 
Hungary.  They  came  from  Central  Asia  or  Scythia,  under  the 
leadership  of  Almus  and  his  son  Arpad,  and  are  termed  XJgari  by 
the  Sclayes.    The  word  means  "  the  noble  or  illustrious.'* 

Maharajah,  mah\har  rah^Jah,  a  HindtL  sovereign  or  prince. 

Mahl-stick,  mawl  stlk,  for  painters  to  rest  their  right  hand  on 
in  painting.    (German  malerstockf  painter's  stick.) 

Mahogany,  plu,  mahoganies,  ma.hSg'.&.niZf  a  wood. 
West  Indian  mahagoni;  genus  Swietenla  mahogani 

Mahometanism,  ma,hSm\^,tSnJizm,  the  religious  system  of  Ma- 
homet; Mahometan,  ma.hSm'.S.tanf  a  Mussulman,  adj.  of 
Mahomet;  Mtkhometanise  (Bule  xxxL),  ma.hiim\i,tSn.izey 
to  couTert  to  Mahomet's  "  faith.** 

Mahom'etanlBed  (5  syL),  Mahom'etanis-ing  (Bule  xix.) 

Mohamet,  bom  at  Mecca,  in  Arabia  (671-032). 
The  *'  Bible  **  of  Mahomet  is  called  the  Koran  (q.T.) 
The  epoch  from  which  Mahometans  begin  to  date  is  t^e  Hegi'ra  or 
Flight  of  Mahomet  (Friday  16th,  622). 

Maid  (1  syL),  a  female  servant.    Made  (1  syl.)  of  the  v.  make. 

Maid-servant,  plu,  maid-servantB   (not   maids-seroants); 

moi.  man-eervant,  plu.  mennservants  (not  man-servanU, 

see  Gen.  xii.  16).    Maiden,  maid'^n^  a  young  unmarried 

woman ;  maid'en-ly,  modest,  like  a  maiden ;  maid'enU- 

ness,  maiden-like ;  maid'en-hood,  the  state  of  virginity 

{-hood,  state,  condition);  maid'en-head,  -hed,  virginity 

{-heady  state,  condition);    maid'en  speech,  one's  first 

speech ;  maid'en  assize,  one  at  which  there  is  no  crimi- 

nid.    Maid'en,  a  Scotch  guillotine. 

Old  English  magth,  mcBgth-hdd,  maidenhood.  The  Welsh  mag  is 
*'  the  act  of  nursing  " ;  magvjres,  a  nurse ;  magur. 

Mail  (1  syL)    Male  (1  syl.),  one  of  the  masculine  sex. 

Mail,  scale-armour,  tribute,  an  iron-mould,  a  post-bag,  the 
letters  conveyed  by  mail,  &o. 

Mail-clad,  dad  in  mail  armour ;  mailed  (1  syl.) 

Black-mail,  forced  tribute  paid  to  freeboot^iXB. 

Mail-train,  jnaji-ooach,  mail-pocket. 


614  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Mailed  (1  syl.),  sent  off  hj  mail;  mailable,  tbat  may  be 
Bent  by  mail ;  mail-ijig,  prepanng  for  the  mail. 

"Mail" (armour),  French  maiUa;  JtaUan  maglia. 
"  Mail "  (tribute),  Old  English  mal ;  1/iir  Lajbin  TnaXUa  —  medallM. 
*' Mail"  (an  iron  mould).  Old  English  mal;  Latin  maciUa. 
"Mail "  (post),  French  maUe,  a  bag :  maile-postie,  •  post  beg. 
"Male,"  French  male;  Latin  nuudUus. 

Maim  (1  8yl.)>  to  cripple,  to  blemish;  maimed  (I  syl.),  maim'- 
ing;  maimedness,  mdrne^ .ed.nets. 
Old  Fr.  mo/Mffier,  n.  mdiaigne;  Low  Lat.  mdhemidre,  m^umium. 
Main.    Ocean.    Sea.    Mi^ne  (1  syL)    MSn,  mSn. 

Sea,  a  large  body  of  water  land-locked,  as  the  BcUtiC'Seat 
Mediterrcmean-sea,  Black-sea,  White-tea,  &c. 

Ocean,  a  larger  body  x>f  water  j^ian  a  aea,  and  not  land- 
locked, as  the  Indian,  Atlantic,  and  Pa^fic  oceans. 

Main,  one  of  the  chief  oceans. 

Mane,  the  long  neck-hair  of  a  horse,  lion,  &c. 

Man,  plu.  men*  human  beings  fall-grown  of  the  male  sex. 

Main,  chief;  main'-ly,  main-deck,  i^aain-keel ;  main'-land, 
the  continent,  the  chief  of  an  island  group ;  main'-mast, 
main'-sail;  mjain-sheets,  ropes  used  for  fastening  the 
main-sails.  {Sheet,  in  nautic4  language,  "  a  rope  used  in 
setting  a  sail");  main'-spring,  main-stay;  main-top, 
a  platfbrm  over  the  head  of  the  mainmast ;  main-yard. 

Old  English  nuegen  (from  magan,  to  be  ableL  our  word  may). 
*'  Main  "  (hair  on  the  neck  o/  a  horse,  lion,  &p.);  German  mahne. 

Maintain'  (2  syl.),  to  provide  for,  to  persist  in,  to  preserre; 
maintained'  (2  syL),  maintaining,  maintain'.«r. 

Maintenance,  main'.t^jnance,  board,  support.  Sec. 

Gap-of-maintenance,  a  cap  of  dignity  once  worn  by  dukes, 

the  lord  mayor's  cap  of  state ;  maintain'-aUe. 
French  maintenir  (from  main  tenir,  to  hold  [in]  the  handX 

Maize,  maze,  Indian  wheat.    Maze,  a  labyrinth.    Amaase. 

"  Maize,"  Spanish  maiz.    *'  Maze,"  Old  English  mate,  •  whirlpool 
"Amaze,"  to  put  one  into  a  maze  or  bewilderment. 

Majesty,  madfjes.ty.    Magistrate,  madg'ji^.traXe, 

Magistrate,  a  justice  of  the  peace. 

Majesty,  grandeur,  dignity.  Your  Majesty,  title  of  address 
to  a  sovereign.  The  Eing's  {or  Queen's)  most  ezoeUant 
Majesty,  title  given  to  royalty  in  formal  documents. 

Majestic,  ma.dj^s' .t%k,  stately,  like  a  king;  mi^estioslt 
7?ia.dje<'. ti. kal ;  majes'ticaL-ly. 

Fr.  majesty ;  L«b\..  TOOoe*ta*  (maior,  an  elderX     Henxy  VHX  wm  tbj 
first  Eng.  B07Wft\g;nftVj\<b^^'^\&'^^»Ji«>V^  "  James  L  added  "Sacrsd 
and  "M.ostl.xcftWBnV'  (5\.^.,^«t«t^N&>&ai5i!ttJB| «  M«i«l7'<> 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  613 

Majolica,  ma.j5VJl.kah,  Boft  enamelled  pottery,  first  introduced 
into  Italy  from  Mc^oUca  [Majorca]  in  the  12th  century. 

Major,  may\d^y  a  military  rank  abova  eaptain  and  below 
[lieutenant]  colonel,  one  who  has  passed  his  twenty-first 
birUi-day,  the  greater ;  major-ship  {-ahipf  office  or  rank) ; 

Majority,  ma-^/^/rUy,  the  office  or  rank  of  m^jor,  the 

attainment  of  "  full  age." 
Major-domo,  plu.  major-domos,  -d^.mdzey  one  who  rules  the 

house  (a  corruption  of  the  Spanish  mayor-ddtno). 

Major-G«neraI,  plu.  Hajor-Generals ; 

Drum-major,  plu.  Drum-majors ;  Seijeant-major,  plu, 
Serjeant-majors,  sar^.djent  mS'.djorz. 

Major  Interval.  Perfect  Interval  (in  Music).  "Major 
Intervals"  are  the  3rd  and  6th,  the  2nd  and  7th. 
"  Perfect  Intervals,*'  the  8th,  5th,  and  4th. 

Major  key  (in  Music),  that  in  which  all  the  intervals  are  either 
major  or  perfect.  The  4th  and  5th  are  perfect,  the 
other  four  major. 

The  major  or  The  major  premise,  -pr^m'.Xss,  the  first  pro- 
position of  a  sylogism,  the  second  is  the  minor. 
Lathi  major,  comp.  of  magrwu,  great,  also  a  mayor  or  seignior. 
Make  (1  syL),  past  made,  past  part,  made.    Maid,  a  virgin. 

Make,  to  fashion,  to  fabricate;  mak'-ing  (Rule  xix.)> 
mak'-er;  make-shift,  a  temporary  substitute;  make- 
weight, something  thrown  in  to  insure  good  weight. 

To  make  as  If^  to  pretend  that. 

To  make  away  with,  to  murder,  to  destroy,  to  spend. 

To  make  believe,  to  pretend. 

To  make  bold,  to  take  the  liberty,  to  dare. 

To  make  for,  to  direct  one's  movement  towards. 

To  make  free  with,  to  treat  without  ceremony. 

To  make  good,  to  indemnify.    To  make  amends. 

To  make  land,  to  arrive  near  land. 

To  make  for  land,  to  steer  a  ship  towards  land. 

To  make  light  of,  to  treat  with  indiffarenee. 

To  make  love  to,  to  pay  one's  addresses  to. 

To  make  merry,  to  be  joyfnL 

To  make  much  of,  to  treat  with  fondness  and  respect. 

To  make  out,  to  understand,  to  decipher. 

To  make  over,  to  transfer. 

To  make  sail,  to  increase  a  ship's  speed. 

To  make  suit  to,  to  court. 

To  make  Bbift,  to  manage  under  adverse  c\r<i\3CEMX»5\R'«^«     ^ 


616  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

To  make  sure  of,  to  secure^  to  feel  sure  of. 
To  make  np,  to  collect,  to  become  recondlecL 
To  make  np  to,  to  seek  to  gain  the  favonr  of. 
To  make  way,  to  give  place,  to  make  progress. 
Old  English  madiian],  past  maeode,  put  part,  maced,  maeung. 
MSI-  (Lat.  prefix),  bad,  wrong,  not;  bnt  male-,  mSV,e-,  spitefhL 

Malachite,  maVMMtet  a  green  carbonate  of  copper. 

Greek  mdlddUt  a  mallow,  wjiich  it  resembles  in  colour. 
Malaco-,  maV.a.kO'  (Greek 'suffix),  soft  (malakSs,  soft). 
Malaco-lite,  mdr,a,ko.Utet^  a  variety  of  augite. 
Greek  mdWeos  lithog^  soft  stone. 

Malacology,  mal\dMV\o.g.y,  natural  history  of  molluscs. 
Greek  mdWcds  l^ds,  treatise  on  soft  [bodied  animals}. 
Malacopter,  plu.  malacopteri,  maV.a,k5p*\tert  -t^jri,  a  fish, 
like  the  eel,  with  soft  or  jointed  fins;   malacopterouB, 
m&V .d.khp'' .t^jrita^  ac^.,  pertaining  to  malacopters. 
Greek  m&Wcds  pUrdn,  [having  a]  soft  witag  or  fin. 
Malaoosteon,  mSl\<i.k58'\t^,8n,  atrophy  of  the  bones. 
Greek  mdldkOs  dat^On,  soft-bone,  a  sctftening  oi  the  bones. 
Malacostomous,  mal\aM»'\to.mii3,  soft  jawed,  i.e.,  jaws 
without  teeth.    (Greek  mStakSs  ttSmat  soft  mouth.) 

Malacostracan,  mal\a,ko8^,trS.kdn,  shrimps,  lobsters,  and 
other  soft-shelled  crustaceans. 

Malacostraca,  mar.a.k88^\trd.kahf  the  soft-shelled  crusta- 
cean genus;  malacostracous,  maV,a.kd8''.trS,ku8,  ad^. 
Malacostrology,  mal\d,kS8.troV\S.gy,  the  natural  history  of 
the  Crustacea.    (Greek  mSUikda  o8tT&kon,  a  soft  shell.) 
Mai-adjustment,  mdl.&d.jitsf\mentf  a  wrong  adjustment 

French  mal  ajustement;  Latin  maU  adjusttUy  not  to  what  is  right. 
Mal-administration,  -ad.mW.iss.tray^'^hiinf  bad  management  of 
official  duties.     (Latin  maliu  administratio.) 

Mal-adroit  (Fr.),  mdV.a.dnif6yf,  awkward ;  mal'adroif '.neas. 

French  mcU  a  droit,  not  dexterous  (droit  ==  dexUr,  right-hand^ 
Malady,  plu.  maladies,  mdV.a.d}iz,  a  sickness,  a  disease. 

Fr.  mcUadie  (Lat.  maladea,  nnder  the  q>eU  ot  a  malignant  goddeaiX 
Malaga,  maV.d.gah,  wine  oiMagaga  grapes;  malaga-xaifliiiB. 
Malaise  (Fr.),  maV.dzef  undefinable  restlessness  and  diseomfort 
Malapert;    Impertinent.    Saucy. 

Malapert,  mdVui,pert,  flippant,  too  free  spoken. 
Welsh  pertf  pert,  smart,  with  fnaZ[a],  in  a  bad  sense. 
Impertinent,  meddling  with  what  does  "not  pertain* to yoo. 
Saucy,  ludely  iuBoVeiiX..   (^French  8auce,  Latin  faZnit,  salted.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  617 

lal-apiropoB  (Er.),  mal.ap'prS,pdt  not  to  the  point,  unseasonable. 
[alar,  fday^knry  pertaining  to  the  cheek.    Mo'lar  [teeth]. 

"Malar/*  Latin  mala,  the  cheek-bone  :  Greek  m/Idn. 
"Molar,**  Latin  vi&ldris,  a  grinder  {mdla,  a  mill). 

lalaria,  mal.ai7^H,ahy  bad  exhalations  productive  of  feyers ; 
malarial,  mdl.ai'/ri.al ;  malarions,  m&haiifi^.us. 
Italian  mala  aria,  bad  atr. 
Eal-oontent,  one  who  does  not  approve  [of  a  measure  proposed]. 
Bisoontent,  positive  dissatisfEtctlon. 
Uncontented,  absence  of  contentment  (Kule  Ixxii.) 
French  mdconterU;  Latin  m,ale  coutentus,  ill-contented. 
[ale  (1  syL)    Mail,  [armour,  for  letters].    Mall,  mat  or  mawl. 

MiEde,  of  the  masculine  sex.    Fe'male,  of  the  feminine  sex. 

These  are  used  as  gender  words  also:   as  male-child, 

female-child;    male  descendant,   female  descendant; 

male  donkey,  female  donkey,  male  or  bull  elephant, 

female  or  cow  elephant;  male  servant,  female  servant ; 

heir  male,  heir  female,  plu.  heirs  male,  heirs  female. 

"  Male,"  French  mdle  (masle)  i  Latin  maaciUus  (maSy  a  man). 

*•  MaU,"  Fr.  maitte  (armour),  malle  (post  bag).    *'  MiOl,"  Lat.  maUius. 

[ale-,  nuiLe-  (Lat.  prefix),  lawless,  spiteful;  mal-,  wrong,  not. 

Kale-diction,  maV .i-diW ^hiint  malicious-speaking,  execra- 
tion, curse.     (Latin  mdlSdicHo,  maVe  dieoJ) 

MiEkle-fiBM^r  (Bule  xxxvii.),  a  criminal,  a  doer  of  evil  deeds. 
Latin  mdUf actor  [mdlefddie,  to  do  lawless  deeds). 
Malevolent,  md.lev' .S.lentf  spiteful;  malev^olent-ly; 

malevolence,  ma.lev'JS.lense,  spite,  malignity. 
Latin  mAUv6Untia  [maU  voUm^  wishing  spttefnllj). 
[alfeasance,  mdl.fay\zance  (not  mal.fee*jsance)y  an  unlawful  act. 

French  matfaUance;  Lat.  mdlifadwn  {maiefUc^re,  to  do  evil). 
lalic,  may'.llk,  obtained  from  apples.    Malice,  maV.iss,  spite. 
Malic  add,  found  in  many  fruits  but  especially  in  apples. 
Latin  mSlum,  an  apple.    "MaUce/'  Flrench  malice;  Latin  malitia. 
lalice,  mSt.iss,  spite.    (Malb,  see  ahove.)    Malicious,  ma.Ush^- 
us;  malidous-ly,  malicious-ness;  malice  prepense,  maV.- 
%88  pre.pense^  malice  instigating  a  malicious  deed. 
French  malice;  Latin  mdlUiat  vidlUiOstu  (rndlu9,  bad). 
fialignity,  pht.  malignities,  ma.Vig'MMz,  unprovoked  malice. 
Malignancy,  ina.Ug\ndnjy,  bitter  hostility. 

Malign,  ma.line%  to  defame ;  maligned,  ma,lvned  ;  malign- 
ing, ma.Zine'.in^ ;  malign-er,  ma.lm«'.cr;  malignMy. 
Lat.  mdlignitas,  m^lignvs  {mdhu,  evU);  Fr.  maHgniU,  m/ain, 
Halkin,  m5V.kin  or  maw'Mn,  a  scare-crow,  an  oven  mop. 

Shakespeare  speaks  of  "the  kitchen  malMn**   or  »sv)L^«r;  '««aOcb. 
The  word  is  a  diminative  of  MoU  C'  Moll-kin "V 


1518  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Mai,  Mol  [or  flunrl].    lUnl,  to  best.    Mile  [sex].    Mnl[bagl 

Mai,  a  heftTj  wooden  besde.     MmiI,  to  beat;  Baiiled, 
manl'-ing,  manl'-eE. 

Malleable,  mST  l^M.hX  capable  of  being  spread  ont  by  ham- 
mering;  maneaUe-BeflL  Malleafaility,  moT J£a.Mr.I.^. 

Melleation,  maJr.leM''jhiin;  malleete,  maVJijaU,  to  bam- 
mer  ont;  malleat-ed  (B.  xzxyL),  maJleat-ing  (B.  zix) 

Malleolar,  maVJS.o.lar,  belooging  to  the  aakle;  manedha 
(in  Bot.),  a  hammer-shaped  slip. 

Mallet,  maifJit,  a  wooden  hammer. 
Latin  maiUuM,  w.  maUeOre;  Frendi  maOiabaUi,  mmXtUiU. 
Mallard,  fern,  wild  dock,  both  wild-fowl.     (French  malarL) 
Mallow,  nSt^.lo,  a  pUmt.    (Old  Eng.  wuUu  or  malwe  ;  LaL  malca,) 
Malmaey,  mdhm^jsyy  a  sweet  wine.    (Jfofoono^  in  Qxeeoe.) 

Maljdghian,  mSl.pig'XMn^  certain  secreting  tnbes  in  the  kid- 
neys, (fee;  Medpighian  oonea  or  pjnamids;  "^iiliwg**'*" 
capsoles,  -kap'-tuUs;  ...oarpnaeolea,  -kor.piW.kiiUs. 
Named  after  the  anatomist  MalpiifiU,  bj  whom  they  were  diacotered. 
Malpractioe,  mSl.prak'.UsSf  illegal  or  immoral  condact. 
Latin  malu$  praxis  (Greek  pruUo,  to  do);  French  jntUifM. 

Blalt,  molt  (not  mawlt),  barley  prepared  for  brewing,  to  convert 
grain  into  malt;  malt'-ed  (E.  zxxvL),  malf^ing;  nalt- 
ster  (ster,  not  a  gender  affix,  E.  IxiL);  malt^nat,  siftiiigs 
of  malt,  malt-liquor,  -Uk^er.  ale,  beer;  malf-man. 
Old  Eng.  nualt  or  matt;  neaU-h&$,  malt-honae :  nteaU^wuH,  wort. 

Maltese,  mdl.teez,  sing,  and  plu.,  a  native  of  Malta ;  pertaining 
to  Malta,  brought  from  Malta.    (Names  of  people  in  -eu 
are  sing,  and  plu.  as  Chinese,  Portuguese,  Siamese,  &c) 
Malta,  a  contraction  of  Mil'tta. 

Malthusian,  mdl.Thu\ziMny  adj.  of  Malthug,  who  said  that 
population  should  be  checked,  as  its  increase  was  greater 
than  the  increase  of  supply,  consequently  early  marriages 
should  be  discouraged.    ("  Essay  on  Population.'*) 

Maltreat,  muLtreef,  to  use  roughly.     Ill-treat,  to  treat  ill 

Maltreat-ed,  mlil.treet\ed  (Rule  xxxvi.);  maltreaf-ing, 

maltreat'-ment.  nutreated,  ill-treat-ing,  illtreat-meni 

Maltreat  refers  to  physical  ill-usage,  rough  handlinic;  &o. 
Illtreat  refers  to  more  serious  ill-usage,  and  of  a  wider  range. 
Old  English  yfel  irahi{i4in\ ;    Prenoh  mal  traiier,  mai  jmrnmaU] 
traiteaumi ;  Latin  maXe  trcuitdre,  to  handle  badly. 

Malversation,  muVxeraay^'^hun,  improper  condact. 

French  malversation;  Latin  mAU  vertdri,  to  behave  badly,  ewvdUio. 
Mamaluke,  mam'.d.luke^the  chief  military  force  of  Efrypt,  de- 
stroyed inl^lWsj  ^oVwiaaft^  feCii.  v^iab.  rnumhte,  aslave.) 


AND   OF  SPELLTNG.  619 

iJTnjTHim.     The  eompounds  of  this  word  are  yery  irregalar. 

1.  Hamelon,  one  m  followed  by  e,    (French  mamelon.) 

2.  Mamilla,  one  m  followed  by  c.    (Latin  mamiUa.) 

3.  Maimna,  Mammal,  mammalia,  mammalogy,  doable   m 

followed  by  a.     (Latin  mamma.) 

4.  Mammifer,  mammiform,  mammillary,  doable  m  followed 

by  t.    {lAim  mammiUdris.) 

H  Mammon,  m&m'JSX&n,  a  slightly  rising  ground. 

A  French  error.  The  word  otigfat  to  be  mamiUon,  Lathi  mamiUa,  a 
little  breast.    Freneh  mamewn,  a  aippie,  Uie  pap  ci  a  mountain. 

IT  MamiUa,  md.mlV.lah  (in  Bot,\  litde  granular  protuberances 
in  the  pollen  of  certain  plantd;  mamillated,  mMm'XL- 
lay"  ted,  having  mamilUB, 
Lathi  mamUla,  plo.  mamUioi,  din^ntive  of  VMmma. 

IT  Mamma,  mam'.may  (in  Med.),  a  nipple,  mam.muhf,  mother; 
mamma  (mother)  is  often  contracted  into  ma,  mah. 

I%i8  word  used  in.  the  gense  cf  "Mother*'  was  in.iroduoed  hy  the  Nor- 
mans and  used  to  he  limited  to  the  famdlies  of  the  Normam.  gentry. 
The  lower  orders  being  Saxons  retained  their  own  word  "mother" 
tHU  prevalent  with  the  peasantry . 

Mammal.  mdm\mdl,  an  animal  that  suckles  its  young. 

Mammalia,  mdm.may\Vi.ah,  the  mammal  class.  Mamma'- 
lian,  adj.  of  mammal.  Mammary,  mam\ma.ry,  adj.  of 
mamma,  a  pap.     (Latin  m4imm>a.) 

Mammaliferous,  mum'.mu.Uf'.^.riis,  containing   fossil  re- 
mains of  mammsils.    MammiferoiiB,  having  breasts. 
Lathi  mammalia  fero,  I  carry  mammals. 

Mammalogy  (not  mamology),  mam.ma1fJS,gy,  that  branch  of 

Natural  History  which  treats  of  mammalia. 
Greek  momma  logos,  treatise  about  mothers. 
IT  Mammifer,  mam'.mi.f^r,    an    animal    that   has    breasts; 
mammiferous,  having  breasts;  Imt 
Mammaliferous,  containing  fossil  remains  of  mammals. 
Frepch  ma.mm%fhre;    Latin  mamma  firo. 
Mammiform,  mam". m%. form,  shaped  like  paps. 
French  mammiforme;    Latin  mamma  forma. 
MammiUary,  m^dm.miV.la.ry,  pertaining  to  or  resembling 
nip^s        °'*"»'*^la*ed,  mdm\mJll.me.ed,  having  small 

^to  o^?)"'^*'*  ^''''®  •^  *'  preferable,  as  the  La*In  word  is  mamiUa, 
''^c''^3*«/r^*/'°^»«>elon,"  "mammifer,"  "mammUorair 
LatnZS.^S'an^^:;^^i/  e ,  a    mil 

.  »  oreast,  a  pap ;  Greek  mamma,  mo\.\iw. 


620  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Mammet,  mam' m^ty  a  puppet;   mammetry,  m&m'jm^.try   cor 
rupUon  of  Mahomet  and  Mahom'etryy  idolatry 

This  is  a  corions  instance  of  prelndice  and  perversion.  Idolatry  and 
all  forms  of  idols  are  absolutely  forbidden  in  the  koran,  but  In  the 
middle  ages  Mahometanism  became  the  synonym  of  false  rdJgion, 
and  as  idolatry  is  the  most  prevalent  form  of  false  religion,  the 
two  words  got  confounded. 

Mammon,  m&m'.m8n,  wealth;  marn'mon-iat,  one  whose  whole 
pursuit  is  the  accumulation  of  money.  (Chaldee  mammon.) 

Mammoth,  m&m'jmidth,  the  great  fossil  elephant  of  Siberia. 
Bussian  mamaaU;  Hebrew  hehem/i^h, 

MSn,  plu.  mgn,  (fem^)  wom'an,  p2ik  iTomen,  «olm'.m*ft;  t.  to 
furnish  witii  men,  to  set  a  goard;  manned,  m&nd; 
mann'-ing  (Rule  i.);  mann'-i^  {-Uh  added  to  nouns 
means  liket  added  to  ac^j.  it  is  dim.);  man-lesa. 

Man'-fnl  (Bule  viii.),  man'fol-ly,  man^fol-neaa 

Man'-ly,  manli-ness  (Rule  xi.);  man'^hood  (-hood,  state, 
condition);  man-kind  {-kind,  race). 

Man-ohild,  fern-  woman-child,  plu,  meiirohildren,  women- 
children^  uHm'Jn  ehU\drin,  boy,  (fern,)  girL 

Man-servant,  plu,  men-servants,  (fern,)  ntaid-^iervant  plu- 
maid-servants,  wom'an-servant,  plu,  women-aervants, 
wim^'n..,;  man-midwife,  -mid\%f,  an  accoucheur. 

Man-of-straw,  plu.  men  ..,  one  who  has  no  mon^  to  back 
his  engagements,  a  man  that  exists  only  on  paper. 

Man  of  war,  plu,  men  of  war,  a  war-ship. 

Man  at  arms,  plu.  men  at  arms,  formally  applied  to  the 

heavy  armed  military. 

Old  English  marnn^  plu.  metin;  mann-eild,  a  man-child :  moitii^tii, 
mankind ;  manrAdd,  man-hood :  maiirleas,  manlees,  without  tarn: 
Tnannlie.  mantUice  adv.,  v.  mann[ian\,  p.  mannodSf  p.  p.  mmMod. 

Manade,  man'.a.k'l  (only  one  n,  it  is  no  comp.  of  man),  a  shackle 
for  the  hands ;  (Fetter,  a  shackle  for  the  fbet);  to  shackle 
the  hands ;  manacled,  mdn'.a.k'ld. 

The  spelling  of  these  words  is  disgracefuL  The  French  have  avoided 
the  absurdity  of  a  second  a  in  their  word  maniclea. 

Latin  manlcCUa,  mdnXca,  dim.  of  mantis/  but  man/tcHa,  means  tb« 
orb  of  the  moon.    (Greek  m6uiai68.) 

Manage,  m&n\age,  to  contrive,  to  direct.  Manege,  mo.aaj^'i 
the  management  and  training  of  horses  in  naing-sohoob. 

Man'aged  (2  syL),  man'ag-ing  (Bule  xix.),  man'ag-er; 

Man'age-able  {-ce  and  -ge  retain  the  -e  before  -ahUy  R.  xx.); 
man'ageable-ness,    man'^ageably,    man'agement   (oulj 
•dge  and  -ue  drop  the  -e  before  -ment,  Rule  xviii.) 
Fr.  tn^uager,  miuogenvefn^  ;  Iaw  Lat.  VMnagiwn,  a  household ;  Ut 


AND  OF  SPELLING.                              621 
>■  ■ 

Tffftnalriii,  mSn\(LffXn,  a  genus  of  small  birds.  Kan'ikm,  a  dwarf. 

*'Mana]dn,''  French  manaquin.    ''Muiikm,"  €rermui  matmehen. 
llanchoo  (not  Mantehoo)^  mdn.8hoo',  the  language  of  JtfancAooria, 
spoken  at  the  court  of  China. 

Mandamus  (Lat.),  man.daf'.mSs  (not  mSn'.dd.mSs),  a  writ  issued 
by  the  Court  of  Queen's  Bench  in  the  sovereign's  name. 
So  called  from  the  flist  word  MandSmtu  we,  [the  Qneen]  oommand . . 
Mandarin,  man'.dS.f^  a  Chinese  magistrate  or  goremor. 

Spaolsh  mandarin  (mandar,  to  command,  Latin  nianddre% 
Handate,  mdn'.date.    Command,  k5m.mand\ 

A  mandate  is  a  written  order  or  rescript  (manu  dcUus, 
"given  under  hand"  and  seal).  Command  is  an  order 
by  word  of  mouth  or  otherwise. 

mandatary,  man'.dS,tary,    Mandatory,  man\dS.t5.fy  ; 
Mandatary,  one  to  whom  the  Pope  has  given  a  "mandate" 
for  a  benefice,  one  who  undertakes  from  writton  authority 
to  do  something  for  another. 
French  mandatairt;  Italian  mandatario. 
Mandatory,  adj.  containing  a  mandate  or  commission. 
Mandator  (Latin),  miaH.day'.torf  one  who  gives  a  mandate. 
Latin  mandatariua,  a  mandatary,  manddtoTf  memddtum,  manddre. 

Mandible,  man'.€K.h'l,  the  jaw  of  a  bird,  insect,  or  cuttle-fish ; 
mandibular,  mSnJIU/.il.lart  pertaining  to  the  jaw ;  mau- 
dibulate,  mun.dXb\u,latet  having  mandibles. 
Lat  mondi&ultfm,  the  Jaw-bone ;  mandiibulSLrit  (v.  mandirtf  to  chew). 
Mandolin,  man\d6,Vin,  a  small  cithern  played  with  a  quill. 

French  mandoIifM ;  Italian  matuiola;  Portn^ese  bondoto. 
Mandragora,  man,drdg'.8,rahj  Latin  for  mandrake  (q.v.) 
Mandrake,  man\drdke,  a  plant  (corruption  of  mandrdglora^). 

The  first  syllable  has  no  connexion  with  the  Anglo-Saxon  word  man. 
Greek  mand/rdgHnu ;  French  mand/ragort;  Italian  mandragola. 

Mandrel,  jndn\dril,  the  revolving  shank  of  a  lathe  to  which 
turners  fix  iJieir  work,  a  round  bar  on  which  plumbers 
form  tubing.    (Fr.  mandrin;  Lat.  manubrium,  a  handle.) 

Mandrill  (Fr.),  mdn^dflrU,  species  of  monkey.  Spand'rel  (in  Arch) 

Mane  (1  syl.),  hair  on  the  neck  of  a  horse,  &c.    Main,  chief; 
maned  (1  syl.),  having  a  mane.    Manned,  m&nd, 
"Mane,** Germ.  inaAn«.  " Main,'* Old Eng.nuegen.  "Manned,** man. 
Manege,  m^,nd.je%  the  training  of  horses.    Man'age,  to  direct. 

French  mcmige,  exerdoe  qn'  on  fait  faire  &  un  cheval  ponr  le  dresser, 
lieu  oil  1'  on  exerce  les  chevanx  pour  les  dresser,  also  the  tricks  and 
gambols  taught  to  horses  trained  for  a  circus. 

"  Manage."  Low  Lat.  menagium,  a  household ;  Lat.  manSr€f  to  abide. 

Manes,  m>d\neezt  ghosts,  spirits  of  the  dead.    (Latin  maue».\ 
Man'-ful  (Eule  viii.),  man'ful-ly,  man'ful-neBft.     (^See  1Kbxu> 


622  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Kangamese,  man' .ga.neez\  a  metal ;  the  black  ore  is  called  the 
black  oxide  of  manganeee ;  xnanganefiian,  man\ga.n^\- 
zl.an,  pertaining  to  or  consisting  of  manganese. 

Manganesinm,  man'.gd.nee^'j^.'&m,  the  metal  manganese. 

Manganesia,  mS>n\gd.me'\zi.(Lhy  the  oxide  of  manganesium. 

Manganic  [aoid],man.^dfn^{^..., obtained  firommanganesium. 

Manganate,  man' .gd.ndte  {-ate,  denotes  a  salt  formed  by 
the  union  of  [manganic]  acid  with  a  base). 

Manganite,  mdn'.gd.nite  (-ite  denotes  a  fossil  or  oie),  it  is  a 

grey  oxide  of  manganese. 

French  manganisCy  qu'on  dfirive  de  magnds,  parce  qa*oii  confondAit 
autrefois  le  mangandse  ozyde  avec  la  pierre-'d'aiinazkts. 

Mange,  mdnj,  the  scab  or  itch  in  dogs,  <fec.;  mang^-y,  scabby; 
man^i-ness  (Rtde  xi.) 
French  d6-m<mg^ai8on],  ▼.  dimaHger,  to  iteli; 

Man'geUwnr'zel  (not  mangold),  a  field  root.  M^usf'gle,  to  mutilate. 
The  roots  are  called  mangels,  not  maxigttr<-Wtu*zel8. 

German  mangel  wurzel,  scarcity  root  Eaten  by  ilian  In  times  ci 
scarcity  as  a  substitute  for  bread,  as  well  as  by  cacttle. 

MaagBT,  main'-djer,  a  fixed  feeding-trough  for  horses  and  cattle. 

French  mangtoin,  ▼.  manger,  to  eat ;  Latin  mandilcAre,  to  ohew. 

Mangle,  mdn\g'l,  a  calendar.    Mangel,  man'.gH,  a  root 

Mangle,  to  mutilate,  to  calender;  mangled,  m&n\g'ld; 
mangling,  mdn'.gling;  majfgler. 

Qerm.  mangel,  v.  mangeln,  both  senses ;  Lat.  mango,  a  rflgrater  who 
polishes  up  artiolee  for  sale,  henoe  "  to  scratch, "  to  mutilate.  The 
French  mangle  is  the  mangxoTe. 

Mango,  plu.  mangoes  (Rule  xlii.),  a  tree  and  its  fruit. 

Mangos  marum,  in  the  Talmud  language  of  India. 

Mangrove,  mdn\grove,  an  Indian  tree  which  forms  dense  groves. 

The  tree  is  the  Mangle  (Malay),  but  Th»  mangl&ifrov^,  and  the 
Mangle-tree  have  got  confounded. 

Mania.    Madness.    Insanity.    Lunacy.    Fxena^, 

Mania,  may'.nuah,  a  warping  of  the  judgment  and  that 
ungOTemable  enthusiasm  consequent  on-  some  great 
excitement,  as  war,  drink,  politics,  and  so  on.  Hence 
the  mania  for  some  new  fasluon,  book,  idea,  *'  lion.** 

Mon'o-ma'nia,  a  mental  delusion  on  one  special  snlgeot 

Maniac,  may' jrA.dk,  a  madman ;  maniacal »  huurU' jdMSL 

Mad'ness,  a  state  of  mental  excitement  in  wfaioh  both 
memory  and  judgment  are  overmastered. 

Insanity,  an  unhealty  state  of  mind  in  whieh  the  judgment 
is  too  feeble  to  assert  itself,  but  the  passions  are  not  violeoi 

Lu'nacy,  a  temccL  ion:  qji^  m<9ii\aiL«3cMsxatlon,  ohiefij  confined 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  C23 

m 

to  legal  doeaments  and  institations :  as  Commissioners  in 
Lunac^j  Mcuters  in  Lwuicy,  Lunatic  Asylums^  and  so  on. 

Fremzyv  inflammation  of  the  oerebral  membrane,  indacing 

fever  and  mental  distnrbMiee. 

**  MajiUv*'  Greek  nUhUa  (r.  maindmai,  to  be  OT«reaaited). 

"  Madness/'  Old  English  ge-maad. 

"Insanitjr."  Latin  in  sdiMas,  want  of  healthiness  [of  mind). 

*'  Lunacy/'  moon-struck  ;  Latin  luna,  the  moon. 

'*  Frenzy,"  GnA  phrAirlHs,  Inflammation  of  the  mind." 

Haniohean,  mdn\i.ke^\dn,  pertaimng  to  ManSs  and  his  doc- 
trines, a  diseiple  of  ManSs  the  Persian  philosopher. 

Manes  tanght  that  there  are  twp  supreme  principles.  Light  and 
Darkness.    The  former  the  author  of  all  good,  the  latter  of  all  evil. 

ManiieBt,  mdn'.tfest,  apparent,  to  make  manifest,  to  declare; 
man'ifeBt-«d  (B.  xxxvi.),  maa'ifiostJjig,  man'ifest-iUe. 

Hanifestation,  mdnXf^is-tay^'^hun;  man'^ifest^ly. 

Blanifesto,  plu,  manifestoes  (Bide  xlii.),  man'X.fSs*' .toze,  a 
written  declaration  of  motives,  before  commencing  war. 

JjiXiximanifestus,  mantfistdre,  supine  manifest&^um ;  French  mani- 
ftaieT,  manifesU,  nuvwi/estaiion ;  Italian  vMn\festo. 

Hanifold,  mdn'Xfold  (not  mSn'Xfold),  oft  repeated,  complicated ; 
man'ifold-ly;  man'ifold-writer»  -rite'^erf  an  apparatus 
for  taking  several  copies  of  a  writing  at  once. 

Af any  is  pronounced  m^.y,  and  so  are  its  compounds,  many^headed, 
many-ncmded,  &c,  but  manifold  is  not  so  pronounced. 

lEan'ikin,  a  little  man  (used  in  contempt).    ManakiiL,  a  baboon. 

"Manikin,"  double  dim.  manikin,    " Manakin/'  Fr.  manag^in, 

Manilla,  ma.niVdah,  a  ring  or  bracelet  worn  by  Africans,  a  piece 

of  money  shaped  like  a  horse-shoe,  used  in  Africa,  a 

coarse  fabric  woven  firom  cocoa  or  palm  fibre. 

•yn-Tiilla.  cheroot,  maMlV.lah  she.roof^  a  delicate  cigar. 

'* Manilla"  (a  ring,  &o.),  Spanish  maniUa  (Latin  mdnits,  a  hand). 
«  Manilla"  (doth,  &&},  Manilla,  one  of  the  Philippine  inlands. 

Maniple,  mdn\i.p%  a  small  band  of  soldiers;  manipular,  ma.- 

nlp'M.lar,  adj.  of  maniple. 

Manipulate,  ma,nip\u.latet  to  work  up  with  the  hands; 

manip^'ulat-ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  manip'ulat-ing. 

Manipulation,  ma.nip'pu.lay*\8Mn,  work  done  by  the  hand ; 
manipulatiye,  ma,nlp'pyMi.th? ;  manip'ulatiye-ly. 

Manip'ulator;  manipulatcMy,  imi.n%p'pu.la,t'ry, 

**  Maniple,"  Lat.  mdnipHliM,  m&nHp&lmis  {mdnvs  pUo,  to  fill  a  hand). 
"Manipulate,"   Fr.  manipuler,  manipviUUion,  manipulateur  (Lat. 
marnu  pUco,  to  ply  with  the  hand),  a  badly  compounded  word. 

Mantton,  mdn'd.too^  the  spirits  or  gods  of  tiie  Amer.  Indians. 

Manna,   mdn'aiah,  food,   a    drug.       Man'ner,    method    (^.v.) 

Mannite,  mSn\nite,  sugar  of  the  drug  manna. 

*'  Manna/'  Hebrew  man  hu  t  what  is  this  ?    Exodits  xv\.  %\.. 
*' Manna"  (the  drug),  corrapt  for  mana,  Latin  mauare,  \a  &cr«. 


624  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Man'ner,  way,  method.    Manna,  a  drag.     Man'or,  an  estate. 
Ifon'ners,  behaviour.    Han'ora,  manorial  estates. 

Mannerism,  man\ner.izm,  imitation  of  others  or  of  oneself^ 
a  uniform  speciality  of  style ;   manner-ist. 

Man'ner-ly,  well-behaved ;  man'nerli-ness  (Rule  xi) 

In  a  manner,  to  a  certain  degree.    (French  manUre.) 

Manosnyre,  ma.nu\v*r,  management  with  artifice,  tactics,  to 
move    troops    or    ships,   to    exercise    men   in   tactics; 
manoBuvred,  ma,nil',v€rd;   manoBnvring,  ma,nu\vring ; 
manoBnvrer,  ma.nu\vrerf  one  who  acts  with  artifice. 
French  manoewfre,  manceufrrer  (main  csuvre,  lumd  workX 

Manometer,  m&.rUhn^i.ter,  an  instrument  for  measuring  the 
density  [or  rarity]  of  air  from  its  elasticity;  mano- 
metrical,  man\8.mef\H.kdl ;  manoecqpe,  man\6^kope. 
(Except  in  tele-scope  and  panta-$eope  the  vowel  before 
^cope  is  always  -o-,  Bule  IzxiiL) 
Gk.  manas  metrorit  measure  of  rarity,  manot  aeopeo,  I  view  the  rtoAty. 

Manor,  man\or.    Manner,  nuin'.ner.    Manna,  mSn'.nah, 

Manor,  the  estate  which  a  feudal  lord  held  in  possession 
for  the  use  of  his  household;  manorial,  ma.ndr^ri,al ; 
manor-house,  the  house  occupied  by  the  feudal  lord; 
lord  of  the  manor,  the  proprietor  of  the  manor. 

Fr.  memoir;  Low  Lat.  manerium,  maiMriaiia  (Lat.  manire,  to  abide). 
"  Manner,"  Fr.  manih'e.     *'  Manna,"  Heb.  man  hu  t  what  is  this  ? 

MSn'sard  roof,  the  curb  roof,  devised  hj  Mansard  the  Fr.  architect 

Manse  (1  syl.),  the  dwelling-house  of  a  Scotch  clergyman. 

Mansion,  7n&n'.8Mn,  a  grand  house  or  hall. 

Low  Latin  manaura,  a  parsonage ;  mantum,  a  mansion  (Latin 
m4imre,  supine  mangum,  to  abide). 

Manslaughter,  man  slaw'.ter,  ike  killing  of  a  human  being  in 

sudden  heat  without  previous  malice ;  man.^lay'.er. 

Old  English  maim  daga,  man  slayer,  mann  aUege,  man  slaughter. 

Mantel,  the  frame  round  a  fire-stove.  Mantle,  man\t%  a  rob«. 
Mantel-pieoe,  -peecet  the  frame  of  a  fire-place ;  mantel- 
shelf, plu.  mantelHshelves,  -shelvz,  the  shelf  above  a 
mantel-piece.    (Latin  mantelium  or  mantile,  a  mantle.) 

Mantilla,  manMV.lah,  a  Spanish  scarf.    (Spanish  mantilla.) 

Man'tis,  plu.  mantises,  a  genus  of  insects.  (Gk.  mantis,  a  prophet^ 

The  word  is  applied  by  Theocritus  to  the  cicada.  IdyL  x.  18.  The 
true  mantises  are  called  the  praffing  inssets,  because  their  front 
legs  are  folded  together  as  hands  are  folded  in  prayer. 

Mantle,  man\fl,  a  robe,  to  robe.    Man^'tel  [of  a  fire-place]. 
Mantled,  nuiviXld ;  manf-ling,  investing,  spreading  over. 
Latin  mantlle,  moat^  ma'vadA.'WRw  qt  tiwom^AUium. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  625 


Xantua-maker,  mSn\tu'ah  m3\ker,  a  lady's  dressmaker. 

French  marUeau;  Italian  manto;  Latin  manUUf  a  mantle.  The 
deriyation  from  MaiUua,  in  Italy,  Ib  mere  triiiing. 

Mannal,  man\iLal  (not  mantiel),  a  small  hand-book,  done  by  the 

hand,  as  manual  lah<mr;  man'ual-ly. 

Sign-manual,  sine  mdn\iiMl,  the  royal  signature. 

Latin  manuSlU ;  French  mawud  (wrong) ;  manu«,  the  hand. 

Mannfaotore,  mSn'.ft.fdk'\teMr,  articles  made  by  machinery, 

to  make  articles  by  machinery. 

Mannfactnrer,  mSn'.ii.f&k'',tchu.rf^y  one  who  mannfactnres ; 

mannfaotory,  miin\u.fak'\t^,ry  (or  factory),  the  place 

where  articles  are  manufactored ;  mannfaotui^d,  i?ian'.t«.- 

fdk"\tchurd ;  mannfactar-ixig,  man\u.fak^\tchSr,ing, 

French  manvfactun,  t.  mawifaeturen,  manufaetwrier  (Latin  tMMus 
fdeirt,  supine  ftutumt  to  make  hy  the  hand). 

Manumit,  m&n'.u.mlf,  to  emancipate ;  mSn'mnltf -ed  (K.  zxxvi.), 

man'nmittdng;  manumission,  mSn' iii.mUh'\in, 

Latin  fndwumistio,  manumMo  (mamaa  mtUirey  to  send  from  one's 
hand,  tliat  is,  not  to  *'  hold  in  hand  "  any  longer^ 

Dfanuie,  fnd,nure\  dung  tar  the  soil,  to  put  manure  in  the  soil ; 

manured'  (2  syl.);  mainur-ing,  ma.niir^,ing:  manur'-er. 

Manure  means  "  huad-work,**  Frenoh  main-auvre  [tillage  by]  hand- 
labour.  So  Milton  uses  the  word  *'  Yon  flowering  arbours.. with 
branches  overgrown,  that  mock  our  scant  manuring^'  (handy-work]. 

Manuscript,  a  literary  production  in  writing,  contracted  into 
MS.  smg,^  MSS.  plu,  (Lat  mSnu  seriptunij  written  by  hand.) 

Manx,  sing,  and  plu.,  the  language  of  the  Isle  of  Man,  a  ^latlye 

of  the  isle,  produced  in  the  isle,  peculiar  to  the  isle :  as 

a  Manx-eat.    Manx-man,  plu.  Manx-men,  The  Manx 

The  name  of  a  people  ending  in  -eh,  -ch  soft,  or  -ob,  have  two  plurals, 
one  collective  by  placing  The  before  the  word :  as  The  Manx,  The 
English,  The  Scotch,  and  the  other  partitive  by  adding  •men  .*  as  2, 
8..  Manat^men,  English-men^  Scotch-men,  &c. 

Many,  men\y,  (comp.)  more,  (super.)  most,  a  great  number ; 

Mudh,  (comp.)  more,  {super.)  most,  a  great  quantity. 

The  many,  the  multitude.  Mani-fold,  man'.ijold  (not  m^\i.') 

Many  a  one.  Many  a  day.  Many  an  April,  Many  a  man,  &q. 

%  The  indef.  art.  a,  -which  usually  stands  h^cre  the  adjective  comes 
ajter  "many,"  "what,"  "such":  What  a  piece  of  vxyrk  i»  man! 
Such  a  Roman.    Many  a  ma,n  and  many  a  maid  (Milton). 

^  If  too,  so,  how,  or  as  precedes  the  adj.  the  article  is  again  removed 
and  placed  between  the  ado.  ond  Us  noun :  as  too  great  an  honour, 
so  excellent  a  man,  how  large  a  letter,  a«  strange  a  compound  cm.  . . . 

^  If  great  precedes  *'  many,"  the  article  is  placed  btfore  great :  as  a 
great  mam/y  men. 
'Manifold"  is  the  only  compound  of  "many"  which  changes  -y  into 
-i,  and  sounds  the  first  vowel  as  a,  not  e.  This  arises  from  a 
blundering  association  of  the  word  with  mani-fest,  mani-kiv.., 
mani-ple,  &c.,  with  wiiich  it  has  no  connection. 

Compounds  of  many-:  many-cleft,  majiy-colo^axeA^  "mas::!' 

2r 


id 


626  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

cornered,  many-flowered,  maay-lieaded,  maay-leaTed. 
many-legged,  many-leagued,  many-lettered,  many- 
mastered,  many-partod,  many-peopled,  many-petaled, 
many-sided,  many-toned,  many-trlbed,  many-twinkllng, 
many-yalyed,  many-veined,  many-voiced,  &c.,  &e. 

"Many,**  "  Mach,**  are  neither  of  them  from  the  same  root  as  more, 

moti,  but  are  posltiTes  supplied. 
"Many"  is  Old  Eng.  menigeo,  a  multitude,  whence  menig  or  manig. 
"Mu^"  is  Old  English  miLchel,  mueel,  or  mycel,  great,  much. 
"Mon,**  **  Most,"  are  the  degrees  of  mdg  or  maeg,  the  root  of  mi^ 

or  mctgeny  strength,  (comp.)  fn49-re,  (super.)  mdg-oat  (ma're,  m'ost). 

Maori,  may\d.ri,  one  of  the  natives  of  New  Zealand,  a^j. 

MSp,  a  chart,  to  draw  a  map ;  mapped,  mapt;  mapp'-ing  (R.  i.); 
mapp'^r.    Map  [of  Uie  land].    CluBurt  [of  the  sea]. 
Latin  mappa:  French  mappe/oMnde,  a  map  of  the  world. 
Maple,  may'.p%  a  tree;  maple-tree;  maple-sugar,  -ahooff'.ar. 
Old  English  mapd-ireo  or  mapul-treo,  mapM-em,  a  maple-grove. 
Mar,  to  iigare ;  marred  (1  syL),  man*" Jng  (Bole  i)    Mars. 

Old  English  merrian],  past  mender  to  obstruct,  to  scatter,  to  corrupt. 
Marabiit,  mah\rah,hoot,  one  of  the  royal  priesthood  of  Barbazy, 
G-ninea,  &c.,  greatly  venerated  by  the  Moslem  negro. 
The  Great  Marabiit  ranks  next  to  the  king. 
Arabic  marbout^,  a  cenobite  or  raUgious  devotee. 

Marabout,  mah'.rah.boo^  a  plume  made  of  the  wing  or  tail 
feathers  of  the  marabou  stork. 

Marabout  hat,  a  hat  with  marabout  feathers. 

Maranatha,  m&r^r&,nay'\Tha?i,  may  the  Lord  come  quickly  [to 
take  vengeance]  1  Cor.  xvL  23. 

Maraschino,  ma'/rds.kee^'jno,  a  liqueur  made  firom  ohenies. 

It  is  made  of  the  maraaca  cherry  of  Dalmatia. 
Marauder,  mu.rau\derf  a  plunderer,  a  freebooter ; 

Maraud',  to  plunder ;  maraud'-ed  (B.  xxxvi),  maraud'-ing> 
French  marauder^  maraudewr. 
Maravedi,  mah\r&,vd'\dSt  a  Spanish  coin  less  than  a  farthiog. 

Marble,  ma'/.Vly  a  calcareous  stone,  a  plaything,  to  colour  in 
imitation  of  marble;  marbled,  mai^.h'H;  marldiagi 
mar'bler,  marl)ly,  marble-cutter,  marble-mill,  mazUe- 
quarry;   marble-works, -trur^;  marULe-worker,  d^c. 

Amndelian  marbles,  a.run.dee\UAn  mar.Vlx,  certain  stataes 
and  busts  purchased  by  Lord  Arundel  of  W.  Petty,  sod 
given  to  the  Oxford  University  in  1627. 

Elgin  marbles,  Elg'.in  (g-  hard,  not  El.jin\  fragments  of 
Athenian  statuary  collected  by  Thomas  Lord  Elgin,  ia 
1802,  and  purchased  for  the  British  Museum  in  1816. 
French  marbre ;  Latin  marmor,  r.  VMumUhrdre,. 
Jfkrcli,  martcH,  \!i[ie  t\iit^  moxiV^  ^i  the  year,  military  step.  * . 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  627 

military  jotmiey,  to  move  with  a  march ;  marched  (1  sylOt 
march-^ing,  xnarch'ing-ly.    Forced  march. 

Mad  as  a  Murch  hare,  wild  and  disorderly  as  a  hare  in  the 
ratting  season.    Mkrsh,  a  meadow. 

"March**  (the  month),  Latin  MartiuSj  Man,  the  Boman  war-god. 
"March"  (to  walk),  Fr.  marche,  v.  marcher;  Low  Lat.  marchidre. 
"  Marsh"  (a  meadow).  Old  English  tnersc,  menc-land. 

Mfl-rftTioa^  marsh^es,  frontier-lands,  martch^es,  journeys,  doth 
march.  Marshes,  marsh'.es,  meadows.  March -er, 
marsh'. er^  warder  of  a  frontier,  martch\er,  one  who  marches. 

Biding  the  marches,  walking  the  bounds  of  a  parish. 

Marchioness,  maf^,8hSn.e88f  wife  of  a  marquis,  a  lady  who 
has  the  rank  of  a  marchioness. 

I%e  Medieval  Latin  word  for  "marquis"  is  marchio,  and  for  ** mar- 
lioness"  marchionissa.      We  have  taken  the  Frmch  **m4urqtii8€" 
for  the  man,  and  the  Low  Latin  word  for  the  woman. 
"Marches"  (frontier-lands),  Old  Eng.  mea/rc,  m,earc-land,  borderland. 
"Marshes"  (meadows),  Old  English  merse,  mersc-lamd,  meadowland. 

Mire  (1  syl.)*  f^m-  of  stallion,  st&V.yun,  (both)  horse  (1  syl.),  a 
quadruped.    Mayor,  rruiir,  (fern.)  mayoress,  mai'/.ess. 

Night-mare,  nite'.mare,  an  in'cubus ;  plu.  night-mares. 

Mare's  nest,  mairz  nest,  a  fancied  discovery  which  turns , 
out  to  be  no  discovery  at  all. 

Mare's  tail,  a  marsh  plant    Mare's  tails,  streaky  clouds. . 

"  Mare,"  Old  English  mearK    "  Stallion, "  Welsh  ystalwyn. 

"Mayor,"  Spanish  mayor,  mayora;  French  maire^  Latin  major. 

"  Night-mare,"  Old  English  m^jere-fcec  or  niht  moere. 

"MJure's  tail    is  not  the  same  plant  as  "Horse's  tall,"  the  former  if, 
equis^tum,  a  cryptogam,  and  the  IsXiet  Hi/ppu'ris,  AmoTiogyniofis 
plant.    The  habitat  of  the  former  is  a  moist  shady  spot,  such.. 
as  woods  and  plantations,  of  a  latter,  ditches  or  ponds. 

Mar^chal,  ma/rajihdl,  the  highest  military  title  in  France. 

Marshal,  mat^.sh&ly  chief  officer  of  arms.    {See  Marshal.) 

Maxischal  College  (Aberdeen'),  mar^.shal  coLledge, 

Fonnded  in  1593  by  George  Keith,  fifth  earl  of  MarischaX. 
"Marechal,"  Low  Latin  mareschaUus ;   Anglo-Saxon  mare-KecUe, 
master  of  the  horse. 

Margaric,  Tnar.gd'/rik,  pertaining  to  pearls  or  to  margarine. 

Margarine,  mar'.ga.rXn,  the  pearly  solid  portion  of  oil  or 
fat  {ine  denotes  a  simple  substance  or  element). 

Margarate,  mar^.gd.ratey  a  compound  of  margaric  acid  with 
a  base  (-ate  denotes  a  salt  formed  by  the  union  of  an  acid 
in  'ic  with  a  base,    -ic  means  "  most  highly  oxidised.") 

Margarita,  mar^.gasite,  pearl-mica  {-ite  denotes  a  fossil,  an 

ore,  a  mineral).    Margaret,  a  woman's  name. 
Marguerite,  mar.gwe.reet,  the  large  field  daisy. 
Latin  m^rgdrUa:  Qreek  margdritiSy  a  pearl,  the  w\Ate  (Va&sy. 


628  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

*  • 

Margin,  mafi^,djim.,  the  border;  marginal,  mar^ .dfi.n&l ;  placed 
in  the  naargin,  pertaining  to  the  margin ;  mur'ginal-ly ; 
marginate,  mar^,dji.nate,  to  set  off  with  a  good  margin ; 
mar'ginat-ed  (Bole  xxxyi.)t  mar'ginat-ing  (Bole  xix.) 
Latin  wuirgOf  gen.  marginia,  margindliB^  v.  margindire. 

Margrave,  fern,  margrayine,  mar^.grme,  ma7^.gra.veen^,  a  G^- 

man  title,  similar  in  origin  to  onr  marquis,  that  is  the 

lord  warden  of  a  march    or    frontier;    mai^grayiate, 

.mar.grSv\%,ate    (not   mar.gra.vate),  the    territory    over 

which  a  margrave  has  jurisdiction. 

German  miarkgrc^.  marhgrnftn,  markgrx^tche^  Our  words  are  from 
the  French,  and  both  destroy  the  ohancter  of  the  word  (modt' 
tfrOff,  eount  or  eaii  of  the  marches)  by  omitting  kare,  and  <*M*g«ng 
gr(tf  (earl)  into  grave.    French  margrave,  VMrgraviai, 

Marie  LoniBe,  maW.ree  loo\ize^y  a  pear. 

So  named  fay  the  AMtA  1>iign€f8ne,  in  honour  of  Marie  Loidse,  Ardn 
duchess  of  Anstda,  second  wife  of  Kapoleon  L 

Marigold,  mdr^ri.gold^  a  £ower ;  mar^igold-vindow,  idso  called 
a  Gatherine-<wheel  window,  a  rosace  (rdjsaree*)  or  rose 
window,  a  large  round  church  window,  especially  used 
in  "  lady  chapels."    Marygold,  ^£100,000. 
"Mari**  is  "Mary,"  the  TiQ;in,  Mother  of  Jesus  Christ 
Marine,  ma.reen', pertaining  to  the  sea;  marine^^aengine,  -en^.gfn; 
marine'-glue,  -glu;  itaxiDe'HKMpj  -sope;  marine'-BtoreB, 
•stores  (1  syL),  old  odds  and  ends  of  ship  stores. 
Mariner,  m&r^H.ner,  a  seaman ;  mariner's  compasB. 
The. pronunciation  tells  us  we  have  taken  the  word  from  the  Frendi 
marine;  Latin  mAritviu (pidre,  the  sea;.  Hebrew  mar,  bitter). 

Matiolatry,  mair^ri,8V\d.try,  worship    of   Mary  the  Virgin; 
mariolater,  mair^7i.6f\a.ter,  a  worshipper  of  Mary... 
Xatin  Maria;  Greek  JIf arias ;  French  If orie. 
:Marinorama,  ma.ri'.no,rah^\maht  sea  tieWB  on  the  plan  of  a 
panorama  or  diorama. 
A  wretched  liybrid,  Latin  marlmu,  Greek  hordma.  marine  views ; 
"pelagorama,''i>^'.(l.gi(?.raA''.ma^,  would  be  GreeL 

Marionette  (Fr.),  m&i^H,5.n^t'\  a  puppet;  marionettes,  -nets. 

So  called  from  Jlf arion,  an  Italian,  who  introduced  them  into  Frsnoe 
in  the  reign  of  Charles  IX. 

Marital,  ma'/rl.tal,  pertaining  to  a  husband.    (!Latin  marUalu.) 
.Maritime,  Marine,  mdr'H.time,  ma,reen\ 

Maritime,  bordering  on  the  sea,  connected  with  sea  matters, 

as  maritime  tovmy  maritime  affairs^  maritime  laws. 
Marine,  produced  in  the  sea,  belonging  to  the  sea,  thrown 
up  by  the  sea,  enjoying  sea  views  or  breezes :  as  marim 
productions,  m^irine  shells,  marine  parade,  &o, 
'"  Maritime,"  Lat.  mdriHmus.    ''Marine,"  mdrinns.  Ft.  marine. 
Marjoram,  mar'.djo.Tum  ^not  -rum),  an  aromatic  herb. 
A  corrupt  totm  ot  Wvft  \^«Wni  tm»ow«»^'»\  Qtwmaa  nM^oftm. 
•The  French,  lotm  marjolaw*  \&  w^ii^Qitssft  "Caawi^s^t  wre. 


( 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  629 

Mark.    Mare.    Marqne,  mmk,  licence  of  reprisals.    Marquee. 

Mark,  a  token,  a  symbol,  a  coin  =  13s.  4d.;  lo  make  a 
mark ;  marked  (1  syl.),  mark'-ing,  mark'-er. 

Marksman,  one  who  shoots  at  a  mark  or  object. 

Trade-mark,  a  symbol  used  by  merchants  to  identify  their 
goods.    To  mark  down,  to  mark  off,  to  mark  ont. 

Maro,  refiise  of  fruit  from  which  the  juice  has  been  extracted. 

Marqnee,  mar.kee^y  a  large  field-tent. 

"Mark,**  Old  English  mearc,  r.  m«arc[tan].     "Marc,"  French  marc. 
'*  Marqae/'  French  mwrq^ie.    "  Marquee,"  French  marguiae. 

Market,  a  place  of  mart,  to  deal ;  mark'et-ed  (Rule  xxxvi. ) ; 
mark'et-ing.  Mark^etings,  goods  brought  home  from 
market    li^rk^'et-able,  marketable-ness. 

Market-bell,  rung  at  the  opening  and  closing  of  market ; 

Market-croea,  market-plaoe,  market-house,  market-day ; 

Market-gardener,  one  who  rears  and  sells  frxiits  and 
vegetables  for  the  public  market;   market-geld; 

Market-penny,  a  percentage  taken  by  those  who  sell  goods 
for  another;  market-price,  the  price  charged  for  goods 
at  market;  market-town,  a  town  in  which  a  public 
market  is  held ;  market-man,  plu.  market-men ; 

Market-woman,   plu.  market-women,   'Wlm'%  one   who 

attends  market  to  sell  her  wares. 
Qerman  fnarkt,  markt-iag,  market-day,  wiarki-geld. 
Marl,  lime  with  clay  and  mould ;  to  manure  with  marl;  marled 
(1  syl.),  marl'-ing,  marl'-y ;  day-marl,  where  the  clay 

predominates;  marl-clay,  where  the  lime  predominates; 
shell-marl,  marl  containing  fresh- water  shells;    marl- 
stone  ;  marlaoeons  (Rule  IxvL),  mar.lay^shi'us. 
Welsh  marl,  mcurliog,  marly ;  fnarUad,  a  marling. 
Marline,  maf.Unt  twine  for  twisting  round  cables  to  preserve 
them ;  marl,  to  bind  with  marline ;  marled  (1  syl.) 

Marring-hitch,  a  hitch  used  in  marling  a  rope. 
Mailing-spike,  an  iron  prong  used  for  a  fid,  &c. 

Spanish  merlin;  French  merlin;  German  marling^  marlien;  -line 
(of  "marline")  is  a  blunder  for  lien,  a  bond. 

Marmalade  (not  marmelade\  mar^.ma.laidy  a  preserve  of  Seville 
oranges,  a  conserve  of  quinces,  &g. 

The  word  ought  to  be  m>armelade,  as  it  comes  from  the  Portugnese 
word  mxirmelo,  a  quince,  marmelad,  conserve  of  qidnces ;  Spanish 
marmdada;  French  murmelade. 

Marmoeet,  mar^.mSjsHf  smallest  of  the  monkey  tribe. 
French  niarmouMt  (nuzrmo^ter,  to  chatter).    TheUUld' 
Marmot,  n^y,mi^t,  the  Alpine  rat.    (French  vuirmQittMt^ 


630  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Maroon,  7n&.roon\    Morone,  mo.rdn^t  a  mulberry  colonr. 

Karoon',  a  chestnut  colour,  a  free  negro-slaye  escaped  to 

the  woods,  to    leave    a   sailor   on   a   desolate   shore; 

ma'rooned'  (3  syL),  maroon'-ing,  maroon'-er. 

A  corruption  of  the  Spanish  cimuviront  an  xmmly  man  or  beast. 

**  Maroon  **  ^chestnnt  colour),  French  marron^  a  chestnut. 

**  Morone**  (mulbeny  colourX  Lat.  vOrum,  6k  m^rtfs,  a  mulberry. 

Marplot,  mai^,'pV6U  one  who  spoils  a  plan  by  interference. 
Marque,  mark.    Marc    Mark.    Marquee,  mar,kee'  (q.y.) 

Marque,  licence  given  to  a  subject  in  time  of  war  to  make 

reprisals  on  an  enemy's  chattels  j    letters  of  marque, 

licence  granted  to  a  private  person  in  time  of  war  to 

seize  the  ships  or  goods  of  an  enemy. 

Marc,  the  residaum  of  fruit  after  the  juice  has  been  expressed. 

Mark,  a  symbol,  a  token,  to  make  a  mark. 

Teutonic  ma/rckf  mcuriAe,  meare,  a  frontier ;  the  licence  was  first 
granted  to  those  living  on  frontiers  who,  being  especially  subject 
to  depredations,  were  permitted  to  make  reprisals. 
"  Marc,"  French  mare.    **  Mark,**  Old  English  meoro,  v.  meardiiam]. 

Marquee,  mar.kee\  a  large  field  tent.    (French  marquise,) 

Marquetry,  mxi/.kw^.try^  ornamental  inlaid  work  in  furniture. 

French  mwrqu^xriet  v.  mwrqutAer,  to  variegate. 
Marquis,  /evn.  marchioness,  a  title  next  below  a  duke. 

Fr.  marqvAs;  Low  Lat.  vMrckionisaa.  Low  Lat.  for  "marquis**  is 
mariMo.  We  have  taken  the  French  word  for  the  man,  and  the 
Med.  Latin  word  for  the  woman.  A  marquis  was  originallj  a 
warden  of  a  mcvrdo  or  vMwrc  (a  frontier). 

Marriage.    Wedding.    Nuptials.    Espousals. 

Marriage,  mafrdge,  the  consummation  of  a  wedding. 
Wedd'ing,  the  act  of  uniting  in  marriage. 
Nuptials,  rmp'.sMdU,  the  wedding  ceremony. 
Espousals,  e8.p8w\zalz,  the  consummation  of  a  betrothal 
Marriage-able,  mar'rdge.d.Vl  (-ce  and  ^ge  retain  the  -e 

before  -ablCj  Bule  xx.) ;  marriage-con'tntct. 
Marry,  marry,  to  unite  by  marriage;   married,  m&fr&i; 

mar'ry-ing.    Marry !  an  oath  (By  Mary  1). 
Marital,  mdr'ri-tdl,  pertaining  to  a  husband.  (Lat.  TnarUaUi-) 

Matrimony,  mdf .ri.mun.y  (q.v.);  matrimo'nial,  &c. 

Latin  mater,  mother. ' 

It  is  disgraceful  that  a  double  r  should  be  used  in  these  woids;  in 
\ywry,  where  the  r  is  under  precisely  similar  drcumstanees,  ive  havs 
not  doubled  the  r. 

The  Latin  words  are  m&rliuSy  v.  mdritart  (from  mas,  gen.  fndri^  one 
of  the  male  kind) ;  the  word  mwrra  (with  douUe  r)  means  a  pick- 
axe  or  mattock. 

We  stand  alone  in  this  absurdity :  thus,  Fr.  mtvriaqt,  morioMc,  ▼. 
marier;  ItaL  mwritart,  muritofgio;  Span.  maridabU,  manitgt, 
V.  mandar ;  Lonv  Lat.  maritagitmif  &;o.  And  we  ourselves  have 
only  cue  r  Vn  iQfiCCVXAl.  *t\vft  oroi^  excuse  for  doubling  the  r  in 
**  many**  la  lo  ^aa\^ng;v]&diV\ittQ\Sk^<^\R^V^'uiaQQA  Maiy. 


AND    OF  SPELLING.  631 

Liars,  marz,  the  Roman  war-god,  the  planet  between  "  Earth"  and 
*<  Jupiter,"  3rd  sing.  pres.  ind.  of  the  v.  mar.    (Lat.  Mars.) 

Marsala,  mar.8dh',lah,  a  Sicilian  white  wine.    {Marsala,  Sicily.) 

Marseillaise  (The),  ma'/^S.ldze  (not  ma'/.sSl.ydze),  a  French 
revolutionary  song  by  Bouget  de  Lisle,  1793. 

Marsh,  plu.  marshes,  a  meadow ;  marsh^-y,  marsh'i-ness  (B.  xi.) 

Marsh  centau'ry,  a  plant ;  marsh-elder,  the  guelder  rose ; 
marsh-maUow ;  marsh-mar'igold ;  marsh-pennywort, 
'pin'MLwurt ;  marsh-rock'et,  a  water-crebs;  marsh- 
samphire,  'Sam'Jvre ;  marsh-treroil  (all  marsh  plants). 

Marsh  miasma,  -m^.dz'jmah,  infectious  vapours  which  rise 

from  certain  marshes  and  produce  intermittent  fevers. 
Old  Eng.  merMy  mersc-landf  mMve-meoIioe,  the  marsh  mallow. 

Marshal.    Marechal.    MartiaL    MarischaL    Marshall. 

Mar'shSl,  chief  officer  of  arms,  one  who  regulates  the  order 
of  precedency  at  banquets,  <&c.,  to  dispose  in  order; 
marshalled,  mar'^hald;  mar'shall-ing,  mar'shall-er. 

Marshal-ship  (ship,  office  or  rank);  earl-marshal,  field- 
marshal  (a  title  introduced  by  George  1.),  the  highest 
military  rank  in  the  British  army. 

Marechal,  mSr^rS.8hdl,  chief  military  officer  in  France. 

Martial,  ma7^.8Mlf  warlike.    (Latin  martidlU,) 

Marischal  College,  mar.8hal  (not  mSr^H.8Ml)  cSl\ledge 
(Aberdeen),  founded,  in  1593,  by  George  Keith,  fifth  earl 
of  Marischal,  for  medical  students. 

Marshall,  mar^.8Ml,  a  proper  name. 
Low  Lathi  mareachallus  ;  Ang.-Sax.  wuMre  aeecUe,  master  of  the  horse. 

Marsnpial,  ma'/.sit.pi.dl,  having  a  fetus  pouch. 

Marsupials,  mar,8u\pi.dlz,  such  animals  as  the  kangaroo 
and  opossum.  Miumipialia,  mar,8u* .pl.d'\Vl.aht  the  mar. 
supial  "  order  "  (-ia  denotes  an  order,  a  class). 

Marsnpium,  'mar^u\pi.umy  the  marsupial  pouch. 

Marsnpite,  ma'/ .8u.pite,  cluster  stones  {-ite  denotes  a  fossil, 

these  fossils  resemble  purses). 
French  marsupial;  Lathi  marsnpium^  a  pouch. 
Mart,  a  market  (contraction  of  market,  German  mar[%]<). 

Martello-tower,  ma.r.tU\lo  tow.er  {tow-  rhyme  to  now),  a  small 
circular  shaped  fort  for  the  defence  of  a  seaboard. 

So  called  from  the  Italian  Torri  da  Martello,  erected  as  a  defence 

"itgainai  pirates.    Warning  was  given  by  a  "martello"  or  hammer 

striking  on  a  bell. 
The  usual  derivation  is  Mortello  (or  Myrtle)  Bay,  in  Ck)tste%,  Vgat^ 

Le  Tellier,  with  only  thirty-eight  men,  reaisled  «k  %\m\3\V»Xi«QKx%  %«ia. 

and  land  attack  by  Lord  Hood  and  MaioT-OeiieiSki.I>\mdL.«»V&.Vl<^^. 


682  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Marten,  VMy.Vnj  a  sort  of  weaseL    Miar'tln,  the  swift,  a  name. 

"  Marten,**  Fr.  marU  or  marbn ;  G«nD.  mard&r;  Lat.  fMuUla  (mat). 

"Martin"  (the  swallow).  Fr.  martinet.  Some  gay  it  is  St.  Martin's 
bird,  bat  St.  Martin  s  bird  is  a  raven,  not  a  swallow.  Probably 
the  word  is  mur-ten  (for  mwtu  Ufnfy>X  and  hence  the  Gennani 
call  it  the  mauer-schwalbe,  the  wall-swaJiow. 

KariiaL    Marahall.    Marshal.    Marisohal  (all  fnar^.8hal). 

Martial,  mar^^hal,  warlike ;  martial-ly,  martial-law. 

KarshaU,  ma'/.shdl,  a  proper  name. 

Marshal,  mar^^hal,  an  officer  of  arms.    Field  maishal,  the 
highest  militarj  rank  in  the  British  armj. 

Marischal  OoUege  (Aberdeen^  mar^jkdl  cSVlSdge,  founded 
by  George  Keith,  fifth  earl  of  Marischal,  in  1593. 

'*  Martial,**  Latin  m(vrtialia  {Mar$,  gen.  Mortis,  the  war-god). 
"  MarshiJ,**  Anglo-Saxon  mare  sceaZc,  master  of  the  horse ;  Low 
Lathi  mareaehalltu  :  French  mar4dial. 

Martin,  the  house  swallow,  a  man's  name.    Marten,  a  weasel. 

*'  Martin,"  Fr.  martina.    **  Marten,**  Fr.  martrt.    (See  Marten.) 

Martinet,  mar^.ti.nit,  an  inflexible  disciplinarian. 

Martinets,  mar^.t%.n}it8y  small  lines  on  the  back  of  a  sail. 

"  Martinet,*'  so  called  from  M.  de  Mceriinet,  a  young  colonel  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  who  remodelled  the  Freneh  infantry. 

Martingale,  mai^.tliugaUy  part  of  the  fnrnitnre  of  a  horse,  part 
of  a  ship's  rigging.     (French  martingale.) 

Mar'tinmas,  the  feast  of  St.  Martin,  November  llth  {-matB  as 
an  affix  drops  one  •« :  as  Christmas,  Michaelmas,  E.  viii.) 

Martlet,  a  sort  of  swallow.   Mar'tinet,  a  pedantic  disciplinarian. 

Martyr,  mar^.Vr,  one  who  suffers  for  conscience  sake,  to  soffer 
as  a  martyr;  martyred,  ma'i^.Vrd;  martyr-ing,  mar'.t'f.- 
ing ;  mart3rr.dom,  the  death  or  suffering  of  a  martyr. 
Martyrology,  mar^.t'r.oV'.^.gy,  a  history  of  martyrs ;    mar- 

tyrological,  mar^.Vr,li.l6dg'\%.kdl,  a4}.  j  martyrorogist 
O.  Eng.  VMvrtyr,  TMurtyrd&m:  Lat.  martyr:  Gk.  martiJur  fmarturto). 
Mar^vel,  a  wonder,  to  wonder;   marvelled,  ma'/. veld;   nutf'- 
vell-ing,  mar'vell.er;  mar'vell-ons,  -%u;  mar'yeUoiiB-lyt 
marveUou^-nesB  (Bale  iii.,  -el). 
French  merveUU,  TntrveiUertao ;  Latin  mirdMlis  (mUrm,  wonderful). 
Mary,  plu,  Marys  (is  the  modem  spelling,  not  Maries), 
Marybnd,  the  marigold.    (The  bud  of  the  Virgin  Mary.) 
-mas  (the  word  mass  used  as  a  suffix,  Bule  viiL),  Christmas,  Ac 

Masculine,    mas\ku.Vln  (not  mus\ku.line),  of  the  male  kind, 

like  a  man ;  mas'culine-ly.     (Latin  masciUmtu.) 
Maah.    Mesh.    Marsh.    Mess.    Mass. 

MSah,  a  mixixxTe  ot  \aMi  %.nd  water,  to  squeeze,  to  malte  a 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  633 

MSah,  a  wiok,  an  interstice  of  a  net.    (Old  Eng.  masere.) 
Marsh,  a  fen,  a  meadow.     (Old  English  mersc.) 
Mess,  a  muddle,  a  military  ordinary.  ( O.  E.  meslcm]^  to  feed.) 
MaaB,  the  mtiss,  a  feast  or  festiva}.     (Old  English  nuBSse.) 
''Mash,**  Fr.  masclie,  now  mdche;  Lat.  mastledre;  Gk.  mastazo. 
Mask  (to  rhyme  with  ask),  a  visor,  to  wear  a  mask.    Masqne, 
mask   (q.v.)      Masked,    maskd;    mask'-ing,    mask'-er, 
masked  battery,  a  battery  concealed  from  the  enemy. 
Oerman  maske,  r.  mcukiren ;  Italian  mascfura  ;  French  nuuque. 
Mason,  a  builder  [in  stone],  one  who  cuts  and  works  up  stone, 
a  "freemason";  masonio,  fnajiSn\ik,  pertaining  to  " free- 
masonry";  masonry,  ma'^son.ryf  the  art  or  trade  of  a 
stonemason,  the  craft  of  "freemasonry." 
Frendh  mapon,  mofontrU  fmaison,  a  house ;  Low  Latin  manMoJ. 
Masorah,  mds\o.rah,  a  Hebrew  critical  work  on  the  text  of  the 
Bible;  masoretio,  m&g'.o.rSf'Xk,  a(^.  of  masorah; 
Masorefio  points,  the  points  used  for  Hebrew  vowels. 
Masorite,  9n^.9.nttf,  one  of  the  writers  of  the  masorah. 
Hebrew  nuMor,  to  hand  down,  masora,  tradition. 
"MBiaqaet  mask,  a  sort  of  drama  in  masks.    Mask,  a  visor. 

Masquerade,  mask'.^rdde',  a  soiree  of  persons  in  masks, 
to  attend  a  masquerade  in  character;  masqnerad-ed, 
ma8hf,errade'\ed;  masqnerad'-ing,  masquerad'-er. 

French  nuuearade.    It  ia  strange  that  we  should  have  gone  out  of  the 
way  to  "  Frenchify  "  the  look  of  this  word.  Why  not  maskaxade  ? 

Mass,  a  large  quantity,  to  form  into  a  mass,  the  eucharist  in  the 
Bom  an  church.  Mess,  a  muddle,  a  dish  of  food,  a  mili- 
tary ordinary.    Mash,  a  mixture  of  bran  and  water. 

Massed  (1  syl.),  mass'-ing;  massiye,  maa'.siv;  massive-Iy, 
massive-ness,  mass'-y,  massl-ness;  mass-meeting,  a 
large  political  meeting. 

High  mass,  M...,  that  which  is  chanted  or  sung. 

Low  mass,  that  which  is  read ;  mass.book,  the  missal. 

Old  Eng.  ma»«e,  meesse-bde,  mcesse-sang,  celebration  of  High  mass. 
*'  Mass"  (a  lump).  Lat.  mouaa,  lump  of  dough ;  Ok.  moMd,  to  knead. 

Massacre,   ma8\sd.k'r,  indiscriminate   slaughter,  to   slaughter 
wholesale ;    massacred,   mds^sd.k'rd,  barbarously   mur- 
dered;  massacring,  mMs\sdJtring ;  massacrer,  -sd.krer. 
French  massacre,  v.  massacrer,  moMocreur, 
Massiye,  mds\siv ;  massive-ly,  massive-ness.     {See  Mass.) 
Mast  (to  rhyme  with  fast,  last),  a  spar  to  support  the  sails,  <fec., 
of  a  ship,  the  fruit  of  beech-trees,  &c. ;    mast'-ed,  fur- 
nished with  masts;  mast'-er,  a  vessel  having  masts,  a 
title  given  to  young  gentlemen,  a  teacher,  an  owii^^\ 
mast^ful,  abounding  in  the  fruit  of  beecVv-ttfte^,  &c. 
"  Mast "  (of  a  ship),  0.  E.  mast.    "  Mast "  (nuts^ ,  mcest*,  «aqx^>  ^*^ 


634  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Mdflf  er,  the  head  of  a  household,  an  owner,  one  well  skilled  in 
anything,  a  teacher,  an  employer,  a  title  of  literary 
.dignity  (M.A.,  master  of  arts ;  A.M.  (Latin),  artium 
magisteff  master  of  arts),  a  title  of  respect  given  to 
young  gentlemen,  to  subdue,  to  overcome  difficulties; 
mdflf ered,  mdaf  er-ing,  mllBt'er-fiil  (Bule  viii.),  mkBt^et* 
fol-ly,  inkst^erfal-ness,  mdat'er-leBB,  ml^er-ly,  impe- 
rious, excellent  (adv,),  with  a  master's  skill; 

Mastery,  mds\U,ry ;  mdster-ship  {ship,  office,  rank) ; 

Master  baker,  plu.  Master  bakers,  <fec 

Master  in  Ghancery,  phi.  Masters  in  Gkancery. 

(If  a  prepatUion  $epa/raU»  a  eompound  novm,  ih«  plu.  "•«'*  i»  added 
to  the  word  b^ore  the  prepotUionJ 

Master-leaver,   -lee\ver ;    master-etroke ;    master-piece, 

'peece;  master-touch;   master-work,  -tDurk, 

French  maidre,  now  mattre,  v.  maUrieer;  L«Un  magieter. 

Mastic,  maa'.tikf  an  odoriferous  gum.    (Gk.  and  Lat.  matUehe.) 

Masticate,  mStl'.tl,kdte,  to  chew;    mas'tioat-ed  (Rule  xzxvi.), 
mas'ticat-ing  (Bule  xix.),  mas'tioat-or  (Bule  xxxvii.); 
masticable,  fna8\lX.kd.hU ;    mastication,  -tLkay'^ahSn; 
masticatory,  md8',ttkd.t*ryf  adapted  to  mastication. 
Lat.  masttcOre,  supine  mcuticdtum;  Ok.  nuutaed:  Fr.  nuutieaUim. 

MastifE;  plu.  mastiffii  (not  mastives,  B.  xxxiz.),  mda'.tifi,  a  dog. 

Fr.  maetin,  now  mdtin;  Low  Lat.  meueoMnua  (honse-dog^  mumeio,  • 
house,  Lai  manerey  to  abide),  a  dog  to  guard  the  home. 

Mastitis,  mas.tV.tls,  inflammation  of  the  breast. 

Greek  nuuUfB,  a  breast  (-itie  denotes  inflammation). 

Mastodon,  mas'.td.ddfit  a  genus  of  extinct  "elephants." 

Greek  mastda  od6n,  nipple-toothed ;  Its  teeth  have  from  ei^t  to 
twelve  little  cones,  not  unlike  *'  nipples." 

Mat,  a  thick  fabric  for  wiping  shoes  on,  a  texture  for  packages, 
an  article  to  set  dishes  on,  to  entangle,  to  entwist,  to 
cover  with  mats ;  matt'-ed  (B.  xxxvi.)*  mStf-ing  (B.  i) 
Welsh  mat;  Old  English  meatte ;  Latin  matta,  a  mal 

Matador,  ma^.a.ddr,  the  man  appointed  [in  Spanish  bull-fights] 
to  kill  the  disabled  bull,  one  of  the  three  principal  carcU 
at  ombre  [om\hray'\  and  quadrille.  (Sp.  matc^iorj  murderer.) 

Match,  a  lucifer,  a  contest,  one  equal  to  another,  an  espousal,  to 

pit  one  against  another,  to  pair,  to  suit;  matched  (1  8yl)t 

match'-ing,     match'-able,     match'-er,     matQh-miker« 

match'-less,  match'less-ly,  matchless-ness. 

MatchMock,  a  musket  fired  by  a  match. 

"  Match"  (a  "  lucifer"),  French  nUehe;  Latin  myoaue,  a  eandle  wlek. 
"  Match"  (an  equal),  Old  English  maca,  a  mate. 

Mate  (1  6yl.\  &  compamon,  to  match.    Mat  (for  the  door),  tfet 

Mate,  mat-ed)  male'  .ed ;  TSi^M\ai%  V^^ol*^  'ux.),  frtU 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  635 

liat,  mStf -ed,  mStf-ing  (Bole  i) ; 

MateMess,  companionless.    Matd,  mah\td,  Paragnay  tea. 

Check-mate,  the  king  so  checked  that  he  cannot  more. 

"Mate"  (a  companion),  Dutch  maet. 

**  (Jheck-mate,**  Ital.  ncaceo-maMo^  the  sqnares  befooled ;  Oerm.  Khach- 
maU,  the  sqaares  worn-out  or  forbidden ;  Span,  asague  or  mate. 

[ater,  may\ter  (Latin),  mother.  Ihira-mater,  du',rah  may\ter, 
the  outer  membrane  of  the  brain ;  pi'a  master,  the  inner 
membrane.  Alma  mater,  aVmah  may'.ter^  the  university 
at  which  a  person  has  graduated  is  his  aVma  mater. 

Dwra  mater  (Lat),  "hard  mother,"  called  hard  because  it  is  the 
toughest  membrane  of  the  brain.  Pia  mater  (Lat.),  "tender 
mother,"  immediately  investing  the  brain.  Called  mater  from  the 
andent  notion  that  it  gave  birtii  to  aU  the  membranes  of  the  body. 

[ateris  medioa  (Latin),  ma.tee'.Ti.ah  mSd\i.kah,  whatever  is 
employed  as  a  medicine,  a  book  containing  a  description 
of  these  substances,  their  uses,  quantities,  <fec. 

[aterial,  7naXee\rt.dly  that  of  which  anything  is  made,  essential, 
corporeal,  made  of  matter  (not  spiritual) ;  mate'rial-ly, 
to  an  important  degree,  considerably;  mate'rial-uess, 
the  state  of  being  formed  of  matter. 

Materiality,  ma,tee\H.dl'\l.ty,  opposed  to  spirituality. 

Materialise  (B.  xxxi.),  matee\ri.dLize,  to  degrade  to  matter; 
mate'rialised  (5  syl.);  mate'iialifi-ing  (B.  six.) 

Materialist,  ma,tee\ri.dlJl8tf  one  who  believes    that    the 
"  soul"  and  "life"  are  due  to  organised  matter. 

Materialism,  ma.tee'.rtdl.lzmt  the  creed  of  a  materialist; 
materialistic,  ma,tee^,ri,dlX88'',tlk, 

Materiel  (Er.),  munitions  of  war,  the  baggage  and  equip. 

ments  of  an  army,  tbe  instruments,  <fec.,  required  in  any  art. 
(The  foUowimg  have  doubU  "t."J 
Matter,  material;    matters,  affairs,  signifies;    mattered, 

mdf,terd;   mattery,  full  of  matter;   matter-less. 

As  in  "letter"  (9. v.)  the  introduction  of  a  second  t  ia  much  to  be 
regretted,  and  has  no  sanction  in  other  languages. 

French  materiel  (wrong),  maidrialisme  1 1  mat^rialiste,  materiality, 
mAxt&riaXi»er,  mature^  matter;  Ital.  m/iteria,  materiale,  materialita, 
maiera,  matter ;  Lat.  m^tiria,  mMifrialis  (from  mdter,  a  mother). 
The  only  words  in  Latin  with  double  t  are  matta,  a  mat,  mattea,  a 
junket,  mattiis,  foul,  and  vfiattiacce  [pil»],  soap-balls.  If  the 
second  t  is  added  to  shorten  the  "a,"  then  it  should  be  added  to 
"material,"  but  in  Iiatin  the  "a"  is  long,  and  the  double  t  diverts 
the  mind  from  the  fact  that  mater  (mother)  is  the  root-word. 

Maternal,  mdMf.ndl  (not  mdt.teT^.nal),  befitting  a  mother,  per- 
taining to  a  mother ;  mater'ual.ly,  like  a  mother. 

Maternity,  md.tir\n\,ty,  state  or  character  oi  axuoOrveti 
Latin  mdtemdlis,  matemXtas  (mdter,  Qreek  mat^,  &  ixio\Xk&tV 


636  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Math,  a  crop  mowed ;  after-math,  the-  grass  crop  which  rises 
after  baysel.     (Old  English  mMK  ft  math  or  mowing.) 

Mathematies  (Eule  Ixi.),  maTh\^.matf\ik8f  science  of  numbers; 
mathematical,  marJCi.mdif'XMl,  a^j.,  mathemafical-ly. 

Mathematician,  marh'.e.ma.tUh''Mn,  one  skilled  in  roathp- 
matics.  Pure  mathematics,  the  abstract  science.  Mixed 
mathematicB,  mixt-y  mathematics  applied  to  objects,  as  in 
buying  and  selling,  land-surveying,  and  so  ob. 

Matheaia,  mdTh\i.8l8,  the  science  of  mathematics. 

Oreek  [to]  mdfMmdtikd  or   [hg]  rndthimdim  [tetknSi,    mdihesit 
{manthdndt  to  learn) ;  Lat.  mdthSmdUUsa,  mdthiiiidHctLs,  vfuiihim. 

Matiea,  mat\iz,  the  best  Scotch  cured  herrings.  Mathes,  marh'ja. 

Matin,  m&f.iuy  used  in  the  morning.   Mafting,  a  texture  of  jute. 

Matins,  ma1f.\nz^  morning  prayers.  Ves^pers,  evening  prayers. 

Matinal,  m&fX/n&h  pertaining  to  the  morning ; 

Matutinal,  m&.tu\t\.nal,  early  in  the  morning. 

Matinee  musicale  (French),  mat'.^.nay  mu\9%.kahVt  a  morn- 
ing concert.    Mafinee,  a  reception  in  the  morning. 

(This  is  an  EngUsh  use  of  the  French  word  ma/tinie), 

**BoiTit  matinale'*  Bometimes  seen  in  anneuneements  meaminff  a 

"morning  entertainment,"  i»  noneense.     "Soiree'*  (from  "•otr," 

tfoerM,nq)  is  only  applicaible  to  eve^ng  cusemblieSf  and  "  maiinale'' 

added  is  a  contradiction, 

7r.  mating  matinal^  maHnde^  matines;  Lat  rndttttinua^  mdi&tiiuUis. 

Matrass.    Mattress.    Matiice  or  Matrix. 

Matrass,  mdt^raa,  a  chemical  vessel  also  called  a  cucurbit 

Mattress,  mat'.tris^  a  cushion  for  a  bed. 

Matrice,  may'.tris  or  Matrix,  may'.trix,  a  mould. 

"Matrass,"  Fr.  matras  idu  Latin  mairmeium,  de  vUUer,  k  eansede 

son  gros  ventre).    Diet.  Univer.  des  Scien.,  &c 
"Mattress,"  Welsh  matras;  German  matraUse;  Frenoh  matelas. 
"Matrioe  or  Matrix,"  Fr.  matrice;  Oerm.  matrixe:  Lat  matrix: 

Matrice,  plu.  matrices,  may\tH.seez.    {See  Matrix.) 

Matricide,  may\tri.8ide  (not  matjri.8ide)f  mother  •murder; 
matricidal,  may'.tTiM'^ddl,  adj. 
Latin  mdtridda,  mdtrieldiuan  (mdter  ctedo,  to  kill  a  mother). 
Matriculate,  ma.trikfku.ldte,  to  become  enrolled  in  a  university; 
matric'ulat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  matrio'ulat-ing  (Rule  xix.): 
matriculation,  ma.trik'ku,lay'\8hun,  enrollment... 
Latin  mairlc&ldtio  (nuUric&la,  a  list  or  ndl). 
Matrimony,  indt\ri.mun.y,  the  marriage  state;    matrimoniAL 
fndt\Ti.mo'\ni.dl;  matrimo'nial-ly.     {See  Many.) 
Latin  matrimCnium  (fN4i<r»  a  mother). 
Matrix,  plu.  matrices,  may\triXj  may\trijeez,  a  mould. 
LatLi  matrix^  pla.  matrices,  the  womb^  {mdter,  a  mother). 
Matron,  may'Xrin.  (xvot  wdf.rdn),  the  mother  of  a  fkmily,  th^ 
woman  axr^exmX^ndieiiX.  ;^i  ^ \i^5sigital ;   iiia'tion4y,  id*' 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  687 

tron-al ;  matronise  (R.  xxxi.),  may' .tre.nite ;  mA^tronliMd 
(3  8yL) ;  matroniB-ing  (R.  xix.).  ma'.tr9.n%ze,ing. 
Latin  mmMmOt  matrCfnSlU;  French  nMrfrone. 
[atter,  mS.1f.tery  that  of  which  a  thing  is  made,  the  suhject  of  a 
book,  discourse,  or  thought,  type  set-up,  ailment,  pus. 

Mattery,  maf,tejryt  full  of  pus ;   matter-leas,  without  pus. 

Matter  {verh\  only  used  in  the  third  persons :  It  matten 

not,  signifies  not;   it  mattered  not,  signified  not;  no 

matter,  never  mind,  it  is  of  nolmportance.  {See  MateriaL) 

Welsh  maUr;  French  mtMlbn;  Latin  mdlMa,  matter,  materiaL 
"  Matter"  (pas),  Welsh  modru,  to  fester,  ma&tudd^  &o. 

Dotting,  a  fabric  made  of  jute,  d^o.    Maf  in,  morning  prayer. 

**  Matting,**  Welsh  mat;  Latin ifiofta. 
"Matin,"  French  matin ;  Latin  rndtatimts. 

[attock,  maf.thht  a  pick-axe  for  "  grubbing."    (Welsh  fMiog) 
[attresB,  Matraaa.     Matrice  or  Matrix. 

Mattress,  m&lf.t^i^t  the  cushion  of  a  bed.    (Welsh  matras,) 
Matrass,  malfs&Sy  a  cucurbit.   (Fr.  ma,tfra» ;  Lat.  matracium*) 
Matrice,  may\Ufi8^  a  mould.     (Fr.  matrice ;  Lat  matrix,) 
Catore,  ma.ture'y  ripe,  to  ripen ;   matured'  (9  syl.),  mator-ing 
(Rule  xix.),  ma.tur^,ing  ;  matare'4y ;   mature'-aeai . 
Maturity,  ma.tvf,rl,tyy  ripeness,  completion ;  matnreaoent, 

mdt  iu.re8\8ent ;  maturation,  maftu^ray'^^hun. 
Maturate,  mSftu.rate  (not  maUQ'.rate),  to  ripen ;   mat'u- 
rat-ed,  mat'urat-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  m*tiirativ«^  -tlv, 

Lat.  maturdtio,  mAtHreseens,  gen.  rndtHarescefiUit,  mdtQHtaa,  matQ/nu, 
▼.  maturare,  supioe  mdturdtum. 

[atatinal,  mat  tu\ti,nal,  early  in  the  morning.    Mafinal  (q.v,) 

Latin  mdtaiindUa,  mdtHtlnus,  soon  in  the  morning. 

[andlin,  maud'Mn,  sentimentally  drunk,  fuddled. 

A  corruption  of  Magdalen^  who  is  drawn  with  •eyes  swollen  with 
weeping ;  Magdalen  College  is  pronounced  Matuuiii. 

[ajigre,  manager,  notwithstanding.    (Fr.  mcUgrS,  in  spite  oil) 
[aul,  to  beat  and  bruise.    Mall,  maul  or  mdl,  a  heavy  wooden 
hammer ;  mallet,  mal\let,  a  small  mall ;  mauled  (1  syl.), 
maul'-ing.    Maul-stick,  the  stick  on  which  a  jnunter 
rests  his  arm  while  painting. 
Latin  mdUeus,  a  hammer,  v.  maUeo  ;  French  mail,  maillet. 
[annd,  a  hand-basket,  a  gift  doled  out  on  Maundy  Thursday. 
Maun'dy,  the  office  read  by  Roman  Catholics  during  the 

feet-washing  before  Good  Friday.    Monday,  miin'Aay, 
Maundy  Thursday,  the  day  before  Good  Friday. 

*'  Maund,"  0.  Ecg.  mand  or  mond,  a  basket,  fnundton,  a  little  basket. 

**  Maundy,"  a  corruption  of  manddtum,  from  the  words  of  tha  Viot^ 
after  washing  his  disciples'  feet,  manddtum  twyoum  do  w>\a»  V> 
new  commandment  give  I  unto  you),  Juh,u  id^  %^ 


ess  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Haunder,  maun\dery  a  beggar,  to  mutter  to  oneself^  to  Raunter 

about  mumbling;   maundered,  maun'.derd;   xnaun'der- 

iug,  maun'der-er.     (An  old  cant  word,  HaUiwell). 

Latin  mando,  to  chunp  [the  bit],  to  chew.   A  maunderer  '*  chews  the 
cad  of  aweet  or  bitter  fancy**  as  he  saunters  along. 

Xanndrilf  maun\drily  a  pick  used  in  coal-mines. 
Maundy,  maun.dy,    Monday,  mun',day,    {See  Xaund.) 
Xaufloleum,  inaw'^S.lee'\um  (notmaw.sd'.l^Mni),  a  stately  tomb; 

mausolean,  maw'^o,lee'\an,  a^j.  of  mausoleum. 
So  called  from  the  monument  of  Mau9f/l%u,  king  of  Caria,  erected 

by  his  widow,  and  considered  one  of  "the  seren  wonders. " 

Mauve,  move,  a  dye.    Moye,  moov,  to  stir. 

French  mauve;  Latin  molva,  a  mallow,  the  flowers  of  which  plant 
are  marked  with  **  mauve**  hues. 

Mavis,  may'.vU,  the  song-thrush,  the  red-wing,  the  swine-pipe. 

Fr.  ntauvis  (de  ala  mavis,  k  cause  du  dfigftt  que  font  ces  oiseaux). 
Maw,  the  craw  of  a  fowL  More,  an  additional  quantity.  Moor,  g.v. 

Maw-worm,  -trurm,  an  intestinal  worm.    (0.  E.  maga.) 
Mawkish,  maw'.kUh,  insipid ;  maw'kish-neBS,  maw^dsh-ly. 
Maxilla,  plu.  mazill»,  maxAV.ldh,  maxXL'M,  the  upper  jaw,  the 
bones  in  which  the  teeth  are  set ;   mazillar,  mcuifAUaf, 
adj.;    maxillary,  max^UM^ry  (not  nuixXL\la,ry)\   mtx- 
illiform  (not  -aform),  mcixXi' JjCform,  jaw-shaped. 
Latin  maaiUa,,  plu.  maaBilUB,  rMoiUairii  (mala,  the  cheek). 
Maxim,  maafXm,  a  precept,  an  adage.  (Fr.  maxime;  Lat.  masAma.) 
Maximum,  maaf  ,\.m&m,  the  greatest  number  or  quantity ; 
^infTnTim,  friin' JLmum,  the  smallest  number  or  quantity. 
Maximise  (B.  xxxi),  mcux^ X.mize,  to  carry  to  a  maximum : 
maximised  (3  syL) ;  maximis-ing  (B.  xix.),  masi' .Vmize.ing. 

Latin  maacXmum,  super,  of  magnus,  great ;  French  maximum^ 
("  Maximity."  overpowering  greatness  (Latin  mtuamitaa)  volfltA  be 
introduced.)    "Minimum/^ Latin  super,  of  parxua,  little. 

May,  the  fifth  month,  an  auxiliary  verb,  {past)  might,  rnUtf. 
May'-ing,  celebrating  May-day.    May-flower,  hawthorn. 
May-bug,  the  lady-bird  or  chafer;   May-day,  Ist  of  May; 
May-duke,  a  cherry  (corruption  of  Medoc,  a  district  of  France 

famous  for  cherries) ;  May-fly,  plu.  May  .flies,  -Jl'ui. 
May-mom ;  May-pole ;  May-queen  or  Queen  of  the  Kay' 
May-be,  perhaps ;  Might,  mite.    Mite,  a  coin,  an  insect 

"  Hay  "  (the  month),  Lat.  Maiw,  the  growing  or  sprouting  mooth,  not 
from  Maia,  mother  of  Mercury,  nor  yet  from  mt^fores,  the  eJden. 
"Hay,  Hight,"  Old  £ng.  mdg[anl  past  mihU  (g  is  interpolated). 

Mayor,  fern,  mayor-ess,  may*r,  mayV-ess,    Maxe,  a  horse. 

Mayor,  may*r,   chief   magistrate  of   a    corporate   town; 

mayoreea,  l\ie  m«k^ot*a  wife.    Mayoralty,  mayVMUy- 

French  maire ;  IaVIh  nvoaov ;  ^ytahi&DL  tiMv^ivr ,  Um  inperior  [officer]. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  «S9 

Maz^'ard,  a  black  cherry,  the  jaw,  the  head. 

**  Hazard "  (cherry),  cor.  of  Afoaanderan,  "  the  Garden  of  Persia." 
''Mazard"  (jaw),  corruption  of  the  Fr.  mAdyjirt  (Lat.  mattieare). 

Mazarine,  tnac^.a.rtf^n,  a  deep-blue  colour. 

So  called  from  the  wrappers  of  the  mazarinades  pablished  in  France 
against  Maxarin,  the  tmpopalar  ndnister  of  LoqIb  XTV. 

Maze  (1  syL),  a  labyrinth.    Maize,  mazef  Indian  corn.    Amaze. 
Mazy,  may^,zy,  intricate ;  ma'zi-ndss,  m&'zi-ly. 

Amaze'  (2  syl.),  to  astonish ;  amazed'  (2  syl.),  amaz'-ing. 
"  Maze,"  Old  English  tiuue,  a  whirlpooL    '*  Maize,**  American  mais. 
Mazer,  may'jier,  a  drinking-bowl  made  of  some  spotted  wood. 

German  ina<«er,  a  spotted  wood,  hence  mosAoIder,  maple. 
Mdlle.,  plu.  Mdlles.,  cont.  of  mademoiselle^  plu.  mademoUelles^ 
mad\mwa.zeV  (for  the  plu.  we  say  Ths  mademoUelles),  a 
title  given  and  assumed  by  unmarried  women  in  profes- 
sions and  trade,  who  wish  to  pass  for  foreigners. 

Me,  obj.  of  L    Nom,  I,      poss.  mine,   ohj.  me ; 
Plu.  Nom.  we,   pass,  ours,    6^.  ns. 

"Me"  is  used  after  the  verb  To  be,  and  after  the  words  tAon,  but. 
Wee,  and  as,  with  such  pertinacity  it  is  at  least  doubtful  whether  it 
is  not  correct.  Cest  moi  ia  the  French  idiom,  not  C'estje,  and  It  is 
me  is  far  more  common  than  It  is  L    ("  Me"  is  dat.  not  ace.  case.) 

So  again,  the  French  say  II  est  pltts  ricKe  que  moi,  or  plus  riche  que 
Je  ne  mis,  **  more  rich  than  me,"  or  "  more  rich  Uian  I  am." 

It  is  by  no  means  certain  that  these  Gallicisma  should  be  abolished, 
but  grammarians  stoutly  resist  them,  and  the  tenden^  of  the 
educated  classes  is  more  and  more  in  their  disfavour.  Hence  all 
such  sentences  as  the  following  are  accounted  as 

Errors  of  Speech. — 

Who  shall  decide  when  doctors  disagree. 

And  soundest  casuists  doubt,  like  you  and  me.    (Pope.) 

Yet  oft  in  Holy  Writ  we  see 
E'en  such  weak  ministers  cts  me 
May  the  oppression  break  (Sir  Walter  SoottJ, 

Who's  there  ?    It  is  me. 

Tou  know  it  was  not  me  who  told  him. 

It  is  me  that  has  been  the  riiin  of  you. 

It  is  m«  that  has  brought  you  to  this  misery. 

It  is  not  m^  who  will  be  a  trouble  to  you. 

It  is  me,  your  friend  and  master,  who  advises  it. 

fThefolloioing  are  not  OaUidsmSf  biU  bad  grammar  J 

When  me  and  Patsy  went  to  see  him,  he  was  much  better. 
Who's  within?    Only  me.      Who  will  have  this?    Me. 

But  it  were  vain  for  you  and  I  (mej 

In  single  fight  our  strength  to  try  (Prof.  AytotmJ, 

(The  following  are  correct.) 
Tou  did  not  suspect  it  to  be  me.    Tou  did  not  know  it  was  me. 
That  picture  is  just  like  me  (like  to. . .  .X 
He  likes  you  better  than  me  (than  he  likes  me). 
He  likes  you  better  than  I  (than  I  like  youX 
It  is  I,  be  not  afraid. 

(It  is  quite  certain  that  we  did  not  use  the  olject  me  »i\«t  >»ki<t  -^vv^ 


640  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

to  he  before  the  Conquest.    We  said  ie  aylf  hit  torn  (It  am  I  m7- 
self ),  and  Chaucer  frequently  writes  U.  am,  I,  but  never  it  am  vu. 

Ang.-Sax. — S.    Norn,  ie^    gen.  min,    dat.  me,     aco.  mee. 
Pi.  Norn,  we,  gen.  User,    dat.  its,     ace.  ii»ie. 

Mead,  tneed,  a  meadow,  honey-'wine.    Heed,  recompense. 

Meadow,  m^^do,  pasture-land ;  mead'ow-y. 

"  Mead,'*  0.  Eng.  mM,  mddewe,  a  meadow  or  anything  that  is  mowi. 
"  Mead  "  (hvdromel).  Welsh  meddy-glyn,  meddmol,  intoxicating. 
*'Meed/'  Old  Englisn  mid,  rewarc^  wages. 

Meagre,  meef.g'r,  lean,  scanty ;  mea'gre-ly,  meagre-nen. 

French  ma,i(fre:  Latin  mdeer,  fern.  maerOt  ▼.  mdcBre,  to  be  thin. 

-meal,  m«tf 2  (native  suffix),  nouns,  broken  into  partem  piece-medL 

Meal,  meeU  a  repast,  unsifted  flour  (the  meal  of  wheat  is  also 
called  sharps);  meal'-y,  meall-ness  (Hule  xi);  meal'y- 
mouthed,  -mourhd,  one  who  minces  unpleasant  truths; 
mealy-mouthednesB,  mou'.rhi^d^ness,  disingenuousness. 

Piece-meal,  piece  by  piece,  into  little  pieces. 

**Meal"  (repast),  Old  English  mdl,  a  meal,  mdl-tima,  meal-time. 
"  Meal "  (flourX  Old  Eng.  mehl ;  Lat  mdlo,  to  grind,  mMo,  a  mia 

Mean,  meen,  base,  to  intend.    Mien,  meen,  deportment. 

Mean,  to  intend ;  pust  and  pcut  part,  meant,  merU;  mean- 
ing, fueen'-ing:  mean'ing-ly,  mean'ing-nesB. 

Mean-ly,  shabbily ;  mean'-nesB  (double  n),  meannqpixited. 

Mean,  medium;  mean-time,  equated  time,  for  the  nonoe; 
mean-while,  meen-wHe, "  ad  interim.**  In  the  twAi^n^imA, 
In  the  mean-while,  in  the  interval. 

Means,  meenz,  property,  power;  by  all  means,  certainly; 

by  no  means,  on  no  account;  by  any  means,  in  any  way. 

^  **  Means,"  regarded  as  the  instrument  of  doing  something,  is  followed 
by  a  verb  singular :  as 
The  best  means  of  doing  it  i«  to  employ  a  tooker. 
That  is  a  means  to  an  end. 

Consuming  means  soon  preys  upon  itself  (Bith.  II.  iL  11 
\  "  Means,"  regarded  as  riches,  possessions,  power,  Jkc,  Is  followed  by 
a  verb  plural : 
Your  means  are  slender  (2  Hen.  IV.  L  2). 
His  means  ore  but  in  supposition  (Mereh.  of  Fetk  L  S). 
"  Mean  "  (base),  O.  E.  mdnM.    *'  Mean  "  (to  intend),  O.  B.  memCoiil. 
"Mean"  (medium),  French  moyen;  Latin  medium. 

Meander,  me.an'.der,  to  wind,  to  flow  zig-zag;    meandered, 

me.an\derd;   meander-ing,  me.dn'.derA,ng, 

Latin  Maunder,  a  river  in  Caria  full  of  turnings ;  Greek  metUmdns 

Meaning,  meen'.ing,  signification,  intention.     (See  Mean.) 

Measles,  mee\z'lz  (plu.),  a  disease  to  which  all  children  are  liable; 
measly  [pork],  mee\zly...,  the  flesh  of  pigs  infected  with 
measles.    (German  maser,  the  disease  witii  spots.) 

Measure,  mezh'.ur,  axi  instrument  for  measuring,  a  plan  of 
opeiation,  m^Uet  \.o  QcaR^xlvoi  \k\&  «ize.  Sec ;   measuredi 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  641 

mesh^urd;  meas'ur-ing  (Eule  zix.),  meas'ur-er,  meas'nr- 
able  (only  -ce  and  -ge  retain  Uie  -e  before  -able), 
meas'urable-ness,  meas'urably ;   meas^ure-leas ; 

Xeasurement,  mezKMr.menU    Without  measnze. 

Hard  measures,  harsh  dealing.    Common  measure* 

To  take  measures,  to  take  means  to  accomplish  an  object 

Mensuration,  m^n* M,ray'\8huny  science  of  measuring. 

Fr.  tiMsur^  T.  me«ttr»n,  mesureur/  Latin  fMntara,  r.  metuwdrt. 

Heat,  meett  food.    Meet,  to  encounter.    Mete,  to  measure. 

f**Me(U**  Koi  become  restricted  to  it$  present  meaning  only  einee 

animal  food  has  become  the  chi^dUt  of  man.) 
"Meat,"  Welsh  maetb,,  v.  mattha,  to  take  nourishment;  Fr.  nulU, 
"Meet,"  Old  Eng.  ge-mjit\an\  ge-mdting,  a  meeting,  an  assembly. 
'*  Mete,"  Old  £ag.  metlan],  past  mast,  past  part  meten. 

Meatus,  me.d\tiu,  a  wide  duct  as  the  meattu  of  the  ear  medtu$ 
auditoriiu,    (Latin  meatus,  a  passage ;  medre,  to  go.) 

Meaw,  me,aw',  the  loud  mewing  of  a  cat    (Imitative  word.) 
Meohanic.   Mechanics.    Mechanician.    Mechanist   Machinist. 
Mechanic,  me.kSnWkt  a  workman  in  any  mechanical  em- 
ployment skilled  or  otherwise ;  plu.  mechanics. 
Mechanics,  me,kdn\lk8,  the  science  of  machinery. 
(All  bat  five  of  the  sciences  with  this  ending  are  plural.  Bole  hd.) 
Mechanician,  mihfM.ni8h**Mn,  one  skilled  in  mechanical 
works,  one  who  makes  machinery. 

Mechanist,  inih^Ji.nl8t,  a  maker  or  inventor  of  machinery. 

Machinist,  ma^hee\ni8t,  a  maker  of  large  or  complex 
machines,  one  who  works  a  sewing-machine. 

Mechanical,  me.kSn'.i.kal;  mechanlcal-ly. 

Mechanism,  mihf  .d.nlzm,  mechanical  structure. 

Mechanical  philosophy,  me,kdn\i,kdl  fK,ld8\if.fy,  that 
branch  of  science  which  treats  of  the  phenomena  of  na- 
ture so  far  as  they  are  the  results  of  mechanical  forces. 

Mechanical  x>owers,   the   lever,  wheel  and  axle,  pulley, 

screw,  and  wedge.     Some  add  the  inclined  plane. 

Lat.  micMnica,  m^chdntctu,  mdchina:  Fr.  m4ehaniquey  m^eanieien 
(wrong),  m^canism ;  Greek  mickani,  mSchdnih&s,  ta  riUchdntka  or 
hi  mimdnikS  techni,  mechanics  (michanaomaif  to  contrive  by  skill). 

Mechlin  [lace],  mik\lin,  lace  made  at  Mechlin,  in  Belgium. 
(Called  in  Belgium  and  France  Malines,  2  syl.) 

MedaL    Meddle.    Metal.    Mettle. 

Medal,  tM'%  a  coin  not  current,  a  metal  device  given  as 
a  reward  of  merit ;  medaJlet,  mSd\dl.let,  a  small  medaL 
Med'all-ist,  one  who  has  obtained  a  medal  as  the  reward 
of  merit.     Gold  medallist,  one  who  has  oHQ.\Ti^^  ^^ 
highest  prize  in  medals.     Medallio,  mc.duV  .l\k,  «b.^. 

2b 


642  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

XedaUargy,  mcdSV.lvr.gy,  the  art  of  making  and  strikiti^; 
medals.    (Covru^on  of  Gk.  m^iallSn  erg6n,  metal-work.) 
Medallion,  me.MV.yikty  an  antique  medal. 
Xeddle,  m^df.d%  to  interfere.     (French  metier,  now  mSler.) 
Metal,  one  of  the  48  metallic  elements.    (Latin  mStallum.) 
Mettle,  mif.fl,  spirit.    (Old  EngUsh  mddiliCt  spirit.) 
Fr.  m4daUle,  mSdaillist,  midaillon;  Ital  medaglie;  Lat.  mekUlum. 
Meddle,  m^d'.d%  to   interfere.      Medal,  med.'l  (see    above). 
meddled,  mid\d'ld;  meddling,  meddling-ly,  Bieddler. 

Meddle-some,  m^d'd'Lsiim,  given  to  meddling  {-some,  fiQl  of, 

given  to) ;  med'dlesome-uess. 
French  mealer,  now  m4Ur;  Lat.  miscSre;  Oreek  tnigmuo  [mignumi]. 
Mediaeval  or  medieval,  m^d'.i.€^'.val,  pertaining  to  the  middle 
ages,  from  the  8th  to  the  l&th  cent.    (Lat.  midius  ovum.) 
Medial,  me^.di.al;  mediant.     {See  Meditim.) 

Mediate,  me\dl.ate,to  intervene, to  intercede ;  me'diat-ed  (Rule 

xxxvi),  me'diat-ing  (Bule  xix.),  me^'dikting-ly. 
Mediately,  me\di.ateMf,    Immediately,  directly. 
Mediately,  not  directly,  hut  acting  as  a  go>hetween. 
Mediation,  me\d%,d'' ^hun,  intercession. 
Mediator,     fern,    mediatrix,    me\dJL&.t&r,    me\di,d.trix ; 

mediatorial,       me",  di,  a.  tdr^ri.  al ;         mediator'ial  Jy ; 

mediator-ship,    rne\dl,d" , tor. ship    (shipy  office,  rank) ; 

mediatory,  m>e\di.a.fry,  mediatoricJ. 

IF  Mediatise  (B.  xxxi.),  me\di.a.tize,  to  annex  a  small  state  to 

a  larger  contiguous  one;  me'diatised  (4  syL),  mediatis-ing' 

Mediatisation,  me\di.d. ti.zay'\8hun. 

Latin  m^didtio,  mediator,  mididtrix,  mididre,  supine  midUUvm. 
French  midiat,  mediation,  rnddiaJtiaiUioH,  nUdiatimr^ 

Medicine,  mid\l.8ln  (not  med\siin),  physic ; 

Medical,  mid\l.kdL    Medioinal,  m,e.di8*,l.ndl; 

Medical,  pertaining  to  the  art  of  healing;   medlcal-ly; 

Medio'inal,  of  the  nature  of  a  medicine ;  medic'iiial4y. 

Medicament,  'mSd'Ji.ka.ment  (not  me.dik^.a,ment) ;  medica- 
ment'-al,  medioamenf  al-ly. 

Medicate,  m^d.i.kate,  to  tincture  with  medicine,  to  doctor; 
medlcat-ed  (Rule  zxxvi.),  medlcat-ing  (Rule  xix.); 
medlcahle,  curable ;  medicative,  mM\i.ka.^v, 

Medication,  m^d\l.kay'' .shun ;  medicaUman  or  medical- 
adviser,  .ad.vi'.zer,  a  physician,  a  surgeon. 

Medicated  spirits,  a  drug  mixed  with  aloohoL 

Medioinal  waters,  m^.d^s^LnSl  wor^.terz,  natural  springs 
impregnated  with  medicinal  propei-ties. 

Latin  m^dlcoMlls,  medXcatitmeum,  mSdtcStio,  fnHdUSna,  mSdXeS^i^ 
V.  m^dtcare,  wi|^«  trwMJkotokm. 


I 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  643 

Medieval,  m^df.\.^\vdl,  of  the  middle  ages.    (Lat.  mUditu  (Bvum.) 
Mediocre,  mg'.d?.o".fcV,  middle  rate,  of  ordinary  talent ; 

Mediocrity,  me\d%.5k^\ri.ty.     (Lat.  m^diScritas,  m^diocrU.) 
Meditate,  med^.ttdte,  to  think  on,  to  mnse;  med'itat-ed  (Rule 
xxxyI.),  medltat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  medltating-ly. 
Meditation,   med\l.tay*\8Mn ;    meditative,   m^d'Xta.tlv ; 

medltative-ly,  medltatiye-ness,  medltat.or. 
Latin  midHMio,  mSdlt&tlvua,  miditdtor,  r.  m^dttdri. 
Mediterranean  (double  r),  med\l.ter.ray'\niMii  (the),,  the  sea 
lying  between  Europe  and  Africa,  inland; 

MediterraneonB,  mid' .l,ter.ray'\n^.u8. 
Latin  mgdUerrdneum,  midlterrdruua  (midXus  terra). 
Medinm,  plu,  mediums  and  media,  nie\di.umz  or  me^dLaJi,  mid- 
dle rate,  midway,  means  whereby  anything  is  effected, 
that  in  which  bodies  exist  or  through  which  they  act,  the 
person  through  whom  "  spirit  manifestations  "  are  made. 

Giiculating  medium,  money,  bankruotes,  &c. 
Medium^isedfbetween  the  largest  and  the  smallest. 

Medial,  m^,di.al,  average.    Me'diant  (in  Mu8ic)r  the  third 
above  the  key-note.  Sub-me'diMit,  the  sixth  (m^j.  scale). 
Latin  midiwn,  pIiL  m^ia;  French  nUdicU,  mddiarUe. 
Medlar  (one  d),  med^lary  a  fruit.    Meddler,  a  busy-body. 

"Medlar,"  a  corruption  of  mespler,  Latin  mes'pttus ;  Greek  meapiUfn 

(misospilgo,  moderately  constipating  or  astringent). 
"Meddler"^  [meseleor],  French  mtsler,  now  mikr. 

Medley,  plu.  medleys  (not  medlies),  mid'dez,  a  conAised  mass,  a 
collection  of  different  sorts.     (French  meslS,  mSle.) 

Medulla,  me.dul\lah,  the  marrow  in  long  bones,  pith ; 
medul'lar ;    mednl'Hry,  pertaining  to  marrow  or  pith ; 

Medulla  oblongata,  me.duV.lah  W .lomg  gay'\tah,  the  *' mar- 
row" which  oonnects  the  spinal  cord  to  the  skull. 

Medulla  spinalis,  the  spinal  marrow. 
Medullary  rays  (in  Bot.)^  connecting  the  pith  with  the  bark. 
Medullary  sheath,  sheerh;  medullary  suhstance. 
Latin  midvMa,  marrow ;  Greek  tMUflos. 
Medusa,  phi.  meduse,  me.dfl'.8ah,  mS.dH'.seey  sea  blubber  or 
jelly-fish ;  medu'sidans ;  medusa'ria  (-ta,  a  class,  order). 

Medttsa,  the  mortal  Gorgon.  LlnnsBOs  gave  this  name  to  these 
marine  animals  because  the  tentacles  in  some  species  resemble  the 
smdces  round  Medusa's  head.    (Greek  medousa,  ruler. ) 

Meed,  recompense.    Mead,  meed,  a  meadow,  honey -wine. 

*•  Meed,"  Old  EnglUh  m^d.    "  Mead  "  (meadow),  Old  English  nuM 
''Mead"  (hydromel).  Welsh  meddyglyi^  meddiool,  intoxicating. 

Meek,  mild ;  meek'-ly,  meek'-ness,  gentleness. 

Old  English  ge-vUtlic,  modest,  ge-^n^Uice^  modeaUy. 


644  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


k 


MeerBchanm,  meer^shum,  a  tobacco  pipe  of  magnesian  earth 
mixed  with  sUex.    (Germ,  meerschaum,  froth  of  the  sea.) 
Meet.    Mete,  to  measure  oat.    Meat,  meet,  animal  food. 

Meet,  fit,  a  coming  together,  to  come  together ;  past  met, 
paM  part,  met ;  meting,  an  interview,  coming  together; 
meeting-house,  a  place  of  worship  [for  dissenters]. 

Meefer.    Meter,  me\ter.    Metre,  mS'.tV. 

Meet-er,  one  who  encounters  or  meets  another. 

Me'ter,  an  instrument  to  measure  with,  as  gas-meter. 

Metre,  m^Wr,  a  French  measure  of  length. 

*'  Meet/'  Old  English  ge-mit[an],  ge-mHing,  a  meeting. 

"Mete,"  Old  English  rne^an],  past  mdt,  put  part  meten. 

"  Meat/*  Welsh  maefhiant,  food,  ituuthu,  to  feed,  maeOi. 

**  Meter,**  see  above  **  Mete.*'    "  Metre/'  Greek  miVr&n,  a  maanm. 

Meg'a-  (Greek  prefix),  before  any  consonant  except  s.   Megal-, 
before  vowels.    Megalo-  (before  -s),  great. 

Meg^-ceros,  m^.g&s^S.ros,  a  fossil  deer  (not  the  Irish  elk), 
Greek  rngga-  henu,  the  great-  horn  (of  the  Pleistocene  period). 

MegaLichthys,  m^g' M.IW .rhiss,  a  sauroid  fish. 
Greek  111^90^  idUkAs,  great  lish  (of  the  Goal  period^ 

Megal^nyx,  m^g\S.l5n'' Xx,  an  extinct  mammaL 
Greek  mggal-  (fnux,  long-claw  (of  the  Upper  Tertiaxles). 

Meg'alo..8aiimB,  plu.  megalcsanri  or  megalo-Baarimn,  a 

huge  extinct  saurian  reptile. 
Greek  migdlo-  sawrds,  great  lixard  (found  in  the  Oolite,  fto.) 

Megf'a-therinm,     plu.     mega-theria,     meg'.a  rht'riMM, 

meg\a  Tht,ri.ah,  an  extinct  monster  sloth. 
Greek  mega-  thirUn,  monster-beast  (of  the  Upper  TertiariesX 
Megrim,  m^'.grim,  headache  confined  to  one  side  of  the  head. 
Fr.  migraine  ;  Lat<  hemiorania;  Gk.  Mmi  hrdnion,  half  the  skoU. 
Meiocene,  mi'.o,8een  (in  Qeology),  the  Middle  Tertiaries. 

Gk.  meion  kainoa,  less  recent,  that  is,  having  fewer  remains  "r«oent* 
or  existing  plants  and  an)mal8  than  the  group  above  it. 

Melancholy,  meV.an.Jcdl.y,  depression  of  spirits ;  melandholie, 
mSV.dnMV\lh,  adj.  Melancholia,  miVMn.k6V*.\.ah^  mel- 
ancholy madness.    (Latin  m^lanchdlia,  milanchdliau.) 

Gk.  milagchdlia,  i.e.,  m^loB  chdli,  black  bile,  a  redundami^  of  wUflk 
was  once  supposed  to  be  the  cause  of  mehmcholy. 

Melange  (Fr.),  meMnge,  a  medley,  a  miscellaneous  collection. 

Melanite,  mSl\an.ite,  a  grey-black  garnet;  melanitio,  mifLi'' 
nltWk;  melanin,  miV.a.nln,  the  black  pigment  of  the  eye. 
Greek  mSUu,  black  {-He,  a  fossil  or  stony  substanceX 

MelaDOchroite,  m^l\&.nbk'\roXt  (not  mil\wnJ5.kroit),  ohromate 
of  lead.    (Greek  mHax  chrda,  black  colour.) 


AND  OF  SPELLTNG,  C45 

MeUifluons,  mSLUfJlu.its,  sweet  to  the  ear ;   mellifluent,  meL- 
lifjlu.ent,  [words  or  masic]  with   an  agreeable    flow; 
mellifluent-ly ;  mellifluenoe,  nUl.Ufflu.ense, 
laX.  mtUiiPMs,  nuUiflnum,  gen.  -mUia  (melftuo,  to  flow  with  honey). 

Mellite,  miV.lite,  honey  stone.    (Gk.  tnili,  honey,  and  -ite,  stone.) 

Mellow,  miV.lo,  mature,  soft  and  sweet  from  ripeness,  to  ripen ; 
mellowed  (2  syl.),  meriow-ing,  mellow-ikh  {-ish  added  to 
adj.  is  dim.,  added  to  nouns  it  means  "like");  mellow-y, 
mellow-ness;  mellow-toned,  -tond,  having  soft  tones. 
Welsh  melyaUt  to  iweeten,  melys,  sweet  {niil,  honey). 
Melodrame,  iniV.o.drdm,  a  play  interspersed  with  sonj;^^ ;  melo- 
dramatic, 9R^r.d.<2ra.7ii«rt''.i&,sensational  ;  melodramatical, 
mil\5.drajmt'\l.kdl;  melodramatist,  mil\d.dram'\a,ti8t; 
melodrama,  mSV .o.dram'\ah  (not  mil\o.drah'\'mah), 
French  mdlodrame  (Greek  nUflda  drdma^  song  [and]  dramaX 
Melody,  plu,  melodies,  miV.d.dlz,     Harmony,  plu,  hannonies. 
Melody,  the  tune ;  harmony,  the  combination  of  sounds  as 
in  chords  and  parts.     {Melody  (air)  may  consist  of  single 
notes,  but  harmony  must  deal  with  combinations.) 
Melodious  (R.  Ixvi.),  mi.lo\dl.u8  (not  m^.lo\djit8)^  musical ; 

melo'dious-ly,  melo'dious-ness ;  melodist,  miV.d,di8t, 
Melodise  (R.  xxxi.),  meV.S.dize,  to  form  into  melody ;  mel'o- 

dised  (3  syl.) ;  melodis-ing  (R.  xix),  miV,6.dizedng, 
Latin  miUidia,  melddtut;  Greek  mMdia^  mM6d68:  French  m^{odt«. 
Melon,  mel\<m  (one  I),  a  fruit ;  meron-frame,  for  raising  melons. 

(There  U  a  tvJhstance  which  Liebig  called  mellon,  consitting  of  carbon 

and  nitrogen,  which  combines  \vith  metals  to  form  mellonid^.) 
Greek  mil6n,  a  pomaceons  fruit :  Latin  nHo^  gen.  mUdnis,  a  melon. 

Melpomene,  m^lpSm\9.nS  (not  mSV.po.meen\  the  tragic  muse. 

Greek  Milpdm^nS  [m,elp6,  to  sing) ;  Latin  MelpOmgne. 

Melroee,  nUV.rOze,  honey  of  roses.  (Latin  mil  rosa.) 

Melt,  (past )  melt-ed,  (past  part.)  melted  or  molten,  mole'.t'n ; 
melf-ing,  melt'-er.    "  Molten"  chiefly  used  as  an  ac^. 
Old  Bng.  meH[an\  past  meaU,  past  part,  molten,  msltung,  a  melting. 
Member,  tnSm\bery  a  limb,  one  of  a  community;  membered, 
mim'.berd,  having  limbs.    Disauembered,  &c. 
Member-ship  (-ship,  office,  rank). 

Member  of  Parliament,   plu.  Members  of  Parliament, 

par^.lf.ment,  expressed  by  the  letters  M.P.,  plu.  MM.P. 
Latin  membrum;  French  membre,  m^mbre  du  parlement 
Membrane,  mim\hrane,  a  thin  skin  serving  to  line  or  cover 
some  part  of  an  animal  or  plant,  as  the  nose,  <Src. 
Membranous,  mim\bra.nu8.    Membranaceous,  -nay'^^shu^. 
Membranous,  consisting  of  membranes ; 
Membranaceous  (Rule  Ixvi.},  resembling  mem\)T«i.tie. 


646  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


MnoouB  membraae,  ina'.kus,  %  membrane  which  linee  koj 
open  cavity  of  the  body  and  secretes  mucus,  as  the  mucous 
membranes  of  the  wow,  ihroatt  stomaehi  &o. 
Serous  membrane,  st.rUs,  a  membrane  which  lines  a 
elmed  cavily  of  the  body  and  secretes  ierum,  as  the  serous 
membranes  of  the  chest,  abdomen,  &c. 
FilooB  membrane,  fi'Mt^  tough  and  indastic  like  a 
tendon,  as  the  iilous  membranes  of  the  dura  master, 
Canutes  of  the  joints,  &0t 

JacoVs  membrane  (tu^rtiiea  Jaeo'ki),  the  lining  of  the 
ref  ina  (from  Oliger  Jacob,  Danish  phy.  1650-1701). 
Membra'na  tjrmpani,  -tim\pd,ni,  the  drum  of  the  ear. 

Membraniferous,  7n^m\bra,ntf'\i,r&8,  producing  membrane. 
Latin  membrdna  fero,  bearing  or  producing  membrane. 
Membranology,  mim\bra.n5l^\S.gyt  a  description  of  the 
animal  membranes.      (A  hybrid,  Latin  membrdna  with 
Greek  l6go8,  Humenorogy  would  be  good  Greek,  hifmin, 
gen.  hymenos,  a  membrane.) 
Latin  membrdna,  membrdneus,  HMmbrandeetnu, 
Miemento,  plu,  mementoe  (R.  xlii.),  a  souTeuir.    (Lat.  memtento.) 

Memoir,   m/Sm\wor  (not  mi^.more)^  a  biographical  sketch,  a 
register  of  facts ;  mem'oir-iat,  one  who  writes  memoirs. 

Memorabilia,  m^m\6.ra.blV' .tah^  things  worthy  to  be 
remembered,  things  to  be  borne  in  memory. 

Memorable,  m^'j6.ra.h%  remarkable ;  mem'orSULy. 

Memorability,  mSm\5.rSMl'\i[.ty. 

MemorandTim,  plu,  memorandums  or  memoranda, 
mim\o.run'.dum,  plu.  mim\dj'&n,dumz,  mSm\o.ran"JUtK 
notes  to  help  the  memory. 

Memorial,  me.m^'ri.al,  in  memory  of  [someone],  an  address 
containiDg  a  complaint  or  request,  a  state  paper  without 
subscription  or  address. 

Memorialise,  mS.vid'/T^.al.lze  (R.  xxxi.),  to  petition  by  me- 
morial ;  memor'ialised  (5  syl.),  memor'ialis-ing  (R.  xix.); 
memor'ial-ist,  one  who  presents  or  sanctions  a  memorial 

Memory,  mem\d.ryy  recollection,  the  faculty  which  retains 
and  reproduces  at  will  what  has  been  once  learned. 

Remem'ber,  rememliered,  remem1)ering,  Ac,  the  verb. 

Lat.  mgmor,  mindful,  mimdrdbtlis,  mimdrandun.jhi.  -da,  mimaria, 
m^mdridlis.  ("  Memorious'*  or  "  memorous"  [Lat  memorittut  or 
memoroaus,  having  a  good  memory]  might  be  introduced). 

Memphian,  m^\fi.dn,  obscure,  pertaining  to  Memphis  (Egypt). 

Menace,   min\ace,  a  threat,   to    threat;    men^aoed   (d  syl); 
menac-ing,   min'MMng    (Rule   xix.);     men'acing-ly ; 
menao-ex,  m6a'.&.«eT. 
French  menace ;  IaVVtv  mliwut,  \pjcl.  m\na^,'^ .  "mSbttiiK^  to  thzeatan. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  647 

Menagery,  plu,  menageiies,  mS.ndh'jBhi.Hz,  a  place  containing 

a  collection  of  wild  beasts. 

French  menagerie;  Low  Latin  menugiuin. 

Mend,  to  repair ;  mend'ed  (R.  zxxvi.),  mend'-itag,  mend'-er. 

This  contraction  of  the  Latin  e^mendo,  or  FreQch  Or^mendtr^  wholly 
reverses  the  meaning.  Menda  means  **  a  fardt,"  and  it  is  the  pre- 
fix which  gives  it  the  meaning  of  correcting  a  fault. 

Mendacions  (Rule  Ixri.),  mMn.day' ^hus^  false ;  mendadons-ly, 
untruly;  mendacious-ness,  untruthfulness; 

Mendacity,  men,dd8\i.ty.    Mendicity,  min.di8'X,ty, 

Mendacity,  falsehood.    Mendicity,  pertaining  to  beggars. 
Latin  mtndax^  gen.  mmddticis,  lyiog,  menddetter  (menday  a  mistake). 
Mendicant,  min'M,kantj  a  beggar ;  mendicancy,  beggary. 

Mendicity,  mSn.di8\tty,  pertaining  to  beggars ; 

Mendacity,  men^dds'.Ltyt  utter  falsity,  lying. 

Latin  mendleams,  gen.  meTtdlccmtis^  mendidtas,  mendiodr«f  to  beg. 
Menial,  mS'.ni.^Z,  servile,  a  servant;  me'nial-ly. 

Norm,  meignal  (from  meignee,  a  family),  hence  our  law  terms,  mese^ 
a  house,  mesnaJityf  a  manor,  mesnaMy,  mesne  lord,  d^meme,  &c. 

Meniscus,  me.nls'.kus,  a  lens  crescent-shaped;  menis'cal. 

Greek  miniskds,  erescent-shaped  {mini,  a  crescent). 

Menses,  m^'^eeZy  catamenia.    (Latin  mevisiSy  [once]  a  month.) 

Menstrual,  m^'Mru.al;  menstmons,  m^'Mru.uu. 
Latin  menstrvMis,  occurring  monthly,  m«iutrud«u«. 

Menstruum,  plu.  menstruums  or  menstrua,  m^n'MruMmy  a 

[chemical]  solvent,  any  liquid  used  as  a  dissolvent. 

Latin  m^enstmum^  [acting  once]  a  month.  The  alchemists  thought 
tiiat  the  full  moon  was  essential  to  success  in  the  transmutation 
of  baser  metals  Into  gold. 

Mensurable,  m^7i'.«u.ra.&7,  able  to  be  measured ; 
Mensurability,  m^n\8ii.raMV'Jl.ty;  men'sural. 
Mensuration,  fnSn\8u.ray'.8huny  the  art,  act,  or  science  of 

finding  out  the  dimensions  of  surfaces  or  solids. 
French  mefMuratton,  mensura&fo,  mensuraJbilUi ;  Latin  TuensGra. 
-ment  (Latin  termination)  nouns,  instrument,  cause  of,  state, 
act.    It  is  often  added  to  pure  English  words :  jttdg-ment, 
the  act  of  a  judge;  agree-menty  the  state  of  being  in  accord. 

Mental,  men\tdly  intellectual ;  men'tal.ly,  mentality. 

French  m,ental  (Latin  m,ens,  gen.  mentis,  the  mind  or  intellect). 
Mention,  m^n'^shuny  expression  in  words,  to  express  by  words; 
mentioned,  7nen\shvnd;  men'tion-ing,  men'tion-able. 

Latin  mentio,  gen.  meniidnie;  French  mention,  v.  mentioner. 
Mentor,  m^n'.toTy  a  wise  monitor  or  adviser ;  mento'rial. 

Mentor,  the  friend  of  Ulysses,  whose  form  MVnervm  «i»KV3LTii»^^\\s{v 
she  accompanied  Telemachus  in  his  seaxcYi  toi  \i\s  t«A\iftt. 


648  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

MephiHo,  me,flt\lk,   noxious ;    mephitis,   mJS.fWtUzy  any  bad 
exhalation,  especially  carbonic  acid  gas. 
Latin  m«pMt{cu«,  mep^i^M,  stinking,  harmful  to  health. 
Mercantile,  im^ JkanXMt,  commercial,    {^te  Merchant.) 

Mercator's  chart,  mer.kay'.torz  tehart,  a  map  with  the  longi- 
tudinal lines  parallel ;  mercator^B  projection,  the  makioK 
of  the  longitudinal  lines  of  a  map  all  parallel,  and  com- 
pensating  for  it  by  drawing  the  map  in  perspective. 

Devised  by  Gerhard  Kauffman,  whose  surname  Latinised  is  MereStor 
(merchant),  1612—1694. 

Mercenary,  plu.  mercenaries,  met'.sS.nS.rix,  one  hired  to  serve 
in  a  foreign  army;  mercenary,  actuated  by  a  love  of 
greed.    (Latin  mereendritUf  merces,  lure.) 

Mercer,  mer^^er,  a  dealer  in  silks  and  haberdashery ; 

Mercers'  company,  one  of  the  12  great  liveries  of  London. 

Mercery,  pUi.  merceries,  tner^^^.riz,  goods  sold  by  a  mercer. 

f*  Mercery"  i»  a  collective  noun,  and  **  merceries"  is  only  used  uihe» 

different  collections  of  mercery  are  referred  to.  J 
French  merder,  mercerie:  Latin  merx,  gen.  mercis,  merchandise. 

Merchant,  mer^.tchant,  a  wholesale  dealer,  one  who  carries  on 
trade  with  fi^rei^oi  countries ;  Greek  merchant,  Turkey 
merchant,  one  carrying  on  trade  with  Greece,  Turkey,  Ac 

Merchandise,  mer'.tcMn.dize ;   mer'chant-man,  a  tradinfi 
ship  or  vessel ;  merchant-service,  the  mercantile  marine. 
Mercantile,  mer'.kan.tile,  commercial. 

(The  irregularity  of  the  h  in  these  words  is  due  to  the  French,  but  we 

have  not  roll(>wed  the  French  in  the  substitution  of  a  ) 
We  do  not,  like  the  French,  term  petty  iradTs  merchants,  hut  reserve 

the  v)ord  as  a  complimentary  term  when  applied  to  retail  dmlers. 

We  have  a  large  number  of  Vfords  to  express  a  **  selUr*'  of  goods: 

For  example — 
Broker,  one  who  deals  in  second-hand  furniture,  pawns,  shares, 

stock  (bought  and  sold  on  'Change),  &c. 
Sealer,  one  who  deals  in  horses,  cattle,  carpets,  pictures,  orockor. 

game,  turnery,  tea  (in  retail),  &c. 
Factor,  one  who  deals  in  com,  coals,  &«.,  in  a  small  way. 
Furnisher,  one  who  sells  all  sorts  of  furniture  and  household  warsa 
Maker,  one  who  seUs  boots  and  shoes,  clocks  and  watches,  &o. 
Meroer,  one  who  sells  by  retail  silks  and  other  materials  for  ladies. 
Merchant  (besides  the  use  given  above),  applied  to  dealers  in  wins 

and  spirits,  hops,  corn  (in  a  large  way),  tea  (wholesale),  eoali 

(wholesHle),  timber,  seed  (wholesale). 
Monger,  one  who  sells  fish,  cheese,  iron-ware,  news  (now  gsntnXif 

called  a  news  vendor),  fell-monger  (seller  of  skins). 
Seller,  applied  to  one  who  sells  books,  music,  ready-made  sIots,  fta 
Warehouseman,  applied  to  one  who  sells  "Italian  wares,*  fsacy 

goods,  &c. 
Many  other  dealers  have  a  special  word  to  express  the  trade  thug  eirry 

on :  a<  Confectioner,  draper,  grocer,  haberdasher,  hatter,  pouttver. 

tobacconist,  upheUterer,  &c.,  &c 
Fr.  moTchandUe  1 1  •nvardvatvd {/  meroantile:  Lat  meroOtor,  merx, 

gen.  mercis,  ixv«iOma.0i^&'^)  "« .  iiMTcdff^tNAXra^  and  seU. 


Ayn  OF  SPELLING.  649 

fleicnry,  me'/.kii.ryt  "quick-silver,"  a  mineral  medicine,  the 
planet  nearest  the  sun ;  mercurial,  mer.kQ\r^.dU  sprightly, 
light- liearted,  containing  mercury,  mercu'rial-ist. 

Mercurialise  (Rule  xxxi.).  mer.ku'.riMl.ize,  to   affect  the 

system  with  mercury;  mercu'rialised  (5  syl.), mercurial- 

is-ing,  mer.ku\ri.al.ize.ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Latin  MercHrius,  mereHridlis  ;  French  mereuriel  and  mercurial. 
"Mercurial"  (light-hearted),  being  bom  under  the  planet  Mercury. 

lercy,  plu.  mercies,  mer^,8iz,  compassion ;  merciful  (R.  viii.,  xi.)> 
mer'ciful-ly,  mercifol-ness,  mer'ci-less,  mercilessJy, 
merciless-ness.  Mercy-seat,  -seet,  the  lid  of  the  ark-of- 
the-covenant.  Sister  of  Mercy,  one  of  the  society  whose 
ohject  is  to  succour  the  sick  and  destitute,  founded  in 
Dublin  in  1827.  To  be  at  the  mercy  of  [A],  to  be  wholly 
in  the  power  of  [A].  Mer'cery,  goods  sold  by  mercers. 
French  merci,  contraction  of  Latin  miUricordia  fnCerYiJ,  miser  cor. 

fore,  meer^  sheer,  a  pool;  mere-ly,  only. 

"Mere"  (sheer),  Latin  mire^  purely.    "Mere"  (a  poolX  Latin  mAre. 

lerotricious,  m^fri.tri8h'\u8,  like  a  haxiot,  having  a  nominal 
value  far  beyond  its  real  worth ;  meretricious-ly,  mere- 
triciouB-ness.    (Latin  meretricius.) 

lerge  (1  syl.),  to  swamp ;  merged  (1  syl.),  merg'-ing  (R.  xix.) 

Latin  merg^re,  to  dip  or  plunge  under ;  Greek  mnergd. 
fexidian,  m^.rid'X.dny  noon-day.     A  meridian,  a  line  drawn  on 
a  globe  or  map  from  pole  to  pole,  so  called  because  every 
place  under  this  line  has  mid-day  at  the  same  time. 
Meridional,  me.rldW.o.ndl,  having  a  south  aspect,  pertain- 
ing to  the  meridian ;  merid'ional-ly. 

Latin  m^hrididlis,  mirldidnus,  m^ldidnum  (medi%u  dies,  mid-day) : 
French  mdridien  (wrong),  meridional. 

ierino,  plu.  merinoes  (Rule  xlii.),  me.ree\noze,  a  fabric  made 
of  the  wool  of  merino  sheep. 
Spanish  merino,  moving  (from  pasture,  to  pasture). 
Ilerit,  mi'/rit,  desert,  to  deserve ;    merlt-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
mer'it-ing.      Meritorious    (Rule  Ixvi.),  mer^ri.t(y/'ri.us, 
praiseworthy;  meritorlous-ly,  meritor'ious-neflB. 
Lat.  mMto,  to  merit,  mirttdriue,  mgrttum;  Fr.  mdrite,  mdriter. 
Ilisrle,  merL    Merlin,  mer^Mn.    Merlon,  mer^.l6n. 

Merle,  a  blackbird.    (French  merle;    Latin  mirUla.) 
Merlin,  a  kind  of  hawk.    (Fr.  6merillon,  the  merle  hunter.) 

Merlon,  the  projection  which  alternates  with  the  embra- 
sures on  an  embattled  parapet.    (French  merlon.) 

Hermaid,  mef.mxiid^  a  wom<^n  from  the  waist  upward^^  and  ^ 
fish  from  the  waist  downwards.    (Old  Engv\«k\i  mcTcnvcn.^ 
There  is  also  the  word  mere-toif.    The  Welsh  'word  \b  meT|<yn»>|a*    i 


650  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Merry,  mi^ry,  cheerful;    mer'ri-ly  (Rule  xi.),  mer'n-neoi; 
mer'ri-ment.      Mer'ry-an'diew,    a   buffoou.      Mer'ry 
thought,    -rhawt,  the    forked    breast-bone    of   a   fowl 
Merry-go-round,  a  round-about  [for  children,  seen  at 
fairsj.    To  make  merry,  to  eigoj  oneself  socially. 
Mirth,  mirth'-fol  (Rule  viiL),  mirthfol-nefls,  mirthfol-ly. 
Old  English  mirig  or  n^yreg,  myrgnea,  mMriness,  m/yrth. 
Merycotherium,  plu.  inerycx)theria,  mee^ .f^.kd.TM" .r^.um  (not 
mir'ri-)f  pin,  mee\ri.kd.The'\rLaht  a  huge  ruminant  allied 
to  the  Bactrian  camel  (found  in  the  Ihift). 
Greek  mirukd  therioriy  the  raminatiiig  beast 
Meeembryanthemum,  me8.em\bfi.dn'\Thi,miim  (not  metamhry- 
anthenum\  the  ioe-plant,  &c. ;  mesembryaceie,  mes.im'.- 
hri.a" .9^.6.     {-ncea  in  Botany  denotes  an  "  order.") 
6k.  rngsoa-mdyrudfiraiUMs,  embryo  in  the  centre  of  the  flower. 
Mesdames,  miz'.ddms,  plu.  of  madam.      This  is  the  usual 
English  pronunciation.    So  Messieim  the  plu.  of  Mr.  (or 
monsieur)  is  pronounced  mezWvrt.  In  French  mesdamea 
is  called  mey.ddhm\  and  messieurs  is  called  meyjt^eu^. 
Mesentery,  m^B\en.tir  ry^  a  membrane  by  which  the  intestines 
are  attached  to  the  vertghrse ;  metenterio,  mit^ .enjt^'iMit 
ac^.,  as  mesenteric  glands^  disease^  <fec.  (not  misenterio)* 
Greek  mi^nUrdn;  Latin  meaenUfriumt  the  mldriiT,  meMrtUfrtau. 
Mesh,  a  net.    Mash,  brewers  grains.    Mass,  a  heap. 

Mesh,  strictly  means  one  of  the  interstiees  of  a  net,  but  we 
say  I  have  got  him  in  my  rneshes  (net) ;  meah-y ;  mesbed, 
meshtt  caught.    (Old  English  mascre^  a  mesh.) 
"  Mash,"  Fr.  masdu,  now  mdthe.    "  Mass,"  Fr.  mane  ;  Low  L.  nuuu. 
Mesmerism,  m^z'.mi.rlzm,  a  state  of  coma  produced  by  "  animal 
magnetism  ";  mesmeric,  mez.mir^fik,  a(y. 
Mesmerise  (Rule  xxxi.),  m^z\mS.rizej  to  produce  mesmeno 
sleep;  mes'merised  (3  syL),  mesmeris-ing  (Rule  "vxX 
mez'.mS.rize.ing ;    mes'meris-er,  one  who  meBmerisea; 
mes'merist,  one  who  believes  in  mesmerism. 
Introduced  into  Paris,  1778,  by  Friedrich  A.  Meamer  (1784—1815)^ 
Mesne,  Tneen,  intermediate.    Mean,  meen,  base,  to  intend. 
Mesne  lord,  a  lord  who  holds  of  a  superior  lord. 
Mesne  process,  -pros's&s,  writs  which  intervene  during  tbe 

progress  of  a  suit  or  action. 
Mesne  profits,  profits  derived  from  land  while  the  posses* 

sion  of  it  has  been  held  by  a  wrong  owner. 
' *  Mesne,"  Old  law  French.    ' '  Mean  "  (base),  O.  E.  m^hne,  t.  «uni(<»)> 
Me^'o-  (Greek  prefix)  nouns,  intermediate,  the  middle. 
MeeTo-ceecumL,  -se^kum,  a  ptirt  of  the  large  intestine. 
A  hybrid.    "La.t.  wwram,  lYv^WVwl  yjat,  so  called  because  (Ifte  a  "  bH»* 
alL<:y")itVaopeiiOD\'j«XoTi%«tt^  \.A.Vkm1  usscUe  has  bu  «7«>J 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  651 

Mes^'o-carp,  -karp  (in  Bot.^hetween  the  epicarp  and  endooarp. 
Chreek  mesa-  harpos,  intermediate  carp  [fmitl. 
Hies'o-chelenm,  kee'.U.-im  (in  Bot.),  the  middle  part  of  the 

labellum  of  orchids.     (Greek  chiliy  a  claw,  a  lobe.) 
Often  spelt  chillinm,  hvi  thi»  i»  grossly  torong,  toith  another  meaning. 
Mes'o-colon,  -ko'.lon,  the  mesentery  of  the  colon. 
Greek  meso-  kCl&n,  same  meaning. 

Xes'o-gaBtric,  -g&^.trlky  that  which  attaches  the  stomach 
to  the  walls  of  the  abdomen.    (Gk.  gastitj  the  stomach.) 

Mes'oJite,  -litef  a  mineral  intermediate  between  natrolite 

(3  syl.)  and  scolezite  (8ko'.lS.zite). 
Greek  meso-  lUhos^  an  intermediate  stone  or  mineraL 
Mes^o-phUBniii,  -Jlee\um,  the  middle  layer  of  bark. 
Greek  meso-  pJUoids,  intermediate  bark  of  plants. 
Meo^o-phyllam,  -fiV.lumy  the  fleshy  part  of  a  leaf  which 

comes  between  the  upper  and  lower  membranes. 
Greek  meso-  phyUon,  the  middle  part  of  a  leaf. 
Xee^o-sperm,  -sperm,  the  middle  coat  of  seed. 
Greek  mato-  sperma,  the  middle  [ooat  of]  seed. 
Xes'o-Btemnm,  -sternum,  the  lower  half  of  the  middle  seg- 
ment of  the  thorax  in  insects. 
Greek  meso-  stemon,  middle  [segment  of]  the  breast. 
Mes^'o-thorax,  -rhd'.rax,  the  posterior  part  of  the  aH-trunk 
or  thorax  of  inseets,  which  bears  the  posterior  wings  and 
third  pair  of  legs.    (Greek  thdrax,  thorax  or  ali-trunk.) 

Mes'o-type,  -tipe,  a  mineral  called  natrolite,  intermediate 
between  analcime  (3  syl.)  and  stilbite  (2  syl). 

Greek  meso-  tUpds,  [of  an]  intermediate  tyx>e. 

Mes'o-zoic,   -zG^.ik   (not   -zoik)^  the   secondary  geological 
period  including  the  triassic,  the  lias,  the  oolite,  the 
wealden,  and  the  cretaceous  groups.    (Greek  zd4,  life.) 
IBflS.     Mass.     Moss  (Eule  y.) 

Mess,  a  dish  of  food,  a  military  ordinary,  disorder,  to  dine 
at  mess ;  meseed,  mest ;   mess'-ing ;    mess-mate. 

ISha^  the  title  given  to  young  ladies,  failure,  to  fail. 

Mass,  a  religious  service,  a  heap.    (0.  E.  masse  ;  Fr.  masse.) 

Moss,  a  family  of  cryptogams  (Fr.  mousse;  Lat.  muscus.) 

**  ]\iess  "  (food),  Old  E.  mese,  a  table,  v.  meaian],  to  eat ;  Lat.  msnsa. 
**  M^s  "  (confHision),  Lat.  misdre,  to  mix,  to  throw  into  confusion. 
**  Hiss  **  (a  yonng  lady),  cont.  of  mistress,  (to  failX  0.  £ng.  miss[ian]. 

Ceseage)  mis'^dge,  an  errand.    Messuage,  mes\8wagey  a  house. 

Messenger,  mS8\'n.djer,  one  who  takes  a  message. 

(This  toord  aught  to  be  messager  as  it  is  in  French. ) 

French  message,  m,essagtr ;  Latin  mittere,  supine  missum,  \a  ^^tidu^ 

**  Messuage,  "OJdF.w««wa^«,m€«<m,  now  malson.Lo^li.i      '       '^ 


662  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Messiah,   mii8.si'.ahy  "  the  anointed  one."    (It  does  not  mesn 
**  The  Sent,"  and  has  no  connection  with  the  Lat.  miwu.) 

Kessi'ah-ship  {-$hip,  office,  rank) ;  messianio,  -Hn'Xk, 
Qeb.  lf[e]«.i.[a]&,  anointed.   Applied  \xj  Christians  to  Jesns  Chrirt. 

Messieurs,  mezh\erz,  plu.  of  Mr.  \mUter\  Measnres,  mezh\erz,  q.v. 

Messieurs  {messieurs^  my  sirs)  is  the  Fr.  plu.  of  Mbn-sieiir 
(my  sir).  In  French  it  is  pronounced  mey.8e*eu\  but  in 
English  tnezh\erZf  when  preceding  proper  nnmes:  as 
Messieurs  Jones,  Smith,  &  Co.,  but  when  not  followed  by 
proper  names  we  call  the  word  fni8.8eu*rz.  It  is  never 
written  or  printed  in  full,  but  always  in  the  contracted 
form  of  Messrs.  (in  French  MM.) ;  neither  is  the  sing, 
ever  written  or  printed  in  AiIl,  but  always  in  the  con- 
tracted form  of  Mr.  (in  French  M.) 

The  fern,  of  "Mr."  is  Mrs.  mls'Xz,  plu.  Xefldames, 
mef.dums  (in  Fr.  mey,dahm'\  but  tha  plural  is  almost 
exclusively  used  in  the  headings  of  newspaper  announce- 
ments of  levees,  &c.,  in  the  cards  of  professional  ladies, 
and  those  engoged  in  trade.  In  ordinary  society  we 
repeat  the  word  Mrs.  before  each  proper  name. 

For  my  ovm  part,  I  cannot  ima^M  why  mtcA.  a  rffretcktd  pervenion 
as  "  mezh\er$"(MeMrB/j  should  be  preferred  to  the  HmpUrandmon 
English  plural  Misters  (MM.  or  MMr.) 

Messuage,  mes'^wage,  a  dwelling  house.    Mes^sage,  an  erraod. 

"  Messuage,"  Low  Latin  messuagium;  Old  French  mMonoflM,  wuHi^ 

now  maii'on  ;  Latin  m&nire,  supine  manaum,  to  abide. 
"Message,"  Fr.  message,  v.  messager;  Lat.  mittSre,  supbie  min**- 

Mef  a-  (Gk.  pref.)  nouns,  beyond,  after,  over,  transference. 
Metabasis,  mi.tdb'M^is,  transition.    (Greek  baino,  to  go.) 
Met'a-carpus,  -kar^.pus,  the  solid  pnrt  of  the  hand  between 
the  wrist  and  the  fingers.    Metatar'sos,  the  solid  part  of 
the  foot  between  the  ankle  and  the  toes;  meta-car'palf  •41* 
Greek  meta  karpos,  beyond  the  wrist 

Metachronism,  mLtiiW .rH.nlzm,  the  error  of  pladng  •& 
event  after  its  real  date.  The  opposite  fault  is  prochroB' 
ism,  prdk'rdnlzm,  or  placing  a  date  before  its  proptf 
time.  Either  fault  is  an  AjQachronism,  a.nuk^,r5jilU*^ 
a  false  date.    (Greek  ana  chrSnds,  out  of  time.) 

Greek  meta  chrinda,  behind  or  after  [the  true]  time. 

Met'a-genesis,  'djin'.^.8t8,  the  changes  of  form  which  the 
same  bein<?  passes  through  in  its  different  stages  of  exi"^' 
ence;  met'a^enetic,  .dj«.n^t'.{/;,  adj.  (Gk.  ^e5«i,  birth ' 

See  MeVaHOior^hoiBia^  meta-phor,  meta-phnaey  n*^ 


AND  OP  SPELLING,  65» 

[etal,  Mettle,  both  rn^tPL    Medal,  Meddle,  both  mid^U 

Metal,  mliif*ly  forty-three  of  the  elements  are  so  called; 
metallic,  mS.tal'Xk,  containing  metal,  <fec. 

Metalliferous,  metriXf'.^.rus,  earth  or  ore  rich  in  metal. 
Metallist,  mitf'l.Ut,  a  worker  in  metals. 

Metalliform,  rrU^f'lXform,  resembling  metaL 

Metalline,  m^t'Xin,  impregnated  with  metal; 

Metallisation,  mef*l.tzay''^hun. 

Metallise  (R.  zxxi.),  m^f*l.izet  to  render  metallic,  to  imbue 
with  metal;  metallised  (3  syl.),  mefaUiS-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Metallography,  met"Ldg'\rS'fy,  a  treatise  on  metals. 

Metalloid,  milTLoidy  the  metallic  base  of  the  alkaloids  and 
earths,  inflammable  non-metallic  bodies :  as  sulphur  and 
phos'phorus;  metalloidal,  mifl.oid^\aL 

Metallurgy,  metf^l.wr.gy  (not  mi.taV.lur,gy),  the  art  of 
working  metals  or  obtaining  them  from  ore;  metaUurgio, 
mit^'LurxLjik  (not  m&.tdV.lur.gik) ;  metallurgist,  mif'l.- 
ur,4ji8ty  one  skilled  in  metals. 

The  perfect  metals,  those  not  easily  oxidised:  as  gold, 
silver,  and  plat^inum. 

The  base  metals,  those  easily  oxidised :  as  copper,  iron, 
lead,  tin,  and  zinc. 

Bead  metal,  broken  stones  for  roads. 

White  metal,  wite  mit"lt  nickel  or  German  silver. 

Lat.  mftaUum,  mitaXHeuB;  Ok.  mOaXUm;  Fr.  miidl,  miiaMiqM, 
vUiaUifire,  mitalliMXiofit  mitaUiaer,  nUtallographie,  vUUUlv/r- 
gique,  rrUtaUwrQiste^  nUtallwrQit. 

"  M«;talliferou8,"  Latin  mitallum  f^rB^  I  bear  metaL 

"Metalloid,"  Greek  miialUin  eidos,  like  a  metaL 

''MetiUurgy,"  Greek  miltaUdn  ergon,  metal  work. 

•*Mettie/*0.  Rmodi«c.  "Uedal," Ft.  mddaUU.  "  Meddle," Fr.ni^ter. 

[etamorphosis,  plu.  metamorphoses,   mitf.a.moT^'.fSJUf  plu. 
-siz,  change  of  form ;  metamorphic,  m/?t'.a.mar"./Cfc,  adj. 

Metamorphose,  m^tf.a.mor^'.foz,  to  change  the  form ;  met- 
amorphosed, met\(Lm(y/\fdzd;  metamorphos-ing  (Rule 
zix.),  tnit\a.mor'\f5,zing. 

Metamor'phio  rocks,  those  which  contain  no  trace  of 
organic  remains ;  metamorphic  sjrstem. 

(This  i»  one  of  the  most  striking  deviations  from  the  classic  models: 
both  in  6k.  and  Lat.  the  "-pho"  is  long.    In  Ok.  it  is  o-mega.) 

Greek  mitdmorphdeis  (fierafidpifxaffiif  meta  tnorphod,  to  chau^<ft\^«i 
form) :  Latia  mgtdmorphdsis ;   French  m^tamorpKoae,  TOAtatwyr- 
phiqw,  nUtamorpho*€r. 


654  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Metaphor,  mi!f.d,fSr.    Simile,  ^m'.tle. 

Hetaphbr,  a  resomblaDce  invpUed  but  not  introduced  bv 

any  word  of  warning. 
Simile,  a  resemblance  claimed  and  introduced  by  a  word 

of  warning,  such  as  like,  a«,  &o. 
Hope  is  the  anchor  of  our  faith  fa  metaphor ). 
Hope  is  like  an  anchor  to  our  faith  (a  gifoiUJ, 
Jndah  is  a  lion's  whelp  fa  metaphor). 
Judah  is  like  a  lion's  whelp  f  a  aimilej. 
He  coached  down  as  a  lion,  even  as  an  old  lion  fa  HmileJ. 
Dan  shall  be  a  serpent  by  the  way,  an  adder  in  thie  paUi  fa  wutaphcr). 
Bez^amin  shall  raven  as  a  wolf  fa  HmileJ. 

Metaphoric,   m§t^.a.fdr"rik;    metaphorical,    -fdr^'Ti.kdl; 

metaphor^ical-ly ;  metaphor-ist,  mif.a.fdr.ist. 
Gh-eek  m^^phdra  {miia  phOri^  to  transfer  [a  word  from  its  origiB*! 
beiuring  to  something  else]) ;  Latin  mitdphjOra^  mitaph&rieiUii, 

Metaphrase,  inet^jui^rdze.    Paraphrase,  yar'ra.fraze. 
Metaphrase,  a  word  for  word  translation ; 
Paraphrase,  a  free  translation  in  which  the  text  is  ex- 
plained by  a  running  commentary. 
Metaphrastic,  mef.S.frd8^\tik,  ac^.  of  metaphrase. 
Metaphrast,  m^.d.frast,  one  who  translates  verbally. 
Greek  mitaphr&ais,  fmeta  phrazoj;  Latin  mStaphrdaia. 
Metaphysics,  m&^M.fWMs  (Bule  Ixi.),  tbeoretical  philosophy. 
Physics,  fiz\iks,  is  that  branch  of  science  which  explains 
all  natunJ  phenomena  (Greek  phiusiSf  nature).     Metft- 
physics  is  the  science  which  comes  after  physics,  being 
that  which  treats  of  the  phenomena  of  mind  or  spirit 
Metaphysics  includes — 

1.  Ontol'o^y,  which  treats  of  the  Qatore  and  attributes  of  being. 

2.  CosmoFo^,  which  treats  of  the  nature  and  laws  of  matter  sod 

motion  as  displayed  in  creation,  &c. 
8.  Anthroposophy,  &n'.rhr6.pda".iijy,  which  treats  of  the  powen  of 

man,  and  the  motions  by  which  life  is  prodnced. 
4.  Psychology,  ^.kdl'.d.gy,  which  treats  of  the  intellectual  soiiL 
6.  Pneumatolog^,  nHf.md.tdV'.d.gif,  which  treats  of  soal,  spirit,  He. 

Metaphysical,  mSt\d.flz",i.kdl;  metaphjrs'ical-Iy. 
Metaphysician,  met*  .ii.f\.zi8K\dn,  one  versed  in  metaphysia> 
Latin  metaphysica.    The  word,  according  to  Dr.  W.  Smith  (Clo» 
Diet.  art.  AristAtSies),  arose  thus :  At  the  death  of  Aristoue,  bb 
fourteen  treatises  on  "theoretical  philosophy"  were  put  togvtbff 
as  one  work,  and  styled  tup  yuf rd  rd  ^urticd,  from  the  fMt  of 
their  being  placed  fierd.,  after^  t^l  tpvaLtcd.,  the  treatises  in  phjrio- 
Metastasis,  me.td8\td.8i8,  the  removal  of  a  disease  from  one  ptft 
of  the  body  to  another.  (Gk.  m^tastsdsis,  change  of  plao^) 
Metatarsus,  mH* .a.ta'/'.tiisj  the  solid  part  of  the  foot,  between 
the  ankle  and  the  toes    Metacarpus,  the  solid  part  of  tbe 
hand,  between  the  wrist  and  the  fingers ;   metatar'saL 

Qreek  meta  tarsos  (tar«o«  is  that  part  of  the  foot  to- which  the  kf  ^ 
attached,  VncYxvdVu^^^^Yi&Vsi&Vfii^V  the  *'  meta-tanras"  ia  beiftmd  (Ut> 


AXD  OF  SPELLING,  1555 

Metathesis,  f}M.t^rV.^.«{8,  the  transposition  of  a  letter :  as  tlie 
older  word  afyrht  has  become  afryht  (afright). 
Greek  miUUhitia  (meta  tithimi,  to  pttt  after  [its  right  place]. 
Metathoraz,  mBtf  .a.rhd" .rax^  the  third  and  last  segment  of 
the  thorax  of  inseets.    The  second  segment  is  called  the 
Kes'o-thorax.     (Gk.  meta  thdraXy  beyond  the  thorax.) 

Mete  (1  syL),  to  measure.   Meet,  to  encounter.   Meat,  meet,  food. 

Met-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  meet'-ed;  meet-ing  (R.  xix.),  meetf-ing. 

Meter,  meet-er,  a  measurer.    Metre,  meet"r  (in  poetry). 

Metric  System,  the  French  system  of  weights  and  measures. 

Metrology,  me,tr5V.5.gyf  science  of  weights  and  measures. 

"  Mete,"  Old  English  fnet[afi],  past  meet,  past  part,  nuten. 
"Meet,"  Old  English  m£t[an],  past  nUtte,  past  part.  ge-mSi. 
"Meat,"  Old  Eng.  mete  or  mette.    "Metre"  (verse).  Old  Eng.  meter. 

MietempsychosiB,  me.tem'  A.Jcd'^sis,  transmigration  of  the  soul. 

Greek  m^tempsuchdsis  (meta  en  pstichdo,  to  put  life  in  [another  body] 
after  [it  has  left  the  present  body]. 

r,  m^.tSJ^Tt  ail  atmospheric  phenomenon ; 
Meteoric,  mg'.te.^MA; ;  meteoric  stones,  aerolites ; 
Meteoric  iron,  aerolitic  iron. 
Meteorite,  m^.tiJ5.rUe,  a  solid  substanee  falling  from  the 

higher  regions  of  the  atmosphere. 
Meteorologioal,   me\ti.S.ro.l5dg'' i,kaU  pertaining    to   the 

atmosphere  and  its  phenomena ;  meteordloglc 
Meteorology,  me\te.o.rdV\d.gyy  the  science  which  explains 

the  phenomena  of  the  atmosphere. 
Meteorologist,  m^.ti.o.r5V\6.djUtt  one  skilled  in... 
Meteoromancy,  me'.ti.S.ro.mdn'',8yy  divination  by  thunder 

and  lightning,  falling  Rtars,  and  so  on. 
Meteoroscope,  me\te.6r^'rd8.kop€  (Rule  Ixxiii.) 
Latin  mitidra  (no  singular  number),  mitiorologu»,  rngticroscdpus ; 

Greek  mete&rda  {meta  edra,  with  things  lifted  up  aloft). 

«ter,  me'.ter,  a  measure,  as  gas-meter.    Metre,  me^.fr,  verse. 

Old  English  metlan],  to  measure ;  meter,  metre  or  verse. 
•■heg^^"i  me.TMg\linf  honey- wine.     (Welsh  meddj/glyn.) 

A  compound  of  meddyg,  a  doctor,  and  llyn,  tipple,  v.  Uyna,  to  booze. 
hinks,  (past)  methought,  me.thinks.me.rhort' ,  it  seems  to  me. 

Old  Eng.  ihincian],  an  impersonal  verb,  "it  seems."  The  object  was 
in  the  dat.  case,  as  me  thinethf  methinks  t^mihi  vidsturj,  me 
gS'thiihte,  me-thought  (mihi  tfiaum  est).  It  was  originally  used 
with  other  personal  pronouns,  as  thi  thincth,  thi  ge-thiihte,  kc. 

It  Is  a  gross  error  to  suppose  m^-thiriks  is  a  corrupt  form  of  I  thirUclsl. 
"Me "  is  dative  case,  and  "  thinks  "  impersonal. 

id,  mHKJody  order,  systematic  arrangement;    methodic, 

me,ih6d\\k;  methodical,  m«.t^(2M./caZ;  methodlcal-ly. 

ethodise  (R.  xxxi.),  mith\S,dize,  to  arrange  B^KVfeT[\ft.^<i.«2\^  *, 

meth'odised  (3  syl),  meth'odis-ing,  methfod^»-«t. 


656  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Methodist,    m^th\o.dist,    a    disciple    of    John    Wesley; 

methodLsm,  mith\5.dlzm;  methodistic,  mith\S.d(i'\Uk; 

methodistical,   m^th'.o.dW,H.kdl  (a  term  of  contempt 

meaning  "canting,"  ** hypocritical");  methodis'tioaLIy. 

Greek  meth/fdds  (mita  hdddaj,  method,  a  searching  after  aomethinf 
systematicallv,  scientific  inquiry ;  Latin  meihddu»,  mdhddXcuti}^ 
Bom.  methMid  were  physicians  opposed  to  the  quacks  or  emjHHd, 
the  latter  obtained  their  knowledge  by  practice  or  personal  ei^Mri- 
en9e,  the  methodici  followed  certaLi  broad  principles  and  diagnosed 
from  general  symptoms).  The  Methodists  are  so  called  from  (he 
strict  "method,"  or  religious  rules  they  undertake  to  obserra. 

Methyl,  mith'.il,  the  hydro-carbon  radical  of  meth'ylic  alcohol 

Methylamine,  me.rhXt .ajnln^  ammonia  in  which  one  atom 
of  hydrogen  is  replaced  by  meth'yl. 

Methylated,  m^th\\.ld,ted^  imbued  with  methyL 

Meth'ylated  spirit,  spirit  of  wine  mixed  with  one-tenth  ot 
its  volume  of  naphtha  or  wood-spirit  (it  is  duty-free  be- 
cause it  is  too  nauseous  to  be  used  as  a  drink) ;  meth'ylifi. 

Methylene,  mlith'X.leenj  a  Yery  inflammable  liquid  prociired 

from  wood,  and  forming  the  basis  of  wood-spirit. 

Greek  mdhu  hvU,  wine  [of]  wood. 

Metis,  me'.tissy  one  of  the  asteroids  (a8\ti.roidz). 

Mitts,  daughter  of  Oceanns,  during  pregnancy  was  swallowiBd  bf 
Zeus  [Jove],  and  in.  due  time  Zeus  himself  gave  birth  to  Athtas 
[Minerva],  who  sprang  from  his  head,  a  woman  of  full  statara 

Metonic,  me.tSn'Xk,  adj.  of  IVleton,  an  Athenian  astronomer. 

Meton'ic  cycle,  -8i\k%  a  period  of  nineteen  years,  in  which 

time  the  lunations  of  tiie  moon  repeat  themselves. 

Metonic  year,  a  period  equal  to  nineteen  years. 

Metonymy,  mit\oMm.y,  the    substitution    of  one    word  for 

another:   as  I  have  read  Homer;   I  know  MilUmwdi; 

metonymic,   m^t'.omi'mXk;    mefonymical,  -nlm'WM; 

metonymical-ly. 

Greek  meiMiumia,  met&rvumtkds  {mHa  &niima,  change  of  word). 

Metre,  m^.fr,  verse.    Meter,  mt.ter,  a  measurer:  as  gas-meter; 

metrical,  mH'tri.kaly  having  rhythm ;  mefrical-ly. 

Metric,  mif.rik,  denoting  measurement ;  met'ric  sys'tenii 

the  French  decimal  system  of  weights  and  measures. 

'M.etrologYf7neJr6l\d.gyjthe  science  of  weights  and  measurea 

'* Metre,"  Old  Eng.  meter;  Lat.  metrum;  Gk.  mitrUn,  nutrieu. 
"Meter,"  Old  Eng.  met[an],  to  measure ;  Lat  metrum;  Gk.  wUtr9»- 

Metrograph,  m^t'tro.grdf,  an  instrument  for  telling  at  what  nt0 

a  train  is  moving,  and  for  marking  the  moment  of  i^ 

arrival  and  departure  from  a  station. 

Greek  metron  grapM,  I  write  the  measure  [of  si)e6d]. 

Metronome,  wit'tro.nome^  an  instrument   for   beating  tim^! 

metroiiom^,  m^t'tro.uom.t/,  measurement  of  time  by  a..> 

Greek  metron  u&iiv&,  ta«sa\a%  VA  ^fi^^!n^l&s»A  <ic  ban. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  667 

LetropoliB,  me.trbp' J6.Vi»^  the  capital;   metropolitan,  nUlftro.^ 
jp6V\ttdnt  adj.    The  metroporitan,  bishop  of  the  me- 
tropolis, an  archbishop ;  metropolitan-ate,  the  office  or 
see  of  a  metropolitan  [bishop]. 
Greek  mitiifpdlis  (mitir  p^flis^  mother  city) :  Latin  mdrojwlit&'nui. 
fettle,  Metal,  both  mif'l.    Meddle,  Medal,  both  mid"l 

Mettle,    mef'l,   spirit;    mettled,    mSffld,    high-spirited; 

mettle-some,  sum  {-some,  full  of),  full  of  mettle. 
Metal,  tnif'l,  an  element  like  gold,  iron,  &c,    (Fr.  mStal.) 
Meddle,  mid%  to  interfere.    (Fr.  mesler  now  miler,) 

Medal,  mid'%  a  metal  token.    (French  mSdaille,) 
**  Mettle,"  Old  Eng.  mddoUc,  high-spirited,  mOdig^  fall  of  iplrit. 
[ew,  plu.  mewB.    Muse  (1  syL),  goddess  of  song,  to  meditate. 
MeW)  a  gull,  to  cry  as  a  cat,  to  confine,  to  moult. 
Mews,  a  range  of  buildings  where  horses  are  lodged. 
The  royal  mews,  the  royal  stables  (not  mewses). 

Mewed,  mewd;  mew'-ing. 

••  Mews"  (to  moult),  Fr.  muer.    **Mew8"  (stables),  Pr.  miM. 
**  Mew**  (as  a  cat),  Welsh  mew.    "  Mew"  (a  gull),  0.  B.  miu  or  m^kva. 
"Muse,"  Lat  muaa  (to  meditate) ;  Fr.  miMer,  to  dawdle. 
(In  86  Geo.  III.  chap.  73,  tos  have  *'mew»e$'*  <u  plwral  nf  mewit  but 
Official  English  is  notoriously  untrtutvxyrihy.J 

[iewl,  to  cry  as  a  babe  from  uneasiness.     Mule,  an  animal. 
Mewled  (1  syl.),  mewl'-ing,  mewl'-er. 

"Mewl,"  Fr.  miauler.    "  Mule,"  Old  Bug.  mUl;  Lat.  mUltu. 
[ezezeon,  mejiee\reJ6n,  the  spurge  olive.    (French  nUzMon,) 
[ezzo*  (Ital.),  medz\o,  moderate,  half,  moderately. 

MesEZO-forte,  m^dz\o  foi^.te  (in  Miinc),  rather  loud. 

Mezzo-piano,  mSdz\o  pi.ah\no  (in  Music),  rather  soft. 

Mezzo-soprano,  plu.  mezzo-eopranoB  (Bule  xlii.),  midz\o 

so.prah'.nozey  a  low  soprano  or  treble. 
Mezzo-tuono,  m6dz\o  tu,o\no,  a  semitone. 
Mezzo-xelievo,  plu.  -relievos  (Rule  ±ln,),niidz'.o  riVX.d'^w), 

mean  relief.    English-Italian  for  mezzo-rilievo, 
Mezzo-tinto,  plu,  -tintoe  (Rule  xlii.),  m^dz\o  tin\toze,  hidf. 
tint  drawings  in  imitation  of  Indian  ink. 
Q  (Ital.),  me,  the  third  note  of  the  tonic  sol-fa  system. 
Hasina,  m^.az\mah,  infection  or  pollution  floating  in  the  air 
from  ill-drainage  ;  miasmatic,  mi.az.mS,if  Ak ;  mias'mal. 
Greek  mXasmos,  pollution  {miain6,  to  defile). 
Oca,  mi\kah,  Mus'covy  glass ;  micaceons  (R.  jlYL),mukay\shiis ; 

mica  schist.     (Latin  micdre,  to  glisten.) 
fichaelmas,  mWM.mds  (Rule  viii.),  the  feast  of  St.  Michael. 
Michaelmas  day,  September  29th ;  Midhaelmaa  teciSL  v^ 
Law}f  between  the  2nd  and  25th  of  l^ovemViet.  ^ 

2t  i 


e68  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Mioklie,  itikrit  mach.     (Old  English  myeel  or  miceL) 
Micro-,  mi'JkrO'  (Gk.  prefix),  noims,  smalL    (Greek  miJb-^.) 

Hi'cro-cosm,  -kozm^  applied  to  man,  supposed  to  be  an 
epitome  of  the  universe  or  great  world ;  mi'cnMXxnnic, 
-h58\mik;  mi^cro-KXMomcal,  -k68\mi,kdl, 
Greek  mUerda  kdsmOa,  a  little  world. 

IQcrography,  mi.krSg\ra,fy,  a  description  of  microscopic 
objects.   (Gk.  mikroa  grapho,  I  write  about  small  things.) 

Hicrometer,  mi.krom\e.tert  an  instrument  for  measuring 

small  objects,  spaces,  angles,  &g. 
Greek  mtkrda  mitron,  a  meter  of  small  things. 

Microficope,   mV.kro^kope,  an  instrument  for  inspecting 

very   minute    objects;     microBCopic,   mi\krS,»kdp".ik; 

microBoopical,   mi',  kro.  8k8p'\  ikdl;    microBcop'icAl-ly ; 

microsoopist,  'm\kro.8kd''.pist;  miccosoopy,  mi\krojkSp4 

(Except  in  ''panta-scope"  and  *' tele-scop^"  the  wmel  pnudi^ 

-scope  is  always  o.) 
Greek  mUkrCs  sk&pio,  I  inspect  small  objects. 

Hicro-zoa,  mi'.kro  zc^.ah,  minute  animal  organisms. 

Greek  mtkrda  zdot i,  pin.  zAOt  minute  living  things. 

Mid,  middle;  mid-day,  inid-night,'  mid-land,  mid-lent,  mid- 
shit);  mid'ship.man,  a  janior  officer  in  a  man-of-war, 
&c.;  mid-way,  midsummer,  mid-winter. 

Middle,  m\d,d'l :  middle-ages,  from  the  fall  of  the  Western 
empire  till  the  revival  of  learning  (500-1500) ;  middle- 
class,  between  the  aristocracy  and  mechanics;  middle- 
man, an  agent,  a  go-between;  middle>moBt;  middle- 
passage,  the  part  of  the  Atlantic  between  Afhca  and  the 
West  Indies;  middle-post,  the  king-post;  Sto, 

Middling,  mld-Ungt  tolerable,  mediocre. 

Old  £ng.  mid-,  middle,  mid-deeg,  mid-niht,  mid-lencten  ^mid-laot), 
mid-sumer,  mid-winter :  midcian,  adv.  in  the  midst  mido^  (saper.) 
midmest;  middel,  middel-finger,  middel-fldr  (floor). 

Midden,  a  dunghill  (Scotch). 

Midge  (1  syl.),  a  very  small  insect,  a  gnat.    (Old  Eng.  ii^<^.) 

Midriff,  mld\rif,  the  diaphragm.    (Old  £ng.  midt  hrif  bowels.) 

Midst  (super,  of  mid),  thickest  of  a  throng,  the  middle.    A 

corruption  of  middes  for  to-middes,  adv. :  as  "  to-day." 

fAdjJ  The  midst  of  it  was  paved  with  love  (Cant.  Vd.  lOX 
fAdvJ  Him  first,  Him  last.  Him  midst^  and  without  end  (MHiM)- 

Errobs  of  Speech. — 

Jn  OUT  midst  (should  be  In  the  midat  of  oaV. 
In  their  midst  (should  be  In  the  midst  of  them). 
Into  their  midst  (should  be  Into  the  midst  of  tiiem). 
Out  0/  our  midst  (should  be  Out  of  the  midst  of  xut). 
("  Midst "  is  uever  a  tvouu,  iMyr  vmu  an  adjectiwU  noun,  and  tktnf*^* 
canifu»t  be  used  mUv.  atv  \a^«:>^vo€^<fi<»MMN««  ^sfKnumn,) 


\ 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  659 

Midwife,   plu.  midwiyes,  mid^:if,  mid'.'ifs,   an    acooaoheuse, 
nddwife-ry,  mid\%f.ry.    (O.  E.  nUd  wift  with  the  woman.) 

The  Spaniards  have  a  precisely  analogous  word,  tomadre  ic9m  madre, 
wl^  the  motberX  a  midwife. 

Mien,  meen,  manner,  air.    Mean,  me^,  base,  to  intend. 

"Mien,"  Fr.  mine,  countenance.    "Meaii,'*  O.  E.  mcm$,  v.  mastilan]. 

Might,  mite,  ^owety  past  tense  of  may.    Mite,  a  very  little  grub. 

Might-y,  mi\ty,  powerfoL    Mit-y,  mi\tyt  fall  of  mites. 

Mighti-ly  (Rule  xi.),  mi^ttly ;  mighti-rness,  mWUmess. 

With  might  and  main,  with  the  utmost  efforts. 

Old  Eng.  miht,  mihtig,  mihtiglice,  mihtigiies,  v.  mihU  of  magicm]. 
(It  wiU  he  seen  tfiat  the  tuelesa  "g"  isan  inUrpolated  letter. J 

Mignonnette  (double  n),  mln'.yon.nSt''  (not  mignionette  nor 
mignonette),  the  "  little  favourite  "  [flower]. 

French  mignonnette  {mi^nonne,  a  favonrite,  with  dim.) 
Migrate  or  Emigrate,  mi', grate,  ihn' .%,grate.    Immigrate,  &c. 

Migrate,  to  remove  firom  one's  college  or  country  to  another. 

Immigrate,  to  enter  into  a  new  country  as  a  resident; 
mi'grat-ed  (R,  xxxvi.),  mi'grat-ing  (R.  xix.),  mi'gratory. 

Migration,  mi.gray'^shun,    (Latin  migrdtio,  migrdre,) 

Mikado,  plu.  mikadoes  (Rule  xlii.),  ml.kay\doze,  priest-king  of 
Japan.    The  temporal  king  is  the  Tycoon. 

Milanese,  miVMn.eez,  sing,  and  plu.,  native  of  Mil'an. 

(Names  of  peoples  in  -eee  are  sing,  and  plu.,  as  Chineee,  Portuguese.) 
Milch  [cows]  giving  milk.    (Old  Eng.  meUy  milch,  m£olc,  milk.) 

Mildew,    mll\du,    blight,    to    blight;    mil'dewed    (2    syL), 
mildew-ing.    (Old  English  mildeaw,  honey  dew.) 

MUe  (1  syl.),  1760  yards  land  measure ;  mile-age,  fares  paid  by 
travellers  per  mUe  {-age,  tax,  toll,  payment);  mile-post, 
mile-stone ;  nau'tical  mile,  one  sixtieth  of  a  degree. 
Latin  milliare  or  miUiarium  {mille  paasus,  a  thousand  paces). 

Milfoil,  mU\foil,  the  herb  yarrow.    (Latin  millefolium.) 

Militant,  miVXtdnt,     The  Church  militant,  the  Church  on 
earth,  so  called  because  it  is  in  a  state  of  warfare. 

The  Church  trium'phant,  the  Church  in  heaven. 

Military,  mU\l.ter  ry,  pertaining  to  a  soldier. 

The  military,  the  soldiery. 

Militate,  mU\l,tate,  to  be  in  opposition  to,  to  contradict; 
milltat-ed  (^ule  xxxvL),  milltat-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

yy^li^a.^  mi.tl8h\ah,  citizens  trained  as  soldiers;    militia- 
man, plu.  -men,  one  serving  in  the  militia. 

Latin    miHtcms,    gen.    fnUitcMtie,    mUUarivA^    mllUia,    "nvtV^t^, 
mtMtaref  supine  milittUum;  French  militant,  militavre. 


660  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Milk  (noun  and  verb),  milked  (1  syl.),  milk-ing,  milk-er, 
milk-y,  milk'i-ness  (Rule  zi.),  milkl-ly,  ndlk-maid; 
milk-tooth,  plu.  milk-teeth,  the  first  teeth ;  milk-white; 
milk'y-way,  a  white  zone  in  the  heavens  full  of  stars. 

Milch,  adj.,  giving  milk.    (Old  Eng.  meolCy  milk,  mele^  milch.) 

Mill  (retains  its  double  2  in  all  its  compounds),  milled  (1  syl.); 
miU-ing,  grinding,  indenting  the  tdi^e  of  coin,  beating, 
the  indented  edge  of  eoin,  a  beating ;  mill'-er;  mill-boaid, 
'h<yrd,  a  thick  pasteboard;  mill-dam,  mill-pond;  mill-raoe, 
the  stream  that  drives  a  mill ;  miU-stone ;   mill-wiight, 
'rltet  one  who  constructs  and  repairs  mills ;  treadmilL 
Old  English  m,iXn;  Welsh  mdva,,  v.  mdino^  meilon,  flour. 
Millenninm,  mU.Un' .nlMmy  the  thousand  years  when  **  Christ  if 
to  come  in  person  to  earth  and  reign."    {Rev.  xz.  1-6.) 
Millenarian,  mU' .le,nav/'ri.an,  consisting  of  1000  years,  one 
who  believes  in  the  millennium ;  millenarian-isiiL 
Millenary.    Millinery.    Millionary. 

MUlenary,  miV.le.nd.ryt  consisting  of  1000 ; 
MUlinery,  mU\U.nerry,  goods  made  by  a  milliner; 
Millionary,  niU\yun.a,ry,  consisting  of  millions. 
Milleimial,  mlldin'.ntal,  pertaining  to  the  millennium* 
Millen'nial-ist,  one  who  beUeves  in  the  millennium. 

(T?ie  words  millenarian,  millenarianlsm,  millenary,  ought  to  ikoN 
dovible  "n,"  but  we  owe,  aa  iwuoZ,  our  error  to  the  Frm^J 

Lat.  mille  afvrms,  a  thousand  yean.  (In  composition  the  a  of  owmu 
becomes  e,  as  M-ennial,  tri-emUai,  s^tennial,  mUUnial,  ko.) 

**  Millinery,"  a  corruption  of  Milaner.  At  one  time  MirMi,  in  Italfi 
set  the  fashion  for  dress.    "  Millionary, "  by  millions. 

Millepede,  mlV.U.peed,  an  insect.    (Lat.  milU  pides,  1(X)0  feet) 
Millepores,  mU\l^.porz,  a  genus  of  branching  corals. 

Milleporite,  miV .le.po'' .rite,  a  fossil  millepore  {'ite  denote! 

a  fossil) ;  milleporidsQ,  miV.le.pSr^'ri.de, 
Latin  miUe  pdnM,  a  thousand  pores  or  minute  cells. 
Millet,  mU'MU  a  plant  containing  small  edible  grains. 

French  millet  t  Latin  milium  {mUU  gr&num,  a  thousand  grains). 
Milliner,  mXlWLner,  one  who  makes  women's  dresses. 
Millinery.    Millenary.    Millionary. 
Millinery,  mU\U.nSrryt  the  works  of  a  milliner. 
Millenary,  mXV.U.narryy  the  space  of  a  thousand  yean. 
Millionary,  mU'.yun.d.ry,  consisting  of  miUions. 

"Milliner,"  supposed  to  be  derived  from  MUan,  in  Italy,  ones  tin 
mart  and  glass  of  fashion.    "  Millenary,"  Latin  mUU,  1000. 

Million,  mU'.yun^  seven  figures ;  millionth,  mW.yHntK  the  ten- 
hundied-t3io\]L^ii^\^\  millionaire,  mU'.ii.o.fiair(notiii^' 


\ 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  661 

Idlionary,  mlV.U.f>.narry,  consisting  of  a  million,  as  the 

pundit's  millionary  chronology, 
Millionary,  millinery  (see  above). 

The  million,  the  general  public  as  opposed  ta  the  ^*  Upper 
ten,"  or  aristocracy.    (French  miUion.) 

Milt,  fern,  roe ;  milt,  the  '*  soft  roe  "  or  that  of  the  male  fish ; 
loe,  the  **  hard  roe  "  or  that  of  the  female  fish. 

Milter,  miV.tery  the  male  fish ;  spawn'er,  the  female  fish ; 

milt-ing,  milt-er. 
Old  £ng.  mitt.    ** Roe,**  Oenn.  rogen.    "Spawn,"  Old  Eng.  spana. 
Mimic,  mlm\lk,  one  who  imitates  another,  to  imitate  another; 
mimicked,  mlmWkt ;  mim'ick-ing  (with  -k-.) 
Mimicry,  plu,  mimicries,  mlmWk.riZy  imitation  of  another. 
Latin  mlmua,  mlmicua;  Greek  mimot,  an  imitator  of  others. 
Mimosa,  mi.mo\8ah,  the  sensitive  plant ;  mimosite,  mi.md\8ite, 
a  fossil  apparently  of  the  mimosa  family  (-it«,  a  fossil). 
Greek  mimas,  an  imitator  [of  the  sensibility  of  animalsl. 
Mimulns,  mXm\u.lu8,  the  monkey  flower. 

Latin  mlmua,  one  with  a  mask,  alluding  to  the  form  of  the  corolla. 
Minaret,  fnin\d.ret,  the  lofty  turret  of  a  mosque.  (Arab,  menarah.) 
Minatory,  m\n\a,i6.ry,  threatening.    (Latin  mlndtioy  a  threat.) 

Ifince,  to  cut  into  small  pieces,  to  be  finical ;  mfnced  (1  syl.), 
minc'-ing  (E.  xix.),  min^dng-ly;  mince-meat,  -m««£,  a 
sweetmeat  made  of  raisins,  &c. ;  minced-meat,  meat 
chopped  into  a  mince.    (French  imincery  mince.) 

Ifind,  the  thinking  faculty,  to  take  care  of,  to  attend  to,  to  obey ; 
mind'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  mind'-ing;   mind'-less,  mindleas- 
ness,  mind'-fol  (B.  viii.),  mind'fnl-ly,  mind^fol-ness. 
Never  mind,  take  no  heed  of  it,dismiss  it  from  your  thoughts. 
Old  English  mynd;  Latin  meti$,  gen.  mentis;  Greek  mifnOe. 
Hne  (1  eyl.),  po88,  case  of  I,  a  pit  containing  minerals  or  ore,  to 
dig  for  minerals  or  ore ;   min-ing  (Rule  xix.),  mine-ingj 
pertaining  to  mines,  digging  a  mine ;  min-y,  mines'. y. 
HBner,  mV.ner,  one  who  mines.    Minor,  mi\nor,  under  age. 

"Mine**  (pron.),  Old  Eng.  min.    N.  ie (I),  G.  m4n,  D.  me,  A.  mec. 
"Mine"  (a  pit),  Welsh  mvm,  whence  mwnai,  money. 

aeral.  Metal,  min\LraU  m^f'L 

Minerals  are  such  as  stones,  rocks,  coals,  salt,  sand,  &c.    A 

mineral  may  or  may  not  be  a  simple  or  elemental  body, 

Metals  are  such  as  gold,  silver,  lead,  iron,  zinc,  tin,  &c,    A 

metal  must  be  a  simple  or  elemental  body. 

fix. "R.— 'Metals  are  minerals,  bvi  minerals  are  not  always  metalsj. 

Mineralise  (Rule  xxxi.),  min\i.rdl.ize,  to  impregnuV^  >n\\3cv 

mineral  matter,  to  convert  to  a  mineral;  "mm'er^W'Wfc^ 

(4  syl.;,  jnin'enilii-iiig,  min'ersblla-er ;  udxv'exaX-^aX. 


6C2  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Mineralisation,  m¥n'.  ^.  ral.  i.  zaT.  Bh^ ;  mln'eral  -  blue  ; 
mineral-caontchonc,  -koo.tchook' ;  mineral- charcoal ; 
min'eral-greenf  carbonate  of  copper ;  mineral-oil,  rock 
oil  which  oozee  from  the  earth ;   mineral  water. 

mineralogy  (not  minerology),  mWXr&V\li.gyy  the  science 

of     minerals;      minendogioBl,     m\n\i^r&,U>dg'\l,k8l ; 

mineralogical-ly ;    mineralogist,  fPlin,i,raV .bdjiH, 

French  mineral,  mviUraloijisUt  mAniraUBaiifm^  miniralogiqiUt  intii^- 
ralogU ;  Low  Latin  minera,  a  mine,  mineraruUf  a  miner. 

Mineyer,  mln',i.vert  ermine.    Minerva,  mtner^.vah,  a  goddess. 

Mingle,    n^n\g%    to    mix;    mingled,    nAn\g'ld ;    mingling, 
ming'gling ;  mingler,  ming*gler. 
Old  English  menytian],  past  mengde,  past  part  menged. 
Miniature,  min\a.tehur,  a  small,  portrait,  on  a  small  scale. 

Paintings  by  the  miniatdri,  a  set  of  monks  noted  for  their  paintiogs 
with  minium  or  red  lead.  The  first  miniatures  were  the  initial 
letters  of  rubrics,  which  generally  contained  the  head  of  the  Vligia 
or  a  saint,  and  hence  the  word  came  to  signify  a  small  likeness. 

Minim,  mW.lm  (in  Mils.),  a  note  =  half  a  semibreve  (an  open 
note  with  a  tail),  a  liquid  measure  meaning  one  drop. 

Minium,  red-lead.  Minimum,  mXn'.tmUmy  tb e  smallest  quan- 
tity, opposed  to  maximum,  ma^AjnUniytlie  largest  quantity. 

"  Minim.'*  In  the  ancient  musical  notation  the  note  of  longest  dura- 
tion was  termed  a  "  Large  "=2  longs,  or  4  breves,  or  8  semibrevet,  or 
16  minims,  "minims"  being  the  least  of  the  "breves"  (or  shorts). 
After  this  a  new  set  of  terms  was  introduced,  croteiket  and  qucmr. 

Minium,  Latin  minium,  vermillion,  red-lead. 

"  Minimum,"  Latin  super,  of  some  obsolete  adj.  meaning  smalL 

Minion,  min\yun,  a  low  unprincipled  favourite  of  a  prince. 
French  mignon;  Italian  migwme,  a  darling. 

Minister,  mW.is.ter,  a  pastor,  one  of  the  state  legislators,  to 
wait  on  the  sick,  to  perform  the  office  of  a  pastor ;  ndi^ 
tered,  min'.is.terd;  min'ister.ing;  ministration,  tninMi.- 
tray*\8hiin;  ministrative,  min\U.tra.tiv ;  min^istrani 

Ministerial,  m1n\i8.tS>".H.dl;  ministe'rial-ist,  ministe'iial- 

ly.    Mimstry,  plu,  ministries,  mWJis.trU. 
Latin  minister,  ministeri&lis,  ministrdtio,  v.  miniatrdre. 
Minium,  minimum,  minim,  m{n'.{.!lm,  min'.Lmum, -min^bit. 
Min'ium,  red-lead.    (Latin  minium,  vermillion,  red-leaH.) 
Min'imum,  the  least  possible  quantity.    (Latin  mUAmus.) 
Min'im,  min\im,  a  drop,  a  note  in  music.    (Lat  mlnUnw.) 
Minnow,  mW.no,  a  small  British  fresh-water  fish.    (0.  £.  miM-) 
Minor,  mV.nor,  under  age.    Mi'ner,  one  employed  in  mines. 

Minoiity,  mV.uo/'rt.t\j ;  minor  key  (in  Mu8.\  the  mode  in 
which  the  t\iit^  ^iwHi  xXv^  >ka^  -\\»tft  is  only  three  ^emi- 
tones  above  tixe  lomt.   \xi  >Jcw^ TSkK^^t^sss^  \\.vi lvx«r. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  €63 

MmoT  Canon,  priest  yicar  of  a  eathedral,  &e.,  attached  to 

one  of  the  religious  hoases  dissolved  hy  Henry  YIIL 

"Minor  Canons"  of  cathedrals,  &e.,  not  ejected  by  that 

**  reform  "  are  still  properly  called  "  priest  vicars.*^ 

"IGnor,**  Lat  minor,  comp.  deg.  of  some  lost  adj.  meanii^  "Uttle.** 
'*  Miner,**  Fr.  mine,  a  mine ;  Low  Lat.  m<iierarii(«,  minero,  a  mine. 

HinotaiiT,  mi\nd.t5ry  a  bull  with  a  man's  head.    MInlatnre, 

min\a,tehur,  a  small  portrait.    (Latin  Mi'nos  taurus.) 
MinBter,  niXn'.8ter.   Oathedral,  ka.rhi'.drdL    Min'ister,  a  pastor. 
Minster,  the  great  church  of  a'monastery.    (O.  E.  myruter.) 
Cathedral,  a  bishop's  church.    (Greek  kathidra,) 
**  BOnister,"  Latin  minigter,  one  who  serves,  t.  mXnistr&n, 

Minstrel,  mln'Mrel,  a  poet ;  minstrel-sy,  the  art  of  a  minstrel. 
French  mSnestrel ;  Low  Latin  miniaierialU^  a  servant. 
(-«y  for  "  arts,"  as  i)o«8y,  minstrelsy,  but  -cy  for  "  conditions," B.  Izzv.) 

Mint,  a  plant,  the  place  where  money  is  coined,  to  coin;  mlnf-ed 
(Rulexxxvi),mint'-ing;  mint'age,  that  which  is  coined. 

Mint  julep  (not  julap)^  iced  liquor  flavoured  with  mint. 

"Mint "(the  plant),  0.  K  mints;  (for  money),  O.  £.  mynit,  money. 
Minuet,  min'.u.ety  a  dance,  the  tune  adapted  to  the  dance. 

French  menuet  (dcmcer  menu,  to  dance  with  short  steps). 
Minna,  mi'.nus,  the  sign  [— ]  denoting  subtraction.  (LatrntntM.) 

Minute,  mi.niite',  small,  miV.tt,  the   60th  part  of  an  hour; 
minute'-ly,  exactiy;  minute-ly,  tnin'Mdy,  every  instant. 
Minutia,    plu.   minuti»,   n^nu'.8M.ah,    mtnU'.shfl.S,    the 
sm€dlest  particular.    Mlnnet,  min'.iiJtf  a  dance. 

Minute-book,  mXn\it  book;    min'ute-glass,  min'nte-gnn, 

min'ute-hand,  min''nte-men  (Americanism). 

Latin  minOium,  adj.  minHtus,  mimUia,  pin.  minutxcs. 

Miocene,  rmf.o.8een,  the  middle  tertiaries ;  miocene  period. 

Greek  meidn  kainos,  less  recent,  {.s.,  containing  "fewer  existing 
specimens"  of  plants  and  animals  than  the  supervening  groups. 

Miracle,  mir'rd.k'l,  a  phenomenon  produced   by  an  especial 
interposition  of  divine  power ;  miraculous,  mi.rdk^.i.lu8  ; 
miraculou8.1y,  miraculous-ness ;   mirade-play. 
Latin  mlrdcHlum,  mirdcHldstu  (mirwn,  a  wonder,  with  dim.) 
Mirage,  mlfrdJij^  reflection  of  terrestrial  objects  on  the  clouds. 

French  mirage,  looming  (from  mixoir,  a  looking-glass). 
Mire  (1  syl.),  deep  mud ;  miry,  mi'.ry ;  mi'ri-ness  (Rule  xi.) 

Daniflh  myr,  a  morass. 
Mirror,  mir^rdr,  a  looking-glass,  to  reflect ;  mirrored,  mXr'rgrd ; 
mir'ror-ing.     (French  miroir;  Latin  miror,  to  admire.) 
(The  doubling  of  the  r  in  this  word  is  a  blunder.    See  Mirage.) 
Mirth,  merriment;  mirth'ful  (R.  viii.),  miTtVtuVV^^XMa^Kl^jX.- 
neas,  mirth'ieas,  mirth'less.ly.     (^Old  ^iig\\a\\  wajtIYv.^ 


6fJ4  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Mis-  (native  prefix),  defect,  error,  evil,  unlikeness. 

Dis-  denotes  an  active  state  of  antagonism. 

Un-  denotes  a  passive  state  of  antagonism :  Thus 

Mis-belief  is  false  belief;  dis-belief,  positive  abstention  of 
belief;  im-belief,  mere  absence  of  belief. 

HQs-adyentnre,  -ad.vSn\tc}mr,  ill-luck,  mishap. 

MiF.alliance,  -al.li\an8ey  marriage  below  one's  rank. 

Misanthrope,  mi9'.<ln.t/trop«,  a  man-hater;  misanthropical,  n^'.- 
dn.thr5p'\tkal ;  misaiithroploaUy,  misan'thiopy. 
Greek  miaanthrdpos  {misgO  anthr6pds,  I  hate  man). 

Mis-apply,  mis^Mp.ply^'  (not  miB\djply%  to  apply  to  a  wrong 
purpose ;  misapplied,  mis\dp.plide';  misapply'-ing. 

Misapplication,  mii'.ap.plLkay'^jhun. 

Unapplied,  un\ap.plide\  not  applied  at  all  (Kule  Ixxii.) 

Misapprehend,  mis' .ap.prS.hend\  to  misunderstand;    mis'ap. 
prehend'-ed,     mis'apprehend'-Ing ;    mis'apprehensioD, 
-shun,     (Verbs  in  -d  or  -de  add  -storij  not  -Hon,) 
Unapprehended,  not  apprehended  (Rule  Ixxii.) 

Mis-appropriate,  mis' Mp.pro'\prl.ate  (not   mis'.a.pro'',pri.ate\ 
to  apply  to  a  wrong  use ;  mis'-appro^priat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 
mis'appro'priat-ing    (Rule   xix. ) ;     misappropriatioii, 
rm8\dp.pro.pn.d'\9hun  (not  mU\d.pro.priM",8hun). 
In-appropriate,  not  appropriate,  not  pertinent ; 
Un-appropriated,  not  appropriated  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Mis-becoming,  mW-hi.kum'^-ing,  improper;  misbecom'ing-ly ; 

Un^ecom'^ing,  not  suitable  to  the  person  or  character. 
Misbehave,  mis'. be. have' ^  to  conduct  oneself  amiss ;  misbehaved' 

(3  syl.).  misbehav'-ing ;   misbehaviour,  -be.hdv'.yer. 
Misbelieve,  mis'M.leev^  to  believe  erroneously ;    misbelieved, 
mls'.be.leevd";  misbeliev'-ixig  (Rule  xix.),  misbeliev^-er. 
Misbelief,  mis'.be.leef,  erroneous  belief; 
Disbelief,  dis.be.leef,  positive  incredulity ;  disbelieye,  &t. 
Unbelief,  without  belief.    Unbelieved  (3  syL),  Rule  Ixxii. 
Miscalculate,  m\s,kdV .kii.lateyXo  calculate  amiss;  miscarcnlat-ed 
(R.  xxxvi.),  miscal'culat-ing,  miscalculation,  -lay^'^skCau 
Uncal'culated,  not  reckoned  up  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Incalculable,  in.kdl\ku.ld.b%  enormous ;  incal^culably. 

Miscall'  (not  miscall  R.  viii.),  to  call  amiss;  miscalled^  (2  syl), 
miscall'-ing.    Uncalled,  not  called  (Rule  Ixxii) 

Miscarriage,  mls.kdVridge,  failure,  premature  birth. 

Miscairy,  mis.kdr^ry,  to  fail  to  effect;    miscaniea,  «b.- 

kdr^riz  ;   iftiacamft^,  m'U.kai-'r^d ;   miscar'ry-ing. 
Uncairiedi  un-kar' rSd,  li^x.  ^^\.  <5.«ct\^  v^^i:tf^  VxjxiL) 


AND   OF  SPELUNG,  «65 

Hiscellany,  plu.  miscellanies,  mW^HM.ntz,  a  collection  of 
objects  of  divers  sorts,  a  book  of  fugitive  pieces. 

Miscellaneoas  (Rule  Ixvi.),  ml8\8il.Uty".nS.u8 ;   miscella'- 

neouB-ly,  miscella'neous-ness,  misoerianist. 
Latin  tnUeelldnea  (plu.),  misceU&neus  {miscSre,  to  mixX 
Mischance,  mi8.chance\  ill-fortune,  misbap. 

Xiscbief,  plu,  mischiefs  (not  mischieves,  B.  xxxix.X  mis'.tchif; 
mischievous,  mis\tchi,vu8  (not  mXs.tchee'.vus) ;  mis- 
chievous-ly,  mis'chievous-ness.     (Old  French  meschef.) 

ICisconceiye,  mls\kon.8eev'  (Rule  xxviii.),  to  misapprehend; 
mis'conceived'  (3  syl.),  misconoeiv'-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Misconception,  m\8\kon,sep'' Min,  misapprehension. 

Inoonceivable,  in\kon^ee\vd.b'ly  incredible ;  .bly,  (fee. 

Un'conceived'  (3  syl.),  not  conceived  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
Misconduct,    (noun)    mift.kon\duktf  (verb)   misf .kon.dukif ^   ill. 
behaviour,  to  behave  oneself  amiss,  to  mismanage ;  mis- 
conduct'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.},  misoonduct'-ing. 

Misconstrue,  mis.kon'Mru  (not  mi3.k^n.8tru')t  to  construe  amiss, 

^       to  interpret  wrongly;   miscon'strued  (3  syl.),  miscon'- 

stru-ing.     (Verbs  ending  in  any  two  vowels,  except  -ue, 

retain  both  before  -ing,  Rule  xix.);    misconstmction, 

^         7nl8':k8n.8truk'\8hun,    Uncon'strued  (3  syl.),  Rule  Ixxii. 

Miscount,  mis.kounf,  to  make  a  mistake  in  counting:  mis- 
count'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  miscount'-ing.    Uncounted. 

Miscreant,  ml/. /ere. ant,  a  vile  unprincipled  wretch. 

The  word  means  "  One  who  holds  a  wrong  faith  ;**  French  m«9criant; 
Latin  erifd^re,  to  believe,  with  the  prefix  mU-. 

Misdate,  mis.ddte^  to  give  a  wrong  date ;  mlsdat'.ed  (R.  xxxvi.), 

misdat'-ing  (R.  xix.)    Undated,  not  dated  at  all  (R.  Ixxii.) 

Misdeed,  'mi8.deed\  an  evil  action. 

Misdemeanour,  vm\d£,iaeen'\er,  a  petty  crime,  ill  conduct. 
Misdirect,  mt8'.di.rSk1f,  t-o  address  incorrectly;   misdirect'.ed 
(K  xxxvi.).  misdirecf-ing ;  misdirection,  -dijreW' jshun. 
Undirect'-ed,  not  directed  at  all  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
In'direcf ,  not  straightforward ;  indirect'-ly,  indirect^ .ness. 
Xisdoing,  mU. dooming,  wrong  behaviour;  misdoer,  -doo^er^ 

Undone,  un,dun%  not  done  (Rule  Ixxii.) 
^i8emi>loy,  mis' .im.ploy%  to  employ  to  no  good  purpose ;  mis- 
employs (not  -ploi8,  Rule  xiii.),  mis'employed'  (3  syl.>, 
misemploy^-ing.    Unemployed,  not  employed  (R.  Ixxii.) 
ler,  mijser,  a  hoarder  of  money ;  miser-ly,  avaricious. 

Miserable,  mlz\er.d.b%  wretched ;  mis'erably,  ini&'etfi^iV^- 

ness.    Misery,  plu.  miseries,  mlz'.^.rlz. 
Latin  miter,  misenblOf  miserdbilis  (Greek  misd.  IYuAaV 


666  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Kiflfeasanoe  or  malfeasance,  -fay' Jiance,  a  cnlpable  ost^  a  ties- 
pass ;  misfeatant,  mUJay' jioM  ;  misfeaaor,  ./oy'jBor. 
Wharton  spells  these  irords  with  s.    French  ma^auatMe. 
MTsflt',  a  bad  fit,  to  fit  badly ;  misfitr-ed,  misfitr-ing^  (Bole  iiL) 
Misform',  to  form  badly;  xnisformed  (2  syL),  misfom'-ing. 
Miafortime,  mis.foi^.tchune,  ill  fortune,  disaster,  calamity. 

Misgive,  (past)  misgave,  (past  part,)  misgiven,  -giv,  -gave, 
giv^%  to  fail  in  courage  or  confidence ;  mis^v^-ing. 

Misgovern,  mis.guv^erfif  to  goyem  ill ;  misgovemed»  fids^&v'.- 
emd ;   misgov'em-ing ;   misgov^em-ment. 

Misgoide,  mls.gld^,  to  mislead;  misgnid'-ed  (Bnle  xincviX 
misguid'.ing  (Rnle  xix.),  misg^d'ing-ly,  migg^nid'-^f 
misguid'-ance.    Ungnid'-ed,  not  guided  (Rule  Izxii.) 

Mishap^  an  accident ;  mishapp'-en  (Rule  iii.)«  to  happen  ilL 

Mishna,  mish.nah,    Gemara,  ge,mah\rah,    Talmud. 

Mishna,  the  oral  or  traditional  law  of  the  Jews ;   miabi'iac. 

Gema'ra,  comments  and  notes  on  the  Mishna. 

Talmud,  the  Mishna  and  Gemara  together. 

**  Mishna,"  Bebrew  shaTiah,  to  learn,  Instnictlon  (not  repetUiim). 
"Gema'ra,"  Chaldee,  means  supplement. 
"Talmud,"  Hebrew  lamad^  co  teach,  Teaching. 

Misimprove,  mis'.im.proo^i/,  to  deteriorate ;  misimpioved''  (3  syU; 
misimprov^-ing  (R.  xix.),  -proo'.ving ;  misimprove'-mfiBi 

Unimproved,  un\im.proovd',  not  improved  (Rule  IxziL) 

Misinform,  mis\%n.fom{,  to  give  wrong  information ;   mifliB'' 
formed'  (3  8)1.),  misinform'-ing,  mlsinforma'-tion,  -tkuKL 
Uninformed,  not  informed  (Rule  Ixxii.) 

Misinterpret,  mlsWnMf  ,pr^%  to  interpret  incorrectly;  mkiB* 
ter'pret-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  mibinter^pret-ing,  misinter'- 
pret-er ;  misinterpretation,  iviiiWn.ier.pre.iay'* ^ahiin. 

Misjudge,  mis.judge^  to  judge  incorrectly ;  misjudged'  (3  ^yU 
misjudg'-ing  (Rule  xix.),  misjudg'-ment  {-dje  and  -^ 
drop  -e  before  -went.  Rule  xviii.) 

Mislay',  (past)  mislaid,  (past  part.)  mislaid  (laid,  paid,  said. 
sed,  are  irregular  in  spelling,  tbey  should  be  layedfpaffel 
sayed,  Rulexiii.);  misUy'-ing. 

Mislead,  (past )  misled,  (past  part,)  misled,  wXs.Ued^  mU.lU,  to 
lead  astray;  misl^td'.ing ;  mislead-er,  mis.leed^xr, 

Misletoe,  mis's'Lto,  an  epiphyte  bearing  white  berries. 

Old  English  mistelid;  German  nUstel,  the  misletoe. 
Mismanage,   mls.man' .age^  to    manage    badly;     misiiiaii'ag^ 
{\\  syl.),  misman'ag-ing  (Rule  xix.),  misman'age-ment 

JklisnAme,  mls.Tidmc' ,  lo  c^iJii  Vs  ^  -wrong  name:    mianained' 
(2  syl.),  hqbximil'  Aii%  V^"Q\ft  xaL..^  '^'a&sa&»l^  uot  nanieJ- 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  667 

Kisnomer,  nds.nd^.mert  a  wrong  name.    (Latin  nOmen,) 

ICflOgamist,  mX.aog'.S.misty  a  hater  of  marriage;  misogamy, 
mis.Sff'M.my,    (Greek  mis^  gSmSs,  I  hate  marriage.) 

tfisogyny,  mtsdg'X.ny,  aversion  to  women ;  miBOgynist. 

Greek  miaib  guni,  I  hate  women. 
iClsplaoe,  mi8.place\  to  put  in  a  wrong  place;    misplaced' 
(2  syl.),  misplac'-lng  (Rule  xix.),  misplace' -ment. 

Displace',  to  remove  from  its  proper  place;   displaced', 
displac'-isg,  displace'-ment.    Unplaced',  not  placed. 

lligprint,  mis.print^  an  error  in  printing,  to  print  erroneously ; 
misprint'-ed,  misprinf-ing.    Unprinf  ed,  not  printed. 

Kispiision,  mis.prizh^un,  an  offence  bordering  on  criminality, 
from  gross  neglect,  <fcc    (French  mSpris.) 

Kisprononnce,  mU'.prb.noitnce^  to  pronounce  amiss;  mispro- 
nounced' (3  syl.),  mispronouno'-ing  (Hule  xix.);  mispro- 
nimciation,  mi8\prd.nun^.8e.d''.8hun. 

TJupronounced,  not  pronounced  at  all.     (Rule  Ixxii.) 

Misquote,  ml8.kwdte\  to  cite  incorrectly ;  misquoted  (R.  xxxvi.), 
misquot'-ing  (R.  xix.);  misquotation,  -quoAay'' .sMn. 

Unquof  ed,  not  quoted  (Rule  Ixxii.) 

Gsreckon,  mts'.rek'.on,  to  compute  incorrectly ;  misreck'oned 
(3  syl.),  misreck'on-ing.    Unreck'oned  (Riile  Ixxii.) 

Oareport,  mls^r^.porf,  to  report  incorrectly;  misreport'-ed 
(R.  xxxvi,),  misreport'-ing.     Unreport'-ed,  not  reported. 

Iisrepresent,  ml8\rep.r^.zinty  to  represent  incorrectly; 
misrepresent'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  misrepresent'-ing ; 
misrepresentation,  mW .r^p.rS.z^,tdy'\8hun. 

Uiirepresented,Mn'.r^.r^.2^7i".t^d,  not  represented  (R.  Ixxii.) 

Osmle,  mi8.rule\  unjust  rule,  to  rule  badly ;  misruled'  (2  syl.), 
misrul'-ing  (Rule  xix.)    Unruled',  not  ruled  (Rule  Ixxii.) 

[iss,  plu.  misses,  mis'.^z,  the  title  of  address  conferred  on  young 
unmarried  women  above  the  lowest  grade ; 

Miss,  to  fail ;  misses,  missed  (1  syl.),  miss'-ing,    Mist,  fog. 
"  Miss*'  (title),  cont.  of  mistress.   "  Miss"  (verb),  Old  Eng.  rtiisiiianl 

[iBsal,  m%8\8dl.    Missel.     Missile,  mls^yl.    Missive,  mis'^siv. 

Missal,  the  mass-book  of  the  Latin  Church.   (Ital.  meaaale.) 

Missel,  a  bird  of  the  thrush  species.    (Germ,  mistel-droasel. ) 

Missile,  any  weapon  thrown.    (Lat.  missile,  mitto,  to  send.) 

Missive,  a  letter  or  message  sent.     (French  missive.) 

[fsahape,  mi8.shdpe\  to  shape   amiss;    misshaped'   (^%  «^V.^, 
misshap'-ing  (Rule  xix.) ;   misshapen,  mi8.8har  .p'u. 
Unshaped',  not  shaped ;  unshapen  (Tlule  \xx\i,^ 


(m  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Missile,  Tf^*A\  a  weapon  to  be  thrown.    {Set  Miasal.) 

Mission,  fnf8/)^un,  a  message,  a    missionary  station,  special 
missionaries,  persons  sent  on  any  special  business; 
Missionary,  p^.  missionaries,  fn!ish\8n.ajiz, 
Latin  missio,  gen.  mUtidnis  {missus,  sent) ;  French  missUrnnabtt! 
Miflsiye,  mls\8iVf  a  letter  or  messenger  sent.    Missile,  mU'ji'ly  a 
weapon  intended  to  be  thrown.  Missal,  missel  (see  Miasal). 

Misspell  (not  migspel)^  mX!t.8pell\  to  spell  incorrectly;  mis^elf , 
misspell-ing  (double  s  and  double  I), 

Mi8Bpend%  (past  and  past  part.)  misspent',  to  »x>end  amiss; 
misspend'-ing.    Unspenf,  not  spent  (Bule  Ixxii.) 

Misstate,  mXs.stdte'y  to  state  incorrectly;  misstaf-ed  (R.  xxxtlI^ 
misstat'-ing,  misstate'-ment  (doubJe  «).    TJnstat^ed. 

Mist,  fog.    Missed,  mist  (past  tense  of  the  verb)  miss  (q.v,) 

Mist'-y,  mist'i-ness  (R.  xi.),  mist'i-ly.     (0.  E.  mist,  misHg.) 

Mistake',  (past)  mistook^  (past  part.)  mistaken,  mlsJtd'Vn; 
mistak'-ing  (Rule  xiz.),  mistak'ing-ly,  mistiken-ly. 

I  am  mistaken  (deponent  verb),  I  make  a  mistake,  &c 

Old  English  i}tis-toc[an],  past  mif-toe,  past  part  mia-tofien, 

Misteach,  (past)  mistaught,  (past  part.)  mistaught,  -teecK 

-taut;  misteach'-ing.    Untaught,  not  taught  (R.  Ixxii) 

Old  English  mis-tdc[an\  past  mis-tdhie,  past  part.  mis-Uiht 
fit  vMl  he  seen  that  the  useless  "g**  is  interpolated. J 

Mister  (written  and  printed  Mr.),  the  title  of  address  to  men 

above  the  lowest  grade,  not  servants;  plu.  Measieiiis  fcont. 

Messrs.)     When  given  to  a  firm,  pronounced  mizh\en. 

"Mister,"  a  corruption  of  Lat.  rndgiater,  master;  Old  Fr.  vuditn 
(now  maitre).    "  Messieurs,"  Fr.  (plu.  of  monsieurX  meif.se'eu. 

Mistime,  mvi.time\  to  neglect  the  proper  time ;  mistimed'  (3  sfi.)^ 
mistim'-ing.    Untime'-ly,  inopportune;  untime']i«n€BS> 

Mistletoe,  mis^'Ltoy  a  parasitic  plant.    (Old  £ng.  misteltd.) 

Mistral  (Fr.),  mls'.trul,  a  north-west  wind  in  t-he  Mediterranean. 

Mistranslate,  mis\trdns.late\  to  construe  incorrectly;  mistrmnS' 
lat'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  mistranslat'-ing ;  mistranslationi 
-tran8.lay'\shun.  XTntranslat'-ed,  not  translated  (R.  Ixxii) 

Mistress,  fern,  of  Master,  mis^treSj  mas'.ter,  a  teacher,  one  who 
employs  others.  As  a  title  of  address  it  is  not  now  em- 
ployed, we  use  Mrs.  (mts'.ez)^  instead.  (0.  F.  maistresse.^ 
Fr.  maistre,  now  maltre  (Lat.  magister),  maislr-essef  now  tnattr^M 

Mistrust,  mi8.tru8t\  want  of  confidence,  to  doubt ;  mistmsf-^il 
(R.  xxxvi.),  xnistrusf-ing,  mistnmf-fal  -tmsf fol-ly. 

Distrusf ,  suspicion,  to  hold  in  suspicion ;  distmsf-^d,  ^<^- 

Untrusf -e^,  tio\.  coxv^^^^  va.  (^.  Ixxii.) ;  untroBty,  Ae, 


AND  OF  SPELT JKG.  f5G9 

Kiganderstand,  ("past)  misiindeTBtood,  (pott  part.)  misunder. 
stood,  mi8\un.der.8tund\  -stood^  (to  rhyme  with  good) ; 
xnisunderBtand'-ing,  a  slight  quarrel,  error  of  jadgment. 

Misnae,  (noun)  m\8.uce\  (verb)  mis.ilze\  ill  usage,  to  use  amiss ; 
misused,  mis.uzed';  misus-ing  (Rule  xix.),  mis.uze'.ing. 

Kisusage,  mXs.u'jsage,  ill  treatment. 

Disuse,  (noun)  dis.nce^  (verb)  dU.Uze't  discontinuance  of  the 
use,  to  discontinue  to  employ ;  disused,  disus'ing. 

Unused,  un.uzed'y  not  used ;  unuse-ftd,  un,uce\ful,  <fec. 

Mite  (1  syl,).  o^io  of  th«  ac'ari,  common  in  cheese,  o  small  coin; 
Hity,  mite\yj  full  of  mites.    Might,  mitej  power;  might-y. 
*'  Mite,"  Old  English  mite.    "  Might,"  Old  English  maht  or  miht. 

Mitigate,  mifXgdte,  to  alleviate;  mit'igat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
mifigat-ing  (Rule  xix.),  mifigant,  mitlgat-or  (Rule 
xxxvii.);  miUgeMe,  mit'.i.ga.b'l ;  mitigative,  mi£M.^a.t«v. 

Mitigation,  mxtW.gay'' ^hun^  alleviation. 
Latin  mliig&tio,  mUigdtor,  mUigare  (mlHa  ago,  to  make  mildX 

Mitrailleuse  (French\  m%t'tral.uze\  a  many- barrelled  gun  having 
the  barrels  bound  together  like  a  faggot.  First  used  in 
the  Franoo-Pru8sif.ii  war,  1870. 

Mitre,  mi.fr,  a  bishop's  crown,  junction  of  [mouldings]  at 
an  angle  of  45  deg.,  to  join  [mouldings]  at  an  angle  of 
45  deg.;  nutred,  mi^.frd,  adorned  wiUi  a  mitre,  joined 
at  an  angle  of  45  deg. ;  mitring,  mV.tring  {not  mV.Ur.mg) : 
mitre-square,  for  striking  angles;  mitre-wheisls,  two 
wheels  of  equal  diameter  acting  together  with  their  axes 
at  right  angles ;  mitriform  (not  -tre-\,  mi\trl.form  (in  Bot.) 
Latin  mitra  ;  French  mUvB.    "  Mitri-f orm  "  is  ill-compounded. 

Mittens,  mif'ns,  gloves  without  fingers,  also  called  mitts. 

(When  a  pair  can  foe  separated  into  two  perfect  articles,  it  has  a 
singular,  as  a  mitten,  a  glove,  otheneise  it  has  no  singular,  as  tongs, 
ntUcra^kers,  tweezers,  «ci««ori,  &c.) 

Mittimus,  mit\tt,mu8,  a  writ  authorising  the  removal  of  a  record, 
a  precept  to  a  goaler  to  keep  in  prison  the  person  named. 
(From  the  first  words  of  the  writ—  We  send.) 

ifir,   (past.)  mixed,  mixt,  (past  part.)  mixed,  to    mingle 
mix'-ing;  mixedly,  m\a:\id.ly ;  mix'-er,  mixtly. 

Mixture,  mix'.£c/iur;  mix'-able;   mixtioxi,  mid;'.8Mn. 
Latin  misoere,  supine  miastum  (Greek  misgo  or  migmwmi,  to  mix). 

Mixen,  mix''n,  the  dunghiQ,  a  laystall.  "  Better  wed  over  the 
mixen  than  over  the  moor,"  i.e..  Better  wed  near  home 
than  among  strangers.    (Old  Eng.  miXy  dung,  mixen.) 

[or  mizen].  miz\z'n,  a  spanker;  mizzeii-inai&V, >i}bA  «SXiex- 
most  mast  of  a  ship.    (Italian  mezzana^ 


670  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Kizzle,  mW.z%  a  fine  rain ;  to  rain  with  fine  rain ;  mizzled, 
mlz'ji'ld;  mizzling,  w&z\l%ng,    (Old  Eng.  mUtel\%tui[.) 

Mnemonics,  n^.rniinXks,  the  art  of  aiding  memory.      (AH  the 
sciences  with  this  ending  (except  arithmetic,  logiCy  maffie, 
mtuiCt  and  rhetoric)  are  plural,  Bale  Ixi) ;  miiomon''ia 
Gk.  mnim&nikdi  (mnimi,  memory) ;  Lat.  mnimdnXca,  mnimanllau. 
Moa,  mS'Mh.    Koor,  moo'r.    More,  more.    Mower,  mouf'.er. 
Moa,  an  extinct  gigantic  hird  of  New  Zealand. 
Moor,  a  heath,  a  north  African.  (0.  E.  m^;  Lat.  Mauritania,) 
More,  camp,  of  maoh.     (Old  Eng.  mdrCt  comp.  of  mycle.) 
Mower,  one  who  mows.    (Old  English  mdw[an\,  to  mow.) 

Moan,  mdnCj  a  groan,  to  groan.  Mown,  cut  with  a  scythe. 
Moaned  (1  syl.),  moan'-ing  (noun  and  part.),  moan''ing-lj) 
moan'-er,  moan'-fol  (Rule  viii.),  moan'fol-ly. 

"Moan/'  Old  English  mdnlan],  pa^t  mthide,  past  part  mdned. 
"Mown,  Old  English  mdtoian],  past  meow,  past  put.  fiutwen. 

Moat,  mdt«,  a  ditch.    Mote.     Moot.    Mute. 

Moat'-ed,  having  a  moat;  moaf-ing.    (Fr.  motte,  a  dod.) 

"  Moot "  fa  '* mound  *'J,  like  "dike;*  is  irar^ferred  to  the  ditek. 

Mote,  a  fine  particle,  like  dust,  floating  in  the  air.  (O.E.  mot.) 

Moot,  debatahle,  to  debate.    (Old  English  mdt,  a  ooundL) 

Mute  (1  syl.),  silent,  dumb.    (Latin  mutus,  dumb.) 

M5b,  the  rabble,  to  taunt,  to  jeer ;  mobbed,  mobd ;  mobV-ing 
(Rule  i.);  mobb'-ish  {-ish  added  to  nouns  means  "like," 
added  to  ac^j.  it  is  dim,);  mobVish-ly;  mob-law. 

Mobocracy,  m6h.dk\rd.8y,  the  rule  of  the  rabble  (a  hybrid). 

Mob-cap,  an  undress  cap  for  women  tied  under  the  chin. 

The  word  ''mob,"  applied  to  the  populace,  originated  in  the  **Qt9» 
Ribbon  Club.'*  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Charles  IL  "Tb« 
rabble  first  claimed  this  title  and  were  called  the  *  mob  *  [«wMb 
tnUgus]  in  the  assemblies  of  this  dob"  (Norm's  Ewam.  p.  674)i 

Mobile,  md'Ml,  susceptible  of  motion ;  mobility,  mo.bU'J,ty. 

Mobilise  (not  mohalize.  Rule  xxxi.),  mo.hU.xzey  to  caII  into 
active  service ;  moliilised  (3  syh),  mobilis-ing  (R  xix.) 

Mobilisation,  iruy .hil.i.zd'\8hun^  calling  troops  together  ^ 
active  service.  Demobilise,  to  dismiss  troops  firom  active 
service ;  demobilised,  demobilisa'tion,  <fec. 

Lat.  mdWis,  mSMlitM  {movSre,  to  move).  To  **  mobilise  aad  demo- 
bilise [troops] "  came  into  general  use  in  the  Franoo-Pruasian  war. 

Mobooracy,  plu,  mobocracies,  mdbjSk^,r&MZf  mob-govemment. 

Ochlocracy,  8k.ldk\ra.cy  (Greek  ocMos,  the  mob). 

All  words  derived  from  the  Greek  kraOa  are  spelt  witii  -ey ;  m  arv- 
tocracv,  autocra«v,  tiUAAero^,  d«nMcracy,  &c 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  «7I 


m^&'.M.«!n  (not  m6k  k&s\ln)y  a  shoe  without  a  sole^ 
worn  by  American  Indians.     (Indian  word.) 

Hboha,  nOf.kdh  (in  Arabia);  mooha-coffee,  mocha-Btone. 

ICQok,  a  counterfeit,  a  sneer,  to  mimic,  to  deride ;  modked  (1  syl.  j, 
xnock'.ing,  mock'ing-hird,  mock'ing-ly,  mock^.er. 

Kockery,  plu.  mockeries,  m6k,S.riz,  derision,  mimicry. 

To  make  a  mock  of,  to  turn  into  ridicule. 
Welsh  mae,  ▼.  modOt  modad^  a  mocking. 
Kode  (1  syL),  manner.    Mood  [in  Gram.\  a  temper  of  mind. 
Modish,  m5\disht  fashionable ;  mo'dish-neM. 
Modist,  mo^.di8t.    Modiste,  m6.dee8lf.    Modest,  m6i^,est, 
Modist,  one  who  follows  the  mode  or  fashion. 
Modiste,  a  fashionable  milliner.    (French  modiste.) 

Modest,  chaste,  diffident.    (Latin  mddestas.) 
Latin  mddiu;  French  mode,  modiste,    "Mood,**  Old  EngUdi  mdd. 
fodel,  fn5d\^U    Modal,  md'.ddl.    Module,  m5d'dule, 

Mod'el,  a  pattern,  to  make  a  model;  modelled,  rnSdfM, 
mod'ell-ing  (Rule  iii.,  -el),  mod'ell-er.    (Fr.  module.) 

Modal,  mo\dSX^  having  the  form  without  the  essence; 
mo'daList,  one  who  considers  the  Trinity  as  three  modes ^ 
not  \hiQQ  persons  ;  mo'daLly,  modality,     {'Ex.  modality.) 

Module,  m8d'dule  (in  Arch.)y  a  measure  equal  to  the  semi- 
diameter  of  a  column.    (Lat.  mSdultiSf  chapter  of  a  pillar.) 

[oderate,  (adj.)  mSd\i.rit,  (verb)  7nod\i,rdte,  temperate,  to  re- 
strain; mod'erat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  mod'erat-ing  (R.  xix.), 
mod^erate-ly,  mod'erat-or  (R.  xxxvii.),  moderator-ship 
{-ship,  office,  &c.),  mod^erate-ness. 

Moderation,  mod'. S,ray'' .shun ;  moderato,  7n5d^ .<i.rd,V\td. 

Latin  mM^ratiOt  rndd^rdtor,  mddirdiua,  v.  rmJd^rori. 
Itfdian  moderato  (in  Miu.),  between  andante  and  allegro. 

[odeni,  m8d\emt  recent,  not  ancient ;  mod'em-ness. 

Modernise,  m8d\ern.ize  (Rule  xxxi.),  to  make  modem; 
modem-ism,  modernised  (3  syl.),  mod'emls-ing,  -is-er. 

Modernisation,  mdd'.er.nl.zay'^.shun ;  mod'em-ist. 

"Bx.  modeme  (Lat.  mado-erniu,  as  in  hodx-emMs,  hea-tenitu,  &e.) 
[odest,  mSd^est.    Modist,  nu/.disU    Modiste,  mo.deesf, 

Mod'est,  chaste,  diffident;  mod'est-ly,  mod'esty. 

Mo'^dist,  one  who  follows  the  mode  or  fashion.    (Fr.  mode.) 

Modiste,  mo.deest\  a  fashionable  miUiner.    (Fr.  modiste.) 

Latin  mMetiia,  nkddestus  (mddus);  French  m4>deste,  modestie. 
bdicnm,  plu.  modicums,  rmdW.kum,  a  small  quantity. 

Lattn  ffiddlcum,  plu.  mddica  (mddtu,  a  measoie). 


<77i  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Modify,  mod'.tfyy  to  change  slightly;  modifies,  mdd^Xf'tze: 
modified  (Rule  xi.),  mod'.tfide  ;  mod'ify-ing,  mod'ifi-er, 
modifi'-able ;  modifiability,  m5d\l.fi\aMrjLty, 

Modification,  mod\%.fi.kay'\8hun,  a  slight  alteration. 
Latin  mddf/XccUid),  ▼.  mddyu^e;  French  modijication,  y.  VMd^. 

Modish,  mo\dish;  modist,  modiste,  <fec.    {See  Mode.) 
Modnlate,  mSd'du.late,    Moderate,  mSd'.S,rate. 

Modulate  [the  voice],  to  speak  more  masically,not  so  harshly; 

Moderate  [the  voice],  to  speak  more  softly,  not  so  load. 

Mod'nlat-ed  (B.  xxxvi),  mod'iilat4ng  (Bale  xix.). 

Mod'nlat-or  (Bale  xxxi.);  modulation,  mSd'du^latf^jkSn. 
Lat.  rnddHldtio,  rnddiUdtor,  mddiUdri,  to  warble ;  Fr.  medulaiUni. 

Module,  mSdf.tUe  (in  Arch.),  a  measure  equal  to  the  semi-diameter 
of  a  column.    (Lit  mddultu,  the  chapter  of  a  pillar.) 

Modal,  md'.daly  having  the  form  without  the  essence. 

Model,  mod'M,  &  pattern.    (French  moddle  ;  Latin  nMu.) 

Moeso-Gothio,  mee\80  goth'.lk,  pertaining  to  the  Goths  who  settled 
in  Ma'sia,  in  Europe,  the  language  of  the  Moeso-Goths. 

Mogul  [or  mongul],  m5.gul\  a  native  of  Mongo'lia  (£.  Asia). 

Great  mogul',  the  ruler  of  the  Moguls  (extinct). 

Mongolian,  m5n,gdWi.dn,  a  native  of  Mongolia. 

Mohair,  md^hdre,  hair  of  Ango'ra  goats  (Asia  Minor). 
Da  Levantin  moxacar^  6toffe  en  poU  de  chdvre  fBouUUtJ. 

Mohammed,  md.ham'.m^d;  moham'medan,  moham'medan-iBD; 
moham'medan-Ise.    {See  Mahomet.) 

Mohawk  or  mohock,  mo'.hawky  a  set  of  ruffians  who  infested 
London  in  the  last  century,  a  tribe  of  American  LadiaoB. 

Moidore,  moy\dor  (not  inoy\a.dor),  a  Portuguese  coin  s  378. 

French-Portoguese  for  moeda  d'  owro: 
Moiety,  plu.  moieties,  moi'.i.tiz,  the  halt    (French  fnoitU.) 

Hoil  (1  syl.),  to  toil ;   moiled  (1  syl.),  moil'-ing,  moil'-er. 

Moire  fFrench),  mwor,  a  wavy  appearance  called  "  watering":  M 
rhoire  de  aoie,  moire  de  laine,  moire  de  colon;  bmM 
mwar^ray,  watered :  as  moir^  antiquey  rvhan  movii 
moirage,  mwof^rdge,  "  watering"  fabrics. 

Moist  (1  syL),  damp ;  moist'-ness,  moisf -ly,  moist-ful  (R.  nii-) 

Moisten,  moit'^n,  to  make  damp  {-en  in  verbs  means  '*v> 
make");  moistened,  mois^nd;  moisten-ing,  moit^mng: 
moisten-er,  moia^'ner;  moisture,  mois^tcMr;  -less. 
Old  FrencYv  moi«te,  now  moite,  moiturt. 
Jfo^lar  [tooth,  plu.  \a«^^  V)Gl^  \s^^vsi%.    <L&dn  mSla,  a  niH) 


I 


AND    OF  SPELLING.  673 

Uolasses  (Ought  to  be  Helasses),  mo.loB^seez^  treacle ,  syrup. 

(The  word  is  botli  sing,  and  plu.  In  speaking  of  a  single  specimen 
we  say  ThU  moloMes  is  excellent,  but  in  speaking  of  different  speci- 
mens we  say  These  molasses  are  accelleni.) 

Port,  melasses;  Fr.  mdkuse;  6k.  mili.    ("Mo-**  is  a  blander.) 

Mole  (1  Bjl.)>  a  little  animal  that  throws  up  mole-hills,  a  mouud. 

Mole-spot,  a  mark  on  the  human  skin ;  mole-bat,  a  fish ; 

mole-cast,  a  mole-hill;  mole-eyed,  'ide,  nearly  blind; 

mole-catdier ;    mole-stdn,  a  stout  twilled  cotton  cloth 

with  close  pile ;  mole-track,  the  "run"  of  a  mole. 

''Mole*'  rthe  animid),  Dutch  mole;  O.E.  mold^-vfeorpe,  mould-thrower. 
"Mole" ^a  mound),  French  male;  Latin  males^  a  mound. 
"Mole"  <a  spot;,  Old  English  mdl  or  mttl,  a  mole  or  spot. 

Molecule,  mo\li.kftle  (not  m5V.e,kule\  a  small  ma«:s,  a  very 

minute  particle  of  matter;  molecular,  moMh\ii.lar; 

Molecular  attraction,  moAik\u.lar  af.trdk,8hun, 

Molecularity,  rrUf  M.ku.laf'rUy,  the  state  of  being... 

French  moUcuU;  Latin  moles,  a  mass,  with  -cule,  diminutive. 

Molest,  md.lesf,  to  annoy;  mdlest'-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  molesf-ing, 
m51est'-er,  molest'-ful ;    molestation,  mot.e8.tay*\8hun, 
Latin  mdlestia,  molestus,  ▼.  m^lesUlre,  to  vex ;  French  molester, 
Mollniflt,  md'.linXstj  a  disciple  of  Mo'lmay  a  Spanish  priest, 
whose  opinions  resembled  those  of  Armin'ius. 
Molinism,  md'MnXzm,  the  dogmas  of  Mo'iina. 

Mollify,  mmV.VLfy^  to  soften,  to  apppase ;   mollifies  (Eule  xi.), 
moV.ll.fize  ;       mollified,      moV.li.fide  ;       mol'lif  i-er  ; 
mollifi-able,  moriify-ing.    Molliflcation,  -kay^'^hun. 
Lat.  mol^ficaUo^  moU^Usdre  (mollis,  soft).    "  Molliflcation  "  not  Fr. 

Mollusc,  TnjoV.liisky  snails,  slugs,  ovsters,  and  other  animals  de- 
void of  a  bony  skeleton ;  moUusca,  mblJlus'.kah,  Cuvier's 
second  great  "  division  "  of  the  animal  kingdom ;  mol- 
lus'can ;  molluscous.  7n/)l.lu8\kii8 ;  molluskite,  moLliUf.- 
kite  {-ite  denotes  a  fossil),  a  mollusc  fossilised. 
MoUuscoida,  moV Ms.koi" .dah,  molluscs  with  homy  integu- 
ments.    (Latin  mollu8CU8  ;  Greek  eido8,  like  a  mollusc.) 

In  Latin  we  have  mx)llu8ca  and  moUvMum,  but  they  do  not  mean 
"mollusc."  Cuvier  has  taken  the  wurd  and  given  it  a  si>e<dal  sig- 
nification (mollis,  Greek  mdldkos,  soft). 

Moloch,  mo'.lok,  chief  god  of  the  Phenieians  and  Ammonites. 
Moly,  fno'dy,  a  fabulous  herb  mentioned  by  Homer.    (Gk.  molu,) 
Moment,  mo'. meat ,  60th  part  of  a  minute,  an  instant,  importance. 
Mbmentaneous  (K.  IxvL),  md' ,mSfi.tay'\ni,USy  momentary. 
Momentary,   md'.men.ta.ry,    lasting   only    an    instant; 
mo'mentari-ly  (Rule  xi.) ;  mo'ment-ly,  every  moment ; 
Momentous,    mo.men\tu8,    important;    momen'tousJy^ 

momen'tous-ness.    Momen'tum,  impetus. 
Latin  m/dmerUdneus,  mdmentdrius,  mdmentaioiv. 

2u 


674  ERRORS  OF  aPEECH 

"^        ■    -  ^ 

Hon-  (Greek  prefix),  alone,  only  one.    (Greek  mSnik,) 
This  -ffn^  Ib  ahrajrs  mono-  exc^  wbe^  -a  follows. 

Monad,  rndn'M  (not  mo^.TKuJi),  »n  Hltimate  4Jtoi9;  xponadic, 
1n^lk^^rlt;  monadioal,  m^iUfXfcaL 

Gseek  mdnos,  gen.  *itfnad[os],  ^.iintt,  sn  ttani. 

MloiuadelplMa,  m8n\d.deV*.f%,<th  (iu  fot.),  i>la»t«  btTing 

hermaphrodite  floweKs  in  vhieh  (liJ(e  the  bmUqw)  all  the 

stamens  are  united  into  one  handle  tbrQ^h  which  the 

pistil  passes ;  nKMiadelph*  rfM.aMlf^  ob»  of  the  mens* 

delphia;  monadelphlAx^  ^d£l'Vi<£fi;  wflpadfllphw. 

Greek  mow>8  (tdelphia,  a  soli^ry  hrQtheriM>€>d. 
(LLnnseus  called  the  stamens  of  flowers  manhood  («>dria),  the  pistih 
womaTihood  (gysia),  9Pd  st«men».iii  bivsdles  Ifrqw^hwd  CtiWlfhi^^ 

Monarch,  mdn^arkt  a  sovereign,  a  sole  ruler ; 

Monarchy,  plu.  monarchies,  mSn'jir.l^  the  domimcni  of  i 

monarch ;   moB'aroh^t,  m5n',ar.kUt. 
Monaroh'-al,  suitable  to  a  monareh.     laonaichieal,  n^.* 

nar^M.kaU    vested   ia   a   monarch,    pertaining    to..*; 

monarch'ical-ly;   moiMrchio,  mojiai^\Wt, 

Monarchise,   m6n\ar,hize,   to  assimilate   to  a  monarchy; 
monarohised,  m6n\ar.k\zd  ;   monarchiB^ing  (Rule  la.), 
m5n\ar.hize.ing,  tyrannising. 
Greek  mdrwrthoSf  m&nfarohia  {nUfnos  arekS^  I  rale  alooeX 
Monastery,  plu.  monasteries,   mdn\as.t&r  riz,   a  eonveat; 
monastic,     mS.nds'.Uk ;      monastical,      mHjn&t^jeUtal; 
monas'tical-ly ;    monastioism,  rnajna»\t%Mzm, 
Monasticon,  mo.na8\ti.kdn,  a  book  on  monasteries. 
Greek  mdnaatMon  (monos,  alone) ;  Latin  m&nasUrivm,  mdnmHtm 
Monday,  mun'.dayy  the  first  secular  day  of  the  week. 

6ld  English  monaiwtog,  the  day  sacred  to  the  mo<m  (tnonaK 
-monde  (Fr.),  mond;  beau-mon4e,  bo'  mdnd\  the  fasliionaUe 
world ;  demi-monde,  dim!^,i  mond,  a  euphemism  for 
what  the  Greeks  called  hStairai  (fietara).  Plato  defioei 
hetaira  as  "mSr^trix  specidso  nomine  rem  odiosuB 
denotante."    Plut,  et  Athen. 

Money,  mun\y.    Cash. 

Money,  ourrsnt  coin,  that  which  represents  money. 
Gash,  money  kept  in  a  till,  money  as  an  article  of  tiade,  tf 
in  baoks»  4^t    (French  came,  a  strong  box.) 

Moneys  (Aot  inmie9,  Bule  xiii.)f  different  soiofl  of  money 
eoUect^vely  considered ; 

Moneyed  (often  but  improperly  written  monied.  Role  vo-\ 
rich;  mtmeyer,  one  of  the  o^cera  of  the  royal  mist  to 
supetiiit^nd  the  coining  of  money ;  maaey-lofls* 

Monetary ,  mau'  .i^Ur  <r\)«  'Hbtswiterf^  'vaM.ut&r^; 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  «75 

Honetary,  p^rttuning  to  money ; 

Monitory,  admonition,  warning.    (Latin  Mneo,) 

Monkey  -  diang^er,  monkey  -  lend^'er,  mon'ey  -  marking, 
mon'ey-mark'et,  mon^ey-mSt'ten,  mon'ey-or'der; 

Money- SGriyenert  mun\y  shrix^'fuer^  one  who  raises  money 

fbr  others;  money's  worth,  m&n'Xz  murth. 

(Hd  Eng.  inynti,  myndere,  a  moneyer ;  Fr.  monnaU  1 1    The  Boman 
mint  was  once  the  temide  of  Juno  Mone^ta  (the  warner  of  danger). 

-monger,  mung'ger,  a  dealer :  as  Jish-numger,  fell-monger^  iron- 
monger, cheese-monger,    (Old  English  monger,  a  dealer.) 
Old  Eog.  mangere,  a  merchant,  ▼.  mam^liami,  to  trafiOc,  mang-hiis. 
Mongolian,  mon.gd\li.any  a  native  of  Mongolia.    {See  Mognl. ) 

Mcmgrel,  m&n'.gril,  of  a  mixed  hreed,  [a  dog]  not  thotoogh-bred. 

Old  EngU&h  mcnyttoit],  to  mix,  with  dimtfiwiifM  affix. 
MoDitioii,  mS.fdsh\uny  warning ;  mcmitiv6,  mSn\i.&v: 

Monitor,  mSn\i,tor  (R.  xxxvii.),  fem,  monitress,  mfm'Xtren ; 
monitorial,  mdn' X,tdr^'rijSl ;  monitor'ial-ly,  numltor- 
Bhip  {-ship,  office,  &c.),  the  office  of  a  monitor. 

Monitory,  monetary,  mdn\t.tdrryy  miin\t.twrry. 

Monitory,  containing  advice  or  warning. 

Monetary,  relating  to  money.    {See  Money.) 

Latin  nUMUio,  monitor,  fem.  mdnlirix,  nUMtSHxks,  v.  fiUine», 
Monk,  munk.    Friar,  fri'uir.    Nun. 

Monk,  member  of  a  monastery,  a  hermit. 

Friar,  an  outdoor  or  free  religious  brother. 

Kun,  member  of  a  convent  for  women. 

Gloifiter jnonk,  a  monk  who  actually  lives  in  the  monastery. 

Extra-monk,  a  monk  who  s^trves  a  monasterial  church  and 
does  not  live  in  a  monastery,  but  in  his  parish. 

''Monk,"  Old  English  nwnte  or  fntmue;  Latin  mdnichus;  Greek 

Tndnlchds  {mdnds,  alone,  or  separate  [from  the  world]). 
"  Friar,"  Pr.  yrdrt ;  Lat.  /rater,  a  brother.    "  Nun,"  Old  Eng.  nunne. 

Monkey,  mun'.hy.    Ape  (1  syl.)    Baboon,  hd.hoon. 

Monkey,  plu,  monkeys,  have  long  tails,  ^£500. 

Babocm^  flu,  bahoona,  have  short  tails. 

Ape,  plu.  apes  (1  syl.),  have  no  tails  at  all. 

"  Monkey."  Ital.  moniechio  (monna,  a  she-ape).    "  Ape,"  Old  E.  apa. 
**  Baboon,"  Fr.  bdbmn  {baMne,  with  aug.,  large-lipped  [animal]). 

M5n^o-  m5n-  before  -a  (Gk.  prefix),  alone,  singly.    (Gk.  m5no8.) 
Mono-basic,  m^\o-bd\8ik,  one  part  of  base  to  one  of  acid. 
Greek  mono-[m6n5s]&a9i«,  only  one  [part]  of  base. 
Mon'o-cardian,  -kar'.di.dnj  having  (like  fish  and  reptiles) 

only  one  auricle  and  one  ventricle  in  the  heart. 
Chreek  mono-  hardim,  y^e  heart  with  ooly  oii«  \«iiUK\!C&A  «bA  ^^sckXV^^. 


C7«  EHRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Mon'o-car'pon,  bearing  fruit  only  once  and  then  dying,  an 

annual;  mono-carpous,  -kar^.ptu.    {Gk,karpo8firmt.) 
Mono-oerons,  mo.nos^.i,rus,  having  only  one  horn  or  task. 
Greek  moruy-imiia^BVBiriU,  only  a  single  horn. 

Mono-chord,  mSn\o.kord,  a  one  stringed  instrament  for 
testing  intervals.    (Greek  monos  ehordSj  single  string.) 

Hon'o-chrome,  -krome,  a  painting  of  only  one    colour: 

as  sepia  or  indian  ink ;  mon'o-chromatic,  'kro,m&fXk. 
Greek  9nano-[mdn68]cA.rd7na,  only  one  colour. 
Hon'o-cotyledon,  -kdVty.lee*\d(5n  (not  ko.fiV .^.d)!)n\  a  plant 
(like  wheat)  with  only  one  seed-lobe);  mon'o-ootyledo- 
notus,  -ko1fty.lee"d6.nu8.    Plants  with  two  seed-lobes  are 
di>o6tyle'dons.  Plants  without  a  seed-husk  a-ootyle'donfl. 
Greek  fiu»u>-[mda6s]XN9(tu2^dom,  a  socket,  hnsk,  or  lobe. 

Monocracy,  mSn.Sk\ra,8y,  government  vested  in  one  mler; 

monocrat,  vnSn^o.krdty  a  monarch. 
Greek  Tnono-LmteSslXratia,  government  vested  ^  one. 

Monocular,  m8n.dk'. u.lar^  having  only  one  eye ;   monocnle, 

mon\o.kule,  a  one-eyed  insect.    Binocnlar,  bi-ndk'.u.lar, 

having  two  eyes  or  eye- tubes. 

'*  Binocular,"  Lat.  hinus  kk^us^  double-eye,  Is  a  good  compound,  bnt 
"monocular**  (Ok.  monos,  Lat.  ocuIim)  is  a  disgraceful  hybrid. 
UTioculan',  a  good  Latin  compound,  would  have  done  as  well. 

Mon^'o-dactylous,  -daV.ty.lus,  having  but  one  toe. 
Greek  mono-[m6nlia}dakt^lo8,  wUh  only  one  toe  or  finger. 

Mon'o-don,  a  animal  (like  the  narwhal  or  sea- unicorn),  with 
only  one  tootb.  (Gk.  mono-  odowt^  gen.  odontos,  one  tooth.) 

Monody,  plu.  monodies  (Hule  xliv.),  mdn\5.diz,  a  poem  on 
the  death  of  a  friend  (sung  by  a  person  to  himself  in 
solitude.)    (Greek  mon-  [mdnSs]  ddS,  solitary  ode.) 

Monoecia,  mon.e' .»^.ah,  plants  which  have  both  stamens 
and  pistils  on  the  same  plant;  monoecian;  monGBcioaB, 
mon.S'.si.us,    (Greek  mon-[m5nds]-oi/;ta,  one  dwelling.) 

Monogamy,  mo.nog\a.my,  marriage  restricted  to  one  wife. 

Living  in  marriage  with  more  than  one  wife  at  the  same 

time  is  called  polygamy,  poMg'.a.my ;    monog'amist; 

monogamous,  vib.ndg' .d.mus* 

Greek  mono-Imdnfislgamo*,  single  marriage ;  pohu  gdmdt,  many  whrei 

Mono-gram,  mon\8.gram  (not  m^\no.gram\  a  cipher,  the 
interlaced  initial  letters  of  a  person's  name. 

Monogram'mic.    Monogrammat'io. 
M5nogram'mic,  pertaining  to  a  mSnogram ; 
MoiiogTanmka\f  Vx^  m  \3^«  %tyle  of  a  monogram. 
Oreek  ivumoa  graiwrno,  \V«q  ox  T&«niv^fi^^Ja&\:^i«n^{s;ao]  oat. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  677 

Monogpraph,  m6n\d.gr&f  (not  mS^.nd.grSf)^  a  treatise  limited 
to  one  subject  or  object ;  monog^phi^  m6.n8g\ra.fi8t ; 
monographic,  m8n\d.grdf'\ik ;  monograpVical,  .gr&f".- 
Xkdl;  monographlcal-ly ;  monography,  m6.n5g\rd.fy. 
Greek  mono-lm6n6s]graph6, 1  wxlte  <»  one  thing  only, 
Mon'o-gynia,  -djin\i.ah,  plants  which  have  only  one  pistil 
or  stigma  in  a  flower;    monogyn,  mbn'JU.djin^  a  plant 
with  only  one  pistil;    monogynian,   m}in.6.djirC' S.dn ; 
monogynous,    mSjnMg'.y.nus ;    monogynoeoial,    m6n\5- 
djln.e'\8l.alt  fruits  formed  by  the  pistil  of  one  flower. 

Greek  monoa  gunia,  single  womanhood.  Linnsena  called  pistils  the 
"womanhood,"  and  stamens  the  ''man\K>od"  fandriaj  of  flowers. 
"Monogynoecial,"  mono-  gunia,  -oihos,  tne  tingle-pistU's  abode. 

MoBO-lith,  m(in\6Mth,  a  i»llar  made  of  only  one  stone; 
monolithic,  m5n\6.lUh'\lk,    (Greek  lithoSf  a  stone.) 

Mono-logniO)  mon\d.l5g  (not  mo'.no.Wg)^  a  soliloquy,  a  scene 

or  drama  with  only  one  character  or  speaker;    a  sone 

with  more  than  one  speaker  is  a  dialogue ;   monologist, 

md.nWd.djlst ;   monology,  MjnJdV.o.djy, 

These  words  in  -logu$  are  from  the  French,  the  -ue  is  perfectly  need- 
less and  quite  un-English.  "Monolog"  and  "Dialog"  would  be 
far  preferable  (Greek  monoa  ^>gl[p8\,  a  soUloquy.    I>ia-log[o8]). 

Mono-mania,  mbn\6.7ruiy*\'nSi.ali  (not  mo'.nd...\  mad  on  one 

subject;    mon'o -maniac,   -may\n%.dk ;    monomaniacal, 

m5n\5.ma.ni^'d.kdl ;   monomani'aoal-ly. 
Greek  iiK9(no-[mdnOs]mAn{a,  madness  [on]  one  single  point 
Monomial,  m6.no\m%,dl  (in  Algebra),  one  term :  as  Qah;  an 

expression  with  two  terms  (as  a  +  &)  is  a  bino'mial  i  with 

three  terms  (as  a  +  2ab  -^b)  &  trino'mial. 

If  drawn  from  the  Greek,  M-nomial  should  be  di-nomial. 
If  drawn  from  the  Latin,  mononomial  should  be  unnomial. 
l^e  prefixes  mono-,  cU-,  Vri-  with  &ndma  or  &nO,ma  (GreekX 
The  prefixes  un-,  bi-,  tri-  with  nomen  (Latin). 

M5n'o-morphouB,  -mor^.fus,  having  but  one  form;  insects 
which  change  their  form  are  met'amorphia 

Mon'o-petalous,  'pit'M.lUa^  having  the  corolla  in  one  piece 
as  the  primrose.    (Greek  pitdWn,  a  i)etal.) 

Monophthong,  md.niif' .thong,  two  contiguous  vowels  only 
one  of  which  is  sounded :  as  «a  in  "  speak,"  ie  in  "  piece." 

Diphthong,  d^f\thong,  two  vowels  combined  into  a  new 
vowel  sound :  as  ou  in  *'  prowl,"  oi  in  "  boil." 

Triphthong,  tHf'.thong,  three  concurring  vowels  Bounded 
as  one :  as  beauty,  purlietu. 

Greek  m/yno-.  dir,  and  tri-  phthoggos,  single,  double,  triple  [vowel] 
sound,  V.  phtKeggdmai,  to  utter  a  sound. 

Monopolise,  md.ndp^.o.lize,  to  engross  the  whole  \  TEinTi<Qi^*  <^- 
llsed  (^  syL),  monop'olis.ing  (Eule  ^x.)\  TSioiio^'cJ&^-^''c> 


678  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

one  who  arrogates  to  himself  or  engrosses  the  whole; 
monop'olist,  one  who  is  a  monopoliser. 

Monop<dy,  jpH.  monopolies,  mS.n^'S.Vfz,  the  right  of  excla- 

sive  side  in  an  article  either  by  x^^tent  or  otherwise. 
Greek  mdnd-[momoB]  p6le6, 1  alone  deal  io  [the  artide]. 

Uxmopteral,  m6.nSp\tg.rSl,  one>winged,  {.«.,  a  temple  with- 
out a  cella.    (Greek  mSnos  pteroUt  only  one  wing.) 

Hono-spermons,  m6n\o.8pii^' .muSi  one-seeded,  as  a  plmn; 
mon'o-sperm,  a  monospermous  plant. 

Di-ipermons,  dW.p^.mus,  two-seeded,  as  the  barberry; 
disperm,  M.permf  a  dispermous  plant. 

Tri-spermons,    tiis'-per-miU,    three-seeded;     trispeim, 
tiis'-perm^  a  trispermoos  plant. 

Poly-spermotis,    p6V X-sper'jn/iiSj   many-seeded,    as    an 
apple;  polyspenn,  poVX^erm^  a  many-seeded  plant 
Greek  mUno-,  dir,  tri-,  pdlu-  tpermoi^  one,  two,  three,  many  seeds. 
Hono-stich,  m8n'.o.8Uk  (not  '8tieh)j  a  poem  complete  in  one 
verse,  a  line  of  poetry  complete  in  itselfl 

Distich,  dii'Mlky  a  poem  consisting  of  two  verses,  two  lines 

of  poetry  complete  in  themselves. 
Greek  mono-  di-,  gtichos,  a  yerse. 
Slon'o-syllable,  syV.ld.h'l,  a  word  of  one  syllable. 

Dis'-syllabla,  a  word  of  two  syllables. 

Tri-syllable,  trU'.iU.la.b%  a  word  of  three  syllables. 

Pory .syllable,  a  word  of  more  than  three  syllables. 
Fr.  diMyllaMe,  trisaylla^le.    Very  absurdly  we  haTe  been  led  by  the 
French  in  one  of  these  words  and  not  in  the  other.     "  Dis^llable" 
should  have  only  one  «  (Gk.  mono-,  di-,  trir,  polu-  tttUabe). 

Mon'o-tone,  -tone,  a  succession  of  sounds  all  haying  the 
same  pilch ;  monotonous,  md.Tiofd.nua,  having  a  unifartu 
same-ness ;  monot'onous-ly ;  monotony,  md.n5f.d.ny. 
Greek  mdno-[monos]  tdnda,  only-one  tone. 

Monseigneur,  plu.  Messeigneurs,  moKn.sen'.y'T,  plu.  ma^SnAft^i 
a  title  given  to  bishops  and  abbots  in  France. 

During  the  Empire  this  title  was  given  to  all  the  nobility,  lay  as  well 
as  clerical,  and  corresponded  with  our  titles  o<  ycmr  oraes,  yovr 
lordship.  The  dauphin  son  of  Louis  XIV.  was  styled  simply 
"Monseigneur,"  other  dignitaries  had  a  name  or  title  added:  ss 
Motueigneur  le  Prince,  M^nadgnewr  Dupanloup. 

Monsieur,  plu.  Messieurs,  m8»$i'eu\  plu.  ma.s6'eu',  the  Fr.  title 
of  address  equivalent  to  our  Mr.  and  Messrs.,  mezh'^erz. 

With  this  important  difference,  either  word  can  be  used  alone,  with- 
out the  addition  of  a  proper  name,  as  we  at  one  time  used  Sir  or 
Sirs.  This  useful  address,  especially  in  speaking  to  strangers,  !■ 
unhappily  tabooed,  except  from  seryants,  or  when  tradesmen  and 
operatives  «AAte%at\ift ''  %ftTvity." 

French  num8ie^lAr,m^B^x,xD:9m.^'^^)L.tMa«Ccurl,  myiiza,  A& 


AND  OF  SPBLLTNG.  CTS 

MonaooB,  in6n^6<m\  a  pfhodioal  witad  ikl  the  Indiim  afnd  Arabian 
seas,  blowing  S.W.  from  April  to  October,  and  N.E.  from 
October  to  April.    (Fr.  numscn;  Malay  moteen^  season.) 

Monster,  mSn'^ter,  a  being  of  frigbtfol  aspect  or  charaoter,  huge ; 
monstrous,  mdn'MrHs ;  mon'strous-ly,  mon'stroos-nesi. 

MoQstxotitj,  plu,  monstrosities,  mihL8tr69W.i'i»,   an    nn- 

natnral  production.     (Latin  monstrum^  monstrose^  adv.) 
The  word  means  sometiitBf  to  be  "pointed  at,"  t.  moiurtrdre. 
Mbntanist,  mdn.tay'Mist  (not  m5n'*td.fUst)y  a  disciple  of  UontdnuMj 
a  Phrygian  bishop  of  the  second  century ;   Montanistio, 
mdn.td,ni8'.tik;   Montanism,  morLtay\nizm. 

Month,  miinth,  four  weeks,  one  of  the  twelve  divisions  of  the 

year;  month'-ly,  every  month.    Gal'endar  month,  one 

of  the  twelve  months  termed   January,  February,  &c. 

Lunar  month,  four  weeks.    Bimonthly,  twice  a  month. 

The  word  bimonthly,  meaning  **  twice  a  month,"  is  quite  indefen- 
sible. It  can  only  mean  every  two  months,  as  "biennial"  means 
every  two  years.  Besides,  the  word  is  a  hjbrid  at  its  best,  5i-  being 
Latin,  and  month  Anglo-Saxon.  It  should  be  Twy-montMy,  or  hi- 
menstrual,  or  bi-mestral.    (Old  £ng.  m^indth,  nuindthlic,  monthly.; 

Monument,  m6n' M,ment,  a  structure  in  memory  of  the  dead,  an 
enduring  memorial ;   monUmen'tsU,  monnmen'tal-ly. 
Latin  mAmwMntvm  {rtiUneo,  to  put  in  mind) ;  £^n<ih  monumental. 
•mony,  -mun'y  (Lat.  -mon-ia),  added  to  abstract  nouns:  ceremony. 

Mood  (in  Gram.),  temper  of  mind.     Mode  (1  syl.),  fashion ; 

mood'.y,  crotchety  in  temper,  gloomy ;  moodl-ly,  -ness. 

"  Mood,"  O.  E.  mdd,  mtSdUic,  moody.   **  Mode,"  Fr.  mode  ;  Lat  mMus. 

Moon,  the  earth's  satellite  (3  syl.) ;  moon'et,  a  little  moon ; 
moon'-y,  dreamy;  moon'i-Iy  (R.  xi.);  moon-ing,  absent- 
minded;  moon -less;  moon-beam,  .5^em;  zuoOn-calf, /^Zu. 
moon-calves  (R.  xxxviii.),  a  dolt;  moon-fish;  moon-light, 
-lite  ;  moon-lit,  illuminated  by  the  moon  ;  moon-shine ; 
ikioon-stone,  an  iridescent  stone ;  uioonjstrudk,  lunatic. 
Old  English  m&na,  m/6iuiXic,  moohy,  m/&jMinrd()Rg,  Monday. 

Moor.  mooW  (not  nwr).    More,  m^*r  (not  m<Jr),  corap.  of  much. 

Moor,  moo*r,  an  extensive  waste,  a  native  of  North  Africa, 
to  fasten  a  boat  with  a  rope,  or  a  ship  with  anchors. 

Moorish,  mooW-ish,  fenny,  pertaining  to  the  Moors ; 

Moor-cock,  fern,  moor-hen,  both  moor-fowl ; 

Mocnr-buz'zaxd,  moor.land,  moor-stone. 

Moor  {verb))  mocnred,  moo'rd;  moor-ing;    moor-ings,  the 

anchors,  chains,  &c.,  employed  to  mo(»*  a  vessel ; 
Moor-age,  a  place  where  a  vessel  can  be  moored. 

"  Moot"  (a  heath).  Old  Eng.  m4r,  m4r4and,  mjdr-hdih  moOT-\v^«X>Ck. 
"  Moor"  (of  N.  Africa),  Latin  Mauritania  Greek,  amaurftft,  ^vt^. 
*'  Moor"  (to  fsJErtenJi,  Sj»nish  amarra/r;  French  amaTrer, 


V 


680  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Moose-deer,  mods  deer,  the  American  elk.    (Amer.  Ind.) 
Hoot,  doubtful,  to  discuss;  xnoot'.ed  (Bule  xxxvi.),  moof-ing. 

A  moot  point,  a  question  still  undetermined ;  moof -able. 
Old  ItegUsh  m6t,  ▼.  nt(M[tan],  past  mtffocle,  past  part,  rndtod, 
Wipf  a  '*  broom  "  made  of  thrums,  to  mop.    Mope  (1  syl.),  to  sulk. 

Mop,  mopped,  mSpt;  mopp'-lHg  (B.  i.);  mopp'-et,  a  rag-dolL 

Mope,  moped  (1  syl.),  mop-ing  (Rule  xix.),  moxNish. 
"  Mop,'*  Welsh  mop.    **  Mope,"  Dutch  inopptn,  to  sulk. 
Mope  (1  syh),  to  sulk;   moped  (1  syl.>,  mop-ing  (Rule  xix.), 
mop'ing-ly,  mop'-ish,  mop'ish-ly,  mopish-nees. 
Mop,  to  use  a  mop ;  mopped,  m(5pt ;  mdpp'-ing  (Rule  i.) 
*'  Mope,"  Datcb  tnoppeis  to  sulk.    "M<^,'*  Welsh  mop. 
Moraine  (Swiss),  md.rain\  the  stones,  sand,  and  debris  drawn 
from  the  highlands  by  glaciers  and  deposited  in  valleys,  &e. 

Moral,  mSr'rdlf  a  practical  lesson.    Morale,  mo.rdhl. 

Moral  (adj.),  relating  to  the  conduct  of  men,  subject  to  the 

moral  law,  8upp(»:ted  by  evidence  or  experience ; 
Morally,  moj^raldy  ;  morals,  motives  of  conduct 

Morality,  mo,raVX,ty. ;  moralities,  mojraVXMz,  moral  dramas 

which  succeeded  miracle  plays. 
Moralise  (Rule  xxxi),  mmWdLizey  to  inculcate  practical 

moral  lessons;    mor'alised  (3  syl.),  mor^alis-ing  (Bale 

xix.);  mor'alls-er,  one  who  moralises. 
Moralisation,  mh'/rdl.l.zay'^ .sh&n. 
Moral  agent,  one  capable  of  knowing  right  from  wrong. 
Moral  philosophy,  -fl.los\}i.fy,  that  branch  of  philosophy 

which  treats  of  man's  social  relations  and  duties. 
Moral  sense,  that  sense  or  feeling  whereby  we  weigh  eon- 
duct  and  motives  of  conduct. 
Morale  (French),  m^.rdhV,  moral  object  or,  inference. 
Latin  m^dlis,  mordlltaa  (mos,  gen.  mOris,  custom,  temi>er,  &c.) 
Morass,  md.ras\  a  marsh,  a  fen ;.  moras'sy,  marshy. 

Old  English  mdr,  plu.  mdras,  fens,  bogs,  marshes. 
Moravian,  mo.ray^vl.dn,  adj.  of  Mora'via  or  of  the  society  called 

Mora'vians;  Moravianism,  mJ6.ray^.vi.dnJiznu 
Morbid,  m^r^.Ud,  unhealthy;  mor1[)id-ly,  morK^id-ness. 

Morbid  anatomy,  that  part  of  anatomical   study  which 

treats  of  the  effect  of  disease  on  the  animal  body. 
Morbidity,  mor.bic^ .tty.   Morbific,  -bif'.tk,  causing  diseaee. 
Latin  morhtdus,  morbidUas,  morblific%u  (morbus^  diseaseX 
Mordant,  mor'.dant  (for  fixing  dyes).    Mordent  (in  Betamf). 
Mordaclous,  mar.day' .shUs  (adj.  from  Latin  words  in  •«  va^^ 

-ion«,  not.  -eou8,  Bxv\ft  VxviO  \  mordacions-ly. 
Vdrdacity ,  mor Msl  X.tij .    QuaXiai  twiTdfla^  ^^u.  mord/aeit) 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  681 

■ 

More,  moY  (not  mior\  oomp.  of  much.    Moor,  moo'r  (q.v.) 
More  than  probable,  little  short  of  quite  certain. 

*'  More"  has  two  supplied  positives,  its  own  being  lost : — 

1.  Many,  (eomp.)  more»  (super.)  most  (Old  English,  vnoMg), 

2.  Mll^  (comp.)  more,  (super.)  most  (Old  English,  miceO. 
"More"  is  from  the  obsolete  adj.  xnag  or  moA,  (comp.)  fMth-rr.y 

(super.)  iMOxrotL    "Mag"  means  the  quality  M  being  aUe  or 
lofficient,  whence  the  y.  iaaor[anJ,  to  be  able. 

MoreU'  <yr  morell'o,  a  cherry.    MoreF,  an  edible  fungus. 

fThest  vxyrds  are  totally  distindf  and  it  is  very  desiraible  to  preserve  a 
*     distinction  in  th£  spelling,  although  both  are  often  spelt  morel. ) 
"Morell  or  Morello"  cherry  is  also  called  The  MiVan  cheny. 
"  Morel"  (the  edible  fungus).  Ft.  morelle;  ItaL  inoreUa;  Ger.  Tmorehel. 

Mcnreover,  rnoWJS'.v^t  besides,  further-more. 

Moresqite,  mo.rSsk',  arabesque.    (French  moresque,  Moorish.) 

Morganatic  [marriage],  mdr^ .ga.nat'Wk,  A  licence  allowed  in 
Germany  to  the  nobility  to  marry  a  woman  without  her 
taking  either  the  title,  rank,  or  estates  of  the  husband. 
These  marriages  are  called  "left-handed,"  because  the 
left  hand  of  the  bridegroom  is  used  instead  of  the  right. 

"Morganatic"  means  limited  to  the  morgengahe  the  dowry  or  gifi 
made  on  the  morning  ot  the  ceremony ;  Low  Laitin  nwrganiiicum. 

Morgue  (Fr.),  morg,  a  place  where  bodies  found  dead  in  rivers 
or  streets  are  laid  out  that  they  may  be  recognised. 

Dtin  vieux  mot  qui  vent  dire  visage  {BowMe^).  First  applied  to  a 
vestibule,  where  criminals  were  placed  that  the  prison  officials 
might  familiarise  themselves  with  their  faces  and  figures. 

Moribund,  m&r^riMindy  ready  to  die.    (Latin  mMhundm^ 

Morion,  mo.rx.un,  a  helmet  with  no  visor. 

Italian  morione  (Aforo,  a  moor),  the  Moor's  helmet 

Morisco,  plu.  moriscoes,  md.ris'.koze,  the  Moors  who  remained 
in  Spain  after  the  taking  of  Grana'da  in  1492,  but  re^ 
nounced  the  Catholic  religion  to  which  they  were  pledged 
for  that  of  Mahomet.    (Spanish  morisco,  moro,  a  Moor.) 

Mormonite,  mo/.m5fi.ite,  a  disciple  of  Joseph  Smith,  of  America, 
who  asserted  that  the  angel  Mormon  had  made  commu- 
nications  to  him.    Mor^mon^ism. 

Mom«  contraction  of  morning.    Mourn.  mo*um,  to  lament. 

Mom'ing,  firom  midnight  to  midday.    Mourning,  md*^um'-ing\ 
grieving,  black  dresses  symbolical  of  the  death  of  some 
one  beloved  or  nearly  related. 
(Hd  English  momy  morgen,  morgen  dedgung,  mioraing  dawn. 

Mbfooca,  plu,  moroccoes  (R.  xlii.),  a  fine  grained  leatViex  "^i&^-^qx^^ 
in  Morocca  from  the  skins  of  goata  or  shee^^ 


6W  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

•  ^ ^ 

Morone,  mSjrdfM^    MJftroon,  majro(ni',    Mo'rion.    Mexi'no. 

Morone,  ma.rone\  a  deep  erinidon  colour,  like  the  unripe 
mulberry.    (Latin  mdrum^  a  mulberry.) 

Maroon'f  a  rich  chestnut  odour.    (Fr.  marroit»  a  chestnut) 
Morion,  Yiio'.rion,  a  Moorish  helmet.    (Sp.  moTOt  a  Moor.) 
Merino,  m^.re€\no^  a  fabric  made  from  the  wool  of  the 
merino  sheep.     (Spanish  merino,  i^hanging  pasture.) 

Morone  curtains,  cartains  of  a  deep  eritnton  ttolotif  . 
Mcuroon  curtains,  curtains  of  a  rich  chestnut  colour. 
Meri'no  curtains,  curtains  made  of  merino  wooL 

MoroBS,  mo.roce',  sullen ;  morose'-ly,  morose-nM8» 

Latin  mOrdsus,  froward ;  French  morost. 
Morpheus,  mor^.fuce  (not  mor^.fi.iU),  god  of  sleep. 

Morphia,  mor^.fl.ah^  the  narcotic  principle  of  ojaum. 
Morphology,  mor'.foV.o.gy,  that  part  of  botany  which  treats 
of  the  forms  of  plants  and  of  their  different  organs; 
morphologist,  mor.fol\d.djl8t;  morphol'ogicaL 

The  word  means  "The  modeller/'  so  called  because  he  coaiures  np 
shapes  to  the  sleeper  {morpfii,  shape,  ▼.  tnorpMb,  to  shape>. 

Morris,  mor^ris,  a  Moorish  dance,  a  game. 

Mor'ria-dance,  morris-dancer,  morris-pike. 

Kine-men^s-morris,  a  game  with  nine  holes  in  the  ground. 

Morris-board,  a  board  for  the  game  of  morris. 

"The  nine-men's-morris  is  filled  up  with  mud.'*    (Mid.  N.  Dr,  iL  2) 
Spanish  morisco  danxa,  the  Moorish  dance ;  the  Moorish  [game]. 

Morrow,  next  day  to  this,  an  indefinite  future  period ; 

Qood  morrow.  Good  morning.    (Old  English  g6d  worgen.) 

To-morrow,  on  the  day  following  this  {to-  is  the  adverbial 
prefix,  as  in  to-day,  to-night,  &o. 

Latin  hodie,  adv.,  to-day ;  French  demain.  adv.,  to-motrow. 
Old  English  to-morgen,  to-morrow,  g6d  morgen,  good  nAorrow* 

Morse  (1  syl.),  the  sea-horse,  the  walrus.    (Russian  morj^) 
Morsel,  mdi^Ml,  a  small  piece.    (Italian  morseUo,  a  mouthfbl) 
Mort,  a  salmon  in  its  tbird  year,  a  large  quantity,  notes  sounded 
at  the  death  ot  hunted  game.  (Fr.  mort^  the  death  of  game.) 

Mortal,  mdr^.tal,  subject  to  death,  deadly,  a  human  being,  Ac; 
mor'tal-ly ;   mortality,  mor.tdV.l.ty, 
Lat.  mortdlis,  mortdlltas  (mors,  death) ;  Fr.  mortel  (wrong).  mortaUU. 

Mortar,  mor^.tar,  a  strong  vessel  in  which  things  are  bruised  or 
pounded  with  a  pestle,  a  piece  of  ordnance  for  throwing 
shells,  a  cement  for  stones  and  bricks ;  tnortar-boaid. 
Lat.  mortdriam;  Fr  mortier;  Span.  m/6rtero.  O.S.  morf«rs,theoeiiMBi 

Mortgage,  vrwr^.gage,  a  dead  pledge,  that  is  real  property  pledged 
to  another  in  fe^cvinX,^  fef  debt  The  pledge  is  dead  be- 
cause tbelcLoVdiet  caxLiiQ\.Vn.  «si^  ^^  ^%^se  of  it,aad  tbe 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  €8S 

penon  who  made  the  pledge  can  recover  it  at  any  time 
hj  paying  the  debt,  to  convey  to  a  creditor  a  mortgage  ; 
■ortgaged,  mar^.gdjd ;  mortgag-ing  (Rule  xix.), 
mo^.gage.ing;  mortgag-er,  mor^.gage.er. 

Mortgagor'  {law  term),  the  debtor  who  grants  the  mortgage. 

Mortgagee',  the  creditor  who  receives  the  mortgage. 

0^  and  -ee  are  regular  law  terminations  for  ageni  and  rtdpignL) 
Yt.  mart  gage,  m  dead  pled«re,  ao  mori-main^  m  dead  kand :  in  each 
ease  the  word  **  dead^  means  "  unable  to  part  with  the  property." 

Srror  of  Speech. — 

To  fortdoae  a  mmAgage  is  nonsense,  bat  is  not  nnfreqnently  used  to 
signify  "patting  an  end  to  a  mortgage,**  either  by  relemption, 
tnnsfer  of  the  property,  or  sale.  *'  Foreclose"  does  not  mean  "  to 
bring  to  a  close,"  bat  "to  shut  out  frum  the  law-conrts"  f«  foro 
eLuno).  It  is  possible  to  foredon  a  mortgagor,  or  "  shat  him  oat 
of  eoart,"  and  it  is  possible  to  claim  for  a  f&rodoswre,  that  is,  to 
compel  the  debtor  to  redeem  the  mortgage  or  to  give  up  "  his 
right  of  redemption,"  and  so  "  shat  himself  out  of  court,"  bat  it  is 
not  possible  to  '*  fcMredose  a  mortgage." 

[oitify,  Two/.tl/y,  to  vex,  to  become  corrupt,  to  vex  oneself  by 
fasting  and  i)enance;  mortifies,  mor^.tl.fize ;  mortified, 
mdr^.ti.fide ;  mor'tif I-er,  mor'tif^-ing,  mortiiying-ly. 

Mortification,  mdr^.tl.f%.kay'\8kun, 

Latin  morti^ficdHo,  v.  mort^fieare:  French  mortiJUxUiont  fnortifitr. 
[ortiae,  mot'Jis,  a  hole  cut  in  one  piece  of  wood  to  receive  the 
tenon  of  another,  in  order  to  unite  them,  to  mortise ; 
mortiaed,  mdr'.tist;  mor'tiii-ing  (R.  xix.)    (Fr.  mortaise.) 

[ortmain.  morf.main,  possession  of  real  property  by  "  hands  " 
which  cannot  alienate  it,  as  property  given  to  a  corpora- 
tion, a  college,  and  formerly  to  the  church. 

Fr.  mort  main,  dead  hands,  i.e.,  hands  which  are  powerless  to  part 
with  the  property.  So  mort-gage,  a  dead  gage,  means  a  pledge 
wMeh  cannot  be  parted  with  or  sold  by  the  holdec 

Cortaary,  plu,  mortuaries,  mor'.tu.d.riz  (R.  xliv.),  a  cemetery. 

A  mortuary  urn,  an  urn  to  hold  the  ashes  of  a  dead  person. 

A  mortuary  gift,  a  gift  left  at  death  to  a  parish  church. 

Fr.  morttuUre;  Lat.  mortuus  {morior,  mortuus  autn,,  &c.,  to  die). 

[osaic,  mS.zd\iky  tesselated  work;  (adj.),  tesselated,  pertaining 

to  Moses ;  mosaical-ly,  mo.zd'.i.kdl,ly. 

fit  is  a  pity  that  "mosaic,*'  mjeaning  tesselated,  is  not  spelt  xoith  a  -a, 

"  Muwiic,"  as  "  Mosaic"  was  already  appropricdedj 
Latin  musdicus,  tesselated,  mUsivwrn  "opus  tessellarium." 
French  mifsaique;  German  mosaisch  or  musaisch  ;  Spanish  maaaica. 

[osa-Baurus,  rnos\a.8aw'\rus,  a  great  saurian  or  fossil  crocodile 
found  in  the  Msestrich  chalk  beds. 

A  hybrid :  Latin  Mdsa,  th«  Meuse,  and  Greek  sauros,  a  lizard. 
[ofllem,  fnoz\Um,  a  mussulman.    (Arabic  muslim,  a  believer.) 
[osqne,  rn68k,  a  Moslem's  place  of  worship.     Musk,  a  plant. 

French  mosguU;  Arabic  masdjid  or  mcsd^'id,  pl«A«  ol  ^ot^£i2k:&. 


684  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Mosquito,  plu.  mosquitoes  (R.  xlii.)>  mos.k^ .toze,  a  sort  of  gnat 

Spanish  mosquito  {mosca,  a  fly) ;  Latin  musca,  a  fly. 
Moss,  one  of  the  *' families"  of  plants;    moss'-y,  mossl-noBi; 

Mossed,  mSsst,  covered  with  moss.    Most,  nearly  aU. 

Moss-agate,  an  agate  striated  with  mossy  forms. 

Moss-berry,  cranberry ;  moss-clad,  moss-grown,  moss-luid. 

Moss-rose,  a  rose  with  a  mossy  pubescence* 

Moss-troopers,  banditti  who  infested  the  border-lands  of 

England  and  Scotland  before  the  upion  of  the  cruwns. 
Old  English  meo9:  Welsh  mtmwg,  moss, 
•most  (native  affix),  ae(}-,  superlative  degree :  utter-most,  hind-mott. 
Most,  nearly  all,  (super.)  of  Many  and  Mudu 

At  most  or  a/t  the  most?    *'At  most"  for  the  very  utmost 

{at  is  the  Old  Eng.  adverbial  prefix  iet-),    **  At  the  most" 

requires  an  acy.  and  noun  to  follow:    as  at  the  most 

distant  part  of  the  world. 

"Many"  and  "Mneh"  are  supplied  positives,  the  true  po8itiTe«MV 
or  mah.  is  lost,  (comp.)  mah-re^  (snpei.)  mah-osf  {most), 

1.  *'Many"  (fiMneg),  comp.  more,  super,  most 

2.  "Much"  (micel)t  comp.  more,  super,  mast. 

Moetacchio,  plu,  mostaccbios  (Rule  xlii),  mdsMih'^slUjo  (Italian 
spelling),  hair  between  the  nose  and  mouth ; 
Mostacho,  plu.  mostachoe,  mSs.tah'aho  (Spanish  form); 
Moustache,  plu,  moustaches,  moosjtash%  moos.ta^h'M  (Fr.) 
Mustache,  plu.  mustachesy  mus.tarsh',  mi&s.taK .shU* 
Latin  musUxx,  gen.  mustads.    The  last  is  the  best  form. 

Mot,  mo.    Mote,  rridte*    Moat,  mote.    Moot. 

Mot,  mo,  a  saying,  an  expression  ,*  bon-mot,.a  witticism  (IFV*) 
Mote  (1  syl.),  a  small  particle  of  floating  dust.  (O.  £.  aiot) 
Moat,  a  ditch,  properly  the  earth  dug  out.  (French  mciiU.) 
Moot,  disputable,  to  debate.    (Old  English  m6t.) 

Motet,  m^.tit^  a  short  piece  of  sacred  music.    (Italian  mottetto.) 

M5th  (to  rhyme  with  Goth),  not  manrh,  a  sort  of  butterflj; 

moth'-y,  fun  of  moths ;  moth  eaten,  -SteJn^  iiguied  by 

moths.    (Old  EngHsh  moththe,  a  nH)tli.) 
Mother,  murK.er;  mother-ly,  motherii-ness  (Rule  xi.),  moUitt' 

hood  {-hood,  state);  mother-less,  without  mother. 
Mothery,  murh'.S.ry,  containing  a  thick  slimy  matter,  tf 

mothery  wine,  heer,  <fec. 
Mother  Church,  the  oldest  church  in  a  parish  from  whicb 

district  churches  have  sprung. 
Mother  tongue,  -tUng,  one's  native  language. 
Mother  \iq;u.OT  or  -swAar^  the  liquid  from  which  ci}iitali 

have  \>een  de^ocoXA^ 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  685 

Mother  wit,  shrewd  common  sense.    Mother  wort,  -wurt. 

Mother-in-law,  plu.  mothen-in-law,  the  mother  of  a  wife 
is  mother-in  law  to  her  husband,  and  the  mother  of  a 
hnsband  is  mother-in-law  to  his  wife. 

Step-mother,  pZu.  Btei>-mothers,  a  second  wife  is  step- 
mother to  the  children  of  her  husband's  first  wife. 

Mother-of-coal,  fine  silky  larainsB  of  mineral  charcoal  which 
occur  embedded  in  coal  seams. 

Mother-of-pearl,  -purly  the  iridescent  layer  of  shells. 
Mother-of-vinegar,  &c.,  the  flocculent  myce'lium  of  various 
moulds,  formed  on  the  surface  of  vinegar. 

Mother  waUrs  are  the  original  uUne  solutions  from  which  crystals 
have  been  deposited ;  when  poured  off  and  re-evaporated,  they 
**  bring  furth"  a  second  crop  So  in  wine-making,  &c.,  the  husks, 
^.,  are  the  mother  from  which  the  wine  was  obtained,  a&d  the 
udimeni  is  part  of  the  "  mother  substance." 

Old  £ng.  mddor  or  moder,  steop-mddor,  mother  of  an  orphan  child. 

[otion,  mo'^hiiny  movement,  to  make  a  significant  sign  to 
another;  motioned,  77icJ'.«/iun<2;  mo'tion-lng,  mo'tion-er. 

Motive,  md\t^v,  causing  motion,  the  power  that  puts  in 
motion.    Motivity,  md.tio'Xty, 

Motor,  mo\tor,  that  which  gives  motion,  (in  Anat.)  motor 
nerves  and  muscles ;  motory,  mo'.tb.ry. 

Move,  moov,  to  stir;  moved  (1  syl.);  mov'-ing,  moov'Ang ; 

mov-^r,  moov\er ;  move-ment,  moov'.menu 
Latin  tnJotio^  motivuSt  vadlor,  v.  mHv&n,  supine  mdtum,  to  move. 
[oiley,  speckled,  the  dress  of  an  ancient  jester  or  court  fool. 
Itottle,  mfit'.Vl,  to  speckle;  mottled,  mdt'.t'ld;  mottling; 
mottled  (adj  ),  variegated.    (Welsh  ysmoty  a  patch,  a  spot.) 

lotto)  Jplu,  mottoes  (B.  xlii.),  mot'.toze,  an  heraldic  sentence, 
a  sentence  on  a  title-page,  at  the  head  of  a  chapter,  on 
literary  competitions,  &c  (Ital.TTwtto,  amotto,  device,word.) 

lonld,  mold  (to  rhyme  with  cold,  sold,  not  with  howl'd,  prowVd), 
the  soil,  a  matrix  or  "  shape,"  the  suture  of  the  skull,  a 
downy  fungus  on  jams,  paste,  stale  bread,  &c.,  to  mould, 
to  knead,  <&c.;  mould'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.);  mould'-ing, 
modelling,  a  fillet;  mould'-er;  mould'-able,  mdle'-dd.Vl. 

Mouldy,  covered  with  mould,  (comp.)  mouldi-er,  (super.) 
mouldl-est,  mouldl-ness  (Rule  xi.)  Iron-mould,  a  stain 
produced  by  the  rust  of  iron. 

Moald'-er,  to  turn  to  dust;  mouldered,  mdWderd ; 
mould'er-ing ;   mouldSry,  of  the  nature  of  mould. 

Mould-board  (of  a  plough);  mould-warp,  a  mole. 

"Mould"  (earth),  O.  E.  molde.    "Mould-warp,"  O.  E.  molcle-ioeorii. 
'■*  Mould"  (a  matrix,  to  knead),  Welsh  »n©id,  v.  moldio. 
**  Mould"  (fungus^  and  ' ' Moulder,"  Welsh  moldiwr. 


«8S  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Moult,  mSlt  (to  rhyme  with  eolt^  doU),  to  shed  the  feathers; 
OM)i]It'-ed(R.xxxvu);  moult'-iiig,  shedding  the  feathers; 
(n.)  the  fall  of  the  plumage  [of  birds].  On  the  moult,  in 
the  act  of  shedding  the  plumage.    ]toultiiig-Ma''icm. 

Welsh  moel,  bare,  modder,  baldBess,  t.  moeli,  moMad. 

(In  ttoo  words  ("mould"  and  "moult")  the  "-ou"  ia  nearly  =  to 

long  6;  in  one  word  ("mourn")  U  i»  open,  na*itm/  in  aU  other 

worda  it  equaU -aw- ifn  "  now,") 

Mound,  mSund  (to  rhyme  with  founds  ground),  a  small  heap  of 
earth  or  stones ;  ihell-mounda.    (Welsh  mwni.) 

Mount,  mSunt  (to  rhyme  with  eotmt,  fount),  a  hill,  a  ride  on 
horseback,  to  rise,  to  get  a  ride  on  horseback,  to  "set" 
jewelry,  to  "back"  pietures  so  as  to  leave  a  margin; 
mounf -ed,  mount'-ing,  mounf -er.    To  mount  guard. 

Mountain,  mSunt^t^t  a  very  high  bill.  The  mountain  ^ 
Fr,  hist,),  extreme  Jac'obins,  so  called  because  they  oceo- 
pied  in  the  Convention  (1793)  the  most  elevated  seats. 
Those  who  occupied  the  "pit**  of  the  house,  called  The 
Plain,  were  men  of  moderate  political  views. 

Mountain-eer,  moun'.ta.neer,  an  inhabitant  of  a  mountain- 
ous district.    In  Scotland  a  Highlander. 

Mountain-oufl,  m6un' .ta.niU  (not  m5un,tay' .n^JU);  moon'* 
tainous-ness,  state  of  being  fhll  of  mountains. 

Mountain-ash;  mountain-corkt  an  asbestos;  mountain- 
dew.  Scotch  whisky;  mountain-limestone;  mountaii- 
mecJ,  -meel,  an  infusorial  earth ;  mountain-milk,  a  soft 
variety  of  carbonate  of  lime ;  mountain-soap,  -toptt  • 
silicate  of  magne'sia ;  mountain-tallow,  a  mineraL 

To  make  a  mountain  of  a  molehill,  to  make  a  great  fui 
about  a  small  matter.  A  mountain  in  labour,  a  mightf 
preparation  with  very  small  results. 

Old  English  munt,  munt-land ;  Latin  montdnia,  mons,  gen.  meniU. 
French  mont,  montagne^  v.  mowler;  Italian  vumte,  vumteyma 

Mountebank,  m5un.te.bank  {moun  to  rhyme  with   crown),  *\ 
charlatan,  who  mounts  a  bench  (or  banco),  to  puff  off  kilj 
wares,  one  who  makes  himself  ridiculous. 
Italian  montare  haneo,  to  mount  a  bench  [to  puff  one's  wans]. 

Mourn,  mo^m  (the  only  example  of  tnou-  with  the  two  vofikj 
open),  to  lament.    Mom,  early  day. 

Mourned,  md*md;  moum'-ing,  moum'-er,  oicraiB'-Mj 
(Kule  viii.),  moum'ful-ly,  meuzn'ful-ness. 

Mouming-coaoh,  -kd'tch,  a  ooaoh  covered  with  black  cktkj 
and  dxax^  \^y  bUek  horses  to  attend  a  funeral. 
Old  EngAisYi  mum^oaY  ^5«^  iMtor^^  T^eat  part,  momen. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  «87 

^onse,  plu,  ndoe,  so  louse,  plu.  lioe.     Posa.  sing,  aiouse's, 

mou4:e^,e%;  po88,plu,  mice's;,  mieel'.ez* 
Xmise  (verb),  mouzet  to  catch  mice;    moused,   mouzd ; 

moiis^ing  (Bale  xix.X  moui^Ang  ;  mons-^r,  mona^xr, 
Hoiise-eiur,  movce-lWy  a  plant,  the  soft  yelvel^  leaves  of 

which  are  shaped  Hke  a  mouse's  ear. 
Itonse-hawk,  a  hawk  that  feeds  on  mice. 
Monse-hole,  a  hole  made  by  mice.    Kouse-trap. 
OldEnghsh  mtte,  phi.  mys.    So  IOm^  pin.  l^s;  mAs-edre,  moose-ear, 

wiis-kafyo^  moaie-h»wk :  Latin  mutk,  a  moiiBe. 

ffonsselain-de-laine  (French)  moo8\len  di  lane't  wool  muslin. 

Hoiuitftche  (French),  moo8,ta8h\  hair  on  the  upper  lip. 

Greek  mtuteue,  gen.  mustdkoM,  the  npp«r  Up.  Onr  English  word 
mustach  is  far  better  than  the  French,  Itali^,  or  Spaniw. 

Conth  (to  rhyme  with  Routh)^  plu.  mouths,  mou'Thz ;  mouth'- 
less;  mouth-piece,  peece,  the  part  of  a  wind  instrument 
pat  into  the  mouth,  one  who  speaks  for  another. 

Houth'-ful,  plu.  mouth-fuls  (not  mouths/til),  two,  three... 
mouthfuls  means  a  *' mouthful"  repeated  two  or  three 
times;  but  two,  three.,, moutksful  means  two  or  three 
difterent  mouths  aU.  full.    Down  in  the  mouth,  mortified. 

Konth  (verb),  mou'rh  (this  word  ought  to  be  mouthed  to 
speak  bombastically,  to  articulate  indistinctly ;  mouthed, 
mou'rh'd  ;  mouth-iug,  mou'rh-ing ;  mouth-er,  mou'rh'.er. 

(-onth  is  vezT  irregular.  There  are  but  five  words,,  and  they  repre- 
sent four  distinct  soands :  (1)  00,  as  UTicouth;  (2)  &w  (as  In  now), 
m^tOh,  sotUh :  (3)  &uj'rh  (with  a  drawl),  as  mouth  (verb;,  motUtia ; 
(4)  u,  as  youth.) 

Old  Eng.  iK&iK  viiikth-hTdf,  roof  of  the  month,  iMHtha,  a  river  month. 

[ore,  moQVy  to  stir;  moved,  moovd;  mov-ing  (R.  xix.),  Tnoov'- 
ing,;  moving-ly;  mov-er,  ?»oor'.«r;  moYe-le8a,moov\le88, 

Xove-ment,  moov'.ment.  Mov-able,  moov\aJ)%  able  to  be 
moved.  Mov-ablea,  moov' .a,b'lZy  any  property  which  can 
be  removed,  houses  and  lands  are  immovable  property 
(only  -ce  and  -ge  retain  the  -e  before  -able), 

Ifovable  feast,  one  that  does  not  occur,  like  Christmas  day, 
on  a  fixed  day-of-the-month,  but  is  regulated,  like  Easter 
day,  by  a  full  moon. 

Mioving-power,  m>oov\ing  p8w\er  (p5w  rhymes  with  n<m.) 

Xotiye,  md'.tfv,  causing  motion;  motive  force,  motive 
engine,    tfotivity,  md.tlv\i,ty ;  motor,  mo^.tor, 

Kotiozi,  mo,9huny  movement,  to  make  a  sign  to  another ; 
motioned,  mo'-shiind;  mo'tion-ing,  mo'tion-er. 

ThQ  tenninatipn  -ove  is  very  irregular,  and  has  three  distinct  sonnds : 
(1)  =  dve :  eZove,  cove^  drove,  grow,  hovtt  rove,  stow,  strove,  throve, 

wove. 
i^  33  tiv :  dove,  gl»ve,  Zove^  ihove. 
(^  =  OCT :  move,  prove  and  its  compounds  (Tt.  mou'ooiT/'pTouwr^. 

Latin  mOvire,  to  move,  motio,  motlvus,  motor ;  'FtquOol  TaouoennnewX. 


668  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Uow  ('ow  as  in  grow).    Mow  (-bw  as  in  now).    Moo. 

Mow  (to  rhyme  with  grow),  a  pile  of  hay,  barley,  <fec.,  stored 
under  cover.  If  stored  in  the  open  air,  it  is  ride  or 
stack;  to  store  up  hay,  &c.,  under  cover;  to  out  grass. 

MoW)  (j^ast)  mowed  (1  syL),  (pott  part,)  mown  (as  in  dtm). 

Mowed,  mowd.    Mode  (1  syl.)    Mood. 

Mowed,  mowd,  cut  with  a  scythe ;  mow'-ing,  mow'-er. 

Mode,  manner,  fashion.    Mood,  temper,  a  term  in  Gram. 

Mow,  mdw  (to  rhyme  witii  now),  to  make  mouths ;  mowed, 
mowd;  mow-ing. 

Moo,  to  blare  like  a  cow ;  mooed  (1  syl.),  moo'-ing.   (R.  xix.) 

"  Mow"  (a  pile),  Old  English  mowe,  a  heap,  a  mow. 

"  Mow"  (to  cut  grassX  Old  Eng.  mdtaian],  p.  meow,  p.  part  mdtooL 

**  Mow*'<to  gibber,  to  make  mouths),  uld  Eoglish  miUh. 

**  Moo  "  <as  a  cow),  an  imitative  word. 

Mr.,  fem.  Mrs.,  mie^ter,  mis'.ez,  titles  of  address  to  men  and 
married  women.    Master,  Miss. 

We  have  no  plural  for  either  Mr.  or  Mrs.,  and  thertfore  adoji  M* 
French  plwrdLa,  which  we  sadly  pervert :  thtu 

Mr.,  plu,  Messrs.  {me8,8ieur8)  pronounced  m^zh^ert; 

Mis.,  plu.  Mdms.  (mes.dames),  pronounced  mis^.dams. 

Master,  mds'.ter,  plu.  The  Masters  or  The  Master  with  -f 

added  to  the  surname  :  Master  Brown,  plu.  The  Masten 

Brown  or  The  Master  Browns, 

{Used us  the  title  of  address  only  to  boys,  soru  of  respectable  pareiUs, 
who  have  no  special  title  of  their  own.  J 

Miss,  plu.  The  Misses,  -mW.iz,  or  The  Miss  with  s  added  to 
the  surname :  as  The  Misses  Brown  or  TJie  Miss  Browns, 

(Given  to  girls  and  unmarried  women  of  all  conditions,  wfu>  have  not 
a  special  title  of  their  o-mn. ) 

The  whole  of  this  requires  reform.  The  plurals  are  most  objection- 
able and  very  uncertain.  It  is  surprising  that  in  a  matter  of 
every-day  use  we  have  not  hit  upon  souiething  better.  No  one 
likes  to  say  or  write  Messrs.,  except  to  a  "  firm."  Afcsdam«a,  Mittu, 
and  MaMtrs,  with  The  Miss  and  The  Master,  are  both  doubtful 
and  unsatisfactory.  There  can  be  no  objection  to  MMr.  as  the 
plu.  of  Mr.,  and  it  might  be  called  T?u  Misters.  Similarly, 
MMrs.,  plu.  of  Mrs.,  might  be  called  TheMisess;  Master,  plu. 
The  Masters,  and  MiSS,  plu.  The  Misses.  If  mistress  had  not  been 
already  engrossed,  a  ^leater  distinction  might  be  made  betweea 
Mrs.  and  Miss. 

Old  Eng.  Master,  Moisier-issa,  massfiss,  "mistress"  contracted  to 
^ miss."  Mrs. -imiseas)  is  a  corruption  of  Mistress  (Mi8*«88) ;  Latia 
magister,  fem.  magistral 

Much,  niiUch  (comp.)  more,  (s^pe^.)  most,  a  large  quantity. 
(This  word  requires  to  be  followed  by  a  noun  singular.) 
Many,  m^n'.y,  (comi^.^  more,  (super.)  most,  a  great  number. 
(This  word  xeciniwa  V>*be  Viflkxrw^Xil  «.u^\ub.i^Uttra2.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  «89 


(?)  Hnch  people,  a  common  expresnon  in  the  Bible, 

Jfudk  peopU/dlowed  Him  (ICark  t.  24> 
MuA  peopit  lock  hranches  qfpaimrtreea  ^John  ziL  9). 
When  the  Bible  was  translated,  people  was  a  ooIlectlTe  noun  of  the 
dng.  nnmb.    Hence  we  read,  **  This  is  a  lebellioas  people "  (Isa. 
zzz.  9) :  "  There  it  a  people  come  ont  of  Egypt"  (Numb,  xzii  5). 
As  ''manj**  requires  a  noon  plural,  it  could  not  be  used  with 
''people**  (sing.),  so  the  translators  took  the  word  "much'*  in- 
stead.   Nowadays  "  people  "  is  treated  as  a  oollective  noun  plural, 
and  "much,"  which  requires  a  noun  sing.,  cannot  be  used  with  it. 
We  say  instead,  a  gnat  number  of  peopU,  a  muUUvde  itf  pwpU; 
"  many  people    means  several,  but  not  a  multitwU. 
*'Much"  and  "Many"  supply  the  place  of  the  lost  positive  of  more, 
motif  which  was  mag  or  mah  (sufficient),  the  root  ot  mai^an],  to  be 
able :  whence  Mag  or  mah,  (comp.)  mah^re  (ma*reX  (super.)  mah-ost 
{m'oet),    "  Much,"  O.  E.  mycle,    *'  Many,"  0.  E.  manig  or  vMmig. 

Uncic,  mucef.%k  [acid].    Music,  mu'jdk,  melodioas  sounds. 

Muoio  acid  is  formed  by  the  action  of  nitric  acid  on  sugar 
of  milk,  gum,  &c.    (French  mucique  ;  Latin  miieus.) 

Mncilage,  mvfjiil.age,  a  slimy  animal  or  vegetable  sab- 
stance;  mncilaginonB,  mu'.«i2ad/'.intM;  nmcilag'inoas- 
neas.     (French  mucilage  ;  Latin  mucui,) 

HncuB,  ma'JciU  (noun).    Mucous,  mu\ku8  (adj.) 

Mucus,  a  secretion  of  the  mucous  membrane. 

Mucous  membrane  (not  muau  membrane),  the  membranous 
lining  of  any  cavity  of  the  body  which  opens  externally, 
as  the  nose,  throat,  lungs,  <fec. 

Muck,  dung,  to  spread  manure;  mncked,  mukt;   mnok'-ing; 
muck-heap,  -lieep  ;  muck-cart ;  muck- worm,  a  miser. 

To  run  amuck,  to  run  blindfold  against  a  i)erson,  to  run 

indiscriminately  or  into  what  you  do  not  understand. 
'*  Muck,**  Old  English  nteoae.    "  Amuck,**  Malay  amok,  to  UlL 
Mud,  slush;   mudd'-y  (Rule  i),   (comp.)  mudd'i-er,  (super,) 
mudd^i-est ;  mudd'-ed,  besmeared  with  mud ;   muddied, 
mtMf  .di(2,made  muddy ;muddl-ly,muddl  ness;  mud-cart. 

Mnd-lark,  one  who  cleans  out  sewers,  one  who  searches 
amongst  mud  for  half-pence  or  articles  lost. 

Mnd-suck'er,  a  sea-fowl.    Mud-wall,  a  wall  of  mud. 

Welsh  mwyd,  that  which  is  soaked,  v.  mwydo,  to  soak. 

Greek  mi&doa,  wet,  v.  mUdad,  to  soak ;  Latin  mddor,  v.  mddire. 

Muddle,  mud'.d%  a  disarrangement,  to  confuse;    muddled, 

mud^.d'ld;  muddling,  muddler,  muddle-head'ed. 

This  word  means  to  make  muddy,  hence  to  foul,  to  disturb,  &c. 

Muezzin,  mii.i^.siln,  a  crier  who  proclaims  the  hour  of  prayer  in 

Mohammedan  countries.     (Arabic  muezzin.) 

Muff,  used  by  ladies  for  keeping  their  hands  warm ;   a  dolt. 
*'  Muff*'  (for  the  hands),  German  mvff;  (a  dolt),  mvffen,  to  sulk. 
Mofin,  muf\in,  a  flat  round  spongy  cake,    (Ex.  m'u|^a.')    S^\at*. 

2x 


6M  Mitons  OF  isp6£CH 

Muffle,  fni&f.fX  t6'  deaden  Bomld,  to  cover  xxp  (Ifeiic^f  "t<>  con- 
ceal"),  to  wrap  up  warm;  Ittnffledj  mUf.fld;  ttnifliiig; 
nmfTler,  a  wfap  for  iJhb  lidck.    (Geniaan  muffetn,) 

Hiifti)  m&f.tir  a  sort  of  Turkish  bishop.  The  grand  mnftd, 
"  chief  of  Islam/'  the  fttchbishop  or  arch-mufti  being  the 
"  head  '*  of  the  Ule'mas  or  religious  jurists. 

In  mnfti,  out  of  uniform,  in  disg^se,  incognito.' 

Mug,  a  drinking  vessel  [of  earthenware  or  china,  with  a  handle], 
the  face  or  rather  the  mouth. 

Muggy,  miig'.gy,  warm  and  damp  air ;  mug'gi-nefls  (Kule  xi.); 
mugg-iidi,  rather  muggy.    (Welsh  mwci,  a  fog). 

Mulatto,  plu.  mulattoes  (K.  xlii.),  the  offspring  of  one  white  and 
one  black  parent.    (Spanish  mulato ;  Itisdian  muUUto.) 

Mulberry,  mOV.hSr  ry,  a  fruit.    (German  maulheere.) 

Mulch,  muUhy  rotten  dung,  to  mulch.     Mulse,  a  drink,  q.v. 

Mulched  (1  syl.) ;  mulch'-ing,  dressing  with  mulch. 

"  Mulch,"  Old  Eng.  fNo2afi[ianl,  to  rot,  to  cramble  hito  Binall  pieces. 
"Mulse"  (wine  boiled  and  sweetened  with  honey),  Latin  rnvXawoi. 

Mulct,  mulkt,  a  fine,  to  fine ;  mulct'ed  (not  mulct),  mulcf-ing 
(not mulk'ing);  mulctuary,  mulk'.tu.d.ry  (not inulk^tclm.' 
^ry),  imposing  a  fine.    (Latin  inulcta,) 

Mule  (1  syl.),  offspring  of  a  mare  and  ass.    Mewl,  to  squeaL 

Mule,  a  machine  used  in  spinning  (a  "cross"  between  a 
jenny  and  a  water  frame) ;  xuul'-ish  (Rule  xix.),  obstinate 
like  a  mule  (-ish  added  to  nouns  means  "like,"  added  to 
adj.  it  is  dim.);  murish-ness,  mul'ish-Iy;  muleteer, 
mu\le.teeT^t  a  mule  driver ;  xuule-like.     (Latin  mulu$,) 

Miill  (Rule  v.),  to  soften  wine  by  warming  it  up  with  sugar  and 
spice,  a  muddle,  a  head)an<i;  mulled,  muld;  mull'-ing; 
mull-er,  a  vessel  for  mulling.    (Latin  molliOt  to  soften.) 

Mullet,  muVd^t,  a  fish,  (in  Her.)  the  rowel  of  a  spur,  denoting 

the  third  son.  (Lat.  mullos,  the  fish.    Fr.  molette^  a  roweL) 

These  words  being  totally  different,  ought  not  to  be  spelt  alike:  The 
"  fish"  is  the  Latin  mullua,  Greek  mullos:  but  the  "  rowel"  is  the 
French  vMlette,  diminutive  of  the  Latin  mdla,  a  little  liiiU. 

Mulligatawny,  muVM.gd.taw'\ny,  a  kind  of  curry  soup  (Ind.) 

Mullion,  muVjyiin,  a  vertical  stone  division  in  Gothic  windows; 
mullioned,  muV.yund,  having  stone  divisions.  An  hori- 
zontal stone  division  of  a  Gothic  window  is  a  Tran'som. 

Mullion  is  a  corrup.  of  munion  (Lat.  mimio,  to  strengthen),  bars  used 
to  strengthen  a  window.    The  Fr.  call  them  "leaders"  (^meneauxj. 

Miilfle,  wine  boiled  and  sweetened  with  honey.    Mulch,  dung. 
"Mulse,**  LaUn  mul8um»\voTi«5«A'wlne. 
'*  Mnlflh/*  Old  ^it»^^^«ft^  molrni^tau^  \k«&\i  tM^srnAdA^  tn  decay. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  «91 

Muli-'«  ntfilti.  (Latin  prefix),  much,  manj.    (Latin  multva^ 

Knit-  before  Towels,  as  muli-an^ular,  mult-ocular, 

Miilti-  before  coilsonants,  all  mblU-foUnt  multi-ply, 

Mult-angnlitr,  rh,ill.tari\gii,lar,  Baivitig  matiy  angles;  mult- 
im'guliir-ly.    (Latin  mutt-  [multus]  angiHiitf  an  angle.) 

Mnlt-airticiil&td,  mitl\tar,tKk^\uMtey  msfcny.fointed. 

Latin  muU-  [nfnltns]  arHo&ldttu  (ivrtttMus,  «r  joint> 
Mul'ti-oapBolar,  -kdp'^ii.lar,  having  many  capsules  [cup.- 

sulest  2  sjl.]    (Latin  capsula,  a  little  chest,  bag,  coffer.) 
Xnl'ti-cepital,  -s^'.ttdl,  many-headed. 

Lathi  mtUtir  [mnltus]  edptta,  heads  (in  composite  words  offpita), 
ICnl'ti-eofltate,  -kSs.tate,  many-ribbed. 

Latin  multi-  [mnltus]  eo»tcthts,  many  rib1)«ed  (^Oa,  a  ribX 
itul'ti-dentate,  -din'.tate,  many-toothed. 

Latin  multi-  [mnltus]  denl&tiis  {dewi  gen.  deniis,  a  to6tli>! 
ilul'ti-digitate,  -dldg\l.tate,  many-toed  or  fingered. 

Latin  multi-  [mnltus]  digHtdtus  (dtgituSf  a  toe  or  finger). 

Mnl'ti-farious  (Rule  Ixvi.),  -fair^t^MB,  manifold,  various; 

mnlti-far'ioaS-ly,  multi-fttr^ious-nesg. 
Latin  multifarius  (quod  mnltis  modis  est  fari  or  rmdii-varius). 

Mul'ti-fid.     Multi-partite, -J9a/.tite.   Li  Bot.  a  mu^ti^^  leaf 

is  divided  laterally  into  many  clefts  to  about  the  middle ; 

in  a  multipartite  leaf  the  divisions  extend  much  further. 
Lat.  mumtldus  (fUi,  eleftX     "  Partite,"  partitus,  divided. 
Murti-floral,  -jW.ral,  having  many  flowers. 
Latin  multi-,  Jlos,  gen.  Jldria,  a  flower ;  Greelt  chldrds,  green. 
Mul'ti-form,  having  many  shapes ;  multifor'mity,  diversity 

of  shnpes.    (Latin  multiformis,  fctrma,  a  form.) 
MultigenouB,  mul.tldg'.i.nus^  of  sundry  dortS. 
Latin  mulilg^us,  g^ua,  a  sort  or  kind. 
Mnrti-grade,  -grade,  having  many  degrees. 
Latin  multigrddua,  grddus,  a  degree. 

Murti-lateral,  -lut'.i.ral,  having  more  than  four  sides. 
Latin  m.uUi-  [multus]  t&tiis,  gen.  l&Ulris,.  a  side. 
Mul'ti-lineal  or  linear,   -lin\e.ul,  -lin\iuir,  having  many 

lines.     (Latin  multi-  [multus]  linea,  a  line.) 

Mol'ti-locular,  -Idk'ku.lar,    Multocular,  mUl.tbmiMir; 

Multi-locular,  having  many  cells  or  chambers ; 

Multocular,  having  many  eyes.    (Latin  oculus,  an  eye.) 
Latin  multi-  [multus]  2dciUt(5,  a  cell  (dim.  of  lde&8,  a  place). 
Multiloquent,  mul.tW.d.kwint,  talkative;    multiloqiience,. 

mul.tiV.o.quence,  talkativeness. 
Latin  multi-  [tuxHivis]  I6gue7is,  gen.  -to^TiUk,  tb^aiOcLXMSUMIi^ 


602  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Mul'ti-nomial,  -n^^mlMl,  having  more  than  four  terms :  as 

a  +  6  +  c  +  d  +  <fec.  (in  Algebra), 
Latin  mvM-  [multos]  nUmen,  gen.  nOmiinis,  a  name  or  tenn. 

Mul'ti-partite,  -pa'/dlte,    Mul'ti-f  id  (in  Botany), 
Hnlti-partite,  a  leaf  deeply  cleft  into  several  strips. 
Multifid,  a  leaf  deft  about  midway  into  strips. 
Latin  findio,  perf.  fidi,  to  oleave.    Pcuiihu,  divided. 

Mul^'ti-ped  (Latin).  Poly-pod  (Greek),  pdVXpod,  having 
many  feet,  like  the  wood-louse.    (Lat.  pSd-;  Gk.  p5d-.) 

%  Multi.ple,  muV.ttp%  the  product  of  two  or  more  nmnbers 
multiplied  together:  thus  8  is  a  multiple  of  4  or  2. 
Common  multiple,  different  products  of  two  or  more 
numbers  common  to  a  series :  thus  12,  24,  36  can  all  be 
obtained  by  multiplying  4,  8,  and  2  by  some  figures. 
Least  common  multiple,  the  lowest  number  that  can  be 
exactly  divided  by  a  series  of  figures:  thus  12  is  the 
lowest  number  that  can  be  divided  by  the  series  4,  8,  2. 

%  Mol'ti-plex  (in  Bot,)^  manifold.    (Latin  multiplex,) 

IF  Multiply,  muV,tl,plyt  to  increase;  multtplies  (Rule  xi), 
muV.t%.pUze  ;  multiplied,  mul'.ti.plide ;  moltiply'-ing. 

Multiplier,  miU\t\,pl%,er,  Multiplicator,  mul\ti,pVi,ka" .tor. 

Multiplier,  one  who  multiplies. 

Multiplicator,  an  instrument  for  multiplying  motion. 

Multiplicable,  muV .tl.pU,kd.h%  capable  of  being  multiplied. 

^  Multiplication,  miiV ,ti,pU.hay*' ^hunt  increase,  an  arith- 
metical operation. 

Multiplicand,  muV.tl.pU.kdnd,  the  number  to  be  multiplied 
(in  a  multiplication  sum); 

Multiplicator,  muV .tl.pli.kay'\tort  or  multipli'er,  the  num- 
ber to  multiply  by. 

The  multiplicand  and  multiplicator  are  called  Factors :  In  the  sum 
3  X  4  =  12,  3  is  the  "  multiplicand."  4  the  "  multiplicator/'  and  12 
(the  answer)  is  called  the  prod'UCt. 

IT  Multiplicate,  muV.ti.pll,kate,  of  a  multiplex  character. 

Multiplicatiye,  muV,^.pll.kd,Uv. 

^  Multiplicity,  mul\U,pii8'\l.ty,  many  of  the  same  sort. 

Multiplying-glass,  an  optical  toy  to  make  one  object  appear 
more  than  one.  Multiplying  wheel,  a  wheel  to  commu- 
nicate multiplied  motion  to  a  machine. 

Latin  m/iUtiplicdlMis,  fMnUipUcatio^  nvuUiplicdtor,  v.  fnvUipUcdn^ 
8ixp.mtUtipHcdtum,  to  multiply  {muUi-plicdre,  to  fold  much  or  often,. 

Multlpoteiit,  muLttp' .5.t«nt,  having  many  powers  or  great 
might    (Lataxi  mttlt\5<&lcnX,  •goaswio.,  ta  be  able.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  693 

Mul'ti-pres'ent,  present  in  several  places  at  the  same  time, 
ubiquitous ;  mnlti-preB'enoe,  ubiquity. 

Latin  mvUi-  [multTu]  prcutfns^  gen.  prasmUa,  present. 
Mul'tiHEdliquous,  -^VXhtDtu^  many  podded. 

Latin  fnulti-  [mnltTu]  riliqua,  a  pod ;  Greek  hilUpJiotf  a  husk. 
MultlBonous,  muLtW.S.nUs,  having  many  sounds. 

Iiatin  fWuiU-  [mnltiu]  sUniu,  many  a  sound. 
Mul'ti-sprral,  having  many  whorls  or  spirals. 

Iiatin  tnultir  [multus]  »plra,  a  wreath,  a  whorl ;  Greek  apeira. 
Mul'ti-Btriate,  -8tn'.atey  having  many  streaks. 

Latin  fntiUi-  [multus]  ttridtu*  (atriOf  a  streak). 
Multitude,  mSV.tiMdet  a  vast  number,  a  crowd ; 

multitudinous,  mul\H.tu".dl.n&$;  multitu'dinous-ly. 

Latin  mtiltitfldo/  French  multitude;  Qpaahh  tnultitud. 

Mul'ti-yalve,  -valve  (1  syl.),  having  many  valves. 
Latin  mvlti-  [multus]  vcUwb,  many  valves. 
Mult-ooular,  mSXMWhuXar,    Multiloc'ular ; 

Multocular,  many-eyed.    (Latin  oculus,  an  eye) ; 

Multi-loc'ular,  many-celled.    (Latin  Ideiilus,  a  cell.) 

Mult-ungulate,  mul.tun\gii.late^  having  the  hoof  divided 
into  more  than  two  parts.     (Lat.  mulu,  ungula^  a  hoof.) 

Multum  in  parvo  (Lat.),  much  in  a  small  compass,  a  compendium. 

Mum,  keep  silent,  this  is  a  secret,  ale  from  wheat-malt. 

Mum-chanoe,  a  game  with  dice.    (German  mumme.) 

Mumble,  mu7n^&7,  to  mutter;  mumbled,  mum^&'Z^;  mum'bling, 
mumbling-ly,  mum'bler.    (Germ.  Tnammeln,  to  mumble.) 

Mummer,  mum\iner^  a  buffoon,  a  masked  actor;  mum'ming, 
acting  as  a  mummer,  a  masquerade. 

Mummery,  plu.  mummeries,  mum\m&.r^,  buffoonery. 
German  mumm^rei;  Fmnch  momeris. 

Mummy,  plu.  mummies,  miim\mlz^  a  dead  body  embalmed  by 
the  ancient  Egyptians.  Mum'mifjr,  to  convert  a  dead 
body  into  a  mummy;  mummifies,  mum'.mi.fue;  mum- 
ndfied,  mum\mi.fide.  Mummificatioii,  mum' .mi.fi.kay'' .- 
sMn.    mum'miform. 

To  beat  to  a  mummy,  to  beat  to  a  mash. 

Piodorus  Sic/ulus  v.  1  says :  "The  people  of  the  Balea'ric  Isles  beat 
the  bodies  of  the  dead  with  clubs  to  render  them  flexible,  in  order 
that  they  may  be  deposlted-in  earthem  pots  called  mummcB." 
"  lilummy  de  I'arabe  moumyd^  mot  formfi  de  deux  mots  coptes,  dont 
I'un  signifie  mort,  et  I'autre  sel;  c'est-drdire  mort  pripari  avee  le 
ael.**    (Did.  dea  Seien.^  &c.) 

The  derivation  more  generally  given  is  mttm,  wax,  tiom.Vu&'<QfiibV(vNX\<^ 
eeremenU  or  mununy-cloths. 


^4  ERRORS  OF  8PEECB 


Hump,  to  move  the  li|i8  while  dosed  Uke  a  rabbit ; 
Momps,  a  swelling  in  the  glands  oi  the  neck. 
Mum'pera,  Christmas  waits  are  so  called  in  Norwich. 
Mump'-ish,  sullen;  mump'ish-ly,  n^nmp'iah-ness. 
In  the  Qiampa,  in  a  sullen  temper,  in  the  sulks. 
"  Mmnp,"  Ger.  fMU7nm«2n.  to  mumble.    **  Mumps,'*  Dutch  mwrnims. 

Munch,  to  chew  ravenously;   munched  (1  syl.),  muiiph'-ing, 
mnnch'-er.    (Fr,  manger ^  to  eat ;  Lat.  mandiico,  to  chew.) 

Mundane,  mun\ddney  earthlj  ;  mnndane-ly.    (Lat.  mundanu^.) 
Mnn^go,  plu.  mnn'gqem  -gou.    Shoddy,  p^u.  shoddies,  8h5d\dlz, 

Mungo,   weoUen  oloth  manufactored  from  cast-off  fine- 
woollen  clothes  r^spun  and  mixed  with  new  wool. 

Shoddy,  wodlen  doth  manufactured  from  fluff,  old  carpets, 
and  other  coarse  woollens,  mixed  with  new  wooL 


'  Mungo/'  tnongrel  cl^,  pjtrtlf  new  and  partlj  old. 

med,  provincial  pa&t  tensa  shoa,  p.p. 
the  fluff  shod  or  thifown  off  from  doth  in  the  process  of  weariiig. 


"  Shoddy,"  formed  frem  shed,  provincial  pa&t  tenss  shod,  p.p.  shotten 


Munidpal,  mu.nls'.i.pal,  corporate,  belonging  to  a  coiporate 
town  or  corporation ;  mnnieipal-ly. 
MuHeipality,  $lu.  nnunidpalities,  mu.nl8'.i.paV\tt!lz. 
Latin  mUnidpdUSt  fmnUXpium,  a  free  town  (m-Hnus  eSipio). 
Hi^i^nificent,  mu-nl^.tsent,  very  generous ;  munlTiceiit-ly ; 
Munificence,  mn.nif  l^sensey  gre&t  liberality. 
Lat  munfficens,  gen.  -centis  (munus  fUAo  [/octo],  to  make  a  present^ 
Muniment,   mij^ .'nSi.fMnt,   a    stronghold,   a  charter,   title-deed, 
record.    (Latin  munimentumf  munio,  to  fortify.) 

Manitions  of  war,  mu.nlsh'Mnz  ov  woTy  materials  used  in  war. 
Latin  munitio  or  mUnltivm,  munio,  to  fortiff . 

Mural,  mu'.rdU  pertaining  to  the  city  walls ;  mural  crown,  a 
wreath  <k  gold  given  by  the  Romans  to  him  who  first  scaled 
the  walls  of  a  besieged  city.   (Lat.  murdlis,  murus,  a  wall.) 

MnrchisfMoia,  fnur<.k%^d^\V'%.ah  (not  meftchl.8o" .nl,ah)t  a  long 
spiral  shell  deeply  aotched  in  the  outer  lip ; 

Murohisonite,  mw/ M.8<!in.%tey  a  greyish  felspar. 
So  named  from  their  discoverer,  Sir  Boderick  MurchiwA. 
Murderer,  fem.  mnrderess,  mw/.dS.rert  mw/.de.ress. 

Mur'der,  to  kill  a  human  being  maliciously;  mnrdered, 
muT^.derd;  mnr'der-ing ;  murderous,  mur^M.rut ; 
mur'derously,  mur^derous-ness. 

To  murder  the  Queen's  English,  to  commit  errors  of 
spelling  and  grammar.    (Old  Eng.  morther,  morth,  death.) 

Our  forefatheis  had  %  ^oo^-^oit^  lot  "toalice  prepense,"  morther- 
kite,  murdei-hai©,  MAmQa\VjVMAia%\ftXBsa^«t, 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  $^ 

Ka'rez  (not  murix),  a  genns  of  rock-Rhells;  mnrezide, 
mu.rex\idei  purpu'rate  of  ammonia;  mnrex'an,  purpn'rio 
acid  obtained  from  murexide.    (Lat.  murex,  a  shell-fish.) 

The  nnul  way  of  forming  worda  is  to  take  the  crade  form,  not  the 
nom.  case.  The  Tude  form  of  murez  is  iwQHc-y  and  therefore 
Proat  ought  to  have  written  his  words  mUrican  and  miHriddi, 

Kuziate,  mu'.i^.aU,  a  salt  fo|r^^d  by  the  combination  of  mu- 
riat'io  acid  with  a  base :  as  muriate  of  soda  {-ate  denotes 
a  salt  formed  by  an  acid  in  -ic  with  a  base) ; 

Hiiriatic  acid,  mic'.rt.at"'.{A;  Ss'Ad,  hydrocfalo'rie  acid. 

T^t.  mUria,  brine,  sea-water :  Gk.  dlmurds,  briny.  Muriatic  add  if 
procured  by  the  action  of  sulphuric  acid  on  brine  or  saJt. 

Murky,  mur^,ky,  gloomy,  misty ;  mork^i-ness  (B.  xi),  mnrk'i-ly. 
Danish  mOrk,  gloom ;  mdribe,  murky. 

Marmnr,  mut^jmur,  a  low  dull  sound,  a  muttered  complaint,  p) 
murmur;  mnr'mnred  (2  syl.),  mnr'mnr-ing,  mn^'mnr- 
ing-ly,  mnr'mnr-er;  mnr'mnroiu,  -ua, 

Latin  mwrmwr,  t.  mwrmHro;  Greek  morm/it/ros,  t.  mom^i/r^. 

Mnrrain.    Mnrrhine.    Myrrhine,  mMt^ren,  mur^rin,  me/.r\n, 

Xur'ren,  a  cattle  plagae.   (Sp.  morriHa  ;  LaU  mdrior,  to  die.) 

Unrrhine,  mur'riit,  porphery  ware.    (Latin  murrAfna.) 

Myrrhine,  mef,Hn,  a4j.  of  myrrh.    (Latin  myrrlAmM,) 

Mnrray,  mu'/ry,  mulberry  colour.    (Lat.  morum;  Gk.  fn4r6t,) 

Mnnhine,  mST^rin,  a  porphery  ware.    (See  Murrain.) 

Mmza,  mw^jsa,  second  grade  of  Turkish  nobility. 

-mnB  (Latin  -[m]u<)  nouns,  becomes  -ous  in  adj.—  -us 

Muscadine.    Muscardin.    Muscardine. 

Muscadine  grapes,  grapes  with  a  musky  odour  grown  in 
the  South  of  France  and  dried  on  the  vines  for  raisins. 

Muscardin,  mu8\karJ,in,  a  dormouse.    (Fr.  muscardin,) 

Muscardine,  mus'.kar.dine,  a   fungus  yery  fatal   to  silk- 
worms.   (French  muscardine,) 

Muscatel  grapes,  tnui'.kiiuil,  same  as  muscadine  (q.v.) 

Mupcatel  wine,  wine  made  of  muscatel  grapes. 

Muscatel  peaios,  pears  with  a  musky  odour. 

Not  from  Latin  musett,  a  fly,  but  French  mute,  musk ;  Latin  mDtekus, 

MuBchel,  moo'jihil.    Mnsde.    MusseL    Mussulman. 

Mnsdiel-kalk,  nux/ahSl  kalk,  a  shelly  limestone  (German). 
Muscle,  miuri,  a  fleshy  animal  fibre.    (Latin  muscHlus.) 
Mussel,  mus'jil,  a  sbell.fish.    (Latin  musculus.) 
Mussulman,  plu.  Mussulmans,  a  moslem.    (^\ix^  timft\\xiiw^ 


696  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Muscle.    Mussel.    Mnscliel-kalk.    Mossnlman  (v.  Mytilacese). 

Muscle,  mu8'%  animal  fibre  capable  of  contraction  and  re- 
laxation ;  mnsded,  mus"ld,  having  large  muscles  ; 
MnscnlaT,  }ntM'.M.2ar,  fall  of  muscles,  brawny;  mus'colar-ly. 
Muscularity,  mus'.kU.la'/^ri.ty,  a  muscular  state. 
Muscular  tissue,  mus.ku.lar  lX8.8tie  (not  Hsk'^hu), 

Muscular  Ghristiaiiity,  a  healthy  religion  which  braces  one 

to  the  battle  of  life.    (Charles  Kingsley's  phrase.) 
Lat.  rniudUus,  dim.  of  mtu,  a  mome ;  6k.  mutf,  a  mouBe,  a  muscle. 
Muscoid,  mu8^,koid,  moss-like,  a  moss-like  plant. 
▲  hybrid :  Latin  muscus,  Greek  -eidos,  moss-like. 
Muscology,  mus.hSV.d.gy,  that  part  of  hot.  which  treats  of  mosses. 

A  hybrid :  Latin  mtucus,  Greek  Idgds,  a  treatise  on  mosses. 
Musoorado  sugar,  mug^.kS.vay^'.do  shug'gar,  raw  sugar. 

A  cormption  of  Spanish  maseaibado,  an  inferior  sngar. 
Our  spemng  quite  destroys  the  charaeter  of  the  word,  which  is  a 
compound  of  maa  accbbcido,  *'  more  perfect."  i.e.,  carried  a  process 
,  further  than  when  in  a  state  of  syrup.    Muscowido  Is  sheer  non- 
sense, behig  Spanish  mtueo  tfodo,  a  diestnut-oolour  ford. 

Muscovy,  wm\k6.vy,  of  or  from  Moscow  or  Moskva,  in  Bussia. 

Muscovite,  miis^  Jkii.vitey  a  native  of  Moscow. 

Mus'covy-duck  (not  musJkd'.vy,^,). 

Mus'covy-glass,  a  variety  of  mTca. 

Muse  (1  syLX  goddess  of  poetry  and  music.    Mews,  stables. 

Muse,  in  classical  mythology  there  are  nine  Muses,  sisters, 
and  daughters  of  Zeus  (Jove). 

(1)  Calliope,  hdVM.d,pS  (not  kaldi'o.p^  the  epic  Muse. 
Greek  kaWUfpS  (kcUlds  opa),  Muse  with  the  beautiful  voice. 

(2)  Olio,  kli\0f  Muse  of  history.  (Gk.  kleio,  from  kUds,  rumour.) 

(3)  Erato,  Sr^rd.to  (not  ejray'.to),  Muse  of  erotic  poetry. 
Greek  &rdto,  from  irdtdSt  beloved  ((frda,  love). 

(4)  Euterpe,  eu.ter^.pe.  Muse  of  music  and  melody. 
Greek  euterpS  [vunua],  delightful  muse. 

(5)  Melpomene,  m^l.p5in\S.nSy  the  Muse  of  tragedy. 
Greek  melpdnUHnS  [mottad],  the  singing  muse  (melpo,  I  sing). 

(6)  Polyhymnia,  p5VX.him'\ni.ak,  Muse  of  sacred  poetry. 
Greek  polHr^mnia  (pdlUs  humno8\  muse  of  many  hymns. 

(7)  Terpsichore,  terp.8Xk\o.re,  the  Muse  of  dancing. 

Greek  terpai  cMrt,  delighting  in  the  dance  (terpd,  I  delight> 

(8)  Thaliah,  rha.li'.ah  (not  thd'.U.ah),  the  Muse  of  comedy. 
Greek  tJuUeia  [mousa],  the  blooming  muse. 

(9)  Urania,  u.ran*  .i.ah  (riot,  uxa^'jntah),  Muse  of  astronomy. 
Latin  form  ot  the  GtwIl  ouTd-nJla,  >0ckft\i»»«i^  Xjatsaan^ 


jyD  OF  SPELUXG.  «?T 

to  meditate;  moaed  (1  syl.),  miis'.Jng  (Rule  xix.), 
Lunng-ly,  mus'-er,  moBe'-Aiiily.    (French  muser.) 
mujsee'.iim,  a  building  set  apart  for  curiosities. 
LfttiB  m%»eum;  Greek  wtmueion,  temple  of  the  aiusea 
**Mii>e,''L«t  m«ua;Gk.moiiMk  *'Mew8,"Fr.iR«e,acage[forbawksV 

[nsh.    MadL    Mesh. 

Mush,  meal  of  maize  boiled  in  water.    (German  mtM.) 
liaah,  barley  meal,  &c  mixed  with  hot  water  for  horses 

and  poultry.    (German  meisehent  to  mash.) 
XfiBh,  an  interstice  of  a  net,  a  net.    (Welsh  masg.) 

CoBhiooim,  mush'.room'y  an  edible  fhngas;  mushroom-spawn* 
mushroom  seed  in  a  mass ;  mushzoom-ketohup,  a  sauce 
made  from  mushrooms.    (IiY.  mousteron^  mo%use,  moss.) 
{juAc^mSfjAk;  musioal, ma'.H.Ml ;  mu'sioal-lj, mu'rioal-neas. 
Musician,  muj,l8h\an;  music-seller;  musioof  the  spheres, 
the  supposed  musical   sounds  made  by  the  heavenly 
bodies  as  the  result  of  their  movements. 
Xusioal  glasses,  glasses  of  different  tones  sorted  so  as  to 
be  used  for  a  musical  instrument. 

(The  five  woids,  Ariihmtiic^  logic,  magU,  nwaie,  and  rhetoric,  deriTe<l 
ftom  the  French,  are  sing.,  but  all  other  words  denoting  a  Mienoe 
with  a  similar  termination  are  plo.    Rule  Izt) 

"Music,''  Fr.  miwi^iM;  Lat.  mttaica;  Gk.  vkOMsld.  Onr  word  means 
both  the  art.  and  the  resolt  obtained  from  musical  instruments  txA 
exponents  of  that  art.  These  being  totally  distinct  ought  not  to 
be  expressed  by  the  same  word. 

[nsk,  a  plant,  an  animal  perfume.    Moeque,  moth  (q.v.) 

Animal  musk  is  obtained  from  a  bag  near  the  navel  of  the 

musk  deer,  a  native  of  the  Asiatic  Alps. 
Husk  cat,  musk  deer,  musk  duck,  musk  ox,  musk  rat. 
Husk  apple,  musk  cherry,  musk  mallow,  musk  melon, 

musk  orchis,  musk  rose,  all  so  called  from  their  odours. 
French  muse;  Latin  moschAu;  Greek  moaehoa,  musk,  the  musk-oat. 
[nsket,  wm'MU  a  gun  used  at  one  time  by  soldiers  of  the  line. 
Musket-eer,  mu8.M.teer^,  a  soldier  armed  with  a  musket; 

musket-proof;   muslcetoon",  a  blunderbus. 
Musketry,  mus\kLtry,  the  art  and  practice  of  gunnery. 

(The  musket  succeeded  the  arquebuse,  and  was  itself  succeeded,  flmt 
by  the  fusil,  and  then  by  the  riJU.) 

(It  was  a  Spanish  invention,  a  little  prior  to  1521.  It  was  used  In  the 
English  army  in  1521.  Tne  Duke  of  Aloa  introduced  it  into  the 
Low  Countries  in  1S69,  and  Strozzi,  an  Italian,  at  the  close  of 
the  century  introduced  it  into  France.) 

Germ,  muskete,  mAisketier,  musketon,  munketiere;  Span.  mosqueU; 
ItaL  mo8(Jietto ;  Fr.  mosquet.  The  word  is  from  mosca,  a  fly,  and 
compared  with  the  heavy  arquebuse  it  was  "  light  as  a  fly. " 

iiudis,  m&z'.Vin,  a  fine  delicate  cotton  cloth ;  mnslin-et, 
muz'Mn  n^t,  a  coarse  muslin  ;  mouaseliiie  de  lalne^ 
mooz'din  di  lane, a  wool  muslin .  (Moussul,  XBaAX^<^1\aWv.'^  .>i 


698  ERRORS  OF  8PEECE 

MTunel.    Hiisde.    Ifiuschel-l^al^    MiuBalman  (v.  MytUacea). 
MuBsel,  mua*Mlj  a  bivalve  shall-fish.    (Latin  wu^c&bu.) 
Muflcle,  'nvus\\  animal  fibre.    (Latin  musculus.) 
HuBchel-kalk  (Germ.),  moo'^liH  ha^lK  ft  shelly  lim^tone. 

MuBsnlman,  plu.  Hnssnlmans  (not  mussuZmen),  a  moalem. 
MuBsnlmanlo;  MncBalman.ly.    (Turkish  TRtMfZtm.) 

(The  voord  fUM/M  a  *■  true  believer.**  Tlie  termiriation  (<u  ^  German, 
BomanJ  hfu  np  connection  with  owr  voord  "  mon,") 

Mfist,  new  vine,  an  indeclinable  verb  implying  "  obligation." 

Must  is  one  of  the  yerbs  which  Btapda  in  regimen  with  other  verbe 
without  tbe  intervention  of  to :  as  J  must  go,  Yov  must  obey  (not 
*'  I  must  to  go,**  "  You  must  to  obey"). 

"  Must"  (the  verb),  Old  Eng.  nUiat.  The  verb  is,  ic  mdt,  thti  ndst,  be 
m6t,  plu.  mdton,  past  tense  ic  n^dxte,  he  mdste,  we  v^tof^ 

"Must'*^(new  wine),  Old  English  must:  Latin  mustum^ 

Miji^tache,  plu.  mustaches,  mus.tdsh't  mu8.tdsK.ez,  hair  on  the 

upper  lip;   mu8t^he4f  mm.td^hd'.    A^so  written  mns- 

tachio,  Spanish  mostachOf  Italian  mostacchio^  and  French 

moustache  (Gk.  mustaXf  gen.  mustakos ;  Lat.  mustax  -ads). 

The  best  of  all  these  varieties  of  spelling  is  rwusicu^ie. 

Mustang,  mus'A&ng,  the  wild  prairie  horse  of  Mexico,  &o. 

Mustard,  rniis'. tardy  a  plant,  the  mustard  seed  made  into  flour. 

Welsh  mwstardd  (miro,  a  pungent  flavour,  iardd,  issues). 
Miis'ter,  a  gathering,  to  gather  together;  mustered,  mii8',terd; 
muster-ing.    To  pass  muster,  to  pass  without  censure. 
Mustered,  mus'.terd,  assembled.    Iffnst^id,  a  condimept. 
German  mustem,  n.  musttrung,  muster-tolle. 
Musty,  mus'.tyt  spoiled  with  damp,  mouldiness,  or  age;  miist'i- 
ness  (E.  xi.),  mustl-ly.    (O.  E.  myst;  Lat.  murium,  must) 

Mutable,  mu\ta.b%  changeable;  mu'table-ness,  mu'tably. 
Mutability,  mu\ta.blV\tty,    Mutation,  mu.tay\$hun, 
Latin  mutdbilis,  mutdbiUtas,  mutdtio,  v.  mutdre,  to  change. 

Mute  (1  syl.),  oQe  dumb,  a  hired  attendant  at  a  funeral,  an 
instrument  to  deaden  the  sound  of  a  violin,  the  letters 
A;,  p,  t,  silent,  dung  of  birds. 
Latin  mtUus;  French  mt^ir,  to  void  as  a  bird. 

Mutilate,   mitM.late,   to    maim;    mu'tilat-ed    (Rule    xxxvi), 
mu'tilat-ing  ( Rule  xix.),  ^u'tilat-or  (Hule  xxxvii.) 

Mutilation,  mu'.tl.lay^'^kun,  curtailment,  a  maiming. 

Latin  mAtildtio,  mUtttdtor,  v.  mittildre,  supine  mUttldtvm  (mtBHlM, 
maimed ;  Greek  mitillos,  curtailed). 

Mutiny,  plu.  mut^pies  (Bule  xliv.).  mu\t%.fiiz,  insubordination, 
to  revolt*,  mutinieB;  mutinied  mu'.ttnSd;  mu'tiny-ing. 


AND   OF  SPELLING,  69» 

Mntinoiis,  mQ^.t\,nu8 ;  ma'tiiionB-ly,  ma'tinons-ness. 
Hatmy  A/ot,  an  act  of  parliament  respecting  mutiny. 
Frendi  ni««ner,  emeuto;  Lfttin  tmotm,  ftroused ;  G^muui  vuiuUf  Jte. 
Mutter,  mafder,  to  mumble ;  muttered,  mut'.terd ;  mnt'ter-ing, 
mat'tering-ly,  mat'ter-er.  (Lat  mutto,  v.  mutiOt  to  mutter. ) 

Mutton,  mut'.t'n,  the  flesh  of  sheep.    (French  nuniton.) 

Sn  Italien  morUonet  derivS  lui-mdme  de  nwnt,  parce  que  cob  animanx 
aiment  ft  paltre  sor  les  lieux  6lev6a.    fBouiUetJ 

Mutual,  mU'.tuMly  reciprocal ;  muHual-ly,  mutnallty. 

"Mutual'*  U  never  used  except  the  parties  referred  to  are  tvjo, 
actually  or  vjrtnally  :  Thus,  we  cannot  say,  HeU  a  muttuil  friend 
ufA,  By  and  G.  although  we  can  say.  He  is  a  mutual  friend  of  %u 
ooth,  because  'both  "  is  virtuaUy  one  party  and  the  friend  the  other. 
Latin  mutuus  (verb  mutdre,  to  change).  The  word  means  a  loan 
which  bel09g8  to  one  and  is  used  by  another. 

Muzzle,  inuz/z%  a  snout,  a  fastening  for  the  mouth,  to  put  on 
a  muzzle;  muzzled,  mu2'.2'Zc2 ;  muzz'ling.  {'ET.museliire.) 
Muzzy,  niuzf,zy,  bewildered,  stupid  from  drink.    (Lat.  musso.) 

My,  a4J-P'on.;  belonging  to  me,  plu.  our,  belonging  to  us ;  mine, 

used  for  my  before  vowels  (in  poetry  and  the  Bible):   as 

mine  ears  hast  thou  opened.    **  Mine"  is  also  used  at  the 

end  of  a  clause  when  the  noun  is  not  repeated :   as  this 

it  your  hat  hat  that  is  mine ;  myself,  plu,  ourselves. 

Old  English  min.    Thus :  N.  ie,    G.  min,  D.  fiM,  Aco.  fMO. 

Plu.  N.  we^  Gt.  user,  D.  «to.  Ace.  iksic 

Hyoelium,  pht,  myoelia,  mi.8ee\ViMmt  mu8ee\l/i,ah,  fllament  of 
a  fungus,  a  rudimentary  fungus. 

Mycology,  my.kbV.6.gy,  a  description  of  the  fungi,  study 
of    fungi ;      mycologist,    my.kdV.d,dji8t ;      mycologic, 
my\ko.lSdg'\ik ;    myoological,  my'M.lodg".\,kdL 
Greek  rnvkis,  a  fungus ;  mulUs  Idgds.    (An  ill-compounded  word.) 
Myelitis,  my\i.li'\ti8,  inflammation  of  the  spine. 

Greek  muglds,  the  [spinal]  marrow  {-Uis  denotes  inflammation). 
Mylodon,  my*.lo.ddn,  a  gigantic  fossil  animal  noted  for  its  huge 
ffrinders.   (Gk.  mulos  ddousy  gen.  SdontoSy  millstone-tooth.) 
Mjrnheer,  mine.heer'  (Dutch),  sir,  my  lord. 

Myology,  my.dV.b.gy,  treatise  on  the  muscles,  study  of  the 

muscles ;   myologist,  my.Sl\5.djlst ;   myological,  my^o.- 

Iddg^'.tkSl.    (Greek  mils,  gen.  muds  logos.) 

Myositis,  my'.S.si'\t^.    Myosotis,  my\o.so'\tl8 ; 

Myoellis,  inflammation  of  a  muscle ; 

Myosotis,  the  plant  called  mouse-ear. 

''Myositis,"  Greek  mils,  gen.  mUds,  a  muscle  (-Itis,  inflammation). 
"  Myosotis,"  Greek  mis,  gen.  mH^  6tos,  moui^  ear. 

Myotomy,  my.6f.o.my,  anatomy  of  the  muscles,  division  of 

a  muscle  in  a  surgical  operation. 
Greek  mus,  gen.  mUds  temno,  I  cut  a  muaole. 


700  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

MyapB,  my'.opsy  a  near-sighted  person ;  myopic,  my.Sp'Xk. 

Greek  nut^p^  near-sighted,  (mud  ops)  close-eyed,  shut-eyed. 
HyOBotis,  nuf'.oao^'.tU,    MyositiSi  my\o^i".U8 ; 

MyoBotiB,  the  plant  called  mouse-ear ; 

HyOBitis,  inflammation  of  a  mnsole. 

"  Myosotis,"  mSLa,  gen.  mMa  dtds,  mouse  ear. 

"Myositis,''  Greek  mUs,  gen.  mMa,  a  muscle  (-Ui«,  inflammation). 

Myriad,  mXt^HMdy  ten  thousand,  a  countless  number. 

Greek  murids,  numberless,  as  a  definite  number  10,000. 

KyricaoesB,  my',ri.kay''M.^     Mjrrtaoefls,  mir,tay' ^i,^     Both 

natural  orders  of  the  genus  myrtle  with  this  difference: 

MyricaeetB,  natural  order  of  the  flowerless  myrtle ; 
Myrtacea,  natural  order  of  the  flowering  myrtle. 
Myrica,  my,r7f,kat  the  typical  genus  of  the  myrica'ceie. 
Hyrtus,  mur^.tiiSt  the  typical  genus  of  the  myrta'cesB. 

(-ca,  in  Botany,  a  genus  of  plants,  -oceee,  a  natural  order). 

Lat.  myrlca  ;  Gk.  milvnlU  [tiie  tamarisk],  being  already  appropriated, 
ought  not  to  have  been  perverted  to  a  totally  different  phmt.  If, 
howeyer,  myrlca  has  been  formed  (as  botanists  say)  from  tiie  Gie^ 
mv/rUn,,  "  sweet  ointment,"  it  is  still  more  unpardonable.  I  appre- 
hend the  word  is  a  corrupt  form  of  the  Lat.  myrrfiay  Gk.  mtirra, 
the  "Arabian  myrtle,"  and  is,  in  fact,  a  seiiee  of  blunders. 

Myrmidon,  mtVmi.d57i  (not  myrmadon\  a  rough  policeman, 
"  bull-dog,"  or  other  employ^  under  a  merciless  or  despe- 
rate leader ;  myrmidonian,  my/ .vn}Ldd^\nl,Q.n. 

So  called  from  the  MurmiddngSy  a  people  of  The;  aly,  subjects  of 
AchiUte,  and  his  chief  soldiery  in  the  Trojan  war. 

Myrrh,  m^r,  a  fragrant  Arabian  gum ;  myrrh-ic,  mui^iik. 

Myrrhine,  mev^jrin.  Murrhine,  mur^rine.  Murrain,  mu/ren. 

Myrrhine,  meT^.rin,  made  of  poiphery  or  fluor  spar; 

Murrhine,  mur.rine  (same  meaning). 

Murrain,  mw/ren^  cattle  plague.    (Spanish  morriHa.) 

Latin  myrrha,  myrrhlnuSt  made  of  myrrha  {mytrha  is  either  myrrb 
or  porphery),  m-wrrhlnua  (adj.  of  mwrrha  or  mwrra,  a  kind  of  por- 
phery) ;  Greek  mwrra^  murrinos  (▼.  muro,  to  trickle^ 

The  xoords  "myrrhine"  and  "murrhine"  being  swumwnimi,  t^ 
former  should  be  abolished,  as  it  confounds  the  loom  wiUi  ti^  ding- 

Myrtle,  mer^.t%  an  evergreen ;  myrtaceous  (Rule  IxvL),  a4j. 
MyrtaoefB,  merday" jbS,1.    Myricaoete,  wi\rUiay"ai^ 
Myrtacea,  natural  order  of  the  flowerless  myrtle; 
Myrieaceay  natural  order  of  the  flowering  myrtle. 
Latin  myrtus,  myrtdeeus;  Greek  murtos.    Myrtacea  (q.v.) 
Myself,  plu.  ourselves,  •wiy'.^^i/,  our^elvz  (a  reflexive  personal 
pronoun),  the  same,  the  identical;  I  myself 
Old  Eng.  "35.  Ic  sel^a,  Ci.  mift  t«Vfe*,  D,  nu  sUfum,  Aca  wtv  »^<- 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  701 

M3fvtery,  plu.  myBteries  (Rule  xliv.)t  mU\ti.fiz,  something  pro- 
foundly secret,  something  past  understanding,  a  drama ; 

Mysterious  (not  mUtereout^  R  Ixvi.),  mi8.te'.ri.u8,  ohscure ; 

myste'rions-ly,  myste'rions-ness. 
Mystics,  mig'.tXks,  a  religious  sect ;  mystic,  mis'.Uk,  secret 

involving    a    secret    meaning ;     mystical,    m%i'.tl.kal ; 

mys^tical-ly,  myitical-ness. 

Mysticism,  fn{f^tf.<{zm,  tenets  of  the  mystics. 

■  Mystify,  mitl'.ti.fy,  to  render  obscure,  to  obfuscate ;  mystifies, 

miis'.ttfize  (R.  xi.);  mystified,  mis'. ti. fide;  mys'tify-ing. 

Mystification,  mis' .VLfl.hay*' .»Mn. 

Lat.  m')flAirivmf  mytHcua:  Gk.  mtuUrion,  mtutUeos  (mtutis,  one 
initiated^  The  mysteries  were  those  things  of  the  "  secret  societies  ** 
of  Greece  and  Rome  which  were  revealed  only  to  the  initiated.  In 
the  middle  ages,  the  most  delicate  parts  of  many  mechanical  arts 
were  kept  profoundly  secret,  and  hence  the  word  came  to  be  applied 
to  anything  reeerved  as  a  deep  secret  or  past  understanding. 

Myth,  mith,  a  poetic  fiction,  a  fabulous  tale ;   mythic,  mith'.ik ; 
mythical,  m!Uh'.l.haL     (Greek  muthos^  muthXkos.) 

Mytho-,  mx'.rhO'  (Gk.  prefix),  myths.    (Greek  muthos.) 
Mythographer,  mi.thoff'.ra.fer,  a  writer  of  myths. 
Greek  mutho-  [muthos]  graphd^  I  write  myths. 

-     Mythology,  plu,  mythologies  (Rule  xliv.),  mi.th5V.8.djlZy 
tales  of  gods  and  goddesses  reduced  to  a  system ; 
mythologio,  mV.rhoMdg'\lk ;   mythological,  ml'.Tho.- 
I6dg:\\.kal;  myth'ological-ly;  mythologist,  ml.thol\o.- 
djUU      Mythologise    (Rule    xxxi.),    rm.thdV.S.djlze  ; 
mythorogised  (4  syl.) ;  mythorog^-ing  (Rule  xix>. 
Greek  mOtholdgta  {miUhoi  Ugia,  mythic  l^^nds). 
Mytho-poeic,  mi\Tho.p^.ik,  myth-making ;  mytho-pceist. 
Greek  muthO'  [muthos]  p<ne6, 1  make  myths. 
Mytilacesd.    Myrtacess.    MyricacesB. 

Mytilaoeffi,  mV.tl.lay".Bi.%  (not  m%1f.l.lay''^^,e),  the  family 
of  molluscs  of  the  mussel  type ;  mytUaoean,  mi'.ti.Zay".- 
«^.an,  one  of  the  mytilaceae;  mytilidss,  mi-tUXde,  the 
mussel  group. 

(Mytilidsa  is  a  better  word  than  tnytUacece,  the  termination  -aeea  being 
used  in  botany  for  a  natural  order  of  plants,  and  -idee  (a  Greek 
patronymic)  for  a  family  or  group  of  animaLs.) 

Mytilite,  nu'.€Llite,  a  fossil  mussel  {-ite^  a  fossil). 
Mytiloid,  mLttloid,  shells  resembling  the  musseL 

Greek  mOtOd-  [mutOfis]  eidos,  like  a  musseL 
Myrtaoes,  mir.tay'.si.B,  native  order  of  the  fiowering  myrtle. 

Greek  fuwrtos,  a  myrtle,    (-aeece  denotes  an  "  order"  of  plants.) 

MyricacesB,  mV.ri.kay''jie.e,  natural  order  of  the  barren 
myrtle.    {See  Myri'ca.) 


702  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

If-  (native  prefix),  negative :  as  oru,  n-one, 

Vab,  to  catch  with  a  snap;  nabbed,  nabd;  nabV-ing  {Enle  i.) 
Danish  nappes  to  snap  at,  catch  at,  nap,  a  snatch. 

Nabob,  na\b6b,  a  native  Indian  governor,  a  man  of  great  wealth. 
Hindustanee  naiodb,  a  governor. 

Kacre,  nay'.k'r,  mother  of  pearl;  nacreous^  na'.kri.us. 
Kacrite,  nay'.krite,  a  sort  of  mica.    (French  naere,) 

Kadlr,  nay'.dert  thnt  part  of  the  heave db  directly  nnder.  onr 
feet,  the  opposite  point  is  the  zenith^  ze'.nith. 
Two  Arabic  words  Nadhara  or  nazir  means  opposite  [the  zenith]. 

KSg,   a  small   horse,  to   scold    conf^tantly ; .  nagged,    nagd ; 

nagg'-lng  (Rule  i.),  naj^ing-ly,  nagg'-er,  nagg.y. 

"Nag"  (horse),  Danish  neggc,  to  whinny  as  a  horse. 

"Nag"  (to  find  fault).  Dan.  nag,  v.  nage,  to  gnaw(a  "nagging" pain). 

Kaiad,  plu.  naiads,  nay'.ddz,  a  water-nymph ;  naiades,  nay^,adz 
(in  Qeol.),  fresh-water  mussels.    (Greek  naiades.) 

Kail,  ndle  (1  syl.),  the  homy  substance  on  the  back  of  our 
finger-tips,  &c.,  a  metal  pin,  to  fasten  with  a  nail ;  nailed, 
naild ;  nail'-ing,  nail'-er ;  nail'ery,  a  nail  manufactory. 

On  the  nail,  immediately.    To  hit  [it]  on  the  nail,  to  strike 
home.    To  hit  the  nail  On  the  head,  to  catch  the  exact 
meaning,  to  do  the  right  thing  at  the  right  time. 
Old  English  neegel,  v.  ncegliian],  past  nasglode,  past  part,  wrglod. 
Kalve  (French),  nVefj  ingenious ;  n»'ive-ly,  ni'ef.ly. 
Naive-t6,  nCef.ty  (French),  artless  simplicity. 

Naked,  nay'.kid,  without  clothing,  nude;  na'ked-ly,  na'ked- 
ness;  naked-eye,  the  eye  unassisted  by  any  optical 
instrument    (Old  English  nacud  or  naced.) 

Namby-pamby,  wishy-washy  [literature]. 

Applied  by  Pope  to  the  poetry  of  Ambrose  Phillips.    "Namby"  is 
Ambrose,  and  "  Pamby"  a  jingling  corruption  of  the  surname. 

Name  (1  syl.)  noun  and  verb,  named  (1  syl.).  nam'ing  (R  xix.), 
nam'-er,  name'-less,  name'Iess-ly ;  name^'-sake,  one  bear- 
ing the  same  Christian  name;  name'-plate,  a  door-plate. 

Ohristian  name,  krt8\ti.an,  a  personal  name. 

Sur'name,  a  family  name.    Nicknaiiie,  a  sobriquet 

Propter  name,  the  name  of  a  man,  place,  <&c. 

In  the  name  of,  on  the  authority  of,  in  behalf  ot 

To  call  names,  to  abuse.    To  take  [God's]  name  in  yaito,  t& 
utter  it  lightly  or  profanely. 

Old  English  nama,  v.  namlan],  namtltas.    "Name-book*^  (liom-ide), 
a  ^  catalogue,"  uvS^ht  be  reintroduced. 

Hankeen,  Tittn.l6€eu' ,  a^W^-coVwxt^^  <i^v\oa  cloth  (Nankin. ) 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  103 

Kap.    Ifape  (1  syl.),  the  back  of  the  neck.    Knap^  n&pt  to  break. 

Nap,  a  short  doze,  the  yillous  sarface  o^  cloth  or  hats,  to> 

take  a  doze;  napped,  nopt ;  na>pp\ing  (Rnle  i),  napp'-er, 

napp'-y.    Nap'-less,  threadbare ;  napp'i-ness. 

"Nap"  (dole),  O.  Eng.  hiuxpf{%an\^  ptat  hnctpvo^,  p.  p.  Tvnaeppod^ 

n.  hnoepTpung^  a  Dapping  or  nap.    "Nap"  of  cloth,  O.  £.  noppa. 
"Nape,"  Old  English  CMtp.    ** Knap^"  Old  EikgltBh  hnip[anl 

N&pe  (1  syL),  the  back  of  the  neck.    (O.  E.  cruep,  Welsh  enap,} 

ifapelfy,  nap\e.ry,  made-up  linen,  table-linen. 

French  fiappe,  oloth ;  Latin  nappa,  a  table-cloth,  a  liapkln. 
Naphtha,  ndf\Thdh,  rock-oil,  &c.;  naphthallc,  naf\fMLik. 

Naphthaline,  nSf'.rhul.in,  a  substance  which  incrusts  pipes 

employed  in  tie  rectification  of  coal-tar. 
Latin  naphtha:  Greek  naphtha,  oleum  Medea,  bitn'men. 
Napkin,  a  cloth  used  at  meals  for  wiping  the  fingers  and  lips. 
Napkin-ring,  a  ring  for  holding  a  table  napkin. 
French  nappe,  a  cloth,  with  Hn  an  English  dim. 
Napoleon,  na.pd\li.5n,  a  French  gold  coin  =  20  francs. 

First  issued  by  Napoleon  L  to  replace  the  Louis  d'or. 
Narcissus,  plu.  nardssus-es  (not  narcissi),  a  bulbous  flower. 
Fable  says  the  boy  Narcissus  was  changed  into  this  flower. 
Greek  narhisHs  (narkisUi,  torpoi),  the  odour  being  a  narcotia 
Narcotic,  nar.kdt.Xk,  inducing  sleep,  a  medicine  to  produce 
sleep ;  narootical-ly,  nar.kof.f.kdl.ly. 

itarcotin,  nai^M.tin;  narcotism,  nai^ ,k6Mzm, 

Greek  narkoiikos  (v.  narkad,  to  numb,  to  deaden). 
Nardy  an  ointment  prepared  from  the  spikenard  plant. 

Old  Engli<'h  natd;  Latin  na/rdun;  Greek  nardoa,  an  Eastern  word. 
Narrate,  narrate^  to  tell  as  a  story,  to  relate ;  narrat'-ed  (Rule 
xxxvi.),  narrat'-ing  (Rule  xix ),  narrat'-or  (Rule  xxxvii.) 

Narratibn,  nar  ray\shun.     Narrative,  ndr'rd.tiv;   nar^ra. 

tlve-ly;  narrable,  nar^ra.b'l. 
Latin  narrdMlis,  harrStio,  narr&tor,  v.  narrare ;  French  narration. 
Narrow,  nar^ro,  not  wide,  to  contract;   narrowed,  fidr^rowd; 
nar'row-ing;    (comp.)  nar'row-er,  {super.)  nar'row-est, 
nar'row-ly,  nar'row-ness. 

Narrow  cloth,  cloth  less  than  fifty-two  inches  wide. 

Broad-doth,  cloth  double  of  fifty-two  inches  in  width. 
Narrow  gauge^  -gage  (of  railways)  4  ft.  S^in.  wide. 

Broad  gauge,  7  feet  between  the  two  rails. 

Narrow-mind,  illiberal  mind;    narrow-minded,  illiberal; 
narrow-minded-ness,  having  mean  and  contracted  views. 

Old  English  nearo,  nearolice,  narrowly,  nearones^  uaxtcmrw^eiii^  ^. 
nearotaiian],  past  nearrode,  past  part,  nearrod. 


704  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Karwhal,  na'/.wuU  the  sea  unicorn.    Wal'ms,  the  sea-horse. 

Danish  nar-hval :  German  narwaX  {narr-wallfisch),  the  f ooliah  whale. 

We  have  taken  the  Old  English  hwaly  a  whale,  for  the  last  syL 
**  Walnis,"  German  voallrTossey  the  whale-horse. 

Nasal,  nay\z%  pertaining  to  the  nose,  through  the  nose. 

French  ncucU,  nctacUe;  Latin  ndtus^  the  nose  (Greek  na6,  to  flow). 
Nascent,  nag^^ent^  sprouting;  nascency,  ndg'sSn^. 

Latin  n<ucena,  gen.  fMseeniis,  rising  (t.  nascor,  to  arise,  tc  be  bomX 
Nasturtium    (Latin),   nds.tur^.she'um   (not  nasUui^^hun),  the 
tropsB^olum  GreaX  Indian  cress,  or  nose- smart. 

Nomen  aocepit  a  narium  tormento  (PHn.  zix.  44). 
Nasty,  nds^ty^  disagreeable,  dirty ;  nas'ti-ly  (B.  xi.),  nas'ti-ness. 

A  cormp.  of  nasky.  0.  K  n-  atca,  not  dnst,  i.«.  mud ;  Qer.  nau,  wet 
Natal,  nay\taly  native,  pertaining  to  birth,  anniversary  of  a 
birUi-day.    (Latin  natdlis^  y.  naacor,  ndttis,  to  be  bom.) 

Natant,  nay^Mnt,  swimming,  floating;  na'tant-ly. 

Natation,  na.tay'^kun.     Natatores,  nay^td.tdr^'rez,  web- 
footed  birds;  natatorial,  nay\ta,tdf^ri.dl. 

Natatory,  nay\ta.td.ryt  adapted  for  swimming. 
Lat.  ndtant,  gen.  ndtantis^  ndt&tion,  fUUdtoriua,  t.  ndtdre,  to  swim. 
Nathless,  ndth.les8t  nevertheless.    (Old  English  ndtheles,) 
Nation,  nay'jhun;  nation-al,  na8h\Sn.al;  national-ly. 
Nationality,  plu.  nationalities,  nd8h\dnMV\t,tiz, 
Nationalise  (Rule  xxxi.),  ndsh^JhiMLize,  to  make  national; 

Naturalise,  nd1ftchur.dl.Ue,  to  invest  a  foreigner  with  the 
civil  rights  of  a  native. 

Nationalised  (4  syl.),  nationalis-ing  (Eule  xix.),  ndsh'^dn.- 
dl.ize'\ing.    National-ism,  ndsh^onMLUm, 

National  debt.  ndshfJon.dl  dit,  the  government  debt. 

National  guards,  gardz,  the  militia  of  France. 

National  law  or  law  of  nations,  international  law. 

f  Except  in  "  nation  "  the  first  syUdbU  is  always  short.    See  Nature.) 
Frendi  nation,  national,  natianaliser,  naitwdliser;  Latin  ndtio. 

Native,  nay\tiVt  born  in  a  place,  indigenous ;  native Jly. 

Nativity,  plu.  nativities  (Rule  xliv.),  nayMv\t.tiz. 

Latin  ndtlmts,  ndtivltas ;  French  naiiff  nativity. 
Natron,  nay'.trdn,  a  native  carbonate  of   soda.       Natrium, 
nay'.tri.um,  an  early  chemical  term  for  sodium. 

Natrolite,  nay\trd.Utef  a  mineral  containing  a  large  quantity 
of  natron  or  soda. 

German  natrum  or  natron;  French  natrwn  or  natron,  natroUOu. 
"Natron"  is  the  nitre  of  the  ancients.    Kow  "natron"  is  a  nativt 
carboviat«  of  soda,  and  ' '  nitre  "  Is  a  nitrate  of  potaata. 

Ujitty,  nut.ty ,  Bpmce,^tm  m^  «ai»jc\.,  ^Dim.  of  neat,  Welsh  nith.) 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  705 


Nature,  nay'.tchur;  natural,  nai^tchurMl;  nat'oral-ly,  nafn- 
ral-ness;  natural-ism,  ndftchur.dl.izm. 

Naturalise  (R.  xxxi),  nuiftcMr.ul.ize,  to  invest  a  foreiprner 
with  the  civil  rights  of  a  native,  to  acclimatise ;  natural- 
ised (4  syl.);  naturalis-ing  (R.  xix.),  nuf,tchur,dl.tze^'.ing. 

Naturalisation,  ndtftchuT.dlX.zay".8hun, 

Nat^ural-ist,  one  who  studies  the  productions  of  nature. 

Orighially  this  word  meant,  one  wbo  believes  in  "natural  religion 
onlf,  andno^in  "Kevealed  Religion." 

Natural  history,  a  scientific  description  of  the  productions 
of  the  earth  (sometimes  limited  to  the  animal  kingdom). 

Natural  philosophy,  -fi.lS8'.8.fy,  the  science  of  material 
bodies,  their  forces,  comhinations,  motions,  and  effects. 

Natural  projections,  -pro.jik^,8hunz,  perspective  drawings 
of  surfaces  on  a  given  plane. 

'    Natural  religion,  -re.Udg'.on,  religion  so  far  as  it  is  dis- 
coverable without  revelation. 

Natural  scale,  -shale  (in  Mu8.\  without  sharps  and  flats. 

Natural  selection,  -8S.lik\8Jiun,  that  process  in  nature  hy 
which  the  stronger  supersede  the  weaker. 

Good-nature,  good-natured;  ill-nature,  ill-natured. 

(As  in**nation"  (q.v.)  the  first  syl.  is  always  short,  except  in  "nature.") 
Latin   ndtura,   ndtHrdlis;   French  naturel   (wrong),  naiuralisnu, 
naturcUutet  naturalisation,  naiv/raliser^  nature. 

Naught,  nawt,  worthless.    Nought,  nawt,  nothing. 

It  is  naught,  it  is  naught  [worthless],  says  the  buyer.     (Prov.  xx.  14.) 
The  city  is  pleasant,  but  the  water  is  naught.     (2  Kings  ii.  19.) 
Doth  Job  f'-ac  Grod  for  nought  [nothing].    (Job  i.  9.) 
Ye  have  sold  yourselves  for  nought.    {Isa.  lii.  3.) 

Naughty,  naw'.ty,  had ;  naugh'ti-ness  (R.  xi.),  naughf  i-ly. 

To  set  at  naught  (not  nought),  to  treat  as  worthless. 

"Naught,"  Old  English  ndht,  i.e.,  n-dht,  not  aught  [of  value]. 

"  Nought,"  Old  Eng.  ndht,  ie.,  n-dhi,  not  ought  [not  anything  at  allL 

Naumaohy,  naw'.md.ky^  a  spectacle  representing  a  sea-fight. 
Qreek  naumdchia,  naus  mdchS,  ship  battle. 

Nausea,  nav/.8hi.ah,  sickness,  loathing ;  nauseous,  naw'8h^ui  ; 
nau'seous-ly,  nau'seous-ness. 

Nauseate,  naw.8hi.ate ;  nauseat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  nauseat- 
ing.    (Latin  nausea  ;  Greek  nausia,  naus,  a  ship.) 

Nautical,  naw'.ttkdl,  relating  to  ships  or  sailors ;  nau'tlcal-ly. 

Nautical  Al'manao,  an  almanac  for  seamen,  published  by 
the  Adn^iralty. 

Nautical  astron'omy,  astronomy  in  its  application  to  navi- 
gation,    {h&tin  nauttcus ;  Greek  natttifcos^na'UA.'^ 

2y 


706  A'RRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Nantilui,  plu.  naiitilns-es  or  nautili,  nctw'.H.litSt  navn'MMsIz, 
naw'.tlMt  a  ^aciolluse  with  its  organs  of  motion  placed 
roiin^  its  ^eajd  (a  eeph%V5p^^). 

IfMitiHdiB,  naw'ti.ll" .de,  a  family  of  molluscs  of  which  the 
naotilHs  is  a  type  {-idcB^  a  Greek  patronymic  dene  ting  a 
"  family,"  "  descendants  "). 

Ifoutiiite,  naxoWlMe,  a'  fo88^  nautilus  {-ite  denotes  a  fossil, 
jGfreek  Uthos).  Naut^lpid,  rMw\t%.loi4^  loesils  resembling 
the  nautilus  (Greek  eidos,  like).  , 

GrQ«k  nauHUfs,  nautilus  or  Sfiilor,  {naw,  a  ehif^ ;  I^tiJti  mmtUus. 
Kl^vial,  nay\v%  pertaining  to  the  nayy.    Ka'yel  [of  the  body]. 
'IT&ye  (1  syl.)    Knave,  nave.    NaSve,  ni'ev,  ingenuous. 

Nave,  the  centre  of  a  wheel,  the  main  part  of  a  church. 

Navel,  nay',vel  [of  the  human  body].    Naval  (q.v,) 

Navel  string,  the  umbillcol  cord. 

Snave,  a  scoundrel.    (Old  English  cnafa,  a  youth.) 

Naive,  nVev^  ingenuous.     (French  naive.) 

"Nave"  (of  a  wheel),  Old  English  nafu :  nafela,  the  naveL 
'^Nave"  (of  a  cborchX  Fr.  rC^;  G>k.  tmos,  the  iBoermoet  part  of  a 
temple,  where  tiie  "God"  was  placed  (not  haA.  ndvis,  a  ship). 

Navigate,  9idv\tgate,  to  traverse  the  sea;  nav^igat-ed  (E.  xxxvi.), 
nav'lgat-ing  (R.  xix.),  nav'igat-oir  (R.  xsutni.) 
Navigation,    miv'.i.gay'^shun.      Navigable,    na7fX.gd.Vl; 

nav'igable-ness,  navigably,  navigability. 
Latin  nmigdbllis,  ndvigdtiOy  ndvigdtor,  y.  ndvigdre,  ndvis,  a  ship. 
Navvy,  nav\vy.    Navy,  nay'.vy. 

Navvy,  plu.  navvies,  nav'.vier,  workmen  employed  in  the 
construction  of  railroads,  canals,  tunnels,  &c. 

Navy,  a  fleet.    (Latin  ndvis,  a  ship.) 

In  the  north  a  canal  is  called  a  navvy,  and  men  employed  bi  con« 
structing  it  nawief.  Halliwe^  gives  navy,  '*a  «ana^''  and  navies, 
**  excavators,"  in  his  ArcJuiic  Dici. 

Navy,  plu.  navies,  nay'. viz,  a  fleet.  Navvy,  an  excavator  (v.8.) 
Naval,  nay.v'l,  pertaining  to  the  navy.  Navel  [of  the  body]. 
Latin  ndvalia,  ndvis,  a  ship.    "Navel,'*  Old  English  nafela. 

Nawab,  nd.wawh',  an  Indian  governor,  same  as  Na'bob. 

Nay,  No.    Yea,  Yes,    Neigh,  nay,  to  whinny. 

The  distinction  between  nay  and  no,  yea  and  yes.  Is  not  now 
observed,  but  it  was  a  very  good  one.    It  was  this : 

A  question  formed  affirmatively  had  Yea  or  Nay  for  its  answer. 

▲   question   formed  negatively,   had  ^0  or  Fes  fi.r  its  answer. 
Q.E. — Are  you  going  to  town  to-night  ?    Answer,   Y^  or  Nay. 
Are  you  not  going  to  town?     Answer,  Yes  or  No. 

A  yea-nay  t^^ott  of  a  man],  a  shilly-shally. 

Old  English  geo,  yea,  ge8e«i«a,iifi%«>Vn«&'^«>-<l«a,  contracted  to  nd. 


AND  OF  SFELUNG.  707 

Nasarene.    Vazarean.    Kazarite. 

Nazaiene,  na^.d.reen\  applied  to  Jeens  Christ  and  his  dis- 
ciples, one  of  the  sect  of  the  Nazarenes. 

Vazarean,  naz' Asee^' Mn,  pertaining  to  Nazareth,  pertain- 
ing to  the  Nazarenes. 

Nazarite,  naz'M.riUf  a  Jew  bonnd  bj  a  vow  of  abstinence 

and  purity  of  life ;  naz'aritisnL 

Nazareth,  a  city  of  Galilee,  wb««  Jesns  Chriat  wu  broogbt  op. 
**  Nasarite,"  Hebrew  ncuair,  to  separate,  one  set  apart. 

Naze  (1  syl.),  a  headland.     (Germ,  ntue;  Lat.  ndsus,  a  nose.) 

-noe,  -ncy  (Latin  -fUliaJ)  nouns,  possessed  of,  result  of,  state  of. 

Fxagiancy,  possessed  of  fragrance ;  infancy,  infieuit  state. 

•nd  (Lat.  •nd[u8'\)  runuu,  something  to  be  [done]. 

Legend,  something  to  be  read ;  deodand,  something  to  be 
given  to  God ;  stipend,  something  to  be  paid  as  wages. 

Neap-tide,  neep'-tidef  lowest  tide.    Sinring-tlde,  highest  tide. 

Neap-tides  occur  during  the  quarter  moons ; 

Spring -tides  occur  during  new  and  full  moons. 
Old  English  nep,  nep-flod,  neap-flood  or  neap-tide. 
Near,  ne'r,  close  by.    Ne'er,  ndre,  contraction  of  never. 
Near,  (ccmP')  near-er,  (super.)  near-est; 
Near,  to  draw  near ;  neared,  ne'rd ;  near-ing. 

Near-ly,  almost ;  near'-ness,  proximity,  closeness  of  neigh- 
bourhood or  relationship,  parsimoniousness. 
Near  at  hand,  close  by.    Near-sighted,  neW-sV.ted. 
Old  English  ntak,  (comp.)  nearro,  (super.)  neahst,  neahlice,  nearly. 
Neat,  neet^  tidy,  black  cattle ;  neaf -ly,  neat-ness ;  neat-handed, 
clever  and  natty.    Neat-herd,  a  cow-keeper;  neaVs-foot, 
neat's-tongue;  neat-cattle,  oxen,  <&c. 

<'Neat"  (tidy).  Welsh  nilh,  pure ;  Latin  nitidus,  neat. 

"Neat"  (cattle).  Old  English  nedt  or  nat,  nedt-hyrde,  a  neatherd. 

Nebula,  plu.  nebule,  veh'huMh,  plu.  nel/hu.le,  also  written 
nebule,  plu.  nebnles,  neh'hrde,  plu.  neVhules,  white  spots 
in  the  starry  heavens  many  of  which  have  been  resolved 
into  groups  of  stars  or  planetary  systems. 
Nebular,  nib'bU.laTf  pertaining  to  nebulae. 
Nebulous,  neb'bU.luSj  cloudy;  neb'nlonsroees. 

Nebulosity,  plu.  nebulosities  (Rule  xliv.),  nib'biLl5^'.i.t\z  ; 
nebuly,  neb'bH.ly,  covered  with  wavy  lines. 

Nebular  hypothesis,  'h%.p6th\ijii8,  the  theory  which  sup- 
poses that  the  sun  was  once  a  luminoQs  mass  out  of 
which  the  planets  and  their  satellites  were  gradually 
evolved.    (Latin  nebula^  nebUldsus^  mbiLlMfSJMA^ 


710'  EJtnORS  OF  SPEECH 


tvo,  three  needU-fuU  means  a-  needleltil  repeated  two  or 
three  times,  but  two,  three  needles-ful  would  mean  two  or 
three  needles  all  full. 

Needier,  a  needle-maker.    Needlb^^bool^  a  budsifv 

Needl6-^&,  the  pipe-fish.    Needle-gun,  a  gun  fiifed  by  the 
impact  of  a  needle  on  detonating  powder. 

Needle-ote,  a  sulphuret  of  bismuth.    Needle-pointed. 

Needle-stone,  a  mineral.    Needle-work,  done  by  the  needle. 

Needle-woman,  plu.  needle-women,  -vnm^en,  a  woman  who 
earns  her  liveUhood  by  sewing,  if  she  uses  the  "  sewing- 
machine  "  she  is  called  a  machinist,  ma.$heen\i8t. 
Old  English  nadel  or  TiacU.    (Needel  is  the  older  spelling.) 
Ne'er,  nar«,  contraction  of  never.  ]S'ear,nfiV,clo^Oby.  (SeelSeax,) 

Nefarious  (Rule  Ixvi.),  m,fair^7i.u8y  wicked;  nefa'rious-ly, 
nefa^rious-n68S.     (Latin  n^fdriiLS,  nifa$,  Wicked.) 

"  Fas"  means  what  may  be  spoken  (Jhri,  to  s{>eltk).  ne-fas  what  may 
not  be  spoken ;  the  anusion  is  to  the  "mTst^es  of  secret  societies." 

Negative,  nig\dMVj  a  word  or  sentence  which  denies,  to  deny ; 
neg'atiye-Iy ;  negatived,  nilf.d.tlvd ;  neg'otiv-ing  (Rule 
xix.),  neg^ative-neBS.    Neg'ative  sign,  -sine  (thus  — ). 

Negative  <]^Tiality,  pUt,  -^xialities,  'kwol\\.Viat  a  quality 
preceded  by  not,  as  not  good,  <fec. 

Negative  quantity,  plu.  -qnantitiesr  -kwon'.^MZf  a  quan- 
tity with  a  negative  sign  before  it,  as  —a. 

Negation,  n£.gay\8hun.  denial. 

Latin  negativiu,  nsgatio  (negdre,  to  deny) ;  Frendi  n^tfation^  &c 
Neglect,  neg.lect\  want  of  care,  to  omit  to  do,  to  s%ht,  &c.; 
neglect'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  neglect^-ing,  neglect'ing-ly, 
neglect'-er,  neglecf -ful  (R.  viii.),  neglect'ful-ly. 

Negligent,  n^g'.U.djent ;  neg^ligent.ly.    Negligence. 

Negligee,  n^g\U.zha,  a  loose  morning  gown ;   en  negligee, 

aKn  neg\le.zha,  in  undress  (Kng.-Fr.  for  "enn6glig€," 

aKn  na'.gle.zha",  in  domestic  or  slouch  dress).- 

Latin  neglectiM,  negllgens,  gen.  negUgentU,  negllgent4a,  r.  negligire^ 
snpine  neglectum  (i.d.,  ne  [liott]  lego,  not  to  choose). 

Negotiate  (not  negociate),  ne.gr/.8hi.ate,  to  trade,  to  bargain,  to 
transact  business ;  negotiat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  nego'tiat-ing. 

Negotiator,  fern,  negotiati^ess,  n^.gr/^hta.tr^s. 
Negotiatory,  ne.gd\»hi.ajt*ry,  of  a  business  charaoter. 
Negotiable,  nS.go.8ht&.b%  current  in  the  money  market. 
Negotiability,  n^.gd\8hl.dML'W.ty,  tranefer ability. 
Negotiation,  n^.go',8?il.a"s/jMn,  business  transaction. 
Latin  n^gStidtio,  n«fl6t\atoT,  u^qotwl-na,  'vJL^iixMrius,  t.  mggOtiAri, 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  711 

Negio,  plu.  negroes  (Rule  xlii.),  fern,  negrefls,  plu.  negzesaeii 

fie'.pro,  plu.  nt.groze^  fem.  n^.gres,  plu.  ne'.grSaxz, 

Sp.  ii«gro  (ne^rtUo, ''  a  young  negro/*  might  be  introdnced) ;  Lat.  nXger. 

NegBflt  ne.gue,  a  mixture  of  wine  and  bot  water  Bpic<*d,  &e. 

A  favoaiite  drink  of  GoL  Neg%u,  in  Queen  irnne's  reign.  (See  Qrog.) 

Neigh,   nay,  to  whinny.       Kay,  no.       Nee<  nay,  by   birth. 

neighed,  nayd ;  neigh'-ing»  nay'.ing. 

Old  Eng.  /in<pg[aft},  firuKpun^^  a  neighing    Latbi  ^innio,  to  neigh. 
(It  wiU  be  seen  that  neig/i  and  whinny  are  varieties  of  the  same  Word.) 

Neighbour,   nayWry  one  who   lives   close  by,  to  live  near; 

neighboured,    nayWrd;    neighbotir-ing,   nay'.b'ring  ; 

neighbourhood  (-hood,  "  condition  **  of  locality).    Neigh'- 

bonr-ly,  neighlnmrli-ness  (Rule  nL) 

Old  English  ne<igebilr  or  nedhhuXy  Le.,  nttSk  biir,  a  dear  dwelling. 
(The  o  is  introduced  to  compensate  for  the  lost  accent.    The  spelling 
of  the  first  syl.  is  very  much  to  be  deplored.    Why  not  neahbur  t 

Neither,  nee'.rher,  neg.  of  Either,  e.Ther.    Nether,  nerh^er  (q.v.) 

Either  and  Neither  are  used  in  two  ways : 

(1)  When  they  head  two  or  more  co-ordinates,  io  which  case 

or  in  one  case,  and  nor  in  the  other,  must  stand  before 
the  last  of  the  terms :  as 

Either  John  ot  James.    Sither  John,  Thomas,  or  James. 
Neither  John  nor  James.    Neither  John,  Thomas>  nor  James. 

(2)  When  they  stand  without  or^  nor,  they  can  refer  to  only 

two  terms :  as 

Will  you  have  tea  or  coffee  f    Neither  (orj  MitJwr. 

Neither  of  the  Evangelists  [Mark  and  Luke]  was  an  Apostlo. 

Both  may  excite  our  wonder,  but  neither  is  entitled  to  our  respect. 

(3)  The  verb  or  pronoun  in  regimen  with  either  or  neither 

must  be  singular  not  pliuaL 

Errors  of  Speech.—^ 
Of  the  few  ohaks  . .  neither  of  them  was  fit  for  use  [none  of  them]. 
Nadab  and  Abihu  . .  took  either  of  them  his  censer  [each]  {Lev.  x.  1) 
And  two  thieves  with  him,  on  either  [each]  side  one  (John  xix.  18). 
do  parted  they  a»  cither's  way  them  [him]  led  ShaJcet^pear). 
Injustice  springs  from  only  three  causes . . .  .neither  [not  one]  of  these 

causes  can  be  found  in  a  being  aU-wise,  all-powerfnl,  ahd  all-good. 
Neither  of  them  thirst  [thirsts)  for  Edward's  biood  {MctrUrioX 
Thersites'  body  is  as  good  as  A  jax'. 
And  neither  are  [is]  alive  (Cymh.  iv.  2). 
**  JTeither,**  Old  English  ttdthoTy  ne,  neg.,  ne-athor,  not  tflf&er. 
"Nethe»"  (lower).  Old  English,  nxthor,  lower,  comp.  of  nither. 

Nem.  oon.,  n^m  kon^  abbreviation  of  the  Latin  nemine  oontra« 
dicente  {nem\tne  k6n'.tra-di.8en\te)y  unanimously. 

Nemean,  nim\^Mn,  adj.  of  NSm'ga,  a  valley  in  Ar'g51is  of  ancient 
Greece.    Nemean  lion,  Nciuean  game.i. 
As  hardy  as  the  Nem8an  lion's  nerve  (Ham.  t  4). 
Prodlgia,  8t  vfotum,  NSm8ee  sub  rupg  ISonem  [j^n.  viii.  20&X 

Nemesis,  n^in\S.^,  retribution.    (Greek  nSmeslSf  vengeance.) 
Nemesis  was  the  goddess  of  retribution  {y.  ivefn«6,\A  «S!\<(>\^. 


712  ERRORS  OF  8PEECi[ 

Ke6-  (Greek  prefix),  new,  fresh,  young,  recent.    (Greek  n^^.) 

Neology,  ne.oV.S.gyt  rationalism,  theology  subjected  to 
reason  rather  &an  faith ;  neologic,  ne\d.lodg'',ik ; 
neological,  n^.H.lSdg^'Xkdl;  neolog'ical-ly ;  neologist, 
neM'.d.dji8t.  Neologise,  ne.5V.S.djize ;  neorog^sed  (4  syl.), 
neoFog^ing.    Neorogism,  neM' .b.djizm, 

Oreek  ned-  [neos]  Uigda,  new  intepretation. 

Ne'o-phyte,  -/ite,  a  new  convert,  a  proselyte. 

,Oreek  nSophHtis  {nioa  ph&t&nt  »  new  plant). 

Ne'o-teric,  -U'/riky  one  of  modern  times,  recent. 

Oreek  n/((^r{fcd<,  recent  (iniCs,  new,  nedtirds,  comp.) 

Ne'o-zolc  (not  -zoik),  -zoWk,    The  whole  geological  period 
of   organised    life    is   divided  into   three  groups:    the 
paliBO-zoio  [paV.l^^o-zoWk^  meso-zoic,  and  neo-zoia  The 
palao-zoic  or  archa'ic  group  begins  with  the  Cam'brian 
period,  the  meso-zoic  with  the  Trias,  and  the  neo-zoic 
with  the  Tertiary  rocks. 
Greek  nSo-  [nSte]  z6on,  recent  or  modem  animal-life. 
Nepenthe,  ne.pen\The,  a  magic  drug  supposed  to  produce  ob- 
livion  of  grief.  Nepenthes,  ne.pen'.TheZt  the  pitcher-plant 
Greek  ni-p^ihia,  freedom  from  sorrow,  assuaging  grief. 
Nephew,  fern,  niece,  n^v'vu,  neece,  son  and  daughter  of  a  brother 
or  sister.    (Old  Eng.  ne/a,  nephew  (ne/e,  niece) ;  Fr.  niice.) 

Ne  plus  ul'tra  (Latin),  nothing  superior,  superlative. 
Nepotism,  n^\f>.t%zm,  stnte  patronage  handed  over  to  relations. 

Frecch  nepotisme  (Latin  nepos,  a  nephew) ;  Ital.  nepotismo,  chorch 
patronage  niiduly  bestowed  by  popes  on  their  nephews. 

Neptune,  nep'tchune^  the  classic  sea-god ;  neptunian,  n^p.tu\- 
nl.un  (not  nep.tchu-nx.un)y  adj.  of  Neptune ; 

Neptu'nian  rocks,  the  stratified  rocks  cr  those  which  have 
been  deposited  in  layers  by  the  action  of  water. 

Neptunian  theory,  the  theory  which  attributes  all  the 
geologic  "  rocks  "  to  the  action  and  agency  of  water. 

The  Pluto'nian  theory  attributes  them  to  the  action  and 
agency  of  fire  or  heat. 

Neptunist,  n^p'Mjnistt  an  advocate  of  the  neptunian  theory. 

Flu'tonist,  an  advocate  of  the  Plutonian  theory. 

Nereid,  nt,r^.ld  (not  ne\rid),  a  sea-nymph ;  nereites,  ng'.r^.ite*, 
fossil  tracks  of  sea- worms  {-ite  denotes  a  fossil). 
Nerita,  ne.rWtah^  a  genus  of  univalvular  shell-fish; 
Nerit,  ne'.Hty  one  of  the  nerita. 

Greek  fUreUf  gen.  inireidos,  a  nereld  (daughter  of  Nereus,  2  syL) 
Jfeire  (1  syl.),  a  fibiowa  coid,  an  organ  of  sensation,  to  give 
vigour  to ;  nerved  0-  «:jV')i^«ri'  -Vs^^^^^dx.,)^  nerve-less. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  71S 

Nervine,  n«r^.inn,  a  mediciDe  to  act  on  the  nenres. 

KervouB,  ner^jviUy  relating  to  the  nerves,  Tigorous,  over- 
sensitiye ;  ner'Tons-nees,  ner'yons-ly. 

Kernire,  ne/AJurey  the  vein  of  a  leaf,  nerve  or  mnscle  of 
ao  insect's  wing.    Nervation,  ner.vay' jthun, 

NervonB  system,  sUs'.tem,    Ner'vons  tem'perament. 
Nenral,  nu'.ral,  pertaining  to  the  nerves.    {See  Neural.) 
Latin  nerviiuu,  ntrv6tu$,  ntrvut;  Greek  newroii,  %  norve. 

(a  native  postfix),  added  to  abstract  nouns.    Of  the  1387 

words  with  this  terminatioQ  about  half  a  dozen  are  not 

abstract  words :  yiz„  fastness ^  harness,  likeness  (a  picture), 

madness^  witness,  wilderness^  and  the  fern,  nouns  lion-ess, 

govem-ess,  marchion-ess,  &c.  (which  end  in  -ess  preceded 

by  -n-).     Of  the  rest  only  about  25  have  a  plural,  and 

these  plurals  signify  repetitions. 

The  most  common  are  illness-tSy  kindnesses,  sickness-es,  v>eaJme$»-t». 
The  others  are :  coarseTuss-es,  erafiiness-es,  crudeness-es,  faint- 
n^»-€s,  fondnen8-es,  forgiveness-es,  giddintss-es^  graasneas-eSy  lewd- 
ness-ts,  littleness-es,  obaceneness-es,  politeness-^,  profanenes$-es, 
quairUneas-es,  rudeness-ts,  sadness-eSy  vjayioardness-es,  wUdness-ea, 
vileness-es,  leaving  about  1300  ¥dthout  a  ploraL 

Ness,  a  headland,  a  cape,  often  used  as  a  postfix :  as  Bowness, 
Shoehwry-nesSf  Fije-ness,    (Old  English  nas  or  nesse,) 

NSst  (not  neest),  a  bird's  seat  for  incubation;  nest'-ed,  recovered 
from  tbe  ieebleness  and  slime  of  hatching. 

Nest-egg,  an  egg  left  in  a  nest  to  induce  a  ben  to  return 
to  it,  something  laid  by  as  the  beginning  of  a  "  saving." 

Nestle,  nc«'7,  to  fondle,  to  cuddle;    nestling,  nis'ling,  a 

young  bird  still  in  its  nest-state,  cuddling;  nestled,  nes"ld. 

O.  Eng.  nest,  v.  nestViianl,  to  nestle,  ntsiling,  nistiiom,]^  to  bnildanest. 

Net,  a  texture  made  with  meshes,  clear  of  all  deductions  (as 
net  weight),  to  catch  in  a  net,  to  spread  a  net  over,  to 
clear  in  trnde  as  a  profit ;  nett'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  nett'-ing 
(R.  i.),  nett'-y,  net-work. 

Net  proceeds,  -pro\seeds,  the  sum  cleared  after  every  charge 
is  paid.  Net-weight,  -waity  the  exact  weight  after  all 
deductions  for  ca^ks,  refuse,  waste,  &c.  have  been  made. 
Net  sum.  Net  profit,  dc.  Gross  weight,  gross  sum, 
gross  profits,  gross  proceeds,  <Src.,  before  the  proper  de- 
ductions have  been  made. 

*'  Net**  (of  thread,  &c  ),  Old  Eng.  net  or  nett,  net-rdpas,  rope-net. 
''Net**  (not gross',  Itai.  netto;  Fr.  net;  our  neat;  Lat.  nttidus. 

Nether,  nSrh'.er,  lower.    Neither,  nee'.rhir,  not  either. 
Neth'ermost ;    nether  lip,  the  lower  lip. 

'*  Nether,"  Old  Eng.  nither,  (comp.)  nithor,  niothemest  ot  uiUwc(i>A&V, 
"lieither/'  Old  English  ndtlwr  or  iia'iotlcor. 


714  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Nethinim,  neth' XMrn,  servants  employed  in  the  Jewish  temple. 

The  Gibeonites  were  condemned  to  this  aervioe  by  Joshu%  (JiM^.  iz. 
27).    The  word  naeans  given  to  God. 

Nettle,  n^f.t'2.  a  plant,  to  irrit&td;  tlettled,  tiet.fld;  Hettaing; 
nettle-rash,  a  skin  ertiption.  I^ad-nettle,  dsd  nefJ^l,  a 
nettle  that  does  i^ot  sting.    (0.  E*  TteteU,  netls  ot  nytle.) 

Neur-  (before  vowels),  neujo-,  rm'ro-  (before  oonsoo.),  Greek 
prefix,  nerve.    {Neuron^  a  nerve.) 

Neural,  n1i\ral,  pertaining  to  the  nerves  or  nervous  system. 

Neurine,  nH'.rinj  nervous  substance  or  matter. 

Neur-algiA,  nu.rS^.dji.ahi  pain  of  a  nerve;    neuralgic, 

nu.rdV.djik,    (Greek  newron  algo9,  nerve  pain.) 
Neuro-logy,  nil.r6V.S.€^y,  a  scientific  description  of  the 

nerves ;  neurological,  nfl\r&.Wd/'X.kdl ;  neurorogist. 
Greek  neuro-  [neuron]  logos^  a  treatise  on  the  nerves. 
Neuro-pathy,  nu.r6p\ath.y,  affections  of  the  nervous  system. 
Greek  neuro-  [neuron]  pathos,  nerve  siiflfertng. 
Neuro-ptera,  nu,r8p\t^.raht  an  order  of  insects ;  neuropter, 

nu.rop\ter,  one  of  the  neuroptera ;  neuropteran,  nu.rdp'.- 

U.ran,  same  as  neuropter;   lieuropteral,  nu.rbp'.tisai; 

neurop'terous,  nu.rop'.te.ru8j  acy.  of  neuroptera,  <fec. 

Greek   neuro-  [neuron]  pteron,  nerve   wing,  gd  called  tti>m  6te 
finely-reticulated  nervures  of  their  Wings. 

Neuro-pteris,  nil.r^p\te.ri8,  a  genus  of  fossil  ferns. 
Greek  neuro-  [neuron]  piiria,  aerve  fern. 

Neurosis,  rm.ro\si8^  nervous  afiection  acting  on  the  organs 

of  sense  and  motion  without  any  ostensible  disease. 
Greek  neuron,  a  nerve  {-dsia  denotes  a  disease  or  affection  of). 

NeuroHskeleton,  nu\ro  skiVJAdn^  the  deep-seated  bones  of 
the  vertebral  skeleton  connected  with  the  nervous  axis. 

Greek  neuro-  [neuron]  sTUUtda,  nerve  skeleton. 

Neurotic,  nu,rdt\ik,  seated  in  the  nerves,  a  medicine  for 
disease  of  the  nerves.    (Gre6k  neutcittkds.) 

Neuro-tomy,  nu.r5t\d.iny^  dissection  of  a  nerve ;    neuro- 
tomical,  nu\ro.t6m" .l.hal ;  Heurot'omist. 

Greek  neuro-  [neuron]  tdmS,  nerve  cut  or  dl>Bectioii 

Nerve  (1  syl.) ;  nervous,  ner^.vus ;  nervoud-ness.    (v.  Nerve.) 

Neuter,  nu'.ter,  takinj?  no  part  with  disputants,  indifferent,  an 

intransitive   [verb],  without  sex   (like  a  working  bee), 

without  stamen  or  pitetil;  neutral,  nW. trill;  neu'tral-ly. 

Neutrality,  nu.trdl'.tty.  Neutralise  (R.  xxxi.),  nu\trdLiee, 
to  render  void,  to  counteract;  neu'tralj^d  (3  syL), 
neu'tralis-ing  (R.  xix.),.  neu'tralLs-er.  Neutralisatioiif 
nii.trdl.l.zay'\8hun.  Neutral  tint,  a  grey  pigment  com- 
posed of  b\Me,Ted,  and  yellow  in  certain  proportions, 

TAtfrt  neuter,  neithet,  iwutTa\V»\YT?kU<2tin^«ilTati8a<urti. 


n 


AND  OF  SfPELLlNG.  715 

KeuYaines,  nn'.vaiTiz,  prayers  6f  the  same  kind  offered  up  for 

nine  successive  days.    (French  neuvaine^  neuf,  nine.) 
Never,  nSv\er  [n-ever],  "  not  ever,"  at  nn  time,  not  at  all. 
Never-the-less,  notwithstanding.    (Old  Eng*.  v6  tJvj  leds.) 

The  following  Scriptnral  uses  of  never  ate  not  to  be  imitated : 

I)  Ask  me  newr  eo  much  dowry I  will  give  [it]  (Oen.  xtxiv.  12). 

(2)  [It]  refuseth  to  hear  the  voice  of  the  charmer,  charm  he  never  so 
wisely  (Ps.  Iviii.  6,  Pray.Bk.  VX  that  is,  however  wisely  he  charms. 
(8)  He  answered  him  to  never  a  word  (Matt,  xxvii.  14). 

Here  to  is  the  obsolete  adverb  meaning  over-and-above,  altogether. 

Thus,  Tyndale  says,  "If  the  podech  be  burned  to  [wholly] " 

Mercutio's  icy  hand  had  alio  frozen  mine  (Rom.  A  Jul.,  1562),  i  e., 
aUogtither.  The  phrase  "never  a  word"  is  a  mistranslation  of 
0^1  ir  ^rifJMf  where  oi)Zk  ^v  is  simply  oib-iv  resolved,  (o^5-£(S 
[jJvS^  Its]  oifte-fddf  6vb-4v  {oitbk  }^v\  not  one  [single]  word. 
The  whole  sentence  is  "  He  answered  [to]  him  overand-above  not 
one  [single]  word."  dTreKpldrj  a.{n<$  Trpbs  odS^  tv  l>7Jfia. 
Old  Eng.  ncefre,  i.e.  n-eefre  or  ne-afer.    **  Nevertheless,"  n6  thy  teas. 

New.    l^ew.    Gxiti.    News.    Gntis.    Noose.    Need.    Nose. 

N6w,  nfi,  recent;    A'eV-ish  (-uh  added  to  ad[j.  is  dim., 

added  to  nouns  it  means  "like");   new'-er,  new'-est, 

new'-ly,  new'-ness.    EeneW,  to  make  new ;  <fec. 

£liew,  nu,  did  know.     (Old  Eng.  cndwlan],  past  cnedw.) 

Gnu,  nu,  plu.  Gnus,  nuze,  South  African  ox.    (S.  African.) 

NewSy  nuze,  intelligence,  tidings;   news-hoy;   news-man, 

plu.  news-men;    news-mOnger,   a  tittle-tattle;    news. 

agent,  newBHseller,  news-vendor ;  fiews-galley,  a  metallic 

f^ame  used  by  printers  for  containing  columns  in  type 

for  proofs  in  slips.    News-paper.    News-room,  a  room 

where  newspapers  are  provided  for  subscribers. 

The  Daily  News,  a  newspaper ;  2, 8 . . .  Daily  News  (not  newses). 

Ifoose,  7100*8,  a  running  knot.    (Latin  nodus,  a  knot.) 

Nose,  noze,  a  feature  of  the  face.    (Old  Eng.  n^su  or  nasu.) 

Noes,  those  who  vote  no  to  a  question.    (Old  Eng.  tio,  nd.) 

News,  singular  or  plural? 

When  Shakespeare  lived,  Kews  was  nsed  Indifilerently  with  a  singular 

or  ploral  construction :  thus 
SiNO.  The  news  which  is  called  true  ^Winter'*  Taie  v.  2). 

This  news  hath  made  thee  a  most  ugly  man  [Kg.  John  iii.  1). 

This  news,  I  think,  hath  turned  your  weapons'  edge  (2  Hen.  Vl.  11. 1). 
^tx.  You  breathe  these  dreadful  news  in  [a]  dead ear  {Kg.  John  v.  7). 

These  news  . .  have  in  some  measure  made  me  weU  (2  Hen.  VI.  L  1). 

Ten  days  ago  I  drowned  these  news  in  tears  (8  Hen.  VI.  il.  1). 
^  Modem  custom  gives  it  only  a  singular  construction. 
Old  Eng.  neowe  or  niwe,  v.  niw[ian],  past  niuoode,  past  part,  nivjod, 

fUwlic,  newly,  niion&s,  newness,  niwe-cuma,  a  new-comer. 

Newt,  nUte,  an  eft  or  efet.    (O.  E.  efetCt  sim.  **  anft"  from  amete.) 

Newtoniaii  system,  nu.t<y.nX.dn  sU'.temt  the  Coper'nican  system 
developed  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton. 

Newtonian  philosophy,    -ftWs'Ji.fyy  t\ift   \«b^%,  &«..,  \«^^ 


716  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

down  by  Sir  Isaac  Newton  in  explanation  of  celestutl 
phenomena.  A  Newto'nian,  one  who  accepts  the  New- 
tonian system  and  believes  in  it. 

Next.    Hear,  (comp.)  near'-er,  (super.)  near'-est  or  next 

Old  £ng.  neahf  comp.  nedh-ra  or  nyr,  super,  neah-st,  ndut  or  need. 
NexuB,  nesi'.uSf  a  tie,  an  annexation.    (Latin  nexus,  y.  nectar.) 
Nib,  the  point  of  a  pen ;  nibbed  (B.  i.\  nlhd.    (Old  Eng.  mh.) 

Nibble,   nih\h%  a   little    bite,  to    gnaw;    nibbled,  nib.VU; 
nibbling,  nibbling-ly;  nibbler,  nW.hler. 
Oerman  ibnarpeln,  to  crunch.    Norse  knihe^  to  nip,  &c. 

Nibelnngen  lied,  nW.H.un^\gen  leed,  the  lay  of  the  nibelnngen 
hoard.  This  hoard  was  taken  from  the  Nibelongs  br 
Siegfried  (Sege-freed),  and  given  to  his  wife;  thesecoo'il 
part  of  the  epic  is  called  the  Nibelnngen  n6t. 

Nice  (1  8yl.)t  pleasant,  squeamish.     Niece,  neece  (a  relative). 

Nice-ly,  eomme  il  faut;  nice'-ness,  minute  exactness,  &e. 

Nicety,  plu.  niceties,  ni'M.tlz,  a  dainty   food,  a  minnte 

distinction.    More  nice  than  wise,  more  concerned  to 

observe  minutiae  than  practically  wise. 

Old  Eng.  hneac,  tender,  delicate,  hnesclke,  nicely,  hnescnys,  delksef. 

Nicene  Creed,  ni.«ecn'...,  the  summary  of  religious  doctrines 

drawn  up  by  the  council  held  at  Nice  in  A.D.  825. 

Niche,  nitch,  a  recess  in  a  wall  [for  a  statue,  &c.];  niched, 
nltchdt  having  a  niche.     (French  niche  ;  Italian  nicehia.) 
Nick,  a  notch,  a  score,  the  exact  moment,  the  devil,  to  cnt  a 
nick,  to  hit  the  exact  moment ;  nicked,  nxkt ;  nick'-ing- 
Nick-nack,  plu.  nick-nacks,  small  articles  of  virtu. 
Nick  of  time,  the  exact  moment  required. 
"Nick"  (a  notch),  Ital.  nicchxa;  Fr.  niche  (or)  Dan.  snit,  acoi 
"  Nick"  (the  devil),  in  Scandinavian  myth,  a  kelpie  or  water-wnitk. 

Nickel,  nW.H,  a  white  metal ;  nickel-ic,  nlk'.ellk. 
Nickeline,  nW.iLln,  native  arsenate  of  nickeL 
Nickel  [silver],  German  silver  made  of  nickel  and  tin. 
German  nickely  a  contraction  of  kup/em^mickel^  strumpet  copper,  to 
called  by  German  miners,  who  thought  it  base  copper-ore. 

Nickname,   wi/e'.name,   a  sobriquet,   to  pive  one  a  sobriqnet: 
nicknamed  (2  syl.).  nicknam-ing  (R.  xix.).  nicknam-er. 
Either  an  eke  name,  an  additioDal  name,  an  ag-nonun,  or  French  mm 
de  nique,  a  name  of  derision. 

Nicotin,  nik^d.tin.    Nicotian-in,  n\.k5'.8hi.a.nln. 

Nicotin,  a  poisonous  liquid  extracted  from  tobacco; 

Nicotianin,  the  volatile  oil  of  tobacco. 

Nicotians,  ni.k<y.8he.ah*\nah,  a  genus  of  plnnts  of  whkh 

the  tobacco  y)lant  is  the  type.    Nicotian,  nl.ko'.shejSiL 

Bo  nam^  ttom  Jeau  llioot,  lord  of  Villemain,  who  introdneed  tbi 

plant  into  ¥ttMa,w,  SiiAS^ .  ^\^<fe\>fc^^  wftVwisaadur  at  Uslwa. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  717 

Nictate,  n\k\tate.    Nictitate,  nlk\tttate. 

Nictate,  to  wink;  nictat'-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  nictat'-ing ; 
nictation,  nik.tay^jihun.    (Latin  nictdret  to  wink.) 

Nictitate,  to  sweep  the  lid  over  the  eye  in  order  to  clean  it ; 
nic'titat-ed,  nic'titat-ing  (Rule  xix.) ;  nictita'tion,  -shun, 
a  sweeping  of  the  eye,  a  nervous  flickering  of  the  eye-lid. 

Nictitating  membrane,  a  membrane  which  birds  can  draw 
over  their  eyes  to  protect  them  from  injury  in  flying. 

Nidification,  nid'.ijtkay'^shiin,  the  act  of  building  a  nest. 

Latin  nid^iedtiOf  v.  nlcHflcdrt  (nfdus,  a  nest). 
Nidus,  ni\du8,  the  place  where  parasites,  worms,  insects,  &c, 
lay  their  eggs  and  breed.     (Latin  nidtis,  a  nest.) 

Niece,  fern,  of  nephew,  neece,  nSv'.vu.    Nice  (1  syl.),  agreeable. 

Niece,  nephew,  daughter  and  son  of  a  brother  or  sister. 

Fr.  niice;  O.  £.  n^a,  a  nephew,  n^e,  a  niece.     ''Nice,"  O.  £.  hnesc- 

Nig'gard,  a  sordid  person ;   niggard-ly,  nig'gardli-ness  (R.  xi.) 

Welsh  nigt  straitened,  v.  nigiaw,  nigiad.  The  termination  -ard 
occurs  in  doUard,  hhtgg-ard,  Iv^b-ard,  drunk-ard,  dull-ardf  poll- 
ard, &c.,  and  means  one  of  a  species  or  kind. 

Nigger,  nlg\er,  a  negro.     (Latin  nigerj  black.) 

Nigh,  ni,  (comp.)  nigh^er,  (super.)  nigh-est  or  next. 

Old  English  nieh  or  nih,  comp. ,  super,  nyhst. 

This  is  a  variety  of  neah,  near.    Similarly  ''high"  from  Judh. 

Night,  nite.  from  sunset  to  sunrise.  Knight,  niie,  a  (leg.  of  rank. 
Night-ward ;  night-cap,  a  cap  to  wear  in  bed.  a  tumbler 
of  hot  grng  at  be«l-time ;  night-dress,  night-gown,  night- 
shirt ;  night-faU,  evening ;  night-fly,  plu.  -flies,  Jlize, 
a  moth  that  flies  at  night;  night-glass,  a  telescope  for 
night  use ;  night-hawk ;  night-jar,  the  goat-sucker  ; 
night-man,  plu.  -men,  one  who  empties  cess-pools,  (fee. 
at  night-time ;  night-ra'ven ;  night-season,  -see'.zon ; 
night-soil,  the  contents  of  cess-pools,  (fee,  cleared  at 
night;  night-time;  night-vision,  -v\zh\un,  a  dream; 
night-walker,  .wawk\er,  a  somnainbulist;  night-watch, 
the  guard  net  at  night;  night-watching;   night- work. 

In  the  night,  during  the  night,  unexpectedly. 

By-night,  during  the  night,  in  the  night-time. 

To-night,  this  very  night.    A-nights,  adv.,  nightly. 

Nightshade  (2  syl.),  a  plant,  called  deadly  because  it  was 

used  at  one  time  to  blacken  the  eyes  in  mourning. 
Nightingale  (3  syl.),  a  bird  that  sings  by  night 
Nightmare,  nite\mare,  an  incubus.    (Old  Eng.  niht  mare.) 

"Night,"  Old  English  niht,  nihtlice,  nightly,  to-nihte,  to-night,  niht- 
hrceten,  night-raven,  nihtgale,  nightingale,  niht-scad,  night-shade, 
niht  waco,  night  watch,  niht-vxecct,  night-watching,  niht-ioeorc, 
nii^ht-work.    (It  will  be  seen  that  the  -f/-  of  night  ia  ixit«r^Va»M^\ 


718  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Nil  (contraction  of  Latin  nihil)^  a  term  in  book-keeping  meanix^ 

**  cancelled,"  not  to  be  oonnted-^n,  no  ^ects,  ibc 
Nilly,  in  the  phrase  Willy-nilly,  whether  willing  or  ac^ 

Old  Engiiah  \oiXVian\,  A-iULonJ  or  wyVlian\  i.e.  n«-«nU[an]. 
Nilometer,  niiom'.e^er,   an   instrumejit  for  asce^rtaining  the 
height  of  the  periodical  naing  of  the  Nile ;  Nilotic,  a4)- 
Nimble,  nlm\h%  brisk,  expert,  active;   niin^le-^efl^i  ni^ilUy, 
nimble-foQted;  mmhle-fingiesed,  ./i7z^^<T(2.  (O.JSL numoi.) 
NimboB.    Anreolft.    &iory.    HaU). 

Nimbus,  nlm\bu8,  a  band  of  light  painted  by  Christian 
artists  round  the  top  of  the  head,  or  a  series  ojT  rays 
round  the  head  and  face  of  consecrated  persons. 
AureolA,  au'.riJo.lah  (not  (W>.Tee\o.lah,  nor  yet  au,re.o^  Jah), 
a  mantle  of  rays  encompassing  the  body  of  saints,  &c. 

Glory,  gloT^ryj  the  nimbus  and  aureola  ccpibined,  or  more 
correctly  a  back -ground  of  clouds  symbolising  the  Trinity. 
Sometimes  the  heavens  are  opened  and  the  three  persons 
of  the  Trinity  are  shown  encompassed  with  angels. 

Halo,  hd\lo,  a  luminous  circle  round  the  sun  or  moon. 

Nimbus  clouds,  rain  and  storm  clouds. 

"Nimbus,"  Latin  nimhtu,  a  storm,  a  head-dress,  a  *' nimbus." 
"Aureola,"  Latin  auriCla,  a  golden  nimbus,  awridlus,  golden. 
"  Glory/*  Lat.  gloria.    "  Walo,"  Ls^.  hdlo,  a  circle  round  the  sun,  &e. 

Nincompoop,  nW.kom.poap,  a  poor  creature  almost  an  idiot 

A  corruption  of  the  I<atin  non  compos  [mentis],  not  of  sound  mind. 

Nine  (1  syl.),  one  less  than  ten ;  ninth  (an  ordini^) ;  nine-teen', 

nine  added  to  ten;   nine*teenth  (an  ordinal);   nine'-ty, 

nine  multiplied  by  ten ;  ninetieth  (an  ordinal);  ninth-ly, 

nine-fold;    nine-holes,   a  game;    nine^pins,   a    game. 

The  sacred  Nine,  the  Muses. 

Old  English  nigon,  9:  nigontyne,  19;  nigotha,  0th;  nigonteothe,l9QL 

Ninny,  ntn'.ny,  a  simpleton.     (Spanish  nirio,  Latin  nanus.) 

Nino  means,  one  no  better  than  a  child,  ndnus,  a  dwarf,  henoe 
"Ninny"  means  a  grown-up  person  with  the  mind  of  a  child; 
"Nincompoop"  means  one  "not  in  his  right  senses;"  *' Idiot," 
one  of  imbecile  mind.    (Degrees  of  mental  weakness.) 

Niobe,  ne\dM,  a  woman  who  wept  herself  into  stone  at  the  loss 
of  her  fourteen  children ;  niobium,  ne.o'.&^.Km,  a  metal 
Nip,  a  pinch,  to  pinch ;  nipped,  n^pt ;  mpp'-ing  (R.  i.). 
Nipp'-er,  one  who  nips.    Nippers,  vSip'.perz,  pincers. 

(Articles  made  in  pairs  have  no  sing,  when  the  two  parts  are  joined 
together.  If  a  pair  consists  of  two  perfect  apticles,  each  part  can 
be  referred  to  in  the  singular  number :  as  a  glovt  (gloves),  a  A» 
(shoes) ;  but  nippers,  pincers,  tongs,  nutercwkers,  &c.,  have  no  sing. 

Dutch  knippen,  to  nip,  to  pinch  ;  Danish  knibe,  a  nip,  ta  nip. 

Nipple,  nlp'.p'l,  AteaX,^aiX.  of  the  lock  of  a  g\in;   juppled  [^ 


AND  OF  IMPELLING.  719 

Kiaan,  vi\zan,  in  the  Hebrew  calendar,  titie  ^t  month  of  the 
year,  called  A  bib  before  th«  oaptivjity-^about  i^aster. 

Nisi  prins,  nVM  pri'.uSf  a  law  term  applied  to  trials  of  looal  or 

county  courts.    The  words  mean  unle»s  before. 

The  writ  mns  th^t  the  cause  shall  be  tiied  at  the  WestmdiustMr  .court. 
fifUeaa  the  circuit  judges  have  previously  disposed  of  it.  "Nisi 
pritis  justiciarii  domini  regis  ad  assisas  capiendas  ifenifrini."' 
The  hypothesit  it,  of  course,  a  mem  legttl  fiction. 

Nit,  the  e^g  of  a  louse.    Knit,  nit,  to  weave  together. 

Nitt'-y,  nittli-otiess.     (Old  English  hnitu  or  hnit.) 

"  Knit,"  Old  English  cnyttlcm],  past  enytte,  p^st  part,  ge-cnyt. 

Ki^,  ni\tr,  saltpetre,  nitrate  of  potash;  nitiiiary,  ni\tr%M.ryy. 

an  artificial  bed  where  nitre  is  formed. 

Nitric  acid,  ni\trik  as' sidy  five  parts  oxygen  to  one  hydrogen. 

{-ie,  in  chemistry,  denotes  an  add  which  contains  the  largest  pos- 
sible quantity  of  oxygen.) 

Nitrous  acid,  nV.triis  d8.8Xd,  a  similar  combination  to  nitrijc 

acid  but  with  less  oxygen. 
(-OUS,  in  chemistry,  denotes  an  add  with  less  oxygen  than  -ie.) 

Nitrate,  ni'.tratey  a  salt  formed  by  the  oombiuatiofi  of  nitric 

acid  with  a  base,  as  nitrate  of  soda, 
{-ate,  in  chemistry,  denotes  a  salt  from  an  acid  in  -ic.) 

Nitrite,  ni\tr%te,  a  salt  formed   by  the  combiination  of 

nitroiis  acid  with  a  base. 
(-i<e,  in  chemistry,  denotes  a  salt  from  an  add  in  -ou$:) 
Nitrated,  nt\tra.ted,  combined  with  nitre. 
Nitiiferous,  m.M/'.^.rMa,  producing  nitre.    (Latin  fero.) 

Nitrify,  vY.trify^  to  convert  into  nitre ;  nitrifies,  ni\t7^.fize ; 
mti&ed,ni.tri.fide;  nitrify-ing;  mtrificaticm,-/ca^''.«Mn. 
Latin  nitrumrficio,  to  make  nitre.    In  compounds,  faeio  is  flcip. 
Nitrate  of  silver,  silver  dissolved  in  nitric  acid. 
Nitrate  of  soda,  a  compound  of  nitric  acid  and  soda. 
Nitrous  oxide,  ni'.trus  oaf.ldet  laughing  gas. 

Nitro-,  nl'.trO'  (Latin  nitrum,  Greek  nitron^  prefix),  formed  by 
nitric  acid,  combined  with  nitric  acid. 

Nitro-benzole,  -h^naoUfy  artificial  oil  of  bitter  almonds. 

Nitro-calcite,  ■kaV.site,  nitrate  of  lime.     (Latin  calx.) 

Nitro-glyoerine,  -gUs's^.reen,  a  blasting  oil,  prepared  by 
the  action  of  nitno  [or  sulphuric]  acid  on  glycerine. 

Nitrogen,  m'.tro.dj^f  an  elemental  gas  the  basis  of  nitric 
acid.  Nitrogenise,  ni.trodg\e.nize ;  mtrog'enlsed  (4  syl.), 
nitrog'enls-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

NitBOgenoQS,  ni.trSdg\^.nu8,  containing  nitrogen. 
*'  Nitrogen  "  was  called  st  jone  Ume  azOte  [fisi  .oUV 


7^20  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Nitrometer,  n%.tThm\i.ter,  an  instrument  for  testing  the 

quality  and  value  of  nitre. 
Greek  nitron;  Latin  nigrum;  French  nUre,  a  mineral  aikalL 

Niveous  (not  nivious,  Bule  Ixvi.),  n%v\6.u8i  snowy,  like  snow. 
Latin  fdv&U8  Quiitt  gen.  nivis,  snow ;  Greek  nlphcu,  a  snow-flake). 

Nizam,  ni.zam',  a  native  Ind.  prince.    Ni'san,  a  Hebrew  month. 

No,  not  so,  nbt  any.    Know,  now  (to  rhyme  with  grow)t  verb. 
Noes.    Nose.    Knows.    Noose.    Gnus.    News. 
Noes,  noze,  those  who  vote  "  no."    The  noes  have  it,  those 

who  vote  **  no"  are  the  more  numerous. 
Nose,  noze,  a  feature  of  the  face.    (Old  Eng.  ncuu  or  nosu.) 
Ejiows,  nowz  (to  rhyme  with  grows),  understands. 
Old  English  cndwian],  past  ent&iv,  past  part.  cndweTk 
Noose,  noo'z,  a  running  knot.    (Latin  nodtiSf  a  knot) 
Gnus,  nuzet  a  South  African  animal  of  the  ox  kind. 
News,  nuze,  tidings.    (Old  English  neowe  or  niwe,  new.) 
No-where,  -warCy  in  no  place.    (0.  E.  nd  hw<sr  or  -hwdr.) 
No-whit,  -wit,  not  in  the  least.     (Old  English  nd  hwit) 
No-whithdr,  -tbith'.ert  to  no  place.    (Old  Eng.  nd  hwatlvre.) 
No,  nay.    Aye,  yea,  yes. 

**  No,"  **  Yes,"  ought  to  be  the  answers  of  negative  questions ; 
"Nay,"  "Yea,"  ought  to  be  the  answers  of  aJSHmuitive  questions: 

but  the  distinction  has  been  dropped,  and  "nay,"  "yea,**  are 

very  rarely  used. 
Old  Eng.  nd  or  nd;  "Yea"  is  Old  Eng.  gea;  "Nay"  is  ne-gea  (n'ea); 
"  Yes  "  is  Old  Eng.  gese,  clearly.     "  Aye  "  is  another  form  of  gta. 

Noachian,  nd.d\kl.an,  pertaining  to  Noah,  as  the  Noachian  Jlood. 

N5b,  the  head.    Sn5b,  a  vulgar  pretender.    Enob,  nob. 

Nob,  a  man  of  rank,  and  n5bb'-y,  generous,  grandiose,  are 
not  yet  elevated  irom  familiar  slang  (cont.  of  noble). 

Snob  is  nob  with  8-  privative. 

Similarly,  "8c<»pe"  is  s-capi,  not  to  be  taken,  "sober"  is  s-ebritu,  not 
tipsy.  We  have  in  Latin  se-grego,  se-paro,  se-cemo,  se-jungOy  &c 
8o  in  Italian,  calzare  (to  put  on  your  shoes),  a-calzare  (to  take  tiiera 
oflf ; ;  fornito,  s-fomito ;  Jiotta,  a-fiottare^  &c. 

Knob,  nob,  a  lump.     (Old  English  cncRjp ;   German  knopf.) 
"  Nop,"  German  knebel,  a  nob,  knopf,  a  knob ;  Danish  knop,  a  nop. 
Noble,  no.b%  a  nobleman,  an  ancient  gold  coin  =  68.  8d.,  illus- 
trious,  admirable ;    ^comp.)  nobler,  nd^.bler ;    noblest, 
no'.blist ;  nobly,  nd'.bly ;  noble-man,  plu.  -men. 

Noble-ness,  no.h'l-ness.  Noblesse  (Fr.),  no.bU8\  the  nobility. 
Noblesse  oblige,  -o.bleef,  noble  birth  demands  noble  con- 
duct and  principles. 

Nobility ,  no. b\V  .Vt-y  (>  CiO^^^d^^i  tvouu),  titled  families,  nobla 
birl\^ ,  \iig\i-tiAn.5Le^iaek^*>  «.^^^\kRft\ 


AND  OF  SPELLTNn,  721 

Noble  metals,  tnet'lz,  those  which  can  be  separated  from 

oxygen  by  heat  only :  as  gold,  silver,  platinum,  &<i. 
Enno'ble,  to  make  noble ;  ennobled  (3  syl.),  emio'bluig. 
Lat.  ndbtliSy  ndbiliias,  v.  noMlUdre,  to  ennoble ;  Old  Eng.  nubelnet. 
Nobody,  plu.  nobodies,  no\b6d.iz,  no  one.   (0.  E.  nd  or  n6  bodig.) 
Nocturnal,  nok.tur^,ndl,  nightly,  during  the  night;  noctomal-ly. 
Noctum,  nok.tum,  a  midnight  service  in  the  Latin  church. 
Noctograph,  n8k\td.graf,  a  writing-frame  for  the  blind,  or 

for  those  who  want  to  write  in  the  dark. 
A  wretched  hybrid  meant  for  nUctograph,  Gk.  nukto-grapho,  I  write 
by  night    Anyhow,  nocto-  is  neither  Greek  nor  Latin.    The  Latia 
prefix  is  nocti-  and  the  Greek  prefix  nucto-. 
Lat.  noctumua  {nox,  gen.  noctiSy  Gk.  nvktoa,  prefix  nodi',  nucto). 

Nod.     Bow  (to  rhyme  with  now), 

N5d,  a  quick  and  slight  inclination  of  the  head  in  recog. 
nition  of  an  equal. 

B5w,  a  slow  formal  inclination  of  the  head  and  back  in 
recognition  of  respect  Out  of  doors,  a  bow  to  ladies  and 
superiors  (recognized  as  friends)  is  performed  by  taking 
off  the  hat,  but  by  servants,  workmen,  soldiers,  &c.,  by 
touching  the  hat  or  cap. 

Nod,  to  give  a  nod,  to  doze ;  nodd'-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  nodd'-ing 
(R.  i.),  nodd'ing-ly,  nodd'-er.    (Lat.  nUto,  Gk.  neud.) 

Noddle,  nSd,d%  the  head  (a  pet  expression,  *' the  little  nodder"). 
Noddy,  nSd,dy,  a  simpleton,  a  sea-fowl  noted  for  its  silliness. 
Neddy-noddy,  a  donkey.    (Query  Greek  ndthis,  stupid.) 

Node  (1  syL),  the  point  where  the  orbits  of  two  planets  intersect 
each  other,  or  where  a  planet  intersects  Uie  ecliptic.  (In 
Bat.)  that  part  of  a  stem  out  of  which  the  leaf  grows ; 
nodal,  no\ddL    (Latin  nodus,  a  knot) 

Nodule,  ndd'diUe,  a  little  knot  or  irregular  concretion :  as  the 
nodules  of  flint,  &c.;    nodular,  nod'dU.lar;    nodduled, 
nSd'duled,  having  nodules  (2  syl.) ;  nodulous,  nbd'dUMs. 
Latin  nddUXua  (dim.  of  nUdus,  a  knot),  n6diU6mu. 
Noes,  noze,  those  who  vote  "  no  "  or  against  a  measure.  {See  No.) 
Noggen,  Noggin,  Nogging,  ?%"n,  nSg'.in,  nSg'.ifig, 
Noggen,  made  of  nogs  or  hemp,  clumsy. 
Noggin,  an  earthen  mug  bellied  out  towards  the  middle. 
Nogging,  the  "  stopping "  (whether  of  brick  or  grout)  be- 
tween the  panels  of  a  house-wall  made  partly  of  wood. 
(If  with  brick  it  is  called  brick  nogging). 
Welsh  nogio,  to  stop,  nog,  a  stopping.    Wooden  bricks  are  nogs. 
Noise,  noyz,  uproar,  loud  sounds;    nols-y,  noy'juy r  noiai-ly, 
noud-ness  (R.  xi.),  noise'-less,  noiseless-ly,  noiseless-neas. 
It  g^t  noised  abroad,  it  was  rumoured,  talked  about 
French  noiae,  a  q:aarrel ;  the  French  (ai  *'  uoXm"*  \a\yniAX. 


722  EnnORS  OF  SPEECH 

Koifloiiie,  w)y\s&m,  iigarioas  {-scmej  fall  of);  noiaome-ly,  noi- 
tome-nesB.    (A  hybrid,  Norman  ndiwife,  Teutonio  -^ovm.) 
lAftim  ndcio,  to  hurt»  ndcfvw,  whende  wtM^  (ndis'-sdm^ 

Ndi-me-teng^ere  (Latin),  nS^M  me  tan^ji.ri,  ''touch-me-not," 
plants  of  v&iiouB  sorts,  as  the  squirting  encomber. 

KoHd  pioBeqni  (Latin),  nSl\le  pro'.8i.kvH  (not  pr8.8^.kwi)j  a 
notice  from  a  plaintiff  to  stop  proceedings  in  a  snit. 

KomAd  or  nomade,  nom'Md,  one  who  leads  a  wandering  hfe; 
nomadic,  no.mad\lk ;  nomadism,  ndm',dd.izm. 

Nomadise,  n8m',Sd.ize;  ncmi'adiSed  (8  syL),  nom'adiS.ing. 
Ok.  ndnuu,  gen.  ndmddds,  rMming,  v.  n&meu6,  to  diiye  flocks  afield. 

Namendatore,  nd'.mSn.klay'^tchUr^  the  vocabulary  of  scientific 
terms;  nomenclator,  nS',7nSn.klay'\tor, 
Latin  nUmencldtor,  ndmenclatwra  ;  Greek  CnOma  kdlid,  I  call  names. 

Nominal,  nSm'JLnSU  not  real,  "vox  et  pr»terea  nihil'*;  nomi- 
nai-ly.  Nom'inal-isxn,  the  tenets  of  the  Nominalists, 
which  in  the  middle  ages  were  opposed  to  the  Be'alistk 

The  point  in  dispute  was  this :  are  ai)ttraet  worda  the  names  of  real 
ezistences,  or  merely  words  which  require  some  real  ^ing  to  be 
joined  to  them  before  thejr  can  be  even  thought  about  ?  For  ex- 
ample :  Is  bemUy  a  real  thing  or  a  mwe  word?  The  Nomkialistii 
maintained  it  to  be  nothing  but  a  WGord,  ol  varying  meaning 
according  to  the  object  to  which  it  is  applied,  as  "beauty"  of  a 
nose,  of  a  picture,  of  a  face,  of  a  star,  8cc.,  all  quite  different  The 
'  Bealists  maintained  that  "beauty"  exists  per  «e,  and  would  ezut 
even- if  we  could  form  no  idea  of  it. 

Latin  nOmtndlU  {nOmen,  gen.  nomlnU,  a  name ;  Greek  ifnifma). 

Nominate,  ndm'XMdtet  to  propose,  to  designate,  to  name; 
nom'inat-ed  (E.  xxxi.),  nominating  (K.  xix.),  nom'inat-or 
(B.  xxxvii.) ;  nominee,  nSm\l.ne,  one  proposed  or  named 
for  some  office  or  vacant  post.    Nom'lnal  (q.v.) 

Nomination,  n5m\l.nay''.8hun ;  nom'inative-ly,  -na,tlv,lif. 

Nominative  case,  ndm'.i.na.tlVy  the  case  which  names  the 
subject  that  the  verb  speaks  about. 

The  OhJecttve  Case  is  that  which  reveals  the  object  to  which  the 
verb  leads.  For  example:  I  write  books.  "I"  (the  runninativi 
case)  is  the  subject  to  be  spoken  about,  and  "  books"  (the  objective 
case)  reveals  what  it  is  that  "  I "  write. 

Lat.  nOmlndtio,  ndmXndtlvuSf  nominator,  y.  nOmindre,  to  nominate. 

N5n-  (Lat.  prefix).   Generally,  but  not  always,  united  by  a  hyphen. 

^•NOpl,  nonchaJUinMt  nondescript,  nonentity,  nonpareil,  nonplus, 
nonsense^  and  nonsuit  are  vdthout  a  hyphen. 

No'na-  (Latin  prefix),  nine.    In  one  example  (nonillion)  non-. 

No^'aa-genarian,  -dji.nair^^rtdnt  one  who  has  passed  his 
ninetieth  birthday.  (Lat.  nondgendriiUt  nonagetUt  ninety.) 

No'na-geeunSbl,  -dj^s'  .\.mal,\2h!&iuiietieth  [degree)  or  highest 
point  of  the  ec\ip\afi.    <^u&ftm««Mib9e^tMM^>;kk!^Tii^ 


A. YD   OF  SPELLING.  723 

Kona-gon,  n8n\a.gSnt  a  plain  figare  with  nine  angles  and 
nine  sides.    (A  hybrid,  -gon  being  Greek  gSnXa^  an  angle.) 

Th«  Greek  womld  be  tnneagon,  enf.ni.d.gOn,  nine  angles. 

Kones,  ndnz,  in  the  Roman  calendar  the  ninth  day  before 
the  Ides  (1  syl.)  of  the  month.    (Latin  norue.) 

Konillion,  the  ninth  power  of  a  million.    That  is,  one  fol- 
lowed by  fifty-four  ciphers  (non-  [nono-]  million). 
A  million  it  1  followed  by  6  ciphers,  and  0  x  9  <=  64  oiphere. 
K?5n-  (Lat.  prefix).  Dis-  (Gk.  and  Lat.  prefix).  Un-  (nn  tive  prefix  i. 

Kon-  denotes  failure  in  agents,  but  is  simply  privative 
where  no  agency  is  concerned. 

Bit-  denotes  severance  or  active  antagonism. 

Un-  denotes  simply  absence  or  being  without. 

In-  is  the  Latin  prefix  equivalent  to  our  tm-. 

Non-appear'ance,  failure  of  putting  in  an  expected  appear- 
ance.   DiB-appearanoe,  withdrawing  from  view. 

Non^ppoinf  ment^  failure  in  receiving  an  expected  appoint- 
ment.   Dis-appointment^  frustration  of  hope. 

"  Non-appointment"  refers  to  the  office  not  obtained  ; 
"  Dls-appointment'*  to  the  hope  overthrown. 
The  non-appointment  was  a  great  die-appointment. 

Non-arri'val,  failure  of  arriving  as  was  expected. 

Non-atten^danoe,  failure  to  attend  as  was  expected ;  non- 
attention*    In-attention  denotes  a  simple  fact. 

Non-bituminoiui,  -bi.tii\mtnu8t  containing  no  bitu'men. 

Non-ohalance,  no*[n'\jhal.aunt8f  indifference ;  non-ohalant, 
no'[n].8hal.ahn,  supine,  indifferent. 

Non-oohesion,  -ko.h^.thunt  absence  of  cohesion. 

Non-commissioned    ofSoer,    non-kdm.ml8h\und    6f.f\.serj 

an  of&cer  below  a  commissioned  of&cer. 

In  the  army^  any  officer  below  an  ensign. 
In  the  navyy  any  officer  below  a  lieutmant. 

Non-commitfal  (Rule  iv.),  not  being  pledged  or  committ^<I. 
yon-communion,  'ehm.mu\ni.on ;  non-communion-ist,  one 

who  fSuls  to  come  to  the  "  Lord's  supper." 
Non-compli'anoe,  failure  of  expected  compliance. 
Ifon-condensing  engine,  a  high-pressure  engine. 

Non-conduct'-or  (Rule  xxxvii),  a  substance  which  does 

not     conduct     electricity,     light,    sound,    heat,     &c. ; 

non-conduct'-ing ;    non-conduction,  ■k&n.dUk'jh-fin. 
Kon-conform'ist,  one  who  does  not  conform  to  tife  church 

by  law  estabUshed ;  noo-conform^-ing^;  non-confor'mity. 
Kon-contagions,  -kSn.tap'.djus,  not  communicated  by  tAvvv\.v\ 

Bon-conta'gioii0-neai»  not  ol  a  tou\»|^o>QL%  0{\3Kx«j^v«eL. 


^24  ERRORS  OF  SPEECIT 


Non-oontent%  one  who  votes  "  No  *'  in  tbe  House  of  Lords. 

Dis-oontent,  positiye  or  active  tlissatisfaction. 

Mal-content,  a  grumbler  who  shows  his  discontent  hj 
overt  acts.    (Latin  male  contentus,) 

Non-contributor,  one  who  is  not  a  contributor. 

Non-deliv'ery,  failure  of  an  expected  delivery. 

Non-descript',  abnormal,  not  easily  described. 

Non-devel'opment,  failure  of  development. 

Non-discovery,  -di8.kuv\S.ry,  failure  of  finding  out. 

Non-elas^'tic,  not  possessed  of  elasticity. 

Non-elecf,  not  one  of  the  elect;  non-election,  -e.lSk'. shunt 
failure  of  obtaining  an  election. 

Non-electrio,  -e.Uk^.trikj  a  substance  not  an  electric. 

An  deetric  can  be  made  to  exhibit  electrlcitjr ,  but  not  to  oondnct  it 
A  non-electric  can  be  made  to  conduct  electricity,  but  not  to  exhibit  it. 

Non-entity,  plu.  non-entities,  -en'M,tiz,  what  has  no 
existence,  one  of  no  influence. 

Non-en'try,  failure  of  making  a  due  and  proper  entry. 

Non-episcopal,  -cpis'.ko.pdl,  not  under  the  rule  of  a 
bishop.    (Latin  episc&puSf  a  bishop.) 

Non-essential,  -es^sen^shal,  not  indispensable. 

Non-execution,  'ex\i.ku".8hiin,  failure  of  performance. 

Non-exis'tence,  having  no  existence ;  non-exis'tent. 

Non-folfil'ment,  failure  of  an  expected  fulfilment 

Non-ju'ror,  one  who  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  the  successor  of  James  II. ;   non-ju'ring. 

Non-metallic,  destitute  of  metallic  properties. 

Non-naturals,  -naftchu.ralz,  (in  Med,)  denotes  all  abnormal 
states  of  body  or  function. 

Non-obedienoe,  -o^^.di,ence  (not  -o.h^ .djence),  failure  in 
expected  obedience. 

Non-obser'vance,  failure  of  expected  observance. 

Non-pareil,  -pdsit,  without  an  equal,  an  apple,  a  type. 

Non-pay'ment,  failure  of  expected  payment. 

Non-perfor'niance,  failure  of  doing  something  expected. 

Non'.pluB,  to  puzzle,  to  confound  with  perplexity ; 
nouplnssed,  non'.plust ;  non'pluss-ing.  (*'  Plus "  is 
treated  as  a  word  of  one  syllable,  Rule  i.) 

Non-productloii,  .pTo.duV.%Huu^i«.\Uire  of  producing  some- 
thing expected-,  BOiL-^tQdcwi\a:^v^«^. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  725 

Non-professional,  not  belonging  to  the  profession,  not  in  a 
professional  capacity :  as  a  non-professional  vint  from  a 
medical  adviser.  Un-professional,  not  according  to  the 
etiquette  or  practice  of  the  profession. 

Kon-profident,  'pro.flsh'.entt  not  up  to  the  mark  of  pro- 
ficiency; non-proficiency,  n8n'pro.Ji8h*en.8y. 

Kon-resldent,  one  not  residing  where  his  property  lies; 
non-residence,  absenteeism. 

Non-resis'tance,  passive  obedience ;  non-resis'tant,  one  wlio 
thinks  it  wrong  to  resist  a  law  however  much  he  di-  - 
approves  of  it ;  non j:«8iBt-ing,  -re.zlsV.ing ;  -reslB'tive. 

Non'sense,  not  sense,  absurdity ;  nonBensical,  non.8en\8i.kdl; 
nonsensical'-ly,  nonBensical.ness. 

Non-sequitnr,  -sSh^kwlMr  (in  Log.\  something  that  does 

not  follow  as  a  logical  sequence  fVom  the  premises  statect. 

As  "matter  is  inert,  therefore  it  cotild  not  be  the  author  of  the 
material  world."  This  does  not  follow  from  the  statement  "matter 
is  inert/'  although  it  may  be  true. 

Non-seznal,  •six'M.dl^  having  no  sexual  organs. 

Non-sorvent,  not  able  to  pay  his  debts;  in.Bolvent,  a 
declared  bankrupt;  non.8orvency,  insolyency. 

Non-stibmission,  -sub.mish'.Un,  failiure  of  due  submission  ; 
non-BubmlBsiye,  nSn-8iib.mi8\8iv. 

Non-snit,  -sute,  the  abandonment  of  a  law>suit  by  the 
plaintiff  (^hen  actually  in  court)  on  the  discovery  of 
some  error  or  omission ;  to  determine  that  the  plaintiff 
shall  drop  his  suit;  non-snit-ed,  adjudged  to  have 
dropped  his  suit;  non-suit-ing,  adjudging  that  tlie 
plaintiff  has  abandoned  his  suit. 

None,  nun,  not  one.    Nan,  a  female  religious  recluse. 

''None,"  Old  Eng.  ndn  (nrdn,  n-one).    " Nun/'  Old  Eng.  nunne. 
Nones,  ndnZf  in  the  Bom.  caland.  9  days  before  the  Ides  (noruB). 
None-Buch,  niin.8utchy  an  apple  (without  a  peerX 
Nonillion,  noMV.yUn,  a  million  raised  to  the  ninth  power. 

It  consists  of  1  followed  by  64  ciphers  (6x0  =  54X 
Noodle,  noo'.d%  a  dunce.    Noddle,  n5d\d%  the  head. 

Welsh  nwydol,  whimsical,  wioydo,  a  whim,  nvrffdwyllt,  harebrained. 
*'  Noddle/'  dim.  of  nod,  the  'VUttle  thing  that  nods." 

Nook  (to  rhyme  with  book  not  noo*k\  a  corner,  a  small  recess. 

00  before  k  is  shorter  than  when  a  labial  or  liquid  follows :  Thus 
boofc  (not  hoo'k),  brook,  cook,  crook,  hook,  look,  nook,  rook,  ihook, 
took;  but  foo*l  (long),  roo*m,  noo'n,  poo'r,  loo'p,  &c. 

Noon,  noo'n,  mid-day;  ngon-day,  noon-tide;   high-noon,  exaet 
mid-day;    fore-noon,  the  morning  up  to  Tioati%  ^SJuex- 
noon,  between  noon  and  sun-aet.    (p.^Tv^.'a(m.,'a^AVv.^ 


726  ERRORS  OF  BPEECB 

Kooee.    News.    Gniu.    Noes.    Kose.    Knows. 

« 

Noose,  noo*z,  a  ninning  knot,  to  catch  in  a  noose,  to  tie  a 
noose ;  noosed  (1  syl.),  noos'-ing,  B.  xix.    (Latin  nodm.) 

News,  nUze,  tidings.    (Old  English  neowe  or  niwe,  new.) 
Gnus,  nUze,  plu.  of  gnu,  a  sort  of  ox,  South  Africa. 
Noes,  noze,  those  who  vote  '*  no  "  to  a  measure.    (O.  S.  nd.) 
Nose,  noze,  a  feature  of  the  face.    (Old  Eng.  noeu  or  ncuu.) 
Knows,  ndwz  (to  rhyme  with  grows),  doth  know. 
Old  Enj^h  cndtoicM],  past  cne&io,  pi^st  part  cndioei^ 
Nor,  correlatiYe  of  neither  or  not :  as  neither  James  nor  John, 
It  was  not  James  who  did  it  rtor  [yet]  John.    Gnaw,  nor, 
to  bite,  to  nibble.    ("  Nor  "  is  n-or,  as  "  none  "  is  n-one.) 
"Gnaw/'  (Hd  Eng.  Qnaglan],  past  gndh,  post  part  ffnagen. 
Normal,  nor'.mal.  according  to  rule.    Ah-QorJbaal,  not  according 
to  rule.    Normal  School,  a  school  for  training  teachers 
intended  for  elementary  schools. 

Latin  norma,  a  mle,  a  square  to  work  by,  a  law,  normdUs,  made  to 
the  square  or  hj  rale ;  normdlis  Unea,  a  perpendicular  Una. 

Norman,  plit.  Normans,  a  Norwegian  or  north-man,  a  colony  of 
whom  settled  in  France  and  called  the  part  colonised  by 
them  Normandy,  hence  a  native  of  Normandy. 

Nomas,  nor^.niiz  or  Norns  (in  Scandinavian  MythoL),  the  three 
Fates :  Past,  Present,  and  Future. 

Nor'roy,  king-at-arma,  the  third  of  the  three  .heralds,  his  juris- 
diction lies  north  of  the  Trent  {nor-roy,  i.e.,  north-roy). 
The  other  two  are  Garter  and  ClaxeilOieilX,  kla.rtn'.so. 
Norse  (1  syl.),  the  language  of  the  ancient  Scandinavians; 
Norseman,  plu.  Norsemen,  a  native  of  Scandinavia. 

North,  opposite  the  South.  From  North  to  East  are  seven 
points,  and  from  North  to  West  are  seven  points,  called 
(1)  N.  by  E.,  (2)  NN.E.,  (8)  N.E.  by  N.,  (4)  N.E.,  (6)  N.E. 
by  E.,  (6)  E.N.E.,  (7)  E.  by  N.  By  substituting  W. 
(West),  we  have  the  points  in  the  opposite  direction. 

North-wind,  -wind.  North-east,  north-eastern,  north- 
easterly.   North-west,  north- western,  nofth-westerly. 

Northern,  norh'.em;  northerly,  noTh.er.ly. 

Northemjnost,  n8Th.em-jnost.  North'ing,  tending  north, 
distance  [of  a  planet]  from  the  equator  northwards. 
Southing,  its  distance  from  the  equator  southwards. 

Northward  (adj.) :  as  a  northward  direction. 

NorthwordB  (^OLdv.^  in  a  northern  direction.    (-«  is  our 

native  advet\AaX  ^nfioL*.  «&  wnD-o4a^«^  anights,  &o.) 
North-stai,  t>>e  ipo\e.ft\»x 


AND    OF  SPELLING,  727 

Nortlierii  lighis,  ...2it«f,  the  aorQra  borealis. 

Hoxthman,  plu,  Vorttunen,  nati?e  of  ancient  SoandinaviA. 

North  pole,  the  moat  northern  extremity  of  the  earths;  axis. 

North  frigid  zone,  all  the  north  of  our  globe  up  to  the 
arctic  circle.     The  opposite  zone  is  the  South  fingid. 

North  temperate  zone,  between  the  arctic  circle  and  the 
torrid  zone.    The  opposite  zone  is  the  £L  temperate. 

North-west  Faasage,  a  passage  for  ships  through  the  Boreal 

regions  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 
(Discovered  by  Copt.  M'Clvre  in  1850-1851) 

Northern  hemisphere,  -hem'.i^feer,  that  half  of  the  globe 
which  lies  north  of  the  equator.  That  half  which  lies 
south  of  the  equator  is  called  the  Southern  hemisphere. 

Northern  Drift,  the  erratic  boulder  group  brought  by  polar 
currents  from  the  north. 

Northern  Signs,  sines,  those  siens  of  the  zo'diac  which 
appear  north  of  the  equator.  Those  south  of  the  equator 
are  called  The  Southern  Signs. 

Thk  Northern  Signs  are  (1)  Aries  (8  syL),  (2)  Tamrus,  (3)  Qemfi-ni, 

(4)  Cancer,  (5)  Leo,  (6)  Virgo. 
Tux  SooTHERN  SiONS  u*e  (1)  I/£bra,  (2)  Scorpio,  (8)  SagUta'rius^ 

(4)  Capricor'nuit,  (5)  Aquar'iuB,  (6)  Pisces. 

Old  Eng.  north^  northern,  northan-west,  north^weard,  nortK^useardes. 

Norwegian,  nor.w^.gVdn,  a  native  of  Norway,  adj.  of  Norway. 

Nose,  noze.    Noes,  noze,    Enows.    Noose.    News.     Gnus. 

Nose,  a  feature  of  the  face  (Old  English  nosu  or  nasu.)\ 
nosed  (1  syl.),  having  a  nose,  suspecting,  prying  out; 
nose-less ;  nose-bag,  a  bag  with  food  attached  to  a  horse's 
hi  ad ;  nose-band,  part  of  a  bridle ;  nose-gay,  a  bouquet. 

Nosing,  the  edge  of  stairs. 
Nostril,  nSs'.trli,  one  of  the  cavities  of  the  nose. 
To  lead  by  the  nose,  to  lead  unresistingly. 
To  thrust  [one's]  nose  into...,  to  interfere  with. 
The  length  of  [one's]  nose,  a  very  short  way. 
To  turn  up  [one's]  nose,  to  show  contempt. 
Under  [one's]  nose,  quite  near  at  hand. 
§  Noes,  noze,  those  who  vote  "  no  "  to  a  question. 
Knows,  Tiowz  (to  rhyme  with  grows),  understands. 
Old  English  cnAwlanl,  past  ene&io,  past  part,  cfodwen. 
Noose,  noo*z,  a  running  knot.    (Latin  nodus.) 
News,  nuze,  tidings.     (Old  English  neowe  or  newe^  new.) 
Gnus,  nuze,  pin.  of  gnu,  a  sort  of  ox  (South  Africa). 
*'  Nostril,"  Old  English  nosu  t/iyrel,  no&e  Yko\«. 


728  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Noeo.,  nbs'.O'  (Greek  prefix),  disease,  diseases.    (Greek  rids^Ss.) 
No30-gnraphy,  nS.sdg'.rli.fy,  scientific  description  of  diseases. 
Greek  no80-[n6Bl^]grapho,  I  describe  diseases. 
Noso-logy,  n5,8ol\o.gy,  systematic  classification  of  diseases, 
doctrine    of    diseases;     nosological,    no8'.ododg'\tkal; 
nosologist,  nd.zdl\5,dji8tf  one  skilled  in  diseases. 
Greek  no8o-[n666ai\Ufglonf  treatise  on  diseases. 

Nostalgia,  nda.tdV.djuah,  home-sickness ;  nostal'gia 
Greek  nostos  cUgoa,  distress  to-retum-h.tme. 

Nostril,  nSs'trilj  one  of  the  apertures  of  the  nose.     {See  Nose.) 

Nostrum,  nSa'.trUm,  a  quack  or  patent  medicine. 
Latin  nostrum,  our  own  [private  patent  medicine]. 

N5t.    Knot,  not,    Enont  (to  rhyme  with  (mt).    Newt. 

Not,  adv,  of  denial.    (Old  Eng.  ndht  [n-6ht],  not  ought) 
Knot,  nott  a  tie,  to  tie  a  knot.    (Old  Eng.  cnott,  v.  cnyt[an].) 
Knont,  a  whip  for  criminals  in  Russia.    (Russian  kniit.) 
Newt,  nute,  an  eft  or  efet,    (Corruption  of  an-eft.) 

Notable,  nSt^M.b%  clever,  note\a.b*l,  remarkable. 

Notably,  ndi'MMy,  cleverly,  note\aMyy  especially. 
Notable-ness,  n6t' M^VUness^  note'.d.h'l.ness. 
Notability,  not\aMl.%.tyt  note\dMl.l.ty, 
Latin  ndtdMlis,  ndtaMlit<i8  (ndtdre,  to  distinguish,  to  note)t 

Notary,  plu,  notaries,  no'.td.riz,  an  officer  authorised  to  attest 
contracts,  and  to  protest  foreign  bills  of  exchange,  <fec. 

Notary  Public,  plu.  Notaries   Public    (same    meaning); 
notarial,  nd.taif'fi.dl ;   notar'ial-ly.     (Latin  notdHus.) 

Notation,  no.tay'.shun,  record  by  symbols,  the  nomination  of  a 
line  of  figures,  representation  of  musical  signs  by  notes. 

Notator,  no.tay'.tor,    (Latin  notdtio,  notdtor.) 
Notch,  a  nick,  to  nick;  notched  (2  syl.)>  notch-ing,  notch-er. 

Note  (1  syl.),  an  observation  in  writing  or  printing  upon  some- 
thing stated  in  the  text,  a  short  letter,  a  memorandum, 
a  musical  character,  a  bank-note,  to  make  a  note,  to  jot 
down,  to  observe;  nof-ed  (R.  xxxvi.),  not'-lDg  (R.  xix.), 
not'-er;  not'-ed,  rpmarkable;  no'ted-ly,  no'ted-ness, 
note'-worthy,  note'-less,  note'.book,  note^-paper. 

To  note  a  bill,  to  record  on  the  back  its  non-acceptance. 
French  ruote,  noter;  Latin  ndta  (nosco,  supine  notum^  to  know). 

Nothing,'  ndtK.ing,  no-thing;  nothingness,  nothing  less. 
To  make  nothing  oi  it,  xvot  tw  understand  it- 
Old  English  Tweht  ot  wiM,  ct  rtXV«  Wj  ^x-wAXW^-w^^x^vwl^i. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  729 

Kotho-saoms,  ;plu.  notho-sanri,  nSth'.o-saw'.rus,  -saw'.ri^  or 
notho-sau^iian,  jplu.  -sau'rians,  a  fossil  saurian  fish  of 
the  Deyo^nian  period    (Gk.  nothSs  saurds,  bastard  lizard. ) 

Kotice,  no'.tlSt  information  officially  made,  civility,  attention,  to 
observe,  to  pay  attention  to ;  noticed,  nd'dist ;  notic-ing 
(R.  xix.),  no\tl8.ing.  Notice -able  (only  -ce  and  -ge  retain 
the  -e  before  able) ;  no'ticeably.  (Fr.  notice,  Lat.  notUia.) 

Notify,  notW.fy,  to  declare,  to  make  known,  to  give  notice; 

notifies    (Rule    xi.),    notW.fize;     notified,    n6tf.l.flde; 

not'ifi-er,  nofify-ing.    Notification,  notXf  i.kay'\shun. 
Latin  ndt^ficdtio,  ndt^tcdre ;  French  notification^  r.  notifier. 
Notion,  no^sMn,  opinion,  sentiment,  idea,  knowledge ;  notional, 

nd*jih'&n.dl,  existing  in  idea  only,  imaginary ;  notional-ly, 

no'tionist.     (Latin  notio,  notum,  known.) 

Notorious,  nd.toT^rl.u8,  publicly  known  [in  a  bad  sense]; 

notoriously,   notor'ious-ness.     Notoriety,  nd.td.rV.i.ty, 
disrepute.^  (Latin  ndtdrius,  notoriay  an  indictment.) 

NSfo-  before  cons.,  Not-  before  vowels  (Gk.  prefix),  southern. 

Not-omis,  n5.tor',nX8r  a  fossil  bird  of  the  coot  kind  found  in 

New  Zealand,     ((jreek  ndt-[notoi]o77n8t  south  bird.) 
Not'o-therium,  -The'.rtumj  an  extinct  gigantic  quadruped 
found  in  Australia.     (Gk.  ndto-[n§tds],  thSriont  a  beast. ) 
Not- wheat,  nSf.weet^  unbearded  wheat. 
*  Old  English  knot  whdte,  smooth  or  shorn  wheat. 

Not-with-stand'ing,  however,  nevertheless,  although,  in  spite  of. 

Withstand  means  to  resist,  not-withstanding,  "non  obstante.'* 
Nought,  nawt,  nothing.    Naught,  nawty  worthless. 

Old  English  n-iiht,  not  ought,  n-dht,  not  aught. 
Noun,  a  substantive.    Genimon  noun.    Proper  noun,  a  "  propt  r 
name."    (Latin  nomen,  Greek  (inSma.) 

Nourish,  nuT^rish,  to  sustain,  to  feed,  to  cherish;    nour'ished 

(2  syl.),  nour'ish  ing,  nourlshing-ly,  nour'ish-er,  nour^ish- 

ment,  nourish-able  (iiule  xxiii.)    See  Nutriment. 

French  nourrir,  nourrice;  Latin  nutrire,  supine  nulrltum. 

Novel,  n5v'.%  a  tale  of  human  life,  new ;  novelette,  n5v'MM'\ 

a  short  novel  {-ette,  Fr.  dim.)j  nov'el-ist,  a  writer  of  noveln. 

Novelty,  plu.  novelties  (Rule  xliv.),  nSv'M.tiz, 

Latin  nOvelHtas,  ndvellus  {ndvits,  Greek  n&fs,  new). 

November,  no.vem'.ber,  the  ninth  month    from    March,  the 

proper  beginning  of  the  year,  as  in  this  month  the  suii 

crosses  the  equator  for  his  northern  route. 

The  words  September  (7th  month),  October  (8th  itfonth),  November 
'9th  month),  and  December  (10th  month),  are  relics  of  the  calendar 
which  began  the  year  with  March.     We  in  Kngland  be«M\^<ek^^v; 
in  March  from  the  14th  to  the  middle  ol  ttift  I^XJcl  <Wk\iXxa^ .  'ViiA 
ch&Dge  w&B  made  in  1762. 


730  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Novice,  nSv'XsSt  a  beginner,  a  female  reUgiouB  recluse  who  has 
not  yet  taken  the  vow,  a  proselyte ;  noTioe-Bhip. 

Novitiate,  no.vUh\i.ate.  (Fr.  novice,  novieiat ;  Lat.  fUfvUius,) 
N5w,  at  this  present  time,  very  lately;  now'-adayB,  in  this  age; 

Now  and  then,  ocoasionall}'.    (Old  Eng.  nH,  nH,  hwcenne.) 
**  Now  ftnd  then"  is  a  oomiption  of  n&^wcewMf  sometimes. 
Nowhere,  no'Mare,  in  no  place.    (Old  English  n6  hwcer,) 

Nowise  (not  noways),  no'.wize,  not  at  all ;  in  nowise  (not  in 
noways),  by  no  means.    (Old  Engli^  affix  -tois  with  no.) 

Noxious,  n8k' .shits,  baneful,  hnrtfnl ;  noxiooB-ly,  noxiong.neas. 

Latin  noxlus  (noxa,  hurt,  v.  ndcSre,  to  hurt). 
Noyan  (Fr.),  nd'.yd^,  a  cordial  flayoared  with  bitter  almonds. 

Noyade,  nwi'.yardf  destruction  of  many  persons  at  once  by 
sending  them  to  sea  in  a  boat  and  skuttling  it.  Devised 
by  Carrier  in  the  first  Fr.  Eev<dntion.  (Fr.  noyer,  to  drown.) 

Nozzle,  n6z'jB%  the  snout,  the  air-tube  of  a  pair  of  bellows,  the 
thing  that  holds  the  wick  of  a  lamp  (diminutive  of  nose.) 

Nudens.  plu.  nuclei,  nU'.klS.us,  nu.klS.i,  the  germ,  the  basis, 
that  round  which  an  accumulation  gathers ;  nucleated, 
nu\klS.ate.ed,  having  a  nucleus.   (Lat.  nUclSits,  nux,  a  nut) 

Nude  (1  syl.),  naked ;  nude'-ly.    Nudity,  nu'.di.ty,  nakedness. 
Latin  nudltas,  nudua  (Greek  ni-dud^  not  to  clothe).  i 

Nudge,  to  jog  one's  arm  to  arrest  attention ;  nudged,  nudg'-ing. 

Nugatory,  nU\ga,fry,  ineflfectual.  (Lat.  nugatdrius,  nug<g,  trifles.) 

Niig'get,  a  piece  of  gold  picked  up  in  a  "  digging." 

Bengalee  nuggut  pisa,  "  hard  cash,"  from  Persian  nugud,  cash  (Notes 
and  Queries).    Generally  derived  from  an  ingot. 

Nuisance,  nii'.same,  an  annoyance.    (Fr.  nuisance  [ohsolete].) 

Null  (Rule  v.),  void.  Nul'lity.  Nullify,  nuV.tLfy,  to  render 
void;  nullifies,  nuV.li.fize;  nullified,  nuV.ll.fide  (Rule 
xi.),  nul'Hfi-er,  nul'lify-ing.  Nullificatioii,  nuVduJi.- 
liay"^hun.     (Latin  nullitas,  nuUm,  none.) 

Numb,  num,  torpid  from  cold,  without  sensation,  to  render 
numb;  numbed, numcZ;  numb-ing, num'.in^;  numb-ness, 
num.nesa,  torpor  from  cold,  insensibility. 
Old  English  num[an].  to  take  away,  past  ndm,  past  part,  numeik 

Number,  num\ber,  a  figure,  a  good  many,  one  part  of  a  serial, 
to  count,  to  affix  a  number  to;  numbered,  niim\b'rd; 
num'ber-ing,  num'ber-er,  number-less. 

Book  of  Numbers,  the  fourth  book  of  the  Bible. 

Car'dinal  uunbex,  one,  two,  three,  <fec. 


AND  OF  SPELUNG.  731 

Goldfin  nmiiber,  the  ejde  of  the  moon. 

Add  \ioOu  tear,  Oun  dMde  bm  19,  Ote  qMotiaU  wSU  he  tk»  WMber 
of  cgdea  tinee  the  birik  of  OurUt,  tmd  ik$  rvmaimdm'  miUUikt 
'*aoldai  Number." 

So  called  becaoae  in  aadent  «lin>iuu»  U  was  diipUgntd  Ib  gold. 

Abstract  number,  a  number  per  se,  as  fiye. 

Ooacarete  number,  a  nomber  applied,  as  fiye  men. 

Prime  nnmber,  a  nnmber  not  diYi^ible  (except  by  unity), 
as  one,  two,  three,  five  (four  is  not  prime). 

Sqiiare  number,  the  product  of  a  nnmber  multiplied  by 
itself^  as  4  which  is  2  x  2,  9  which  is  3  x  8. 

Gnbie  number,  the  product  of  a  number  multiplied  twice 
by  itself,  8  which  is3x2x2,  27s3x3x3. 

Whole  number,  an  unbroken  number,  t^.,  not  a  firaetion. 

Konn  of  nnmber,  a  noun  which  refers  to  a  collection  of 
persons  or  things,  as  people. 

Noans  of  nomber  have  this  peenlbritj,  they  star  have  either  a  sing, 
or  pin.  construction.  The  strict  role  is :  if  the  reference  is  to  a 
mass  considered  as  an  indivisiUe  vkole  the  singalar  construction 
should  be  used,  but  if  the  reference  is  to  a  mass  considered  as  a 
number  of  independent  individuals  the  plural  construction  must 
be  employed:  thus  "The  band  was  playing  in  the  park,"  "The 
dergy  were  in  their  robes.**  The  "  band  "  is  no  band  at  all  except 
in  union.  "  The  clergy  were  in  their  robes'*  means  each  clergyman 
present  wore  his  robe. 

French  nombre;  Latin  nUtngrus,  r.  nftm^frdre,  to  number. 

Numeral,  nu\mS.ral.    Kumerical,  nu.mer^ri.kaL 

Numeral,  the  symbol  of  a  number,  pertaining  to  a  number. 

Kumerical  or  numeric,  nu.mir^Hk^  consisting  of  figures, 
expressed  by  a  number. 

We  say  numeric  difference,  numeric  algebra,  &&,  that  is,  the  differ- 
ence "  expressed  by  a  number,"  algebra  with  figures  (not  letters)  for 
ooefBcients,  as  2b,  numerically  greater  or  less,  but  wa  called  X,  Y, 
L,  C,  D,  &c.,  numeral  (not  numerical)  letters. 

("Numeral"  is  sometimes  a  noun,  but  "  numerical"  never.) 

Kumeral-ly,  adv.  of  numeraL  Kumer'ical-ly,  adv.  of 
numerical,  as  it  is  expressed  by  figures. 

Arabic  numerals,  the  ordinary  figures  1,  2,  3,  4,  &c. 

Soman  numerals,  the  numeral  letters,  t,  v,  x,  Z,  c,  &o. 

Numerate,  nii^,mi.rate.    Enumerate,  e.nu  .me.rate. 

Numerate,  to  put  numbers  to.    Enumerate,  to  count  up. 
We  numerate  houses,  but  enumerate  a  series  of  figures. 
Nn'merat-ed  (Rule  xxxvL),  nn'merat-in^  (Rule  xix.) 

Na'merator,  one  who  numerates.     (In  Arith.)  the  upper 

part  of  a  fraction,  the  lower  part  is  the  Denom'inator. 
Thus,  in  |,  "8"  is  the  numertUor,  and  **  8"  the  denominator. 
Nu'merable,that  may  be  numbered.  EBQA!'Bi<n«X$k&^<&»v):t^*^<&^^»^'* 


732  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Numeration,  7iu'.me.ray''^hun,  the  art  of  reading  off  a  series 
of  figures  or  expressing  their  values  in  words. 

Numerous,  mt.mS.rus;  numerous-ly ;  nu'merons-ness. 

Num'ber,  numbered  (2  syL),  number-ing. 

Super-nu'merary,  extra,  more  than  needfol. 

Latin  nOmirdlis,  super  -  niirrUfrdHus,  nUm^^tio,  nitmirdtar,  t. 
nitm^are,  nUm^rdsus,  nUmirus ;  French  numeration. 

Numismatic,  nu\mlz.'mdt'\ik,  pertaining  to  coins  and  medals. 
Numismatics,  the  science  which  explains  coins  and  medals. 
Numismatology,  nu»'mlz\ma.tdl".5.gy,    (Greek  loglfs,) 
Numismatologist,  nu.mlz\ma.tol*\5.dji8t. 

The  follotoing  have  the  "m"  d<nii)led. 
Nummary,  num'.md.ry,  relating  to  money  or  coin. 

Nummulite,    num'jmidite,    a    fossil    resembling    a    coin 
{■ite,  a  fossil) ;   nummulitic,  num\mu.Ui'\%h. 

Nummnlitic  Formation,  limestone  full  of  nmnmulites. 

Latin  numisma,  Greek  nomisma,  les^  coin  (nomizOy  nomas,  law). 

Latin  nummus,  Greek  noummos,  coin.  Aristotle  tells  us  there  wv  a 
Tarentine  coin  so  called  =  three  ob51i,  but  nUmiro,  to  count,  seems 
the  true  derivation,  and  one  "m**  the  correct  spelling. 

Numskull,  num'.skiil,  a  dunce.    (Old  English  7ium[en]  scoL) 

The  verb  num[an],  to  take  away,  past  ndm,  past  part.  numei%. 
Nun,  a  female  religious  recluse.    None,  nun,  not  one. 

Nunnery,  plu.  nunneries,  nun\ne.riz  ;  nunn'-ish  (Rule  i.) 
"  Nun,"  Old  English  nunne.    "  None,"  n-one.  Old  English  n-dn. 
Nuncio,  plu,  nuncios  (Rule  xlii.),  nun\8he.dze,  an  ambassador 
from  the  pope  to  a  sovereign,  a  courier.    Nunciature, 
nun\8he,a.tchur,  oflSce  of  a  nuncio. 
Spanish  nuncio,  Latin  nuntius. 

Nuncupative,    nun.ku'.pd.tiv,    nominal,   verbal,    not    written ; 

nuncupatory,  nun.ku'.pa.Vry. 
Lat.  nunc&patlviui,  v.  nuncUpdre,  Le.,  n6m,en-cdpi^e,  to  take  a  name. 
Nuptials,  nup\shulz,  marriage  ceremony;  nup'tial  (adj.),  nup- 

tial-ly.     (Latin  nuptidlis,  v.  nubere,  sup.  nuptum.) 

"Nuptials" regards  the  ceremony  from  the  tooman's  side,  nupta  (a 
bride),  but  "  marriage"  regards  the  union  from  the  man's  sifle, 
marltus  (a  husband).    Our  native  word  "  wed"  regards  the  union 
as  a  contract,  "wed"  (a  pledge,  agreement,  vow). 
Hence  "  Nuptials"  means  the  bridal  ceremonies. 

"Wedding,"  the  vows  made  of  mutual  fidelity. 
*'  Marriage,"  the  taking  of  a  hv^band. 

Nurse,  a  woman  who  has  the  care  of  little  children,  to  suckle, 
to  cherish,  to  take  care  of  the  sick;  nursed,  nurst; 
nuis'-ing;  nurse'-ling  {-ling,  offspring,  dimmutive.) 

Nnnery,  plu.  imraenes^  tiut'  A^.i^z  i,\sxst  nus'.e.riz.) 
Old  Eng.  norioe  (Ls«,  IH<*.  Soxou.^-.  ^T«JiOBLWAWT\«»;\A.V'K>».\»>a. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  7.13 

Nurture,  nurtf.yer  (not  nur^.tchur),  erudition,  bringing  up,  diet, 
to  feed,  to  train  up;   nurtured,  nurt'y'rd;   nortur-ing 
(Rule  xix.),  nurt'.yir.ing. 
Ft.  nourriture,  v.  nourrir  (Lat.  nutrio:  Gk.  n^dUfrio,  I  feed  the  young). 

Nut,  a  eholl-fruit,  a  kernel,  a  screw,  to  gather  nuts;  nutt'ed 

(Rule  xxxvi.),  nutf-mg  (Rule  i.),  nutt'-y.^  Nut-brown, 

nut-gall,  nntHshell;    nnt-crackers,  an  instrument  for 

cracking  nuts ;  nut-cracker,  one  who  cracks  nuts. 

"Nnt-crackera"  has  no  sing.  Pairs  have  a  sing  only  when  each  part 
of  the  pair  is  perfect  and  independent :  as  a  shoe  (shoes),  &c 
NutemckerB,  tongs,  &c,  united  by  a  joint,  have  no  sing. 

Natation,  nu.tay'^hUny  a  vibratory  movement  of  the  earth's  axis. 

Latin  nUtdtie,  a  nodding  (r.  nutare,  to  nod) ;  French  nutation. 

Nutmeg,  nuf.mSg,  the  fruit  of  an  East  Indian  tree ;  nutmegged, 
nutf.megd,  seasoned  with  nutmeg ;  nut'megg-y,  tasting  of 
or  like  nutmeg.    (Treated  as  two  words  hyphened,  R.  i.) 
Latin  nta  moschata,  the  aromatic  nut ;  French  noix  musoade. 
Nutritious  (not  -eious),  nu.tri8h\u8,  nourishing ;  nutritious-ly. 
Nutritive,  nu^.tHMv,  nutritious ;  nutritive-ly. 
Nutrition  (Rule  xxxiii.),  nuUrish'.un,  nourishment. 
Nutriment,  nu\M.Tnent;  nutriment^al. 
Latin  nUMmenium,  nUtritiiu,  r.  nUtrlre,  supine  nUtritum, 
Nux  vomica  (Latin),  nux  vom'.i.kah,  the  vomit  nut,  it  yields 

strychnia  and  is  the  fruit  of  the  East  Indian  strychnos. 
Nymph,  nlmf,  a  goddess  who  presided  over  some  part  of  nature. 
The  nymphs  are  innumerable,  but  the  chief  are — 

Ihy'ad,  plu.  Dry'ads  or  Dryadet,  dri\d.dgs,  Wood-nympha. 

Greek  drus,  a  forest  tree,  Dru&dia. 
Echo,  iVh6y  one  of  the  Mountain-nymphs.    (See  Oread.) 
Ham'a-dryad,  plu.  Ham'a>dryads  or  HamadiyadSs,  Tree-nymphs  (Gk. 
hamadrus,  Le.,  [they  live  and  die]  with  the  tree  they  preside  over). 

^ad,  M.cbd,  plu.  Hyada  or  Eyades,  hff.a.des,  Rain-nympha. 

Greek  hnd&r,  water,  nwnj^i  hu&d^s. 
Um'niad,  plu.  Lim'niada,  Lake-nymphs  {limni,  a  lake). 
LImd'niad,  plu.  LXmO'niads,  Meadow-nymphs  {leimAn,  a  meadow). 
Me'liad,  plu.  KS'Uada.  or  Keliades,  mf.li.&.dgs,  nymphs  of  fruit-trees. 

Nymphs  of  Milix,  one  of  the  Cycl&des  (Latin  mdluv^f  fruit). 

Naiad,  na'^.dd,  pin.  Naiads  or  Naiades,  najf.a.dgs.  Water-nymphs. 

Greek  ttoO,  to  flow.    NcadUfs. 
Nap€a,  na.peef.i  (no  sing.^  Valley  or  glen  nymphs  (Gk.  nap6,  a  glen}. 

Nereid,  n^.r^.fd,  plu.  Nereids,  nymphs  of  the  Mediterranean  sea, 
daughters  of  Nerexa  [nif.ruce],  the  Old  Man  of  the  Sea,  niriidgs. 

Oceanid,  e^.ti.dn.id,  plu.  Ooeaaids  or  Ooeanides,  &.9i.dn.i.deB,  Ocean 
nymphs.    (Greek  CkidnSa,  the  ocean.) 

Oread,  (yi'ri.dd,  plu.  Or'eads or  Oreades,  dr'ri.a  di$.  Mountain  nymphs. 

Greek  drCSy  a  mountain.    Oriadfy. 
PetrSsB,  piAr^.i  (no  sing.),  Rock  nymphs.    (Greek  pefrotei,  ptir6».) 
Potameid,  pot.a.mSf  M,  plu.  Potame'ids  or  Potameides,  pitlf'MMlt  .\.4A»«« 

Biver  nymphs.    (Greek  pdtAtn^,  aTVvet.^ 


7S4  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Nympha,  phi.  nymphn,  nim\faK  pin.  nXm'.fS^  the  third 
state  of  an  insect.  (Same  as  paps^  dirysa^,  fcrft'.d  Uf.) 

(The  1st  state  is  the  egg;  iad^  the  larva;  Srd,  the  pu'pa,  fiyrytfalU, 
or  nympAa/  sad  4th,  the  inui^go.) 

Kymphean,  nlm,ftM,n  (not  nim\fiAn),  adj,  of  nymph; 

nymph^Uke,  nymph-ish.    (-ish  added  to  nouns  means 

**  like,"  added  to  acyectives  it  is  dimuratiYe.) 

Latlii  fifmpha,  nywkphanu;  Oveek  nitmiM,  vmiuijphiM, 

0*-  (Irish),  son  of,  Welsh  Ap-t  Scotch  Mae-,  Eng.  Fitz-,  Like 
French  de,  German  vant  it  often  indicates  aristoeraiic 
hirth  or  one  of  the  landed  gentry.    O'Neil. 

O.S.,  Old  Style,  11  days  later  than  the  New,  so  that  the  Ist  Jan. 
O.S.  is  Uie  12th.    Still  retained  in  Eussia  and  Greece. 

a    Oh!    Owe.    Ho.    Hoe.    How. 

0,  sign  of  the  vocative  ease :  as  0  king,  Uve  for  ever. 

Oh  t  exclamation  of  pain,  distress,  excitement. 

Owe  (to  rhyme  with  grow),  to  he  indebted  to.  (O.  £.  dg[an].) 

Ho !  a  call  to  arrest  attention.     (Welsh  ho!) 

Hoe,  ho.  an  instrument  for  hoeing.    (French  houe.) 

H5w,  in  what  manner,  to  what  a  degree.    (Old  Eng.  ha.) 

Oa^  ofey  an  idiot,  a  changeling  by  the  fairies ;  oaf-lsh,  stupid. 

Corruption  of  ouph  (elf)-    It  was  once  thought  that  idiot  children 
were  changelings  by  the  fairies,  who  eanried  off  the  good  child. 

Oak,  oke,  plu.  oaks,  a  forest  tree.    Hoax,  hokes,  a  trick. 

Oak^en,  oke^n^  made  of  oak   (-en,  made  of:  as  wood-en. 
gold-en,  <fec.) ;  oak'-ling,  a  young  oak  {-lingy  diminutive, 
offspring).    Oak-apple,  oak'-hark',  oak-galls,  oak'-tan'. 
Oak-paper,  paper  for  walls  in  imitation  of  oak. 
Old  EngUsh  do  or  ooc,  dc-com,  an  acorn,  do-en. 

Oak'um,  old  rope  pulled  into  loose  fibres  for  calking  ships. 
Old  English  acvmba  or  OBceniba,  oakum,  the  coarse  part  of  flax. 
Oar.    O'er.    Ore.    Or.    Hoar.    Hors.    Haw.    Whore. 

Oar,  o'r,  a  machine  for  rowing  boats :  oared,  o'rd,  furnished 
with  oars;    oar-y,  dVry ;    oars-man  (not  oar-mom^  8<» 
boats-man,    i.e.,    *' man-of-tbe-oar    or   boat,"    meaning 
skilled  in  its  management). 
To  boat  the  oars,  to  lay  the  oars  in  the  boat. 

To  feather  the  oar,  to  turn  the  blade  horizontally  with  the 

top  aft  as  it  comes  out  of  the  water. 
To  lie  on  the  oars  (not  lay),  to  cease  from  giving  s&okes 

and  merely  to  dip  the  oars  and  raise  them. 
.   ll^amffie  the  oun^  V>  "vrttt^  ^om^NSoxw^TOund  that  part  of  the 

oaiB  which  wotka  ift  Oti^  TQ^\w^,\ft  ^^v^«i.>^^  vKswid. 


AND  OF  SPELUNO.  735 

To  muhip  the  oax%4o  take  them  out  of  the  rowlocks. 
S  OPer,  contraction  ofoter,    (Old  English  ober  or  6fer.) 
Ore  (1  8yl.)»  metal  with  some  mineraliser.    (Old  £ng.  ora.) 
Or  (c<mj,)y  a  contraction  of  ot?ier,    (Old  English  oththe.) 
Hoar,  Jid%  white  with  age  or  frost.    (Old  English  hdr.) 
Bors,  Iwr  (French),  disabled  as  hon  de  combat. 
Haw,  the  berry  of  the  ha¥rthom.    (Old  English  ?ueg.) 

Whore,  fioo'rf  a  prostitute.    (Old  Eng.  h&rey  Welsh  hureii.) 
**  Oar/'  Old  EngUsh  dr,  dr-blced,  oar-blade,  dr-loeu,  the  rowlock. 
HuBia,  plu.  oases,  d'.d.Hs^  o^M^eez  (not  o,d\8i8)y  a  fertile  spot  in 
a  desert.    (A  Coptic  word,  called  auasis  by  Herodotus. ) 

)ats  (1  syl.),  a  grain.    An  oat,  one  single  grain ;  oat'-en  {-en, 
made  of  or  from).    Oa,t-cake;  oat-meBl^  ote-meel; 

Wild-oats,  the  wild  habits  of  young  men. 

To  sow  [yonr]  wild  oats,  to  live  in  youthful  dissipation. 

He  has  sown  his  wild  oats,  he  has  become  steady. 

(This  is  the  only  gndn  in  the  plural  number :  we  say  barley,  millet, 

maize,  rye,  whait,  &c.,  all  in  the  singular  number.) 
Old  English  dtan,  oats,  dta,  an  oat-gridn. 

lath,  orh,  a  profane  expression,  an  appeal  to  God  in  confirma- 
tion of  what  is  said.    False-oatii,  perjury.    (O.  E.  dth.) 

lb-  (Latin  prefix),  opposed  to,  reversed,  against,  drawn  towards, 
for  a  purpose.    (Sometimes  emphatic.)    It  becomes 

Oc-  before  "  c,"  except  in  ob-compressed,  ob-conicatf  ob-cordate. 

Of-  before  "f,"  except  in  ob-fuscate, 

0-  before  **  m,"  except  in  ob-muteseence. 

Op-  before  "  p,"  as  op-pose,  op-press. 

All  words  beginning  with  oh  are  from  the  Lat..  except  the  following : 
obsidian  (Greek),  Obi  (African),  oboe  (Italian^  obeisance  and  obliqu* 
CLatin  through  the  FrenehX 

^b-durate,  ob\du.rate,  obstinate ;  ob'^durate-ness,  ob'durate-ly. 

Obduracy,  ob\du,ra.syy  obstinacy.  (Lat  obdurwre,  ob  emph.) 
Obedient,  oM.dtent  (not  o.W.djent),  submissive;  obe'dlent-ly. 

Obedience,  o.&e'.clt.tfns^, submission;  obediency,  -be*M.en.sy. 

PasslYe  obedience  (Eng,  Hist.),  that  unqualified  obedience 
which  some  think  is  due  from  a  subject  to  a  ruler. 

Obey,  oiw/;  obeyed,  o.bayd';  obey'-ing,  obey'-er. 
Latin  obeditns,  gen.  edidienUs,  obidiewtia,  obddire  fob-amdioj 
Ibeisanoe,  o.bay'.8ance  (not  o.b8'.zance\  a  bow,  a  sign  of  obe- 
dience, a  humble  salute.    (Fr.  obUssanee,  Lat.  o^Wir^.) 

Ibelisk,  W.^.JWk,  a  spiral  monument  with  ff^xut  fftft«tl «  x^\««s 
ence  mark  (f),  also  <SB3l6d  a  daj^«t.    ^^V^-'o^  t>\ilR^ok».  ^      ,, 


TS*)  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Obelus,  oV.^,lus,  a  mark  in  printing.    Ob'olnB,  a  coin  (an  ohol.) 

In  the  Septuagint  the  obelus  (4-)  indicates  that  the  passage 

does  not  occur  in  the  Hebrew  text.     The  mark  ( )  in 

modem  books  indicates  a  break,  as  If  thou  didst  ever  tky 

dear  father  love (Hamlet). 

Lat.  {fMlus,  Gk.  ifMloa  (a  spit),  a  mark  to  indicate  that  something  if 
amiss,  or  not  finished.    The  word  means  "obolus,"  Gk.  ifbdlds. 

Oberon,  6'M.ron,  king  of  the  fairies  and  husband  of  Titan'ia. 

Gormption  of  Auheron  (Alberon),  Germ.  AVberich,  King  of  the  elves.         | 
Obese,  o.bece\  fat;  obese'-ness;  obesity,  oMM.tyt  fiEttness. 

Latin  ffbMtas,  HbSsvs,  y.  dbiso,  to  cram  and  make  fat. 
Obey,  o.bay';  obeys',  obeyed'  (2  syl.),  obey'-ing.    {See  Obedient) 

Obfuscate,  bh.fUs^katey  to  bewilder,  to  obscure;    obfus'oat-ed 
(R.xxxyi.),  obfos'cat-ing;  obfuscation,  oh.fusJkay'* jihun. 
Latin  o5/tMcare,  supine  o'bfascdt'wm  (o&  intens.,  fuscus,  dusky). 

Obi,  d\he,  the  witchcraft  of  the  West  Indian  negroes ;  obi-man, 
obi-woman,  plu,  obi-men,  obi-women,  -ii7{m"ii,  tbe 
sorcerer  and  sorceress  of  the  West  Indian  negroes. 

Obit,  d\Vit,  funeral  obsequies.    Or'bit,  the  route  of  a  planet 

Postobit  (not  post  or'bit),  Latin  "  after  death,"  a  deed  to 
come  into  force  after  the  funeral ;  obitnal,  oMtf.HM. 

Obituary,  plu.  obituaries  (Rule  xliy.),  a  register  of  deaths. 
Latin  ohltus,  death,  dead,  ▼.  ohlre,  supine  obltumt  to  die  (oh  eo). 

Object,  (noun)  Sb'.jekt,  (verb)  ob.jekf,  a  thing  seen,  a  ridiculous 
figure,  to  disapprove,  to  suggest  objections ; 

Ob'ject-less ;  ob'ject-glass,  a  glass  to  form  the  image  of  the 

"  object"  looked  for  :  as  the  object-glass  of  a  telescope, 
Object'-ed  (R.  xxxi.),  objecf -ing,  object'ing-ly,  objecf  or. 
Objective,  Sb.djik'Mv;  objecf  ive-ly,  objecf  ive-ness. 
Objectivity,  ob.djik.tiv'\i.tyj  state  of  being  objective. 
Objection,  ob,dj^k\shiin ;  objection-able,  objectionable-ly. 
Lat.  objeet%ts,  r.  objeetdre  {ob-jlcio  [jttcio],  to  throw  out  in  opposltlonX 
Objurgate,  db.djur^.gate,  to  chide;   objurgat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.); 
objurgat-ing  (R.  xix.) ;  objurgation,  db'.djur.gay^^shun ; 
ob'jurgat-or  (R.  xxxvii.) ;  objurgatory,  ob'.dgur.ga.Vry. 
LaUn  oljurgdtio,  objurgdtor,  olijurgdtdntu,  objurgdre  fobjurgoj. 

Oblate,  obJate',  fl  ittened  at  the  poles ;  oblate  spheroid,  sf^.roid, 
a  spheroid  flattened  at  the  poles. 

The  corresponding  French  word  is  aplati  (Greek  platus,  flat,  wide- 
spread) ;  our  word  is  coined  from  the  Latin  Idtus^  wide,  but  Is  ob- 
jectionable because  the  word  is  used  in  andther  meudng. 

Oblation,  obMy\shun,  an  ofifering.    (Latin  obldtio,) 

Obiig«i  oJbUdjQt^y  to  do  «k  IqiNowt,  tn  compel;   obliged'  (3  syl.), 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  737 

Obligation,  oV.VLgay** ^Mn,  Obligate,  5b\li.gdh'\to  (in 
Mtisic),  the  essential  part  as  it  contains  the  melody :  thus 
a  violin  obligato  is  not  an  accompaniment  of  chords,  but 
the  main  part  which  carries  out  the  melody. 

Obligatory,  5b',ltgS.t*ry  (not  ob.lig*.a.fry  nor  ■gSy'.t'ry). 
Obligor,  ob'M.djort  he  who  receives  an  obligation,  a  debtor; 
Obligee,  oVMAje^  he  who  confers  the  obligation,  a  creditor. 
La.t.  obUgaiiOt  obllgcLre  (ob  Ugo,  to  bind  down,  to  bind  by  kindness). 
Oblique,  db.leeh^,  aslant,  not  direct;  oblique^-Jy,  oblique'-ness. 
Obliquity,  plu.  obliquities,  5b.Uk\iD'Li)iZt  irregularity. 
Oblique  ang^e,  any  angle  except  a  right  angle  (90  deg.) 
Oblique-angled  triangle,  a  triangle  without  one  right  angle. 
French  oblique;  Latin  obliqutu  (Greek  Iw,  oblique). 

Obliterate,  SbMf^S.ratey  to  efface;   obliterat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.), 
obliterat^iog  ^E.  xix.)    Obliteration,  i^.Uf.^.ray".8hun. 
Latin  obHUfrdtio,  oblUer&re  fob  llUfraJ;  French  obUMraUtm. 

Oblivion,  ob.lW.lJ6n,  forgetfulness,  amnesty;  oblivious,  -WX.Os; 
obliviou8-ly,  oblivious-ness.    (Latin  obUvio,  oblioidaus.) 

Oblong,  a  rectangular  four-sided  figure  longer  than  it  is  broad. 
A  round  fig.  longer  than  it  is  bruad  is  called  an  Oval,  o'.vdl. 
"  Oblong,'*  Latin  obUmgus.    "Oval,"  Latin  ovalis,  egg-shaped. 
Obloquy,  ob'.lS.kivi,  reproach,  ill  repute.    (Latin  obWqu&r.) 

Obnoxious,  Sb.nox'.shus,  hateful,  odious,  exposed,  liable ; 
obnox'ious-ness,  obnoxious-ly.    (Latin  obnox^tts.) 
Oboe,  6' -boy  or  Hautboy,  ho', boy,  a  wind  instrument. 

French  hand  boU,  long  stalk  or  mouth  piece ;  Italian  oboe 
Obolus,  WJ6M9,  an  obol  (coin).    Ob'rtus,  a  mark  in  printing. 

" Obolas.'*Lat.  iibdUu;  Gk.  tfMbJs.    **  Obehis,"Lat. HbeiiU;  Ok.  Childs. 

Obovate,  bb.d\vat€  (in  BoU)^  ovate'reversed,  that  is  with  the 

smaller  end  downwards.    (Lat.  ob  ovatus,  ovum,  an  egg.) 

Obscene,  ob.ieen\  indecent ;  obaoene'-ly,  obeoene'**iie8B. 
Obscenity,  plu.  obscenities,  ob.8ee\ni.tfiz,  indecency. 
Latin  obsecenua,  obsodentkta ;  F^reneh  9bseine,  obae&nUi, 
Obscure,  ^&.«ftur^,  indistinct,  remote  from  ohservatiofi,  to  darken ; 
obaciiied  (3  syL),  obscur'-ing,  obscureMy,  obscu'rity, 
obscuration,  ob'^kujray*'.8hiin,  (Lat.  o6sct«nw,  obseuritas.) 
Obsequies,  ob\t^.hu^j  Mineral  solemnities.    (Latin  obs^quium.) 

Obsequious,  Sb.8^.kwfi.u8,  fawning,  meaniy  servile ;  bbse'quions- 
ly,  obse'^quiooB-ness.    (Latin  obiiquium,  obtiquidsus.) 

Observe,  Sb.ze7v\  notice ;  observed'  (2  syL),  observ^aair  (R-  xix.), 
observing-ly,  observ^-er,  observ'-alde,  observ'able-ness, 
obserV'ably.    Observ'ance,  observ'ant,  obs^rv'Mit-ly. 
Observanda  (Latin),  db'jier.van".dah,  thin^  \a  WOcvs^ts^^ 

31. 


738  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Observatioii,  8b\zer.vay''^hun ;  obeervation-al. 

Obeervatory,  plu.  -ries,  Sb.ze'/.vS.t'riZt  a  buildiDg  for  astro- 
nomical obflerrations.    Obeer'vator  (Bule  xxxvii.) 

Latin  obaervclMliSf  obwrvcms,  gen.  c^servantiat  observantia,  obaervdtio^ 
observdtor,  ohservSre  (oh  servo,  to  keep  for  a  purpose). 

Obsidian,  Sb.^\i.dnt  Yolcanic  glass.    (Latin  obsididnus.) 

It  was  dlscorered  in  Ethidpia,  hy  ObsidiSmu,  a  Boman. 

Obsidional,  6hMd\lJ6,naU  pertaining  to  a  siege. 

Obsidional  crown.    (Latin  obsidiondlia,  obsedeo,) 

Obsolete,  6b\80,leett  out  of  use;   obsolescent,  W,80.U^\sentt 
growing  more  and  more  out  of  use.    {sc-^  inceptive.) 

Ob'solete  Jy,  oVsolete-ness,  (in  ZooL\  want  of  development. 
Latin  obaolMus,  ▼.  obaotSre^  ohsoUBoSrt,  obaolesetfMt  gen.  -eniit. 
Obstacle,  6b*^t&,k%  a  hinderance.    (Latin  obstdculum,) 

Obstetrics,   Sb.8tef.Hk8    (not    SbMefXhs^    art   of   midwifery; 

obstetric,  SbMif.rik  ;  obstetrician,  Sb\8tS.trish'\Sn. 

Except  arithmetic,  logic,  magic,  mtiHc,  and  rhetoric  (which  are  from 

the  French)  all  the  sciences  with  this  termination  are  pltwai. 
Latin  obstitrix,  a  midwife,  for  obstUrix  fobsisto,  obaHiumJ. 

Obstinate,  ob^^tiMate,  stubborn ;  obstinate-ly,  obstinate-ness. 

Obstinacy,  ob\8tl.nS.cy.    Obstination,  oyMLnay^'^hun. 

Ob8tinacy  is  stubbornness  in  a  bad  sense ; 

Obstination  is  pertinacity  in  a  good  sense. 

Latin  obstlndtio,  obsttnax,  gen.  c^stindcis. 

Obstipation,  oV .8tl.pay** .shun,  costiveness ;  ob'stipat-ed,  costive. 

Latin  obstlpdtia,  obgtlpdtue,  v.  obstlpdre,  to  stop  chinks.     That 
which  is  immovable,  like  a  logHStuck-in-the-ground  (stlpeaj. 

Obstreperous,  ob.8trep\e.ru8,  noisy;  obstreperous-ly,  -ness. 

Latin  obstr^pitus,  oM^pirt  {ah  gtripo,  to  make  a  great  noise). 

Obstmcf,  to  hinder;  obstruct'-ed,  obstrucf-ing,  obstrucf-er. 

Obstruction,    obMrUk'^shun  ;     obstructive,    ob.8tTuk\tiv ; 
obstructiye-ly.     (Latin  obstruction  obstructor ,  v.  obstruo.) 
Obtain,  ob.tain',  to  gain;   obtained',  obtain'-ing,  obtain'-er, 
obtain'-able  (K.  xxiii.),  obtain'-ment.     (Latin  obtlnere.) 

Obtrude,  6b.trude\  to  thrust  oneself  in  unwelcome ;  obtrud'.ed 
(R.  xxxvi.),  obtrud^-ing  (K  xix.),  obtruding-ly,  obtrud-er. 

Obtrusion,  ob.tru' .shwn.  (Verbs  ending  in  -ds  or  -d,  -sc  or  -«, 
add  -sion  not  -tion,)   ObtrusiYe,  ob.tru\i^v ;  obtrnsiye-ly, 
obtmsive-ness.    (Lat.  obtrudire,  sup.  obtrusum,  ob  trudo.) 
Obtuse,  ob.tuce\  blunt,  dull,  stupid ;  obtuse'-ly,  obtose'-ness. 
Obtuse-angle,  an  angle  more  than  ninety  degrees. 
Acute  angle,  S.kiite\,.,  a,n  angle  less  than  ninety  degrees. 
Bight  angVe, ntc..,, mv  angle  exactly  ninety  degrees. 
OUdque  angle,  iib.leeVf  ...,Mii  m^^^  «j5«^t  a  right  angle. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  7S9 

Obtuse-angled  triangle,  a  triangle  with  <me  obtuse  angle. 

Bight-angled  triangle,  a  triangle  with  one  right  angle. 

Acute-angled  triangle,  a  triangle  with  three  acute  angles. 

Oblique-angled  triangle,  any  triangle  except  a  right  ang. 
Latin  obtOnw,  v.  oMundo,  snpine  obtHmm,  to  make  bhmt 
Obverse,  ob.verse'.    Inverse.    Beverse. 

Obverse  (of  a  coin),  the  side  which  shows  the  sovereign's  head. 
Beverse  (of  a  coin),  the  other  side,  called  the  "  tail." 
Inverse,  upside  down,  placed  in  contrary  order. 

Obverse,  (in  Bot.)  having  the  base  of  a  leaf  narrower  than 
the  top,  having  the  point  of  the  radicle  of  the  seed 
approaching  the  eye  or  hilum.    Obverse-ly. 

Inverse,  (in  Bot.)  any  unusual  position  or  attachment 

Obverf,  to  face ;  obveif-ed  (Rule  xxxvi),  obvert'-ing. 

Latin  obverUhre,  supine  obveraum,  to  torn  totoards  the  beholder ;  ' 
reverU(re,  supine  reversum,  to  turn  avxiy  from  the  beholder ; 
inverUfre,  supine  inveraum,  to  turn  the  contrary  way. 

Obviate,  W.v\.ate,  to  prevent,  to  intercept ;  oVviat-ed  (R.  xxxvi.), . 
ob'viat-ing.  (Lat  ohviarey  sup.  -vidtum,  ob  via,  on  the  way.) , 

Obvious,  WMMs,  evident;  obvlous-ly,  obvious-ness. 
Latin  o}y&lu8  (ob  via,  [meeting]  on  the  way),  face-to-face. 

Oc-,  the  prefix  ob  before  "  c."    {See  Ob-.) 

-DC  (Welsh  -og\  nouns,  full  o^  as  havoc,  haf-og, 

-ock,  a  native  diminutive,  as  hill-ock  (hylUock). 

All  words  beginning  with  oc-  are  from  the  Latin,  except  ocdot 
(Mexican),  octroi  (Fr.)«  ocMoorcusy  (Ok.),  and  those  beginning  with 
ocla-,  with  octopus,  octopod,  and  octogiiruyus,  which  are  irregular. 

Occasion,  bk.kay\shun  (not  o.kay'.shun,  a  very  common  error), 
opportunity,  to  cause,  to  give  rise  to;  occasioned,  ok,- 
kay'^shUnd;  occasion-ing ;  occasion-er,  causer. 

Occasion-al,  dk.kay'.shiin.al,  occurring  sometimes;  occa- 
sional-ly.  Occa'sional-ism,  the  doctrine  that  God  con- 
trols the  will  and  is  the  cause  of  whatever  is. 

Latin  occcUio  (oc  [ob]  eado,  to  fall  out,  to  happen). 

Occident,  oh^J^.dent,  the  west ;  Occident^ -aL    O'rient,  the  east. 

Latin  ooAdma,  gen.  ocdlderUis,  the  west  (oc  [ol^  cado,  to  fall  down). 
Occiput,  5hfM.put,  the  back  of  the  head ;  ocdpltaL 

Lat.  occXpui  (oc  [ob]  cdptU,  the  head  turned  away  from  the  beholder). 
Occult,  dk.kHUf,  secret ;  occnlf -ly,  oociult'-nesa,  oocnlf-ed. 

Occultation,  6k' .k'SX.tay" jshiin,  eclipse. 

Occult  sciences,  'Si'.in.si8,  magio,  witchcraft,  astrology, 
alchemy,  &c.    (Lat.  occultva ,  oc[pb\colo  ,\.o  ^iONCt-Vj  •t^k3Mi»^>v 


740  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Occupy,  Sk^.ku.ptff  to  employ,  to  keep  posseflsion  of;  occnpies, 
dk'.kii.pize;  occupied,  5k'ku.pide  (Bole  xL);  oc'cnpi-er, 
occupy-ing;  oc'cupantt  one  who  has  possession;  occu- 
pancy, plu.  occupandes,  6k\ku.pdn,8^  (Rule  xliv.) 

Occupation^  6k\ku,pay^^jhiin.    Aucupation,  aw^ku... 

Occupation,  employment.    Aucupation,  bird-catching. 

Occupation-bridge,  a  bridge  over  a  railway  to  connect  parts 

of  fields,  <fec.,  severed  by  the  "  cutting.*' 
Latin  oec&pdtiOt  occ&paiu,  gen.  oceupantis,  r.  occQpdre  (oe  [ob]  eapio). 
Occur,   ok.kUr  (not    o.kur^j  to    happen;    oooorxed,   okJkurd'; 
occurr'-ing  (R.  iv.),  occurr'.enoe  (not  -anee^  dk.kuf^r^nce, 
Latin  oeewirens^  gen.  oceurrentia,  ▼.  oeeurrire  (oc  [ob]  cwrro). 
Ocean,  Main,  Sea,  d'.shun,  mane,  see. 

Ocean,  one  of  the  great  outward  seas. 

Sea,  a  large  expanse  of  water  land-locked.    (Old  £ng.  «<<.) 

Main,  one  of  the  great  oceans  or  seas.    (Old  Eng.  mtBgen.) 

Oceanic,  d'^ii.dnf\%k  (not  o'^hiMnXk). 

Oceanidei,  3^^Mn'\%.deze,  sea-nymphs.    (G-k.  dkeanidis.) 

OceanuB,  o^aiAnus  (not  d.8iif  M^nds), 

Greek  6Uf4a%d$;  Latin  dddftus,  OeSAnicua.  The  *' ocean,"  acoordins 
to  Homer,  was  the  watery  boundary  of  the  earth,  hence  it  meant 
an  o%Uwa/rd  or  oat-lying  body  of  salt  water. 

Ocelot,  d'^i.ldty  a  Mexican  pard.    (Mexican  tlaloceloU) 
Ochlocracy,  ok.lok\ra.9yt  mobooracy. 

Greek  ochlos  kratia,  mob  rola.    {See  Aristocracy.) 
Ochre,  o^Mer,  a  clay  used  as  a  pigment;  ochraceoua  (R.  Ixiii.), 
o.kray\8hi.u8,  of  the  colour  or  quality  of  ochre. 

Ochry,  a4j.  of  ochre.    Ochroite,  dk\r5.ite. 

Latin  6ch/ra;  Greek  dchrdtf  pale,  wan ;  French  acre  (wrong), 
-ock  (a  native  dim.  postfix),  as  '*  hillock,"  hyU-ock,  a  little  hill. 
Octa-  (Greek),  Octo-  (Latin  prefix),  eight.    Oct-  before  vowels. 

Care  should  be  taken  to  use  octor  with  Greek  words,  and  octo-  with 
Latin  ones.    One  example  [odurpU)  has  octu-  tat  octo-. 

Octa-gon,  Sk'.td.gdn,  a  figure  with  eight  sides  and  angles ; 
octagonal,  Sk.tdg\5.ndl.    (Greek  octa-t  gdnia,  an  angle.) 
Octa- hed'ron,  a  solid  contained  by  eight  equal  sides; 

octa-ked'ral ;  octa-hedrite,  -k^d^.rite. 
Greek  octet-  hedra,  eight  seats,  foundations,  sides. 
<      Oct..andria,  dk.tdn\dr%.ah,  plants  with  eight  stamens. 
!         Oct-andeTr  i^k,tdn\der^  one  of  the  oetandria. 

Oct-andrian,  5k.tan\dH.an ;  octaadrous,  -tan\drua. 

'■i     Oieek  oot-  (potia-^  avvdria^  «\%^xt  ^iustroments  of]  manhood. 
^    JimuBus  termed  "  fsfcWKi«ti%'*  t^ift  maiOvwd.  (wwtrto;,  and  "pistils'' 


AND  OF  SPELUNG,  741 

Oct-angolar,  Sk.tdn'.gu.lart  having  eight  angles. 
Lfttin  od-  (octo-l,  angiUut,  aa  angle  or  corner. 

Octant.  Sextant.  QoAdiaiit,  measuring  arcs,  the  eighth, 
the  sixth,  and  the  fourth  or  quarter  of  a  circle. 

Octa-style,  dlif.tdMiUt  a  building  with  eight  columns  in 
front.    (Greek  octa-  stulos,  eight  columns.) 

OotoTe,  oh^.tave,  (in  Mmic)  the  longest  interval  in  the 
diatonic  scale,  from  C  to  C,  D  to  D,  &o.,  the  eighth  part 
of  a  pipe  of  wine,  the  eighth  day  from  a  church  festival. 
Octavo,  plu,  octavos,  Sk.td^.vdze  (Rule  xlii.),  a  sheet 
folded  into  eight  leaves,  usually  written  8va,  plu,  8vos. 
Latin  oetdvtu;  Spanish  octavo;  French  ii^-oetavo;  Italian  otiavo. 

Oct-ennial,  dk.tin\n\.aU  every  eighth  year,  lasting  eight 
years;  oetennial-ly. 

Latin  oct&nnidlig,  octennium  (octo  awnw).  In  compoanded  words 
annua  becomes  tmnu»:  thna  hi-ennial^  tri-enntaZ,  tept-tunial^  &c. 

Octillion,  ^k.tiV.yunj  a  million  raised  to  the  eighth  power, 
or  1  followed  by  forty-eight  cyphers.  A  million  contains 
six  cyphers,  and  6x8 =48. 

October,  Sk.td'.her,  the  eighth  month  from  March.  At  one 
time  the  year  began  with  March.  We  changed  from 
March  to  Januafy  in  1753. 

Now  that  the  year  begins  with  January,  the  words  September  (7th 
month),  October  i8th  monthX  November  (9th  month),  Deotmber 
(10th  month),  are  anomalous. 

Ooto-deoimal,  ■d^W.maU  (in  Crystalog.)  a  crystal  is  so 
called  which  is  "  8  and  10,"  that  is  having  eight  iJEtces  and 
two  summits.  The  eight  faces  is  "octo,"  and  8  +  2 
summits  =  10  for  "  decimal."    (Lat  octo-  decern,  eight,  ten .) 

Ooto-decimo,  plu,  octo-decimoB,  -^\\.mo3se  (R.  xlii.),  a  sheet 
folded  into  eighteen  leaves.  Usually  written  18mo,  plu, 
18mos.,  and  called  eighteen-mo,    (Latin  oeto-decem.) 

Octo-dentate,  -din'uate,  having  eight  teeth. 
Latin  octo-  dentdiua  {deiu,  gen.  dmUUf  a  toothX 

Octcfld,  6k\to.fldt  cleft  into  eight  segments,  as  a  cSlyx. 
Latin  oeto-t  Jlndo,  perf .  fidi,  to  deave. 

Octo-genarian,  -ef/^.natr'rC.^n,  one  who  has  attained  his 
eightieth  birthday.    (Latin  octogendritu.) 

Octo-gynous  (ought  to  be  octa-gynous),  8k.tSg^.S,nits,  having 
eight  pistils.    (Greek  octa-  gunS,  eight  ladies. 

Octo-pod  (ought  to  be  either  octo-ped  or  octa-pod),  a  crusta- 
cean or  insect  with  eight  feet  and  legs. 
Latin  ocio-  pea,  gen.  pidis;  Greek  olcta-  pous,  %i«^.  v^S^%. 


742  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 


Octo-pns  (ought  to  be  octa-Tpm),  ok\td.pu8  (not  dk.to'.pus), 
a  fish  with  eight  arms.    Plural  octdpi  or  oc^topuses. 

Greek  oktct-  pous^  8  feet.  We  bare  also  the  Oreek  words  c^ctcirdaktiiids 
(8  fingered),  oktorpddis  (8  feet  long),  okta4<yno$  (with.  8  feelers),  &c. 
Octa-  is  the  normal  Oreek  prefix,  and  octo-  the  Latin. 

OctOHsyllable,  '8il.la.b%  a  word  of  eight  syllables ; 

octo-syllftbiOi  -i^Llab'Xkf  consisting  of  eight  syllables. 

Latin  ocUhsyUdba  (Oreek  tul  [sun]  Idbi),  a  syllable  or  that  which 
''holds  t<^[ether"  to  make  one  sound. 

Octroi,  ok\troyy  a  toll  on  consumable  things  paid  in  France  on 

entering  a  town.     (Low  Lat.  auctorium,  i.e.,  auctoritdte.) 

Levied  "by  aathoiity"  of  the  soyereign  on  (1)  drvnka,  (2)  taiable*, 
(S)  fudy  (4)  forage^  (6)  raw  materials, 

Octu-ple,  ok'.tu.pUf  eight-fold.    (Latin  octuplus^  pUco,  to  fold.) 

Ocular,  (not  oecular\  8k\u.lar,  pertaining  to  the  eyes,  with  the 
eyes.    Oc'ular  demonstration,  eye-sight  proof.    OcnLar-ly, 
dk^M.lar.ly.    Oculist,  ok'.u.list,  eye-doctor. 
Latin  oc/Sthu,  the  eye ;  Greek  okhoa,  Le.  ophthalmffSf  the  eye. 
Od,  the  way  mesmerism  acts.    Odd,  strange,  not  even. 

Odilic,  od\U.lk,  ac^.  of  "  od."    (Greek  Mdds,  the  way.) 

This  barbarous  word  was  introduced  by  Baron  Beichenbach,  and  has 
been  used  to  explain  the  "phenomena"  of  table-tumlng,  &c. 

Odd,  strange,  not  even.    H5d,  a  brick  dorsel.    Ode  (1  syl.),  a  poem. 

Odd'-ly ,  odd^ness.    Oddity,  plu.  oddities  (B.  xliv.),  Sd\d!Ltiz. 

Odds,  8dz,  an  uneven  wager,  difference,  inequality. 

Odds  and  ends,  stray  articles,  fragments.  At  odds,  at  variance. 

"  Odds  and  ends,**  ords  and  ends,  beginnings  and  ends  (Skeat,CAatic0r). 

Welsh  odid,  peculiarity,  rarity.    This  explains  the  double  d. 

"  Hod,"  German  hotU.    "  Ode,"  Greek  ddS  (aoidi,  aeidd,  to  singX 

The  monosyllables  (not  ending  in  /,  I,  or  s)  with  a  double  final  con 
sonant  are  add  and  odd,  burr  and  err,  ebb  and  egg,  buzz  and  fuzz, 
bitt,  mitU  ftnd  butt,  fizz,  frizz,  and  whizz.    (Add  banns  of  marriage.) 

-ode  (Greek  termination  -ode8\  nouns.    Li  Medicine. 

-ode  denotes  disease  in  an  unexcited  state  as  tet' anode, 
-ic  denotes  disease  in  an  excited  state  as  tefanie. 

Ode,  ode,  a  lyric  poem.     Owed,  dwd  (to  rhyme  with  mowed). 
"  Ode,"  Oreek  6d6.    "  Owed,"  Old  EngUsh  dht,  ag[an],  to  owe. 

Odious,  d\dl.u8  (not  o'.djus),  hateful;  odious-ness,  odious-ly.    . 

Odium,  o\di.um,  blame.  Odium  theologicum,  -Th^.o.- 
I6dg'\i.kum,  bitter  hatred,  hatred  as  intolerant  as  that 
excited  by  theological  differences. 

Latin  odiSsus,  odtwn,  v.  odi,  I  hate. 
Odometer,  o.dSm'.S.tcr  (should  be  hodometer),  an  instrument 
attached  to  a  comaoe  -^^aa^  \ft  measure  the  distanoa 
travelled  over-,  o^omfe^3CiRa^.^  o*  .d^.iw^iJ*  .T\\OaLV 

Greek  hodos  mrtron,  a  ^iiT-me^Ttj»»  %m«»Kv>x«  ^V  ^\vv.t«A. 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  743 

■II 

Odont-  before  Yowels,  Odon'to-  before  consonants  (Gk.  prefix), 
a  tooth.    (Greek  ddous,  gen.  odontos^  a  tooth.) 

Odont-algia,  o\d6n.taV' Ajfi,ah^  tooth- ache  ;  odontalgic, 
o' ,di!hiJt&V' .djik,  a  remedy  for  tooth-aohe,  pertaining  to 
tooth-ache.  (Gk.  odcmt-  [odontos]  algos^  pain  of  the  teeth.) 

Odont-aspis,  & ,d5n.tas*' jpis^  a  genus  of  shark-like  fishes 
found  in  the  "  chalk."  (Gk.  odont-  aspis,  teeth  [like]  shields.) 

Odonto,  plu,  odontOB  (B.  xlii),  o.dSn\tdze,  a  tooth  powder. 
Oieek  ddou8t  gen.  ddonida,  the  tooth. 
Odont-oid,  o.ddn\toid,  toQth-like.    (Gk.  odont-,  eidos^  like.) 

Odonto-graph,  o.d(in\tS,graf,  an  instrument  used  in  the 
construction  of  wheel-work.  Odonto-graphy,  o'.dSn.tSg".' 
ra.fy,  a  description  of  the  teeth  of  different  animals. 
Greek  odordo-  grapho,  I  describe  the  teeth. 
Odon'to-lite,  -lite,  a  petrified  tooth.    (Greek  litJioSf  stone.) 
Odonto-logy,  o\dSn.toV\d.gy,  a  treatise  on  teeth. 
Greek  odonto-  Ufgds,  %  word  about  tAe  teeth. 
Odonto-pteris,  o\diin.tdp*\te.ri8,  a  genus  of  fossil  ferns,  the 

leaflets  of  which  have  tooth -like  lobes. 
Greek  odonto-  pUfrU,  tooth[like]  ferns.  % 

OdontoJErtomatous,  •^tdm^d.tiis,  having  mandibles. 
Greek  odonto-,  stdnM,  gen.  tUhn&tos,  a  month. 
Odour,  r/.dor,  perfume ;  odorous,  o\do.ru8 ;    o'dorous-ly. 

Odoriferous,  o.dojiy.^.ruB,  sweet-smelling;  odorif erous-ly, 

odorUTerouB-nesB.    Odour-lefls. 
Latin  Odor,  Odorifgrtu  (odor-fero,  I  carry  perfume). 
Odyle  (should  be  hodyle),  o\dile,  the  acting  power  of  animal 
magnetism.    Odyle-force.    Odylic,  o.diV.ik,  adj.  of  odyle. 
Od,  the  way  mesmerism  acts ;  od'ilic. 
Greek  hodo8  hule,  the  matter  or  that  which  constitutes  "  od." 
Odyssey,  Sd\i8.8y,  the  wanderings  of  Odysseus,  o.di8\8tLce  (Latin 
Ulysses),  one  of  Homer's  epics. 

Every  word  beginning  with  od-  is  Greek,  except  odious  (Latin)  and 
odd  (Welsh). 

-oecia,  -^.stdh  (Gk.  postfix  oikos,  a  house),  adj.    It  denotes  the 
arrangement  of  stamens  and  pistils  in  flowers. 

Mon-oecia,  one-house,  the  stamens  and  pistils  "dwelling" 
on  the  same  plant  (linnseus's  Class  xxi.) 

Di-oecia,  di.^M,ahy  two-houses,  the  stamens  "  dwelling  "  on 
one  plant,  and  the  pistils  on  another.    (Lin.  Class  xxii.) 

(Edema,  e.d^.mah,  a  mild  form  of  dropsy;  oedematous,  e,de\- 
ma.tus,  adj.    (Greek  oidSma,  a  swelling,  a  puffiness.) 

(Enanthic  add,  e.nSn'.thik  as'sld,  the  acid,  oi  iettsi^i^uai^^c^Q^'jj^k 
or  seDontbic  ether  mixed  mt\i  %\xV^\i\m&  «a\\. 


744  ERRORS  OF  (SPEECH 

(Enanfhic  ether,  -^rhSr,  the  ftigrant  priiMij^  ol  wine  and 

other  fermented  drinks.    (Gteek  oinanOte.)* 

TI>e  Oroek  word  ointmthe  Jum  %  difftrent  meaainfi  H  Is  oinS-antM, 
fine  blossom,  and  refers  io  the  joung  shoots  and  tendrils  of  the 
▼ine ;  but  omawthic  mwoB  oinosMinliM,  the  bouqjwt  of  wine. 

QSnothexa,  i\no,ThS'\rah  (not  e.rioth'.ejrah),  evening  primrose. 

Greek  i)ii/M>B  tfUrciO,  to  catch  a  wine  [flavour],  bpOMue  the  drie 
leaves  *'  catch**  a  wlne-Ilke  flavoor. 

0*er.    Ore.    (Mt    Or.    Hoar.    Bbrs.    Whore. 

O'er,  oV,  contraction  of  orAf.    (Old  English  oher  or  6fer.) 

Ore  (1  syl.),  metal  with  soma  ndneraliser.    (Old  Eng.  ora.) 

Oar,  o*r,  for  rowing.     (Old  English  dr,) 

Or  (eonj.)t  contraction  of  other.    (Old  English  oththe,) 

Hoar,  ho'r,  white  with,  age  or  ftoat,    (Old  English  hdr.) 

Hors,  Twr  (French),  disahled,  as  hors  de  combast. 

Whore,  hooW,  a  prostitute.     (Old  Eng.  h6re,  Welsh  huren.) 

Of-  (Latin  oh  [of]  before  -/)*as  of-fend.    {See  Oh-.) 

Of-,  oflf-  (Teut.  prefix),  from,  out-of;  away,  of'-fal,  off'-spring. 

Of,  OV  (prep.),  stands  between  noons  in  regimen :  a  glass  of  wine. 

IT  Between  two  nouns  it  gives  the  latter  an  adjectival  force,  as 
a  man  of  courage  (i.«.,  a  courageous  man). 

IT  ♦*  Of,'*  followed  by  a  [an],  gives  the  noun  preceding  "  of" 
an  adjectival  force,  as  a  brute  qf-a-dog  (a  vile  dog),  a 
monster  of-a-man,  a  m<mstrous  man,  a  love  of'a-honnet,  a 
lovely  bonnet,  a  brute  of-a-womaUt  a  brutal  woman. 

IT  The  "  double  genitive  **  is  used  in  such  elliptical  sentences 
as  these :  a  bust  of  Milton's,  one  which  belonged  to  -Mil- 
ton ;  but  a  btist  of  Milton  is  one  representing  Milton. 
In  a   few   phrases   "of  is   written  o\  as   Two  o'clock, 
Jack  o'  lantern.  Will  o'  the  Wisp. 

Errors  of  Speech, — 
"Of"  for  on  or  toith  is  a  mere  rolgarlsm :  aa 

(1)  Yon  have  not  caUed  of  [on]  na  for  a  long  time. 

(2)  What  can  he  want  o/[with]  these  things? 

(8)  What  can  he  want  o/ these  men?  (is  correct). 
Sentence  (2^  means  What  can  he  want  [to  do  toith]  these  things. 
Sentence  (8)  means  What  can  he  vtant  [to  get  o%U  qf]  these  men. 
In  sentence  (2)  the  word  "  want"  reflects  back  to  the  subject :  What 

can  he  want  [for  himself]  with  [i.e.,  having]  these  things. 
In  sentence  (3)  the  word  "want"  passes  on  to  the  object :   What  of 

these  men  can  he  want?  (i  e.,  what  service). 

Off,  awf,  begone !,  distant,  awi^,  &c.    (Old  English  of.) 

Be  off!  begone !    Fr<mi  off  [the  shelf]  denotes  removal. 
Badly  off,  impeonnious.    Badly  c^  for,  ill-supplied  with. 
Off  and  on,  changeaY^ft.   \o  ^\a.TLd.Qff  and  on  (sea  phrase). 
Off-hand,  imptoinplxi.    Oft^«o\xrai.%>T«Jv:Niafe. 


AND   QF'^BPELLING,  7l5 

%}i         

Off-side  (in  dnving\  to  the  light  hand  of  the  driver. 
The  Qiff-lMine»  the  horse  on  the  right  hand  of  the  driver. 
I  must  he  oC  I  must  go.    To  come  off,  to  fare,  to  happen. 
To  get  off,  to  alight,  to  escape. 

To  go  off  [as  a  gun],  to  get  discharged,  to  desert,  to  depnrr. 
To  take  otfi^  to  carry  away.    Well  off,  faring  welL 
if&d,  ^J'l,  leftise  (off-fall,  German  abfaU)* 

iffence,  Sf.fence  (not  o.fenee,'  a  common  error),  an  affiront, 
a  violation;  offenceMeiii  offenceless-ly.  Offensive, 
of.fin\Av  (noto.y^n^8¥9);  offen'sive-ly,  offen'sive-ness. 

Offend,  ^fjend'  (not  o.fendf);   offend^-ed  (Kule  xxxvi.), 
offend'-ing,  offend'ing-ly,  offend'-er  (not  o.fen\der). 

("Offence**  ought  to  be  offtnte,  we  ifeserve  the  "•"  in  offensive. 

The  blunder  arises  from  confusing  tne  word  with  fence.) 
Latin  offenMo,  offendSre,  supine  offen^um  (o/Cobj/endo,  to  provoke 

much);  Yren&x offense,  offensive. 

►ffer,  ^if.feTt  proposal,  hid,  to  make  a  proposal ;  offered,  <^f.ferd. 

Offer-ing,  proposing,  a  sacrifice,  a  gift;  offer-er,  offer-able. 

Offertory,  8f,f^,t5.ry  (not  8f.frS.to,ry,  a  common  error), 
certain  sentences  in  the  Book  of  Common  Prayer,  alms. 

OldEng.  offr[icm],-paatoffrode,  past  part,  offirod,  offrung,  offering. 
Lat.  offere  (o/[ob]/ere),  to  bring  before  [the  godi],  to  offer. 

)ffioe,  5f,fl8,  function,  a  place  of  trust,  a  room  for  transacting 
business ;  office-bearer,  -hdre'-er,  one  who  holds  office. 

Officer,  Sf.ftjser,  one  holding  a  commission,  a  public  servant; 
officered,  5f,fijs'rd,  furnished  with  officers ;  officer-ing. 

Official,  df.flsh'.dl,  one  vested  with  office,  pertaining  to 
office,  authorised  by  authority ;  offici€kl-ly. 

Officiate,  Sf.fish'Xate,  to  perform  the  "  service"  [in  church] ; 
officiat-ed  (Rule  xxxvi.),  officiat-ing  (Rule  xix.) 

Officious,  of.jUhf.us,  over  com'plaisant ;  offidous-ly, 
offidouB-neBS.    Office  copy,  an  official  copy. 

Official  manager,  one  appointed  to  wind  up  the  affairs  of  a 

joint-stock  company. 
Latin  offidwn,  cffieidXiit  offlddatu  {(ifiob]  facto,  to  act  for  another). 
Officinal,  df.fis'Xndl,    "Officinals"  are  drugs  directed  in  the 
pharmacopfleia  to  be  kept  in  stock  by  druggists. 
Latin  offlclna,  a  warehouse ;  French  [preparation]  officinale. 
Off-  (Teutonic  prefix  of-),  apart  from,  severed  from. 

Off-al,  df.fal,  refuse  food  for  pigs,  <fec.  (off-fall,  Germ,  abfall.) 

Off-ing,  5f.Jing,  ai  a  distance  from  the  shore,  steering  from 
land.    (Old  English  of,  -ung,  off-ing.) 

Off-scouring,  awf.8k5wf-ing^  dreg.a.    ^OW  "E^ti^.  o^  -%t';».T^w^^.^ 


7415  ERRORS  OF  SPEECff 

OfE-set,  awf'set,  a  young  shoot  or  bnlb  sepanted  from  the 
parent  root.    OfEBOt-Btaff,  a  measoring  rod  of  ten  links. 

A  set-ofE^  one  thing  set  against  another  to  cancel  both. 

To  set-ofE^  to  show  to  advantage,  to  start. 
Old  English  cfseUn,  an  offset ;  o/iettan,  to  set  off. 
Off-shoot)  anything  arising  out  of  another. 

To  shoot  off,  to  fire.    (Old  Eng.  ofscedtaii,  ofscedtttng.) 
Off-spring,  progeny.    (Old  English  ofsprinc  or  of  spring.) 
Off-ward,  awf'.wud,  leaning  off  from  shore.  (0.  E.  of-weard.) 
Oft,  contraction  of  often,  frequently.    (Old  English  oft.) 

Often,  off'n  (not  off'.ten),  frequently;  (comp.)  oftener,  off"n.er; 
(super.)  oftenest,  off'^n-est. 
Old  English  oft,  comp.  ^ftor,  super,  of  tost. 
Ogee,  o.g  (often  written  O.G),  a  moulding  with  a  double  curve, 
one  concave  and  the  other  convex.    (Should  be  ogeve.) 

French  ogive  or  augivty  from  the  Latin  augert,  to  augment,  because 
the  "  O.O  arch"  raises  the  height  of  the  crown  by  a  second  ourve. 

Ogham,  (i^.um,  a  cipher  used  by  the  ancient  Irish. 

Ogle,  d'g\  a  side  glance,  to  cast  a  coquetish  glance  towards  one 
of  the  opposite  sex,  to  look  at  a  woman  through  an  eye- 
glass; ogled,  o^.g'ld;  o'gling,  o'gling-ly,  o'gler. 
Spanish  ojuelo,  an  eye-glass. 
Oglio  or  olio,  plu.  olios,  d'.U.dze,  a  medley,  a  hotch-potch. 

A  corruption  of  olla  (Spanish  olla  podrida^  a  pot  of  all  sorts  of  frag- 
ments boiled  up  together,  similar  to  the  French  pot  au  feu). 

Latin  oUa^  a  pot,  olldris,  potted,  oUdrius,  kept  in  a  pot  Probably 
some  confusion  between  olla  (a  pot)  and  oll^o  (rind  and  peel}  may 
have  contributed  to  the  manufacture  of  our  word. 

Ogre,  fern,  ogress,  o'.pY,  d'.grSs,  a  bogey;  ogre-ish. 

Ogres  {d'.g'rz)  were  supposed  to  devour  human  beings. 

Old  Eng.  oga,  terror ;  French  ogre.  Supposed  to  be  from  the  Ognrs. 
Oigours  or  Huns,  said  by  the  credulous  historians  of  the  middle 
ages  to  have  drunk  human  blood  and  fed  on  human  flesh. 

Oh!    0.    Owe.     Ho!    Hoe.    How. 

Oh!  exclamation  of  pain,  distress,  excitement. 
0,  sign  of  address :  as  0  king^  live  far  ever  I 
Owe  (to  rhyme  with  grow),  to  be  indebted  to.   (0.  E.  dg[an\.) 
Ho !  a  call  to  arrest  attention.    (Welsh  ho  I) 
Hoe,  ho,  an  instrument  for  hoeing.     (French  heme.) 
How,  in  what  manner,  to  what  a  degree.    (Old  Eng.  hit.) 
-old  (Gk.  termination  [ol-eidos),  nouns  resembling :  as  spheroid, 

sphairo-eidoi^  \\k.e  a.  «^Yveift, 
These  terminaliona  oxmrYi^  \o\»  o^u*.  %a.«rp^.Ttv.\A.;  vo,  French  the 

more  correct  iorm  la  ciapVo^^  spWmJid*,  «b\v«t«A«X. 


AND  OF  8PELLTNG.  747 

911,  a  fatty  liquid.    Hoyle,  a  writer  on  games :  as  whUU  &c. 
Oiled  (1  syl.),  oil'-ing,  oil'-y,  oill-nesa  (Eule  xi.) 
Essential  oils,  oils  which  evaporate  in  boiling. 

Drying  oils,  oils  which  dry  and  lose  their  greasy  feeling :  as 

linseed  oil,  poppy  oil,  nut  oil. 
Unctious  oils,  oils  which  do  not  dry :  as  olive  oil,  almond 

oiL,  rapeseed  olL,  whale  oil. 

Mineral  oil,  oil  extracted  from  certain  minerals :  as  lignite, 
bitu'men.    Paraffin  is  a  mineral  oil. 

Sock  oil,  oil  which  rises  from  wells  or  springs,  and  requires 
simply  to  be  collected  and  packed :  as  petrol^m. 

Oil-<»ke,  cakes  made  of  flax-seed,  rape-seed,  &c.,  from  which 
the  oil  has  been  extracted.    It  is  a  food  for  cattle. 

Oil  colour,  a  pigment  mixed  with  oil.    Pigments  mixed 
with  water  are  called  water  colours. 

Oiled-paper,  oiledHBolk;  oil-clath,  floor  cloth;  oil-skin,  a 
sort  of  waterproof  cloth ;  oil-cups,  oil  gas. 

Oiling  out,  running  a  thin  coat  of  drying  oil  over  a  part  of 
a  picture  to  be  wiped  out. 

Oilman,  plu.  oilmen,  one  who  sells  oil. 

Oil-mill,  oil-nut,  oil-painting ;  oil-stone,  a  hone. 

Oil-spring,  a  spring  from  which  oil  issues ;  oil-welL 

Oil  of  bricks,  obtained  by  subjecting  bricks  soaked  in  oil 
to  the  process  of  distillation.    Used  by  lapidaries. 

Oil  of  yit'riol,  sulphuric  acid. 

The  liquid  principle  of  oil  is  called  oleine,  c^MXn, 
The  fatty  or  suety  part  is  stearine,  8te\a.rin. 

Oleaginous,  c^M,adf\X.nu8;  oleaginous-nesa. 

Olefiant,  d.lSf'.tantf  a  manufactured  oil. 

Oleic,  o\UXk;  oleiferous,  ^IS.lf'AaUs.    {See  Oleic.) 

Oleom'eter  (should  be  Eleometer),  an  oil  gauge. 

Latin  <9f2eum,  oU&glnu8;  Greek  ilaiSn  metron. 
lint'ment,  a  salve.    (Latin  ungiientum,  ungo,  to  anoint.) 
lid,  (comp.)  old-er,  (super.)  old-est.    Eld,  eld-er,  eld-est. 

(1)  Old,  older,  oldest,  is  applied  to  both  persons  and  things. 
Eld,  elder,  eldest,  is  applied  to  persons  only. 

(2)  Older,  oldest,  denote  duration  of  time. 

Elder,  eldest,  denote  priority  of  birth,  and  have  no  reference 

to  length  of  age,  as  one's  eldest  son  may  have  lived  fewer 

years  than  the  youngest. 

This  is  my  youngest  son  (forty  yean  old  io-dKf),\&&  ^<^«t  Xfc^^N^c^sx 
(my  eldest  son)  died  in  infancy. 


748  ERRORS  OF  SPEECH 

Old-nets,  old-ish  {-Uh  added  to  ac^.  is  dim.,  added  to  nonns 
it  means  "like");  olden  times,  of  yore. 

Old-fasjiioned,  antiquated.    Old  age. 

Old-clotlieBmant  'klotha-man^  one  who  buys  old  clothes. 

Old  bachelor,  fern,  old  maid,  an  unmarried  man  or  woman 
past  the  usual  marrying  age.    Old  Tom,  strong  gin. 

Old  school,  having  the  manners  and  opinions  of  times  gone 
by.    New  school,  having  modem  manners,  <&c 

An  old  song,  worthless.    Old  style,  the  Julian  mode  of 
reckoning.    New  style,  the  reformed  method. 

Old  Bed  Sandstone,  the  series  of  strata  between  the  coal 
measures  and  the  Silurian  system. 

Old  Testament,  the  Bible  Arom  Genesis  to  Malachi.    From 
Matthew  to  Bevelation  is  the  New  Testament. 

Old  Eng.  eaJd,  oomp.  yldrcu  aumx.  yldestt  ecUdor,  an  elder,  ealdorman, 
an  alderman.  *'  EaldfaBder,''  aldfather,  is  a  much  better  word  than 
the  hjhrid  gran4father,  ind  loiB  aldaldfather  than  the  meaningless 
great  gramafoiher. 

There  is  no  reason  why  we  should  not  revive  the  verb  ealdCiotiL  PMt 
ealdode,  past  part,  ealdod,  to  [grow]  old. 

Oleaginous,  o\li.adg'\iMit8,  oily,  unotious;    oleag'inoitB-neis. 
See  Oil.     (Latin  dUaglmis,  Sleum,  oil.) 

Oleander,  o\l^.dn^\der,  an  evergreen  shrub,  the  rose  bay. 

Oleaster,  d^le.d8'\ter,  the  wild-olive-tree.    (Latin  dleaster.) 

Olefiant  gas  (not  oli-),  d,Uf.\.ant  gas,  made  by  heating  sulphuric 
acid  and  alcohoL     (Latin  oleum-ficio  [facio].) 

So  called  because  it  forms  with  chlorine  a  compound  resembling  oil. 

Oleic  add,  d\U.lk  ds^sid,  an  acid  resulting  from  the  action  of 
certain  oils  upon  potash  during  the  formation  of  soap. 

Oleate,  ^MMe,  a  salt  of  oleic  acid  {-ate  denotes  a  salt 
formed  from  an  acid  in  4c  with  a  base). 

Oleiferous,  d^,UXf'.Lru9  (not  SMf.ijrus)^  producing  oil. 

Oleine,  o^M.ln,  the  liquid  portion  of  oil  and  fat.  The  suet 
or  fatty  part  is  called  stearine,  8te\drXn. 

As  "stearine"  is  Greek  {stg&r,  suet),  "oleine"  should  be  the  Greek 
"elaine"  [e.lay'.in]  also,  and  not  the  Latin  "oleine." 

Oleon,  o\U.on,  a  liquid  obtained  from  oleine  and  lime. 

Oleometer,  d\l^.5m'\^.ter,  an  instrument  for  testing  oils. 

This  hybrid  should  be  €keometer,  Greek  elcdOn  -miirtm. 
Oleo-phosphorie^  -fos.for'fikf  an  acid  found  in  brain,  &c. 
Oleo-resin,  turpentine  and  vegetable  balsam. 
Oleo-sacchaTum,  -iuVkd.xum,  oVl  and  sugar. 

Latin  tfleum,  oleam-/eTO,  (a«ftt«wm>2a.^xft<5t'«»«».tw.. 


AND  OF  SPELLING.  749 

'  ■  *    '      II 

Olfac'tory,  pertaining  to  the  sense  of  smelling.    The  olfactories, 

5LfSk\t8^r^  ^e  oiigans  of  smelling,  the  nose. 

Lfttin  olfadu$.  An  ill-fonned  word.  The  Latin  olfactorium  means 
a  "  nose-gay/'  alreadj  appropriated  to  another  meaning. 

Olibanum,  o.Vib'M.mim,  an  aromatic  gum  resin.    (Gk.  libdnos.) 

'*  Libanoa"  la  the  tree,  and  UbdnStas  the  gum  resin;  <U  Arab  article. 

Oligo-  olig.  before  a  (Greek  prefix),  a  few,  little  {oUgdiy  a  few). 

Olig-archy,  plu.  oligarchies,  dV.i.gar.klz  (Rule  xliv.),  the 
rule  vested  in  "the  few";  oligarch,  Sl'X,gark,  one  of  the 
rulers  of  an  oligftrohy;  oligarchical,  ol\i.gar''Mkal; 
oligarchioal-ly.    (Greek  ollgde  archS,  rule  of  the  few.) 

Oligo-clase,  SV.i.go.hUiz,  soda-felspar. 

Qreek  oUgo-  kldsii,  littla  fraotaM,  in  allusion  to  its  cleavage. 

Olio,  plu.  olios,  a  medley,  a  hotch-potch. 

A  corruption  of  oUa  (Span,  olla  podrid(i),  Lat.  olla,  a  pot.  The  Fr. 
pot  au  fen  iftto  which  all  so^  of  fragments  are  boiled  together. 

Olive,  oV.lVf  a  tree,  the  fruit  of  the  tree,  a  brownish-greeD  ; 
oUvaceous,  5V.%.vay'\8k&8t  olive  green,  bttve-likd ;  olive- 
brown,  a  colour;  olive-crown,  given  at  the  Olympic 
games;  ollTe  branch,  emblem  of  pease;  ollre^il,  olive- 
yard.     (Latin  Stwum,  dUvHeeuB,) 

Olla  podrida  (Spanish),  dV.lah  p8cUr^.dahf  a  medley. 

The  tainted  pot  (Latin  oUa,  a  pot),  being  so  often  replenished  and  so 
rarely  emptied  and  pozifled. 

Olympiad,  d\ltm\piMd,  a  period  of  four  years  (the  interval  be- 
tween  the  Olympic  games  of  Greece),  this  period  formed 
the  Grecian  standard  of  computation,  like  our  A.D. 

Olympic,  o.VLvtC.pik^  adj.  [An]  Olympic,  plu.  Olympics,  the 
Olympic  festival.    Olym'pian,  living  on  Olympus. 

(Zeus,  the  Muses,  &c.,  are  OlympUm  not  Olympie.  The  games  are 
Oiympie  not  Olympian.) 

Oiumpia,  a  district  of  EUs,  in  Greeee,  wk«re  the  games  were  held, 

Olumpici,  the  games,  Olwnpieion,  Olwnpikos.    Olumpds^  a  hill  in 

Olympia  the  fabled  residence  of  the  gods.    XTAlMpplIy  we  Latinise 

'  ■  the  Qreek  u  and  k  !nto  y  and  e,  whereby  we  lose  tiie  ibf  toess  of  the 

u  uid  the  charactnistic  value  of  k  for  the  too  common  c 

Ombre,  ome^bray  (not  om^.her)^  a  game  at  c«rds  fpr  tkree. 

Spanish  homhre,  the  man  [itho  plavs  fior  the  pool  'against  two  adver- 
saries]. SpaoUIe  (ace  of  spadesX  the  best  card.  Manllle  (lowest 
card  1b  trumps),  the  next  best  caid.  BastO  (aee  of  clubs),  the 
third  best  card.  PiMltO  (the  ace  of  hearts  or  spades  if  trumps),  the 
fourth  best  card.  All  the  tricks  in  one  hand  Vole.  The  victory 
against  Ombre  is  termed  CodUIe. 

Ombrometer,  Sm.br9m'.S,terf  a  rain-gauge.    (Gk.  ombros.  rain.) 

« 

Omega,  o'.m^.gah  ^not  Sm'.e.gah  nor  o.mt.gah\  long  o,  and  the 
last  letter  of  the  Greek  alphabet ;  Uie  end. 
"lam alpha atnd  fmsga,  the degriiMiiim  ami tHs «nA^  \^<<«.V%v 


750  ERRORS  OF  8PEE0E      ' 

Omelet,  bm'Mt  (not  om'M.Ut  nor  ov^.m^MtSt  a  sort  of  pancake 
made  of  beaten  eggs.    (French  omdeUe  \pm,let\ ) 

Omen,  S^.men^  a  presage,  a  prognostic;  omened,  d'.mendy  prog- 
nosticated; ominons,  ^'XniZs,  foreboding,  inauspicioas; 
om'inouB-ly,  om^inons-neeB. 
Latin  Omen,  gen.  Hm/Ms^  Om/bnSaut  (Ghreek  oUmai,  to  forebode). 

Omicron,  d.mi\kr8n  (not  Sm\i,kr9n\  short  o  in  Greek. 

Omission,  d,in%8h'.on,  failure  to  do,  neglect ;  omisstve,  -8iv. 

Omit,  o.mif ,  to  leave  out;  omitf-ed  (B.  xxxvi.),  omitf-ing, 
B.  iv.    (Latin  omitto,  supine  omissumt  omUsio.) 

Verbs  in  -t  and  -te  sometimeB  take  -twn  and  sometimes  -non.  The 
role  is  this :  if  the  supine  of  the  Latin  verb  is  sum^  "-sion  "  is  to 
be  used,  if  not  "lion."  TbnB  **  omit"  makes  omissionf  and  "dis- 
sent "  dissensiofhf  bat "  inspect "  makes  irupectionf  &c. 

Om'ni-  (Latin  prefix),  nouns,  all,  entirely  (omnis,  all). 

Omnibus,  plu,  omnibuses  (hot  innnibi),  9m^M.hu8,  means  a 

conveyance  for  all  [who  choose  to  use  it]. 
It  is  the  dative  ease  plvraJ,  of  "  omniis  "  and  not  a  nominaHvt  case^ 

Om'ni-farious,  -fair^HMst  of  all  varieties  of  formu 
Latin  omnifdHus  (omnibus  modis  est  fari). 

Om'ni-perdpient,  'per.8tp\i.ent,  understanding  all  things, 

seeing  all  things.    Onmi-perdpience. 
Latin  omniriomida.]perapiens,  gen.  perdtpientia. 

Omni-potent,  dm.nip^o.tent,  all-powerful;  omnip'otent-ly. 

Omnip'otence,  omnip'otency. 

Latin  omnipotentia,  omnipotens,  gen.  omnipotenHs  (omnia  po»H). 

Om'ni-pres'ent,  every- where  present.    Onmipres'ence. 
Latin  omnir  prcesent,  gen.  prcesentia  (pra  aumj. 

Omniscient,  bm.nUW.ent  (not  ^.nlsK.unt),  knowing  all 
things;  onmiscient-ly.  Omniscience,  5m.n%i' JLence ; 
omnisoiency,  knowledge  of  everything. 

Latin  omni-[omnia]«ci«ntia,  aeiens,  knowing  all  things. 

Omnium  gatherum,  owfmlMm  gSth.ir.vm,  a  familiar  dog- 
Latin  phrase  for  a  miscellaneous  collection,  a  gathering- 
together  of-all-sorts-of-things. 

Omni-vorous,  5m.ntv'.8.ru8,  eating  both  vegetable  and  animal 

food.    Omnivores,  om.nlv\d,reeZf  an  order  of  birds. 
Latin  omnir  [omnia]  vorana,  eating  all-things. 

On-  (a  Teutonic  prefix),  upon,  forwards :  on-setj  on-wards. 

-on  (Fr.  term.,  Lat.  -o),  nouns.    In  Chem.  a  metalloid :  as  hantu 

monet  -con,  -on  (a\igmeiii\&\iN«V  'Muns,  large :  as  trombenu  (a 
large  wind  mativimenV;)^  haU-wm  V>\sa%«6  \iill),  miUion  (a 
large  thou&aiidy 


AND  OF  SPELLING,  751 

On.    Upon,  i[p.ih/.    There  is  no  real  difference  between  these 
two  prepositions.    We  say : 
It  lies  on  the  gfonnd  Tor)  tfpon  the  ground  frtstj. 
Put  this  on  the  table  (or)  upon  the  table  (motion). 
He  got  on  the  eoach  (or)  Mj^on  the  coach  fcucentj. 
It  fell  on  the  ground  (or)  i^jMm  the  ground  f  descent  J. 
On  this  hint  I  spake  (or)  upon  this  hint  faa  a  conseguencej* 
On  better  acquaintance  (o^  vfton  better  acquaintance. 

On-to  for  upon  or  tip  to  is  a  Yiilgarism :  as 

The  dog  jumped  on-to  [mpon]  the  table. 

The  horse  went  well  on-io  [up  to]  the  second  mile-stone. 

But  when  on  is  part  of  a  compound  verb  to  may  follow : 
as  hold-on  to  the  ropes;  laugh-on  to  your  heart's  content. 

On  dit  (Fr.),  o'n  dee,  a  flying  rumour,  a  report. 

Once,  wunce  (rhymes  with  dunce'U  &  single  time. 

At  once,  all  at  one  time,  immediately.    Once  and  again, 
repeatedly,  ("  Onee"  firom  one :  as  Germ,  einst  from  ein.) 

One,  i9tcn.    Won,  vmii^    On. '  Wan,  w^, 

One»  an  indiviclual,  a.  sini^  specimen.     Okies,  wunzy  per-. 

sons;  one-ness,  vaiLrf-nesB,  unity.    At  one,  in  accord. 

One  o'clock;  one-eyed;  one-si'ded,  one-si'ded-ness. 

One  =  the  French  on^  someone,  I  myself. 

''  On  "  is  a  contraction  of  hornvtM  Com,  on),  and  "one"  is  our  Ttiom.,  man. 
The  Germans  say  wie  man  sagen  mOchte  (as  one  might  say),  wie  mun 
es  wtlnscht  (as  one  would  have  it),  hier  man  spridit  deutsdie. 

Errors  of  Speech, 

(I.)  One  is  not  to  be  changed  into  another  pronoun  in  the  same  sentence. 
Hence  the  following  sentences  are  incprrect : 

(1)  In  former  days  one  went  by  coach. 
But  now  he  [one]  goes  by  train. 

(2)  In  such  a  scene  one  might  forget  his  cares. 

And  dream  himself  [oneself],  in  poet's  mood,  away. 
(8)  One  is  apt  to  forget  hvmaelf  [oneself]  in  such  a  matter. 
(4)  One  ought  to  take  care  of  hie  [one's]  health. 
(6)  One  should  do  a  thing  himseJIit  [oneself],  if  he  [one]  wishes  it  to  be 

well  done. 
(6)  In  correcting  the  faults  of  others  one  ought  to  be  doubly  careful 

to  be  correct  himeeJf  [oneself]. 

CEC)  One  Another.    One  to  Another. 

2V>  may  precede  **  one  another "  or  may  be  placed  between  the  two 
words :  as  "  be  kind  to  one  another"  (or)  "one  to  another,"  but 
the  former  is  less  pedantic.  Ih  the  one  case  "  one-another  "  is  « 
compound  pronoun,  and  in  the  other  case  it  is  the  Latin  alius 
eilium,  as  oMus  aXium  dUigSbat. 

(in.)  A  not  an  should  precede  one,  because  there  is  in  reality  a  digamma 
before  the  o  (w[one]X  Hence  "such  an  one,"  "many  an  one," 
•  should  be  "such  a  one,"  " many  a  one^" 

"  One,"  O.  E.  dn  or  or^.    "  On,"  O.  B.  on.    "  Wan,"  pale,  O.  E.  won. 

"Won,"  Old  Eng.  loiimObn],  past  wan,  past  part,  wunnen. 

OnerMy,  (Sftif .i.r&.rj^    Honorary,  M.6.ra.ry. 

Onerary,  adapted  for  bearing  burdens,  weighty. 
Honorary,  conferring  honour  withovit  ftxnoYxx-wvetsX.. 


752  ERRORS  OF  I^W9M 

■  >  r      I, 


Oneioiifl,  '&tCjE,r^  (not  ^Jt^-riSs),  boithensome ;  onerons-ly. 
Onus,  o^.nuSy  stigma,  trouble,  weight. 
Lftt.  dfniM,  gen.  Mfrit,  OnirdrivMy  iMrdBUs^Sk.  dndt,  an  assX 

Onion,  un'.yiin  (not  on\yiin)y  a  bolbous  vegetable. 

French  oignoUf  Latin  v/nio,  gen.  I0ki6ni8.  The  connection  between 
onion,  pecui,  and  union  ^  Latis)  is  very  cnrions.  "  Unio  "  means 
all  three.  Pearls  were  so  cattod"  because  two  are  never  found  alike 
in  any  shell,  but  eadi  pearl  ia  WfUque.  Onion  is  so  called  from  its 
pearly  lustre,  and  union  from  its  (^eness. 

Only,  on.ly  (to  rhyme  with  lonely),  one  alone,  merely. 

Only-begotten  [son],  one  [soti]  without  4my  second. 

(?)  The  position  of  only. 

As  a  rongh  general  rnle  OrUy  ^oold  stand  itmnediately  before  the 
word  it  qualifies,  and  Aifme  immediate)^  after,  but  this  rule  in 
regard  to  atdy  Is  very  laxly  followed :  Thus  we  say 

(1)  "  I  only  shot  one  bird  an  the  day." 

(2)  **  I  shot  only  one  bird  aU  the  day." 
(8)  "  I  shot  one  bird  only  aU  the  day." 

The  first  <4  these  is  the  most,  usual,  altlyiagfa  gi^bniifarlans  dkUke  it. 
In  examlAi  (1)  **  shootlac-bivAi*  is  a  oofiipowad  word  qaalilled  by  the 
number  one,  two,  Aa  (aa  it  m^  b^,  and  "cBigJ'  es^MeaeB  the  fact 
that  my  success  in  "shooting-birds "  was  livited  to  only  shooting- 
on«-blM.    TUs  is  really  more  derflnltd  than  cdtiher  taiaofiU  S  or  8» 
where  a  supplemental  clattse  seems  to  be  required ;  aa 
"  I  shot  only  one  bird  [but  several  hares],"  or 
''I  shot  one  bird  onlv  ^but  several  hares].** 
Old  English  dna,  dnan  or  dnlic  (dn  or  dbn,  one). 

OnomatopoBia,  6.ndm\a.to~pe^'.ah,  an  imitation  word:  as  moo, 
caw,  mewl,  hu2z,jizz,  crack,  bang,  Ssc, 

Onomatopoetic,  8.nSm'.&.to~pd.ifJlk, 

Lat.  dndmdtopceia  (Ok.  &n&ma  poiM,  [the  sound]  makes  the  word). 
This  very  long  and  difficult  word  nuj^  be  shortened  by  omitt^g  -to-, 
as  in  SvofM-kXi^dTfif,  dvofia-KkvrSif  dpofxd-Kperos,  ^to. 

On'set,  the  first  brunt,  a  violent  attaek.     (Old  £ng.  on8eU[an].) 

Onslaught,  on'.8lawt,  a  slaughterous  attack.   (Old  Eog.  onstage.) 

Ontology,  fm.tdV.5.gy,  the  science  of  existence,  its  reality,  and  its 
object;    ontologic,  dn\t5.l5dg'\ik ;    on'tologi<»l,  dn'.to.- 
Vod^WJsdl;  oatolog'ical-ly ;   ontdogigt,  i^MVJi.gXst, 
Gk.  [ro}on  logos,  discourse  about  rd  6v  existence  or  being. 

Onus,  r/.nus,  the  weight,  the  difficulty,  the  task :  as 

Onvs  proban'di,  the  task  of  proof ; 

Onus  imporiandi,  the  charge  and  risk  of  importing  merchandise. 

Onward  {adj.),  forward.    Onwaids  (adv.),  in  advance. 

Although  onward  is  sometimes  used  adverbially,  yet  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  it  is  the  final  s  whidi  givei  the  adverbial  character 
to  the  word,  -es  being  our  mMn  adverbial  suflfai :  ac  niffvUs, 
nightly  («nig)itiC^.    Q\<i£u!s]Uflh  on-toeard,  on-v>eardes. 

Onyx,  o^1tta:,  atstxeaVg  a%%Xft,wi^iwfctt»*\a.^'ii<5WCTN«  of  the  eye. 

y 


:^' 


■  ■  -  '^w