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EX LIBRIS
JOHANNIS FLETCHER
PER DUO ET VIGINTI
ANNOS LINGUAE LaTINAE IN COLLEGIO
Universitatis
Professoris: qui mense Julio
a.d. mdccccxvii mortuus est:
li bros quos ille penitus amaverat
uxor et filii ejus collegio amato
DONAVERUNT.
DULCES EXUVIAE DUM FATA DEUS-QUE SINEBANT.
— Virg: Mrt: IV.
ilHorti's anti fflorgau's Hatiu Series
EDITED FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
EDWARD P. MORRIS, L.H.D..
PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN VALE UNIVERSITY
AND
MORRIS H. MORGAN. Ph.D.,
PROFESSOR OF CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY
VOLUMES OF THE SERIES
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Hblr^hNTIALS OF LATIN
FOR BEGINNERS
BY
HENRY CARR PEARSON, A.B., Harvard
HORACE MANN SCHOOL, TEACHERS COLLEGE, NEW YORK
o>Hc
NEW YORK-:- CINCINNATI •:- CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
Copyright, 1905, nv
EDWARD P. MORRIS AND MORRIS H. MORGAN.
Enteked at Stationers' Hall, London,
pearson. essentials of latin.
PREFACE
This book is designed to prepare pupils in a thorough
fashion to read Caesar's Gallic War. It contains seventy
lessons, including ten that are devoted exclusively to
reading, and six supplementary lessons. The first seventy
lessons contain the minimum of what a pupil should know
before he is ready to read Latin with any degree of intel-
ligence and satisfaction. The supplementary lessons deal
largely with certain principles of syntax that some teachers
may not wish to present to their pupils during the first
year's work. They are independent of one another and
of the rest of the book, and may, therefore, be taken up in
any order that the teacher wishes, or any number of them
may be omitted.
It is hoped that the following features will commend
themselves to teachers of first year Latin :
1. Carefully selected vocabularies, containing with a
very few exceptions only those words that occur with the
greatest frequency in Caesar's Gallic War. About five
hundred words are presented in the first seventy lessons.
2. The constant comparison of English and Latin usage.
Not much knowledge of English grammar on the part of
the pupil is taken for granted. The more difficult con-
structions are first considered from the English point of
view.
3. A more logical and consecutive treatment of topics.
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, and verbs are not treated in
5
6 PREFACE
a piecemeal fashion, but four or five consecutive lessons
are devoted to a topic before passing on to another. Suf-
ficient change, however, is introduced to avoid monotony.
4. A brief preparatory course. Allowing ample time
for reviews, the first seventy lessons should be thoroughly
mastered in about twenty-five weeks.
5. The Review Exercises under each lesson. These
employ the vocabulary and constructions of the preceding
lessons, and afford additional practice for those who wish
it. They may be omitted, however, if desired, as the
regular Exercises also review preceding constructions.
6. Carefully graded material for reading. There are
selections from Vh'i Romae and the first twenty chapters
of Caesar's Gallic War, Book II, in simplified form. This
should prepare a pupil to begin to read the regular text
of Caesar at the beginning of the second year.
I wish to express my grateful acknowledgments to the
following well-known teachers of Latin who have read
the manuscript of this book, and have rendered valuable
assistance by their suggestions and criticisms : Mr. H. F.
Towle, Boys' High School, Brooklyn ; Mr. A. L. Hodges,
Wadleigh High School, New York City; Mr. A. J. Inglis,
Horace Mann High School, New York City ; Mr. Herbert
T. Rich, Boston Latin School. This book has had the
benefit of the criticism of Professor M. H. Morgan of
Harvard University, one of the editors of the series, who
has carefully read both the manuscript and the proof.
HENRY CARR PEARSON.
1
New York City,
January, 1905.
CONTENTS
LESSON
Introduction
I. First Declension or Stems in -a-. Feminine Nouns
First Declension or Stems in -a- (continued). Feminine Adjectives
First Declension or Stems in -a- (continued). Limiting Genitive
Present Indicative of Sinn ......
First Conjugation. Present Indicative. Direct Object .
Second Declension or Stems in -o. Masculine Nouns in -us. Mas
culine of Adjectives . .......
6. Second Declension (continued). Neuters in -«w. Appositive. In
direct Object . . . • . . . • ^ •
7. Declension of Adjectives in -z<5, -(7, -«<;«. Agreement
8. Second Declension (continued). Masculines in -er and -ir .
9. Second Declension (continued). Masculines in -?'/« and www. Ad
jectives in -ei-, -{e)ra, -(e)ruiii .....
ID. Imperfect and Future Indicative of Sum. Order of Words. Review
11. First Conjugation. Principal Parts. Formation and Conjugation of
the Imperfect and Future Indicative Active . . . .
12. First Conjugation (continued). Perfect Indicative Active. Ablative
of Means ...........
13. First Conjugation (continued). Pluperfect and Future Perfect
Indicative Active. Review
14. Second Conjugation. Characteristics. Formation and Conjugation
of the Indicative Active ........
15. Third Declension. Consonant Stems
16. Third Declension (continued). Consonant Stems. Ablative of Cause
17. Third Declension (continued). Stems in -i-
18. Review of Third Declension. Rules of Gender. Ablative of Time
When
19. Reading Lesson. Adaptation of ("haptcr T, Book I, Gallic War.
Hints for Translation
20. Present Indicative Passive of the First and Second Conjugations.
Ablative of Agent
7
PAGE
II
16
18
20
22
25
28
30
33
36
40
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
65
68
CONTENTS
Abla-
On.
f the
21. Imperfect and Future Passive of the First and Second Conjugations
Ablative of Manner .....
22. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Passive of the First an
Second Conjugations ......
23. Adjectives of the Third Declension. Three Terminations
tive of Specification ......
24. Adjectives of the Third Declension (continued). Two and
Terminations. Dative with Adjectives
25. Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter II .
26. Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect of Sta/i. Review
First and Second Conjugations ....
27. Third Conjugation. Present, Imperfect, and I'ulure, Active and
Passive .........
28. Third Conjugation (completed). Verbs in io
29. Present Infinitive, Active and Passive. The Infinitive used
English .........
30. Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chajitcr III .
31. /s. Idem
32. The Relative Pronoun .......
33. Hie and Ille. Adjectives used as Substantives
34. Ipse, Iste. Irregular Adjectives. Ablative of Separation
35. Fourth Conjugation. The Interrogative Quis
36. Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter IV .
37. Fourth Declension ........
38. Irregular Verb Ed. Place Where, Whence, Whither
39. Review of the Four Conjugations. Dative of Possessor .
40. Numerals. Accusative of Extent of Time and Space
41. Fifth Declension. Partitive Genitive ....
42. Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter V .
43. Comparison of Adjectives, Ablative of Comparison
44. Comparison of Adjectives (continued). Ablative of the Measure
of Difference .......
45. Irregular Comparison of Adjectives. Possum
46. Review of Comparison of Adjectives. Formation and Comparison
of Adverbs .......
47. Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter VI .
48. Personal and Reflexive Pronouns ....
49. Possessive Adjectives. Dative of Service
50. Indefinite Pronouns. Descriptive Ablative and Genitive
51. Participles. Forms, Declension, and Meanings
52. Participles (continued). Ablative Absolute .
CONTENTS 9
LESSON PAGE
53. Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter VII . . . -154
54. Infinitives. Formation and Meanings 155
55. Indirect Discourse. Simple Statements 157
56. Deponent Verbs. Ablative with Utor, Fruor, etc. .... 161
57. Fero &nd Flo. Dative with Intransitives 163
58. Reading Lesson, Adaptation of Chapter VIII .... 165
59. The Subjunctive Mood. Present Tense. Clauses of Purpose . 166
60. The Subjunctive (continued). Imperfect Tense. Result Qauscs . 169
61. Void, Nolo, Mdlo. Relative Clause of Purpose . . . .172
62. Indirect Questions. Sequence of Tenses . . . . .174
63. Substantive Clauses . . . . . . . . .178
64. Reading Lesson, Adaptation of Chapter IX 181
65. Object Clauses with Verbs* of Fearing. Cum Temporal, Causal,
and Concessive . . . . . . . . .182
66. Compounds of Sum. Dative with Compound Verbs . . .185
67. The Imperative. Commands and Exhortations . . . .187
68. Gerund and Gerundive . . . . . . . , .190
69. Complete Review of Verb Forms ,,..... 193
70. Reading Lesson. Adaptation of Chapter X . . . . . 194
SUPPLEMENTARY LESSONS
71. Conditional Sentences. Present and Past Time , . , . 196
72. Conditional Sentences (continued). Future Time . . . . 198
73. Wishes 200
74. Indirect Discourse. Complex Sentences 202
75. Impersonal Use of Verbs. Supine. Different Ways of p\pres?ing
Purpose ........... 204
76. Periphrastic Conjugations 206
Selections for Reading:
Selections from Roman History ....... 209
Caesar. Gallic War, Book II, Chapters 1-20 ..... 218
Appendix, Tables of Inflections, Conjugation, etc 231
Latin-English Vocabulary 267
English-Latin Vocabulary 299
Index 315
do)
ITALY AND GAUL
SCALE OF MILES
100 200 300 400 500
INTRODUCTION
1. These introductory sections should be read by the
pupils and used for reference. Pupils learn pronunciation
quickly by imitation. It is suggested that the teacher
pronounce slowly the words in sections 9 and 21, and that
the pupils repeat. Reference may be made to the rules
as mistakes are made.
Alphabet
2. The Latin alphabet is the same as the EngHsh,
except that it has no j or %v. I is used both as a vowel
and as a consonant.
3. The vowels are a, e, i, 0, u. The other letters are
consonants.
4. Diphthongs are combinations of two vowels that are
pronounced as one. They are
ae oe au eu ui
Roman Method of Pronunciation
5. The long vowels are pronounced as follows :
a like a in fatJier. i like i in niac/iine.
e like e in frey. 6 like 0 in note.
u like CO in root.
6. The short vowels are pronounced as follows :
a like the first a in aha. i like / in pit.
e Hke e in step. 0 like 0 in or.
u like u in /////.
II
12 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
7. Most of the consonants are pronounced as in English.
But note the following points :
c and g are hard, as in come s is a hissing sound, as in sin;
and go. never like z, as in ease.
i consonant is like j m.yes. ch is like cJi in cJiorus.
t is hard, as in tin. ph is like /// in alphabet.
V is like zv in wijte. , qu is almost like kw.
8. The diphthongs are pronounced as follows :
ae like ai in aisle. au like on in Jionse.
oe like oi in toil. eu (rare) like ^Ji-oo.
ui is almost like ive. ei (rare) like ci in eight.
9.
EXERCISE
hi
vis
haec
genus
vir
ad
quis
me
coepit
mensae
ita
tot
quia
regn5
cui
iam
sic
causa
-que
aeger
Syllables
10. A syllable consists of a vowel or diphthong either
alone or with one or more consonants. Therefore a word
has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs :
ae-di-fi-co, / build.
11. A single consonant between two vowels belongs with
the following vowel : a-mi-cus, friend.
12. If there are two or more consonants between two
vowels, as many are joined with the following vowel as
can be pronounced with it : ho-spes, guest ; co-gno-sco, /
recognize.
13. Compound words are divided into their component
parts : ad-est (ad, near ; est, lie is), Jie is present.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 1 3
14. Doubled consonants are separated : pu-el-la, girl.
15. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima ; the
next to the last, \.\\q penult ; the one before the penult, the
antepenult.
Quantity
16. Vowels are long (-) or short (^). The long vowels
are marked in this book ; unmarked vowels (except in
diphthongs) must be considered short.
17. The following are a few general rules for determin-
ing the quantity of vowels :
1. A vowel is short before another vowel or h: c6-pi-a,
abundance.
2. Vowels resulting from contraction are long : co-go
(coago), / collect.
3. Vowels are long before nf, ns, net, ncs : infero, / bring
in; insanus, mad.
4. Diphthongs are long : causa, cause.
18. A syllable containing a long vowel or a diphthong is
long by nature : leges, lan's ; aedes, temple.
19. A syllable containing a short vowel followed by two
or more consonants, or by x or z, is long by position. The
short vowel, however, is still pronounced short : vocant,
tJiey call ; dux, leader.
Accent
20. The following principles determine what syllable
of a word receives the stress of the voice :
1. The ultima, or last syllable, is never accented.
2. Words of two syllables accent the first, or penult :
templum, temple.
14
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
3. Words of more than two syllables accent the penult
when it is long, otherwise the antepenult : amare,
to love ; mittere, to send.
4. Certain words like -ne, the sign of a question, and -que,
a7td, called enclitics, are so closely joined to the
preceding word that its last syllable has an accent :
amatne, does lie love ? hominesque, mid the men.
EXERCISE
21. Divide into syllables, accent, and pronounce the
following words :
inlquus
vincam
aedificium
gladi5
gratiae
fllius
coeperunt
cuius
huic
Idem
flliusque
quae
monere
vero
mensarum
faciebam
facere
aegritudd
pugnabo
laudabimus
I
NFLECTION
22. Parts of Speech. — These are the same in Latin
as in English, except that there is no article in Latin :
namely, noun, adjective, pronoun, verb, adverb, and the
particles.
23. Inflection. — This is the change that words undergo
to show their grammatical relations to the rest of the sen-
tence. The inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns
is called declension ; of verbs, eonjugation.
24. Declension. — Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives have
the following cases :
1. Nominative, which is the case of the subject.
2. Genitive. It may generally be rendered by the English
possessive, or by the objective with of.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 1 5
3. Dative. Corresponds to the English objective with the
prepositions to or for.
4. Acaisative, the case of the direct object.
5. Vocative, the case of direct address.
6. Ablative. This expresses various relations correspond-
ing to the English objective with the prepositions
fro7)i, luit/i, ifi, by, at, and on.
25. (Conjugation. — Verbs in Latin have
1. Three finite moods, Indicative, Subjunctive, Impera-
tive ; also Infinitives, Participles, Supines, Gerunds,
and Gerundives.
2. Six tenses, Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Plu-
perfect, Future Perfect.
3. Two voices, as in English, Active and Passive.
4. Three persons, as in Itnglish, First, Second, Third.
5. Two numbers, as in English, Singular and Plural.
Gender
26. There are three genders. Masculine, Feminine, and
Neuter.
The gender is determined partly, as in English, by the
meaning of the noun, but more often by the ending.
27. General Rules of Gender.
1. Nouns denoting males, and names of rivers, winds,
and months are masculine : nauta, sai/or ; Tiberis,
t//e Tiber; Caesar, Caesar; aquilo, Jiorth i^'ind ;
lanuarius, January.
2. Nouns denoting females, and names of countries, towns,
and trees are feminine : filia, daughter; Italia, Italy ;
Athenae, Athens ; pirus, pear tree.
3. Indeclinable nouns are neuter : nihil, nothing.
l6 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON I
FIRST DECLENSION OR STEMS i IN -a-
Feminine Nouns
28. Nouns in Latin are divided into five declensions,
or classes, which are distinguished from one another by
the ending of the genitive singular. Nouns of the First
Declension are feminine, unless they denote males, and
are declined like the following example :
Singular Terminations 2
NoM. Stella, a star (as subject) -a
Gen. stellae, of a star, or stars -ae
Dat. ^loWSit, to ox for a star -ae
Ace. stellam, star, or a star (as object) -am
Abl. Stella, _//v;//, zvitJi, by a star -a
Plural
NoM. stellae, stars (as subject) -ae
Gen. stellarum, of stars, or stars' -arum
Dat. %\.q)\\^, to ox for stars -is
Ace. Stellas, stars (as object) -as
Abl. stellis, from, with, by stars -is
Note carefully
1. That the genitive and dative singular and nominative
plural are alike.
2. That the dative and ablative plural are alike.
^ The stem is that part of a word to which the case endings are attached
in inflection.
^ The terminations are a combination of the case endings with the final
vowel of the stem.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 17
3. That the -a of the ablative singular is long.
4. That the base, or that part of the noun which remains
unchanged in inflection, is obtained by dropping the
termination -ae of the genitive singular ; i.e. stellae,
base, stell-.
29. I. The vocative case is like the nominative, except
in certain nouns of the second declension : stella, {O) star.
2. There is no article in Latin. Consequently Stella
may mean star, the star, or a star.
VOCABULARY
30. Learn thoroughly the meanings of the following
words, and decline each noun Hke stella :
Nouxs
puella, ae, f., gii-l. rosa, ae, f., rose.
regina, ae, f., queen. via, ae, f., road, tvay, street.
Stella, ae, f., star. silva, ae, f., forest.
filia,^ ae, f., daughter. luna, ae, f., vioo7i.
porta, ae, f., gate.
31. EXERCISES
(Pronounce, give case and number, and translate)
L I. Puellarum. 2. Portls. 3. Luna. 4. Rosls.
5. Silvam. 6. FlUabus. 7. Reglnae. 8. Vils. 9. Portae.
10. Stellas. II. Viarum. 12. Filia reglnae. 13. Filias
reglnarum.
n. I. To the queen. 2. By a rose. 3. The forests.
4. The rose of the queen. 5. From the streets. 6. Of
the stars. 7. For the girls. 8. By the gates. 9. Of the
daughters.
1 Filia, daughter, and dea, goddess, have the ending -abus, not -is, in the
dative and ablative plural.
ESSEN. UK LATIN 2
1 8 ESSENTIALS OF LATliN
LESSON 2
FIRST DECLENSION OR STEM IN -a- (Continued)
Feminine Adjectives
32. Feminine adjectives of the First Declension are
declined like the nouns.
rosa pulchra, pretty rose
Stem rosa- pulchra-
Base ros- pulchr-
SlNGULAR
NoM. rosa pulchra, a pretty rose
Gen. rosae pulchrae, of a pretty rose
Dat. rdsae pulchrae, to ox for a pretty rose
Ace. rosam pulchram, a pretty rose
Abl. rosa pulchra, //v;//, ivitJi, by a pretty rose
Plural
NoM. rosae pulchrae, pretty roses
Gen. rosarum pulchrarum, of pretty roses
Dat. rosis pulchris, to ox for pretty roses
Ace. rosas pulchras, pretty roses
Abl. rosis pulchris, /r*^;;/, zvitJi, by pretty roses
Observe that the adjective and noun are in the same
case. Notice the position of the Latin adjective with
reference to its noun. It does not always precede the
noun, as in English. See the remarks on the order of
words (82).
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 19
Decline together : via lata, the wide road ; puella parva,
the little girl.
33. Examine the following :
1. Rosa est pulchra, the rose is pretty.
2. Rosae sunt pulchrae, tJie roses 2^x0. pretty.
Note in these sentences
a. That the subjects rosa and rosae are in the nominative
case.
b. That the verb is singular, when the subject is singular;
and plural, when the subject is plural.
c. That the predicate adjectives pulchra and pulchrae agree
with the subject in case.
34. Rules of Syntax.
1. The subject of a finite verb is akvays in the nomina-
tive case.
2. A predicate adjective or noun agrees in case zuith the
subject of the verb.
35. VOCABULARY
Nouns Adjectives
fabula, ae, f., story. bona, good.
sagitta, ae, f., arrow. lata, broad, wide.
insula, ae, f., island. longa, long.
terra, ae, f., lajid, country. magna, large, great.
pulchra, beautiful, pretty.
Verbs Adverbs
est, {he, she, it) is. ubi, where, when.
sunt, {they) are. non, not.
Conjunction
et, and.
20 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
36. EXERCISES
I. I. Fabulae sunt longae. 2. Terra est lata et pulchra.
3. Ubi est pulchra Insula ? 4. Luna est pulchra. 5. Bonae
sagittae sunt longae. 6. Non est pulchra. 7. Magnae
sunt Insulae. 8. Latis terrls. 9. Luna et stellae sunt
pulchrae. 10. Via est lata. 11. Ubi sunt Insulae magnae?
12. Sagittarum longarum.
n. I. The good queen is beautiful. 2. It ^ is a large
island. 3. Where are the long arrows ? 4. They are
beautiful girls. 5. The land is not wide. 6. A long story-
is not good.
LESSON 3
FIRST DECLENSION OR STEMS IN -a- (Continued). GENI-
TIVE CASE. PRESENT INDICATIVE OF sum
37. Examine the following :
1. Rosa puellae est alba, t/ic rose of the girl is zv/iite, or
the girl's rose is zvhitc.
2. Rosae puellarum sunt albae, the roses of the girls are
white, or the girls' roses are tvhite.
Observe that puellae limits rosa : not every rose is white,
but only the girl's rose is white. In the same way puella-
rum limits rosae, because it defines whose roses are meant.
38. Rule. — The genitive is used to litnit or define the
meaning of a noim.
39. Present Tense, Indicative Mood, of the Verb sum
Singular Plural
1ST Per. sum, I ant sumus, zve are
2D Per. es, yon are {thoit art) estis, yon are
3D Per. est, {lie, she, it) is sunt, they are
1 1( is, est.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
21
40. Examine the following :
Statement Questions
Feminaestpulchra,//^^zc6';//^« Estne femina pulchra? is
is beautiful. the zuoman beautiful?
Ubi est sagitta? zvherc is
the arroiu ?
Observe
1. That -ne is the sign of a question and is attached to the
first word.
2. That -ne is not used if the question already begins with
a question word.
41.
VOCABULARY
Nouns
pecunia, ae, f., money.
vita, ae, f., life.
copia, ae, f., abundance (pi.,
troops, forces).
femina, ae, f., zvonian.
patria, ae, f., native land,
country.
Graecia, ae, f., Greece.
Europa, ae, f., Europe.
Gallia, ae, f., Gaul.
Adjectives
nova, new.
parva, small.
mea, my, mine.
tua, your, yours.
Adverb
semper, always, ever.
-ne, enclitic, sign of a
question, but not sepa-
rately translated.
42.
EXERCISES
I. I. Gallia est terra Europae. 2. Estne Gallia tua
patria.^ 3. Non sunt parvae feminae. 4. Estne copia
pecuniae? 5. Non longa est vita feminae. 6. Est pul-
chra. 7. Copiae reglnae non sunt magnae. 8. Suntne
parvae puellae .-' 9. Reglna tuae patriae est pulchra.
10. Copiae patriae meae non semper sunt parvae.
22
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
II. Reglnarum r5sae sunt pulchrae. 12, Suntne novae
lunae semper pulchrae ? 13. Ubi sunt reglnarum copiae ?
14. Feminae Graeciae sunt pulchrae.
II. I. We are; you (sing.) are; you(plur.)are. 2. Where
are we .'' 3. Of the beautiful women. 4. My country's
forces are small. 5. There is not always an abundance of
money. 6. Are queens' daughters always beautiful .'' 7. It
is a pretty country. 8. By my daughters.
Ancient Roman Coins
LESSON 4
FIRST CONJUGATION, PRESENT INDICATIVE, DIRECT
OBJECT
43. Present Indicative of the Verb amo
Singular Personal Endings 1
1ST Per. amo, I love, am loving, do love -0 (or -m), /
2D Per. amas, j'^^w loir, are loving, do love -s,yoii (or tJioii)
3D Per. am at, Jie loves, is loving, does love -t, Jie, she, it
Plural Personal Endings
1ST Per. amamus, tve love, are loving, do love -mus, zve
2D Per. amatis, yon love, are loving, do love -tis, you
3D Per. amant, tJiey love, are loving, do love -nt, tJiey
^ These are the personal endings of all tenses, excejit the perfect indicative.
ESSENTIALS OF LATLN 23
Observe
1. That the personal endings are added to the stem ama-,
the final vowel of which is lost before 0 in the first
person singular.
2. That the person and number of a Latin verb are indi-
cated by the ending, and not by the use of a pronoun,
as in English.
44. Like amo, conjugate the present indicative of
pugno, I figJit culpo, / blame
voco, / eall laudo, I praise
45. Carefully examine the following :
1. Regina nautam laudat, tJie queen praises the sailor.
2. Reginae nautam laudant, the queens praise the sailor.
3. Nautam laudant, they pj'aise the sailor.
4. Nautam laudamus, ive praise the sailor.
From these sentences you will see
1. That the direct object of the verb, i.e. that which the
action of the verb affects, is in the accusative case.
2. That when a noun is the subject, the verb is third
person.
3. That when a noun is not the subject, the subject is not
expressed by a separate word. Why must the pro-
nouns be expressed in English 'i
4. That the verb is in the same nu)>iber and person as the
subject.
46. Rules of Syntax.
1. A verb agrees zvith its subject in number anel person.
2. The direct object of a transitive verb is in the accusa-
tive case.
24
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
47-
VOCABULARY
agricola, ae, m.,^ farmer.
nauta, ae, m.,^ sailor.
Italia, ae, f., Italy.
Roma, ae, f., Rojfic.
inopia, ae, f., lack, 7vant.
i\^di, faithful.
superba, proud, haughty.
amo, / love, I like.
pugno, I fight.
voco, I call.
culpo, / blame.
laudo, I praise.
cur, adv., why?
in, prep, with abl., /;/, on.
Ancient Roman Plow
48. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I, Graeciae Tnsulae sunt parvae. 2. Pecunia mea.
3. Suntne copiac patriae tuae magnae .'' 4. Feminae flliae
non semper sunt bonae. 5. Est copia pecuniae. 6. Pul-
chrae sunt Europae viae. 7. Estne fabula nova }
II. I. Where are you (plur.).'' 2. Are the queen's
daughters beautiful ? 3. She is small. 4. (O) queen,
where is your daughter.'' 5. We are; you are (sing.).
49. EXERCISES
I. I. Pugnatis ; pugnat ; pugnamus. 2. Vocas ; vo-
cantne .? vocatisne } 3. Cur agricolas culpamus } 4. In
Itaha inopia est pecuniae. 5. Laudantne nautas .''
6. Superbas feminas non amamus. 7. Reglnae nautas
non laudamus. 8. Superbae in Gallia sunt puellae.
1 A masculine noun of the first declension. Why ? See 27, i.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
25
9. Ubi sunt agricolarum flliae ? 10. Cur nautam cul-
pat? II. R5sae magnae et pulchrae sunt in mea patria.
12. Agricolae inopiam pecuniae non amant.
II. I. We blame; she praises; you (plur.) are calling.
2. They are fighting ; you (sing.) call ; we fight. 3. There ^
are pretty roses in Italy. 4. Why do you blame the sailor ?
5. The woman is calling the sailor's daughters. 6. Italy is
a country of Europe.
LESSON 5
SECOND DECLENSION OR STEMS IN -0-. MASCULINE
NOUNS IN -us. MASCULINE ADJECTIVES
50.
hortus, m., garden
Stem
horto-
Base
hort-
Singular
Terminations
NoM. hortus
-us
Gen. horti
-i
Dat. horto
-0
Ace. hortum
-um
Abl. horto
-0
Plural
NoM. horti
-i
Gen. hortorum
-orum
Dat. hortis
-is
Ace. hortos
-OS
Abl. hortis
-is
1 There are, sunt; also it is, est. There are no special words in Latin for
there and it used in this way.
26 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
51. The masculine of adjectives ending in -us is declined
like the nouns of this declension ending in -us.
hortus parvus, tJie small garden
Singular
Plural
NOM.
hortus parvus
horti parvi
Gen.
horti parvi
hortorum parvorum
DAT.
horto parvo
hortis parvis
Ace.
hortum parvum
hortos parvos
Abl.
horto parvo
hortis parvis
52. I. What case terminations of this declension are
alike ? Which are the same as the first declension ter-
minations ?
2. The vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second
declension has a special form in -e : domine, {O) master.
See 29, I.
3. The base to which the terminations are added is
obtained by dropping the -i of the genitive singular : horti,
base hort-.
4. Conjugate the present indicative of the verbs given
in the vocabulary below.
53. VOCABULARY
amicus, i, m., friend. "bonus, good.
cibus, i, va.,food. malus, bad, evil.
dominus, i, m., master, lord, parvus, small.
equus, i, m., horse. superbus, prond, haughty.
hortus, i, vc\., garden. tidius, faithful.
servus, i, m., slave, servant, delecto, / delight, I please.
sed, conj., but. servo, / keep, I preserve ^ I
magnus, great, large. save.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
27
54-
REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Reglnae nautas laudas. 2. Amatisne Romam ?
3. Ubi nautae pugnant ? 4. Nautae in via pugnant.
5. Flliam reglnae non amant. 6. Agricolas non semper
laudant.
II. I. Is there a lack of money in your native country ?
2. The queen's daughter blames the woman. 3. Where is
the sailor's money .''
55-
EXERCISES
I. I. DominS ; amicorum ; equl. 2. Amlcls ; domini
superbl ; equis magnls. 3. Servus est amicus agricolae.
4. Equl sunt boni sed non magnl. 5. Reglna fidum servum
laudat. 6. Superbum dominum non amant. 7. Reglnae
filia malum servum culpat. 8. Cibum domino serv^ant.
9. Amice, culpasne dominum servorum .'' 10. Agricolae
parvos equos non laudant. 11. Cibus est in horto. 12. Cur
fidl equl dominds delectant .''
II. I. To the masters; of the horse; for the slaves.
2. The food of the slaves is not good. 3. The master is
in the garden. 4. He blames his ^ faithful horse. 5. The
garden is large, but not beautiful. 6. Good food pleases
the slaves. 7. Slave, where is the sailor's friend .''
1 Omit.
Coin of Caesar
28
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 6
SECOND DECLENSION (Continued). NEUTERS IN -um.
APPOSITIVE. INDIRECT OBJECT
56. donum, gift
Stem dono-
Base don-
SlNGULAR
NOM.
donum
Gen.
doni
DAT.
dono
Ace.
donum
Abl.
dono
Pl.URAL
NOM.
dona
Gen.
donorum
DAT.
don is
Ace.
dona
Abl.
donis
donum gratum, acceptable gift
Stem dono-, grato-
Base don-, grat-
Singular
NOM.
donum gratum
Gen.
doni grati
DAT.
dono grato
Ace.
donum gratum
Abl.
dono grato
Plural
NOM.
d5na grata
Gen.
donorum gratorum
DAT.
d5nis gratis
Ace.
dona grata
Abl.
ddnis gratis
Observe that the nominative and accusative of neuter
nouns are aUke, and that the nominative plural ends in -a.
This is true of all neuter nouns of all declensions.
57. Examine the following :
1 . Marcus agricola f iliae equum dat, Marcus, the fanner,
gives {his^ daughter a horse, or gives a horse to {his)
daugJiter.
2. Marco amico cibum do, / give Marcus {ijiy) friend food,
OR I give food to Marcus, viy friend.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 29
Observe in these sentences
1. That agricola denotes the same person as Marcus, and
that it tells something about him, and is in the same
case. Such a word is called an appositive. Amico
has the same relation to Marco. Compare with 33, c,
and note the difference.
2. That equum and cibum, being directly affected by the
action of their respective verbs, are in the accusative,
but that f iliae and Marco are in the dative case, because
they are indirectly affected by the verb.
58. Rules of Syntax.
1. An appositive agrees in case zvitJi the noun zuhich it
limits.
2. The indirect object of a verb is in the dative case.
59. VOCABULARY
bellum, i, n., %var. Marcus, i, m., Marcus.
donum, i, n,, gift. incola, ae, m. and f., inhab-
oppidum, i, n., town. itant.
frumentum, i, n., grain. Romanus, i, m., Roman.
vinum, i, n., wine. gratus, a, um, acceptable,
in, prep, with ace, into, pleasing.
against ; with abl., in, on, do, T give.
over. ports, / carry.
60. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Malum servum culpamus. 2. Laudantne domini
superbl servos fidos .-' 3. EquT domini sunt in magno horto.
4. Ubi servl cibum dominorum servant .-' 5. Agricolae
fidos equos non semper laudant. 6. Est cibus in domini
horto. 7. Femina amici filiam vocat.
30 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
II. I. She praises my friend's garden. 2. A good horse
pleases your daughter. 3. The master praises the friend,
but blames the servants. 4. The sailors' friends are in
Greece. 5. Why does the garden please the farmer ?
61. EXERCISES
I. I. OppidTs; bella; vino. 2. Marcus nauta est fidus.
3. Incolls vinum damns. 4. Bellum est R5manls gratum.
5. Cibum in oppidum portamus. 6. Marcus agricolarum
amicus est Romanus. 7. Incolae in oppidum frumentum
portant. 8. Filiae reglnae in horto sunt. 9. Vinum Marc5
nautae dant. 10. Dona incolls oppidi sunt grata. 11. Cur
vinum servTs datis ? 1 2. Portantne nautae cibum et vinum
in Galliam ?
II. I. To Marcus, the farmer; for the good wine.
2. Are you giving the horses good grain ? 3. Wars de-
light the proud Romans. 4. The farmer gives the horse
food. 5. The queen gives wine to Marcus, the sailor.
6. They carry roses into the garden. 7, The gifts please
the Roman's daughters.
LESSON 7
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. AGREEMENT
62. Adjectives of the first and second declension are
declined like nouns of those declensions. As has been
seen in 51 and 56, the endings of the masculine and neuter
of adjectives are the same as the endings of the nouns of
the second declension, and the feminine endings are the
same as those of nouns of the first declension (32). The
complete declension of bonus, ^ood, is as follows :
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
31
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
NOM.
bonus
bona
bonum
Gen.
boni
bonae
boni
DAT.
bono
bonae
bono
Ace.
bonum
bonam
bonum
Abl.
bono
bona
Plural
bono
NOM.
boni
bonae
bona
Gen.
bonorum
bonarum
bonorum
DAT.
bonis
bonis
bonis
Ace.
bonos
bonas
bona
Abl.
bonis
bonis
bonis
1. What is the vocative singular of bonus? See 52, 2.
2. DecHne together, adding the vocative case, amicus fidus,
faithful friend ; puella parva, little girl ; oppidum
magnum, large town.
63. Examine the following :
1 . Amicus est fidus, tJie friend is faithful.
2. Agricolae sunt validi, the farmers are sturdy.
3. Puellae sunt parvae, the glials are small.
4. Nautas superbos non amamus, %ve do not like proud sailor's.
Compare carefully the endings of the nouns and adjec-
tives in these sentences, and notice
a. That the adjectives are in the same number, gender,
and case as the nouns they modify.
b. That the endings of the nouns and adjectives are not
always the same, for adjectives modifying mascuUne
nouns of the first declension must have the mascu-
line endings, which are second declension endings.
Which of the above sentences illustrate this .''
32 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
64. Decline together nauta bonus, tJie good sailor;
poculum magnum, tJic large cup; agricola validus, the
strong fanner.
65. Rule of Syntax. — Adjectives agree ivitJi their nouns
in gender, nuinber, and case.
66. VOCABULARY
malus, a, um, bad, evil, latus, a, um, wide, broad.
wicked. novus, a, um, neiv.
magnus, a, um, great, large, fidus, a, um, faithful, loyal.
parvus, a, um, small. superbus, a, um, proiid,
tuus, a, um, your, yours. haughty.
gratus, a, um, acceptable, validus, a, um, strong, sturdy.
pleasing. convoco, / call together, I
albus, a, un, white. suun/ion.
carus, a, um, dear. hodie, adv., to-day.
peritus, a, um, skillful. nunc, adv., nozi>.
longus, a, um, long.
67. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Flliae equTs cibum dant. 2. Inopia pecuniae Marco
agricolae non est grata. 3. Vocatisne incolas Galliae .''
4. Ubi RomanI pugnant.'* 5. Nautae reglnae dona grata
dant. 6. Nauta Marco agricolae bonurn vinum dat.
II. I. The sailor gives acceptable gifts to his daughter.
2. The daughter of Marcus, the farmer, saves the town.
3. They give the women money. 4. He is carrying
grain into the town.
68. EXERCISES
I. I. EquI albi frumentum in oppidum portant. 2. Ubi
est hodie nauta pcrltus } 3. In oppido nunc est nauta.
4. D5na mels amicis sunt semper grata. 5. Equum
ESSENTIALS OF LATLN
33
agricolae valid5 femiiiae dant. 6. Reglna siiperba in
magnum oppidum serv5s convocat. 7. Dominus servos
fidos vocat. 8, Mea filia non est in horto. 9. Hodie
peritos agricolas non culpamus. 10. Dona reglnae in-
colas fidos delectant. 11. Est nova luna. 12. Cur in
hortum agricolas validos convocas ?
II. I. A sailor is not always faithful. 2. They are
now praising the skillful farmers. 3. The queen sum-
mons the wicked inhabitants into the towns. 4. We are
praising your faithful friend to-day. 5. There are many
inhabitants in the towns. 6. The queen is giving Marcus,
the farmer, a slave.
LESSON 8
SECON]
D DECLENSION (Continued).
MASCULINES IN
-er AND -ir
69.
Paradigms
puer.
. boy
ager, field
vir, man
Stem puero-
Stem agro-
Stem viro-
Base
; puer-
Base agr-
SlNGULAR
Base vir-
NOM.
puer
ager
vir
Gen.
pueri
agri
viri
DAT.
puero
agro
viro
Ace.
puerum
agrum
virum
Abl.
puero
agro
Plural
viro
NOM.
pueri
agri
viri
Gen.
puerorum
agrorum
virorum
DAT.
pueris
agris
viris
Ace.
pueros
agros
viros
Abl.
pueris
agris
viris
ESSEN. OK LATIN
— 3
34 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
1. Are the terminations the same as in 50?
2. Is the base obtained in the same way as in previous
nouns?
3. The vocative is like the nominative. See 29, i, and 52, 2.
4. Compare carefully puer and ager, and note that the base
of ager has no e before r.
70. Like puer, decline
gener, generi, m., son-in-law
socer, soceri, xn., fat/ici'-in-lazu
liberi, liberorum, m. (plur.), children
These and a few other nouns are the only ones that are
declined like puer. Most nouns of this declension are
declined like ager.
71. VOCABULARY
liber, libri, m., book. ager, agri, m., field.
gener, generi, m., son-in-lazv. Gallus, i, m., a Gaul.
socer, soceri, m., fatlwr-in- vir, viri, m., i>iau.
laxi'. puer, pueri, m., boy.
liberi, liberorum, m. (plur.), discipulus, i, \w., pupil.
children. multus, a, um, m., viucJi ;
magister, magistri, m., (plur.), mauy.
teacher, master.
72. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Inopia frumenti est in Gallia. 2. IncolTs oppidi
magni equos dant. 3. Servus dona agricolae in oppidum
portat. 4. Estne nunc pecuniae copia .'' 5. Agricolarum
vita Gallos non delectat. 6. Cur in pulchram Insulam
frumentum portamus ?
II. I. The inhabitants like a good story. 2. There are
many sturdy farmers in my country. 3. The Romans
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
35
are summoning many troops into the towns. 4. There are
farmers in the forest, and many sailors on the island.
73.
EXERCISES
I. I. Mult! librT sunt in oppid5. 2. Virlpuellas et pueros
laudant. 3. Cibum in oppidum portamus. 4. Liber meo
genero est gratus. 5. Regina llberos in oppidum convocat.
6. Discipuli magistri amicum laudant. 7. Agricolae multl
nunc sunt in agro. 8. Mens socer llberos magistri laudat.
9. Incolarum agri sunt latL 10. Magister discipul5s non
semper culpat. 11. Ubi nunc sunt flliae meae libri.^
12. EquI multos viros in silvam portant.
A Roman School
II. I. The boys are my children's friends. 2. My
daughter loves her father-in-law. 3. The sturdy farm-
ers are calling the servants into the fields. 4. The
teacher gives the man a book. 5. There are not many
sailors in the town. 6. The teacher praises his faithful
pupils.
36
ESSENTIALS OF LATJN
LESSON 9
SECOND DECLENSION (Coxtinued). MASCULINES IN
-ius AND -ium. ADJECTIVES IN -er, (-e)ra, (-e)ruin
74-
Paradigms
filius,
son
proelium, battle
Stem
filio-
Stem proelio-
Base
fili-
Singular
Base proeli-
NOM.
fllius
proelium
Gen.
fill (fllii)
proeli (proelii)
DAT.
filio
proclio
Acc.
fT]ium
proelium
Abl.
fIlio
Plural
proclio
NOM.
fllii
proelia
Gen.
filiorum
proeliorum
DAT.
flliis
proeliis
Acc.
fllios
proelia
Abl.
filiis
proeliis
2.
3-
The genitive singular of nouns in -ius and -ium generally
ends in a single -i, and the accent remains on the same
syllable as in the nominative : consilium, //c/;/ ; (gen.)
consili.
In nouns in -ius, the vocative singular ends in -i :
fili, ((9) son; Mercurius, (voc.) Mercuri, (6>) Mer-
cury.
Do these nouns in other respects differ from those in
Lesson 5 }
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
37
75-
liber, free
Stem libero-
Base liber-
SlNGULAR
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
NOM.
liber
libera
llberum
Gen.
liberi
llberae
liberi
DAT.
llbero
liberae
etc.
niger, black
Stem nigro-
Base nigr-
SlNGULAR
libero
NOM.
niger
nigra
nigrum
Gen.
nigri
nigrae
nigri
DAT.
nigro
nigrae
etc.
nigro
1. Complete the declension of these adjectives.
2. It has been noticed that adjectives in -us, -a, -um are
declined in the masculine like hortus(50). Likewise
adjectives in -er, -era, -erum are declined in the mascu-
line like puer (69), and those in -er, -ra, -rum like ager
(69). The feminine and neuter of these adjectives
follow Stella (28) and donum (56).
3. Learn the adjectives in the vocabulary that have e be-
fore the final r of the base. Most other adjectives
of the first and second declension are declined like
niger, nigra, nigrum. See 70.
38
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
76. Distinguish carefully
liber, libera, llherum, free.
liberi, liberorum, m. (plur.), cJiildren.
liber, libri, m., book.
Roman Books
77. Summary of Nouns of First and Second Declensions
First Declension
Nom. Sing. Terminations
-a
-us
-ius
-er
-ir
-um 1
-ium I
Gender
Feminine
(Except names of males, 26, 27)
Second Declension
Masculine
Neuter
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. How is the base of a noun obtained ?
2. In what nouns is the vocative singular not like the
nominative ?
3. In what nouns is there an irregularity in the formation
of the genitive singular ? the dative and ablative
plural ?
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 39
4. Enumerate the nouns and adjectives in -er that have e
before the r of the base.
78. VOCABULARY
filius, fill, m., son. proelium, proeli, n., battle.
nuntius, i, m., messenger. miser, misera, miserum,
gladius, i, m., sivord. wretched, poor.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, asper, aspera, asperum, ;w/^/r,
beantiful, pretty. fierce.
tener, tenera, tenerum, ten- niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
dcr. piger, pigra, pigrum, sloiv,
aedificium, i, n., building. lazy.
79. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. In agro Marcl amici multl sunt equl. 2. Liber,
d5num pulchrum magistri, puerum delectat. 3. Agricolae
multl equos magnos amant. 4. Lataenc sunt viae Italiae?
5. Puerds fidos vocatis. 6. Ciir nuntii llberos in oppidum
convocant ?
II. I. They praise the sons of free men. 2. Many are
the inhabitants in the towns of Greece. 3. The Romans
are carrying much grain into the towns. 4. I am giving
my friend Marcus a large book.
80. E.XERCISES
I. I. Aedificia in Graecia sunt pulchra. 2. Fill, ubi
sunt librl tul ? 3. Nuntiorum sagittae n5n sunt longae.
4. Viri gladios multos in aedificium portant. 5. Rosae
multae et tenerae sunt in aspera silva. 6. Agricolae
miser! pigros equos non amant. 7. Proelia nautas asperos
delectant. 8. Dona mei generl fllils et fTliabus sunt
grata. 9. Cur dominus superbus servos pigros culpat .''
40
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
lo. Nunti filio libr5s mult5s do. ii. Viae pulchrae
Galliae liberos delectant. 12. In magno aedificio sunt
multae sagittae et multl gladil.
II. I. The messenger's daughter is pretty. 2. The
great buildings please the fierce inhabitants. 3. Messen-
ger, are you carrying my sword ? 4. Fierce battles are
pleasing to the Romans. 5. You are giving my son a
black horse. 6. There are many women and men in the
beautiful building:.
Gladius
LESSON 10
IMPERFECT AND FUTURE OF sum. REVIEW
81. Review 39. The imperfect and future tenses of
sum are conjugated as follows:
Future
ero, / shall be
eris, you ivill be
erit, he will be
erimus, we shall be
eritis, you will be
erunt, they will be
Imperfect
Singular
I.
eram, / zuas
1.
2.
era.s,you zvere
2.
3-
erat, he zvas
3-
Plural
I.
eramus, we were
I.
2.
eratis, you zvere
2.
3-
erant, tJiey lucre
3-
I. Are the personal endings of these tenses regular .''
See 43
the present of sum .-*
Are these endings the same as those of
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 41
82. Order of Words. — In an English sentence the order
of the words is very important, because of the compara-
tively few inflectional endings. A change in the order
may change entirely the meaning of a sentence. For
example :
Caesar praises the loyal farmers.
The loyal farmers praise Caesar.
In Latin, a change in the order of the words does not
change the meaning of the sentence, but merely shows
the emphasis which the writer wishes to give to a particu-
lar word or phrase. For example :
1. Caesar agricolas fidos laudat, Caesar praises the loyal
farmers.
2. Caesar fidos agricolas laudat, Caesar praises the loyal
farme}-s.
3. Agricolas fidos laudat Caesar, Caesar praises the loyal
farmers.
The first sentence shows the normal order, and implies
no special emphasis on any word, but this order is often
changed to express the emphasis the writer wishes to show.
In the second sentence fidos is more emphatic than it was
in the first. In the third agricolas fidos is emphatic.
83.
Review List of Nouns of the First and Second Declensions
1. Review carefully the meaning, gender, and declension
of each noun.
2. Recall any English equivalents that the Latin words
suggest, viz., vita, vital ; nauta, naritical. Also
watch for relationship between Latin words, viz.,
ager, field ; agricola, farmer. Do this for new
words of succeeding vocabularies.
42
ESSEiNTIALS OF LATIN
incola
gladius
agricola
luna
aedificium
discipulus
vir
patria
porta
frumentum
vlnum
ager
copia
fabula
oppidum
sagitta
femina
vita
insula
. donura
proelium
gener
pecunia
amicus
bellum
puer
hortus
terra
dominus
magister
via
silva
reglna
servus
liber
rosa
inopia
Stella
equus
socer
cibus
nauta
filia
fllius
84-
EXERCISES
I. I. Erimus ; eramus ; sumus. 2. Eratis; eritis ; estis.
3. Erant; es; eris. 4. Eras; erunt; eris. 5. Filii agricolae
erant parvl. 6. Filia nuntl crat in Insula pulchra.
7. Reglnae copiae erunt in tua patria. 8. Nautae non
erant pigrl. 9. Ubi gladius mel amid erat? 10. In
magno aedificio erat.
II. I. We were; we are; we shall be. 2. They will
be; you (plur.) will be; she was. 3. You (sing.) were;
he will be ; you (sing.) will be. 4. My friend's horse was
not lazy. 5. The sailor's sons were small. 6. The fierce
inhabitants will be slaves of the queen.
LESSON II
FIRST CONJUGATION. PRINCIPAL PARTS. FORMATION
AND CONJUGATION OF THE IMPERFECT AND FUTURE
85. Review 25 and 43. Latin verbs are divided into four
classes or conjugations. These conjugations are distin-
guished by the vowel before the -re of the present infinitive
active. Thus :
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 43
Conjugation Present Active Infinitive ^'^^Vo\vei"''^^
I. amare, to love a
II. monere, to advise e
III. regere, to rule e
IV. audire, to /war I
86. The principal parts of the verb are (i)the present
indicative active, (2) the present infinitive active, (3) the
perfect indicative active, (4) the perfect passive participle.
These four forms of a verb must be known, because from
them are obtained the stems necessary to the formation of
all forms of the verb. These stems are called (i) present
stem, (2) perfect stem, (3) participial stem, and are obtained
from the principal parts as follows :
Pres. Ind. Pres. Inf. Perf. Ind. Perf. Part.
amo ama|re amavli amatus
I I I
present stem perfect stem participial stem
87. Paradigm
Imperfect Indicative Active
Singular
1. amabam, / zvas loving, I loved, I did love
2. am abas, jou were loving, loved, did love
3. amabat, he zvas loving, loved, did love
Plural
1. amabamus, zve zvere loving, loved, did love
2. amabatis, yo?i, zvere loving, loved, did love
3. amabant, they zvere loving, loved, did love
Future Indicative Active
Singular Plural
1. TxxVi'^Od^, I shall love I. 2iX\\?s\Am.ViS, zve shall loz^e
2. aniabis, yon zvill love 2. amabitis, yon zvill love
3. amabit, he zvill love 3. amabunt, they zvill lozfe
44 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Observe
1. That the first person of the imperfect is found by add-
ing -bam to the present stem, and the first person of
the future by adding -bo to the present stem. Thus:
amo pres. stem ama- imper., ama-bam
amo pres. stem ama- fut., ama-bo
2. That the personal endings are the same as used in the
present tense. See 43.
88. Learn the principal parts, and form and conjugate
the imperfect and future active of the following verbs :
pugno, figJit, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatus
laudo, praise, laudare, laudavi, laudatus
culpo, blame, culpare, culpavi, culpatus
convoco, snunnon, convocare, convocavi, convocatus
89. VOCABULARY
locus, i, m. (plur.), loci, m., castra, orum, n. (plur.), r^w/.
and loca, -n., place. idoneus, a, um, fit, suitable.
praemium, i, n., reivard. comparo, are, avi, atus, pre-
pilum, i, x\., javelin. pare, provide.
saxum, i, n., rock. contra, prep. with ace. ,rt'^^??V-'i"A
telum, i, n., weapon.
90. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Galll flliabus agricolarum cibum non dant. 2. Socer
generum laudat. 3. Erant in Graecia aedificia pulchra.
4. In nigram silvam nuntios convocat. 5. Virl inopiam cibi
et vini non amant. 6. Mult! gladil sunt semper in oppido.
II. I. Son, where is my sword .-^ 2. They are carrying
the grain into the large building. 3. You give my daughter
many roses. 4. Why does the island please the boys .-*
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 45
91. EXERCISES
I. I. Culpabat ; laudabant; convocabis. 2. Pugnabamus ;
comparabas; dabunt. 3. Portabimus; culpabitis ; laudabit.
4. Bellum contra Gallos comparabant. 5. Praemia idonea
vir5s delectabunt. 6. Galli in castra cibum et tela portant.
7. Id5neane praemia comparabitis ? 8. Ubi est locus castrls
idoneus ? 9. Fill praemium erit pulchrum pllum. 10. Id5-
nea pTla viris dabimus. 11. Multae sagittae et pila sunt in
castrls. 12. Galll bellum contra Romanes comparabunt.
II. I. You (plur.) will give ; they gave ; she was giving.
2. We praised ; he will blame ; we are summoning. 3. They
will carry ; we shall give ; you (sing.) were praising. 4. We
were preparing a place suitable for a camp. 5. He will
give his daughter a reward. 6. The Romans prepared
war against the Gauls. 7. The weapons of the Gauls
were rocks and arrows.
LESSON 12
FIRST CONJUGATION (Continued). PERFECT. ABLATIVE
OF MEANS
92. Paradigm
Perfect Indicative Active of amo, / love
CTvir^TTT A T, Personal Endings with
biNGULAR Connecting Vowel
1. amavi, I Jiave loved, I loved, I did love -i
2. amavisti, you have loved, etc. -isti
3. amavit, he has loved, etc. -it
Plural
1. amavimus, zue have loved, etc. -imus
2. amavistis, you have loved, etc. -istis
3. amaverunt, or amavere, they have loved, etc. -erunt (-ere)
46 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
1. TJic personal endings of the perfect tense are the same in
all the conjugations. Notice that these endings differ
from those of the present, imperfect, and future tenses.
2. Compare the second and third translations of the per-
fect with those of the imperfect {2>7). There is this
difference in the use of the two tenses : the perfect
denotes a completed act, the imperfect an act goi/ig
on, repeated, or continued.
3. Conjugate the perfect of the verbs in ZZ.
93. Examine the following :
1. Hastis et sagittis pugnabant, tJiey fought xvitJi spears
and arrows.
2. Equis frumentum portabimus, we shall bring grain by
means 'f horses.
Notice that the ablatives hastis, sagittis, equis, c.\i)rcss
the means or instrument, the things with which the action
of the verb is accomplished.
94. Rule of Syntax. — The means or instrument of an
action is expressed by the ablative witJiout a preposition.
95. VOCABULARY
legatus, i, m., ambassador, do, dare, dedi,^ datus, give.
lieutenant. oppugno, are, avi, atus, at tacky
Graeci, orum, m. (plur.), besiege.
Greeks. arma, orum, n. (plur.), ai^ms,
pauci, ae, a, few, a few. weapons.
supero, are, avi, atus, sur- hiberna, orum, n.( plur.), tc//^-
pass, conquer, overcome. ter qitarters.
armo, are, avi, atus, arm, Helvetii, orum, m. (plur.),
equip. Plelvetians.
^ Note the irregular perfect.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 47
96. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Socer mens dona filiabus dabit. 2. Naiitae fldi
contra Romanes pugnabant. 3. Tela idonea in castra
portabunt. 4. Copia magna tel5rum est in loco. 5. Seni
pigri multum frumentum in aedificia non portabant.
6. Locus magno proelio non erit idoneus.
II. I. The camp of the Romans was large. 2. Why
did he give the inhabitants weapons? 3. We shall carry
many spears and arrows into the town. 4. He was prais-
ing the queen's forces.
97. EXERCISES
I. I. Pugnavisti; dedistlne .'* laudavimus. 2. Incolae
oppidi multa arma comparaverunt. 3. Helvetil oppidum
saxis et armis oppugnabant. 4. Equls in aedificium cibum
portavit. 5. Arma pauca virls dedimus. 6. Cur Roman!
Graecds superaverunt ? 7. Legatus multum frumentum in
hiberna portavit. 8. Roman! Helvetiorum oppida sagitt!s
et p!l!s oppugnabant. 9. Incolas !nsulae tel!s armabimus.
10. In h!bern!s sunt pauca tela et multus cibus. 11. Gallos
hast!s et sagittis superavit. 12. Locus est hibernis idoneus.
II. I. You (plur.) have given; did he blame? 2. We
have equipped ; they were conquering ; she gave. 3. The
Gauls fought with spears and arrows. 4. The Romans
have attacked the camp of the Greeks. 5. By means of
rewards he summoned the Helvetians.
Filuin
48 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 13
FIRST CONJUGATION (Continued). PLUPERFECT AND
FUTURE PERFECT. REVIEW
98. Review 81.
Pluperfect Indicative Active of amo, / love
Singular
1. ?iVci2MtX2im., I Iiad loved
2. amaveras, yoji had loved
3. amaverat, /ic had loved
Plural
1. amaveramus, we had loved
2. amaveratis, yoii had loved
3. amaverant, they had loved
Future Perfect Indicative Active
Singular
1. amavero, I shall have loved
2. amaveris, you will have loved
3. amaverit, he ivill have loved
Plural
1. amaverimus, ive shall have loved
2. amaveritis, j'<?// will have- loved
3. amaverint, they luill have loved
I. The pluperfect is formed by the perfect stem amav-
and eram ; the future perfect by the same stem and
ero. There is an exception in one form of the future
perfect. Which .-'
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
49
99. Review carefully 43, 85, 86, 87, 92. Observe that
the present stem is used in the formation of the present,
imperfect, and future tenses, and the perfect stem in the
formation of the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect
tenses.
Table for the Formation of the Indicative Active
Present Tense, First one of the principal parts.
Imperfect Tense, Present stem + bam.
Future Tense, Present stem + bo.
Perfect Tense, Third one of the principal parts.
Pluperfect Tense,
Perfect stem + eram.
Future Perfect Tense, Perfect stem + ero.
100. Give the principal parts, and form the first person
singular of all tenses of the indicative, adding the EngHsh
meanings, of the following verbs that have occurred in the
previous vocabularies :
laud5 pugno • supero
culpo d5 oppugno
voco porto delects
convocd armo servo
compar5
I. Give the complete conjugation of all tenses of the
indicative of at least three verbs in this list.
lOI.
vocabulary
maturo, are, avi, atus, Jiasten.
expugno, are, avi, atus, cap-
ture, take by storm.
ad, prep, with ace, to,
towards, near.
ESSEN. OF LATIN — 4
mox, adv., soon.
ferus, a, um, loild, barbarous,
impedimentum, i, n., Jiin-
drance ; (plur.), baggage.
vicus, i, m., village.
50 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
102. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Gladils et sagittis incolas oppidi superaverimt.
2. Contra Romanos bellum Galll comparabunt. 3. In
oppido Helvetiorum erit cibi inopia. 4. Legatus agrico-
las pills armavit. 5. Gladium piilchrum Marco nautae
perlto dederunt. 6. In castra puellas et pueros convo-
cabant.
II. I. There was an abundance of grain in my
friend's fields. 2. The arrows, a gift of the queen,
pleased the messenger. 3. He will not fight with
weapons. 4. They have given the woman a beautiful
horse. 5. Has he armed many slaves.''
103. • EXERCISES
I. I. Maturaveras ; laudaveris ; expugnaverant. 2. Por-
taveritis ; delectaveratis ; dederamus. 3. Arma com-
parare ^ maturavit. 4. Parvum Helvetiorum oppidum
expugnaverant. 5. Impedimenta multa in vTcum porta-
verimus. 6. Dona ad rcglnam portabant. 7. RegTnae
copiae crant ferae. 8. Ad ^oppidum erat frumenti copia.
9. V^icos multos Gallorum mox oppugnaverit. 10. Gladils
ad^ impedimenta pugnaverant. 11. Multam pecuniam
incolls non dedimus. 12. Mox in agrls latis Gallorum
erit frumentum.
II. I. He will hasten ; he will have hastened. 2. They
had given ; we have given ; you will have j^raised. 3. He
had carried much baggage into the town. 4. They will
soon have taken by storm many towns. 5. Why did he
not hasten to provide grain ? 6. Near the beautiful village
were broad fields.
^ Present infinitive, to provide. See 85. ^ jjgar.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 5 1
LESSON 14
SECOND CONJUGATION. CHARACTERISTICS. FORMATION
AND CONJUGATION OF THE ACTIVE INDICATIVE
104. All verbs whose present stem ends in e are classed
under the Second Conjugation. The various tenses of
these verbs are formed from the principal parts precisely
like those of the First Conjugation. Review 86, 87, 98, 99.
moneo, / advise or ivarn
Prin. Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitus
Pres.
moneo
Perf.
monui
Imperf.
monebam
Plup.
monueram
FUT.
monebo
FuT. Perf.
monuero
105-
Conjugation of Present Indicative Active of moneo
Singular
1. moneo, I advise, am advising, do advise
2. mones, yoii advise, etc.
3. monet, he advises, etc.
Plural
1. monemus, we advise, etc.
2. monetis, you advise, etc.
3. monent, tJiey advise, etc.
1. Observe that the -e- of the present stem, unlike the -a- of
amo, is retained before the personal ending -0 of the
first person singular.
2. What is the characteristic vowel before the personal
endings of moneo ? of amo .-*
52 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
io6.
Conjugation of the Perfect Indicative Active of moneo
Singular
1. monui, / Jiave advised, I advised, I did advise
2. monui'sti, j'w/ have advised, etc.
3. moniiit, he has advised, etc.
Plural
1. monuimus, zve have advised, etc.
2. monuistis, you have advised, etc.
3. monuerunt or moiiuere, they have advised, etc.
I. Note carefully the accent of the above forms, and ob-
serve that the personal endings are like those of the
perfect of amo. Note that the perfect stem monu-
does not end in v, as in amo, perfect stem amav-.
107. The various tenses of verbs of the Second Conju-
gation are conjugated like those of the First Conjugation,
with the exception noted in 105, i and 2. Form and con-
jugate the tenses of the indicative active of the following
verbs :
habeo, habere, habui, habitus, I have, hold
video, videre, vidi, visus, / see
108. VOCABULARY
moneo, monere, monui, moni- moveo, movere, movi, motus,
tus, advise, u>arn. move.
habeo, habere, habui, habitus, dimico, are, avi, atus, Jight,
have, hold. contend.
video, videre, vidi, visus, see. praeda, ae, f., booty, spoil.
terreo, terrere, terrui, terri- periculum, i, n., danger.
tus, frighten, scare. cum, prep, with abl., with.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 53
109. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. SaxTs armis Galli cum Romanis pugnabant.
2. Magnum bellum contra R5man6s comparaverant.
3. Ad portam liberos portaverunt. 4. Libros paucos
amlc5 meo dedl. 5. In hiberna multa arma Roman! porta-
bunt. 6. Cur fllias meas fabulae delectaverunt ?
II. I. They armed the fierce inhabitants with javelins.
2. Near the camp were a few buildings. 3. We do not
always take the towns by storm. 4. Have you given my
friend a book ?
no. EXERCISES
I. I, Movebat; vidit; terruerat. 2. Vlderimus; movisti;
habebis. 3. Moverant ; terruerunt ; moverint. 4. RomanI
cum Helvetils dTmicabant. 5. PerTculum magnum oppidi
incolas terruerat. 6. Praedam in vicis multam viderunt.
7. Galll copias ad oppidum moverant. 8. Vldistlne tuum
perlculum .'' 9. Pueri praemia multa habebunt. 10. R5-
manl gladiis et pills agricolas terruerunt. 11. Mox copiam
frumenti habuerit. 12. Praeda pigros nautas delectabit.
II. I. She had seen; he has frightened; he will have
had. 2. We had moved ; you (plur.) have seen ; they have
fought. 3. The Gauls moved much spoil into camp.
4. They had contended with the men. 5. The messenger
frightened the lieutenant by the story. 6. There is great
danger in wine.
54
ESSENTIALS OF LATUM
LESSON 15
THIRD DECLENSION. CONSONANT STEMS
III. The stem of nouns of the third declension ends in
a consonant or -i-.
112.
Consonant Stems
Stem 1
and ^
Base J
dux, m.,
leader, general
due-
Paradigms
miles, m., virtiis, f.
soldier virtue
NoM. dux
Gen. ducis
Dat. duci
Ace. ducem
Abl. duce
miles
mllitis
niTliti
mlHtem
milite
NoM. duces mlHtes
Gen. ducum mlHtum
Dat. ducibus mllitibus
Ace. duces mlHtes
Abl. ducibus mllitibus
milit-
SlNGUI.AR
virtus
virtu tis
virtuti
virtutem
virtute
Plural
virtu tes
virtu turn
virtutibus
virtu tes
virtutibus
virtut-
caput
capitis
capiti
caput
capite
capita
capitum
capitibus
capita
capitibus
caput, n.,
head
capit-
Terminations
OK Conso-
nant Stems
M. and F. N.
-is
-i
-em
-e
-IS
-i
-es
-um
-ibus
-es
-ibus
-a
-um
-ibus
-a
-ibus
I. Note that the stem and base are alike in nouns with
consonant stems (but see 122, 2). The base is
obtained by dropping the ending -is of the genitive
singular.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 55
2. To decline a noun, therefore, one must know the
gender, the nominative, and the genitive. Be sitre
to learn these facts about all the nouns given /;/ the
vocabidaries.
3. Observe that the nominative singular is not always
like the stem. Various changes are made in its
formation from the stem. No rule can be given.
4. Learn thoroughly the terminations, observing which
are ahke. See 56.
5. Decline rex bonus, the good king.
113. VOCABULARY
&}xyi,&Vicis,va.,lcader,gene}-al. rex, regis, m., king.
miles, militis, m., soldier. fuga, ae, i., flight.
virtus, virtutis, f., jnanlijiess, in fugam do, dare, dedi,
bravery, virtue. datus, //// to flight.
caput, capitis, n., head. augeo, auger e, auxi, auctus,
eques, equitis, m., horseman', increase.
(plur.) cavalry.
114. REVIEW EXERCISES
I, I. Ad portam generum vidit. 2. Cur cum incolTs
ferls dimicabant? 3. Periculum fill videt. 4. Pcrlculum
agricolas perltos non terrebit. 5. Praedam multam in
castris viderant. 6. Dabitne pecuniam mox flliae ?
II. I. We have not seen much grain in winter quarters.
2. The fierce inhabitants have overcome the farmers.
3. The war had not frightened the queen. 4. They will
besiege the town.
' 115. EXERCISES
I. I. Capitibus ; virtutl; capita. 2. Eques equum lau-
dabat. 3. Milites impedimenta in castra portaverant.
56
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
4. Equites Gallorum in fugam dant. 5. Proelium militum
virtutem augebit. 6. Capita multorum equitum vidimus.
7. Virtus militum ducem delectavit. 8. Rex n5n semper
est militum dux. 9. Copias dux non auxerat. 10. Gladiis
equites in fugam dederunt. 11. Mllitibus incolas feros
dux terrebat. 12. Frumentum multum equites in oppida
portabunt.
II. I. For the soldier ; the heads of the horses. 2. The
leader summoned his soldiers into camp. 3. The Gauls
will put the horsemen to flight. 4. The king gave the
leader a beautiful sword. 5. The general increased the
supply ^ of grain. 6. There were many soldiers in winter
quarters.
^ copia.
EqUiS
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
57
LESSON i6
THIRD DECLENSION (Continued). CONSONANT STEMS.
ABLATIVE OF CAUSE
ii6.
Consonant Stems
Paradigms
consul, m.,
homo, m..
pater, m.,
corpus, n.,
consul ^
man
father
body
Stem
and ■
consul-
homin-
patr-
corpor-
Base
SlNGULAR
NOM.
consul
homo
pater
corpus
Gen.
consulis
hominis
patris
corporis
DAT.
cdnsuli
homini
patri
corpori
Ace.
consulem
hominem
patrem
corpus
Abl.
consule
homine
Plural
patre
corpora
NOM.
consules
homines
patres
corpora
Gen.
consulum
hominum
patrum
corporum
DAT.
consulibus
hominibus
patribus
corporibus
Ace.
consules
homines
patres
corpora
hominibus patribus corporibus
1. Are the terminations of these nouns Hke those of the
previous lesson 1
2. Decline together pater bonus, corpus magnum.
^The name of a Roman civil officer.
58 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
117. Examine the following :
1. Dux victoria laetus est, the general is glad because of
the victory.
2. Homines cibi inopia laborabant, the men suffered from
{on account of) lack of food.
Observe {a) that the ablatives victoria, inopia, express
the cause or reason; {b) the various ways of translating
these ablatives, because of, on account of from.
Review 93, 94.
118. Rule of Syntax. — Cause is expressed by the abla-
tive, usually ivithout a preposition.
119. VOCABULARY
consul, consuiis, m., consul. tempus, temporis, n., time,
homo, hominis, m., man. season.
pater, patris, m., father. vulnus, vulneris, n., ivoutid.
corpus, corporis, n., body. vulnero, are, avi, atus, tw/z/zc/.
flumen, fluminis, n., river. laboro, are, avi, atus, zvork,
pes, pedis, vc\.,foot. suffer.
pedes, peditis, m., foot- trans, prep, with ace., across,
soldier ; plur., infantry. over.
120. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Virtus equitum Gallos superabat. 2. Virtute
mllites in fugam dedimus. 3. Mllites peritl in castra
arma portaverunt. 4. Due! fido pecuniam multam
RomanI dederant. 5. FrumcntT magna copia erit mox
in vlc5. 6. Cur ad portas oppidi tela portavit }
II, I. Near the village we saw many soldiers. 2. The
king increased the men's courage by the story. 3. They
had had much grain in winter quarters. 4. My son's stories
were good. 5. He gave the horseman a black horse.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
59
121.
EXERCISES
I. I. Peditem gladio me5 vulnerabam. 2. Vulnera
multa sunt in corporibus mllitum. 3. Tempus est proelio
idoneum. 4. Homines pecuniae inopia lab5rabunt. 5. Ad
pedes regis erant miserl incolae oppidl. 6. Miles vulnere
laboraverat. 7. Pedites consul trans flumen convocavit.
8. Pedites incolas multos pills vulneraverunt. 9. Mllites
dux culpabat. 10. Me5 vulnere sum miser. 11. Hom5
fllios in hortum convocabit. 12. Pedes multos mllites
trans flumen vidit.
II. I. They put the foot-soldiers to flight across the
river. 2. We are suffering from many wounds. 3. The
inhabitants were wretched because of lack of food.
4. The soldier wounded the sailor with' an arrow. 5. The
consul will not blame my father. 6. The consul gave the
foot-soldier a beautiful sword.
Pedes
6o
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 17
THIIId declension (Continued). STEMS IN -i-
122. Stems in -i-
Paradigms
collis, m
., caedes, f.,
mons, m.,
animal, n.,
hill
slang J iter
inoniitaiti
animal
Stem
coUi-
caedi-
monti-
animali-
Base
coll-
caed-
SlNGULAR
mont-
animal-
Terminations
OF -i- Stems
M. and F. N.
NOM.
collis
caedes
mons
animal
(-S)
Gen.
collis
caedis
montis
animalis
-is -is
DAT.
colli
caedi
monti
animali
-i -i
Ace.
collem
caedem montem
animal
-em
Abl.
colle
caede
monte
Plural
animali
-e -i
NoM. colles caedes montes animfdia -es -ia
Gen. collium caedium montium animalium -ium -ium
Dat. collibus caedibus montibus animalibus -ibus -ibus
Ace. collis, es caedis, es montis, es animalia -is,-es -ia
Abl. collibus caedibus montibus animalibus -ibus -ibus
1. Compare very carefully these terminations with those of
112. In what two cases of masculine and feminine
nouns is there a difference } In what four cases of
neuters ?
2. Observe that the base and stem differ. See 112, i.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 6 1
3. The following sometimes have the ablative singular in
-iand-e: ndivis, ship; ignis, fire; zvfis, citizen; turns,
tozver ; finis, end; avis, bird. All neuter -i- stems
have the ablative singular in -i. A few nouns some-
times have the accusative singular in -im : turris,
turrim, tower.
4. Decline together: urbs pulchra, beautiful city ; animal
magnum, large animal.
123. Since nouns with -i- stems are declined differently
from those with consonant stems, one must know what nouns
of the third declension have -i- stems. The following classes
have -i- stems, and they must be thoroughly learned :
1. Nouns in -is a7id -es, Jiaving no more syllables in the
srenitive than in the nominative.
2. Neuters in -e, -al, -ar.
3. Nouns of one syllable in -s or -x following a consonajit.
4. Nouns in -ns and -rs.
124. Decline the following :
mare, maris, n., sea. nomen, nominis, n., name.
urbs, urbis, f., city. pars, partis, f., part.
miles, militis, m., soldier. pons, pontis, m., bridge.
hostis, hostis, m. and f., sedile, sedilis, n., seat.
enemy.
125. VOCABULARY
(Make a list of ihe nouns with -i stems.)
collis, collis, m., Jiill. animal, animalis, n., animal.
caedes, caedis, f., slaugJiter. navis, navis, f., ship.
mons, montis, m., inoun- per, prep, with ace. through,
tain. by means of.
occupo, are, avi, atus, take de, prep, with abl., down
possession of, seize, occupy. from, from, coiicerning.
62 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
126. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Mel patris amicus vulnere laboravit. 2. Longa
via pigrum peditem non delectabit. 3. Galll equitum peii-
torum inopia laborabant. 4. Vulnera multa in corporibus
mllitum vidistl. 5. Pedites trans flumen latum in fugam
dederunt. 6. Tempus equitum virtutem augebit.
II. I. At the king's feet there are many slaves. 2. The
general is summoning the men across the river into camp.
3. The soldiers have suffered from the lack of a skillful
leader. 4. They had wounded my son with a javelin.
127. EXERCISES
I. I. Mllites de monte in vicum impedimenta portabant.
2. In navibus crant nautae multl et validL 3. Per perltos
mllitcs partem urbis expugnabit. 4. Miser erat consul
caede mllitum valid5rum. 5. Dux cum peditibus collem
occupavit. 6. In marl sunt naves pulchrae. 7. Virtus
hostium equitcs terrebat. 8. In monte erant animalia fera
et multa. 9. Consul mllitibus et navibus hostcs superaverat.
10. Dux de collibus Gallos in urbem convocabat.
II. I. A large part of the city is beautiful. 2. There
were many^ lazy sailors on the ships. 3. The horsemen
took possession of the bridge. 4. The Romans are glad
on account of the slaughter of the enemy. 5. They
hastened from the hill into the broad fields.
^ Many lazy = " many and lazy." See 127, I, 2, 8.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 63
LESSON 18
REVIEW OF THIRD DECLENSION. GENDER. ABLATIVE
OF TIME WHEN
128. Gender. — The rules for gender in 27 apply to
nouns of all declensions, and take precedence over the
special rules for each declension.
The general rules for gender for the third declension are
these, but there are many exceptions :
Masculine. — Nouns in -es or -es having more syllables
in the genitive than in the nominative, and those in -0, -or,
-OS, and -er.
Feminine. — Nouns in -es not having more syllables in
the genitive than the nominative, and those in -as, -is, -aus,
-X, -s preceded by a consonant.
Neuter. — Nouns in -c, -1, -e, -a, -n, -i, -t, -ar, -ur, -us, -us.
I. What are the rules of gender for the first and second
declensions ?
129. Review Table of Nouxs of Third Declension
Give for each noun (i) gender, (2) meaning, (3) geni-
tive singular, (4) ablative singular, (5) nominative plural,
(6) genitive plural. Review carefully 122, 123.
animal
dux
mare
pater
rex
caedes
eques
mons
pes
tempus
caput
flu men
miles
pedes
urbs
consul
homo
navis
pons
vulnus
colHs
hostis
nomen
pars
virtus
64 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
130. Examine the following :
1. Hieme laboramus, i)i ivijiter lue work.
2. Decern mensibus multas urbes vidit, ivitJiiii ten montJis
he saw many cities.
3. Prima luce hostes in fugam dederunt, at daybreak they
put the enemy to Jliglit.
Observe that the ablatives hieme, decem mensibus, prima
luce, tell ivJien or zvithiu zvhat time the action of the verb
took place, and that no preposition is used in Latin.
131. Rule of Syntax. — Ti7ne whe?i or zvitJiin which is
expressed by the ablative.
132. VOCABULARY
nox, noctis, f. (gen. plur. dinnus, I, m., year.
noctium), night. primus, a, um., Jirst.
hiems, hiemis, f., winter. decem, indecl., teti.
aestas, aestatis, f., summer. quattuor, indecl., /c^/zr.
lux, lucis, f ., light, daylight, multa nocte, late at night.
133. EXERCISES
I. I. Aestate agri piilchrl incolas urbis delectant.
2. Prima lijce^ montes multos vidimus. 3. Hostes tells
equites vulnerabant. 4. Quattuor annis oppida multa
hostium dux expugnaverat. 5. Cibi inopia Galll hieme
laborabant. 6. Multa nocte pedites in castra consul
convocabit. 7. Multas urbes decem annis dux Helveti-
orum occupaverat. 8. Primd ann5 belli multa oppida
expugnaverat. 9. Prima luce hostes in castrls erant.
II. I. He captured the city by means of his cavalry.
2. At night the enemy hastened toward the Romans' camp.
^ Prima luce, at daybreak.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 6$
3. Within four years you will see many beautiful things.^
4. Night frightens the poor children. 5. At daybreak we
carried our weapons into the camp. 6. Ten years is a long
time. 7. In ten years there are ten summers.
LESSON 19
READING LESSOxN
134. Julius Caesar
Juhus Caesar is the greatest character in Roman history.
He was great, not merely as a general, but also as an
orator and statesman. He was born on the 12th of July,
100 B.C. He belonged to an old, aristocratic family, but
at an early age allied himself with the party of the people.
After filling many minor political offices, at the age of
forty-one he became consul, and formed a political alliance
with Pompey and Crassus, known as the " First Triumvi-
rate." The next year the government of Gaul was assigned
to him, and it is the subjugation of this country that he
describes in his Commentaries. These Gallic Commen-
taries have been read in schools for hundreds of years,
and they establish conclusively his ability as a writer.
After spending eight years in Gaul, he was ordered by
the Senate through the jealousy of Pompey to disband his
army. Caesar refused, and, crossing the Rubicon, set out
with his army to make himself the master of Rome In
the civil war that followed, Pompey at the head of the sena-
torial forces w^as defeated. This left Caesar the master of
the government at Rome. As Dictator and Imperator for
life he instituted many reforms that show his insight as
1 The neuter plural pulchra means beauliful things.
ESSEN. OF LATIN — 5
66 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
a statesman. There were many Romans, however, who
disliked Caesar's power. A conspiracy was formed, and
Caesar was assassinated on March 15, 44 b.c.
Head of Julius Cccsar
(From a silver coin, 38-36 B.C.)
135. The Helvetian War
The Hclvetii were people of Celtic origin who inhabited
almost all that region now known as Switzerland.
In the year 58 b.c, incited by ambitious leaders, they
decided to leave their homes and seize the more fertile
lands to the southwest, lying nearer the Roman province
in Gaul. It is to this uprising of the Helvetii that Caesar
devotes the first thirty chapters of his first book of Gallic
Commentaries. After two battles the Helvetii, being com-
pletely subdued by Caesar, were forced to return to their
former territories.
The reading lessons that follow are adapted from the
first ten chapters of Caesar's account of this Helvetian
war.
136. Hints for Translation
I. Read the passage through several times in Latin, and
gather as much of its meaning as possible.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN ^j
2. Try to associate unfamiliar words with some related
word that you already know.
3. Do not look up the meaning of a new word in the
vocabulary until you have used every other means to get
its meaning. After you have looked up its meaning, take
time to fix it in your memory.
4. In trying to get the thought of a passage, follow
strictly the Latin order, noticing particularly the endings
of the words.
5. Translate into clear and idiomatic English.
CHAPTER I
READING LESSON
Description of Gaul
(The student should consult the general vocabulary for words that have not
been given in the special vocabularies.)
137. Belgae ^ et AquTtanI et Celtae GaUiam incolunt.^
Roman! Celtas Gallos appellant. Belgae sunt fortissimi
{tJie bravest) et cum Germanis saepe pugnant. Helvetil
sunt Celtarum fortissimi, quod {because) cum Germanis
continenter pugnant. Aqultania a Garumna flumine ad
Pyrenae5s montes et ad earn {that) partem Ocean! quae
{whicJi) est ad Hispaniam pertinet.
Note. — Learn the principal parts of all verbs of the first and second
conjugations. Decline all nouns and adjectives.
1 For this name and other proper names, see the map, page 10.
2 Third person plural, present indicative, of incolo. Can you not infer its
meaning from incola ?
68
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 20
PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF THE FIRST AND
SECOND CONJUGATIONS. ABLATIVE OF AGENT
138. Review 25, 3. A verb is in the Active Voice when
it represents the subject as acting or being : tJic fanner
plows the field ; in the Passive Voice when it represents
the subject as acted upon {i.e. the subject does nothing, and
is passive): the field is plowed by the farmer.
139. Paradigms
AcTH'E Voice
FIRST CONJUGATION
Singular
amo, / love, am loving, do love
amas, yo?i love, etc.
amat, he loves, etc.
Plural
1. amamus, zue love, etc.
2. amatis,j'^/^ love, etc.
3. amant, they love, etc.
Passive Voice
Slngular
1. amor, I ajn loved, am being loved
2. amaris, amare, you are loved, etc.
3. amatur, Jie is loved, etc.
Plural
1. amamur, we are loved, etc.
2. amamini, yon are loved, etc.
3. amantur, tJiey are loved, etc.
Personal Endings
-0
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-nt
-r
-ris, -re
-tur
-mur
-mini
-ntur
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
69
Active Voice
SECOND CONJUGATION
Singular
1 . moneo, / advise, am advising, do advise
2. mones, yoit advise, etc.
3. monet, he advises, etc.
Plural
1. monemus, tve advise, etc.
2. monetis, yon advise, etc.
3. monent, they advise, etc.
Passive Voice
Singular
1. rnoneor, I am advised, am being advised
2. moneris, raonGXQ, you are advised, etc.
3. monetur, lie is advised, etc.
Plural
1. monemur, zue are advised, etc.
2. monemini, yoit arc advised, etc.
3. monentur, they are advised, etc.
I
Personal Endings
-0
-mus
-tis
-nt
-r
-ris,
-tur
-mur
-mini
-ntur
-re
Compare very carefully the English translations of the
active and passive forms.
2. Review the active personal endings, and learn thor-
oughly the passive endings. They are the same for
the present, imperfect, and future tenses.
3. Observe that these passive endings are added directly
to the present stems ama- and mone-, except in the
first person singular.
140. Conjugate the present active and passive, giving
English translations, of the following :
laudo, I praise voco, I call
video, I see terreo, I frigJiteti
70 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
141. Examine the following :
1 . Coniurati Caesarem necant, the conspirators kill Caesar.
2. Caesar a coniuratis necatur, Caesar is killed by the con-
spirators.
3. Caesar gladio necatur, Caesar is killed by iivitJi) a sivord.
1. Observe the changes in turning the active into the
passive :
a. The object of the active verb becomes the subject of
the passive ;
b. The subject, i.e. the agent or doer, in the active is ex-
pressed in the passive by the ablative with a.
2. Review 93, 94. Compare carefully 2 and 3, and note
that a preposition is used when that which does the action
of the verb is a person, while none is used when it is not a
voluntary agent, i.e. not a person.
142. Rule of Syntax. — TJie personal agent zvitJi a passive
verb is expressed by the ablative zvith a or ab.
143. VOCABULARY
(Review the meanings of verbs in loo, io8.)
Caesar, aris, m., Caesar. Q,Q\QxiidiS,Sit\s,i., speed, qnick-
legio, onis, f., legion} ness.
neco, are, avi, atus, kill. incito, are, avi, atus, incite,
a, ab,^ prep, with ^hX., from, encourage, arouse, rouse.
by. e, ex,2 prep, with abl., out
ob, prep, with ace, on account of, from.
of for.
1 The Roman legion consisted of al^out 5000 soldiers.
- Before a word beginning with a vowel or h, use ab or exj use a or e before
a consonant.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 71
144. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. R5manl hieme et aestate cum hostibus pugna-
bant. 2. Tells hostes R5manl in fugam dederunt.
3. OuattLior annls multas navis in marl viderant. 4. Co-
pias in castra multa nocte consul convocavit. 5, Pons
in 1 flumine erat. 6. Caede llberorum miser5rum sum us
miserl,
II. I. In winter the nights are long. 2. Caesar's cav-
alry took possession of the hill at daybreak. 3. There are
many ships on the sea. 4. The Romans did not suffer
from a lack of leaders.
145. EXERCISES
I. I. Laudat, laudatur ; videtis, videminL 2. Incitant,
incitantur ; vocamus, vocamur. 3. Caesar mllites convocat.
4. Mllites a Caesare convocantur. 5. Dux legidnem ob
virtutem laudat. 6. Legi5 a duce ob virtutem laudatur.
7. Hostes celeritate equitum terrentur. 8. Magna cibi
copia ab mllitibus in castra portatur. 9. Virtiite mllitum
incolae oppidi incitantur. 10. Ex agrls frumentum ab
mllitibus in hiberna portatur. 11. Multa nocte a pedite
gladio vulneratur.
II. I. We are summoned; he is calling; he is called.
2. You (plur.) blame; you (plur.) are blamed. 3. The quick-
ness of the Romans frightens the Gauls. 4. The Gauls
are frightened by the quickness of the Romans. 5. Caesar
encourages his soldiers. 6. The soldiers are encouraged
by Caesar. 7. They are summoned from the mountains
to the city.
72 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 21
IMPERFECT AND FUTURE PASSIVE OF THE FIRST AND
SECOND CONJUGATIONS. ABLATIVE OF MANNER
146. Paradigms
Imperfect Indicative Passive
Singular Singular
1. amabar, [was loved, was i. monebar, / was advised,
being loved was being advised
2. amabaris, amabare, you 2. monebaris, monebdiXQ, you
ivere loved, etc. weir advised, etc.
-3. amabatur, he zvas loved, 3. monebatur, he ivas ad-
etc. vised, etc.
Plural Plural
1. amabamur, 7c'^ wr;r A?7r<^, i. monebamur, ivc were ad-
ctc. vised, etc.
2. amabamini, you %vere 2. monebamini, j't?// wr;r«^-
loved, etc. vised, etc.
3. amabantur, they ivere 3. monebantur, they zvere
loved, etc. advised, etc.
Future Indicative Passive
Singular Singular
1. 2imdJoor, I shall be loved i. monebor, / shall be ad-
2. amaberis, amabere, you vised
will be loved 2. moneberis, monebere, you
3. amabitur, he ivill be loved ivill be advised
3. monebitur, he zuill be ad-
vised
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 73
Plural Plural
1. amabimur, zve shall be i. monebimur, luc shall be
loved advised
2. amabimini, you ivill be 2. monebimini, you zvill be
loved advised
3. amabuntur, they zvill be 3. monebuntur, they will be
loved advised
Observe
1. That the personal endings are the same as those of the
present passive (139).
2. That the vowel before these endings is a in the imper-
fect, and that the vowel changes in the future. What
is the characteristic vowel of the future ?
3. That the imperfect and future passive are formed on
the present stems ama- and mone- by adding -bar and
-bor respectively. Review 86, S7.
147. Examine the following :
1. Agricola cum cura arat, the fanner ploivs xvith eare
{carefully).
2. Agricola magna cum cura arat I ///r fanner plows witJi
3. Agricola magna cura arat S great care {veiy carefully).
Observe
1. That the Latin expressions cum cura, magna cum cura,
magna cura, express the manner of the action of the
verb.
2. That magna cum ciira and magna ciira are translated in
the same way.
3. That these Latin expressions may be translated by ad-
verbs in English.
74 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
148. Rule of Syntax. — Manner is expressed by the abla-
tive zvith the preposition cum, but cum may be omitted if an
adjeetive is used zvith the ablative.
149. VOCABULARY
studium, i, n., zeal, eagerness, imperator, oris, m., general,
cura, ae, f., eare. commander in chief.
obses, obsidis, m. and f., host- conloco, are, avi, atus, place,
age, pledge. station.
multitudo, multitudinis, f., compleo, complere, complevi,
multitude, croivd. com^\Qivis,f II up, complete.
imperium, i, n., command, diu, adv., long, for a long
pozver. time.
150. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. EquitLim celeritate Roman! terrentur. 2. Caesar
legato equum pulchrum dat. 3. Legato a Caesare equus
pulcher datiir. 4. Hieme frumenti inopia hostes lab5ra-
bant. 5. Magna urbis pars a Gallls occupatur. 6. Mllitcs
a rege in hiberna convocantur.
II. I. We suffered from many wounds. 2. At night
the consul took possession of the mountain. 3. The lazy
boys are not praised by my father. 4. The Gauls are
frightened by the speed and bravery of the soldiers.
151. EXERCISES
I. I. Laudabat, laudabatur ; videbunt, videbuntur.
2. Portabamus, portabamur ; superabis, superaberis. 3. In
agrls lab5rabunt magno cum studio. 4. In castris cum
cura legi5 conlocabitur. 5. In colle diu cum hostibus
dimicabant. 6. Oppidum ab imperatore magno studio
oppugnabatur. 7. Caesar! imperium dabitur. 8. Urbem
equitum multitudine complevit. 9. L!ber5s mult5s obsides
Caesar! Gall! dederant. 10. Equitesne a duce laudabuntur .-'
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 75
II. I. You will hold, you will be held. 2, Are we
praising? he will be blamed. 3. They were wounded by
the infantry with swords. 4. At daybreak the Romans \
fought bravely. 5. A large part of the arms was carried
very carefully into camp. 6. Many soldiers were seen
near the bridge.
LESSON 22
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE
OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS
152. Review 39, 81, 86. The perfect, pluperfect, and
future perfect passive of all Latin verbs have compound
forms. They employ the perfect passive participle and
the present, imperfect, and future tenses respectively of
the auxiliary verb sum. The participle is like an adjective
in form and syntax, and its endings change to agree with
the gender and number of the subject of the verb.
Paradigms
Perfect PAssrv^E of amo
Singular Plural
1. amatus sum, / Jiave been amati sumus
loved, I zvas loved
2. amatus es amati estis
3. amatus est amati sunt
Pluperfect Passive
1. amatus eram, / Iiad been amati eramus
loved
2. amatus eras amati eratis
3. amatus erat amati erant
76 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Future Perfect Passive
Singular Plural
1. amatus ero, / sJiall have amati erimus
been loved
2. amatus eris amati eritis
3. amatus erit amati erunt
1. In the same way, form and conjugate these same tenses
of moneo, video, porto, giving English meanings.
2. Note carefully that the participle is declined like bonus,
and that its endings conform to the gender and num-
ber of the subject ; for example,
/ (a girl) have been loved, amata sum
ive (girls) have been loved, amatae sumus
the toivn had been seen, oppidum visum erat
the girl has been loved, puella amata est
3. For the difference in meaning between the perfect and
the imperfect passive see 92, 2.
153. VOCABULARY
amicitia, ae, f., friendship, civis, civis, m. and f., citi.'yen.
a Ilia nee. ci vitas, atis, f., state, citizen-
pax, pads, i., peace. ship.
mensis, mensis, m., month. confirmo, are, avi, atus,
iter, itineris, n., march, road, strengtJioi, establish.
joiirncy (476). contineo, continere, continui,
ex itinere, on the march. contentus, Jiold together,
7'estrain.
154. EXERCISES
I. I. Vulneratl eratis ; videbamus; incitatae sunt.
2. Laudatane est ? laudatl erant ; culpatae erunt. 3. Pax
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 77
cum multls civitatibus est confirmata. 4. Cives ob amici-
tiam laudavimus. 5. Galli montibus et fluminibus contine-
bantur. 6. Oppida multa decern mensibiis erant occupata.
7. Magna Helvetiorum urbs ex itinera est expugnata.
8. Frumentum multum ex agris in hiberna portatum erat.
9. Caesar mllites in castrls tenebat. 10. Homines multl
a Rdmanis erant necatl. ii. Multos clvis in Italia vidi-
mus. 12. Urbs ab imperatore magno cum studio oppugnata
est.
II. I. She was restrained ; you (plur.) liad been blamed.
2. We (fem. plur.) shall have been pleased ; they have been
summoned. 3. Peace and friendship have been established
with the Gauls. 4. The citizens had been aroused by
their leaders. 5. The girl was carefully carried into the
city. 6. The soldiers were praised by the general for their
bravery. 7. Caesar attacked a town of the Helvetians on
the march. 8. The cavalry had been wounded by the
weapons of the enemy.
78
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 23
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. THREE
TERMINATIONS. ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATION
155. Adjectives of the third declension are divided into
three classes according as they have in the nominative
singular either one, two, or three terminations.
acer, sharp, keen, eager
Stem
acri-
Base
acr-
Singular
Masculine
Femhiine
Neuter
NOM.
acer
acris
acre
Gen.
acris
acris
acris
DAT.
acri
acri
acri
Ace.
acrem
acrem
acre
Abl.
acri
PiJ
acri
L'RAI,
acri
NOM.
acres
acres
acria
Gen.
acrium
acrium
acrium
DAT.
acribus
acribus
acribus
Ace.
acris, es
acris, es
acria
Abl.
acribus
acribus
acribus
I. Note that adjectives of this declension have -i- stems,
and that the ablative singular ends in -i. Review 122.
156. Examine the following :
I. Helvetii Gallos virtute superant, tJie Helvetii surpass
the Gauls in valor.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 79
2. Vir nomine sed non factis amicus erat, tJie man was a
friend in name but not in deeds.
Observe that the ablatives virtute, nomine, factis, tell in
wJiat respect the meaning of the verb or noun is true ; the
first sentence tells that the Helvetii surpass the Gauls in
respect to valor, not in size, speed, or in any other respect.
157. Rule of Syntax. — The ablative of specificatio7i tells
in ivJiat respect the meaning of a verb, noun, or adjective
applies. N^o preposition is used.
158. VOCABULARY
aitus, a, um, higJi, deep. finis, finis, m., end ; (plur.)
angustus, a, um, narrozv, boundary, territory.
contracted. finitimus, a, um, neighboring,
noster, nostra, nostrum, our, adjoining ; finitimi, orum,
ours. m., neighbors.
acer, acris, acre, kecji, sharp, quod, conj., because.
eager. -que, and, an enchtic, always
equester, equestris, equestre, attached to a word.
of the cavalry; cavalry m.3igni\.VidiO,ims,i., greatness,
(adj.). sice.
159. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Dux filium ob virtutem laudaverat. 2. Pax quat-
tuor mensibus a Caesare cum multls civitatibus erat
conflrmata. 3. Multa nocte c5piae ex agris in castra con-
vocabantur. 4. Mllites hieme in hiberna sunt convocatl.
5. Mult! incolae gladiis equitum vulnerati erant.
II. I. Why were the Helvetii aroused .-* 2. The town
was captured on the march. 3. At daybreak the general
gave his soldiers food. 4. The consul suffered from lack
of cavalry.
8o
ESSENTIALS OF LATEN
i6o.
EXERCISES
I. I. Castra Caesaris in Helveti5rum flnibus erant.
2. Iter per fines nostrds angustum erat. 3. Roman!
virtute sed non magnitudine corporis Gallos superabant.
4. Equestres c5piae hostium magna cum virtute pugnave-
rant 5. Flumina Galliae erant angustaaltaque.^ 6. Equites
a Caesare sunt laudatl, quod hostes celeritate superaverunt.
7. Acres perltaeque ^ erant copiae consulis. 8. Pedites
Caesaris proelio erant acres. 9. Cur Helveti! a ducibus
sunt incitati ? Quod altls montibus et fluminibus latls con-
tinebantur. 10. Hostes equestrl proelio erant superatT.
II. I. The battle with our cavalry was keen. 2. Have
you seen many deep rivers .-' 3. We surpass our neighbors
in cavalry forces. 4. There is a narrow road through our
neighbors' i"erritory. 5. The general was wounded in his
foot. 6. The Helvetii seized many towns because they
fought with great bravery.
1 Note to which word -que is added.
Galli
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 24
ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. TWO AND
ONE TERMINATIONS. DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES
161. Many adjectives of the third declension have only
two separate forms in the nominative, the masculine and
feminine being alike. They are all declined like the fol-
lowing: :
facilis, easy
Stem
facili-
Base
facil-
Singular
Masculine a?!d Feminine
Neuter
NOM.
facilis
facile
Gen.
facilis
facilis
Dat.
facili
facili
Ace.
facilem
facile
Abl.
facili
facili
Plural
NOM.
faciles
facilia
Gen.
facilium
facilium
Dat.
facilibus
facilibus
Ace.
facilis (es)
facilia
Abl.
facilibus
facilibus
Other adjectives of this declension have one form for
the nominative in all genders. They are declined like the
followins: :
ESSEN. OF LATIN
Z2
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
ferax,
fertile
Stem
feraci-
Base
ferac-
Singular
Vfasculiii,
e and Feminine
Neuter
NOM.
ferax
ferax
Gen.
feracis
feracis
DAT.
feraci
feraci
Ace.
feracem
ferax
Abl.
feraci (e)
feraci (e)
Plural
NoM.
feraces
feracia
Gen.
feracium
feracium
DAT.
feracibus
. feracibus
Ace.
feracis (es)
feracia
Abl.
feracibus
feracibus
Observe
1. That all adjectives of the third declension have one
form for all genders in all cases except the nomina-
tive and accusative.
2. That adjectives of the third declension ending in -er have
three terminations, those in -is two, and all others,
except comparatives, one.
3. That they have -i- stems, and that those of two and three
terminations have only -i in the ablative singular.
162. Examine the following :
1. Filius patri similis erat, tJie son was like his father.
2. Locus castris idoneus erat, the place ivas suitable for a
camp.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 83
Observe that the datives patri and castris are related to
the adjectives similis and idoneus. This use of the
dative is similar to the English idiom, and presents few
difficulties.
163. Rule of Syntax. — TJie dative is used witJi adjeetives
denoting Resemblance, Fitness, Nearness, and tJie like, and
also with their opposites.
164. VOCABULARY
f ortis, e, brave, strong. omnis, e, all, every, the ivhole.
similis, e, like, similar. brevis, e, brief, short.
dissimilis, e, dissiinilar, nji- par, paris, equal {to).
like. vetus,^ veteris, old, aneient.
facilis, e, easy. gens, gentis, f., race, nation.
difficilis, e, difficnlt. populus, i, m., people.
165. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Helvetil fluminibus altls continebantur. 2. Ad
flumen iter erat angustum. 3. Cur nostri fmitimi terren-
tur ? Quod cum R5manis pacem et amicitiam conflrma-
vimus. 4. Caesar equestibus proelils Gall5s superavit.
5. Pedites nostri altls fluminibus terrebantur. 6. Gallos
magna cum celeritate in fugam dederunt.
II. I. There are many beautiful ships on the sea. 2. Our
cavalry were skillful in battle. 3. Why were they fright-
ened } Because they saw many deep rivers and lofty
mountains. 4. The bridges have been taken possession
of by the enemy.
166. EXERCISES
I. I. Multae et fortes erant in Gallia gentes. 2. Caesar
veteres mllites amabat, quod bello fortes erant. 3. Mllites
^ This is not an i stem.
84 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
fortes oppidum occupaverant. 4. Iter ad montem facile
est. 5. BrevI tempore magnam hostium partem necaverant.
6. Helvetil multitudine hominum populo Romano non erant
pares. 7. Fortis puer a mllite est vulneratus. 8. Omnes
incolae ex oppido ad collem convocantur. 9, Caesar multls
imperatoribus erat dissimilis. 10. FinitimI nostri omnes
gentes virtute siiperant.
II. I. In every town we shall see many children. 2. The
boy was like the girl in size. 3. We carried the grain into
the town by an easy road. 4. All the tribes were brave
and ^ faithful. 5. In winter the field near the river will
not be fit for a camp. 6. The Roman people were not
conquered by the brave Helvctii.
LESSON 25
READING LESSON
CHAPTER II
The Ambitious Designs of the Helvetii under the
Leadership of Orgetorix
167. Orgetorix, qui^ princeps erat Helvetiorum, coniura-
tionem n5bilitatis fecit {formed^ et cum flnitimls civitatibus
pacem et amicitiam conflrmavit. Helvetil undique natura
loci continentur ; una ex parte ^ flumine Rheno, qui agrum
Helvetium a Germanis dividit,* altera ex parte monte lura,
tertia ex parte flumine Rhodano, qui prdvinciam nostram
ab Helvetils dividit. Qua de causa ^ fines Helveti5rum
angusti erant pr5 ^ multitudine hominum, et emigrare '^
cupiebant.^
1 Use -que. ^ the relative pronoun who, ivhich, that. ^ una ex parte, on
one side. * third person singular of divido. ^ Qua de causa, y^r this reason.
^ in proportion to. ' to e/iiigrate. ^ third person plural imperfect of cupio.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
85
LESSON 26
PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT OF sum.
REVIEW OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS
168. Review 81.
Prin. Parts : sum, esse, fui
Perfect
Future Perfect
Pluperfect
Singular
I. i\\\, I have been, iw^XdiVOL, I had been iwtro, I shall have
/ zvas
beat
2.
fuisti
fueras
fueris
3-
fuit
fuerat
Plural
fuerit
I.
fuimus
fueramus
fuerimus
2.
fuistis
fueratis
fueritis
3-
fuerunt, fuere
fuerant
fuerint
1. Observe that the perfect stem is fu-, and that the pluper-
fect and future perfect are formed regularly from this
stem by adding -eram and -ero.
2. Are the personal endings regular ?
169. The following verbs of the first and second con-
jugations have been introduced in the preceding lessons.
Review carefully their meanings and principal parts. Why
must one know the principal parts of a verb .''
pugno
conloc5
vide5
laudo
supera
mature
expugn5
confirms
teneo
culpo
arma
incita
oppugno
compare
contineo
servo
occupa
labara
voco
augeo
compleo
delect5
vulnero
neca
convocS
habeo
moveo
moneS
da
porta
dlmica
terrea
I. What is the force of con (com) in a compound verb?
86
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
170. Review carefully 99, 104, 105, 106. With the out-
line given below as a suggestion, complete the synopsis of
incite. In a similar way, write out a synopsis of habeo in
the second person and augeo in the third person.
Synopsis of the Indicative, Third Person
Prin. Parts : incite, are, avi, atus, arouse, urge on
Present
Stem
incita-
Perfect
Stem
incitav-
171.
Pres.
Imp.
FUT.
Perf.
Plup.
Active
Si'/ij^. incitat
/-*////-. incitant
Si/iiT. incitilbat
Passive
incitatur
incitantur
incitabatur
P/ur. inciteibant incitabantur
Plnr.
f Si7i}
I Plur.
I Sing.
\ Plnr.
FuT. j Sing.
Perf. [ Plur.
Participial
Stem
incitat-
vocabulary
vasto, are, avi, atus, lay reliquus, a, um, the rest of,
waste, ravage. remaining.
libertas, atis, i., liberty, free- potens, potentis, able, powcr-
doni. fill.
pro, prep, with abl., before, in behalf of , for.
172. exercises
I. I. Fueratis ; fuerimus ; fuistis. 2. Gallorum fines
ab equitibus erant vastatT. 3. ReliquI hostes pro llbertate
diu pugnaverant. 4. Belgae navibus erant potentes.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 8/
5. Paucis annls bello finitimds Helvetil superaverant.
6. Pro feminis llberisqiie magn5 cum studi5 pugnabant.
7. Reliquae in Gallia gentes a nostris finitimis incitatae
sunt. 8. Caesar cum quattuor legionibus fines Helvetio-
rum vastare ^ maturabit. 9. Legiones popull Roman!
magnitudine corporis Gallorum terrebantur. 10. Servus
domin5 virtute erat similis. 11. Angustis montibus et
altis fluminibus oppidum continetur.
II. I. They saw a few horsemen near the bridge.
2. Because of the war, the fields of the Gauls have been
laid waste. 3. The legions of the Roman people were
brave and skillful. 4. The foot-soldiers were equal to
the cavalry in speed. 5. The citizens will fight for the
general. 6. They put the rest of the enemy to flight.
7. There were many powerful tribes in Gaul.
LESSON 27
THIRD CONJUGATION. PRESENT, LMPERFECT, AND
FUTURE, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
Third Con'Jugation
173. duco, / lead
Prin. Parts : duco, ducere, duxi, ductus
Learn the present, imperfect, and future, active and
passive, of duco (493).
1. Observe that the personal endings are the same as those
used in the first and second conjugations (43, 139).
2. Compare the present of duco with the present of moneo
and amo in respect to the vowel that precedes the
personal ending.
^ pres. inf., to lay waste.
88 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
3. Are the imperfect tenses of the first, second, and third
conjugations formed and conjugated in the same
way ?
4. Compare the future of duco with the future of moneo,
and notice the difference in formation.
5. Observe that the present stems of this conjugation end in
sJiort -e-, those of the second conjugation in long -t-.
6. Like duco conjugate the present, imperfect, and future
tenses, active and passive, of mitto, scud, and vinco,
congiter.
174. VOCABULARY
duco, ere, duxi, ductus, lead, gero, gerere, gessi, gestus,
mitto, ere, misi, missus, scud. cany on, 7vagc.
vinco, ere, vici, victus, con- incolo, ere, incolui, incultus,
giicr. inhabit.
relinquo, ere, reliqui, relictus, neque . . . neque, neither . . .
leave behind, leave. nor.
contendo, ere, contend!, conten- saepe, adv., often, frequently .
tus, struggle, strive, hasten,
Jinrry, march.
175. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Dux castra movebit, quod inopia frijmentl in agris
est. 2. Equites nostrl fabuhs Gallorum sunt incitatL
3. Belgae virtiite Helvetiis similes erant. 4. Multae
Gallorum gentes multitudine hominum erant potentes.
5. PaucI vicl ab hostibus vastati erant. 6. Omnes pro
llbertate magno studio pugnabimus.
II. I. The rest of the Gauls were powerful in arms.
2. Is a son always like his father.^ 3. In a short time the
village will be like a camp. 4. The general praised the
old soldiers for their bravery.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 89
176. EXERCISES
I. I. Duciint; ducent; ducebat. 2. Mittimus; mitte-
bantur ; mittebar. 3. Vincemur; vinces ; ducebatis.
4. Belgae bellum longum cum populo Romano gerebant.
5. Helvetil saepe cum finitimis contendebant. 6. Hostium
copiae trans flumen relinquuntur. 7. In castris erant neque
tela neque cibus. 8. Helvetil magno proeli5 a Caesare vin-
centur. 9. Imperator per fines Gallorum in Belgas multas
legi5nes mittit: 10. Caesar cum quattuor legionibus in
Galliam contendebat. 11. Naves in Tnsulae incolas mit-
tentur, 12. Galll equestribus copiis Romanes superabant.
II. I. We shall conquer; they are sending; you (plur.)
are being led. 2. We are left behind ; they will be sent ;
you (sing.) will be led. 3. He will neither send nor carry
food into the city. 4. The Helvetii inhabit the mountains
of Gaul. 5. Many women and children were left in camp.
6. The Roman people were waging war with the Helvetii.
7. Four legions will be sent by the consul into Gaul.
LESSON 28
VERBS IN -io. THIRD CONJUGATION COMPLETED
177. Many verbs of the third conjugation end in io in
the first person singular of the present indicative active.
capio, take
Prin. Parts : capio, capere, cepi, captus
Learn the present, imperfect, and future, active and
passive, of capio (495).
I. Observe that the conjugation of capio differs from that
of diico in the present tense only in two forms.
What is the difference .■'
90 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
2. In what respect do the imperfect and future of capio
differ from duco ?
3. Like capio conjugate these tenses of fugio, flee, and
iacio, Jiurl.
178. Review 92, 98, 106, 152. The perfect, pluperfect,
and future perfect, active and passive, of all Latin verbs
are formed and cojijugated in the same zuay.
1. Learn the conjugation of the perfect, pkiperfect, and
future perfect, active and passive, of duco and capio
(493, 495)-
2. Write a synopsis (170) of iacio, hurl, in the third person
of the indicative.
179. VOCABULARY
iacio, iacere, ieci, iactus, interficio,interficere,interfeci,
tliroiu, hurl. interfectus, kill.
capio, capere, cepi, captus, traduco (trans + duco), ere,
take, seice, capture, form. traduxi, traductus, lead
fugio, fugere, fugi, — , flee, over, transport.
run azuaj'. consilium, i, n., advice, pru-
facio, facere, feci, factus, do, dence, plan.
make. moenia, moenium, n. (plur.),
walls, fortifications.
180. REVIEW EXERCISES
L I. Equites pedites non rehnquent. 2. Neque pedi-
tibus neque equitibus sed navibus contendunt. 3. Estne
iter ad oppidum facile ? 4. Roman! in hostium fines legi-
ones multas mittebant. 5. Decem mensibus gentes multae
a consule vincentur.
IL I. The Helvetii often carried on war with their
neighbors. 2. At daybreak the soldiers had been led
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 91
into the city. 3. The Gauls were conquered by Caesar.
4. Did you send the messenger to the general ?
181. EXERCISES
I. I. Capiuntur; interficieris ; fugiemus. 2. Traduci-
mur ; capimur; fugiebatis. 3. Caesar in Helveti5rum
fines iter ^ faciet. 4. Romani ex hostibus copiam frumenti
capiebant. 5. Equites magna cum celeritate in montes
fugiebant. 6. Multa nocte pauci pedites erant interfectl.
7. Hostes tela in moenia nostra iecerunt. 8. Imperator
ob consilium proell legatum laudavit. 9. Galll legatos ad
Caesarem de pace miserunt. 10. Consul trans flumen
latum legiones traducet. 11. Multl equites a copifs
nostrls interficientur.
II. I. We shall flee; they were killed; it had been
taken. 2. You (plur.) were throwing; she has been
seized. 3. All the inhabitants fled from the city into
the forests. 4. The general's plan was a good one.^
5. The Helvetii will march ^ out of their territory.
6. In the winter Caesar used * to form his plans.
1 iter facio, march. 2 -f,^5 (f gQQd Q,ig ~ 2vas good. ^ march = make a
march. * used to form : use the imperfect of facio.
Caricature of Soldier
(Pompeii)
92
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 29
PRESENT INFINITIVE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. THE
INFINITIVE USED AS IN ENGLISH
182. Infinitive
Active Passive
First Con'jugation
Present am are, to love amari, to be loved
Second Conjugation
Present monere, to advise moneri, to be advised
Third Conjugation
Present ducere, to lead duci, to be led
Present capere, to take capi, to be taken
Fourth Conjugation
Present audire, to hear audiri, to be heard
1. The present infinitive active of all verbs has appeared
as the second one of the principal parts of each verb
given (86).
2. Observe that the present passive is formed from the
present active by changing final -e to -i, except in
the third conjugation, which changes final -ere to -i.
183. Examine the following :
1. Maturat milites convocare, he hastens to summon the
soldiers.
2. Laudari est gratum, to be praised is pleasant.
3. Incolas armari iubet, Jie orders the inhabitants to be
armed.
4. Omnes primi esse cupimus, zve all zvish to be first.
5. Debet interfici, Jie ought to be killed.
6. Fortis esse dicitur, Jie is said to be brave.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 93
a. These examples show that the infinitive in Latin is
often used as it is in English.
b. In 2, the infinitive is subject of est. In 1,4, 5, 6, the
infinitive completes the meaning of the main verb,
and is called the coinplementaiy infijiitivc.
c. In 3, observe that incolas, the subject of the infinitive,
is accusative. In 4, note that the predicate adjective
primi agrees with the subject of the main verb, cupi-
mus, and is therefore nominative.
184. Rules of Syntax.
1. TJie subject of the infinitive is in the accusative.
2. A predicate adjective xvitJt a complementary infinitive
agrees ivith the siibject of tJie main verb.
185. VOCABULARY
dico, dicere, dixi, dictus, say, constituo, constituere, con-
speak, tell. stitui, constitutus, place,
iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus, station, determine, appoint.
order, bid. paro, are, avi, atus, prepare,
debeo, debere, debui, debitus, provide.
oivc, ought. appello, are, avi, atus, call,
cupio, cupere, cupivi (ii), cu- name.
pitus, wish, desire, be eager auxilium, i, n., aid, help.
for. numerus, i, m., number.
186. EXERCISES
I. I. Vir perTtus esse debet. 2. Pater fllium fortem
esse cupit. 3. Helvetil legates de pace ad Caesarem mit-
tere parati sunt. 4. Difficile est gentes potentes superare.
5. Helvetil, inopia cibi permoti {infiueiiced), pacem facere
cupiebant. 6. Magnum navium numerum parare Gall!
constituerunt. 7. Caesar legatum auxilium mittere iussit.
94 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
8. Tuus amicus appellarl dicitur. 9. Imperator oppidum
ex itinere oppugnare constituerat. 10. Caesar constituit
cum Helvetiis, incolls Galliae, bellum gerere. 11. Copiae
hostium magnae esse dicebantur. 12. Consul nuntium
cum decern equitibus in Galliam contendere iubebit.
II. I. It was easy to capture the town. 2. The enemy
did not wish to leave their baggage in camp. 3. The girl
ought to be skillful. 4. Do you wish to give your father a
book ? 5. Caesar ordered the legion to storm the town.
6. The fortifications are said to be high. 7. We ought to
be brave and good. 8. Caesar desires the soldiers to be
praised for their bravery. 9. The Gauls are said to be
powerful in ships.
LESSON 30
READING LESSON
CHAPTER III
Preparation of Orgetorlx and the Helvetii
187. Ilelvetil auctdritate Orgetorlgis permotl^ iumento-
rum et carrorum magnum numerum et copiam frumenti
comparare constituerunt. In^ tertium annum profecti5nem
in provinciam R5manam lege confirmaverunt, et ad flniti-
mas clvitates Orgetorigem legatum mlserunt. Casticus
Sequanus, cuius {zuhosc) pater a populo Romano amicus
appellatus erat, et DumnorIx Haeduus, principes in suls
(//^^/r)clvitatibus, auxilium dederunt. Dumnorigl Orgetorlx
flliam in matrimonium dedit. Itaque hi {these) tres princi-
pes potentium civitatum inter se^ iusiurandum dederunt,
et GaUiae imperium obtinere cupiebant.
1 See 186 I, 5. '^ for. ^ inter se, each other (literally, among themselves).
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
95
i88.
LESSON 31
THE DEMONSTRATIVE is. idem
Is, ea, id
As adjective, tJiis, that ; plur., t/icse, those.
As pronoun, this, that, he, she, it ; plur., these, those, they
Singular
Plural
Mas.
Fern.
Keiit.
Mas.
Fern.
Keut.
NOM.
is
ea
id
ei, ii
eae
ea
Gen.
eius
eius
eius
eorum
earum
eorum
DAT.
ei
ei
ei
eis, iis
eis, iis
eis, iis
Ace.
eum
earn
id
eos
eas
ea
Abl.
CO
ea
eo
eis, iis
eis, iis
eis, iis
I. In what cases do the endings differ from those of
bonus (62).' The stem is -e- or -i-.
189.
idem (is + dem), the same
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
NOM.
idem
eadem
idem
Gen.
eiusdem
eiusdem
eiusdem
DAT.
eidem
eidem
eidem
Ace.
eundem
eandem
idem
Abl.
eodem
eadem
Plural
eodem
Alasculim
Feminine
Neuter
NOM."
eidem (idem)
eaedem
eadem
Gen.
eorundem
earundem
eorundem
DAT.
eisdem (isdem)
eisdem (isdem)
eisdem (isdem)
Ace.
eosdem
easdem
eadem
Abl.
eisdem (isdem)
eisdem (isdem)
eisdem (isdem)
96 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
1. Observe that idem is a compound of is and dem, and
that dem is uninflected.
2. The is is declined regularly except for a few consonant
changes before dem.
190. Examine the following :
1 . Is miles laudatur, tJiat soldier is praised.
2. Eum laudant, tJiey praise him {i.e. tliat {many).
3. Amicum eius laudamus, roc praise Ids friend (i.e. the
friend of him).
4. Amicum eorum laudamus, zue praise their friend {i.q. the
friend of them).
a. In I, is is used in agreement with a noun, and is a
demonstrative adjective. It tells in an unemphatic
manner ivJiat man is praised.
b. In 2, 3, 4, is is used without a noun, and is a demon-
strative pronoun.
c. Observe that eius means Jiis, hers, its ; eorum means
their, referring to mascuHne and neuter nouns ; earum
means theij; referring to feminine nouns. See table
below for the various meanings of is.
d. Decline together : ea femina, id nomen, is miles.
e. When the pronoun of the third person is expressed, it
is regularly is.
191. Table of Meanings for Reference
is, ea, id
Singular
NoM. this, that ; he, she, it.
Gen. of this, of that; of him, his; of her, her; of it, its.
Dat. to or for this or that ; to or for him, her, it.
Ace. this, that ; him, her, it.
Abl, from, with, by this tr that ; from, with, by him, her, it.
ESSExXTIALS OF LATIN 9/
Plural
NoM. these, those ; they.
Gen. of these, of those ; of them, their.
Dat. to or for these or those ; to or for them.
Ace. these, those ; them.
Abl. from, with, by these or those ; from, with, by them.
192. VOCABULARY
Labienus, i, m., Lahiaius fortuna, ae, f., fortu7ie, good
(one of Caesar's lieuten- fortimc.
ants). murus, i, m., ivall.
cohors, cohortis, f.,^^/^^/'/(one pono, ponere, posui, positus,
of the subdivisions of the place, pitch (a camp).
legion). princeps, principis, m., leader,
defends, defendere, defend!, chief.
defensus, defend^ protect. pugna, ae, f., battle.
et . . . et, both . . . and. post, prep, with ace, after,
behind.
193. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Auxilium parare debemuSo 2, Mllites fortes esse
cupiunt. 3. Caesari obsides dare constituerunt. 4. Mllites
cum virtute pugnare iubebit. 5. Numerus navium decem
esse dicitur. 6. R5manl e5s Gallos appellare cupiebant.
II. I. Caesar orders the states to send hostages. 2. The
commander did not wish to fight. 3. A number of soldiers
is said to be led to the city. 4. The Romans ought to
conquer the Gauls.
194. EXERCISES
I. I. Eius ; earum ; el agricolae. 2. Eiusdem virl;
eaedem cohortes ; in eadem urbe. 3. Caesar, princeps
Romanus, earn urbem expugnaverat. 4. Eius mllites post
ESSEN. OF LATIN — 7
98 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
earn pugnam eum ob fortunam laudaverunt. 5. Eodem
tempore Caesar incolls llbertatem dedit, quod muros magna
cum virtute defenderant. 6. Id facere est non semper
facile. 7. Labienus easdem cohortes in Helvetios duxit et
mox eos vicit. 8. In eorum vico Labienus castra posuit,
et panels mensibus pugnas multas pugnavit. 9. Helvetii
muros eius oppidi et cum virtute et fortuna defendent.
10. Eosdem mllites ad oppida eius gentis mittit.
II. I. His; their(fem.); to them. 2. In the same win-
ter; of the same chiefs; by the same man. 3. He orders
them to pitch the camp in the same place. 4. His good
fortune was not always the same. 5. They had given both
money and food. 6. These soldiers will defend their walls.
LESSON 32
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
195. qui, 7v/io, zvJiicJi, tJiat, ivJiat
Singular
Plural
Mas.
Fern.
Neut.
Man.
Fern .
Neut.
NOM.
qu!
quae
quod
qui
quae
quae
Gen.
cuius
cuius
cuius
quorum
quarum
quorum
Dat.
cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ace.
quem
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
Abl.
quo
qua
qu5
quibus
quibus
quibus
Table of Meanings for Reference
NoM. who, which, that, what.
Gen. of whom, whose, of which, of what.
Dat. to or for whom, which, or what.
Ace. whom, which, that, what.
Abl. from, with, by whom, which, or what.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 99
196. Examine the following :
1. Feminae quas videmus pulchrae sunt, tJie luoincn zvhom
tve see are beautiful.
2. Viros qui in castris sunt laudat, Jic praises the vicu that
are iu the camp.
3. Vir cuius equum habebat agricola fuit, the man zvhose
horse he had zuas a farmer.
4. Puella cui librum dedit fida est, the girl to ivhom he
gave the book is faithful.
5. Pilum quo vulneratus sum longum fuit, tJic javelin by
li'/iic/i I zcas luounded zvas a long one.
6. Is qui est fortis laudatur, he {one, a man) zvho is brave
is praised.
a. The relative pronoun refers to some word, and the word
to which it refers is called its antecedent ; i.e. the
antecedent of quas in i is feminae. Point out the
antecedents in the other sentences.
b. Observe that the relative has the same gender and num-
ber as its antecedent, but that its case is not necessarily
the same. The case of the relative is determined by
its relation to the words of its own clause : for ex-
ample, in I, quas is accusative because it is the direct
object of videmus ; in 5, quo is ablative to express the
instrument of the verb vulneratus sum. Explain the
cases of the other relatives.
c. In 6, is does not refer to any particular person, but
means a matt, one. Is is thus commonly used as
the antecedent of the relative.
197. Rule of Syntax. — -A relative pronoun agrees with
its ajiteecdent in gender and number, but its case is deter-
mined by its relation to some word of its oivn clause.
lOO ESSENTIALS OP' LATIN
198. VOCABULARY
causa, ae, f., cause, case. nuntio, are, avi, atus, an-
causam dico, ere, dixi, dictus, noiincc, report.
plead (one's) ease. coepi, coepisse, coeptus sum
vinculum, i, n., eJiaiii. (only in the perfect, plu-
ex vinculis, in chains. perfect, and future perfect
poena, ae, i., punishment. tense), began.
coniuratio, onis, f., conspiracy. Orgetorix, igis, m., Orgetorix.
199. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Eoruni niTlites in eodem loco pugnabant. 2. Eldem
principl praemia dat. 3. Eae cohortes moenia cum virtute
defendent. 4. Et Helvetil et R5mani fortes erant. 5. Eius
castra in eadem urbe ponuntur. 6. Post proelium milites
in hiberna contendent.
II. I. Those brave soldiers were praised for their good
fortune. 2. Both the cohorts and their leaders had fought
bravely in that battle. 3. Caesar at the same time defends
the walls of that city. 4. After that war they pitched the
camp near the mountains.
200. EXERCISES
I. I. R5manl nuntiant causam coniurationis quam
Helvetil fecerunt. 2. Milites quos in Gallia habent in
earn gentem mittuntur. 3. OrgetorLx, qui earn coniura-
ti5nem fecerat, ex vinculis causam dicere coepit. 4. Eius
coniuratio Caesarl nuntiata est ab els qui missi erant.
5. Ob eam coniurationem Helvetil, quorum legatl a Caesare
convocati erant, permoti sunt. 6. Causam ex vinculis
dicere poena est eius qui coniurationem fecit. 7. Causa
belli fuit caedes R6man5rum qui in ea urbe fuerunt.
8. Cum eis, quorum principes id fecerant, pugnare coepe-
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
lOI
runt 9. Is cui bellum gratum est asper est. 10. Gladius
qu5 pugnabat longus est.
II. I. The boy that is faithful is praised. 2. The sol-
dier whom the general sees is brave. 3. Those are the
weapons with which he fought. 4. He who fights bravely
is not often conquered. 5. Orgetorix, wdiose punishment
has been announced, will be killed. 6. The man to whom
I gave this is my friend. 7. They began to fight with the
Romans.
LESSON 33
THE DEMONSTRATIVES hic AND ille. ADJECTIVES USED
AS SUBSTANTIVES
201.
hie, haec, hoc, this, plur, these
Singular
Plural
Mas.
Fern.
Neut.
Mas.
Fern.
Neut.
NOM.
hic
haec
hoc
hi
hae
haec
Gen.
huius
huius
huius
horum
harum
horum
DAT.
huic
huic
huic
his
his
his
Ace.
hunc
banc
hoc
hos
has
haec
Abl.
hoc
hac
hoc
his
his
his
202.
ille, ilia, illud, tJiat, plur. tJiose
Singular
Plural
Mas.
Fern.
Neut.
Mas.
Fern.
Neut.
NoM.
ille
ilia
illud
illl
illae
ilia
Gen.
illlus
illlus
illlus
illorum
illarum
illorum
Dat.
illl
illl
illl
illis
illls
illls
Ace.
ilium
illam
illud
illos
illas
ilia
Abl.
illo
ilia
illo
illls
illls
illls
I. Compare the endings of ille with those of is (188).
102 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
203. Examine the following :
1 . Hie puer omnia, ilia puella pauca vidit, tJiis boy sazv every-
thing, tJiat girl a fciv tilings.
2. Caesar et Pompeius erant Romanorum principes ; ille
in Gallia pugnabat, hie in Italia remanebat, Caesar
and Pompey zvcre the leading vien of the Romans ;
the former fongJit in Gaiil, the latter remained ifi
Italy.
3. Nostri in castris erant, onr men were in camp.
a. Hie and ille are more emphatic than is (190, a\ When
a contrast is expressed, as in 2, hie means the latter., ille
means tJic former. Ille also sometimes means that
well-known, that famous, and with this meaning is
commonly placed after its noun.
b. Decline together haee urbs, hoe flumen.
c. In I and 2, observe that the adjectives omnia, pauea,
nostri, are used alone, as if they were nouns. The
noun to be supplied in English is generally indicated
by the gender of the adjective. The neuter implies
the noun tiling in English ; i.e. multa (neuter plural)
means many things.
204. VOCABULARY
f rater, fratris, m., brother. eogo, ere, eoegi, eoactus, col-
mors, mortis, f., death. lect, compel, force.
eliens, elientis, m., vassal, eripio, ere, eripui, ereptus,
dependent. snatch azvay, save.
natio, onis, f., nation. sub, prep, with ace, to the
oratio, onis, f., speech. foot of ; with abl., under,
eognoseo, ere, cognovi, eogni- at the foot of
tus, learn of, recognize.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 103
205. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Helvetil qui coniurationem fecerunt legates ad
Caesarem mittunt. 2. LegatI quibus Caesar ea dixit
permati erant. 3. Causa eius poenae erat coniuratio
quam fecerat. 4. Orgetorix, cuius consiiia nuntiata sunt,
interficietur. 5. Magna cum virtute pugnabant, quod hos-
tes ad castra erant. 6. Pugna quam cum Gallls pugnavc-
rant longa erat.
II. I. The chief that you see is Orgetorix, 2. The
mountain on which they fought is in Gaul. 3. Those to
whom he gives money are his friends. 4. The man whose
conspiracy was reported began to speak.
206. EXERCISES
I. I. Huius orationis ; ill5rum clientium ; huic amlco.
2. Hic cliens fratrem eius eripiet. 3. Nostrl hac oratione
perm5tl {aroused) hostes in fugam dederunt. 4. Hae clvi-
tates, quas dLximus,i legates ad ilium ducem mittent. 5. Et
pedites et equites ad Caesarem contendunt, illl ex urbe, hi
ex agrls. 6. Orgetorix, princeps ille Helvetiorum, necatus
est. 7. Mors huius principis Helvetils non grata est.
8. nil quos convocavisti clientes mel fratri sunt. 9. Om-
nes cognoscere amicos cupiunt. 10. Sub illo colle Caesar
hostes castra ponere coegit.
II. I. For this man ; of those towns ; that famous com-
mander. 2. At the foot of this mountain the enemy will
force Caesar to fight. 3. All these tribes Caesar conquered
within that winter. 4. It is difficult to compel him to do
many things. 5. Our men collected the baggage into that
place. 6. The Romans fought with the Helvetians ; the
latter were brave, but they were conquered by the former.
1 mention.
I04
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 34
Ipse. Iste. IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. ABLATIVE OF
SEPARATION
207
Singular
ipse,
self
Plural
Alas. Fern.
Neut.
Mas.
Fein,
Neut.
NOM.
ipse ipsa
ipsum
ipsi
ipsae
ipsa
Gen.
ipslus ipsius
ipslus
ipsorum
ipsarum
ipsorum
DAT.
ipsi ipsi
ipsi
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
Ace.
ipsum ipsam
ipsum
ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
Abl.
ipso ipsa
ipso
ipsis
ipsis
ipsis
1. Observe chat ipse is declined like bonus, except in the
genitive and dative singular, where we have the end-
ings -ius and -i. What other words have had these
genitive and dative endings .''
2. Ipse is a pronoun that gives emphasis to the word with
which it agrees, and its translations vary : for ex-
ample, vir ipse, tJic man Jiiuiscif ; femina ipsa, the
zvoman herself ; proelium ipsum, the battle itself ;
urbes ipsae, tJie cities themselves ; etc. It sometimes
is best translated in English by even or very. It
agrees like an adjective with some noun or pronoun
expressed or understood.
208. Like ille (202) decline iste, that, that of yours.
I. Iste points out an object near a second person, and
may be translated fully tJiat of yours. It is, therefore,
called the demonstrative of the second person. Ille
is called the demonstrative of the third person, and
its complete meaning is tJiat {of his or Jiers\ Hie
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 105
is the demonstrative of the first person and signifies
tJiis {of ini)ie).
2. Mention the pronouns that have -ius in the genitive
singular and -i in the dative singular.
209. The following adjectives end in -ius in the genitive
singular and -i in the dative singular of all genders (except
that the genitive of alter ends in -ius). In all other cases
they are declined Hke adjectives of the first and second
declension.
alius, alia, aliud (480), other, another.
alter, altera, alterum, tJie other {of tivo).
uter, utra, utrum, ivhich {of tzuo) ?
uterque, utraque, utrumque, eaeh {of tzvo), both.
neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither {of tzvo').
ullus, ulla, uUum, any.
nuUus, nulla, nullum, no, none, no one.
solus, sola, solum, alone, sole, only.
totus, tota, totum, xvJiole, all.
unus, iina, unum, one.
210. Examine the following :
1. Nostris finibus eos prohibebat, he kept them from onr
territories.
2. Cibo caruerat, he Iiad laeked food.
3. Ex ea parte vici discessit, Jie withdreiu from that part of
the village.
a. Observe that the ablatives finibus, cibo, and parte
denote the thing from which there is privation or
removal, or the thing which is lacking.
211. Rule of Syntax. — IVoj'ds denoting Privation, Re-
moval, or Separation are followed by the ablative of the
iking, with or ivithont the prepositions a (ab), de, e (ex).
I06 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
212. VOCABULARY
careo, ere, carui, cariturus.i ripa, ae, f., hank (of river).
lacky be ill need of, be zvitJi- alter . . . alter, the one . . .
out. the other (of two),
discedo, ere, discessi, disces- alius . . . alius, one . . .
sum, depart, ivithdraw. another.
libero, are, avi, atus, free alii . . . alii, some . . , others.
from, liberate. alii aliam in partem, some
prohibeo, ere, prohibui, pro- in one direction, some in
hibitus, keep axvay from. another.
provincia, ae, f., province.
213. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Clientes hos mllites pugnare cogunt. 2. Helvetil
in illls castrTs e perlculo sunt ereptl. 3. Fratres Orgetorlgis
inincipis illTus eum cognoscent. 4. Sub illo monte hae
nationes castra posuerunt. 5. Huic mlliti arma pllum et
sagittas dederant. 6. Rex harum nationum, quae illam
coniurationem fecerant, necatus est.
II. I. That famous chief was forced to plead his case in
chains. 2. Those tribes collected the soldiers at the foot
of the hill (ace). 3. That man, whose daughter has been
saved, will praise the soldier for ^ his courage. 4. We do
not like to be compelled.
214. EXERCISES
I. I. HTc liber est meus; ille gladius est mllitis^; ubi est
istud pTlum ? 2. Caesar ipse cum mllitibus ex ilia urbe
discedit. 3. LegatI quos Helvetil miserunt armlscarent.
4. Hostes utrisque rlpls fluminis prohibebimus. 5. IpsI
^ Future active participle. This is sometimes given as the fourth principal
part when the perfect passive participle is lacking. ^ q^^ ^'\\.\\ ace. ^ the
soldier's.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 107
oppidum a militibus* liberavistis. 6. Alii in ripis alii in
flumine ipso pugnabant. 7. Caesar solus Helvetios pro-
vincia prohibet. 8. Tota provincia ab hostibus liberata est.
9. Ex hac urbe incolae alii aliam in partem discedent.
10. Caesar et Orgetorix principes fuerunt ; alter necatus
(est), alter ob vict5riam laudatus est.
II. I. Of the queen herself; on the very banks of the
river ; that daughter of yours. 2. Caesar was the very
man who was keeping the enemy from the province.
3. Some depart from the town in one direction, some in
another. 4. Those soldiers of yours lack bravery and will
withdraw from the battle. 5. Some like war, others peace.
6. I myself shall free the inhabitants of the whole province
from danger.
LESSON 35
FOURTH CONJUGATION. INTERROGATIVE quis
215. audio, Jicar
Prin. Parts : audio, audire, audivi, auditus
Learn all tenses of the indicative, active and passive, of
audio (494).
1. Observe that the final vowel of the present stem is
Io)ig -i-. What are the corresponding vowels of the
first, second, and third conjugations .-' How can one
tell to what conjugation a verb belongs.-'
2. Compare carefully the present indicative active and pas-
sive of audio with the corresponding forms of capio
(495). In what forms is there a difference .-" Note
^ A preposition is regularly used with verbs of separation when the abla-
tive denotes a person.
io8
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
particularly the quantity of the vowel i in the present
tense of audio, and how this affects the pronunciation.
The other five tenses of audio are formed and conjugated
exactly like those of capio.
216.
The Interrogative Pronoun
quis, ivJio ? zvJiicJi ? ivJiat ?
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
NOM.
quis (qui)
quae
quid (quod)
Gen.
cuius
cuius
cuius
DAT.
cui
cui
cui
Ace.
quern
quam
quid (quod)
Abl.
quo
qua
Plural
quo
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
NOM.
qui
quae
■ quae
Gen.
quorum
quarum
quorum
DAT.
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ace.
quos
quas
quae
Abl.
quibus
quibus
quibus
I. Compare these forms with those of the relative (195)-
217. Examine the following:
1. Quis hoc fecit .^ zvJio did this ? 1 Used as an interroga-
2. Quid fecisti .? zvhat did yoji do?) five pronoun.
3. Qui (quis) vir hoc fecit.-* ivhat'
man did this ?
4. Quam urbem vides .-' zvhat city ! Used as an interroga-
7- .9 ' 4.; „j;^^4-;,,^
do you sec ?
Quod donum amat puer .-* zuhat
gift does the boy like ?
tive adjective.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 109
a. Observe that, when used as an adjective, the interrog-
ative has the same forms as the relative. Quis is
sometimes used for qui.
b. When used as a pronoun, quis and quid are used in place
of qui and quod. As a pronoun it has no feminine
forms in the singular.
218. VOCABULARY
audio, ire, audivi, auditus, consuetudo, inis, f., custom,
hear. habit.
munio, ire, munivi, munitus, clamor, oris, m., sho?it, cry.
fortify. labor, oris, m., work, labor.
venio, ire,veni,ventum,i c^w^. iudicium, i, n., trial, jiidg-
punio, ire, piinivi, piinitus, mcnt.
punisJi. undique, adv., from all sides.
219. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I, Caesar ipse urbem perlculo llberabit. 2. Iste
miles, cuius virtutem omnes videtis, Rdmanus est. 3. In
hoc ipso oppido coniuratio est facta. 4. Helvetii e tota
provincia discesserunt. 5. Hostes alii aliam in partem in
fugam dabuntur. 6. Alter legatus hostes moenibus prohi-
bere, alter incolas convocare coepit.
II. I. Some will be freed from chains, but others will
be punished. 2. The enemy will be kept away from the
city. 3. They fought for a long time on the very banks
of the river. 4. I myself shall depart from the city.
220. EXERCISES
I. I. Audlris ; audietur ; veneratis. 2. Muniebatur;
punlvisti ; punltae eratis. 3. Qui venient in banc urbem }
1 The neuter singular of the perfect passive participle. Other forms of the
participle are not used.
no ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
4. Quorum clamores audiuntur ? Clamores ipsorum quos
misimus audiuntur. 5. Consuetudo est Romanorum castra
nocte munlre. 6. Quis tells vulneratus est ? Miles cuius
imperator castra non munlvit. 7. Qu5s clamores in hac
urbe audlmus ? 8. Et clientes et servos ad iudicium undique
coegit. 9. Clam5res e5rum qui cum impedimentis venie-
bant audit! sunt. 10. Quid facere cupitis ? Castra p5nere
sub monte illo cupimus.
II. I. We are heard; you (plur.) will hear; we had
come. 2. They have been punished; you (sing.) are being
heard ; the camp has been fortified. 3. What did he do .-*
4. Who formed a conspiracy of the Helvetians ? 5. Orget-
orix himself was the one^ who formed the conspiracy.
6. Whose weapons are these .-' 7. With great labor they
will fortify the city that^ we have taken.
LESSON 36
READING LESSON
CHAPTER IV
The Death of Orgetorix after being summoned to
Trial by the Helvetian Officials on a Charge
OF Conspiracy
221. Ea consilia sunt Helvetils per nuntios nuntiata, et
Orgetorlgem ex vinculls causam dicere coegerunt. Coniu-
rationis accusatus est et ignl cremarl^ eius poena fuit.
Quam * ob rem Orgetorix ad iudicium omnem suam {/its)
familiam et omnes clientes obaeratosque, qu5rum magnum
numerum habebat, undique coegit. Per eos se {Jiimsclf^
^ See 196, 6. ^ Is this a relative or a demonstrative ? ^ See 183, 2,
* quam ob rem, therefore, wherefore.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
III
e perlculo eripuit. Magistratus ^ ob eius fugam sunt incitati
multitudinemque hominum c5gere ex agrls coeperunt.
Interea Orgetorix mortuus^ est, et de eius morte fuerunt
mult! rumores apud Helvetios.
222.
LESSON Z7
FOURTH DECLENSION
The Stem ends in -u-
casus, m.,
cornu, n.,
cJiaiice,
■))iisfortu7ie
Jiorn, iving
Stem casu-
Stem cornu-
Base cas-
SlNGULAR
Base corn-
SlNGULAR
Terminations
Singular
Masculine Neuter
NOM.
casus
cornu
-us
-u
Gen.
casus
cornus
-US
-lis
DAT.
casui (u)
cornu
-ui (u)
-u
Ace.
casum
cornu
-um
-u
Abl.
casu
cornu
-u
-ii
Plural
Plural
Plural
NOM.
casus
cornua
-US
-ua
Gen.
casuum
cornuum
-uum
-uum
DAT.
casibus
cornibus
-ibus
-ibus
Ace.
casus
cornua
-US
-ua
Abl.
casibus
cornibus
-ibus
-ibus
1. A few words of this declension have -ubus in the dative
and ablative plural.
2. Domus, f., house, home, is partly of the second and partly
of the fourth declension. (See 476.)
^ officers, magistrates, noni. plur. ^ mortuus est, died.
I 12
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
223. Rule of Syntax. — A^oi/ns of the fourth declension
m -us are Diascnline ; those in -u are nenter.
I. Domus, honse, Idus (plur.), the Ides, manus, hand, and a
few other nouns 2iX.Q feminine.
224. Decline together exercitus fortis, brave army ; tua
manus, yo7ir hand ; cornu dextrum, right wing.
225. VOCABULARY
casus, us, m., a falling, a dextro cornu, on the right
chance, misfortnne. zuing.
domus, us, f., honse, home. a sinistro cornu, on the left
exercitus, us, m., army. wing.
mdiuus, XiS, i., hand, band {oi convenio, ire, conveni, con-
men), ventus, come together,
portus, us, m , harbor. assemble.
cornii, us, n., Jiorn, wing (of deus, i, m., god.
army).
Interior of a Roman House (Restoration)
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 1 13
226. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Quis clamores mllitum audlvit ? 2. Hostes alii
aliam in partem fugient. 3. Undiqiie equites ex silvis ad
flumen veniebant. 4. Principis est consuetude punire eos
qui coniurationem faciunt. 5. Quam urbem munient et
qui cam defendent? 6. Quorum clamdres audiuntur atque
cur illl punltl sunt ?
II. I. Who will fortify the camp that^ Caesar has
pitched ? 2. We shall keep those foot-soldiers from the
city. 3. Whose shouts did you hear at daybreak at the
foot of the hill .-' 4. In many countries lazy men are pun-
ished by labor.
227. EXERCISES
I. I. Portubus; exercitui; manuum. 2. Manus equitum
ad exercitum venerant. 3. Ad hunc portum naves hostium
missae sunt. 4. Qui mllites a dextro cornu exercitus sunt ?
5. Roman! consiho de5rum magnam Helvetiorum partem
necaverunt. 6. N until qui ad Caesarem venerant el casum
exercitus nuntiaverunt. 7. PaucI ad portas urbis conveni-
ebant. 8. Roman! magna cum caede domos et agros
Gallorum vastaverant. 9. Nostri a sinistro cornu superat!
sunt quod non cum virtute dimicaverant. 10. Domus
Gallorum ab equitibus vastabantur. 11. Urbs cuius portas
defendimus magnum portum habet.
II. I. For the gods; on the left wing; the doors of the
houses. 2. In the harbor are many ships in which ^ the
army of the Romans came from the city to Gaul. 3. The
misfortune of the army was reported to Caesar. 4. Orget-
orix, whose bands had assembled, was not saved from danger.
5. The houses of the city will be defended by the army.
^ Is this the relative or the demonstrative pronoun ? - in ivhuh : express
by the ablative of means.
ESSEN. OF LATIN — 8
114 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 38
IRREGULAR VERB eo. PLACE WHERE, WHENCE, AND
WHITHER
228. Irregular Verb eo, go
Prin. Parts : eo, ire, ii, itum ^
Learn all tenses of the indicative of eo (500).
1. Notice that the -i-, the present stem of eo, changes to -e-
before a vowel. In what forms of the present indica-
tive does this change occur ?
2. Observe that the future indicative ibo is formed like
the future of verbs of the first and second conjuga-
tions, although the present infinitive is ire. Are all
other tenses of the indicative formed and conjugated
regularly ?
229. Names of towns and a few other words have a
special case called the Locative, which expresses the idea
of at or in, and answers the question zvJicre.
I. The following are the locative endings for names of
towns :
Singular Plural
T^. , T^ , . - f Romae, /;/ Rome.
r'lrst Declension -ae -is j .
i Athenis, jji AtJicns.
c- J T>. 1 • - - [ Corinthi, at or in Corinth.
Second Declension -1 -is i • r^ , •
I Delphis, at or m DelpJii.
fCarthagini, at or /// Car-
Third Declension -i(e) -ibus \ tJiagc.
[ Trallibus, at or in Trallcs.
1 See note on venio (218).
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN II5
Domi, at hovic ; humi, on the ground ; ruri, in tJic country,
are also locative forms.
To express the same idea for other words than the
names of towns use the preposition in and the abla-
tive ; i.e. in urbe est, Jie is in the city ; in Italia sunt,
tJiey are in Italy.
230. Examine the following :
ad pontem, to tJie bridge.
in italiam, to or i7ito Italy.
1. Venit, he comes \ Romam, to Rome.
domum, home.
[ rus, to or into the country.
(ab) (de) ex oppido, fro})i the town.
(ab) (de) ex Italia, from Italy.
2. Exit, he goes \ Athenis, from Athens.
domo, from home.
I rure, from the country.
a. Observe that to answer the questions zuJiitJier or zvJience^
no preposition is used with names of towns and domus
and rus, while a preposition (in, ad, ab, de, ex) is used
with other words.
231. Rule of Syntax.
With names of tozvns and domus and rus.
1. Place zvhere is expressed by the locative.
2. Place whitJicr is expressed by the accusative without
a preposition.
3. Place whence is expressed by the ablative ivitJiout a
preposition.
A preposition is used with other words to express these
ideas.
Il6 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
232. VOCABULARY
Athenae, arum (plur.), f., eo, ire, ii, itum, go.
Athens. exeo (ex + eo), ire, exii, ex-
Carthago, inis, f., CartJiage. itiirus,^ go out.
Corinthus, i, f. (27, 2), Cor- transeo (trans + eo), ire,
i}itJi. transii, transitiirus, ^ go
Delphi, orum (plur.), f., Del- over, go across, cross.
pJii. impetus, us, m., attack.
equitatus (eques), us, m., cav- impetum facio in (with ace),
airy. viake an attack upon.
233. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Donius incolarum ab equitatu Caesaris defendentur.
2. Legiones popull Roman! in hiberna venerant. 3. Casus
navium mllitibus, qui in hibernis erant, nuntiatus est. 4. In
sinistro cornu exercitus sunt manus multae fortium mllitum.
5. Casu nostrorum hostes erant laetl.
II. I. The Gauls were being conquered on the right
wing. 2. The bands of the enemy that you see are as-
sembling from all sides. 3. They were hastening to the
harbor from which the ships of our (men) were seen.
4. They were killed by the cavalry with swords.
234. EXERCISES
I. I. lerat ; Tbunt ; eunt. 2. Transierunt ; exibatis ;
Tmus ; iimus. 3. Ex urbe ; ex urbe Roma^; Roma; domo.
4. In oppido; Romae; CarthaginI; Athenis; doml, 5. Con-
sul exercitum Roma Athenas traduxit. 6. Caesar legates
quos habebat in Graeciam transire iussit. 7. Dux Ro-
manorum urbem muniet atque incolas ab hostibus llberabit.
^ See note on careo (212). 2 of Rome. Roma is in apposition with urbe.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
117
8. Equitatum Corinthiim mittet, sed ipse Athenis bellum
geret. 9. Helvetil e finibus exire parant, et exercitum
trans flumen traducunt. 10. Caesar Roma contendit et
equitatum in Helvetios impetum facere iubet.
II. I, From Greece; out of Corinth; from home. 2. To
Athens ; to the city ; into the country ; into the province.
3. In Rome ; in Italy ; at home ; at Delphi. 4. We ought
to send the cavalry to Athens. 5. The enemy had made a
brave attack on our men, but had been conquered. 6. The
cavalry wished to cross the river, but were kept away from
the banks by the enemy.
LESSON 39
REVIEW OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
POSSESSOR
DATIVE OF
235. Review of the Four Co.n-jugatioxs
Review the list of verbs in 169, and review thoroughly
the meanings and principal parts of the following verbs
that have been introduced since Lesson 27 :
duco
capio
incolo
coepI
traduc5
prohibeo
iacio
nuntio
eo
audio
fugi5
eripio
transeo
paro
facio
cogo
exe5
pono
interficio
cognosce
venid
careo
dlco
disced©
convenio
vinco
iube5
llbero
mitto
relinquo
appello
punio
debeo
contends
constitu5
munio
cupio
gero
defends
Il8 ESSEiNTIALS OF LATIN
1. Notice particularly the significance of the prefixes
trans, ex, con, as they appear in the compound
verbs.
2. How does the formation of the future of the first and
second conjugations differ from that of the third and
fourth conjugations ?
3. How can you tell whether cupio belongs to the fourth
or the third conjugation ?
236. I. Following the form suggested in 170, write a
synopsis of iubeo in the first person, interficio in the second
person, munio in the third person.
2. Review 92, i. Conjugate the perfect active of do,
iubeo, eo, cognosco, venio. Observe that the perfect, plu-
perfect, and future perfect active and passive of all conju-
gations are formed from the principal parts and conjugated
in the same way.
237. Examine the following :
1. Miles gladium habet, 1 , , ,. ,
-_.,.^. , ,. \ the soldier has a sivord.
2. Militi est gladius, J
Observe the two ways in Latin of expressing the
same English idea. The first sentence corresponds word
for word with the English translation. The second sen-
tence, translated into bad English, is "for the soldier is a
sword," the possessor being dative and the thing possessed
being subject of est. Never translate literally a Latin
sentence thus, as there is in good English no similar con-
struction.
238. Rule of Syntax. — TJie dative is used with est,
sunt, etc., to denote the possessor, the thing possessed being
the subject.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN II9
239. REVIEW EXERCISES
(Give tense, voice, person, and number, and translate.)
I. I. Facient; convocabamur ; cogeminL 2. Audiebaris;
puniris ; caperis. 3. Discesserit ; prohibuerant ; conve-
nistis. 4. Missum erat ; miserat ; coepistl. 5. Pdnetis;
capies ; appellabitis. 6. Vincentur ; punietur ; iubetur.
7. Rellqueratis ; relinquent ; dictum erat. 8. Liberatae
sunt; habueras ; contendebatis. 9. Eripieris ; traducetur;
monentur. 10. Augebat ; pugnabunt; defensa erat ; exit;
exilt.
II. I. We have said; they wished; you (plur.) have
been compelled. 2. We shall take ; you will leave ; they
will blame. 3. It has been said; you (fern, plur.) have
been defended. 4. It was heard ; we are being defended ;
you (sing.) are fortifying. 5. We shall cross; they have
gone ; you were going out. 6. It had been sent ; you (plur.)
have sent.
240. EXERCISES
I. I. Mens amicus domum habet. 2. Me5 amlc5 est
domus. 3. Helvetil, qu5rum castra videtis, in Caesarem
impetum mox facient. 4. Exercitus magnus fuit Caesarl.
5. Caesar magnum exercitum habuit. 6. Magnam fru-
mentl copiam habent. 7. Els est magna f rumen tl copia.
8. Hostes paucas naves habent. 9. Hostibus sunt paucae
naves. 10. MllitI pulchrum scutum dedit.
II. I. The farmer has ^ a horse. 2. They have ^ friends.
3. The soldiers have come to Rome. 4. He had ^ a book.
5. Who will go to the city ? 6. The city that the Romans
fortified was large and beautiful.
1 Express this idea in two ways in Latin.
I20 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 40
NUMERALS. EXTENT OF TIME AND SPACE
241. Learn thoroughly the cardinals as far as twenty
(485), and study the formation of the numbers beyond.
242. Declension of Numerals
Paradigms
Mas.
Fern.
Neut.
Mas. and Fern. Neut.
NOM.
Onus, (
one una
unum
tres, three tria
Gen.
Linius
unius
unius
trium trium
DAT.
uni
uni
uni
tribus tribus
Ace.
unum
unam
unum
tres, tris tria
Abl.
uno
una
uno
tribus tribus
I\fas.
Fern.
Neut.
NOM.
duo, txvo
duae
duo
Gen.
duorum
duarum
duorum
DAT.
duobus
duabus
duobus
Ace.
duos, duo
duas
duo
Abl.
duobus
Singular
duabus
duabus
Plural
NOM.
mille, tJioiisand mil]
lia (milia)
Gen.
mllle
mil]
ium (milium)
DAT.
mille
mlllibus (mllibus)
Ace.
mille
mil]
iia (mIlia)
Abl.
mille
mlllibus (mllibus)
243. I. The cardinals from quattuor to centum inclusive
are indeclinable : quattuor puellae,/6'//r ^/r/j-/ septem pue-
rorum, of seven boys.
2. Compare the declension of iinus with that of ille (202).
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 121
3. Mille in the singular is indeclinable, and is generally
used as an adjective : mille milites, a tJionsand soldiers.
In the plural it is a noun only : septem millia militum,
seven tJioHsand (of) soldiers.
244. Examine the following :
1. Hannibal multos annos in Italia manebat, Hannibal re-
mained {for) many years in Italy.
2. Hoc flumen altum quinque pedes est, tJiis river is Jive
feet deep.
a. Observe that the accusative multos annos denotes dura-
tion or extent of time ; quinque pedes, extent of space.
245. Rule of Syntax. — Extent of time or space is ex-
pressed by the accnsative.
246. VOCABULARY
altitude, altitudinis,f.,/^t7>///, mercator, oris, m., merchant,
depth. trader.
eruptio, onis, f., a breaking socius, i, m., companion,
out, a sally. ally.
incendo, ere,incendi,incensus, passus, us, ra.,pace.
set fire to, burn. mille passuum, a thousand
maneo, ere, mansi, mansurus, paces, a (Roman) mile.
stay, remain. hora, ae, f., Jiour.
247. EXERCISES
I. I. Centum vlgintl mercatorum ; mille trecentls sex
et quadraginta militibus. 2. Trium exercituum ; duabus
legionibus ; quattuor equorum. 3. Murus quern vides altus
est sex pedes. 4. Du5s menses eruptionem facere para-
bant. 5. Caesar novem annos in Gallia manebat. 6. Equi-
tes duas horas magna cum virtute pugnabant. 7. Socii
122
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Helvetiorum decern mlllia passimm per provinciam Roma-
nam iter fecerunt. 8. Legatus cum tribus cohortibus vicos
duodecim incendit et agros vastavit. 9. Tria mlllia militum
ad flumen ab hostibus interfecti erant. 10. Id flumen cen-
tum pedes latum et duodevlginti altum fuit. 11. Hlc collis
septuaginta quinque pedes est in altitudine. 12. Equitatus
Athenis Delphos exilt.
II. I. Thirty-seven villages; five thousand soldiers; a
thousand horsemen. 2. For two months the soldiers of
the Roman people besieged that town. 3. The wall, which
was twelve feet in height, was defended by Caesar's forces.
4. He remained eight months in that country, and then
hastened to Rome. 5. The river that they crossed was
nineteen feet deep. 6. The soldiers remained in Carthage,
but the consid came to Rome.
LESSON 41
FIFTH DECLENSION. PARTITIVE GENITIVE
248.
Fifth
Declension
The stem ends
in -e-
dies,
m., day
res, f.
, thing
Stem
die-
Stem
re-
Base
di-
Base
r-
Terminations
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
NOM.
dies
dies
res
res
-es
-es
Gen.
diei
dierum
rei
rerum
-ei
-erum
DAT.
diei
diebus
rei
rebus
-ei
-ebus
Ace.
diem
dies
rem
res
-em
-es
Abl.
die
diebus
re
rebus
-e
-ebus
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 1 23
I. Dies and res are the only nouns of this declension that
have all the forms of the plural. A few other nouns
have the nominative and accusative plural.
249. Rule of Syntax. — All nouns of the fiftJi declension
are feminine except dies, which is usually masculine in the
singular and ahvays so in the plural.
250. Examine the following :
1. Satis cibi habemus, we have enougJi (oi)food.
2. Nihil novi est, their is nothing (of) nezv.
3. tJnus ex militibus vulneratus est, one of the soldiers was
ivounded.
4. Quidam de nostris ceciderunt, some of our moi fell.
a. Observe that the genitives cibi, novi, denote the whole
of which a part (satis, nihil) is taken. Note that in
I and 2 the preposition of is not used in English.
b. Observe the construction following unus and quidam
in 3 and 4. After the cardinal numerals regularly,
and after a few other words occasionally, an ablative
with de or ex is used in place of the genitive.
251. Rule of Syntax. — The partitive genitive is used to
denote a whole of zvhich a part is taken.
252. VOCABULARY
acies, ei, f., line of battle. publicus, a, um, public.
dies, ei, m., day. res publica, rei publicae, f.,
res, rei, f., thing, circuni- the state, the republic.
stance, affair. nihil (indecl. noun), nothing.
conficio, ere,confeci,confectus, satis (indecl. noun), enough.
accomplish, finish, wear nihil reliqui, notJiing left.
out.
124 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
253. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Exercitus decern menses Romae manebat. 2. Via
vTginti mlllia passuum est longa. 3. Pompeius et Caesar
c5nsules fuerunt ; ille Romae manebat, hic cum exercitu
in Galliam venit. 4. Helvetil cum omnibus impedlmentis
domum Ire coacti sunt. 5. Equitatus quindecim horls
Athenis Corinthum ift.
II. I. The city was on a hill a hundred feet high.
2. The allies marched^ seven miles in two hours. 3. Late
at night the general set fire to all the buildings. 4. Be-
hind the camp was a river four feet deep.
254. EXERCISES
I. I. Caesar exercitum flumen uno die traduxerat.
2. Haec res multos hostes terruit, atque pars eorum
domum ilt. 3. Tres dies equitatus cum Helvetils, qui flu-
men translbant, pugnabat. 4. Vicds et aedificia incend-
erant, et nihil reliqui domi habebant. 5. Prima luce pauci
de eorum mllitibus iter non confecerant. 6. Finitimi els
satis frumenti et cibi dederunt. 7. Res publica tribus die-
bus magno pericul5 llberata est. 8. Quattuor e legatls
e5 die eandem rem Caesarl nuntiaverunt. 9. Omnibus
rebus RomanI Helvetios, qui domd exierant, superabant.
10. Primam aciem iacere tela iussit.
II. I. For twenty days the legions defended the camp
from the enemy. 2. The Gauls have enough soldiers, but
they lack courage. 3. The Helvetians have^ nothing left,
and will soon go out of their territories. 4. Few of our
men will remain in Rome. 5. In a few days we shall have
enough weapons.
1 iter facio. ^ Express this idea in some other way than by using
habent.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 125
LESSON 42
READING LESSON
(Those who prefer reading lessons based on Caesar's Gallic War, Book II,
may use the lessons beginning at 451.)
CHAPTER V
The Helvetii nevertheless complete their Prepara-
tions
255. Post eius mortem nihilo minus Helvetii e finibus
suls ^ exire constituerunt. Ubi iam ad cam rem parati sunt,
oppida sua^ omnia ad ^ duodecim, vicos ad^ quadringent5s,
reliqua privata aedificia incendunt.^ Itaque et domum
reditionis spem sustulerunt* et ad bellum parati sunt.
Frumentum et multa alia quemque domo efferre iubent.^
RauracI et TulingI et Latobrlgl flnitiml idem facere et
e finibus exIre constituunt.^ Boil, qui trans Rhenum in-
coluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque
oppugnaverant, Helvetiorum amici et socil erant.
LESSON 43
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. ABLATIVE OF
COMPARISON
256. The degrees of comparison are : positive, compara-
tive, superlative.
I. The positive is the simple form of the adjective : carus,
dear.
1 their. 2 about (with numerals). ^The present tense is sometimes used
instead of a past tense to express the thought with greater vividness. It is
called the historical present. ^ From tollo.
126
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
The comparative is formed by adding to the base of the
positive, -ior for the mascuHne and feminine, and -ius
for the neuter: carus (base car-), dear, carior, carius,
dearer.
The superlative is formed by adding to the base of the
positive, -issimus, -issima, -issimum : carus (base car-),
dear, carissimus, a, um, dearest.
Positive
latus (lat-),
wide
fortis (fort-),
brave
velox (veloc-),
szvift
Comparative
M. and F. N.
latior, latius,
wider
fortior, fortius,
braver
velocior, velocius,
swifter
Superlative
latissimus, a, um,
widest
fortissimus, a, um,
bravest
velocissimus, a, um,
szviftest
257. The superlative is declined like bonus (62). The
comparative is declined as follows :
Singular
Plural
M. and F.
N.
M. and F. N.
NOM.
latior
latius
latiores latiora
Gen.
latioris
latioris
latiorum latiorum
Dat.
latiori
latiori
lati5ribus latioribus
Ace.
latiorem
latius
latiores (is) latidra
Abl.
latiore (i^
1 latiore (i)
lati5ribus latioribus
I. In what forms does the declension of the comparative
differ from that of regular third declension adjectives
(155, 161)?
258. Compare altus (alt-), high, deep ; potens (potent-),
powerful ; brevis (brev-), sJiort. DecHne the comparative
of one of them.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 12^
259. Examine the following:
1. Hie mons altior est quam ille, | tJiis mountain is JiigJier
2. Hie mons altior est illo, J tJian that.
Observe that in i quam is used and ille is nominative,
while in 2 quam is omitted and illo is ablative. The
English meaning is the same in both sentences.
The ablative can be used only when the first substantive
is in the nominative or the accusative. When quam, thaji,
is used, the same case follows as precedes it.
260. Rule of Syntax. — Comparison is expressed by using
quam, than, or by the ablative zvithoiit quam.
261. VOCABULARY
velox, velocis, siuift. latitudo, inis, f., zvidth,
tutus, a, um, safe. breadth.
turpis, e, tigly, disgraceful, pervenio, ire, perveni, per-
infamoHS. ventus, cojiie up, arrive,
Rhodanus, i, m., the RJione. reach.
quam, adv., than. obsideo, ere, obsedi, obsessus,
latus,^ lateris, n., side, flank. besiege.
262. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Oppidum multos dies a Caesare erat oppugnatum.
2. Faucis mensibus cibi inopia hostes laborabunt. 3. In-
colas ob eruptionem ex oppido imperator laudat. 4. Qui
clamdribus Gallorum terrentur .'' 5. Tempus anni bell5
non erat id5neum. 6. Ille mons in altitudine est mllle
pedes.
II. I. On that day Caesar left Rome. 2. That day was
the end of the war. 3. He left the city and hastened into
1 Do not confuse w ith the adjective latus, a, um.
128 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Gaul. 4. In that battle a few of our men were wounded in
the head.
263. EXERCISES
I. I. Helvetil flnitimls fortiores erant. 2. Hoc flumen
quod videtis altius est quam Rhodanus. 3. RomanI multls
rebus potenti5res erant illls gentibus. 4. Equds velociores
quam ill5s omnes vidimus. 5. Turpissimum est agros
sociorum vastare. 6. Hoc latus castr5rum tutius erat illo,
quod hostes discesserant. 7. Caesar R5ma contendit et
ad fines Helvetiorum pervenit. 8. Flumen Rhodanus est
latum quingentos pedes. 9. Vel5ci6res equites quam tuos
non vidL 10. Urbs, quam RomanI obsidebant, latitudine
erat magna.
n." I. The Celts are the bravest of all the Gauls.
2. Have you seen a more disgraceful flight.'' 3. That
side of the fortifications that you see has been besieged
for many days. 4. The sea is deeper than the deepest
rivers. 5. What road is shorter than that.-* 6. This
month is shorter than that.
LESSON 44
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES (Continued). ABLATIVE
OF MEASURE OF DIFFERENCE
264. Adjectives ending in -er form the superlative by
adding -rimus, to the iioniinative singular inasciiline. The
comparative is formed regularly (256, 2).
Positive Comparative Superlative
pulcher (pulchr-), pulchrior, pulchr- pulcherrimus, a,
bemitiful ius um
acer (acr-), kcoi, acrior, acrius acerrimus, a, um
eazer
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
129
a,
265. The following six adjectives ending in -lis form
their superlative by adding -limus, a, um to the base. The
comparative is regular.
Positive Comparative
similis, e (simil-), similior, ius
like
dissimilis, e (dissi- dissimilior, ius
mil-), imlike
facilis, e (facil-), facilior, ius
easy
dif!icilis,e(difficil-), difficilior, ius
hard
gracilis, e (gracil-), gracilior, ius
slejider
humilis, e (humil-), humilior, ius
lozv
Superlative
simillimus, a, um
dissimillimus,
um
facillimus, a, um
difficillimus, a, um
gracillimus, a, um
humillimus, a, um
266. Examine the following :
1. Hie mons centum pedibus altior est quam ille, t/iis inoini-
taiii is a Jinndred feet JiigJier (literally, higher by a
Jnuidrcd feet) than that.
2. Hoc iter multo facilius est illo, this road is micch easier
(literally, easier by innch) than that.
Observe that the ablatives centum pedibus and multo
express the measure of difference between the objects com-
pared.
267. Rule of Syntax. — The measure of difference is ex-
pressed by the ablative zuitJiout a prepositiott.
268. Sometimes the comparative and superlative are
used without making a comparison between two objects.
Then the comparative means too or rather, and the super-
lative very or exceedingly.
ESSEN. OF latin 9
I30 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN .
1. Hie mons altissimus est, this mountain is very {ox exceed-
ingly) high.
2. Hie mons altior est, this mountain is ratJicr (or too^ high.
269. VOCABULARY
adventus, iis, m., approach, animus, i, m., mind, courage,
arrival. spirit, disposition.
lenis, e, smooth, gentle. inter, prep, with ace, be-
exspecto, are, avi, atus, tivccn, among, during,
await, wait for, expect. certiorem eum f acio, / inform
ibi, adv., in that place, Jiim (literally, / make him
there. more certain\
270. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Caesarl in Gallia erant multae legiones. 2. Quod
tutius consilium est hoc ? 3. Naves, quibus mllites erant
missi, sunt velocissimae. 4. Helvetii flnitimos multos
annos flnibus prohibuerant. 5. Turpissimum est e proelio
discedere.
II. I. There are not enough horsemen in Rome.
2. Many soldiers have gone from Rome to Gaul.
3. Caesar's army was compelled to fight for two days.
4. Late at night the general ordered the soldiers to
pitch camp.
271. EXERCISES
I. I. Impetum hostium exspectare est difficillimum.
2. Rlpae. huius fluminis sunt leniores. 3. Legatus multo
fortior est meo fratre. 4. Pons inter duo oppida factus
erat. 5. Omnium urbis viarum haec est multo brevissima.
6. De adventu navium eum certiorem fecerunt. 7. Iter
quod inter montes erat angustum et difificillimum erat.
8. Collis in qu5 RomanI castra posuerant centum pedibus
est altior illo qui ad vTcum est. 9. De casu exercitus
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 131
legates certiores fecit. 10. Qui eos certiores de Caesaris
adventu fecerunt ?
11. I. There ^ was there an exceedingly fierce battle.
2. The Rhone is five feet deeper than that river. 3. This
city in many respects^ is rather like^ Rome. 4. Their
spirits were roused by the bravery of our men. 5. We
informed them about the difficult road,
LESSON 45
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Possum
272. Several common adjectives are irregularly com-
pared. Which of these are irregular in English .''
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus, a, um, good melior, melius optimus, a, um
malus, a, um, bad peior, peius pessimus, a, um
magnus, a, um, maior, maius maximus, a, um
great
parvus, a, um, minor, minus minimus, a, um
small
multus, a, um, plus plurimus, a, um
vmcJi
multi, ae, a, many plures, plijra plurimi, ae, a
vetus, veteris, old vetustior,vetustius veterrimus, a, um
senex, senis, old senior (maiornatu) maximus natu
\WMQx\\s, Q, young iunior(minornatu) minimus natu
superus, a, um, superior, superius, supremus, summus,
above higher highest
inferus, a, um, Inferior, inferius, Tnfimus, Imus, lozv-
below lower est
1 See note on 49, IL 3. 2 j-gg, 3 ggg jg^
132
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
273. Plus, more, is not declined like other comparatives
(257). Wherein is the difference ?
Singular
Mas. and Fern . Neut.
NOM.
Gen.
DAT.
Ace.
Abl.
plus
pluris
plus
plure
Plural
Mas. and Fe/n.
Neut.
piures
plura
plurium
plurium
pluribus
pluribus
piures, is
plura
pluribus
pluribus
274. Possum (pot(is) + sum), / am able, / can.
Prin. Parts • possum, posse, potui,
Learn all tenses of the indicative (497).
Observe
1. That the t of pot becomes s before s, and that the f of
the tenses formed from the perfect stem is dropped
after the t of pot.
2. That in other respects this compound of sum is formed
and conjugated like sum (496).
275-
VOCABULARY
fides, ei, f., trust, cojifidcnce.
potestas, atis, f. (possum),
poiver, authority.
nobilis, e, well knozvn, noble.
amplus, a, um, large, exten-
sive, ample.
permitto, ere, permisi, per-
missus, give np, intrust,
permit.
accedo, ere, access!, acces-
surus, go or co7ne near,
approach.
hue, adv., to this place, hither.
quam maximus. the greatest
possible, as large as pos-
sible (with superlatives
quam has the force " as
possible ").
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN t33
276. REVIEW EXERCISES
I, i. E5s difficilius iter facere coegit. 2. Sed hostes
eo die impetum in eos non fecerunt. 3. Galli de eius
consilils certiores facti sunt. 4. Panel de nostris ad
flumen latissimum pervenerant. 5. Urbs, euius moenia
obsessimus, latior mlUe passuum est illo oppido.
II. I. The house is many feet higher than the wall.
2. We have been waiting for the attack for five days.
3. The spirits of the cavalry were aroused by Caesar's
speech. 4. We shall inform him of your misfortune.
277. EXERCISES
I. I. Poterat ; potuerat ; potestis ; poterit. 2. Caesar
quam maximis itineribus in Galliam contendit. 3. Acce-
dere vicum, qui summo ^ in monte positus est, non possunt.
4. Omnia in fidem et potestatem popull RomanI illae
nationes permlserunt. 5. Ubi de eius adventu Helvetil
certiores fact! sunt, legat5s ad eum nobiUissimos cTvitatis
mittunt. 6. Aestate plura proelia quam hieme pugnantur.
7. Legionem munire summum collem iubet. 8. Helvetii
ob flumina maxima transire in provinciam nostram non
poterant. 9. Pompeius sex annis minor natu erat quam
Caesar.
II. I. On the top of the hill was a very small house.
2. The general was ten years older than the lieuten-
ant. 3. Very old people cannot make long journeys.
4. Very many have come hither because the fields are
rather extensive. 5. We all ought to do as much as
possible.
1 on the Jiighest part of, on the top of. Also imus, the lowest part of, the
bottom of; medius, a, um, the middle of.
134
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 46
REVIEW. FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
278. Compare the following adjectives, giving the Eng-
lish meanings :
turpis* pessimus* acrior minimus
asper tutior Imus superus
amplus* velox* similis plures*
n5bilis* vetustior maior* senior
279. Adverbs are formed from adjectives.
I. Adjectives of the first and second declension form the
adverb by adding -e to the base.
Adjective
Base
ADVERB
cams, dear
car-
care, dearly
pulcher, beajitiful
pulchr-
pulchre, beautifully
miser, wretched
miser-
misere, ivrctchedly
2. Adjectives of the third declension form the adverb by
adding -ter to the stem. Stems ending in -nt drop -t.
Adjective
Stem
Adverb
fortis, brave
forti-
fortiter, bravely
prudens, wise
prudent-
prudenter, wisely
3. In some adjectives the ablative singular serves as an
adverb, in others the neuter accusative singular:
primus, first primo, at first
multus, much multum, inucJi
facilis, easy facile, easily
280. The comparative of the adverb is the same as the
neuter singular of the comparative of the adjective; and
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
135
the superlative is formed from the superlative of the adjec-
tive by changing final -us to -e (note one exception below).
It is, therefore, necessary to knoiv the comparison of the
adjective in order to compare the adverb.
Adjective
Adverb
Comparative
Superlative
carus
care, dearly
carius
carissime
pulcher
pulchre, beautifully
pulchrius
pulcherrime
bonus
bene, well
melius
optime
facilis
facile, easily
facilius
facillime
acer
acriter, eagerly
acrius
acerrime
multus
multum, uiuch
plus
plurimum
I. Form and compare the adverbs of the starred adjectives
in 278.
281.
ago, agere, egi, actus, drive,
lead, do.
instruo, ere, instruxi, instruc-
tus, draw up, form, ar-
range.
administro, are, avi, atus,
manage, direct, administer.
plurimum possum, / am very
poiueiful, have most influ-
ence.
VOCABULARY
agmen, agminis, n. (ago),
army (on the march), col-
umn ; novissimum agmen,
the rear ; primum agmen,
the van.
proximus, a, um, nearest,
next (163).
apud, prep, with ace, among,
with.
282. EXERCISES
I. I. Apud Helvetios OrgetorLv plurimum poterat.
2. Res ab imperatore optime administrabantur. 3. Hel-
vetil multo acrius quam flnitiml cum hostibus contendebant.
4. Caesar aciem summ5 in colle instruxit et impetum
exspectavit. 5. Vicus ad quem primum agmen pervenerat
136
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
proximus erat finibus Gallorum. 6. Omnia quae legatus
iusserat mllites bene egerunt. 7. Ubi^ Caesar ad novissi-
mum agmen pervenit, acerrime cum hostibus equites pugna-
bant. 8. Summus collis a peditibus nostrls occupatus est.
9. In eo proeli5 Orgetorlgis flliam et unum e fllils nostrl
ceperunt, et multos interfecerunt. 10. Nostrl quam fortis-
sime pugnaverunt, sed expugnare oppidum non potuerunt.
II. Nostrl socil apud finitimos ob amicitiam populi RomanI
plurimum possunt.
II. I. He hastened into the territories of the Helvetii
and arrived there on the fourth day. 2. Caesar was very
powerful among the alHes of the Roman people. 3. The
enemy attacked the rear very fiercely. 4. Who can manage
this affair well .-' 5. Caesar ordered the allies to make as
long 2 marches as possible. 6. The general will draw up
the line of battle very carefully.^ 7. The best citizens are
not always the bravest soldiers.
1 when. " magnus. ^ ggg i^y^ ^,
Agmen
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 137
LESSON 47
CHAPTER VI
The Two Routes by which the Helvetii could
LEAVE their CoUNTRY
283. Duobus itineribus Helvetii domo^ exire potuerunt
Unum per Sequan5s inter montem luram et flumen Rhoda-
num angustum et difficile erat, quod mons altissimus im-
pendebat. Alterum iter per pr5vinciam nostram multo
facilius est, quod inter fines Helvetiorum et Allobrogum,
qui nuper pacati erant, Rhodanus fluit isque ^ vado transltur.
Extremum oppidum Allobrogum proximumque Helvetiorum
flnibus est Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios perti-
net. Omnia ad profectionem ab Helvetils sunt comparata
et ad ripam Rhodani convenerunt.
LESSON 48
PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
284. Learn the forms of the personal and reflexive pro-
nouns with their meanings (486) : ego, /; tu, jou ; sui, 0/
himself, Jicrself, itself.
285. Use of the Personal Pronouns
I. The pronoun of the first person is ego, /; of the second
person tu, yon ; of the third person is, ea, id, Ju\ s//e,
it {igo, e). They are used in Latin as subjects only
to show emphasis or to avoid ambiguity.
a. Te voco, Pin calling- you. (" I " is unemphatic, and
therefore ego is not used.)
b. Ego te voco, /(emphatic) am calling you. (Such emphasis
1 Why is there no preposition ? See 231. ^ /.^, the river Rhone.
138 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
might be expressed in English by the translation,
" It is I who am calling you.")
c. Ego eum laudo ; is me culpat, I praise him ; he blames me.
It will be recalled that in the exercises of the preceding
lessons the subjects of the verbs, when pronouns, were
not expressed. Why is it impossible to omit the personal
pronouns as subjects in English as often as in Latin .■'
286. Use of the Reflexive Pronouns
1. A reflexive pronoun is one that refers to the subject of
the verb.
Singular Plural
1. I praise myself We praise ourselves
2. You praise yourself You praise yourselves
f He praises /'/;//i'^// 1 t^, . ^, ,
3.1 ^ ■' \ They praise themselves
I She praises licrsclf J
2. In Latin the pronouns of the iirst and second person,
ego and tu, are used both as personal and reflexive
pronouns. There is no special form for the reflexive
as in English. In the third person, however, there
is a special form for the reflexive, sui, of himself,
herself, itself.
Singular Plural
1. me laudo, I praise my- nos laudamus, 7£/^ /r^'Zi-^ ^//r-
sclf selves
2. te laudas, you praise your- vos laudatis, you praise your-
self selves
3. se laudat, he praises him- se laudant, they praise tJiem-
self ^ selves
3. Review 190. Do not confuse is with se. The latter alv/ays
refers to the subject of the verb; the former never does.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 139
a. Vir se videt, the man sees himself.
b. Vir eum videt, tJie vian sees him (some one else).
4. Review 207, 2. Do not confuse ipse with se. Ipse is
not a reflexive, but merely emphasizes the noun to
which it belongs.
a. Vir ipse eum vidit, the man Jiimself sazv him, or the man
sazu J dm himself.
b. Vir se vidit, tJie man sazu himself.
c. Virum ipsum vidimus, we saw the man himself.
287. The preposition cum with the ablative of personal
and reflexive pronouns is appended to them ; tecum, instead
of cum te ; nobiscum, instead of cum nobis. So also qui-
buscum, ivitJi zvJiom, instead of cum quibus.
288. Examine the following :
1. Ego, qui haec facio, sum tuus pater, /, who do this, am
your father.
2. Vos, qui haec facitis, estis mei amici, yon, zuho do this,
are my friends.
Review 197. Observe that the verb of the relative clause
agrees in person with the antecedent of the relative.
289. VOCABULARY
dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus, commeatus,us,m.,/;^'^'/.y/^;/.y,
give np, surrender. supplies.
committo, ere, commisi, com- spes, ei, f., Jiope.
missus, intrust, commit; sine, prep, with abl., W//^<??//.
proelium committo, begin ante, adv. and prep, with
battle. ace, before.
recipio, ere, recepi, receptus, postea, adv., afterzvards.
take back, receive ; se reci- autem, conj. (never the first
'PQXQ,ret}-eat,be take one's self. word), but, hozvever.
I40 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Singular Plural
1. me recipio, I retreat nos recipimus, zve retreat
2. te recipis, yoii, retreat vos recipitis, you retreat
3. se recipit, Jie retreats se recipiunt, they retreat
290. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Omnis rel publicae spes in mllitum virtute posita^
est. 2. BrevI tempore quattuor e principibiis Romam mit-
tentur. 3. Caesarl plus potestatis erat quam Pompeio.
4. Haec res hostibus nuntiata est, quorum equitatus a
nostrls sum mo in colle videbatur.
II. I. Caesar was very powerful among the Romans on
account of his bravery. 2. There our men fought very
fiercely. 3. The line of battle that he had drawn up was
next to the river. 4. It is very difficult to manage this.
291. EXERCISES
I. I. Sine vobls erimus miserriml. 2. Ego sum miles,
tu es nauta. 3. N5bis est satis cibl. 4. Post id proelium
hostes domum se receperunt. 5. Magna cum celeritate in
provinciam nos recipiemus. 6. Vir se culpat, ego autem
eum laudo. 7. Ubi Galll ad e5rum fines pervenerunt, sese
dediderunt. 8. Caesar legiones ad ^ se convocarl iubet.
9. Paucis ante diebus legatum ipsum fugere coegerunt.
10. Vos qui haec fecistis culpare vos debetis. 11. Quis
tecum Athenas Ibit .-•
II. I. The enemy with whom you were fighting have
retreated. 2. I shall compel the chief himself to come
to me. 3. Caesar praised the plans that were reported to
him. 4. You wish to retreat, but I wish to begin battle.
5. We shall always defend ourselves bravely. 6. The girl
herself will defend him. 7. He will do this himself.
^ depends. ^ before.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN I4I
LESSON 49
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES. DATIVE OF SERVICE
292. The possessive adjectives are as follows. They are
all declined like adjectives of the first and second declension.
Singular Plural
1ST Per. meus/ a, um, my, noster, nostra, nostrum,
mine our, ours
2D Per. tuus, a, um, your, vester, vestra, vestrum,
yours your, yours
3D Per. suus, a, um, his (own), suus, a, um, their (own),
heripwn), its (own) their
293. Use of the Possessive Adjectives
1. They agree in gender, number, and case with the noun to
xvJiich they belong, and not zvitJi the noun to ivJiich they
refer. They are not used except for emphasis or contrast.
a. Suum patrem puella vidit, tJie girl sazv her father.
b. Vestrum amicum vidimus, xve saw yonr (p\m.) friend.
c. Tuas filias vidit, he saiv your {sxxig.) daughters.
2. Suus, a, um, is reflexive, and refers to the subject of the
verb. When "his," "her," "its," "their," does not refer
to the subject, use the genitive of is, eius, his, Jier, its ;
eorum, their; earum, ///r/r (referring to feminine).
a. Agricola suum equum laudat, the farmer praises his {i.e.
his own) horse.
b. Agricola eius equum laudat, the farmer praises ///j-(some
one else's, not the farmer's) horse.
c. Agricola eorum equos laudat, the far^ner praises their horses.
d. Agricolae suos equos laudant, tJic farmers praise ///^/r (their
own) horses.
^ The vocative singular is mi,
142
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
294. Examine the following :
1 . Magno USUI nostris f uit, it was a great help to our tnen
(literally, /'/ zvas for a great help to our men).
2. Tertiam aciem nostris subsidio misit, he seut the third
line as a relief to our men (literally, for a relief to our
men).
Observe that the datives magno usui and subsidio denote
the end or purpose, that for which a thing serves. There-
fore this use of the dative is called the dative of sei"vice.
295. Rule of Syntax. — The dative is used ivith sum and
a few other verbs to denote that for ivhich a thing serves.
296.
Summary
Personal
Pronouns
Reflexive
Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives
First
Person
ego
mei 1
meus, a, um, my, mine
noster, nostra, nostrum,
our, ours
Second
Person
tu
tuii
tuus, a, um, your, yours
(sing.)
vaster, vestra, vestrum,
your, yours (plur.)
Third
Person
is, ea, id
sui^
suus, a, um, his, his own,
her, Jier own, its, its
ovon, their, their own
(reflexive)
When not reflexive, use
the genitive of is, ea, id.
1 Why is there no nominative form for reflexive pronouns ?
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN I43
297. VOCABULARY
redeo, redire, redii, reditum, opus, operis, n., work, labor.
go back, return. propter, prep, with ace, on
dimitto, ere, dimisi, dimissus, account of.
send ojf, dismiss, let go. tamen, adv., yet, however,
reddo, ere, reddidi, redditus, nevertheless.
give back, return, render. ita.(iue,con'].,and so, there/ore.
sustineo, ere, sustinui, sus- inde, adv., thence, thereupon.
tentus, Jiold up, witJistand, usus, us, m., use, advantage,
sustain. benefit.
298. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Hoc mihi, illud tibi est difficile. 2. Postea in
silvas sese receperunt. 3. Nos de proelio certiores faciet.
4. Caesar eos sibi arma dedere cogit. 5. Milites se lauda-
bant sed eos culpabant. 6. Nobis Romae est satis cibL
II. I. Some retreated in one direction, some in another.
2. The Gauls themselv^es had been frightened by Caesar's
soldiers. 3. He himself is praising himself. 4. Will you
go with me to Corinth.? 5. They ought themselves to
fight.
299. EXERCISES
I. I. Caesar equitatum auxilio suls mlsit. 2. TuT
amid tibi, mei mihi sunt carissiml. 3. Labienus unum
latus castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat. 4. Opera nostris
erant magn5 usul. 5. Sustinere impetum non poterant ;
itaque in suos fines redierunt. 6. Hostes Caesarl se sua-
que omnia dediderunt. 7. Propter operis magnitudinem
flumen transire Helvetil n5n potuerunt. 8. Caesar eius
milites dimlsit, suos autem in castrls tenuit. 9. Consul in
fines Helvetiorum contendere quam maximis itineribus con-
144
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
stituit. 10. Caesar Helvetios adventum suum exspectare
iussit.
II. I. Caesar compelled the Gauls to return all his
possessions^ to him. 2. They will return everything to
him. 3. The general sent three cohorts as a help to his
men. 4. Thereupon the Gauls attacked the rear. 5. They
arrived at daybreak and began to fortify their camp.
LESSON 50
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. DESCRIPTIVE ABLATIVE AND
GENITIVE
300. Review 195, 216. Indefinite pronouns are used to
indicate that sovic person or thing is referred to, without
indicating just zvJiat one. They vary in degree of indefi-
niteness. Learn the declension of the following indefinite
pronouns, carefully distinguishing the meanings :
Masculine
quis
aliquis
quisquam
quidam
quisque
qui vis
Indefinite Pronouns
Feminine Neuter
qua quid (quod), somebody, anybody
aliqua aliquid (aliquod), some one
quicquam, any one (at all) (no plur.)
quaedam quoddam, quiddam, a certain one
quaeque quidque, quodque, each one, every one
quaevis quodvis, quidvis, any one (you please)
1. The meanings of the neuter would be some tiling, etc.
2. Quisquam and quisque are declined like quis ; quivis
like qui.
3. In the neuter the quid-forms are used as pronouns, the
quod-forms as adjectives.
^ Express by the neuter plural of the possessive adjective.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 145
301. Uses of the Indefinite Pronouns
1 . Quis, some one, any one, is never the first word in its clause.
It is generally used only after si, nisi, ne, num.
Si quid his accidit, if anything Jiappens to these.
2. Quisque, each, should be distinguished from omnis, all,
every. It is not often used in the plural, and regu-
larly follows the word to which it belongs.
3. Quisquam is used chiefly in negative and conditional
sentences.
302. Examine the following :
1 . Vir summae virtutis f uit, | lie zvas a man of very great
2. Vir summa virtute fuit, J courage.
3. Vir fortis fuit, he was a man of courage (a brave man).
Observe that the genitive phrase summae virtutis, and
the ablative phrase summa virtute, describe the noun vir ;
and that an adjective modifies the nouns virtutis and vir-
tute. When a noun that describes or modifies another is
not modified by an adjective, an adjective in agreement
with the noun is used instead of a descriptive ablative or
genitive, as in 3.
303. Rule of Syntax. — The ablative or the genitive of a
noun, with a limiting adjective, may be nsed to describe an
object.
304. VOCABULARY
diligentia, ae, f., diligence, alienus, a, um, another's,
carefulness, industry. strange, unfavorable.
gratia, ae, i., favor, influence, reperio, ire, repperi, repertus,
kindness. find, discover, ascertain.
plebs, plebis, f., the common si, conj., if.
people. nisi, conj . , if not, unless, except.
ESSEN. OF LATIN — lO
146 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
305. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Legati sua omnia Caesarldedereiubentur. 2. Aux-
ilium, quod a Labieno missum erat, equitatui fuit usui
magno. 3. Legion! non erat satis cibi, itaque domum se
recepit. 4. Galll se suaque omnia Romanis dediderunt,
quod magnitudine e5rum operis terrebantur. 5. Hostes
in nostram aciem impetum fecerant.
II. I. The general ordered the hostages to come before^
him. 2. When he returned to Rome, he saw his father.
3. We all love our country. 4. We like our friends,
you yours. 5. He praised his own children, but blamed
his.
306. EXERCISES
I. I. Quemque domo exire iubent. 2. Slquis eiusflliam
laudat, laetus est. 3. QuTdam ex Gallis multa nocte ad
Caesarem contenderunt. 4. Orgetorix apud Helveti5s erat
magna gratia. 5. Quis de hostium casu aliquid novl^
repperit .-* 6. Liberi quTque^ pugnare n5n poterant in
iinum locum convocati erant. 7. Princeps diligentia fuit
magnae potestatis apud suos. 8. Neque {^and not) e proelid
toto die quisquam discessit. 9. Si in alieno loco proelium
committent, vincentur. 10. FinitimI nostrl bono anim5*
esse in nos dicuntur.
II. I. Every one ought to love his country. 2. She is
wretched, unless some one says something good^ about
her. 3. A certain one of the merchants informed Caesar
of this. 4. Caesar was a man of great influence among the
common people. 5. Some fled in one direction, some in
another.
1 ad. 2 See 250, 2. ^ quique = qui (relative) + que. '' bono animo,
well disposed.
ESSENTIALS OF LAT^IN
147
LESSON 51
PARTICIPLES. FORMS. DECLENSION. MEANINGS
307. The following outline shows how the tenses of the
participles may be formed from the stems that are obtained
from the principal parts (86) :
Tense
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Present
pres. stem + ns ^
wanting
Future
participial stem + tirus
Gerundive. Pres.
stem + ndus ^
Perfect
wanting
the last one of the
principal parts
1. Learn the participles, with their meanings, of the model
verbs (491-495).
2. Participles ending in -ns are declined Hke adjectives
of the third declension (479) ; those in -us, Hke bonus
(62).
308. The participle is a verbal adjective. As a verb, it
may govern a case ; as an adjective, it agrees with a sub-
stantive. The tenses of the participle denote time, not
absolutely, as in the indicative mood, but with reference to
the time of the verb of the clause in which it stands. The
following examples will show how the time of the participle
depends upon that of the main verb.
1 io verbs have a. connecting vowel e before the ending; i.e. audiens, audi-
endus.
148 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
1 . Video eum id agentem, / see him as he does // (literally,
///;;/ doing it).
2. Videbam eum id agentem, I saw him as he was doing it.
3. Videbo eum id agentem, I shall see him as he w'lW be doing //.
309. Tenses of the Participle
1. Present: representing an action as in progress at the
time indicated by the tense of the verb.
2. Pcifcct: representing an action 2,^ completed 2X the time
indicated by the tense of the verb.
3. Futtire : expressing an action that is subsequent to the
time of the verb.
310. Form all the participles, giving the English mean-
ings, of : do, give ; video, see ; facio, make, do ; munio, for-
tify ; eo,£-o. (500.)
311. Participles are used in Latin more extensively than
in English. In Latin the participle is used to express
ideas that are often expressed in English by a relative
clause, by clauses beginning with "when," "after," "since,"
"although," "while," "if," etc. Study carefully the fol-
lowing examples which show the various relations that the
participle expresses :
1. Milites missos non culpavit, he did not blame the soldiers
who had been sent (literally, the Jiaving been sent
soldiers).
2. Videbam eos id agentes, / saiv them while (or ivhen) they
zvere doing this.
3. Caesar consul f actus in Galliam contendit, Caesar, after
he had been made eonsnl, hastened into Gaul (literally,
Caesar having been made consul, etc.).
4. Gain his rebus permoti obsides miserunt, the Ganls, since
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN I49
(or because) they ivcre alarmed by these things, sent hos-
tages (literally, the Gauls having been alarmed, etc.).
5. Orgetorix damnatus interficietur, if Orgetorix is con-
demned, lie zvill be killed (literally, Orgetorix having
been condemned ivill be killed).
6. Vulneratus diu pugnabat, although he had been wounded,
he fought for a long time (literally, having been
zvounded, lie fought).
7. Multos vicos captos incendit, lie captured and burned many
villages (literally, he burned many captured villages).
312. VOCABULARY
aditus, us, m., approach. permoveo, ere, permovi, per-
vallum, i, n., rampart, eartJi- motus, influence, arouse.
works. educo, ere, eduxi, eductus,
posterus, a, um, next, folloiv- lead out.
ing. lacesso, ere, lacessivi, lacessi-
circum, prep, with ace, tus, attack, harass.
around. Sequani, orum, m. plur., the
circumvenio, ire, circum- vS^^?/<7;«' (a tribe of Gauls).
veni, circumventus, come
around, surround.
313. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Hlc gratia apud Sequanos plurimum poterat.
2. Els aliquid consill erat quod Romanis non erat gratum. .
3. Si quid reperltur, Caesar! semper nuntiatur. 4. Suam
quisque melius quam alienam patriam amat. 5. Homines
esse summa virtute dicuntur.
II. I. Caesar has been informed of his arrival. 2. The
day that Caesar had appointed ^ with the ambassadors has
come. 3. He ordered the hostages to come to him. 4. He
carried all his possessions with him.
^ constituo.
150
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
314-
EXERCISES
I. I. His rebus permoti Roma exire maturant. 2. In
legatum copias e castrls educentem Galll impetum fecerunt.
3. Postero die nostros aditus oppidi munientes hostes laces-
sent. 4. Roman! banc urbem valid et moenibus munltam
obsidere constituerunt. 5. Caesar duos dies a dextro cornu
lacessltus sustinere impetus poterat. 6. Legiones e castrls
eductas Instruxit. 7. Suum amicum Athenis exeuntem videt.
8. Principes Gallorum victi Romam mittentur. 9. Caesar de
coniuratione quam Galli fecerant certior factus est. 10. Le-
gatus Gallos qui castra circumveniebant sese dedere coegit.
II. I. When Caesar had been informed of this, he hur-
ried to Rome. 2. The general captured ^ their town and
fortified it. 3. The enemy harassed us as we were crossing
the river. 4. If you are defeated, you will retreat into Italy.
5. Who will go with me into that city that you see ? 6. Al-
though we have been surrounded, we will fight bravely.
1 Do not use the indicative.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
151
LESSON 52
THE PARTICIPLE (Continued). ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
315. Ablative Absolute. — A noun or a pronoun in the
ablative, with a participle agreeing with it, may be used to
express any of the ideas mentioned in 311. This con-
struction will be understood best by a careful study of the
following examples :
afte7' the Germans had
been conquered,
when he had conquered
the Germans,
after conquering the
Germans,
having conquered the
Germans,
nozv that the Germans
had been cojiquered,
the Germans having
been conquered,
Caesar, Germanis
victis, in hi-
berna venit,
Caesar went
into ivinter
quarters.
Oppido expugnato,
hostes Vincent,
Nobis castra mu-
nientibus, Galli
pervenerunt,
if the tozvn is captured, '
by capturing the town,
sijice the town has been
captured,
the town having been
captured,
wJiile we were fortify-'
ing the camp,
as we were fortifying
the camp,
they will con-
quer the
enemy.
the Gauls ar-
rived.
152
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Observe that the ablative absolutes, Germanis victis,
oppido expugnato, nobis munientibus, are translated in a
variety of ways. In translating an ablative absolute, one
must use judgment in selecting a translation that is con-
sistent with the meaning of the main verb.
Notice that the ablative absolute construction is used
only when the participle does not agree with a noun of the
main clause. The word "absolute" means that the abla-
tive phrase stands by itself. For example, such a sentence
as "When the Gauls had been conquered, they returned
home" would be rendered, Galli victi domum redierunt,
and the ablative absolute construction could not be used,
because victi agrees with Galli, which is the subject of
redierunt.
316. The participle is sometimes omitted, and two sub-
stantives, or a substantive and an adjective, are used in the
ablative absolute construction :
Duce Caesare Romani
semper vincebant,
under the leadership
of Caesar,
if Caesar was their
leader,
when Caesar was their
leader.
the Romans
ahvays used
to conquer.
317. Remember that the Latin perfect participle is
passive, there being no perfect active participle. The
ablative absolute is often used to supply this lack of a per-
fect active participle ; for example, the sentence " Caesar
having done this returned to Rome " cannot be expressed
literally in Latin. It must be changed to the passive form,
" This having been done, Caesar returned to Rome," and
then it may be rendered : hoc facto, Caesar Romam rediit.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 1 53
318. VOCABULARY
mulier, mulieris, f., woman. obtineo, ere, obtinui, obtentus,
signum, i, n., sign, ensign, possess, obtain, retain.
standard (of the legion). converto, ere, convert!, con-
quam primum, as soon as versus, tiini abont, change.
possible. signa converto,/«r^ abo2it (lit-
toUo, ere, sustuli, sublatus, erally, turn the standards
lift up, raise, remove, take about).
away. occido, ere, occidi, occisus, cut
reduce, ere, reduxi, reductus, doivn, kill, slay.
lead back.
319. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Legionem auxilio nostrls diu lacessltls misit.
2. Caesar hostium clamoribus perm5tus munire aditus
castrdrum coepit. 3. Consul legatum secum redire Romam
iubebit. 4. Equitatus Gall5s nostra castra circumvenientes
lacessebat. 5. Legatus nihil novl repperit.
II. I. After the Helvetii had been defeated, they were
compelled to return home. 2. He led his forces out of
the camp and drew them up. 3. Although many of our
men had been wounded they fought bravely. 4. The
Gauls could not fortify the mountain themselves.
320. EXERCISES
I. I. Te imperatore, nos non dedemus. 2. Hoc proelid
facto, suos in hiberna reduxit. 3. His Caesar! nurtiatis,
quam primum Roma exilt. 4. Pedites in castra reductos
hostes moenibus prohibere dux iubet. 5. Suls ^ ab Gallls
permotis ^ Caesar dixit " Impetum hostium exspectare est
difficile." 6. Novissimum agmen, signis conversis, laces-
1 Is this ablative absolute ?
154 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
sere Helvetios imperator iubet 7. Caesar! Romam redire
coact5 hoc proelium erat nuntiatum. 8. Hostes, multls
occisls, fortiter nostrum impetum sustinebant. 9. Omni
spe victoriae sublata, Helvetii cum mulieribus liberisque
domum redierunt. 10. Commeatus quos Galli obtinebant
ab Romanis incensi erant.
II. I. Having fought this battle, Caesar led his forces
across the river. 2. If you are brave, the repubhc will be
preserved. 3. When the hostages had been freed, they
returned to their people. 4. When their leader had been
killed, the Gauls surrendered to Caesar. 5. The Romans
faced about and bravely attacked the enemy. 6. After the
top of the hill had been fortified, we awaited the enemy.
7. When the Romans had fortified the hill, they returned
to their camp. 8. If you burn our villages, we shall kill
your leader.
LESSON 53
READING LESSON
CHAPTER VII
Caesar attempts to check the March of the
Helvetii. They send Ambassadors to Him
321. His rebus Caesar! nuntiatis, maturat Roma exlre
atque quam maximis itineribus ad Genavam contendit.
Erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una.^ Qua ^ re pro-
vinciam totam praebere quam maximum mllitum numerum
et pontem qu! erat ad Genavam rescind! iubet. Ubi de
1 but (only) one, ^ Qua re, therefore.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
155
eius adventu Helvetil certiores facti sunt, legates ad eum
mittunt nobilissimos civitatis. Qui ^ legatl iter per pro-
vinciam Romanam a Caesare postulant. Sed temporibus
antlquTs Helvetil consulem Cassium occTderant exercitumque
eius sub iugum miserant. Qua re Caesar hominibus inimico
animo ^ iter per provinciam n5n dedit. Tamen diem con-
loquio cum legatls constituit.
LESSON 54
INFINITIVES. FORMATION AND MEANINGS
322. Review 182, 183, 184, 307. The following outline
shows how the tenses of the infinitive may be obtained from
the principal parts :
Infinitives
Tense
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Present
Second one of the
Change final e of present
principal parts.
infinitive to i, except in
third conjugation, which
changes final ere to i.
Future
Future active parti-
Supine in -um (which is
ciple and esse.
the same form as accu-
sative singular neuter
of perfect passive par-
ticiple), and iri.
Perfect
Perfect stem + isse.
Perfect passive participle
and esse.
^ '1 he relative at the beginning of a sentence often has the force of a
demonstrative, hence Qui legati, these ambassadors. ^ See 303.
156
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
I. Learn the infinitives, with English meanings, of the
model verbs (491-495).
323. Form all participles and infinitives, giving the Eng-
lish meanings, of
vincio, bind.
iubeo, order.
relinquo, leave.
sum, / am (496).
iacio, t/irozv.
appello, name, call.
vinco, conquer.
eo, go (500).
324.
VOCABULARY
auctoritas, atis, f ., reputation,
influence, authority.
littera, ae, f., letter of the al-
phabet; (plur.), letter, docu-
ment.
res frumentaria, rei frumen-
tariae, supplies of grain,
provisions.
cottidianus, a, um, daily.
scribo, ere, scrips!, scriptus,
write.
cado, ere, cecidi, casurus, fall,
perish, die.
at, conj., but.
numquam, adv., never.
325, REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Galli consulem copias instruentem lacessivit.
2. RomanI, signis conversls, oppidum ex itinere oppug-
naverunt. 3. Caesare consule Helvetil coniuratidnem
faciebant. 4. German! victi finitimos virtute siipera-
bant. 5. Nostrl autem multas mulieres captas domum
miserunt.
II. I. If I am your leader, will you attack the enemy }
2. The women could do this themselves. 3. After a few
had been slain, the army was led back to camp. 4. And
so hope was taken away from the Gauls.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 1 57
326. EXERCISES
I. I. ScrlbT ; sustulisse ; casurus esse, 2. InstruT ; pro-
hibuisse; missosesse; prohiberl. 3. Capl; cepi; reddidisse;
dedidisse. 4. Missuram esse ; misisse ; reducL 5. Paiicae
de flliabus occlsae esse dicuntur. 6. Numquam culpari
cupimus. 7. Galli ab finitimls cottldianis proelils lacessitl
ex suis finibus discedere coeperunt. 8. Caesar multas lit-
teras scrlpsisse dicebatur. 9. Res frumentariae portari
navibus non poterant. 10. At decern e nostrls cecidisse
in hoc proelio dicuntur,
II. I. He is said to be a man of great reputation,
2. Those women are said to have been sent to Rome.
3. This place cannot be taken by storm by the enemy on
account of its very large ramparts. 4. You were compelled
to retreat into the province, 5. Caesar ordered the ships
to be sent away. 6. This is said to have been a great
advantage to them.
LESSON 55
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. SIMPLE STATEMENTS
327. The words or thoughts of a person may be quoted
either directly or indirectly. A direct quotation {i.e. direct
discourse) is one which gives the exact words or thoughts
of the original speaker or writer. An indirect quotation
{i.e. indirect discourse) is one in which the original
words or thoughts are stated in the words of another,
and conform to the construction of the sentence in which
they stand.
The English sentence, " I am present," when quoted
directly, is stated : " He said, ' I am present.' " When
quoted indirectly, it assumes this form : " He said that he
158 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
was present," or, after a present tense of the verb of
saying, " He says that he is present." An indirect state-
ment, then, is generally introduced in English by the word
"that," although this may be omitted, as, "He says (that)
he is coming."
328. Examine carefully the following :
Direct Discourse Indirect Discourse
tu venis, yoii are coming. dicit te venire, Jie says tJiat
you are coming, or he says
you are coming.
Note
1. That the English expresses the indirect statement by a
clause introduced by "that" (expressed or under-
stood).
2. That there is no word in Latin to correspond to the
" that " in EngHsh.
3. That the Latin changes the verb of the direct statement
to the same tense of the infinitive, and changes the
case of the subject to the accusative.
329. Rule of Syntax. — Simple statements, when quoted
indirectly after verbs of saying, knozving, thinking, and per-
ceiving, are expressed by the infinitive with subject accusa-
tive.
330. Review 308. The tenses of the infinitive do not
follow the tense of the introductory verb. Like the
tenses of the participle, they merely denote time relative
to that of the main verb. The present infinitive de-
scribes an action as going on at the time of the main
verb ; the perfect as completed; the future as not yet
begun.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
159
The following examples will show to what tenses of the
infinitive the various tenses of the indicative are changed :
Tense
Direct Discourse
Indirect Discourse
Present
videt me venire, Jie sees
Present
venio, I am coming
that I am coming
Past
vidit me venire, he saw
that I was coming
Present
Imperfect
veniebam, / zvas
coming
audit me venisse, Ju-
hears that I came, or
have come
Past
Perfect
veni, / have come,
audivit me venisse, hi-
I came
heard that I came, or
Pluperfect
veneram, / had
had come
come
Present
sperat me venturum
(esse), Jic hopes that
Future
veniam, / sJiall
I shall come
come
Past
speravit me ventarum
(esse), he hoped that
I should come
Caution. — The subject of the infinitive should never
be omitted in Latin.
l6o ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
331. VOCABULARY
existimo, are, avi, atus, tJiink, trado, ere, tradidi, traditus,
believe, suppose. give up, surrender, de-
demonstro, are, avi, atus, liver.
point out, sJioxv, mentio?i. conspectus, us, m., sight,
spero, are, avi, atus, Iiope. viezv.
respondeo, ere, respondi, re- complures, a (ia), a great
sponsus, ansiver, reply. many, very many.
scio, scire, scivi, scitus, knoiu,
knoiv how.
332. EXERCISES
I. I. Gall! se domum recipiunt. 2. Caesar Gallos se
domum recipere dixit. 3. Nostra arma numquam trademus.
4. Respondemus nostra arma numquam nos tradituros
(esse). 5. Hoc in conspectu sul^ imperatoris egisse
miles existimavit. 6. Armis traditis, in Caesaris potesta-
tem Galli venerant. 7. Caesar nuntiavit Gallos, armIs
traditis, in suam potestatem venisse. 8. Omnes speramus
banc rem a legato bene administratum iri. 9. Caesar suis
dixit " Quis scit bunc pontem facere .'' " 10. Imperatori
nuntiatum est complures alios aliam in partem fugere.
II. Legati responderunt "Nos a finitimis nostris diu
lacessiti sumus."
II. I. Tbe gods will give us belp 2. Tbey tbought tbat
tbe gods would give tbem belp. 3. We bave sbown tbat
tbe Gauls were men of tbe greatest^ courage. 4. I bope
many bave not fallen. 5. We can do tbis ourselves.
6. Tbey said tbey could do tbis tbemselves. 7. Caesar
replied, " I bope tbat tbey will retreat."
1 The reflexive pronouns and adjectives in an indirect statement refer to
the subject of the main verb of "saying," "thinking," etc.
2 Do not use maximus.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN l6l
LESSON 56
DEPONENT VERBS. ABLATIVE WITH utor, fruor, Etc.
333. Deponent verbs have passive forms with active
meanings. These passive forms are regular in their forma-
tion and inflection, and are classified in four conjugations,
like regular verbs. The principal parts are as follows :
Present Present Perfect
IND. Pass. Inf. Pass. Ind. Pass.
1ST CoNj. hortor hortari \iox\.2XVi?,^Mva., I nrge, encourage
2D CoNj. vereor vereri veritus sum, I fear
3D CoNj. sequor sequi secutus sum, I follozv
4TH CoNj. potior potiri potitus sum, I get possession of
I. Learn all forms of the indicative, infinitive, and partici-
ple of these four model verbs. (503.)
334. Deponent verbs have 2i future active infinitive instead
of a future passive, and they have the participles of both
active and passive voices.
335. Review 317. The perfect passive participle of a
deponent verb is active in meaning.
Cohortatus milites proelium commisit, after encouraging
(literally, Jiaving encouraged) his soldiers, he began the
battle.
336. Examine the following :
1 . Equis iituntur, they use horses.
2. Vita fruitur, Jie enjoys life.
Observe that equis and vita are ablatives of instrument,
although the corresponding words in English are the direct
objects of their verbs.
essen. of latin — II
l62 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
337. Rule of Syntax. — TJie instrumental ablative is used
with tlie deponent verbs utor, fruor, fungor, potior, and
vescor, atid their compounds.
338. VOCABULARY
utor, uti, usus sum, use, proficiscor, proficisci, profec-
employ. tus sum, set out, march, go.
sequor, sequi, secutus sum, arbitror, ari, atus sum, think,
folUnv. suppose.
cohortor, ari, atus sum, en- pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus, ex-
courage, exhort. pel, drive azvay, rout.
potior, potiri, potitus sum, praesidium, i, n., defense,
get possession of. guard, garrison.
fossa, ae, f., ditch, trench.
339. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Caesar complures secum in Ttaliam ituros (esse)
sciebat. 2. Hoc proelio facto, hostes se recipere coacti
sunt. 3. LegatI demonstrant sibi esse multos equites.
4. Incolae responderunt sese res frumentarias dedisse.
5. Legatus se expugnare oppidum posse sperat.
II. I. The Gauls thought Caesar would not fight with
them. 2. All those arms that you see have been given
up. 3. Caesar saw that the enemy were being drawn up
on top of the hill. 4. The ambassadors replied that many
were leaving their homes.
340. EXERCISES
I. I. Arbitraris ; utimini ; proficTscetur ; proficlscitur.
2. Pepuleramus ; arbitrari ; arbitrare ; usurus esse. 3. Cae-
sar se cum tribus legionibus secuturum (esse) dLxit.
4. Consul R5ma profectus in fines Helvetiorum contendit.
5. GermanI usi esse parvis equls dicuntur. 6. Consul,
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 163
exercitu pulso, a civibus culpabitur. 7. Commeatus, quo
nostrl utebantur, multa nocte incensus est. 8. Galll oppi-
dum vallo fossaque munlri arbitrabantur. 9. Hostes potlrl
castrls non posse dux vidit. 10. Quattuor cohortes prae-
sidium castrls Labienus rellquit.
II. I. After encouraging his men, Caesar began the
battle. 2. For many days the horsemen who^ were fol-
lowing harassed the rear. 3. He will use these legions as
a garrison. 4. Caesar set^ out from the city, and began
to wage war with the Helvetii. 5. It is reported that
Labienus has routed the brave Gauls.
LESSON 57
Fero AND fio. DATIVE WITH INTRANSITIVES
341. Learn the principal parts and all forms of the indica-
tive, infinitive, and participle of fero (502) and fio (501).
I. Review the conjugation of facio (177-179), and note
that fio is used as the passive of facio.
342. Examine the following :
1 . Nobis persuadent, they persuade us.
2. Imperatori paret, Jie obeys the commander.
Observe that nobis and imperatori are datives, while the
corresponding English words are the objects of their verbs.
343. Rule of Syntax. — Most verbs signifying to favor,
help, please, trust, and their contraries ; also to believe, per-
S2(ade, command, obey, serve, resist, ejivy, threaten, pardon,
and spare, take the dative.
^ who %ve7-e following ; do not use a relative clause. ^ Do not use the
indicative.
l64 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
344. VOCABULARY
fero, ferre, tuli, latus, beat-, fio, fieri, factus sum, become,
carry. be made.
confero, conferre, contuli, persuadeo, ere, persuasi, per-
conlatus, bring together, suasus, persuade.
gather. pareo, ere, parui, — , obey.
nemo, dat. nemini (no gen. noceo, ere, nocui, nociturus,
or abl.), no one, nobody. harm, injure.
moror, ari, atus sum, delay, credo, ere, credidi, creditus,
hinder. believe, trust.
resisto, ere, restiti, — , resist, oppose,
345. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Nostrl equitatum Gallorum tria mlllia passuum se-
CLitl pepulerunt. 2. Caesar certior factus est Gallos ex vico
profect5s (esse). 3. Labienus urbe vallo et fossa munlta
potltur. 4. Principes Helvetiorum suos cohortati nostrum
impetum fortissime sustinebant. 5. Caesar su5s ex castrls
eductos Instrul iubet.
II. I. They informed us that the enemy were preparing
to make an attack. 2. On leaving^ the camp, our men
crossed a river that was twenty feet wide. 3. After forti-
fying the camp, the Romans awaited their attack. 4. He
said they ought to come to him.
346. EXERCISES
I. I. Irapedlmentis in unum locum conlatis, nostrl aciem
Instruxerunt. 2. Parere suo imperatoriquisque debet. 3. Ad
castra mult5s dies morati Galli domum se receperunt. 4. Id^
persuadere els numquam poterimus. 5. Nemo el haec
dicenti credit. 6. Oppidum expugnarl non poterat, quod
^ On leaving = after leaving. 2 J^ is the direct object of persuadere.
Translate: of this.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 165
incolae nostrls fortiter resistebant. 7. BonI librl nemini
nocent. 8. Caesar litterls Labieni certior fiebat omnes
Belgas(/>V/^m;/^) contra populum R5manum coniurationem
facere. 9. Quare {tJicrefore) Caesar ad cos proficlsci con-
stituit. 10. Itaque re frumentaria comparata, castra movet,
diebusque qulndecim ad fines Belgarum pervenit.
II. I. They inform Caesar ; Caesar is informed by them.
2. They said that a conspiracy was being formed. 3. No
one could persuade him. 4. Children ought to obey their
elders.^ 5. I believe that they will resist us. 6. After
fortifying the camp, Caesar encouraged his men.
LESSON 58
READING LESSON
CHAPTER VIII
Caesar erects Fortifications. The Helvetii attempt
TO CROSS the Rhone, but are Repelled
347. Interea ea legione quam secum habebat mllitibus-
que qui ex pr5vincia convenerant murum pedes sedecim
altum et fossam a lacu Lemanno, qui in flumen Rhodanum
Infiuit, ad montem luram, qui fines Sequan5rum ab Helve-
tils dividit, perducit. Eo opere perfects et castellls munltis,
facile eos prohibere potest. Ubi ea dies quam constituerat
cum legatls venit, et legatl ad eum redierunt, negat^ se
posse iter ulll per provinciam dare. Helvetii autem, navi-
bus iunctis ratibusque compluribus factis, perrumpere
conatl^ operis munitione* et mllitum tells repulsl sunt.
^ See 272. 2 negat se posse, says he cannot (literally, denies that he can^.
8 From Conor, a deponent verb. * Can you not infer its meaning from the
verb munio ?
l66 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 59
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. PRESENT TENSE. CLAUSES
OF PURPOSE
348. Learn the present tense, active and passive, of the
subjunctive of the model verbs of the four conjugations
(491-495); of sum (496); of possum (497); of eo (500);
of fero (502); of fio (501).
No meanings for the subjunctive are given, because the
translations vary according to the construction used. These
meanings will be understood as the various uses of the
subjunctive are taken up in the succeeding lessons.
1. Compare carefully the forms of the present subjunctive
of the third and fourth conjugations with those of the
future indicative.
2. Notice that the personal endings are the same as in the
indicative.
3. The following table will assist in fixing in mind the forms
of the first person singular :
Present Subjunctive
Conjugation I II 11 1 iv
Active -em -eam -am, -iam -iam
Passive -er -ear -ar, -iar -iar
349. A sentence consisting of a main (or independent)
clause and one or more dependent (or subordinate) clauses
is called a complex sentence. In the following examples
the dependent verbs are italicized :
When he arrived it was late.
He was so tired that he went to sleep.
He came that he might see me.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
167
The common uses of the subjunctive in dependent clauses
will be considered in this lesson and those following. The
uses of the subjunctive in independent clauses are treated
in Lessons 6^], 71, 72, 73.
350. Examine the following :
1. Romam venit ut suum amicum videat, he conies to Rome
that he may sec his friend, in order that he may see
his friend, in order to see his friend, to see his friend,
for the purpose of seeing his friend.
2. Vir in urbem f ugit ne interficiatur, the man flees itito the
city that he may not be killed, so that he may not be
killed, in order not to be killed, lest he be killed.
a. Observe that the verbs of the dependent clauses ut suum
amicum videat and ne interficiatur are subjunctive,
and that they express the purpose of the action of
the main clauses, ut (that) introducing affirmative
and ne {that . . . not) negative clauses.
b. Notice that the purpose clauses may be translated in a
variety of ways. Purpose clauses may be translated
by the English infinitive, but never nse the Latin
infinitive to express purpose.
351. Rule of Syntax. — Puipose is expressed by the sub-
junctive zvitJi ut or ne.
352. Review the principal parts and meanings of the
folio wins: verbs :
c5nficio
dedo
accedo
proficiscor
fero
committo
reddo
potior
utor
persuadeo
converts
redeo
sequor
cad5
noce5
cohortor
reduc5
sci5
tolls
scrlbo
ago
reperio
trado
obsideo
arbitror
credo
lacesso
pello
Instrud
flo
l68 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
353. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Mulieribus liberlsque in unum locum convoca-
tls, Galll impetum nostrorum exspectare constituunt.
2. Ubi Roman! ad e5rum fines pervenerunt, Galll eis
restiterunt. 3. Legatus suum cibum quemque portare
iubet. 4. Orgetorlgis filia a Romanis capta certior
fiebat neminem sibi nociturum (esse). 5. Quis uti illo
equo potuit ?
II. I. We are informed that Labienus has persuaded
the Gauls. 2. On the next day the Romans will get pos-
session of their camp. 3. He did not believe his father.
4. He did not believe his father would return.
354. EXERCISES
I. I. Caesar ad primum agmen proficlscitur ut su5s
cohortetur. 2. Nostrl, sTgnIs conversis, pellere Gallos
coeperunt. 3. Legatum in Galliam proficlsci iubet ne
ex his nationibus auxilia convocentur. 4. Ibi rex pauc5s
dies moratur ut oppidum obsideat. 5. Redlmus domum
ne ab hostibus occidamur. 6. Galll magnas copias unum
in locum convocant ut bellum gerant. 7. Manesne domi
ut litteras paucas scribas ? 8. Legati in castra redeunt
ut Caesarl persuadeant. 9. Nos sequiminT ut aliquid
reperiatis. 10. Arbitror Gallos accedere ut obsides red-
dant.
II. I. They are coming in order that they may be
praised. 2. Caesar hurries into the province to wage war
with the Gauls. 3. They are surrendering all their pos-
sessions to Caesar so as not to be killed. 4. We write
many letters to persuade our friends. 5. He knetf that
they would not believe him. 6. You are waiting in Rome
that you may not be conquered.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 1 69
LESSON 60
SUBJUNCTIVE (Continued). IMPERFECT. RESULT
CLAUSES
355. The first person singular of the imperfect sub-
junctive may be found by adding the personal endings
-m (active), -r (passive), to the present active infinitive.
Present Active Infinitive Imperfect Subjunctive
amare amarem
munire munirer
monere monerem
I. Learn the imperfect subjunctive, active and passive, of
the four model verbs (491-495); of sum (496); of
possum (497); of eo (500); of fero (502).
356. Notice carefully the difference between a purpose
and a result clause. A result clause expresses the result
or outcome of the action of the main verb. Observe the
difference as shown in these examples :
They shouted so that he might hear. (Purpose.)
They shouted so that he heard. (Result.)
He was so tired that he could not go. (Result.)
Some word or phrase like so, sucJi, in such a way, etc., is
often used in the main clause to show that a result clause
may be expected to follow.
357. Examine the following :
I. Flumen tarn latum est ut Galli transire non possint, the
river is so zvide that the Gauls cannot cross.
170 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
2. Flumen tam latum fuit ut Galli transire non possent,
the nvcr was so ividc that the Gauls could not
cross.
3. Nostri ita fortiter pugnabant ut hostes se reciperent,
our men fought so bravely that the enemy retreated.
4. Ita graviter vulnerati erant ut pugnare non possent,
they had been so severely zvounded that they could not
fight.
a. Observe that the above clauses beginning with ut
express the result, and that the verbs are subjunc-
tive.
b. Observe that when the main verb is present tense the
dependent subjunctive is present tense, and that when
the main verb is either imperfect, perfect, ox pluperfect
{i.e. any tense expressing past time), the dependent
subjunctive is imperfect.
c. Observe that the tense of the subjunctive is not neces-
sarily the same as that of the main verb.
358. Rule of Syntax. — Result is expressed by the sub-
junctive with ut or ut non.
359. VOCABULARY
consequor, consequi, consecu- castellum, i, x\.,fort, redoubt.
tus sum, pursue, overtake, deditio, onis, f., surrender.
progredior, progredi, pro- calamitas, atis, f., disaster,
gressus sum, advance, pro- defeat.
ceed. tantus, a, um, so great, such.
audeo, ere, ausus ^ sum, dare, tam, adv., so.
accipio, ere, accepi, acceptus, ita, adv., thus, so.
receive.
1 A semi-deponent verb; i.e. the present stem is active, and the perfect
stem passive.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 171
360. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. German! in Galliam transeunt ut eorum fines
vastent. 2. Vlcis multls et parvis incensis, Labienus
urbem pulcherrimam obsidebat. 3. Arbitramur n5s eorum
castrls potiri posse. 4. Equitatus sociorum Caesari magno
USUI fuit. 5. Caesar ex castrls profectus in Helvetios
flumen transeuntes impetum faciet.
n. I. Each soldier ought to obey his general. 2. The
enemy are following us to harass the rear. 3. You are
doing this for the sake of harming me. 4. We are in-
formed that the enemy have taken possession of the top
of the hill.
361. EXERCISES
I. I. Equitatus progressus erat ut Gallos fugientis conse-
queretur. 2. Oppidum ita a mllitibus munitur ut expugnari
non possit. 3. Omnes qui transire Rhodanum ausl sunt
tells et sagittis vulnerabantur. 4. Tantus erat Helveti-
orum timor ut se suaque omnia dederent. 5. Caesar
castra movet ne hostes inter se et flumen sint. 6. Gall!
ita operis magnitudine permovebantur ut arma legato tra-
derent. 7. Haec urbs castellls munlta est ne a Romanis
caperetur. 8. Haec urbs castellls ita munlta est ut a Ro-
manis non caperetur. 9. Labienus in eorum fines decem
dies progressus multas civitates in deditionem accepit.
10. Tantus hostium erat numerus ut sinistrum cornu cir-
cumvenlre possent.
II. I. We shall never dare to do it on account of
the width of the river. 2. The road is so narrow that the
enemy cannot advance. 3. Such was the nature of the
place that the road was very difficult. 4. We were sent to
carry the children back to Rome. 5. The river was so
wide and deep that they used ships.
172
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
LESSON 61
Volo. Nolo. Malo. RELATIVE CLAUSE OF PURPOSE
362. Learn the principal parts and all forms of the in-
dicative, present and imperfect subjunctive, infinitive, and
participle of volo, nolo, malo (499). Observe that nolo is a
compound of non and volo, and malo a compound of magis,
more (shortened to ma), and volo. Note the irregularities in
the present tense of the indicative, subjunctive, and infinitive.
363. Examine the following :
1 . Princeps legatos misit ut pacem peterent
2. Princeps misit legatos qui pacem peterent
the chief sent
ambassadors
to ask for
peace.
The English translation of these sentences is the same,
and the verbs of the purpose clauses are subjunctive. In
2, however, qui is used instead of ut to emphasize the am-
bassadors as the persons who have the purpose to perform.
364. Rule of Syntax. — Purpose may be expressed by a
relative pronoun and the subjunctive.
365.
VOCABULARY
peto, ere, petivi (ii), petitus,
aiin at, ask for, go to get.
volo, velle, volui, — , be zvill-
ing, wish, will.
nolo, nolle, nolui, — , be un-
willing, ivill not.
malo, malle, malui, — , be
more willijig, prefer.
impedio, ire, impedivi, impe-
ditus, entangle, impede.
praemitto, ere, praemisi, prae-
missus, send ahead, dis-
patch.
celeriter, adv. (celer, sivift),
siviftly, quickly.
senatus, us, m., senate.
de tertia vigilia, about the
third watch (a watch was
equal to one fourth of the
night).
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 173
366. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Flumen Rhodanum transierant ne a Caesaris
equitibus caperentur. 2. Nostrl tam acriter pugnabant
ut Helvetil alii aliam in partem fugerent. 3. Equitatus
hostes in fugam datos consequi non audebat. 4. Caesar
de Gallorum deditione certior factus legiones in hiberna
reduxit. 5. Labienus se non posse Gallls credere arbitra-
batur.
II. I. That they might sustain our attack for a long
time, the Gauls had gathered a great abundance of grain.
2. Such was the speed of our cavalry that the enemy
could not escape. 3. We are informed that they will
resist us. 4. Are you (plur.) returning to the city to
warn your friends ?
367. EXERCISES
I. I. Noluisse ; mavultis ; nolumus. 2. Mavis; noles ;
malunt. 3. Imperator mllites praemlsit qui castra pone-
rent. 4. Galli victi petere pacem nolunt. 5. Multl esse
cum Caesare quam Romam redire malebant. 6. Helvetil
legates mittunt ut iter per Sequanorum fines facere possint.
7. Caesar equites qui Gallos in fiumine impedltos lacesse-
rent praemlserat. 8. GermanI legates miserunt qui dlxe-
runt^ se petere pacem velle. 9. Caesar his rebus ita
permovebatur ut quam celerrime ad suos contenderet.
10. De tertia vigilia Labienus eos qui hostes consequerentur
praemlsit.
II. I. We are unwilling to obey him. 2. Caesar sends
ahead horsemen to burn the villages. 3. We are return-
ing to Rome to persuade the senate. 4. The Helvetil
1 Notice how the translation of the indicative, dixerunt, differs from that
of the subjunctive, dicerent.
174 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
preferred to seek peace rather than to be killed by the
Romans. 5. Why are you unwilling to remain at home ?
6. Although ^ a great defeat had been received, the Gauls
did not wish to surrender their arms.
LESSON 62
SEQUENCE OF TENSES. INDIRECT QUESTIONS
368. Learn the perfect and pluperfect subjunctive of
the model verbs (491-495); of sum (496); of eo (500); of
fero (502); of possum (497); of fio (501); of volo, nolo,
malo (499).
Observe that the first person of the perfect active sub-
junctive of all verbs may be found by adding erim to the
perfect stem ; that the pluperfect active subjunctive may
be found by adding the personal endings to the perfect
active infinitive ; that the perfect and pluperfect passive
subjunctive are compound forms, like the same tenses of
the indicative.
369. Examine the following :
Direct Question Indirect Question
Ubi sunt .■* wJierc are they ? Scio ubi sint, / hioiv where
Quid f acit .'' ivJiat is he doing ? they air.
Vidimus quid faceret, we saiv
zvJiat he ivas doing.
Observe that when a direct question is asked indirectly,
depending upon some introductory verb, the verb of
the original direct question becomes subjunctive in the
indirect.
1 See 311, 6 ; 315.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 1 75
Caution. — Do not confuse an indirect question with an
indirect statement (327). Indirect questions maybe recog-
nized by the fact that some interrogative word follows the
main or introductory verb.
Indirect Question Indirect Statement
Scio quis veniat, Scio eum venire,
/ knoiv who is coming. I knozv (that) he is comitig.
370. Rule of Syntax. — The verb of an indirect question
is in the subjunctive.
371. It has been noticed in the three preceding les-
sons that the tense of a dependent subjunctive depends
upon the tense of the verb of the main clause. This use
of the tenses follows a principle called the Sequence of
Tenses, a principle that is famiUar from English usage.
Compare :
He conies that I may see him.
He came that I might see him.
The change from may to might accompanies the change
of the main verb from comes to came. This change of
tenses, therefore, is not peculiar to Latin.
372. All tenses are divided into two classes, as
follows :
Present Indicative,
Primary or principal tenses, Future Indicative,
denoting present or future j Future Perfect Indicative,
time. Present Subjunctive,
Perfect Subjunctive.
1/6
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Secondary or historical tenses,
denoting past time.
Imperfect Indicative,
Perfect Indicative,
Pluperfect Indicative,
Imperfect Subjunctive,
Pluperfect Subjunctive.
2.
373. Examine the following :
[ Videt, Jic sees, 1
{ Videbit, /le will see, \
{ Viderit, he will have seen, J
f Videt, he sees, |
Videbit, he will see, \
Viderit, he will have seen, J
\ Videbat, he was seeing, 1
Vidit, Jie sazv, \
Viderat, lie had seen, J
4-
[ Videbat, he zvas seeing,
\ Vidit, he saw,
[ Viderat, he had seen.
quid faciam, zvhal I am
doing.
quid fecerim, zvhat I have
done (or did).
quid facerem, what I zvas
do i Jig.
quid fecissem, tvhat I had
done (or did).
Observe what tenses of the subjunctive follow primary-
tenses of the indicative, and what tenses follow secondary.
374. Rule for Sequence of Tenses. — Whenever the sub-
junctive is used in a dependent or subordinate clause, the
tense that should be used is determined by the following
rule :
A primary tense in the main clause is followed by a pri-
mary tense in the dependent siibjnnctive clause ; a secondary
tense is folloived by a secondary tense.
I. Sometimes the perfect indicative, when it means have,
has, . . ., is followed by a primary tense.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 1 77
375. VOCABULARY
procedo, ere, process!, — , go explorator, oris, m., scout.
forward, advance. in reliquum tempus, for the
Conor, ari, atus sum, try, future.
attempt. inter se dare, to exchange,
conloquor, conloqui, conlocu- give each other.
tus sum, speak togetJier, in flumine pontem facio,
confer. build a bridge across the
in animo habeo, ] / have in river.
mihi est in \ mind, in- rogo, are, avi, atus, ask,
animo, J tend. beg.
376. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Quis Caesare imperatore e proeli5 discedere aude-
bit ? 2. Cur Roma exire vultis ? 3. Labienus cohortes ex
castrls eductas Instrul iussit. 4. Caesarl est nuntiatum
summum montem a Labieno tenerl. 5. Ubi^ire mecum
mavis ?
II, I. He sent forward men to fortify the hill as quickly
as possible. 2. The enemy hastened to attack our men
while impeded in the river. 3. Are you willing to obey
your leader } 4. After encouraging his men there Caesar
hastens to the river.
377. EXERCISES
I. I. Helvetils est in animo iter per pr5vinciam facere.
2. Caesar rogavit cur inter se obsides darent. 3. Principes
ut de deditione conloquantur convenient. 4. Imperator
multos dies sclverat quae Galli facere conati essent.
5. Caesar praemittet eos qui in flumine pontem faciant.
6. LegatI Gallorum Caesarl dixerunt quae sibi in anim5 in
reliquum tempus essent. 7. GermanI a Caesare rogaverunt
1 When.
ESSKN. OF LATIN — 12
178 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
" Cur in nostr5s fines processisti ? " 8. GermanI a Caesare
rogaverunt cur in suos fines processisset. 9. Summus
collis castellls multls munitus erat ne hostes impetum face-
rent. 10. In animo habemus obsides inter nos dare.
II. I. We know who is going to the city. 2. The
Heutenant said, "Who is going to Rome.''" 3. I know
that they have returned home. 4. Caesar asked what
towns they had captured. 5. We can see why they have
fled. 6. Caesar is informed through scouts that the enemy
have advanced. 7. When the battle had been fought, the
general saw who had been wounded.
A<:
l^r*Ji^M
mMM^
^■--^>?^^?^^rii/
LESSON 63
SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES
378. A substantive clause is one that is used as a noun.
Its use as subject or object of a verb is most common. In
the following English examples the substantive clauses are
italicized :
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 179
It happened that lie 2vas present.
I know what he has done. (As object.)
I know {that) he has come. (As object.)
(As subject, or in appo-
sition with subject)
He persuaded us to leave the city. (As object.)
We feared that he might die. (As object.)
I do not doubt tJiat he will go. (As object.)
He ordered us to leave the city. (As object.)
It will be observed from these examples that substantive
clauses are expressed in Enghsh in several ways. In Latin
substantive clauses are usually expressed either by the in-
finitive or by the subjunctive. This use of the infinitive in
indirect discourse and as complementary infinitive, and of the
subjunctive in indirect questions, we have already considered.
379. Subjunctive clauses introduced by ut or ne are very
often used in Latin as the object of verbs signifying to ask,
command, advise, resolve, nrge, persuade, permit, strive, decree.
As an infinitive phrase is used in English as the object of
such verbs, while ut or ne and the subjunctive is used in
Latin, this difference in usage must be carefully noted.
Examples
1 . Helvetiis persuasit ut exirent, he persuaded the Helvetii
to leave.
2. Suis imperat ne id faciant, he orders his men not to do
this.
3. Milites cohortatur ut impetum sustineant, he urges the
soldiers to sustain the attack.
4. Te rogo ut mihi credas, / ask you to believe me.
380. The following are the most common verbs of the
classes mentioned in 379. Their meanings and principal
parts should be carefully learned :
l8o ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
persuadeo, ere, persuasi, persuasus, persuade.
impero, are, avi, atus, order, conwiaiid.
mando, are, avi, atus, order, command.
rogo, are, avi, atus, ask, beg.
postulo, are, avi, atus, demand, ask.
moneo, ere, monui, monitus, advise, zvarn.
peto, ere, petivi (ii), petitus, ask, request.
quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, inquire, ask.
cohortor (and hortor), ari, atus sum, ejieonragc, tirge.
permitto, ere, permisi, permissus, permit, allozv.
concedo, ere, concessi, concessus, permit, allow.
1. The following are exceptions to the above, and are fol-
lowed by the infinitive, as in English :
iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, order, comtnand.
veto, are, vetui, vetitus, forbid.
2. The following are followed either by (i) the infinitive,
or (2) ut or ne and the subjunctive. Yet the infini-
tive is more common.
patior, pati, passus sum, suffer, allow.
constituo, ere, constitui, constitutus, determine.
cupio, ere, cupivi, cupitus, desire.
volo (also nolo and malo), velle, volui, zvish.
381. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Sci5 quid tibi sit in animo. 2. LegatI diu inter se
conlocuti domum redierunt. 3. Ab els Caesar rogavit cur ex
proelio discessissent. 4. Helvetil responderunt sese exire
e flnibus non c6natur5s. 5. Cur hostes se receperunt }
II. I.I know whom you called together on that night.
2. If our arms are surrendered, we cannot defend ourselves.
3. They tried to keep the Germans away from their fields.
4. They thought we could not build a bridge over that river.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN l8l
382, EXERCISES
I. I. Caesar suls imperavit ut castra munlrent 2. Im-
perator equites cohortatus est ne clamoribus Gallorum
permoverentur. 3. Caesar, Helvetils superatis, bellum
gerere cum Germanis constituit. 4. Dumnorix Sequanis
persuadet ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant. 5. Helvetil e
finitimis quaesiverunt ut obsides inter se darent. 6. Suos
in flumine Rhodan5 pontem facere legatus iussit. 7. Caesar
Gallos monuit ne coniurati5nem in reliquum tempus face-
rent. 8. Galll ut quisquam vln5 utatur non permittunt.
9. Ubi Caesar in Gallorum fines pervenit, su5s vastare
agros vetuit. 10. Nostri magnum Galldrum fugientium
numerum occlderunt.
II. I. We urge you to be brave. 2. The Helvetii per-
suaded their neighbors to attack the Romans. 3. The
general commands^ us to do this as quickly as possible.
4. We asked ^ him what he was doing. 5. He was in-
formed that the enemy were crossing the river. 6. Now ^
that the Germans have been conquered, Caesar will allow
us to return to Rome. 7. They were sent to build a bridge.
LESSON 64
READING LESSON
CHAPTER IX
Dumnorix persuades the Sequani to allow the
Helvetii to march through their Territory
383. Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua Sequanis
invltis propter angustias Ire non poterant. Cum ^ his sua ^
^ impero. - Use rogo ab and ablative. 3 j\jo-m . . . conquered, use abl.
abs. * since, when. ^ sua sponte, by their own mea7ts, on their own account.
lS2 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
sponte persuadere non possent, legates ad Dumnorlgem
Haeduum mittunt, ut eo^ deprecatore a Sequanls impetra-
rent.^ Dumnonx gratia et larglti5ne apud Sequanos pluri-
mum poterat et Helvetils erat amicus, quod ex ea civitate
Orgetorlgis flliam in matrimonium duxerat. Itaque rem
suscipit et a Sequanls impetrat ut per fines su5s Helveti5s
Ire patiantur, obsidesque ut inter sese dent perficit : SequanI,
ne itinere Helvetios prohibeant, Helvetil, ut sine iniuria
transeant.
LESSON 65
OBJECT CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF FEARING. Cum
TEMPORAL, CAUSAL, AND CONCESSIVE
384. Examine the following :
1. Timeo ne hoc faciat, I fear that he will do this (or I fear
that he is doing this).
2. Timebam ut hoc f aceret, I feared that he would not do this.
Observe
a. That the clauses ne hoc faciat and ut hoc f aceret are the
object of the main verb.
b. That ne is affirmative and means that, and that ut is
negative and means that not.
385. Rule of Syntax. — TJie subjunctive zvith ne, that, or
ut, that not, is jised as the object of vej^bs or expressions of
fearing.
386. Examine the following :
1 . Cum Caesar in Galliam venit, zvhen Caesar came into Gaul.
2. Cum Caesar in Gallia esset, when Caesar was in Gaul.
^ eo deprecatore, by his tnediation (literally, he {being) an intercessor ;
ablative absolute). '■^ Do not confuse this verb with impero.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 183
3. Cum Caesari id nuntiatum esset, ivhen this had been
reported to Caesar.
4. Cum his persuadere non possent, legates miserunt, since
they could not persuade them, they sent ambassadors.
5. Cum primi ordines concidissent, reliqui tamen resistebant,
although the first ranks had fallen, still the others
resisted.
Cum, meaning zvhen (sentences i, 2, 3), is called cum
temporal, and the verb is usually subjunctive if the tense
used is imperfect or pluperfect, otherwise the indicative is
used. Cum, meaning since or as, is called cum causal,
and the verb is subjunctive (sentence 4). Cum, meaning
although, is called cum concessive, and the verb is subjunc-
tive (sentence 5). The student will be able to infer from
the meaning of the whole sentence which of the three
translations cum should have in a given case. What must
it mean with the indicative ?
387. Rules of Syntax.
1. In a cum clause expressing time, the verb is usually
subjunctive if the tense used is imperfect or pluperfect ;
otherivise, the indicative is 7ised..
2. In a cum clause expressing cause or concession, the
verb is subjunctive.
388. VOCABULARY
vereor, eri, veritus sum, fear, signa infero, charge (literally,
respect. bear the standards aga inst ).
timeo, ere, timui, — , fear, be in fidem venire, to put ones
afraid of self under the protection.
intellego, ere, intellexi, in- postquam, conj., after.
tellectus, learn, knoiv, per- polliceor, eri, pollicitus sum.
ceive. promise.
1 84 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
389. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Caesar quibusdam e suTs imperavit ut in flumine
pontem facerent. 2. Imperator Helvetils ne iter per pro-
vinciam faciant mandat. 3. German! a Caesare quaesive-
runt cur in Galliam venisset. 4. Caesar per expl6rat5res
certior fit summum montem a Labieno occupatum esse.
5. Helvetil flnitimls persuadebant ut, aedificils incensfs,
secum exTrent.
II. I. He warns us not to leave the camp. 2. The
Gauls urged each man to resist the Romans bravely.
3. We shall attack the enemy who are following.
4. Caesar ordered ^ the Gauls to give up their arms.
390. EXERCISES
I. I. Postquam Caesar ad exercitum pervenit, milites
castra munlre coeperunt. 2. Cum hoc fecerlmus, tanien a
nostrls amicis non culpabimur. 3. Imperator verebatur
ne hostes nostros in flumine impedltos lacesserent. 4. Cum
nostrl fortiter resisterent, Galll se recipere constituerunt.
5. Helvetil superati in Caesaris fidem venire volebant.
6. Caesar, cum suos laborare intellegeret, in primam
aciem processit, et milites cohortatus est. 7. Cum hoc
fecissent, Romam redierunt. 8. Hoc facto, Romam redie-
runt. 9. Gall! polHcitl sunt se sociorum popull RomanI
agros non vastaturos esse. 10. Caesar suos signa con-
versa Inferre iussit.
II. I. We feared that the general would not send us
aid. 2. Although ^ the enemy resisted bravely, our men
were able to take the town. 3. When Caesar was in-
formed of their arrival, he drew up the line of battle.
1 Use iubeo. "^Although . . . resisted. Express in two ways. See 311. 6,
315. 3S6. 5.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 185
4. I fear that he is coming. 5. I know that he is coming.
6. I know who is coming. 7. The man that I saw in Rome
has arrived.
LESSON 66
COMPOUNDS OF SUm. DATIVE AFTER COMPOUND
VERBS
391. Review possum (274). The verb sum is com-
pounded with the prepositions ab, ad, de, in, inter, ob, prae,
pro (prod), super. Review the meanings of these preposi-
tions from the general vocabulary. In the compound
prosum, / benefit, prod, not pro, is found before e. Learn
the conjugation of prosum (498).
392. Learn the principal parts and meanings of the
following compounds of sum :
absum, abesse, afui, — , be away, be absent.
adsum, adesse, adfui, — , be present, aid.
desum, deesse, defui, — , be lacking, fail.
insum, inesse, infui, — , be in, be among.
intersum, interesse, interfui, — , be among, be present.
obsum, obesse, obfui, — , be against, injure.
praesum, praeesse, praefui, — , be at the head of, command.
prosum, prodesse, profui, — , be of use to, benefit.
supersum, superesse, superfui, — , be over, survive.
393. Examine the following :
1 . Legatus oppido praef uit, the lieutenant zvas in charge of
the town.
2. Amicis prosumus, ive benefit our friends.
3. Exercitus hostibus appropinquabat (ad -f propinquo), the
army tvas approaching the enemy.
4. Pecuniae pudorem anteponit, he put honor before money.
1 86 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Observe that these compound verbs govern the dative
case. If a verb is transitive, as in 4, it may take both an
accusative and a dative.
394. Rule of Syntax. — Many verbs compounded with ad,
ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, pro, sub, and super often
govern the dative.
395. VOCABULARY
appropinquo, are, avi, atus, vis (no gen. or dat. sing.),
approach, draw near. vim, vi, (476) f., plur.,
bellum infero, inferre, intuli, vires, ium, ibus, strength,
inlatus, and dative, zvage power ; (plur.), strength,
zvar upon. iterum, adv., again, a second
time.
396. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Veremur ut impetum sustineant. 2. Gall! se in
popull Roman! fidem ventures polHcentur. 3. Postquam
Caesar in Galliam venit, gentes obsides inter se dare intel-
lexit. 4. Quae ^ cum ita sint, in hostium finibus morabimur,
II. I. The Gauls feared that the Romans would advance.
2. The Gauls thought that the Romans were advancing.
3. The camp that had been fortified was a mile wide.
4. They persuaded the Sequani to exchange hostages.
397. EXERCISES
I. I. Caesar cum finibus Gallorum approplnquaret,
magna cum cura processit. 2. Pedites diu pugnare non
poterant, quod sibi vires deerant. 3. German! dixerunt
1 these things. A relative at the beginning of a sentence is often translated
by a demonstrative.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
187
Romanes sibi bellum intulisse. 4. Virl qui suTs amicis
obsunt non sunt fIdL 5. Galli mulieres liberosque unum
in locum convocabant ne tells interficerentur. 6. Caesar
Labienum qui castris praeesset reliquit. 7. Incolae
oppidl, armis traditis, tamen Romanis resistere iterum
conati sunt. 8. Cum legatus a hostium finibus non
amplius ^ duobus millibus passuum abesset, castra posuit.
9. Omnes qui pugnae superfuerant a Caesare pacem
petebant. 10. Cum oppidl incolae pauci essent, expug-
narl n5n potuit.
II. I. We all wish to benefit our friends. 2. Labienus
commanded two legions. 3. Caesar said he intended to
wage war on the Germans. 4. We persuaded them to
leave Rome with us. 5. Although we are drawing near
the enemy, we ought not to fear, if^ Caesar is general.
6. Caesar called all the soldiers together.
LESSON 67
THE IMPERATIVE. COMMANDS AND EXHORTATIONS
398.
Forms of the Imperative Mood
Second Person
Second Person
IMPERATIVE
ACTIVE
IMPERATIVE PASSIVE
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
ama, love
am ate
am are, be loved
amamini
mone, advise
monete
monere, be advised
monemini
mitte, scud
mittite
mittere, be sent
mittimini
cape, take
capite
capere, be taken
capimini
audi, hear
audite
audire, be Jieard
audimini
^ //" . . . general : see 316.
1 88 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Observe that the present active imperative has the same
form as the present stem (86), and that the present passive
imperative, singular and plural, have the same forms as
the second person singular in -re and tJic second person
plural of the pjrsent indicative passive.
The present active imperatives of dico, duco, facio, and
fero are die, due, fae, fer.
Give the imperative forms of gero, video, dico, munio,
capio, sequor, laudo.
399. The imperative is used to command or exhort
in the second person, while the subjunctive is used to
exhort or urge in the first and third persons. For ex-
ample :
A.FFIRMATIVE
Negative
1ST
Per.
laudem, let me
praise
ne laudem, let me not praise
2D
Per.
laud a, praise
noli laudare, do not p7'aise
3D
Per.
laudet, let him
praise
ne laudet, let him not praise
1ST
Per.
laudemus, let us
ne laudemus, let ns not
praise
praise
2D
Per.
laudate, praise
nolite laudare, do not praise
3D
Per.
laudent, let them
ne laudent, let them not
praise
praise
Observe that the negative used with the subjunctive is
ne, but that ne is not used with the imperative, but instead
noli or nolite (pres. imperative of nolo, be umvilling) and
the infinitive. Do not use ne or non with the imperative to
express a negative command.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 189
400. VOCABULARY
praeficio, ere, praefeci, prae- sum, dep., turn back, re-
fectus, set over, put in turn.
charge of. animadverto, ere, animad-
refero, referre, rettuli, rela- verti, animadversus (ani-
tus, carry back; referre mus + ad + vert6), ///;;/ //'£'
pedem, to retreat. mind to, notice, punish.
ad multam noctem, till late adversus, a, urn, opposite,
at night. f'^d^igy hostile ; adverse
longe, ?idw.,far,far off. colle, ;// the hill.
reverto, ere, reverti, — , and Ariovistus, i, m., Ariovistus,
reverter, reverti, reversus chief of the Germans.
401. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. I Hud oppidum non longe a prdvincia abest.
2. Hostium copiae conatae sunt castellum, cui praeerat
legatus, expugnare. 3. Ariovistus dixit non sese Gallls
sed Gallos sibi bellum intulisse. 4. Labienus, unus ex
Caesaris legatls, oppido appropinquare contendit. 5. Cum
proell finem nox fecisset, viri summa gratia apud suos ad
Caesarem venerunt.
II. I. The chief had two daughters ; one was killed, the
other captured. 2. I fear that he will injure me. 3. The
man did this himself. 4. The chief said, "The power of
the Roman people is very great."
402. EXERCISES
I. I. Gain responderunt, " N5llte Romanis bellum Tn-
ferre." 2. Die mihi quid in animo vobis sit. 3. Fortiter
pugnemus ^ ne sub potestate Caesaris veniamus. 4. Caesar
1 Notice that the subjunctive of exhortation is the main verb of the sentence.
See 349.
I90 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
cum Gall5s iterum coniurationem facere animadvertisset,
legates ad se reverti iussit. 5. Cum vires sibi deessent,
hostes referre pedem coeperunt. 6. Signa Inferte adverse
colle ad hostium castra. 7. Labienum urbl captae Caesar
praefecit. 8. Cum nostrl ad multam noctem contendissent,
nemo ab hostibus occlsus est. 9. Ariovistus Caesarl dixit,
"Cur in meos fines venis ? " 10. Hoc facto, duabus legi-
onibus in castrls relictis, reliquas sex legiones pro castrls
in acie Caesar constituit.
II. I. Let us wage war. 2. Do not do this. 3. Pur-
sue the enemy, if you wish. 4. Let them do this. 5. Labi-
enus,^ lead the forces out of camp. 6. Friends, do not
persuade me to remain in Rome. 7. We were afraid that
our men would not be able to seize the top of the mountain.
LESSON 68
GERUND AND GERUNDIVE
403. Carefully distinguish the difference in English
between a verbal noun and a verbal adjective. They both
end in -ing, the verbal noun being used like a noun in any
of the cases, and the verbal adjective, or participle, like an
adjective, always in agreement with some word. Both have
the force of a verb, and may therefore take an object.
Compare these examples :
I found my friends zvaiting for me. (Participle, or
verbal adjective.)
Waiting \^ tedious. (Verbal noun, subject of "is.")
We learn to do by doing. (Verbal noun.)
404. In Latin, the gernnd is a verbal nonn. It has only
the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative cases, the
1 Review 29, i. 52, 2.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 191
nominative case being supplied by the infinitive. Its
gender is neuter. The gerundive is a verbal adjective (see
308), and is passive in its meaning.
405. Learn tiie gerunds and gerundives of the model
verbs (491-495). Note that they are formed from the
present stem.
406. Examine the following :
f Videre est credere, seeing is bclicvinsr (infinitive
NOM. \ .- ,.
[ as subject).
f Ars Vivendi (gerund), the art of living.
I Venit amicorum videndorum causa (gerundive), Jie
came to see his friends {for the sake of seeing
[ his friends).
fVix his rebus administrandis tempus dabatur
Dat.^ I (gerundive), time ivas hardly given for manag-
insr these things.
Gen. {
Ace.
Venit ad pugnandum (gerund), he came to fight
{for fighting, or for tJie purpose of fighting).
Venit ad amicos videndos (gerundive), Jie came to
see his friends {for the purpose of seeing his
friends).
' Mens discendo alitur (gerund), the mind is
strengthened by learning.
Conlocuti sunt de consiliis faciendis (gerundive),
tJiey conferred about forming plans.
Observe
I. That when the gerundive is used the noun is put in
the proper case, and the gerundive agrees with it in
gender, number, and case.
^ The use of the dative of the gerund or gerundive is not very common ;
ad and the accusative is more common.
Abl. -1
192 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
2. That the gerundive is generally used instead of the
gerund when there is an object.
3. That purpose may be expressed by ad and the accusa-
tive of the gerund or gerundive, and by causa follow-
ing the genitive of the gerund or gerundive. What
other ways are there of expressing purpose ?
407. VOCABULARY
conicio, ere, conieci, coniectus, causa, ae, f., cause, reason;
throw, hurl. abl., for the sake (after a
deligo, ere, delegi, delectus, genitive).
select, choose. cupidus, a, um, desirous of,
spatium, i, n., space, time, eager for (with genitive).
opportunity. denique, ?i.^v., finally, at last.
iam, adv., now, already, sooti.
408. REVIEW EXERCISES
I. I. Animadvertite quae f ecerit. 2. Noll, hostibus appro-
plnquantibus, castrls legatum praeficere. 3. Omnibus Gallls
superatls, in provinciam revertamur. 4. Ubi turrim mover!
et approplnquare moenibus viderunt, legates ad Caesarem
de pace miserunt. 5. Die nobis quos Romae vlderls.
II. I. Do not persuade them to wage war on the
Romans. 2. Lead your troops out of camp and draw
tHem up. 3. Let us always obey the general. 4. I fear
the Gauls will be defeated.
409. EXERCISES
L I. Discimus agere agendo. 2. Legatus finem lo-
quendl fecit. 3. Milites erant cupidl potiendl oppidL
4. Bellum gerere hieme est difficillimum. 5. Hostes tam
celeriter accesserunt ut spatium telorum coniciendorum n5n
daretur. 6. Caesar locum omnibus rebus idoneum castrls
delegit. 7. LegatI ad pacem petendam venerunt. 8. Com-
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
193
plures prlncipes ad Caesarem pacis petendae causa vene-
runt. 9. Ad eas res conficiendas annum satis esse Helvetil
arbitrabantur. 10. Galli de bello Romanis Inferendo con-
silia faciebant. 11. Ne n5s e proelio discedamus.
II. I. Fighting; by fighting; of fighting. 2. For the
purpose of defending; for the sake of choosing. 3. Time
was not given for ^ defending the city. 4. Caesar sent
men to^ fortify the camp. 5. The enemy attacked our
men while crossing the river. 6. He chose a lieutenant to
accomplish all these things. 7. Choosing good friends is
difficult. 8. Do not leave the city.
LESSON 69
COMPLETE REVIEW OF VERB FORMS
Note to the Teacher. — As much time should be given to this review
of verb forms as the needs of the class require. It is suggested that this
revievjf be made by synopsis, and by quick recognition of miscellaneous verb
forms both orally and in writing.
410. Review 235 and 352. Review the principal parts
and meanings of the following verbs :
timed
procedo
conicio
impero
approplnquo
peto
deligo
pareo
intellego
permitto
animadvert©
quaero
polliceor
vols
reverto
c5nsequor
conloquor
n5lo
moror
audeo
vereor
malo
obtine5
progrodior
Conor
respondeo
praefici5
411. Following the form suggested below, write the syn-
opsis of (i) tollo in the first person singular, and of (2)
Conor in the third person plural.
^ for defending : genitive case. ^ to fortify : express in four ways.
ESSEN. OF latin — 1 3
194
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
FORMi FOR SYNOPSIS
Principal Parts
Tense
Indicative
Subjunctive
Imperative
Infinitive
Participle
Pres. \^''-
[Pass.
-
J [Act.
'"P^Mpass.
Fut. \^'''
{ Pass.
1 Pass.
Plup. if ^•
^ (Pass.
Fut. jAct.
Perf. 1 Pass.
LESSON 70
READING LESSON
CHAPTER X
Caesar prepares to defeat the Plans of the
Helvetii
412. Caesari renuntiatur HelvetiTs esse in animo per
agrum Sequanorum et Haeduorum iter in Santonum fines
1 This form is merely suggested as a model for writing the synopsis of a verb.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
195
facere, qui non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, quae
civitas est in pr5vincia. Caesar nolebat homines bellicosos,
populi R5manl inimlcds, pr5vinciae esse finitimos. Ob eas
res ei muniti5ni quam fecerat T. Labienum legatum prae-
fecit, et ipse in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit duasque
ibi legiones c5nscrlbit et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hie-
mabant/ ex hibernls educit et cum his quinque legionibus
Ire in ulteriorem Galliam contendit. Ibi nonnullae nationes,
locis superioribus occupatis, itinere exercitum prohibere
conantur. His compluribus proehls^ pulsis, ab Ocelo, quod
est citerioris pr5vinciae extremum, in fines Vocontiorum
ulterioris provinciae die^ septimo pervenit ; inde in Allo-
brogum fines, ab Allobrogibus in Segusiavos exercitum
ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum priml.
1 Can you not infer its meaning from hiems ?
Why ablative
v;**-^ l\
^mmm.
Roman Harbor and Ships (Restoration)
SUPPLEMENTARY LESSONS
Note to the Teacher. — These lessons are designed to meet the needs
of those classes that wish a more extensive treatment of syntax than has been
attempted in the previous lessons. They are so arranged that they may be
taken up in connection with the previous lessons, or in any order that the
teacher wishes.
LESSON 71
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. PRESENT AND PAST TIME
413. Conditional sentences are complex sentences. They
consist of two clauses, the condition (or protasis) introduced
by " if," "if not," "unless," and the conclusion (or apodosis).
For example :
If it rains, I shall not go.
If he had not seen me, I should have gone.
You will not do this unless I command you.
Observe that a condition may be expressed in English
without using "if," "if not," "unless," by merely placing
the subject after the verb in the condition. For example :
Had he not seen me, I should have gone.
414. Various classifications of conditional sentences are
possible, but for convenience they will be considered as
follows :
I. Conditions referring to prcsettt or past time.
1. Simple.
2. Contrary to Fact.
196
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 197
II. Conditions referring to future time.
1. Vivid Future.
2. Less Vivid Future.
415. Simple Condition
Examine the following :
1. Si hoc faciunt, bene est, if tJicy are doing this, it is zvell.
2. Si hoc fecerunt, bene fuit, if they did this, it %vas well.
Observe
a. That the condition (or protasis) does not imply whether
the statement is true or not, i.e. whether " they did
this " or not ; it merely makes a supposition.
b. That the present or past tenses of the indicative are
used in both condition and conclusion.
416. Contrary-to-fact Conditions
Examine the following :
1. Si hoc facerent, bene esset, if tJiey 2vere{now) doing this,
it would be well.
2. Si hoc fecissent, bene fuisset, if they had done this, it
zvould have been ivell.
Observe
a. That the condition (or protasis) makes a supposition
that is obviously contrary to the actual facts of the
case ; i.e. the first sentence implies that they are not
. now doing this, and the second sentence, that they
' had not done this.
b. That the imperfect subjunctive is used in both condition
and conclusion, when the time is present, and the
pluperfect subjunctive, when the time is past.
198 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
417. EXERCISES
(In these and the succeeding exercises, the student should use the general
vocabularies whenever it is necessary.)
I. I. Si meus amicus Romae est, laetus sum. 2. Si
Helvetii acrius Romanis restitissent, non victi essent. 3. Si
adesset, exire Roma parati essemus. 4. Laetus fuit pater,
si quis llberos laudavit. 5. Caesar, si accedere hostes arbi-
tratus esset, aciem instruxisset. 6. Plures Gallorum occlsl
essent, 'si nostrl celerius consecuti essent. 7. Si imperator
esses, daresne proell committendl signum .''
II. I. If they had been at home, I should have been
glad. 2. I am glad, if they are at home. 3. If anything
happened, it was reported to the general. 4. That soldier
would leave the battle, if he were not a brave man. 5. Who
would not have done the same thing, had he been present }
6. If the general commands, the soldiers obey him. 7. If
you were in Rome, should you wish to be a soldier ?
LESSON 72
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (Continued). FUTURE TIME
418. Vivid Future Conditions
Examine the following :
Si hoc facient, bene erit, (f tJicy do this (i.e. zvill do this), it
tui/l be well.
Observe
a. That the condition (or protasis) states a future sup'posi-
tion vividly or strongly {i.e. by using " will ").
b. That the future indicative is used in both condition and
conclusion.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
199
c. That the present tense in English may often refer to
future time {i.e. " if they do this " means " if they
will do this ").
419. Less Vivid Future Conditions
Examine the following :
Si hoc faciant, bene sit, if tlicy should do this, it ivoitld be
well.
Observe
a. That the condition (or protasis) here states a future
supposition in a less distinct and vivid fashion {i.e.
by using "should" or "would").
b. That the present subjunctive is used in both condition
and conclusion.
420. Summary of Conditions
I. Present or Past Time.
. Simple. Present or past tenses of the
indicative in both parts.
, Contrary to Fact.
a. Present time — imperfect subjunc-
Classes of tive in both parts.
Conditional -' ^- P^st time — pluperfect subjunctive
Sentences in both parts. '
II. Future Time.
1. Vivid Future — Future indicative in both
parts.
2. Less Vivid Future — Present subjunctive
in both parts.
421. It has been explained in 311, 5, 315, 2, and 316
that the condition (or protasis) may be expressed by the
participle without the use of si or nisi. For example :
200 ■ ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Principes Gallorum victi Romam mittentur, the chiefs of the
Gauls, if they are conquered (literally, having been
conquered^ will be sent to Rome.
422. EXERCISES
I. I. Si equites consequentur, magnum hostium numerum
Occident. 2. Si equites c5nsequantur, magnum hostium
numerum occldant. 3. Caesare imperatore, numquam ter-
rebimur. 4. Helvetii flumen Rhodanum transiissent, nisi
Caesar in Galliam contendisset. 5. Obsides llberati domum
redeant, 6. Incolae, armis traditis, sese defendere n5n
poterunt. 7. Si hostes flumen transeant, nostri non con-
sequantur.
II. I. If we should go to Athens, we should see many
beautiful buildings. 2. If we go to Athens, we shall see
many beautiful buildings. 3. Had the Helvetii tried to
cross the river, Caesar would have prohibited them. 4. If
Labicnus hurries, he will be able to seize the top of the
hill. 5. If Caesar should attack that town, the inhabitants
would not be able to defend it. 6. If you were in the
town, you would be alarmed at Caesar's approach. 7. Who
will be afraid, if the town has been well fortified ?
LESSON 73
WISHES
423. Wishes may be divided into two classes :
I. Those that refer to the future, and express a desire
for something that \s> possible. For example :
May my friend come !
Would that my friend would come !
O that my friend would come !
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 20I
Observe that the above expressions are different ways
of expressing the same desire.
II. Those that refer to present or past time, and that
wish for something which (it is impHed) is not or was not
attained. They are, therefore, sometimes called hopeless
wishes. For example :
, ] referring to present
0 that my friend were here ! .• j • i
, ■' r . ■, ^ .1 time, and imply-
1 wish (that) my friend were here ! '
Would that my friend were here !
ing that he is not
here.
0 that my friend had been here !
1 wish (that) my friend had been here !
Would that my friend had been here !
referring to past
time, and imply-
ing that he was
not here.
424. Examine the following :
1. Utinam meus amicus veniat, maj my friciid come ! (pos-
sible).
2. Utinam meus amicus adesset, would that my friend were
here ! (hopeless in present time, implying that he is
not here).
3. Utinam meus amicus adfuisset, O that my friend had
been Jiere ! (hopeless in past time, implying that he
was not here).
Observe
a. That the subjunctive is used to express a wish.
b. That the present subjunctive expresses a wish that is
possible, and that the imperfect subjunctive expresses
a wish that is hopeless in present time, and the plu-
perfect in past time.
e. That hopeless wishes employ the same mood and tenses
as contrary-to-fact conditions (416).
202 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Utinam is often omitted with the present tense, but is
regularly used with the imperfect or pluperfect. The
negative is ne.
425. Rule of Syntax. — Wishes are expressed by the sub-
junctive, zuith or without utinam.
426. EXERCISES
I. I. Utinam ne Galli coniurationem fecissent ! 2. Miles
e proeli5 ne discedat ! 3. Utinam hoc f acerent ! 4. Hel-
vetil dixerunt, " Utinam ne altissimis montibus contine-
remur ! " 5. Utinam ne GermanI populo R5mano bellum
intulissent ! 6. Utinam Romam veniamus !
II. I. May he always obey the general! 2. I wish we
had gone to Athens ! 3. Would that we were with Caesar
in Gaul! 4. O that he had not persuaded me! 5. May
we be killed, if ^ we surrender our arms ! 6. Would that
we were able to go with you !
LESSON 74
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. COMPLEX SENTENCES
427. Review 327-330, 349. When a complex sentence
is quoted indirectly, its principal or main verb follows the
rule stated in 329. Its dependent verb follows this law :
Each dependent verb becomes subjunctive. Its tense
depends upon the tense of the introductory verb of saying,
thinking, etc., in accordance with the principle of sequence
of tenses (374).
428. Pronouns in Indirect Discourse. — In changing from
direct to indirect discourse, pronouns of the first and
1 if we . . . ai-ins : see 315, 2.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 203
second persons are generally changed to pronouns of the
third person. The reflexive pronouns refer sometimes to
the subject of the introductory verb, and sometimes to the
subject of the verb of their own clause.
429. Examine the following :
DiRFXT Discourse Indirect Discourse
Present Time
Vir quern video meus amicus Dicitvirum quern videatsuum
est, tJie man zvJiom I see is amicum esse, Jic says that
my friend. the man whom he sees is
his friend.
Past Time
Dixit virum quern videret
suum amicum esse, he
said that the inaji zvhom
he sazv was his friend.
Observe •
a. That the main verb est becomes esse with its subject
virum in the accusative.
b. That the dependent (or subordinate) verb video becomes
present subjunctive, videat, when the introductory
verb, dicit, is a primary tense, and imperfect subjunc-
tive, videret, when the introductory verb, dixit, is a
secondary tense.
c. That the person of the dependent verb changes to the
third person, and that meus becomes suum, because it
refers to the subject of the introductory verb.
430. Rule of Syntax. — In ijidirect disanirse the main
verbs are in the infinitive zvitJi subjeet aecusative, and
the subordinate {or dependent^ verbs are in the subjunc-
tive.
204 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
431. EXERCISES
I. I. Mllites quos mecum habul fortissimi fuerunt.
2. Dixit mllites quos secum habuisset fortissimos fuisse.
3. Ubi ad nostrum exercitum pervenimus, milites castra
muniebant. 4. Dicunt mllites, ubi ad suum exercitum per-
venerint, castra munivisse. 5. Caesar dLxit suos flumen,
quod 1 altissimum esset, transTre n5n posse. 6. Ariovistus
Caesarl dixit, " Volo de his rebus, quae inter nos agl^
coeptae neque perfectae sunt, agere^ tecum." 7. Ario-
vistus Caesarl dixit se velle de his rebus, quae inter eos
agi coeptae neque perfectae essent, agere cum eo.
II. I. The river that we see is very wide. 2. They
said that the river that they saw was very wide. 3. The
lieutenant is frightened because the enemy are approaching.
4. Write 3 indirectly in Latin after audio. 5. When I
arrived, I saw my friend. 6. Write 5 indirectly in Latin
after dixit. 7. Ariovistus replied that those who have con-
quered ought to rule^ those whom they have conquered.
LESSON 75
IMPERSONAL USE OF VERBS. SUPINE. DIFFERENT
WAYS OF EXPRESSING PURPOSE
432. Verbs are said to be used impersonally when they
do not have a personal subject. This impersonal use is
more common in Latin than in English. There are some
verbs in Latin that are used only impersonally, while others
are used both personally and impersonally.
Examples
Acriter pugnatum est, the battle was fought sharply, or thej'e
was sharp fighting- {\\\.QrQ.\\y, it was sharp/y foughty
1 because. ^ ago, treat. ^ impero.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
205
Vos hoc facere oportet, you ought to do this (literally, it is
proper that you do this).
Vobis hoc facere licet, you may do this (literally, it is per-
mitted to you to do this).
433. The supine is a verbal noun of the fourth declen-
sion, and has forms only in -um and -u. These forms are
used only in the following constructions :
Legati venerunt Caesarem gratulatum, ambassadors came to
cono-ratuhite Caesar.
o
Hoc diflacile est factu, tJiis is difficult to do.
The supine in -um is used to express purpose only after
verbs of motion, and the supine in -u is used with a few
adjectives and indeclinable nouns.
434. Various Ways of Expressing Purpose
Review 351, 364, 406, 3. Are there several ways of
expressing purpose in English ?
Helvetii legatos
miserunt
Milites mittun-
tur
Examples
ut pacem peterent,
qui pacem peterent,
pacis petendae causa, i-
ad pacem petendam,
pacem petitum,
ad pugnandum,
pugnandi causa.
tJic Helvetii sent am-
bassadors to seek
peaee.
the soldiers are sent
to fight.
435. Rule of Syntax. — TJie supine in -um is used to
express purpose after verbs of motion.
436. EXERCISES
I. I. Hoc est mirabile dictu. 2. Ariovistus respondit,
" Te ad me venire oportet." 3. Principes Gallorum ad
206 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Caesarem venerunt auxilium petltum. 4. Si volimt, els ex
oppido exire licet. 5. In utram partem ^ flumen Arar fluat
oculls iudicarl n5n potest. 6. Helvetil rogant ut iter per
provinciam sibi facere liceat. 7. Gall! coniurationem f acere
dicuntur. 8. Gallos coniurationem facere dicitur.^
II. I. He went to Rome to ^ see his daughters. 2. This
is easier to say than to do. 3. We ought to obey the gen-
eral. 4. There is sharp fighting on the right wing. 5. The
soldiers may go to Rome*. 6. It was reported that the
enemy were returning home.
LESSON jG
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS
437. The first or active periphrastic conjugation is formed
by the future active participle and verb sum. It is future
in its meaning, and expresses the idea conveyed in English
by the phrases "about to," "going to," "intend to." For
example :
Laudaturus est, he is about to praise, or is going to pj-aise,
or intends to praise.
For all forms of this conjugation, see 504.
It has been noticed that there is no future or future per-
fect tense in the subjunctive. The subjunctive of the first
periphrastic conjugation may be used in their place. For
example :
Scio quem visurus sit, / knozv zv/ioni Jic is going to see, or
whom he zuill see.
438. The second or passive periphrastic conjugation is
formed by the gerundive and the verb sum. It is passive
^ direction, 2 j( (^ said, ^ (o . , . daughters : express in four ways.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 207
in its meaning, and expresses the idea of obligation or
necessity. For example :
Laudandus est, Jic ought to be praised, or he must be praised
(literally, he is to be praised\
For all forms of this conjugation, see 505.
439. Uses of the Passive Periphrastic Conjugation
1. The person for whom the obligation or necessity exists
is expressed by the dative.
2. Since the conjugation is passive, all active English sen-
tences must be recast before they are the equivalent
literally of this Latin construction. Thus : " I must
do this " = " For me this is to be done," id mihi
agendum est.
3. Intransitive verbs are used impersonally in this conju-
gation in Latin. Thus: "We ought to come," nobis
veniendum est.
Examples
Urbs est munienda, tJie city must be fortified.
Nobis fortiter pugnandum est, we ought to (or must) fight
bravely (literally, /i^r ns it is to be fought bravely\
Caesari omnia erant agenda, Caesar had to do everything
(literally, yi?;' Caesar everything zuas to be done\
440. EXERCISES
L I. Visurl eramus ; amatura f uit ; moniturae erant.
2. Nobis cum Gallls bellum gerendum est. 3. Incolae
oppidi eruptionem erant facturl. 4. Caesari omnia uno
tempore agenda erant ; acies Instruenda, signum dandum,
mllites ab opere revocandl erant. 5. Si victur! sumus, nobis
fortissime contendendum erit. 6. Sciebam quid vos facturl
208 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
essetis. 7. Sciebam quid vos faceretis. 8. Incolis qiilnque
dies oppidum defendendum fuit.
II. I. We intend to go to Rome. 2. They were about
to fortify the top of the hill. 3. They must fortify the
camp. 4. It was reported to Caesar that the Gauls were
about to attack him. 5. We ought to hurry to the city.
6. Labienus had to cross the river. 7. Caesar asked who
was going to remain with him. 8. The ambassadors will
have to answer.
SELECTIONS FOR READING
STORIES 1 FROM ROMAN HISTORY
441. Early Boyhood of Romulus and Remus
Proca, rex Albanorum, Numitorem et Amulium flHos
habuit. Numitorl, qui natu maior erat, regnum rellquit ;
sed Amulius, pulsd^ fratre, regnavit et Rheam Silviam,
eius flliam, Vestae sacerdatem fecit, quae^ tamen Romulum
et Remum geminos edidit. Quare Amulius ipsam in vincula 5
coniecit, parvulos alveo impositds* abiecit in Tiberim, qui
tunc forte super ripas erat effusus ; sed, relabente fiumine,
eos aqua in sicco rellquit. Vastae turn in ils locis s5litu-
dines erant. Lupa ad vagltum accurrit, matremque^ se
gessit. 1°
Cum lupa saepius*' ad parvulos veluti ad catulos re-
verteretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, re animadversa eos
tulit in casam et Accae Larentiae coniugl dedit. Adultl"
deinde hi inter pastores primo ludicrls^ certaminibus vires ^
auxerunt, deinde venando saltus peragrare et latrones a 15
1 These stories are from the traditional accounts of Rome's early history.
Little faith should be put in them as a true historical record, at least as far as
details are concerned. 2 puls5 (pello) fratre, abl. absolute, after he had
driven out his brother. ^ hut she. * See 311, 7. impositos abiecit : translate
as if they were two coordmated verbs, imposuit et abiecit. ^ matremque se
gessit, acted like a mother. « very often. '' adulti (adolescd), when grozun
(literally, having grown). ^ iQdicris certaminibus, 7vith playful contests. •
® From VIS ; do not confuse with vir, viri.
ESSEN. OF LATIN — I4 209
210 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
pecoribus arcere coeperunt. Quare cum iis Insidiatl essent
latrones, Remus captus est, Rdmulus vi se defendit. Tum
Faustulus indicavit Romul5 quis esset^ eorum avus, quae
mater. Romulus statim armatis pastdribus Albam ^ pro-
5 peravit.
442. The Founding of Rome
Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxe-
runt, eum accusantes quasi ^ Numitoris agros Infestare
solitus esset; itaque Remus a rege Numitori ad suppli-
cium traditus est ; at Numitor, adulescentis vultum con-
10 siderans, baud ^ procul erat quin nepotem agndsceret.
Nam Remus oris llneamentls^ erat matrl simillimus aetas-
que expositionis temporibus congruebat. Ea res dum
Numitoris animum anxium tenet,^ repente Romulus su-
pervenit, fratrem llberat, avum Numitdrem in regnum
15 restituitJ
Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in ilsdem locis, ubi
expositi ubique educati erant, condiderunt^ ; sed orta inter
eos contcnti5ne, uter ^ n5men novae urbl daret ^^ eamque
regeret, auspicia decreverunt ^^ adhibere. Remus prior sex
20 vultures, Romulus postea duodecim vidit. Sic Romulus,
victor augurio, urbem R5mam vocavit. Ad novae urbis
tutelam sufficere vallum videbatur. Cuius ^^ angustias
inrldens cum Remus saltu id traiecisset, eum Iratus^^ Ro-
mulus interfecit, his increpans verbis : " Sic deinde, qul-
25cumque alius transiliet moenia mea ! " Ita s5lus potitus
est imperio ^^ Romulus.
1 For mood and tense, see 369-374. ^ See 231. ^ on the grotmd that.
* haud . . . agnosceret, came very near recognizing his grandson. ^ See 157.
6 dum, 7i'kile, regularly takes the pres. ind. where the English uses the imper-
fect ; translate " was keeping.'^ '' restituo. ^ condo. ^ as to which of the
t'MO. ^^ Why subjunctive ? ^^ decemo. ^'^ its. i^ ^^ anger. " For case,
see 337.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 211
443. Romulus, First King of the Romans
War with the Sabines
Romulus imaginem urbis magis quam urbem fecerat;
incolae deerant. Erat in ^ proximo lucus ; hunc asylum
fecit. Et statim eo mira vls^ latronum pastorumque confu-
git. Cum vero uxores ipse populusque non haberent,
legates circa viclnas gentes misit, qui societatem conu- 5
biumque novo populo peterent.^ Nusquam benigne audita
legatio est; ludibrium etiam additum : "Cur non feminis
quoque asylum aperuistis ? Id enim compar foret^ c5nu-
bium." Romulus, aegritudinem animi dissimulans, ludos
parat ; indlcl ^ deinde f Initimis spectaculum iubet. Multi 10
convenerunt studio videndae novae urbis, maxime Sablnl
cum llberls et coniugibus. Ubi spectacull tempus venit
eoque ^ conversae mentes " cum oculis erant, tum signo
dato iuvenes RomanI discurrunt, virgines rapiunt.^
Haec f uit statim causa belli. Sablnl enim ob virgines 15
raptas^ bellum adversus Romanos sumpserunt, et cum
Romae approplnquarent, Tarpeiam virginem nacti sunt,^*'
quae aquam forte extra moenia petltum ^^ ierat. Huius
pater Romanae praeerat arcl. Titus Tatius, Sablnorum
dux, Tarpeiae optionem muneris dedit, si ^^ exercitum suum 20
in Capit5lium perduxisset. Ilia petilt quod Sablnl in sini-
stris manibus gererent,^^ videlicet aureos anul5s et armillas.
Quibus dolose pr5missls, Tarpeia Sablnos in arcem per-
1 in proximo, Jiear by. 2 ntiinber. ^ See 364. * = esset, zvoald l>e. •' Pres.
pass, infin. of indico, to be announced. ^ eo = in spectaculum. " mentes cum
oculis, minds and eyes alike (literally, minds zvit/i eyes). ^ The connective, et,
is often omitted in rapid historical narrative. ^ ob virgines raptas, on account
of the seizure of the maidens (literally, on account of the seized ?naidens').
^'' nanciscor. 11 Supine to denote purpose ; see 438. 12 gj _ _ perdiixisset,
if she would lead, ^^ wore.
212 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
duxit, ubi Tatius scutis earn ^ obrul iussit ; nam et^ ea in
laevis habuerant. Sic impia proditio celerl poena vindi-
cata est.
444. Romulus, First King of the Romans
Peace with the Sabines. Death of Romulus
Deinde Romulus ad certamen pr5cessit, et in eo loco ubi
5 nunc Romanum Forum est pugnam conseruit. Primo
impetu vir inter Romanos Insignis, nomine Hostilius, for-
tissime dimicans ^ cecidit*; quare RomanI fugere coepe-
runt. lam Sablnl clamitabant: " Vicimus perfidos hospites,^
imbelles hostes. Nunc sciunt longe^ aliud esse virgines
lorapere, aliud pugnare cum virls." Tunc Romulus, arma ad
caelum tollens, lovl aedem vovit, et exercitus restitit.'^
Itaque proelium redintegratur ; sed raptae mulieres ausae
sunt se inter tela volantia inferre et hinc patres, hinc viros
orantes,^ pacem conciliaverunt.
15 Romulus Sabinos in urbem recepit et regnum cum
Tatio sociavit. Verum baud ita multo post, occlso Tatio,
ad Romulum potentatus omnis recidit. Centum deinde ex
senioribus elegit, quos senatores nominavit propter senectu-
tem, Tres equitum centurias constituit, populum in tri-
20 ginta curias distribuit. His ita ordinatis, cum ad ^ exercitum
lustrandum c5nti6nem in campo haberet, subit5 coorta est
tempestas et Romulus e conspectu ablatus est.^*^ Ad deos
transTsse vulgo creditus est.^^ Aedes in colle Quirinali
Rdmulo ^^ constituta, ipse pro de5 cultus ^^ et Quirlnus est
25 appellatus.
1 earn obrui iussit, ordered her to be buried. ^ gt gg^ ///«^ also. ^ tvhile
fighting. * cado. ^ hosts. ^ longe aliud esse . . . aliud, that it is one
thing . . . quite another. ' resisto, held its ground. ^ by beseeching. ^ See
406, 3. 1'^ aufero. ^^ creditus est, he was believed, '^'^ in honor of Romu-
lus, 13 (;()1q_
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 21 3
445. NuMA PoMPiLius, Second King of the Romans
(716-673 B.C.)
Successit R5mul5 Numa Pompilius, vir incluta iustitia^
et religione. Is Curibus,^ ex oppido Sabinorum, accTtus
est. Qui cum Romam venisset, ut populum ferum religione
mitigaret, ^cra plurima instituit. Aram Vestae consecra-
vit, et ignem in ara perpetuo alendum ^ virginibus dedit. 5
Flaminem * lovis sacerdotem creavit eumque Inslgnl veste
et curuli sella adornavit. Dicitur quondam ipsum lovem e
cael5 elicuisse. Hic, ingentibus fulminibus in urbem demis-
sis, descendit in nemus Aventlnum, ubi Numam docuit qui-
bus sacrls f ulmina essent ^ procuranda, et praeterea imperi 10
carta pignora populo Romano daturum se esse promlsit.
Numa laetus rem popul5 nuntiavit. Postrldie omnes ad
aedes^ regias convenerunt silentesque exspectabant quid
futurum esset. Atque sole ort5' delabitur e caelo scu-
tum, quod ancTle appellavit Numa. Id ne furto auferrl 15
posset, Mamurium fabrum undecim scuta eadem forma ^
fabricare iussit. Duodecim autem Salios Martis sacer-
dotes legit, qui ancllia, secreta ilia imperi pignora,
CListodlrent.
446. Numa Pompilius, Second King of the Romans
Annum in duodecim menses ad cursum lunae Numa
Pompilius descrlpsit ; nefastos ^ fastosque dies fecit ; portas 20
land ^^ gemind aedificavit ut esset index pacis et belli ; nam
1 For case, see 303. 2 Curibus . . . Sabinorum, from Cures, a /own
of the Sahines ; why is the prep, omitted with Curibus ? "^ to he kept.
* Flaminem . . z\€k^\\., he appointed a priest as flamen for Jupiter. ^assent
procuranda, should be averted. ^ aedes regias, the palace. "^ sole orto
(orior), at sunrise. ^ eadem forma : see 303. ^ nefast5s . . . fecit, he
made a distinction between business days and sacred days. ^'^ lano gemino,
in honor of two-headed /anus.
214 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
apertus,^ in armis esse civitatem, clausus, pacatos circa
omnes popul5s, significabat.
Leges quoque plurimas et utiles tulit Numa. Ut ver5
maiorem institutls suis auctoritatem conciliaret, simulavit
ssibi^ cun> dea Egeria esse conloquia nocturna eiusque^
monitu se omnia quae ageret facere. Lucus erat, quem *
medium fons perenni^ rigabat aqua; eo saepe Numa
sine arbitrls se inferebat, velut ad congressum deae; ita
omnium animos ea^ pietate imbuit, ut fides ac iusiurandum
lonon minus quam legum et poenarum metus elves conti-
neret. Bellum quidem nullum gessit, sed non minus civitati
profuit quam Romulus. Morbo exstinctus in laniculo
monte sepultus " est. Ita duo deinceps reges, ille bell5, hic
pace, civitatem auxerunt. Romulus septem et trlginta
15 regnavit annos, Numa tres et quadraginta.
447, MUCIUS SCAEVOLA
(507 B.C.)
Cum Porsena Romam obsideret, Mucins, vir Romanae
constantiae, senatum adilt et veniam ^ transfugiendi petiit,
necem regis repromittens. Accepta potestate^ cum in
castra Porsenae venisset, ibi in confertissima turba prope
20 tribunal constitit.^'' Stipendium tunc forte militibus dabatur
et scriba cum rege pari fere ornatu sedebat. Mucins, Igno-
rans uter rex esset, ilium pr5 rege occldit. Apprehensus
et ad regem pertractus ^^ dextram accenso ^^ ad sacrificium
foculo iniecit, velut manum puniens, quod in caede peccas-
^ Agrees with lanus understood, subject of significabat, when opened,
2 sibi esse, that he had : why is sibi dative ? ^ eiusque monitii, at her sug-
gestion. * quem medium, the middle of which. '" perenni aqua : see 303.
^ ea pietate, with such piety. '' sepelio. ^ veniam transfugiendi, per-
mission to go o-rr (to the enemy), ^privilege. ^' consisto. 1^ pertraho.
12 accens5 foculo, in a brazier that was hurtling.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 21 5
set. Attonitus miraculo rex iuvenem amoveri ab altaribus
iussit. Turn Mucins, quasi beneficium remunerans, ait
trecentos adversus eum sul ^ similes coniuravisse. Qua re
ille territus bellum acceptis obsidibus deposuit. Mucio
prata trans Tiberim data, ab eo Mucia appellata. Statuas
quoque el hondris gratia constituta est.
448. PuBLius Decius
(343 B.C.)
P. Decius, Valeric^ Maximo et Cornelio Cosso consuli-
bus, tribunus mllitum fuit. Exercitu R5mano in angus-
tiis Gaurl mentis clause Decius editum collem conspexit
imminentem hostium castrls. Accept5 praesidio verticem^ 10
occupavit, hostes terruit, consul! spatium dedit ad subdu-
cendum agmen in aequidrem locum. Ipse, coUe quem
insederat undique armatis circumdato, intempesta nocte
per** medias hostium custodias somno oppressas incolumis^
evasit. Qua re ab exercitu donatus est cor5na civica, quae 15
dabatur ei quT^ cTves in bell5 servasset. C5nsul fuit bello
Latino cum Manli5 Torquato. H5c bello cum'' utrlque
consull somni5 obvenisset, eos victores futures, quorum
dux in proelio cecidisset, convenit inter eos ut,^ utrlus
cornu ^ in acie laboraret, is dils se Manibus devoveret. 20
Inclinante sua parte Decius se et hostes dils Manibus
dev5vit. Armatus in equum Insiluit ac se in medios hostes
immisit ; corruit obrutus tells et victoriam suls rellquit.
1 Refers to Mucius. ^ Valerio . . . consulibus, in the consulship of, etc.,
abl. absolute ; see 316. '^ the summit of the hill. * per . . . custodias,
through the midst of the enemy's pickets. ^ safely. ^ because. "^ Cum . . .
obvenisset ; when the two consuls had dreamed (literally, when it had come
to each of the two consuls by a dream'). ^ ut . . . devoveret is subject of
convenit ; translate " it was agreed among them that he whose (utrius), etc.,
should,'''' etc. ^ Nominative.
2l6 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
449. Gaius Duilius
(260 B.C.)
I. Gaius Duilius Poenos navali pugna primus ^ devlcit.
Qui cum videret naves Romanas a Punicis velocitate
superarl, manus^ ferreas, machinam ad comprehendendas
hostium naves tenendasque utilem, excogitavit. Quae
smanus^ ubi hostllem apprehenderant navem, superiecto
ponte transgrediebatur Romanus^ et in ipsorum ratibus
comminus dimicabant, undo'' R5manls, qui robore prae-
stabant, facilis victoria fuit. Celeriter sunt expugnatae
naves Punicae triginta, mersae^ tredecim.
10 Duilius victor Roniam reversus primus navalem trium-
phum egit. Nulla victoria Romanis gratior fuit, quod
invictl^ terra iam etiam marl plurimum ^ possent. Itaque
Dullio^ concessum est, ut per omnem vltam praelucente
funali et praecinente tiblcine a cena rediret.
15 II. Hannibal, dux classis Punicae, e navl quae iam
capiebatur, in scapham saltu se demittens Romanorum
manus eff ugit. Veritus autem ne in patria classis ^ amissae
poenas daret, civium odium astutia avertit, nam ex ilia
InfelicI pugna priusquam cladis nuntius domum pervenlret
2oquendam ex amicis Carthaginem misit. Qui postquam
curiam intravit, " Consulit " ^" inquit " vos Hannibal, cum
dux Romanorum magnis copils maritimis Instructis ad-
venerit, num cum eo confllgere debeat ? " Acclamavit
universus senatus non esse dubium quin ^^ cdnfligl oporte-
^ primus devicit, 7uas the first to conquer. ^ manus ferreas, grappling
irons. ^ the Romans, a collective noun. ■* and as a consequence.
^ mergo. '" invicti terra, victorious on land. "^ plurimum possent, they
were supreme. ^ Duilio COncessum est ut, etc., Duilius ivas allowed to, etc,
9 classis amissae, /or /o^/;?^//;^/^^/. 1° Consulit . . . vos . . . n\xxa., asks
your advice as to whether. ^1 that.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 217
ret. Turn ille " ConflLxit " inquit " et superatus est." Ita
non potuerunt factum damnare, quod ipsi fieri debuisse
iudicaverant. Sic Hannibal victus crucis supplicium
effugit: nam eo poenae genere dux re male gesta apud
Poenos adficiebatur. 5
450. Appius Claudius Pulcher
(249 B.C.)
Appius Claudius, vir stultae temeritatis, consul adversus
Poenos profectus pri5rum ducum c5nsilia palam repre-
hendebat seque, quo ^ die hostem vidisset, bellum confectu-
rum esse iactitabat. Qui cum, antequam navale proelium
committeret, auspicia^ haberet pullariusque ei nuntiasset, 10
puUos non exire e cavea neque vesci, inrldens iussit eos in
aquam mergi, ut saltern biberent, quoniam esse^ nollent.
Ea res cum, quasi* iratis dils, mllites ad omnia segniores
timidioresque fecisset, commisso proelio magna clades a
Romanis accepta est : oct5 eorum miUia caesa sunt, 15
viginti mlllia capta. Qua re Claudius postea a popul5
condemnatus est damnationisque Ignominiam voluntaria
morte praevenit. Ea res calamitati ^ f uit etiam Claudiae,^
consulis sor5ri : quae a ludls publicis revertens in con-
ferta multitudine aegre procedente carpento, palam optavit 20
ut frater suus Pulcher revlvlsceret atque iterum classem
amitteret, qu5^ minor turba Romae foret.' Ob vocem
illam impiam Claudia quoque damnata gravisque ^ ei dicta
est multa.
1 quo die, on the same day that. ^ auspicia haberet, was consulting the
auspices. ^ Infinitive of edo, to eat. * quasi iratis diis, because {as they
thought) the gods were angry. ^ See 294, 295. ^ quo, so that. ' esset.
* gravisque . . . multa, and a heavy fine was im/>osed upon her.
2l8 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
CAESAR. GALLIC WAR. BOOK II {Adapted)
CHAPTER I
451. The Belgae form a Confederacy against the
Romans
Dum Caesar in Gallia in hibernis est,^ omnes Belgae
contra populum Romanum coniurabant obsidesque inter ^
se dabant. Coniurandl^ hae erant causae: primum nole-
bant* nostrum exercitum ad se^ adducl,*^ deinde ab n5n-
5 nullls Gallls sollicitabantur. Hi populi RomanI exercitum
hiemare atque inveterascere in Gallia nolebant. Nonnulli
mdbilitate et levitate animi novis "^ imperils studebant. Ab
nonnullis etiam sollicitabantur, quod in Gallia a potentibus
atque ab iL': qui conducere homines poterant ^ vulgo regna
looccupabantur, qui minus facile earn rem imperio^ nostr5
cdnsequi ^*^ poterant.
CHAPTER II
452. Caesar proceeds against the Belgae
His nuntils litterlsque commotus est Caesar. Duas
legiones in citeri5re ^^ Gallia novas conscripsit.^^ In in-
teriorem ^^ Galliam cum his legionibus Quintum Pedium
15 legatum misit. Ipse panels post ^* diebus ad exercitum
venit. Senones, qui finitimi Belgis erant, ea quae apud
Belgas geruntur c5gn6scunt, atque Caesarl omnes nunti-
ant : " Manus coguntur, et exercitus in unum locum con-
ducitur." Turn vero Caesar contendit ad eos proficlscl.^^
1 was. '^ inter se, each other (literally, behveen themselves). ^ of con-
spiring. * From nolo. ^ thevi. •" Present passive infinitive, to be led.
' novis imperiis, revolution. ^ Imperfect of possum. ^ imperio nostro,
tinder our rule. '^^ to obtain. ^^ See map of Gaul, page lO. ^^ From con-
scribo. ^3 tJig interior of. 1* after-wards. i'' to set out.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 219
Itaque castra movet diebusque circiter quindecim ad fines
Belgarum pervenit.
CHAPTER III
453. The Remi immediately submit to Caesar
Eo ^ de improvlso celeriterque venit Caesar. Rem!, qui
proximi Galliae ex^ Belgis sunt, ad eum legat5s Iccium et
Audecumborium miserunt, qui dLxerunt, " Nos omnia in 5
fidem atque in potestatem popull RomanI permittimus,
neque contra populum Romanum coniuravimus. ParatI
sumus obsides dare et tua imperata facere et te oppidfs^
recipere et frumento ceterisque rebus iuvare. ReliquI
omnes Belgae in armls sunt. GermanT, qui cis Rhenum 10
incolunt, sese cum his coniunxerunt.* Maximus est eoriim
omnium furor, et n5n potuimus prohibere Suessiones, fratres
c5nsanguine6sque nostros, cum his consentire.^ "
CHAPTER IV
454. Caesar learns from the Remi the Strength of
THE Enemy's Forces
Caesar ab his legatls sic reperiebat ; pler5sque Belgas
esse ortos ab Germanis Rhenumque antlquitus traductds 15
propter loci fertilitatem ibi consedisse Gall5sque expulisse,
atque Teutonls^ Cimbrlsque intra fines suos ingredl^ pro-
hibitls earum rerum^ memoria magnam auctoritateni sibi
in re mllitarl sumere. De numero eorum omnia ^ se habere
1 there, i.e. ad fines Belgarum. 2 gx Belgis, of the Belgae. ^ oppidis
recipere = in oppida recipere. * From coniungo. '"from conspiring.
^ Teutonis . . . prohibitis, abl. absolute, stating the reason or cause.
''from entering. ^ deeds ; refers to repelling the Teutones and Cimbri.
^ omnia explorata, ftdl information.
220 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
explorata RemI dicebant. Plurimum inter eos Bellovacos,
et virtute et auctoritate et hominum numerd posse ; hos
posse conficere armata mlllia centum. Suessiones su5s
esse finitimos ; latissimos feracissimosque agr5s possidere,
5 Apud eos fuisse regem nostra etiam memoria ^ Diviciacum,
t5tlus Galliae potentissimum : nunc esse regem Galbam ;
ad 2 hunc propter iustitiam prudentiamque totius belli sum-
mam omnium voluntate deferrl.
CHAPTER V
455- Caesar receives Hostages from the Remi and
ENCAMPS ON THE BaNKS OF THE AxONA
Caesar Remos cohortatus omnem senatum ad se con-
10 venire principumque llberos obsides ad se adduci iussit.
Quae omnia ab his dlligenter ad^ diem facta sunt. Ipse
Diviciacum Haeduum magnopere cohortatus monet ut
manus hostium distineantur. Id fieri potest, si suas copias
Haedul in fines Bellovacorum introduxerint^ et eorum
15 agros popular! coeperint. His mandatis eum ab se dimittit.
Postquam omnes Belgarum copias in iinum locum coactas
ad se venire neque iam longe abesse vidit, flumen Axonam
exercitum traducere maturavit atque ibi castra posuit.
Quae ^ res et latus unum castrorum ripis fluminis muniebat
20 et quae^ post eum essent tuta ab hostibus reddebat. In
e5 flumine pons erat. Ibi praesidium ponit et in altera
parte fluminis Q. Titurium Sablnum legatum cum sex co-
hortibus relinquit ; castra in altitudinem pedum duodecim
valid fossaque duodevIgintT pedum munire iubet.
1 Ablative of time within which. Why is memoria, 454, Hne 18, ablative ?
2 on. ^ ad diem, to the very day. * Future perfect indicative. ^ Quae res,
this position, i.e. crossing the river. ^ quae . . . essent, the rear.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 221
CHAPTER VI
456. The Belgae lay Siege to Bibrax, a Town of
THE Remi
Ab his castrls oppidum Remorum ndmine Bibrax aberat
millia passuum oct5. Id ex itinere magno impetu Belgae
oppugnare coeperunt. Aegre eo die sustentatum ^ est.
Gall5rum atque Belgarum oppugnatio est haec. Circum-
iecta multitudine hominum totis moenibus ^ undique in 5
murum lapides iaci coeptl sunt. Ubi mums defensori-
bus nudatus est, testudine^ facta portas succedunt murum-
que subruunt. Quod turn facile flebat. Nam cum tanta
multitude lapides ac tela conicerent, in murd consistendl
potestas erat nullL'* Cum finem oppugnandi nox fecisset, 10
Iccius Remus, qui tum oppido praefuerat, nuntium ad eum
mittit, nisi subsidium sibi submittatur, sese diutius sustinere
n5n posse.^
CHAPTER VII
457. The Belgae abandon the Siege of Bibrax
Eo de media nocte Caesar Tsdem ^ ducibus usus " qui
nuntii ab Iccio venerant, Numidas et Cretas sagittarios et 15
funditores Baleares subsidio ^ oppidanis mittit; quorum
adventu hostibus spes potiundl oppidi discessit. Itaque
paulisper apud oppidum morati agrosque Remorum de-
populatl, multls vicTs aedificilsque incensTs, ad castra Cae-
saris omnibus c5piis contenderunt et ab^ mlllibus passuum 20
^ sustentatum est, the attack was sustained (literally, it zvas sustained).
2 Why dative ? See 394. ^ This was done by placing the shields over the
heads of the soldiers. ■* Dative of possession. ^ Infinitive in indirect dis-
course after the idea of saying implied in nuntium mittit. ® isdem
ducibus, t/te same persons as guides. '' using. ^ For construction, see 294,
295. ^ An adverb, azvay, off.
222 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
minus duobus castra posuerunt ; quae castra ut ^ fumo
atque ignibus slgnificabatur, amplius miUibus passuum oct5
in latitudinem patebant,
CHAPTER VIII
458. Description of Caesar's Camp. He awaits the
Attack of the Belgae
Caesar propter multitudinem hostium et propter oplnio-
5nem virtutis proelio supersedere statuit, cottidie tamen
equestribus proelils quid ^ hostis virtute posset et quid nos-
trl auderent perlclitabatur.^ Nostros non esse inferiores
intellexit. Locus pr5 castrls ad aciem instruendam erat
natura id5neus, quod is collis, ubi castra posita erant, pau-
lolulum ex planitie editus tantum* adversus in latitudinem
patebat quantum loci acies Instructa occupare poterat. Ab^
utroque latere eius collis transversam fossam obduxit cir-
citer passuum quadringentorum et ad^ extremas fossas
castella constituit ibique tormenta conlocavit, ne, cum
15 aciem Instruxisset, hostes ab^ lateribus pugnantes suos
circumvenire possent. Hoc facto, duabus legionibus quas
proxime conscrlpserat in castrls relictis, reliquas sex legiones
pro castrls in acie constituit. Hostes item suas copias ex
castris eductas" Instruxerant.
CHAPTER IX
459. The Belgae try to cross the Axona
20 Palus erat non magna inter nostrum atque hostium exer-
citum. Hanc si nostri translrent hostes exspectabant^;
1 as ; ut with the indicative means " as " or " w/ien." ^ quid . . . posset,
w/iai the enemy could do by their valor, ^ he tried to ascertain. ■* tantum
patebat quantum loci, spread over as much space as. ^ on. " ad extremas
fossas, at the ends of the trendies. '' See 31 1, 7. ^ ivere waiting to see.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 223
nostrl autem, si ab illls initium transeundi fieret, ut^
impedltos aggrederentur, parati in armis erant. Interim
proelio equestrl inter duas acies contendebatur. Ubi
neutrl transeundi initium faciunt, secundiore^ equitum
proelid nostrls Caesar suos in castra reduxit. Hostess
pr5tinus ex eo loco ad flumen Axonam contenderunt,
quod esse post nostra castra demonstratum est. Ibi
partem suarum copiarum traducere c5natl sunt, ut, si
possent, castellum, cui praeerat Quintus Titurius legatus,
expugnarent pontemque interscinderent ; si minus ^ potu- 10
issent, ut agros Rem5rum popularentur * commeatijque
nostr5s prohiberent.*
CHAPTER X
460. The Belgae are defeated in the Battle that
Follows
Caesar omnem equitatum et funditores sagittariosque
pontem traducit atque ad eos contendit. Acriter in e5 loco
pugnatum est. Nostrl hostes impedltos in flumine aggressi 15
magnum eorum numerum occiderunt ; reliquos per eorum
corpora audacissime transire conantes multitudine telorum
reppulerunt; prlmos, quitransierant.equitatu circumventos^
interfecerunt Hostes, ubi et de^ expugnando oppido et
de flumine transeundo spem se fefellisse intellexeruntzo
neque nostros in locum iniquiorem ' progredl pugnandl
causa viderunt atque ubi ipsds res frumentaria deficere
^ ut . . . aggrederentur, to attack, depending upon parati erant. ^ se-
cundi5re . . . nostris, abl. absolute; since the cavalry battle was more favor-
able to our men. ^ not. ^ These subjunctives also express the purpose of
traducere conati sunt. ^ See 311, 7. ^de . . . spem se fefellisse, that
they had been disappointed in the hope of . . . (literally, that hope had failed
them about , . .). '' unfavorable.
224 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
coepit, concilio convocato constituerunt optimum ^ esse
domum suam quemque reverti ad su5s fines defendend5s,
ut potius in suls quam in alienls finibus decertarent et
domesticis c5piis rei frumentariae uterentur. Ad cam
5 sententiam haec ratio ^ eos deduxit, quod Di viciacum atque
Haeduos finibus Bellovacorum approplnquare cognoverant.
Hls^ persuader! ut diutius morarentur neque suls auxilium
ferrent non poterat.
CHAPTER XI
461. The Romans pursue the Belgae as they
Disperse
Ea re constituta secunda vigilia magno cum strepitu ac
lotumultu castrls egress! nullo cert5 ordine neque imperio
fecerunt* ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. Hac re
statim Caesar per speculatores cognita insidias veritus,
quod qua ^ de causa discederent nondum perspexerat, exer-
citum equitatumque castrls continuit. Prima luce, c5n-
15 firmata re ab explorat5ribus, omnem equitatum, qu!
novissimum agmen moraretur,^ praemlsit. Titum Labie-
num legatum cum legionibus tribus subsequi iussit. Hi
novissimos adorti et multa mlllia passuum prosecuti magnam
multitudinem eorum fugientium conclderunt.
20 Ita sine ull5 perlculo tantam eorum multitudinem nostrl
interfecerunt quantum*^ fuit die! spatium, sub occasumque
solis destiterunt, seque in castra, ut^ erat imperatum, re-
ceperunt.
^ optimum esse, ^/laf it was best. 2 consideration. ^ His persuader!
non poterat, these could not be persuaded (literally, it could not be persuaded
these'). * fecerunt ut . . . profectio videretur, they made their departure
seem. " qua de causa, why. ^ quantum . . . spatium, as the length of
the day allowed. '' as.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 22$
CHAPTER XII
462. Caesar marches against the Suessiones, and
captures the town noviodunum
Postrldle eius diel Caesar in fines Suessi5niim, qui
proximi Remis erant, exercitum duxit, et magno itinere
confecto ad oppidum Noviodunum contendit. Id ex itinera
oppugnare conatus, quod vacuum defensoribus esse audie-
bat, propter latitudinem fossae murlque altitudinem expu-5
gnare non potuit. Celeriter vinels ^ ad oppidum actls,^
aggere ^ iacto, turribusque constitutis, magnitudine operum
et celeritate Romanorum permoti Suessiones legatSs ad
Caesarem de dediti5ne mittunt et petentibus^ RemIs ut
conservarentur impetrant. 10
CHAPTER XIII
463. The Bellovaci also surrender to Caesar
Caesar obsidibus acceptis armlsque omnibus ex oppido
traditis in deditionem Suessiones accepit exercitumque in
Bellovacos ducit. Qui cum se suaque omnia in oppidum
Bratuspantium contulissent, atque cum ab eo oppido Caesar
cum exercitu circiter millia passuum quTnque abesset, omnes 15
maidres ^ natu ex oppido egress! manus ad Caesarem ten-
dere et voce significare coeperunt sese in eius fidem ac
potestatem venire neque contra populum Romanum arnils
contendere. Item cum ad oppidum accessisset castraque
ibi poneret, puerl mulieresque ex mur5 passis*' manibuszo
suo mdre pacem ab Romanis petierunt.
1 Wooden frames covered with hides, to protect the besiegers. ^ movedf
from ago. ^ The principal work for a formal siege. It was begun at a dis-
tance from the wall and gradually built up until it was equal to the height of
the fortification. * petentibus RemTs, at the request of the Reini, abl. ab-
solute. 5 For comparison, see 272. ® pando.
ESSEN. OF LATIN — 1 5
226 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
CHAPTER XIV
464. DiVICIACUS SPEAKS IN BeHALF OF THE BeLLOVACI
Pro his Diviciacus facit verba : Bellovac5s omnI tempore
in fide atque amicitia civitatis Haeduae fuisse : impulses
ab suls principibus ab Haeduls defecisse et populo Romano
bellum intulisse. Eos qui eius consili principes ^ fuissent,^
5 quod ^ intellegerent ^ quantam calamitatem civitati intulis-
sent, in Britanniam profugisse. Petere non solum Bello-
vacos, sed etiam pro his Haeduos, ut sua dementia ac
mansuetudine in eos utatur. Quod* si fecerit,^ Haedu-
orum auctoritatem apud omnes Belgas amplificaturum ;
10 quorum auxilils atque opibus, si^ qua bella inciderint,^
sustentare consuerint.^
CHAPTER XV
465. Caesar's Reply. Description of the Nervii
Caesar hondris DiviciacI atque Haeduorum causa sese
eos in fidem recepturum et conservaturum dixit; quod erat
civitas magna inter Belgas auct5ritate^ atque hominum
15 multitudine praestabat, sexcentos obsides poposcit. His
traditis omnibusque armis ex oppidd conlatis ab eo loc5 in
fines Ambianorum pervenit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora
dediderunt. E5rum fines Nervii attingebant ; quorum de
natura moribusque Caesar cum quaereret, sic reperiebat :
20 nullum aditum esse ad eos mercatoribus '^ ; pati nihil vini^
reliquarumque rerum ad luxuriam pertinentium Inferri :
esse homines feros magnaeque virtutis ; increpitare atque
incusare reliquos Belgas, qui^ se populo Romano dedidis-
1 authors. ^ For the construction of these subjunctives, see 427. ^ be-
cause. * Quod . . . fecerit, if he should do this, ^ si . . . inciderint,
whatever wars occurred. ^ For construction, see 303, '' See 238. * See
251. ^ because.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 22/
sent patriamque virtutem proiecissent ; confTrmare sese
neque legates missuros neque ullam condicionem pacis
accepturds.
CHAPTER XVI
466. The Nervii await the Approach of Caesar
Cum per eorum fines triduum iter fecisset, inveniebat ex
captlvis Sabim flumen ab castrls suls n5n amplius mlUia pas- 5
suum decern abesse ; trans id flumen omnes Nervios con-
sedisse adventumque ibi R6man5rum exspectare una^ cum
Atrebatis et Viromanduls, finitimls suls ; exspectari etiam
ab his Aduatuc5rum copias atque esse in itinere ; mulieres
qulque'"^ per aetatem^ ad pugnam inutiles viderentur in 10
eum locum coniecisse quo* propter paludes exercitul^
aditus non esset.
CHAPTER XVII
467. The Nervh plan to take Caesar by Surprise
His rebus c5gnitls expldratores centurionesque praemittit
qui locum idoneum castrls deligant. Cum complures ex
Belgis reliqulsque Gallls Caesarem secuti una^ iter face- 15
rent, quidam ex his nocte ad Nervids pervenerunt. His
demonstraverunt inter singulas '^ legiones impedlmentorum
magnum numerum intercedere, neque esse quicquam^
negoti, cum prima legio in castra venisset, banc sub sar-
cinls adorlrl ; qua pulsa impedlmentlsque dlreptls f uturum ^ 2°
ut reliquae contra consistere non auderent. Nervii autem
antlquitus, quo ^^ facilius finitimorum equitatum impedlrent,
1 una cum, along ^vith. ^ and those u<ho. ^ Do not confuse this word
with aestas, -atis. * where. ^ Dative of possession, 238. ^ along ivith
him. ' inter singulas legiones, betiveen each two legions. ^ quicquam
negoti, any trouble. " futurum ut, the result ivottld be that. ^^ quo
facilius, that they might the more easily.
228 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
fecerant saepes^ quae Instar murl munimenta praebe-
rent. His rebus iter agminis nostrl impeditum^ Irl Nervil
existimaverunt.
CHAPTER XVIII
468. Description of the Roman Camping Ground
Loci natura erat haec, quem locum nostrl castrls dele-
5 gerant. Collis ab summo aequaliter declivis ad flumen
Sabim, quod supra nominavimus, vergebat. Ab eo flumine
par! accllvitate collis nascebatur, passus circiter ducentos
Infimus^ apertus, ab* superiore parte silvestris, ut non
facile introrsus perspicl posset. Intra eas silvas hostes in
loocculto sese continebant ; in aperto loco secundum ^ flumen
paucae stationes equitum videbantur. Flu minis erat alti-
tudo circiter pedum trium.
CHAPTER XIX
469. The Nervii carry out their Plan of Attack
Caesar equitatii praemissS subsequebatur omnibus copils.
Sed quod ad hostes appropinquabat, consuetudine sua
15 Caesar sex legiones expedltas ducebat ; post eas totlus
exercitus impedimenta conlocaverat ; inde duae legiones,
quae proxime conscrlptae erant, totum agmen claudebant
praesidioque^ impedlmentis erant. Equites nostrl, cum
funditoribus sagittariTsque flumen transgress!, cum hostium
20 equitatu proelium commlserunt. Cum se illl identidem in
silvas ad suos reciperent ac rursus ex silva in nostros
impetum facerent, nostrl cedentes "* InsequI non audebant.
1 //edges, made by bending down young trees and allowing brambles and
briers to grow among them. ^ impeditum iri ; future passive infinitive.
8 a^ the foot. * ab superiore parte, in the upper part. ^ along. ^ See
294, 295. '' Agrees with hostes understood.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 229
Interim legiones sex, quae prlmae venerant, opere^ dimenso
castra munire coeperunt. Ubi prima impedimenta nostrl
exercitus ab ils qui in silvls abditi latebant visa sunt, subito
omnibus copils provolaverunt impetumque in nOstros equites
fecerunt. His facile pulsis ac proturbatis, incredibill cele- 5
ritate ad flu men decucurrerunt, ut paene uno tempore et ad
silvas et in flumine et iam in manibus^ nostrls hostes vide-
rentur. Eadem autem celeritate adverse ^ coUe ad nostra
castra atque ad eos qui in opere occupati erant contende-
runt. '°
CHAPTER XX
470. Quick Work by Caesar. Splendid Discipline
OF THE Troops
Caesarl omnia uno tempore erant agenda^: vexillum
proponendum, signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi
mllites, acies instruenda, mllites cohortandl, signum dan-
dum. Quarum rerum magnam partem temporis brevitas
et successus hostium impediebat. His difficultatibus duae 15
res erant subsidia ^ — sciential atque usus^ mllitum, quod
superioribus proelils exercitati n5n minus commode ipsl"
sibi praescrlbere quam ab alils doceri poterant ; et quod ab
opere singullsque^ legidnibus singulos^ legates Caesar dis-
cedere nisi munltis castrls vetuerat. Hi propter propInqui-20
tatem et celeritatem hostium nihil ^^ iam Caesaris imperium
exspectabant, sed per se quae ^^ videbantur administrabant.
1 opere dimenso, a//er laying out the wo>-k. Dimenso frwm dimetior.
2 in manibus nostris, close upon us. ^ adversd coUe, up the hill. * See
438, 439. 5 See 294, 295. ^ in apposition with res. ' ipsi sibi praescrl-
bere . . . poterant, they could direct themselves on their own respotisibility
(ipsi). 8 jiis (^respective). ^ each, i^^ not . . . any. ^^ quae videbantur,
whatever seemed best.
APPENDIX
TABLES OF DECLENSION, CONJUGATION, ETC.
NOUNS
471-
First Declension or Stems in -a-
Singular
Terminations
Plural
Terminations
NOM.
Stella
-a
Stellae
-ae
Gen.
stellae
-ae
stellarum
-arum
Dat.
stellae
-ae
stellis
-is
Ace.
stellam
-am
Stellas
-as
Abl.
Stella
-a
stellis
-is
472.
Second Declension or
Stems in -0-
Singular
MASC.
TERMINATIONS
neut.
TERMINATIONS
NOM.
hortus
-us
donum
-um
Gen.
horti
-i
doni
-i
DAT.
horto
-0
dono
-6
Ace.
hortum
-um
donum
-um
Abl.
horto
-0
Plural
dono
-6
NOM.
horti
-i
dona
-a
Gen.
hortorum
-orum
donorum
-orum
Dat.
hortis
-is
donis
-is '
Ace.
hortos
OS
dona
-a
Abl.
hortis
-is
donis
-is
230
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
231
a. The vocative singular of nouns in -us of the second
declension has a special form in -e : horte.
Singular
NOM.
puer
ager
vir
filius
Gen.
pueri
agri
viri
fili, -ii
Dat.
puero
agro
viro
filio
Ace.
puerum
agrum
virum
filium
Abl.
puero
agro
Plural
viro
filio
NOM.
pueri
agri
viri
filii
Gen.
puerorum
agrorum
virorum
flliorum
Dat.
pueris
agris
viris
flliis
Ace.
pueros
agros
viros
filios
Abl.
pueris
agris
viris
filiis
a.
The vocative
singular of filius
is fili.
473-
NOM.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
NoM.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
dux
ducis
duci
ducem
duce
duces
ducum
ducibus
duces
ducibus
Third Declension
a. CONSONANT STEMS
Singular
Terminations for
Consonant Stems
miles
mllitis
mlliti
mllitem
milite
virtus
virtu tis
virtuti
virtutem
virtute
caput
capitis
capiti
caput
capita
M. and f.
(-S)
-is
-i
-em
-e
milites
mllitum
Plural
virtutes
virtutum
-IS
-i
capita -es -a
capitum -um -um
mllitibus virtutibus capitibus -ibus -ibus
milites virtutes capita -es -a
mllitibus virtutibus capitibus -ibus -ibus
232
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
1
Singular
NOM.
consul
homo
pater
corpus
Gen.
consLilis
hominis
patris
corporis
DAT.
consuli
homini
patri
corpori
Ace.
cdnsulem hominem
patrem
corpus
Abl.
consule
homine
patre
corpora
Plural
NOM.
consules
homines
patres
corpora
Gen.
consilium hominum
patrum
corporum
DAT.
consulibus hominibus
patribus
corporibus
Ace.
consules
homines
patres
corpora
Abl.
consulibus hominibus
patribus
corporibus
b
. I-STEMS
Singular
Termina-i-ions
for i-SlEMS
M. and I'. N.
NOM.
collis
caedes
mons
animal
-s
Gen.
collis
caedis
montis
animalis
-is -is
DAT.
colli
caedi
monti
animali
-i -1
Ace.
coUem
caedem
montem
animal
-em
Abl.
colle
caede
monte
Plural
animali
-e -i
NOM.
colles
caedes
montes
animalia
-es -ia
Gen.
collium
caedium
montium
animalium
-ium -ium
DAT.
collibus
caedibus
montibus
> animalibus
; -ibus -ibus
Ace.
collis, es
caedis, es
montis, es animalia
-is,es -ia
Abl.
collibus
caedibus
montibus animalibus -ibus -ibus
474- Fourth Declension or Stems in -u-
Singular
MAS.
terminations
NEUT.
TERMINATIONS
NoM.
casus
-us
cornu
-u
Gen.
casus
-us
cornus
-us
Dat.
casui, ii
-ui, U
cornu
-ii
Acc.
casum
-um
cornu
-u
Abl.
casii
-\k
cornu
-ii
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 233
MAS. TERMINATIONS
neut.
terminations
NOM.
casiis
-us
cornua -ua
Gen.
casuum
-uum
cornuum -uum
Dat.
casibus
-ibus
cornibus -ibus
Ace.
casus
-us
cornua -ua
Abl.
casibus
-ibus
cornibus -ibus
475-
Fifth Declension or !
Stems in
-e-
Terminations
Sing.
Plur.
Sing.
Plur.
Sing. Plur.
NoM. dies
dies
res
res
-es -es
Gen. diei
dierum
rei
rerum
-ei um
Dat. diei
diebus
rei
rebus
-ei -ebus
Ace. diem dies
rem
res
-em -es
Abl. die
diebus
re
rebus
-e -ebus
476.
Special Paradigms
Singular
NOM.
vir
vis
deus
Gen.
viri
—
dei
Dat.
viro
—
deo
Ace.
virum
vim
deum
Abl.
viro
vi
Plural
deo
NOM.
viri
vires
dei, dii, di
Gen.
virorum
virium
deorum, deum
Dat.
viris
viribus
dels, diis, dis
Ace.
viros
vires
deos
Abl.
viris
viribus
Singular
dels, diis, dis
NoM.
senex
iter
domus
Gen.
senis
itineris
domus
Dat.
seni
itineri
domui, 0
Ace.
senem
iter
domum
Abl.
sene
itinera
domo, u
234
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Plural
NOM.
senes
itinera
domus
Gen.
senum
itinerum
domuum, orum
DAT.
senibus
itineribus
domibus
Ace.
senes
itinera
domos, us
Abl.
senibus
itineribus
ADJECTIVES
domibus
477.
First
AND Second Declensions
Singular
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
NOM.
bonus
bona
bonum
Gen.
boni
bonae
boni
DAT.
bono
bonae
bono
Ace.
bonum
bonam
bonum
Abl.
bono
bona
Plural
bono
NOM.
boni
bonae
bona
Gen.
bonorum
bonarum
bonorum
DAT.
bonis
bonis
bonis
Ace.
bonos
bonas
bona
Abl.
bonis
bonis
Singular
bonis
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
NOM.
liber
libera
liberum
Gen.
llberi
llberae
llberi
DAT.
llbero
liberae
llbero
Ace.
liberum
libera m
liberum
Abl.
llbero
libera
. Plural
llbero
NOM.
llberi
llberae
libera
Gen.
liberorum
llberarum
liberorum
DAT.
liberis
liberis
liberis
Ace.
liberos
liberas
libera
Abl.
liberis
liberis
liberis
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
235
Singular
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
NOM.
niger
nigra
nigrum
Gen.
nigri
nigrae
nigri
DAT.
nigro
nigrae
nigro
Ace.
nigrum
nigram
nigrum
Abl.
nigro
nigra
Plural
nigro
NOM.
nigrI
nigrae
nigra
Gen.
nigrorum
nigrarum
nigrorum
DAT.
nigris
nigris
nigris
Ace.
nigros
nigras
nigra
Abl.
nigris
nigris
nigris
478.
Third Declension
Singular
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
NOM.
acer
acris
acre
Gen.
acris
acris
acris
DAT.
acri
acri
acri
Ace.
acrem
acrem
acre
Abl.
acri
acri
Plural
acri
NOM.
acres
acres
acria
Gen.
acrium
acrium
acrium
DAT.
acribus
acribus
acribus
Ace.
acris, es
acris, es
acria
Abl.
acribus
acribus
Singular
acribus
MASC. AND FEM.
NEUT.
MASC. AND FEM.
NEUT.
NOM.
facilis
facile
ferax
ferax
Gen.
facilis
facilis
feracis
feracis
DAT.
facili
facili
feraci
feraci
Ace.
facilem
facile
feracem
ferax
Abl.
facili
facili
feraci, e
feraci, e
236
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Plural
MASC. AND FEM.
NoM. faciles facilia
Gen. facilium facilium
Dat. facilibus facilibus
Ace. facilis, es facilia
Abl. facilibus facilibus
MASC. AND FEM.
feraces
feracium
feracibus
feracis, es
feracibus
NEUT.
feracia
feracium
feracibus
feracia
feracibus
479-
Present Active Participles
Singular
masc. and fem. neut.
NoM. amans
amantis
amanti
amantem
amante, i
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
NOM.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
480.
NOM.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
NOM.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
lens
euntis
eunti
euntem
eunte, i
amans
amantis
amanti
amans
amante, i
iens
euntis
eunti
iens
eunte, i
Plural
masc. and fem.
amantes
amantium
amantibus
amantis, es
amantibus
NEUT.
amantia
amantium
amantibus
amantia
amantibus
euntes
euntium
euntibus
euntis, es
euntibus
euntia
euntium
euntibus
euntia
euntibus
Irregular Adjectives
Singular Plural
fem. neut. masc. fem.
alius
alius
alii
alium
alio
MASC.
unus
unius
uni
unum
uno
alia aliud
alius alius
alii alii
aliam aliud
alia alio
FEM.
una
unius
uni
unam
una
alii aliae
aliorum aliarum
aliis
alios
aliis
aliis
alias
aliis
alia
aliorum
aliis
alia
aliis
NEUT.
unum
unius
uni
unum
ijno
MASC. AND FEM. NEUT.
tres tria
trium trium
tribus tribus
tris, tres tria
tribus tribus
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
237
Irregular Adjectives {Continued')
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
SING.
PLUR.
NOM.
duo
duae
duo
mllle
mlllia
Gen.
duorum
duarum
duorum
mlUe
mlUium
DAT.
duobus
duabus
duobus
mllle
mlUibus
Ace.
duos, duo
duas
duo
mllle
mlllia
Abl.
duobus
duabus
duobus
mllle
mlUibus
481.
Positive
latus (lat-)
fortis (fort-)
velox (veloc-)
Comparison of Adjectives
Superlative
latissimus, a, um
Comparative
latior, latius
fortior, fortius
vel5cior, velocius
pulcher (pulchr-) pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus, a, um
similis (simil-) similior, similius simillimus, a, um
fortissimus, a, um
vel5cissimus, a, um
482.
Declension of Comparatfves
Singular
Plural
M. AND F.
N.
M. AND F.
N.
NOM.
latior
latius
latiores
latiora
Gen.
latidris
latioris
latiorum
latiorum
DAT.
latiori
latiori
latiaribus
latioribus
Ace.
latiarem
latius
latiores, is
latiora
Abl.
latiore, i
lati5re, i
latioribus
latidribus
NoM.
plus
plures
plura
Gen.
pluris
plurium
plurium
Dat.
Ace.
pluribus
plures, is
pluribus
plura
plus
Abl.
plure
pluribus
pluribus
238
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
483-
Irregular Comparison
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
bonus, a, um
melior, m
lelius
optimus, a, um
malus, a, um
peior, peius
pessimus, a, um
magnus, a, um
maior, maius
maximus, a, um
parvus, a, um
minor, minus
minimus, a, um
multus, a, um
, plus
plurimus, a, um
multi, ae, a
plures, pi
lura
plurimi, ae, a
vetus, veteris
vetustior.
vetustius
veterrimus, a, um
senex, senis
senior (maior natu)
maximus natu
iuvenis, e
iunior (minor natu)
minimus natu
exterus
exterior
extremus
extimus
inferus
Inferior
Tnfimus
Imus
posterus
posterior
postremus
postumus
supcrus
superior
supremus
summus
[cis, citra]
citerior
citimus
[in, intra]
interior
intimus
[prae, pr5]
prior
primus
[prope]
propior
proximus
[ultra]
ulterior
ultimus
484.
Comparison of Adverbs
POSITIV'E
ADJ.
care (carus)
Comparative
Superlative
carius
carissime
pulchre (pulcher)
pulchrius
pulcherrime
fortiter (fortis)
fortius
fortissime
facile (facilis)
facilius -
facillime
bene (bonus)
melius
optime
male (malus)
peius
pessime
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
239
Comparison of Adverbs {Continued')
Positive
ADJ.
multum (multus)
Comparative Superlative
plus plurimum
parum, little
diu, long, for a long time
minus minime
diutius diutissime
saepe, often
saepius saepissime
485.
Cardinals
Numerals
Ordinals
I.
2.
unus, a, um
duo, duae, duo
primus, a, um
secundus {or alter)
3-
tres, tria
tertius
4-
quattuor
quartus
5-
6.
quinque
sex
quintus
sextus
7-
8.
septem
octo
Septimus
octavus
9-
novem
nonus
10.
decern
decimus
II.
undecim
undecimus
12.
duodecim
duodecimus
13-
tredecim
tertius decimus
14.
15.
16.
quattuordecim
quindecim
sedecim
quartus decimus
quintus decimus
sextus decimus
17-
18.
septendecim
duodevlgintl
Septimus decimus
duodevicesimus
19.
undevlginti
undevicesimus
20.
viginti
vicesimus
21.
vlgintT unus or
t unus et viginti
Jvicesimus primus or
\ unus et vicesimus
22.
f viginti duo or
Jvicesimus secundus or
\ duo et viginti
\ alter et vicesimus
240
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Cardinals
Ordinals
28.
duodetrlginta
duodetrlcesimus
29.
undetrlginta
undetrlcesimus
30.
trlginta
tricesimus
40.
quadraginta
quadragesimus
50.
quinquaginta
quinquagesimus
60.
sexaginta
sexagesimus
70.
septuaginta
septuagesimus
80.
octoginta
oct5gesimus
90.
nonaginta
nonagesimus
100.
centum
centesimus
lOI.
centum unus or
centum et unus
centesimus primus or
centesimus et primus
200,
ducenti, ae, a
ducentesimus
300.
trecenti
trecentesimus
400.
quadringentl
quadringentesimus
500.
quingentl
quingentesimus
600.
sescenti
sescentesimus
700.
septingenti
septingentesimus
800.
octingentl
octingentesimus
900.
nongenti
nongentesimus
1 ,000.
mi lie
mfllesimus
2,000.
duo mlllia
bis millesimus
100,000.
centum mlllia
centies millesimus
PRONOUNS
486.
Personal
Sing. Plur.
Sing.
Plu
R. Sing. Plur.
NoM. ego nos
tu
vos
^ r nostrum,
Gen. mei \
[ nostri
tul
vestrui
vestrl
11,
SUl SUl
Dat. mihi nobis
tibi
vobls
sibi sibi
Ace. me n5s
te
vos
se(sese) se(sese)
Abl. me n5bTs
te
vobTs
se(sese) se(sese)
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
241
487.
Singular
Demonstrative
NoM. hlc haec hoc
Gen. huius huius huius
Dat. huic huic huic
Ace. hunc banc hoc
Abl. hoc hac hoc
Plural
hi
hae
haec
horum
harum
horum
his
his
his
hos
has
haec
his
his
his
Singular
NoM. iste ista istud
Gen. istlLis istlus istlus
Dat. isti isti isti
Ace. istum istam istud
Abl. isto ista isto
Plural
isti istae ista
ist5rum istarum istorum
istis istis istis
istos istas ista
istis istis istis
Singular Plural
NoM. ille ilia illud illl illae ilia
Gen. illlus illlus illlus ill5rum illarum illorum
Dat. illl illl illl illls illls illls
Ace. ilium illam illud illos illas ilia
Abl. illo ilia illo illls illls illls
NoM. is
Gen. eius
Dat. el
Ace. eum
Abl. eo
Singular
ea
eius
el
earn
ea
id
eius
el
id
eo
ESSEN. OF LATIN — 1 6
Plural
el, il eae ea
edrum earum eorum
els, ils els, ils els, ils
eos eas ea
els, ils els, ils els, ils
242
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
NoM. Idem
Singular
eadem idem
(.^
eidem
Gen. eiusdem eiusdem eiiisdem
Dat. eldem eidem eldem
Ace. eundem eandem idem
Abl. eodem eadem eodem
Plural
, . eaedem eadem
I idem
feorun- earun- eorun-
1 dem dem dem
Jelsdem elsdem eisdem
[isdem Isdem isdem
eosdem easdem eadem
elsdem elsdem elsdem
Isdem isdem Isdem
Singular
Plural
NoM. ipse
ipsa
ipsum
ipsI
ipsae
ipsa
Gen. ipslus
ipslus
ipslus
ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
Dat. ipsi
ipsI
ipsI
ipsis
ipsIs
ipsIs
Ace. ipsum
ipsam
ipsum
ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
Abl. ipso
ipsa
ipso
ipsIs
ipsIs
ipsIs
488.
Relative
Singular
Plural
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
NoM. qui
quae
quod
qui
quae
quae
Gen. cuius
cuius
cuius
quorum
quarum
quorum
Dat. cui
cui
cui
quibus
quibus
quibus
Ace. quern
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
Abl. qu5
qua
quo
quibus
quibus
quibus
489.
Interrogative
Singular
Plural
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
MASC
FEM.
NEUT.
NoM. quis (qui) quae quid (quod) qui quae quae
Gen. cuius cuius cuius quorum quarum quorum
Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
Aee. quem quam quid (quod) quos quas quae
Abl. quo qua qu5 quibus quibus quibus
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
243
490.
Indefinite
Singular
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
NOM.
aliquis
aliqua
aliquid, aliquod
Gen.
alicuius
alicuius
alicuius
DAT.
alicui
alicui
alicui
Ace.
aliqiiem
aliquam
aliquid, aliquod
Abl.
aliqu5
aliqua
Plural
aliquo
NOM.
aliqul
aliquae
aliqua
Gen.
aliqu5rum
aliquarum
aliquorum
DAT.
aliquibus
aliquibus
aliquibus
Ace.
aliquos
aliquas
aliqua
Abl.
aliquibus
aliquibus
Singular
aliquibus
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
NOM.
quidam
quaedam
quiddam, quoddam
Gen.
cuiusdam
cuiusdam
cuiusdam
Dat.
cuidam
cuidam
cuidam
Ace.
quendam
quandam
quiddam, quoddam
Abl.
quodam
quadam
Plural
quodam
NOM.
quidam
quaedam
quaedam
Gen.
quorundam
quarundam
qu5rundam
Dat.
quibusdam
quibusdam
quibusdam
Ace.
quosdam
quasdam
quaedam
Abl.
quibusdam
quibusdam
quibusdam
244
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
REGULAR VERBS
491. First Conjugation
Prin. Parts : amo, amare,
amavi, amatus
492. Second Conjugation
Prin. Parts : moneo, monere,
monui, monitus
INDICATIVE
INDICATIVE
Active
Passive
Active
Passive
present
PRESENT
/ love, am loving,
do love
/ am loved,
am being loved
I advise, am advis-
ing, do advise
/ (z;« advised,
am being advised
S.
amo
amor
s. moneo
moneor
am as
amaris, re
mones
moneris, re
amat
amatur
monet
monetur
P
amamus
amamur
p. monemus
monemur
amatis
amamini
monetis
monemini
amant
amantur
monent
monentur
imperfect
IMPERFECT
/ was loving,
loved, did love
/ was loved,
was being loved
I was advising, ad-
vised, did advise
/ was advised,
was being advised
S.
amabam
amabar
s. monebam
monebar
amabas
araabaris, re
monebas
monebaris, re
amabat
amabatur
monebat
monebatur
P
amabamus
amabamur
p. monebamus
monebamur
amabatis
amabamini
monebatis
monebamini
amabant
amabantur
monebant
monebantur
FUTURE
FUTURE
/ shall love
/ shall be loved
/ shall advise
/ shall be advised
s
amabo
amabor
s. monebo
monebor
amabis
amaberis, re
monebis
moneberis, re
amabit
amabitur
monebit
monebitur
p
amabimus
amabimur
p. monebimus
monebimur
amabitis
amabimini
monebitis
monebimini
amabunt
amabuntur
monebunt
monebuntur
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
245
REGULAR VERBS
493. Third Conjugation
Prin. Parts : duco, ducere,
duxi, ductus
494. Fourth Conjugation
Prin. Parts : audio, ire,
audivi, auditus
INDICATIVE 1
INDICATIVE
Active
Passive
Active
Passive
present I
PRESENT
/ lead, am leading,
do lead
/ am led,
am being led
/ hear, am hearing,
do hear
/ am heard,
am being heard
s. duco
ducor
s. audio
audior
ducis
duceris, re
audis
audiris, re
ducit
ducitur
audit
auditur
p. ducimus
ducimur
p. audimus
audimur
ducitis
ducimini
auditis
audimini
ducunt
ducuntur
audiunt
audiuntur
imperfect
imperfect
/ was leading,
led, did lead
/ was led,
was being led
/ was hearing,
heard, did hear
/ zuas heard,
was being heard
s. ducebam
ducebar
s. audiebam
audiebar
ducebas
ducebaris.re
audiebas
audiebaris, re
ducebat
ducebatur
audiebat
audiebatur
p. diicebamus
ducebamur
p. audiebamus
audiebamur
ducebatis
ducebamini
audiebatis
audiebamini
ducebant
ducebantur
audiebant
audiebantur
FUTURE
future
/ shall lead
I shall be led
/ shall hear
/ shall be heard
s. ducam
ducar
s. audiam
audiar
duces
duceris, re
audies
audieris, re
ducet
ducetur
audiet
audietur
p. ducemus
ducemur
p. audiemus
audiemur
ducetis
ducemini
audietis
audiemini
ducent
ducentur
audient
audientur
246
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
491. First Conjugation — Cont.
Active Passive
PERFECT
/ have loved, I have been loved,
loved I ivas loved
s. amavi
amavisti
amavit
amatus sum
es
est
p. amavimus amati sumus
amavistis estis
amaverunt, ere sunt
PLUPERFECT
/ had loved I had been loved
s. amaveram amatus eram
amaveras eras
amaverat erat
p. amaveramus amatI eramus
amaveratis eratis
amaverant erant
FUTURE PERFECT
/ shall have I shall have been
loved loved
s. amavero amatus ero
amaveris eris
amaverit erit
p. amaverimus amati erimus
amaveritis eritis
amaverint erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
s. amem amer
ames ameris, re
amet ametur
p. amemus amemur
ametis amemini
ament amentur
492. Second Conjugation — Cont.
Active Passive
PERFECT
/ have advised, 1 have been advised,
advised I was advised
s. monui monitus sum
monuisti es
monuit est
p. monuimus moniti sumus
monuistis estis
monuerunt, ere sunt
PLUPERFECT
/ had advised I had been advised
s. monueram monitus eram
monueras eras
monuerat erat
p. monueramus monitT eramus
monueratis eratis
monuerant erant
FUTURE PERFECT
/ shall have ad- I shall have been
vised advised
s. monuero monitus ero
monueris eris
monuerit erit
p. monuerimus moniti erimus
monueritis eritis
monuerint erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
s. moneam monear
moneas monearis, re
moneat moneatur
p. moneamus moneamur
moneatis moneamini
moneant moneantur
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
247
493. Third Conjugation — Co7it.
Active Passive
PERFECT
/ have led, I have been led,
led was led
s. duxi ductus sum
duxisti es
duxit est
p. duximus ducti sumus
duxistis estis
duxerunt.ere sunt
PLUPERFECT
/ had led I had been led
s. duxeram ductus eram
duxeras eras
duxerat erat
p. duxeramus ducti eramus
duxeratis eratis
duxerant erant
FUTURE PERFECT
/ shall have led I shall have been led
s. duxero ductus er5
duxeris eris
duxerit erit
p. duxerimus ducti erimus
duxeritis eritis
duxerint erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
s. ducam ducar
ducas ducaris, re
ducat ducatur
p. ducamus ducamur
ducatis ducamini
ducant ducantur
494. Fourth Conj. — Cont.
Active Passive
PERFECT
/ have heard, I have been heard,
heard I was heard
s. audlvi audltus sum
audlvisti es
audlvit est
p. audivimus auditi sumus
audivistis estis
audlverunt, ere sunt
PLUPERFECT
/ had heard I had been heard
s. audiveram audltus eram
audiveras eras
audiverat erat
p. audiveramus auditi eramus
audiveratis eratis
audiverant erant
FUTURE PERFECT
/ shall have heard I shall have been
heard
s. audlvero audltus ero
audlveris eris
audiverit erit
p. audlverimus auditi erimus
audlveritis eritis
audlverint erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
s. audiam audiar
audias audiaris, re
audiat audiatur
p. audiamus audiamur
audiatis audiamini
audiant audiantur
248
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
491. First Conjugation — Cont.
Active Passive
imperfect
s. amarem
amares
amaret
p. amaremus
amaretis
amarent
s. amaverim
amaveris
amaverit
amarer
amareris, re
amaretur
amaremur
amaremini
amarentur
amatus sim
sis
sit
p. amaverimus amatl sTmus
amaveritis sitis
amaverint sint
PLUPERFECT
s. amavissem
amavisses
amavisset
amatus essem
esses
esset
p. amavissemus amatl essemus
amavissetis essetis
amavissent assent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
s. 2. ama, love d,xx\3xe,bcthou
tJioii loved
p. 2. amate,^7''r amamini, be
ye ye loved
492. Second Conjugation — Cont.
Active Passive
imperfect
s. monerem monerer
moneres monereris, re
moneret moneretur
p. moneremus moneremur
moneretis moneremini
monerent monerentur
PERFECT
s. monuerim
monueris
monuerit
monitus sim
sis
sit
p. monuerimus moniti simus
monueritis sitis
monuerint sint
PLUPERFECT
s. monuissem
monuisses
monuisset
monitus essem
esses
esset
p. monuissemus monitl essemus
monuissetis essetis
monuissent essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
s. 2. mone, ad- monere, be
vise thou thou advised
P. 2. monete, monemini, be
advise ye ye advised
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
249
493- Third Conjugation — Cont.
Active Passive
imperfect
s. ducerem ducerer
duceres ducereris, re
duceret duceretur
p. duceremus duceremur
duceretis duceremini
ducerent ducerentur
PERFECT
s. duxerim ductus sim
duxeris
duxerit
p. duxerimus
duxeritis
duxerint
SIS
sit
ducti simus
sitis
sint
PLUPERFECT
s. duxissem ductus essem
diixisses esses
duxisset asset
p. diixissemus ducti essemus
duxissetis essetis
duxissent essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
s. 2. duc,^ lead ducere, be
thou t/iou led
p. 2. ducite, ducimini, be
lead ye ye led
494. Fourth Conj. — Cont.
ACTIVE
Passive
IMPERFECT
audlrem audlrer
audires
audlret
p. audiremus
audlretis
audlrent
audlreris, re
audlretur
audiremur
audiremini
audlrentur
PERFECT
s. audiverim audltus sim
audlveris sis
audlverit sit
p. audlverimus audlti sImus
audiveritis sItis
audlverint sint
PLUPERFECT
s. audlvissem audltus essem
audlvisses esses
audlvisset esset
p. audivissemus auditi essemus
audlvissetis essetis
audlvissent essent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
s. 2. audi, Jiear audire, be
thoii,
p. 2. audlte,
hear ye
tJion heard
audlmini, be
ye heard
1 dico, duco, faci5, fero, have as present imperatives die, due, fae, fer;
the regular form of other verbs ends in -e, as gero, imperative gere.
250
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
491. First Conjugation — Cont.
Active Passive
FUTURE
s. 3. amato, he amator, Jie
shall love shall be loved
p. 2. amatote, yoii
shall love
3. a m a n 1 0, amantor, they
they shall shall be loved
love
INFINITIVE
PRESENT
amare, to love amari, to be
loved
FUTURE
amaturus esse, amatum Irl, to
to be about to be about to be
love loved
PERFECT
amavisse, to amatus esse,
have loved to have been
loved
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT
amans, antis,
loving
FUTURE
amaturus, Ger. amandus,
um, about to be loved
to love
PERFECT
amatus, having
been loved, loved
492. Second Conjugation — Cont.
Active Passive
FUTURE
s. 3. moneto, monetor, he
he shall shall be ad-
advise vised
p. 2. monetote, you
shall advise
3. monento, monentor,
they shall they shall
advise be advised
INFINITIVE
PRESENT
monere, to ad- moneri, to be
vise advised
FUTURE
moniturus esse, monitum Irl,
to be about to to be about to
advise be advised
PERFECT
monuisse, to monitus esse, /"<?
have advised have been ad-
vised
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT
monens, entis,
advising
FUTURE
moniturus, Ger. monendus,
about to ad- to be ad-
vise vised
PERFECT
monitus, Jiavifig been
advised, advised
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
251
493. Third Conjugation — Cont.
Active Passive
FUTURE
s. 2. ducito, ducitor, tJiou
thou shall shall be led
lead
s. 3, ducito, he ducitor, he
shall lead shall be led
p. 2. ducitote, j^
shall lead
P. 3. ducunto, ducuntor,
I hey shall I hey shall be
lead led
INFINITIVE
PRESENT
ducere, lo lead duci, lo be led
FUTURE
ductiirus esse, ductum Irl, lo
lo be about to be about to be
lead led
PERFECT
duxisse, lo have ductus esse,
led lo have been
led
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT
ducens, entis,
leading
FUTURE
ducturus, Ger. ducendus,
about to lead lo be led
PERFECT
ductus, Jiav-
ing been led,
led
494. Fourth Conj. — Cont.
Active Passive
FUTURE
s. 2. audits, auditor, tJiou
thou shall shall be heard
hear
3. audlto, Jie auditor, Jie
shall hear shall be heard
p. 2. audltote,
you shall hear
3. audiunto, audiuntor,
they shall they shall be
hear heard
INFINITIVE
present
audire, lo hear audiri, lo be
heard
FUTURE
auditurus esse, audltum Irl,
lo be about lo lo be about to
hear be heard
perfect
audlvisse, to audltus esse,
have heard lo have been
heard
PARTICIPLES
present
audiens, ientis,
hearing
FUTURE
auditurus, Ger. audiendus,
about lo hear to be heard
PERFECT
audltus, having
been heard,
heard
252
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
491 . First Conjugation — Cont.
GERUND
Gen. amandi, of loving
Dat. amando, for loving
Ace. amandum, loving
Abl. amando, by loving
SUPINE
amatum amatu
492. Second Conjugation — Cont.
GERUND
Gen. monendi, of advising
Dat. monendo, for advising
Ace. monendum, advising
Abl. monendo, by advising
SUPINE
monitum monitu
495. Third Conjugation
Verbs in io
Prin. Parts : capio, ere, cepi, captus
INDICATIVE
Active
/ take, ai/i takmg, do take
Singular Plural
capio capimus
capis capitis
capit capiunt
Passive
r
/ am taken, am being taken
Singular Plural
capior
caperis, re
capitur
capimur
capimini
capiuntur
IMPERFECT
/ ivas taking, took, did take I was taken, was being taken
capiebam capiebamus capiebar capiebamur
capiebas capiebatis capiebaris, re capiebamini
capiebat capiebant capiebatur capiebantur
capiam
capies
capiet
/ shall take
capiemus
capietis
capient
/ shall be taken
capiar capiemur
capieris, re capiemini
capietur capientur
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
253
493. Third Conjugation — Cont.
GERUND
Gen. ducendi, of leading
Dat. ducendo, for leading
Ace. ducendum, leadijig
Abl. ducendo, by leading
SUPINE
ductum ductu
494. Fourth Conj. — Cont.
GERUND
Gen. audiendi, of hearijig
Dat. audiendo, for hearing
Ace. audiendum, Jiearing
Abl. audiendo, by hearing
SUPINE
audltum auditu
495-
Third Conjugation
LNDICATIVE— Continued
Active
Passive
/ have taken, took
/ have been tak
?«, / was taken
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
cepi
cepimus
captus sum
capti sumus
cepisti
cepistis
es
estis
cepit
ceperunt, ere
est
sunt
pluperfect
/ Iiad taken I had been taken
ceperam
ceperamus
captus eram
capti eramus
ceperas
ceperatis
eras
eratis
ceperat
ceperant
erat
erant
future perfect
/ shall have taken I shall have been taken
cepero ceperimus captus ero capti erimus
ceperis ceperitis eris eritis
ceperit ceperint erit erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE
capiam
capiamus
capiar
capiamur
capias
capiatis
capiaris, re
capiamini
capiat
capiant
capiatur
capiantur
254
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
SUBJUNCTIVE— Continued
IMPERFECT
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
caperem
caperemus
caperer
caperemur
caperes
caperetis
capereris, re
caperemini
caperet
caperent
caperetur
PERFECT
caperentur
ceperim
ceperimus
captus sim
capti simus
ceperis
ceperitis
sis
sitis
ceperit
ceperint
sit
sint
PLUPERFECT
cepissem
cepissemuE
; captus essem
capti essemus
cepisses
cepissetis
esses
essetis
cepisset
cepissent
esset
essent
IMPERATIVE
Active
Passive
PRESENT
Singular
2. cape, take tJiou
capere, be thou takefi
Plural
2. capita,
, take
ye
capimini, be ye taken
FUTURE
Singular
2. capito, tJioti sJialt take capitor, thou sJuxlt be taken
3. capito, Jie shall take capitor, lie shall be taken
Plural
2. capitote, ye shall take
3. capiunto, they shall take capiuntor, they shall be taken
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN 255
INFINITIVE
PRESENT
capere, to take capi, to be taken
FUTURE
capturus esse, to be about to captum IrT, to be about to be
take taken
PERFECT
cepisse, to have taken captus esse, to have been taken
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT
capiens, ientis, taking -
FUTURE
capturus, about to take Ger. capiendus, to be taken
captus, having been taken,
taken
GERUND
Gen. capiendi, of taking
Dat. capiendo, for taking
Ace. capiendum, taking
Abl. capiendo, by taking
SUPINE
captum captu
256
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
IRREGULAR VERBS
496. Prin. Parts : sum, esse, fui, futurus, be
INDICATIVE
Singular
sum, I am
es, yoii are
est {lie, she, if) is
eram, / was
eras, you zvere
erat, he was
ero, / shall be
eris, you will be
erit, he zvill be
fuI, I have bceu, was
fuisti, you have been,
f uit, he has been, was
Plural
sum us, zue a7'e
estis, you are
sunt, tJiey are
IMPERFECT
eramus, %ve were
eratis, you were
erant, tJuy were
FUTURE
erimus, we shall be
eritis, you zvill be
erunt, they will be
PERFECT
fuimus, zue have been, were
were fuistis, you have been, were
fuerunt 1 .; , ,
[ they have been, wen
fuere J
PLUPERFECT
f ueram, / had been
f ueras, you had been
f uerat, Jie had beeti
f ueramus, zve had been
fueratis, you had been
f uerant, they had beejt
FUTURE PERFECT
f uero, / shall have been
f ueris, you zvill have been
f uerit, Jie will have been
fuerimus, zve shall have been
fueritis, you zvill have been
f uerint, tJiey zvill have been
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
257
SUBJUNCTIVE
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
sim
Sim US
essem
essemus
sis
sitis
esses
essetis
sit
sint
esset
assent
PERFECT
PLUPERFECT
fuerim
fuerimus
fuissem
fuissemus
fueris
fuerltis
fuisses
fuissetis
fuerit
'
fuerint
fuisset
fuissent
IMPERATIVE
PRESENT
FUTURE
es, In
' tJion
esto, tJioii slialt be
este,
be ye
esto, lie shall be
INFINITIVE
Pres. esse, to be
Perf. fuisse, to have been
FuT. futurus esse, to be
about to be
estote, ye shall be
sunto, they shall be
participle
futurus, about to be
497. Prin. Parts : possum, posse, potui, am able, can
INDICATIVE
SUBJU
NCTIVE
Singular Plural
Singular
Plural
Pres.
I am able, can
possum possumus
possim
posslmus
potes potestis
possis
possltis
potest possunt
possit
possint
Impf.
/ luas able, could
poteram poteramus
possem
possemus
FuT.
/ sJiall be able
potero poterimus
ESSEN. OF LATIN — I 7
258 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Perf. / Jiave been ab/e, could
potui potuimus potuerim potuerimus
Plup. / Jiad been able,
potueram potueramus potuissem potuissemus
F. P. / shall have been able
potuerd potuerimus
INFINITIVE
Pres. posse, to be able Perf. potuisse, to have been able
498.
Prin. Parts : prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus, benefit
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Pres. / benefit
prosum prosumus prosim proslmus
prodes prodestis prdsis pr5sltis
prodest prosunt prosit prosint
Impf. proderam proderamus prodessem prodessemus
FuT. prodero proderimus
Perf. profui profuimus pr5fuerim profuerlmus
Plup. profueram profueramus profuissem prdfuissemus
F. P. profuerd profuerimus
imperative
Pres. prodes, prodeste Fut. prodesto, prodestote
infinitive
Pres. prodesse Perf. profuisse
Fut. pr5futurus esse
participle
Fut. profuturus
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
259
499. Prin. Parts :
Vols, velle, volul, — , be zvilling, tvill, zvish
Nolo, nolle, n5lul, — , he ninvilliug, will not
Malo, malle, malui, — , be more willing, prefer
LNDICATIVE
Pres.
vols
n5l5
malo
vis
non vis
mavis
vult
non vult
mavult
volumus
nolumus
malumus
vultis
non vultis
ma vultis
volunt
nolunt
malunt
Impf.
volebam
nolebam
malebam
Put.
volam, es, etc. nolam, es, etc.
malam, es, etc
Perf.
volul
nolul
malui
Plup.
volueram
nolueram
malueram
F. P.
voluero
n5luero
SUBJUNCTIVE
maluero
Pres.
velim
nolim
malim
veils
noils
malls
velit
nolit
malit
vellmus
nollmus
mallmus
velltis
nolltis
malltis
velint
nolint
malint
Impf.
vellem
nollem
mallem
velles
nolles
malles
vellet
nollet
mallet
vellemus
nollemus
mallemus
velletis
nolletis
malletis
vellent
nollent
mallent
Perf.
voluerim
ndluerim
maluerim
Plup.
voluissem
noluissem
maluissem
260 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Pres.
FUT.
Pres.
velle
Perf.
voluisse
IMPERATIVE
noil
nollte
[nolito, etc
•]
INFINITIVE
n5lle
malle
noluisse
maluisse
PARTICIPLE
f rto itote
I Ito eunto
Pres. volens
500. Prin. Parts : eo, ire, ii, itum, go
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE IMPERATIVE
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Pres. eo imus earn i ite
is Itis
it eunt
Impf. ibam, ibas, ibat, etc. irem
FuT. ibo, ibis, Ibit, etc.
Perf. ii, isti, ilt, etc. ierim
Plup. ieram issem
F. P. ier5
INFINITIVE PARTICIPLES
Pres. ire iens, euntis
Perf. isse itum
FuT. iturus esse iturus
GERUND SUPINE
Gen. eundi
Dat. eundo
Ace. eundum itum
Abl. eundo
Essentials of latin
261
501.
Prin. Parts : fio, fieri, factus sum, be made, become, happen
IMPERATIVE
Sinoular Plural
fl fite
indicative
SUBJUNCTIVE
Singular Plural
Pres.
fio
flam
fit flimt
Impf.
fiebam
fierem
Put.
Perf.
flam, fies, etc.
factus sum
factus sim
Plup.
factus eram
factus essem
F. P.
factus er5
INFINITIVE
Pres. fieri
Perf. factus esse
FuT. factum Irl
PARTICIPLES
Ger. faciendus
Perf. factus
502. Prin. Parts : fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, cany
INDICATIVE
Passive
Singular Plural
feror ferimur
ferris, re ferimini
fertur feruntur
Active
Singular Plural
Pres.
fero ferimus
fers fertis
fert ferunt
Active
Si??gular Plural
Impf.
ferebam
FuT.
feram, es, etc.
Perf.
tull
Plup.
tuleram
F. P.
tulero
Passive
Singular
ferebar
ferar, eris, etc
latus sum
latus eram
latus ero
Plural
262
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
subjunctive
Pres.
feram
ferar
Impf.
ferrem
ferrer
Perf.
tulerim
latus sim
Plup.
tulissem
latus essem
imperative
Pres.
fer
ferte
ferre ferimini
Put.
ferto
fertote
fertor
ferto
ferunt5
fertor feruntor
infinitive
Pres.
ferre
ferri
Perf.
tulisse
latus esse
FUT.
laturus esse
latum Irl
PARTICIPLES
Pres.
FUT.
ferens
laturus
Ger.
ferendus
Perf,
. latus
supine
gerund
Gen.
DAT.
Ace.
ferendl
ferendo
ferendum
latum
Abl.
ferendo
lata
503-
Deponent Verbs
Prin. Parts : hortor, hortari, hortatus sum, urge, entreat
vereor, vereri, veritus s,^xxss.,fcar
sequor, sequi, secutus sum, folloiv
potior, potiri, potitus s\xm, get possession of
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
263
INDICATIVE
Pres.
hortor
vereor
sequor
potior
hortaris, re
vereris, re
sequeris, re
potiris, re
hortatur
veretur
sequitur
potitur
hortamur
veremur
sequimur
potimur
hortaminl
veremini
sequimini
potimini
•
hortantur
verentur
sequuntur
potiuntur
Impf.
hortabar
verebar
sequebar
potiebar
FUT.
hortabor
verebor
sequar
potiar
Perf.
hortatus sum
veritus sum
secutus sum
potitus sum
Plup.
hortatus eram
veritus eram
secutus eram
potitus eram
F. P.
hortatus ero
veritus er5
secutus ero
potitus ero
SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres.
horter
verear
sequar
potiar
Impf.
hortarer
vererer
sequerer
potirer
Perf.
hortatus sim
veritus sim
secutus sim
potitus sim
Plup.
hortatus essem
veritus essem
secutus essem
potitus essen
IMPERATIVE
Pres.
hortare
verere
sequere
potire
FUT.
hortator
veretor
sequitor
potitor
INFINITIVE
Pres. hortari vereri sequi potiri
Perf. hortatus esse veritus esse secutus esse potitus esse
FuT. hortaturus esse veriturus esse secuturus esse potiturus esse
Pres. hortans
FuT. hortaturus
Perf. hortatus
Ger. hortandus
hortandi, etc.
PARTICIPLES
verens sequens potiens
veriturus secijturus potiturus
veritus secutus potitus
verendus sequendus potiendus
GERUND
verendi, etc. sequendi, etc. potiendi, etc.
264 ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
SUPINE
hortatum veritum secutum potitum
hortatu veritu secutu potitu
504. First or Active Periphrastic Conjugation
INDICATIVE
Pres. amaturus sum, / am about to love
Impf. amaturus cram, / ivas about to love
FuT. amaturus ero, / shall be about to love
Perf. amaturus ful, / have been or zvas about to love
Plup. amaturus fueram, / had been about to love
F. P. amaturus f uero, / sJiall have been about to love
SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. amaturus sim
Impf. amaturus essem
Perf. amaturus fuerim
Plup. amaturus fuissem
infinitive
Pres. amaturus esse
Perf. amaturus fuisse
For the Other Conjugations
Pres. moniturus sum, I am about to advise
ducturus sum, / am about to lead
capturus sum, / am about to take
auditurus sum, I am about to hear, etc.
505. Second or Passive Periphrastic Conjugation
indicative
Pres. amandus sum, / am to be, must be, loved
Impf. amandus eram, / zvas to be, had 10 be, loved
Fut. amandus ero, / shall have to be loved
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN , 265
INDICATIVE— Continued
Perf. amandus f ui, / ivas to he, had to be, loved
Plup. amandus fueram, / Jiad had to be loved
F. P. amandus f uero, / sJiall have had to be loved
SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. amandus sim
Impf. amandus essem
Perf. amandus fuerim
Plup. amandus fuissem
INFINITIVE
Pres. amandus esse, to have to be loved
Perf. amandus fuisse, to have had to be loved
For the Other Conjugations
Pres. raonendus sum, / ain to be, must be, advised
ducendus sum, I am to be, viiist be, led
capiendus sum, I am to be, must be, taken
audiendus sum, / am to be, must be, heard, etc.
ABBREVIATIONS
abl. ablative.
ace accusative.
adj adjective.
adv adverb.
canp comparative.
conj conjunction.
dat dative.
def. defective.
dent demonstrative.
dep deponent.
determ determinative.
dim diminutive.
f. feminine.
fut future.
gen genitive.
impers impersonal.
indecl indeclinable.
indef. .... indefinite.
inter interrogative.
ititr intransitive.
irr irregular.
loc locative.
in masculine.
;/., 7ie2{i. . . . neuter.
neg negative.
nom nominative.
num numeral.
part participle.
pass passive.
perf. perfect.
//., pliir. . . . plural.
pr proper.
prep preposition.
pres present.
Pron pronoun.
refl. reflexive.
rel relative.
sing. singular.
subjv subjunctive.
stibst substantive.
Slip superlative.
tr transitive.
266
VOCABULARY
LATIN — ENGLISH
[Numbers refer to Sections.]
a, ab, prep. w. abl., from, by, with, at,
on, in.
abditus. See abd5.
abd5, abdere, abdidi, abditus (ab +
do, place), tr., put away, conceal.
abicio, ere, abieci, abiectus, tr., throw,
hurl.
ablatus. See aufero.
absum, abesse, afui, afuturus, intr.,
be away, be distant, be absent.
ac. See atque.
Acca, ae, /, pr. name, Acca Laren-
tia, foster mother of Romulus and
Remus.
accedo, ere, access!, accessQrus (ad
+ cedo), intr., go near, come near,
approach,
accendo, ere, accendi, accensus (ad
+ candeo, glow), tr., set on fire ;
accensus, burning.
accido, ere, accidi, — (ad + cad5),
intr., happen.
acci5, ire, accivi, accitus (ad + cieo,
set in motion), tr., summon, in-
vite,
accipio, ere, accepi, acceptus (ad +
capio), tr., receive ; suffer, undergo.
acclam5, are, avi, atus (ad + clam5,
cry), tr., shout, cry out.
acclivis, e (ad + clivus, slope), rising.
acclivitas, atis (acclivis),/, ascent,
slope.
accurro, ere, accurri, accursum (ad
+ curro, run), intr., run up, hasten
to.
acciiso, are, avi, atus (ad + causa),
tr., accuse, reproach.
acer, acris, acre, sharp, keen, eager,
fierce.
acerrime. See acriter.
acies, aciei, y", edge ; line of battle.
acriter (acer), adv., sharply, eagerly,
fiercely; co in p. a.cxias; j«/. acerrime.
actus. See ag5.
ad, prep. w. ace, to, toward, at, near,
against ; according to ; w. numer-
als, about.
addo, addere, addidi,>additus (ad +
do, place), tr., add.
adduce, ere, adduxi, adductus (ad +
diico), /;'., lead to, lead, influ-
ence.
adeo, adire, adii, aditum (ad + eo),
intr., go to, approach.
adficio, ere, adfeci, adfectus (ad +
facio), /r., affect ; poena — , punish.
adhibeo, ere, adhibui, adhibitus (ad
-f habeo), tr., call in, use.
aditus, lis (adeo), //;., approach,
access.
267
268
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
administro, are, avi, atus (ad +
ministr5, manage), tr., manage,
direct, administer.
adolesco, ere, adolevi, adultus (ad +
OlesCO, grow), i)ilr., grow up.
adorior, iri, adortus sum (ad + orior),
inir., attack.
ad5rD0, are, avi, atus (ad + orno,
equip), ir., equip, adorn.
adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus (ad
+ sum), intr., be present, aid.
Aduatuci, orum, m., a tribe of Belgic
Gaul,
adulescens, entis (adolesco), young;
as subst., young man, youth.
advenio, ire, adveni, adventum (ad
+ veni5), intr., come tu, arrive,
reach.
adventus, us (^advenio), m., arrival,
approach.
adversus, a, um (adverto, turn to),
in front, opposite ; adverse coUe,
up the hill.
adversus (adversus), prep. w. ace,
opposite, against, facing.
aedificium, i (aedific5), ;;., building.
aedifico, are, avi, atus (aedis + facio) .
/;'., build, construct.
aedis or aede*, is, /, temple ; //.,
aedes regiae, palace.
aeger, aegra, aegrum, sick.
aegre (aeger), adv., scarcely, with
difficulty.
aegritiidd, inis (aeger), /, sickness,
vexation, mortification.
aequaliter (aequalis, equal), adv.,
uniformly, equally,
aequus, a, um, equal, favorable,
aestas, atis,/, summer.
aetas, atis,/, age.
ager, agri, m., field, land, territory.
agger, aggeris (ad + gero), w.,
mound, agger.
aggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum
(ad + gradior, go), /;-., go against,
attack.
agmen, agminis (ago), ;/., army on
the march ; primum agmen, van ;
novissimum agmen, rear,
agnosco, ere, agnovi, agnitus (ad +
[gjnosco, know), /;-., recognize.
ago, ere, egi, actus, tr., drive, lead,
move forw ard, do, treat ; trium-
phum agere, celebrate a triumph,
agricola, ae (ager + colo), m., farmer.
aio, ais, ait, aiunt, def., say.
Alba or Alba Longa, ae, /, an
ancient Latin town.
Albanus, a, um (Alba), Alban ; as
subst., Albanus, i, w., an Alban.
albus, a, um, white.
alienus, a, um (alius), another's, un-
favorable, strange.
aliquis and aliqui, aliqua, aliquid
ami aliquod, indef.pron., some one,
any one.
alius, alia, aliud, other, another;
alius . . . alius, one . . . another;
alii . . . alii, some . . . some, some . . .
others; alii aliam in partem, some
in one direction, some in another.
AUobroges, um, w., a Celtic tribe of
Gaul.
alo, ere, alui, altus, tr., nourish,
strengthen.
altaria, ium, ;/. //., altar.
alter, altera, alterum, the other {of
t7l'0).
altitude, inis (altus), /, height,
depth.
altus, a, um (alo), high, deep,
alveus, i, /n., basket, trough.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
269
Ambiani, orum, vi. pL, a Belgian tribe:
amicitia, ae (amicus),/!, friendship,
alliance.
amicus, i (amo), m., friend, ally.
amitto, ere, amisi, amissus (a +
mitto), //'., lose.
amo, are, avi, atus, /;-., love, like.
amoveo, ere, amovi, amotus (a +
moveo), tr., take away, remove.
amplified, are, avi, atus (amplus +
facio), //'., increase, extend.
amplus, a, um, large, extensive, ample.
Amulius, i, w., king of Alba Longa.
ancile, is, «., a small oval shield.
angustiae, arum (angustus), /. //.,
narrowness, narrow pass.
angustus, a, um, narrow, contracted.
animadverto, ere, animadverti, ani-
madversus (animum + adverto,
turn toward), tr., turn one's mind
to, notice; animadvertere in, pun-
ish.
animal, alis (anima, life), n., animal.
animus, i, m., mind, disposition, cour-
age, spirit; in animo esse, in animo
habere, have in mind, intend.
annus, i, ;«., year.
ante, adv. and prep. 70. ace, before.
antepono, ere,anteposui, antepositus
(ante + pono), /;-., put before.
antequam, conj., before, until.
antiquitus (antiquus), adv., in for-
mer times, anciently.
antiquus, a, um, old, ancient.
anulus, i, m., ring.
anxius, a, um (ango, vex), troubled,
anxious.
aperio, ire, aperui, apertus, //., open.
apertus, a, um (aperio), open.
appello, are, avi, atus, tr., call, name.
Appius, i, ;«., a Roman surname.
apprehends, ere, apprehendi, appre-
hensus (ad + prehend5, seize), lay
hold of, seize.
appropinquo, are, avi, atus (ad +
propinquus), approach, come near.
apud, p>'ep- w. ace, among, in the
presence of.
aqua, ae,/, water.
Aquileia, ae, f., a town of Cisalpine
Gaul.
aquilo, 5nis, m., the north wind.
Aquitania, ae,/i, a division of south-
ern Gaul.
Aquitanus, i, w., an Aquitanian.
ara, ae, /.', altar.
Arar, Araris, m., a river of Gaul, the
modern Saone.
arbiter, arbitri, w., witness.
arbitror, ari, atus sum (arbiter),
intr., think, consider, suppose.
arceo, ere, arcui, — , tr., shut up, hin-
der, prevent.
Ariovistus, i, w., a German king.
arma, 5rum, «. //., arms, weapons.
armilla, ae,/, bracelet.
armo, are, avi, atus (arma), tr., arm,
equiji.
aro, are, avi, atus, /;., plow.
ars, artis,/, art.
artiis, artuum, m. pi., joints.
arx, arcis (arceo), /, stronghold,
citadel.
asper, aspera, asperum, rough, fierce.
astutia, ae (astutus, cunning), /,
shrewdness, cunning.
asylum, i, «., asylum, place of refuge.
at, coijj., but, yet.
Athenae, arum,/, Athens.
atque, ac, conj., and.
Atrebas, atis, ;«., one of the Atrebates,
a Belgic tribe.
2/0
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
attingo, ere, attigi, attactus (ad +
tango, touch), /;-., touch, join,
border on.
attonitus, a, um, thunderstruck,
astounded.
auctoritas, atis (augeo),y;, authority,
influence, reputation.
audacter (audax, bold), adv., boldly,
courageously; (Y)/«/. audacius; sup.
audacissime.
Audecumborius, i, w., an ambassador
of the Remi.
audeo, ere, ausus sum, intr., dare.
audio, ire, audivi, auditus, /;-., hear.
aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus (ab
+ fer6), tr., take away, carry off.
augeo, ere, auxi, auctus, tr., increase,
augurium, i (augur, soothsayer), «.,
tlivination, augury.
aureus, a, um (aurum, gold), golden.
auspicium, i (avis + specio, look),
«., divination by noting the cries or
flight of birds.
ausus. See aude5.
autem, coij , but, moreover, however,
auxilium, i, n., help, aid.
Aventinus, a, um, of the Aventine,
one of the seven hills of Rome,
averto, ere, averti, aversus (ab +
vert5), turn away, remove.
avis, is,/, bird.
avus, i, m., grandfather, ancestor.
Axona, ae,/., a river of Gaul, the mod-
ern Aisne.
B
Balearis, e, Balearic.
Belgae, arum, ;«. //., Belgians, a
tribe of northern Gaul.
bellicosus, a, um (bellum), warlike.
Bellovaci, orum, ;;/., a Belgic tribe
of Gaul.
bellum, i, ;/., war ; bellum inferre,
wage war.
bene (bonus), adv., well ; comp.
melius, sup. optime.
beneficium, i (bene + facio), «.,
favor, service.
benigne (benignus, kind), adv., kindly,
bibo, ere, bibi, — , tr., drink.
Bibrax, Bibractis, n., a town of the
Remi.
Boil, orum, m. pi., a tribe associated
with the Helvetii.
bonus, a, um, good.
Bratuspantium, i, ;/., a town of the
BellovacT.
brevis, e, short, brief.
brevitas, atis (brevis),/, shortness.
Britannia, ae,/, Britain.
cado, ere, cecidi, casurus, tr., fall, die,
jjerish.
caedes, is (caedo),/, slaughter.
caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus, tr., cut to
pieces, slay.
caelum, i, ;/., sky, heavens.
Caesar, aris, »i., a family name of the
Julian gens ; Gaius lulius Caesar,
100-44 B.C., the conqueror of Gaul.
calamitas, atis,/, disaster, defeat.
campus, i, m., plain.
capio, ere, cepi, captus, tr,, take, cap-
ture, seize ; form (a plan).
Capitolium, i, «., the Capitol, a great
temple of Jupiter at Rome, and the
hill on which it stood.
captivus, i (capio), m., captive.
caput, capitis, ;/., head.
care (cams), adv., dearly.
careo, ere, carui, cariturus, intr. w.
abl., be without, be in need of, lack.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
271
carpentuin,l,«., two-wheeled carriage.
carrus, i, w., wagon, cart.
Carthago, inis, /., a great Phoenician
city on the northern coast of Africa.
carus, a, um, dear.
casa, ae,y!, hut.
Cassius, i, m., a Roman name.
castellum, i {ditjt. of castrum), «.,
fort, redoubt.
Casticus, i, m., a Sequanian chief.
castrum, i, «., fort ; //. castra, orum,
camp.
casus, us (cado), m., falling, chance,
misfortune.
catulus, i, ni., cub.
causa, ae,/, reason, cause, case; qua
de causa, why, for this reason;
causa, w. gen., for the sake of, for,
on account of.
cavea, ae (cavus, hollow),/, cage.
cecidi. See cado.
cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, ?«/;-., go,
yield, retire, retreat.
celer, celeris, celere, swift, quick.
celeritas, atis (celer), /, speed,
quickness.
celeriter (celer) , adv., quickly, swiftly ;
com p. celerius; sup. celerrime.
Celtae, arum, m., Celts, one of the
three great peoples of Gaul.
cena, ae,y., meal, dinner.
centum, indecL, hundred.
centuria, ae (centum), /, a division
of the people, or army, containing
one hundred ; century.
centurio, onis (centuria), m., centu-
rion, commander of a century.
certamen, inis (certo, contend), w.,
contest.
certus, a, um (cerno, perceive), certain,
appointed; certiorem facere, inform.
ceteri, ae, a, //., the rest, the others.
cibus, i, m., food.
Cimbri, orum, ;«., a Germanic tribe.
circa, prep. w. ace, around, about.
circiter, prep. w. ace, about, nearly.
circum, adv. attd prep. w. ace, about,
around.
circumdo, circumdare, circumdedi,
circumdatus (circum + do), tr.,
surround.
circumicio, ere, circumieci, circum-
iectus (circum + iacio), tr., throw
about, place around.
circumvenio, iri, circumveni, circum-
ventus (circum + venio), tr., come
around, surround,
cis, prep. w. ace, on this side of.
citerior, citerius, hither,
citra, prep. w. ace, on this side of.
civicus, a, um (civis), civic,
civis, is, m. and p., citizen.
civitas, atis (civis), /, citizenship,
state.
clamito, are, avi, atus (clamo, cry
out), tr., cry out, shout.
clamor, oris (clamo, cry out), ;«.,
shouting, cry.
classis, is,/, fleet.
Claudia, ae, /, sister of Appius
Claudius Pulcher.
Claudius, i, w., a Roman family name;
Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul
249 B.C.
claudo, ere, clausi, clausus, shut,
close.
dementia, ae (clemens, mild), /,
kindness, mildness.
cliens, clientis, in, and f, dependent,
vassal.
coepi, coepisse, coeptus sum, def,
began.
272
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
cognosce, ere, cognovl, cognitus
(con + [gjnosco, know), ir., rec-
ognize, learn, discover, ascertain.
cogo, ere, coegi, coactus (con + ag5),
drive together, collect, force, com-
pel.
cohors, cohortis, /, cohort (the tenth
part of a legion).
cohortor, ari, atus sum (con +
hortor), /;-., exhort, encourage.
coUis, is, m., bill.
col5, ere, colui, cultus, tr., cultivate,
worship.
commeatus, iis, m., provisions, sup-
plies.
comminus (con + manus), (ui7'.,
hand to hand.
committo, ere, commisi, commissus
(con + mitto),/;-., commit, intrust ;
join, begin (battle).
commode (commodus, useful), adv.,
advantageously, easily.
commoveo, ere, commovi, commotus
(con + moveo), to move, influence,
disturb.
compar, comparis (con + par), fit-
ting, suitable.
comparo, are, avi, atus (con + paro),
tr., prepare, provide.
compleo, complere, complevi, com-
pletus (con -f ple5, fill), tr., fill up,
complete.
complures, ia, many, very many, a
great many.
comprehendo, ere, comprehend!,
comprehensus (con -)- prehendo,
seize), tr., seize, arrest.
con. See cum.
concede, ere, concessi, concessus
(con + cedo), yield, grant, allow,
permit.
concidS, ere, concidi, — (con +
cado), intr., fall, be killed.
concido, ere, concidi, concisus (con-f-
caedo, slay), tr., cut down, kill.
COncilio, are, avi, atus, /; ., gain, win,
procure.
concilium, i, «., assembly, council.
condemno, are, avi, atus (con -j-
damno), tr., condemn,
condicid, onis (condico, agree), /,
agreement, proposal, terms.
condo, ere, condidi, conditus (con -f
d5, put),/;-., found, establish.
conduce, ere, conduxi, conductus
(con + duco), tr., bring together,
hire.
confero, conferre, contuli, conlatus
(con -1- fer5), /;-., bring together,
gather; se conferre, betake one's
self, go.
confertus, a, um (confercio, crowd),
crowded, dense.
c5nfici6, ere, confeci, confectus
(con + facio), tr., accomplish, fin-
ish, complete, furnish, wear out.
confirmo, are, avi, atus (con +
firmo, strengthen), tr., strengthen,
establish, assure, encourage.
c6nflig5, ere, conflixi, conflictus,
intr., contend, fight.
confugio, ere, confiigi, — , intr., flee.
congressus, us (congredior, meet),
w., meeting.
congruo, ere, congrui, — , intr., agree,
tally.
conicio, ere, conieci, coniectus (con 4-
iaci5), /;-., throw, hurl.
coniungo, ere, coniunxi, coniiinctus
(con + iungo), tr., join.
coniiinx, coniugis (coniungo), /,
wife.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
273
coniuratio, onis (coniuro), /, con-
spiracy.
coniuratus, i (coniuro), m., con-
spirator.
coniurS, are, avi, atus (con -f iuro,
swear), intr., conspire, plot.
conlatus. See confero.
conloco, are, avi, atus (con -f loco,
place), tr., place, put, station.
conloquium, i (conloquor), n., in-
terview, conference.
conloquor, conloqui, conlociitus sum
(con + loquor, speak), intr., speak
together, confer.
Conor, ari, atus sum, /;-., attempt, try.
consanguineus, i (con + sanguis,
blood), m., relative, kinsman.
c6nscrib5, ere, conscripsi, conscrip-
tus (con + scribo), /;-., levy, enroll.
consecro, are, avi, atus (con +
sacro, set apart), tr., consecrate.
consentio, ire, consensi, consensum
(con + sentio, feel), intr., agree,
conspire.
consequor, consequi, consecutus sum
(c5n 4- sequor;, tr , pursue, over-
take, obtain.
conser5, ere, conserui, consertus (con
+ sero, bind), tr., join (battle).
conservo, are, avi, atus (con -|-
servo), tr., keep safe, preserve.
considers, are, avi, atus, consider,
examine, look at closely.
consido, ere, consedi, consessum
(con -I- sido, seat), intr., settle,
take up an abode.
consilium, i (c5nsul5), «., plan, ad-
vice, prudence.
consimilis, e (con -f similis), very
like.
consisto, ere, constiti, — (con +
sisto, place), intr., take a stand,
hold a position, stop.
conspectus, iis (conspicio), w., sight,
view.
cSnspicio, ere, c5nspexi, conspectus
(con -\- specio, look), //-., see, per-
ceive.
constantia, ae (consto, stand), /,
firmness.
constituo, ere, c5nstitui, constitiitus
(con -f statuo), /;•., place, erect,
construct, station, determine, ap-
point.
consuesco, ere, c5nsuevi, consuetus
(con + suesco, be accustomed),
intr., be accustomed.
consuetudo, inis (consuesco),/, cus-
tom, habit.
c5nsul, consulis, m., consul.
consulo, ere, consului, consultus,
ask advice, consult.
contendo, ere, contendi, contentus
(con + tendo), intr., strive, strug-
gle; hasten, hurry ; march.
contentio, onis (contendo), /, con-
test, controversy.
continenter (contineo), adv., con-
tinually, constantly.
contineo, ere, continui, contentus
(con + teneo), tr., hold in, hold
together, restrain, hem in, keep.
contio, 5nis (convenio),/, meeting.
contra, adv. and prep. w. ace, against,
opposite.
contuli. See confero.
c5niibium, i (con + niibo, marry),/,
marriage.
convenio, ire, conveni, conventus
(con + venio), intr., come to-
gether, assemble ; inipers. convenit,
it is fit, agreed.
274
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
converto, ere, converti, conversus
(con + verto), turn (about), change;
signa convertere, face about.
convoco, are, avi, atus (con + voco ),
tr., call together, summon.
coorior, iri, coortus sum (con +
Orior), ind-., rise, break out.
copia, ae, f., supply, abundance; //.,
forces, troops.
Corinthus, i,/, Corinth.
Cornelius, i, m., the name of a Roman
family. See Cossus.
cornu, us, n., horn, flank, wing,
C0r5na, Slq,/., crown.
corpus, corporis, «., body.
corruo, ere, corrui, — (con-|-ru5, fall),
in/r., fall, be slain.
Cossus, 1, m., Aulus Cornelius Cossus,
consul 343 u.c.
cottldianus, a, um (cottidie), daily.
cottidie, i7<h\, daily.
credo, ere, credidi, creditus, /;-., be-
lieve, trust.
cremo, are, avi, atus, /;-., burn.
creo, are, avi, atus, /;., appoint,
choose.
Cretes, Cretum, m. pL, Cretans.
crux, crucis, yi, cross, gallows.
culpo, are, avi, atus (culpa, fault),
tr., blame.
cultus, see colo.
cum, p7-ep. 711. abl., with ; in compo-
sition, con-, CO- ; conj., when, since,
although, because.
Cupidus,a,um(cupi5), desirous, eager.
cupio, ere, cupivi or cupii, cupitus,
tr., wish, desire, be eager for.
ciir, adv., why.
cura, ae,/, care.
Cures, Curium,///., a Sabine town.
curia, ae,/, senate.
cursus, lis (curro, run), tn., course.
curiilis,e (currus, chariot), curule.
ciistodia, ae (custos, guard),/, guard.
custodio, ire, ciistodivi, ciistoditus
(ciistos, guard), tr., watch, guard.
D
damnati5, onis (damno),/, condem-
nation.
damno, are, avi, atus, /;-., condemn,
sentence.
de, prep. w. abl., from, down from;
concerning, in regard to, for; about.
dea, ae, /, goddess.
debe5, ere, debui, debitus (de -f-
habeo), tr., owe ; with inf., ought.
decern, indecL, ten.
decerno, ere, decrevi, decretus (de -f-
cerno, separate), /;-., decide, decree.
decerto, are, avi, atus (de -t- certo,
contend), intr., fight, contend.
Decius, i, w , Piiblius Decius Mus,
consul 340 B.C.
declivis, e ( de -t- clivus, slope), sloping,
decrevi. See decerno.
decurrS, ere, de(cu)curri, decursum
(de -\- curro, run), intr , run down,
hasten down.
deditio, onis (dedo),/, surrender,
dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditus (de -t-
do), tr., give up, surrender.
defends, ere, defendi, defensus, /;-.,
defend; protect.
defensor, oris (defendo), m., de-
fender.
defero, deferre, detuli, delatus (de-1-
fero), /;■., carry off ; bestow, confer.
defici5, ere, defeci, defectus (de -f
faci5, //'. and intr., fail, be lacking.
deinceps, adv., successively, next,
thereafter.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
275
deinde (de + inde), adv., afterwards,
next,
delabor, delabi, delapsus sum (de +
labor), slip, intr., glide or fall down.
delecto, are, avi, atus, tr., please,
delight.
deligo, ere, delegi, delectus (de +
lego, collect), tr., select, choose.
Delphi, orum, m., Delphi.
demitto, ere, demisi, demissus (de +
mitto), tr., send down, let down ;
se demittere, jump.
demonstro, are, avi, atus (de + mon-
stro, show), //-., point out, show,
mention.
denique, adv., at last, finally.
depono, ere, deposui, depositus (de
+ p6n5), /;'., lay down, give up.
depopulor, ari, atus sum (de +
populor), tr., lay waste, ravage,
deprecator, oris (deprecor, mediate),
in., intercessor ; eo deprecatore,
through his mediation.
descends, ere, descend!, descensum
(de + scando, climb), z';//;'., descend.
describe, ere, descripsi, descriptus
(de + scribo), tr., describe.
desisto, ere, destiti, — (de + sisto,
stand), intr., cease, leave off.
desum, deesse, defui, defuturus (de
+ sum), ii2tr., be lacking, fail.
deus, i, ;;/., god.
devinco, ere, devici, devictus (de +
vinco), tr., subdue, conquer.
devove5, ere, devovi, devotus (de +
voveo), tr., vow, devote.
dexter, dextra, dextrum, right ; dex-
tra, ae,/, right hand.
di-. See dis-.
died, ere, dixi, dictus, say, tell, speak ;
impose (a fine).
dies, ei, w. and f., day.
dif&cilis, e (dis + facilis), difficult,
hard.
difficultas, atis (dif&cilis), /, diffi-
culty.
diligenter (diligo, esteem), adv ,
carefully, attentively.
diligentia, ae (diligo, esteem), /,
carefulness, diligence, industry.
dimetior, iri, dimensus sum, tr.,
measure.
dimico, are, avi, atus, intr., fight,
contend.
dimitto, ere, dimisi, dimissus (dis +
mitto), tr., send off, dismiss, let go.
diripio, ere, diripui, direptus (dis +
rapio), tr., lay waste, pillage, ravage.
dis-, di-, insep. neg. prefix, apart, not,
un-.
discedo, ere, discessi, discessum (dis
-j-cedo), i)itr., depart, withdraw,
leave,
discipulus, i (disco), m., pupil.
disc5, ere, dedici, — , tr., learn,
discurro, ere, dis(cu)curri, discursum
(dis -f curro, run), intr., run in dif-
ferent directions,
dissimilis, e (dis -f similis), unlike,
dissimilar.
dissimulo, are, avi, atus (dissimilis),
/;-., conceal, disguise.
distineo, ere, distinui, distentus
(dis -\- teneo),/r., keep apart.
distribuo, ere, distribui, distribiitus
(dis-f tribuo, assign), /;-., distribute,
divide.
diu, adv., long, for a long time ; iomp.
diutius, sup. diiitissime.
Diviciacus, i, w., achief of the Haedui.
divid5, ere, divisi, divisus, tr., divide,
separate.
276
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
do, dare, dedi, datus, /;., give ; poenas
dare, suffer punishment.
doceo, ere, docui, doctus, tr., teach,
inform.
dolose (dolus, trick), adv., craftily,
by trickery.
domesticus, a, um (domus), domes-
tic ; from their own country.
dominus, 1, in., master, lord.
domus, us or i, f., house, home ;
domi, at home ; domum, (to)
home, liomeward.
dono, are, avi, atus (d5num), /;.,
present, give.
d5num, i (do), «., gift.
dubius, a, um, doubtful.
ducenti, ae, a (duo + centum), two
hundred.
duco, ere, diixi, ductus, /;-., lead,
bring.
Duilius, i, w., Gaius Duilius, a Roman
general, victor over the Carthagin-
ians in a naval battle, 260 B.C.
dum, conj., while, until.
Dumnorix, igis, m., brother of the
Haeduan Diviciacus.
duo, duae, duo, two.
duodecim, indecl., twelve.
duodeviginti, indecl., eighteen.
dux, duels (diico), m., guide, leader,
general.
E
e. See ex.
editus, a, um (edo), high, elevated.
edo, edere, edidi, editus (ex + do),
tr., give out, give birth to, bear.
edo, edere or esse, esi, esus, tr., eat.
educo, ere, eduxi, eductus (ex +
diico), tr., lead out, lead.
effero, effere, extuli, elatus (ex +
fero), tr., carry out,
effugio, ere, effiigi, — (ex + fugio),
tr. and intr., escape.
effund5, ere, effudi, effusus (ex +
fundo, pour), /;-., pour forth, spread
out, overflow.
Egeria, ae, /, a nymph reputed to
give revelations to Numa.
egi. See ago.
ego, mei, pers. pron., I.
eius. See is.
eliciS, ere, elicui, elicitus (ex +
lacio, allure), tr., lure forth, bring
out, call down.
eligo, ere, elegi, electus (ex + lego,
choose),/;'., select, pick out, choose.
emigr5, are, avi, atus (ex + migro,
migrate), inlr., emigrate, remove.
enim, conj., for.
eniintio, are, avi, atus (ex + nunti5),
tr., announce, reveal,
eo, ire, ii, itum, intr., go.
eo (is), adv., there, to that place,
thither.
eques, equitis (equus), m., horse-
man ; //., cavalry.
equester, equestris, equestre (eques),
of the cavalry, equestrian.
equitatus, us (eques), m., cavalry,
equus, i, m., horse.
eripio, ere, eripui, ereptus (ex +
rapi5), tr., snatch away, save,
ero, erim, etc. See sum.
eruptio, 5nis (erumpo, break forth),
f.. breaking out, sally,
esse. See sum and edo.
et, conj., and ; at . . . et, both . . . and.
etiam (et + iam), conj., besides,
still, even.
Europa, ae,/, Europe.
evado, ere, evasi, evasus (ex -|- vado,
go), intr., go out, escape.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
277
ex or e, p7-ep. w. abl., out of, from, of ;
una ex parte, on one side ; ex
itinere, on the march.
excogito, are, avi, atus (ex + cogito,
think), tr., think out, contrive.
exeo, exire, exii, exitum (ex + eo),
intr., go out, depart, leave.
exercito, are, avi, atus (exerceo,
train), tr., exercise, train.
exercitus, us (exerceo, train ), w., army.
existimo, are, avi, atus (ex + aes-
timo, consider),/;-., think, suppose,
believe,
expeditus, a, um (expedi5, free), un-
incumbered, without baggage.
expello, ere, expuli, expulsus (ex +
pell5) tr., drive out, expel.
explorator, 5ris (explore), m., scout.
exploro, are, avi, atus, tr., search,
ascertain, reconnoiter.
exp5no, ere, exposui, expositus (ex
+ p5no), tr., expose, abandon.
expositio, onis (expono),/, exposure,
abandonment.
expugn5, are, avi, atus (ex + pugno),
/;'., capture, take by storm, storm.
exspecto, are, avi, atus (ex + specto),
look, wait for, await, expect, wait to
see.
exstinguo, ere, exstinxi, exstinctus
(ex + stingu5, put out), /;-., ex-
tinguish, destroy, kill.
exterus, extera, exterum, outer ;
cojnp. exterior, sup. extremus, last,
end of.
extra, prep. w. ace, outside of, beyond.
extremus. See exterus.
faber, fabri, m., mechanic, workman,
artisan.
fabrico, are, avi, atus (faber), tr.,
make, construct, liuild.
fabula, ae (for, speak),/, story.
facile (facilis), adv., easily ; comp.
facilius, sup. facillime.
facilis, e (facio), easy.
facio, ere, feci, factus, tr., make, do,
form, build ; verba facere, speak.
factum, i (faci5), «., deed.
fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus, tr., deceive;
spem se fefellisse, that they were
disappointed in their hope.
familia, ae (famulus, slave), /,
household, vassals.
fastus,a,um(fas, right), legal, court — .
Faustulus, i, m., the shepherd who
brought up Romulus and Remus.
fefelli. See fallo.
femina, ae, /, woman.
ferax, feracis (fero), fertile, pro-
ductive.
fere, adv., nearly, about, almost.
fero, ferre, tuli, latus, tr., bear, carry;
legem ferre, propose, institute a law.
ferreus, a, um (ferrum, iron), of iron,
iron ; ferreae manus, grappling-
irons.
fertilitas, atis (fertilis, fertile), /,
fertility.
ferus, a, um, fierce, wild, barbarous.
fides, ei (fido, trust), /, faith, con-
fidence, trust ; in fidem venire, put
one's self under the protection of.
fidus, a, um, faithful, loyal.
filia, ae, /, daughter.
filius, i, /«., son.
finis, is, m., limit, end, boundary;
//., territory.
finitimus, a, um (finis), adjoining,
neighboring ; as subst., finitimus, i,
;«., neighbor.
278
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
fio, fieri, factus sum {used as passive
of facio), be made, become ; cer-
tior fieri, be informed.
flamen, flaminis, »i., Flamen, a priest
devoted to the worship of one
special god.
flQmen, fluminis (fluo), «., river.
fluo, ere, flQxi, fluxus, i>itr., flow.
foculus, i {dim. of focus, hearth), ;«.,
fire pan, bra/ier.
f5ns, fontis, w., fountain, spring.
fore = futurum esse.
foret = esset.
forma, ae, f, shape, form,
fors, fortis, /, chance ; forte, by
chance ; forte erat effusus, hap-
pened to have overflowed.
fortis, e, brave.
fortiter (fortis), adv., bravely,
fortiina, ae (fors), f, fortune, good
fortune.
forum, i, w., market place, forum.
fossa, ae(fodi6, dig),/, ditch, trench.
frater, fratris, tn., brother.
friimentarius, a, um (friimentum),
of grain ; res frumentaria, supplies
of grain, provisions.
friimentum, i (fruor), «., grain,
fruor, frui, friictus sum, tr., enjoy.
fuga, ae, /, flight ; in fugam dare,
put to flight.
fugio, ere, fiigi, — ,intr., flee, run
away.
fulmen, inis (fulgeo, flash), «.,
thunderbolt, lightning.
fumus, T, m., smoke.
fUnale, is (fiinis, cord), w., torch.
funditor, oris (funda, sling), m.,
slinger.
furor, oris (furo, rage), w., rage,
madness.
furtum, i (fiir, thief), ;;., theft,
f uturus. See sum.
G. = Gaius, i, w., a Roman name.
Galba, ae, w.: (1) ^ lieutenant ot
Caesar ; (2) a king of the Sues-
siones.
Gallia, ae, /, Gaul,
Gallus, a, um, Gallic ; as snhst.,
Gallus, i, m., a Gaul.
Garumna. ae, /, a river of Gaul,
modern Garonne.
Gaurus, i, w., a mountain of Cam-
pania.
geminus, a, um, twin, two-headed ; as
subst., gemini, orum, in. pL, twins.
Genava, ae,/, a city of the Allobroges,
modern Geneva.
gener, generi, w., son-in-law.
gens, gentis (gigno, bear), /, tribe,
nation, race.
genus, generis (gens), ;/., kind, class.
Germanus, i, w , (German.
gero, ere, gessi, gestus, tr. , bear, carry,
carry on, wage ; pass, go on, take
place ; matrem se gessit, bore her-
self or acted as a mother.
gladius, i, m., sword.
gracilis, e, slender.
Graecia, ae, /, Greece.
Graecus, i, ///., Greek.
gratia, ae (gratus), /, favor, in-
fluence; kindness; gratia, w. ^£'«.,
for the sake of, for the purpose of.
gratulor, ari, atus sum (gratus), /;-.,
congratulate.
gratus, a, um, pleasing, acceptable,
agreeable.
gravis, e, heavy, hard.
graviter (gravis ), adv., severely.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
279
H
habe5, ere, habul, habitus, tr., have,
hold ; consult (auspicia).
Haeduus, i, m., Haeduan.
Hannibal, alis, ;«. : (i) a Cartha-
ginian commander defeated by
Duilius; (2) a Carthaginian general,
son of Hamilcar, 247-183 B.C., de-
feated by Scipio at Zama, 202 B.C.
hasta, ae, yr, spear.
baud, adv., not.
Helvetius, a, um, Helvetian ; as suhst.,
Helvetii, orum, m. pL, Helvetians.
hiberna, ae (hiems), ;/. //., winter
quarters.
hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this; the
latter; he, she, it.
hiem5, are, avi, atus (hiems), inir.,
winter, pass the winter.
hiems, hiemis, /, winter.
hinc (hie), adv., hence; hine . . .
hine, in one place ... in another,
here . . . there.
Hispania, ae,/, Spain.
hodie (hie -f dies), adv., to-day.
homo, hominis, m, and f., man, human
being.
honor, 5ris, ;«., honor.
hora, ae,/, hour.
hortor, ari, atus sum, tr., urge, en-
courage.
hortus, 1, 1)1., garden.
hospes, hospitis, m. and f., guest,
host.
Hostilius, i, tn., the name of a Roman
family; Hostus Hostilius, a general
in the time of Romulus ; Tullus
Hostilius, third king of Rome.
hostis, is, VI., enemy.
Hostus. See Hostilius.
hiic (hie), adv., hither, to this place.
humilis, e (humus), low.
humus, i, /, ground; humi, on the
ground.
I
iacio, ere, ieci, iactus, tr., throw,
hurl; construct (aggerem).
iactito, are, — , — (iaeto, boast), intr.,
boast, brag.
iam, adz.^., now, already, soon.
laniculum, i, w., one of the hills of
Rome, west of the Tiber.
lanuarius, i (lanus), w., January.
lanus, i, jn., Janus, an old Latin divin-
ity, represented with two faces.
ibi, adv., there, in that place.
lecius, i, in., one of the Remi.
idem, eadem, idem (is + dem), dem.
pron. and adj., the same.
identidem, adv., again and again.
idoneus, a, um, suitable, fit.
idiis, iduum,///., the Ides (15th of
March, May, July, and October, 13th
of the other months),
ignis, is, m., fire.
ignominia, ae,/, dishonor, disgrace.
ignord, are, avi, atus (ignarus, igno-
rant), tr., not to know.
ille, ilia, illud, de/n. pron. and adj.,
that; he, she, it; the former.
imago, inis, /, likeness, semblance.
imbellis, e (in neg. -f bellum), un-
warlike, cowardly.
imbuo, ere, imbui, imbutus, /;., wet;
inspire.
immineo, ere, imminui, -, intr.,
overhang.
immitto, ere, immisi, immissus (in
-f mitto), /;'., send into, let into,
hurl.
impedimentum, i (impedio), «., hin-
drance; //., baggage.
28o
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
impedio, ire, impedivl, impeditus
(in + pes), tr., entangle, hinder,
impede.
impell5, ere, impuli, impulsus (in +
pello), /;'., urge, impel, incite.
impended, ere, — , — (in + pendeo,
hang), intr., overhang.
imperator, oris (impero), m., com-
mander, commander in chief, gen-
eral.
imperatum, i (impero), «., order,
command.
imperium, i (imper5), «., order, com-
mand, power, government, rule;
nova imperia, revolution.
impero, are, avi, atus (in -i- paro),
/;-., command, order, rule.
impetro, are, avi, atus, /;-., obtain,
secure, gain.
impetus, iis (impet5, attack), m.,
assault, attack, onset.
impius, a, um (in neg. 4- pius, rever-
ent), wicked, impious.
impono, ere, imposui, impositus (in
-fpono), tr., place in.
improvisus, a, um (in neg. -f pro-
visus, foreseen), sudden ; de im-
provis5, unexpectedly, suddenly.
imus. See inferus.
in-, negative inseparable prefix, un-,
not.
in, prep. w. ace, and abl.; %v. ace,
into, against, toward, forward ; w.
abl., in, on, upon, over.
incendo, ere, incendi, incensus (in -\-
candeo, glow), tr., set fire to, burn.
incido, ere, incidi, — (in -h cado),
intr., occur.
incito, are, avi, atus (in -|- cito, move
swiftly), /;-. , urge on, incite, encour-
age, arouse, rouse.
incline, are, avi, atus, tr. and intr.,
bend, incline, yield.
inclutus, a, um, famous.
incola, ae (incolo), w. and yi, inhab-
itant.
incolo, ere, incolui, — , tr., dwell,
live.
incolumis, e, unharmed, safe.
incredibilis, e (in «^^. -f- credibilis,
believable), incredilile.
increpito, are, avi, atus (increp5),
//-., exclaim, upbraid, taunt.
increpo, are, increpui, increpitus,
sound, scold, exclaim.
inciiso, are, avi, atus (in -h causa),
tr., accuse, blame.
inde, adv., thence, thereupon, then.
index, indicis (indico), m., sign,
mark.
indicium, i (indico), v., information ;
per indicium, by informers.
indico, are, avi, atus (in -f- dico, de-
clare), tr., announce, reveal.
indico, ere, indixi, indictus (in -f
dico), tr., proclaim, announce, ap-
point.
infelix, infelicis (in m^^. -f felix,
happy), unhappy, ill-fated.
inferior. See inferus.
infero, inferre, intuli, inlatus (in -f
fero), tr., carry in, bring in ; se
inferre, betake one's self; signa
inferre, charge.
inferus, a, um, below ; comp. infe-
rior, lower, inferior ; sup. infimus
or imus, lowest, bottom of, foot of,
at the foot of.
infesto, are, avi, atus (infestus), /;-.,
annoy.
infestus, a, um, hostile.
infimus. See inferus.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
281
influo, ere, influxi, influxus (in +
fluo), itttr,, flow into, empty into.
ingens, ingentis, huge, vast.
ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum
(in + gradior, go), intr., go into,
enter.
inici5, ere, inieci, iniectus (in +
iaci5), tr., put in.
inimicus, a, um (in Wf-^. + amicus),
hostile.
iniquus, a, um (in neg. -f aequus),
unfavorable, disadvantageous.
initium, i (ineo, begin), n., begin-
ning.
iniuria, &&,/., injury, violence.
inopia, ae (inops, without means),/,
want, lack.
inquam, def., say.
inrided, ere, inrisi, inrisus (in +
rideo, laugh), tr, laugh at, jeer,
ridicule.
insanus, a, um (in jieg. + sanus,
sound), mad.
insequor, insequi, inseciitus sum (in
+ sequor), /;-., follow, pursue.
insidiae, arum (insidio, sit in), / //.,
ambush, treachery.
insideo, ere, insedi, insessus (in +
sedeo), tr., occupy.
insidior, ari, atus sum (insidiae),
tr., lie in wait for, ambush.
insignis, e (signum), remarkable,
distinguished.
msilio, ire, insilul, insultus (in +
salio, leap), //-., leap on.
Instar, «. indecL, likeness ; instar
muri, like a wall.
instituo, ere, institui, institutus (in
+ statuo), tr., form, estabhsh.
institiitum, i (instituo), «., purpose,
custom, institution.
instruo, ere, instruxT, instructus (in
+ struo, build), /;., arrange, draw
up, fuim.
insula, ae, /, island.
insum, inesse, infui, infuturus (in +
sum), intr., be in, be among.
intellego, ere, intellexi, intellectus
(inter + leg5), tr., learn, perceive,
know.
intempestus, a, um (in neg. 4-
tempus), stormy.
inter, prep. iv. ace, between, among,
during ; dare inter se, exchange ;
cohortati inter se, encouraging one
another.
intercedo, ere, intercessi, intercessus
(inter + cedo), intr., lie between,
intervene.
interea (inter + is), adv., meantime,
meanwhile,
interficio, ere, interfeci, interfectus
(inter + facio), tr., kill.
interim, adv., meanwhile,
interior, interius (inter), inner, inte-
rior of ; sup. intimus.
interscindo, ere, interscidi, inter-
scissus (inter + scindo, break
down), /;., cut down, destroy.
intersum, interesse, interfui, inter-
futurus (inter + sum), intr., be
among, be present.
intimus. See interior,
intra (inter), prep. w. ace, in, dur-
ing,
intro, are, avi, atus, tr., enter,
introduce, ere, intrdduxi, introductus
(intro, within + diico), //'., lead in.
introrsus (intro, within + versus),
adv., inside, within.
intuli. See infero.
inutilis, e (in neg. + utilis), useless.
282
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
invenio, ire, inveni, inventus (in -j-
venio), Ir. and intr., come upon,
find.
inveterasco.are, inveteravi, invetera-
tus (in + veterasco, grow old),
intr., become established.
invictus, a, um (in wt-^. + vinco),
unconquered.
invitus, a, um, unwilling.
lovi. See luppiter.
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, deter m. proit., self,
himself, herself, itself ; he, she, it;
very ; even.
iratus, a, um (irascor, be angry),
angered, in anger.
is, ea, id, determ. pron. and adj., he,
she, it ; this, that ; is qui, he (one,
a man) who.
iste, ista, istud, detenu, pron. and
adj., that (of yours).
ita (is), adv., thus, so.
Italia, ae,/, Italy.
itaque {\&),conj., and so, accordingly,
therefore.
item (is), adv., likewise, also.
iter, itineris, «., journey, march ;
road, way ; iter facere, march ;
ex itinere, on the march ; magnum
iter, forced march.
iterum, adv., again, a second time.
itum, iturus. See eo.
iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus, tr., order,
bid, command.
iudicium, i (iudex, judge), «., judg-
ment, trial.
iiidic5, are, avi, atus (iudex, judge),
tr., judge.
iugum, i (iungo), «., yoke; sub
iugum mittere, send under the
yoke (jnade of spears crossed, in
token of complete surrender).
iumentum, i (iungo), «., pack animal,
iungo, ere, iunxi, iunctus, /;-., join,
fasten together.
iiinior, comp. (/iuvenis.
luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter, chief of
the Roman gods.
liira, ae,/, the Jura Mountains, reach-
ing from the Rhine to the Rhone.
iiisiurandum, iurisiiirandi (ius, law
+ iuro, swear), ;/., oath.
iustitia, ae (iustus, just), /, justice,
uprightness.
iuvenis, e, young ; comp. iunior ; as
subst. iuvenis, is, m., young man,
youth.
iuvo, are, iiivi, iiitus, tr., help, aid.
Labienus, i, m., one of Caesar's lieu-
tenants.
labor, oris, w., labor, work.
lab5ro, are, avi, atus (labor), intr.,
work, toil, suffer, he hard pressed.
Iacess5, ere, lacessivi, lacessitus,
tr., attack, harass.
lacus, us, m., lake.
laetus, a, um, glad.
laevus, a, um, left.
lapis, lapidis, m., stone.
largitio, onis (largior, lavish),/, lib-
erality ; bribery.
Iate5, ere, latui, — , i)i(r., be con-
cealed, lie hid.
Latinus, a, um, Latin.
latitude, inis (latus), /", width,
breadth.
Latobrigl, orum, tn. pi., a Gallic tribe
near the Helvetii.
latro, onis, m., robber, brigand.
latus, a, um, broad, wide.
latus. See fer5.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
283
latus, lateris, ;;., side, flank.
laudo, are, avi, atus (laus, praise),
tr., praise, commend.
legatio, onis (lego, commission), /.,
embassy, deputation.
legatus, i (lego, commission), /;/., am-
bassador, envoy; lieutenant.
legio, onis (lego),/, legion.
Ieg5, ere, lexi, lectus, tr., choose.
Lemannus, i, lacus Lemannus, Lake
of Geneva.
lenis, e, smooth, gentle.
levitas, atis (levis, light), /, light-
ness, fickleness.
lex, legis (lego),/, law; legem ferre,
propose, establish a law.
liber, libri, w., liook.
liber, libera, liberum, free; as subst.
liberi, orum. ni.pL, chil'lren.
libero, are, avi, atus (liber), /;-., lib-
erate, free.
libertas, atis (liber), /, freedom,
liberty.
licet, licere, licuit, impers., it is
allowed, permitted.
lineamentum, i (linea, line), m.,
feature.
littera, ae (lino, smear),/, letter (of
the alphabet) ; //., letters (epistles),
documents.
locus, i, 7)1.; pi., loci and\QC&, place,
position.
longe (longus), adv., far, far off.
longus, a, um, long, distant.
lucus, i. III., grove.
ludibrium, i (liidus), ;/., jest, mock-
ery.
ludicer, liidicra, liidicrum (liidus),
sportive, playful.
liidus, i, m., play, sport, game.
luna, ae, y^ moon.
lupa, ae,/, she-wolf.
lustro, are, avi, atus, tr., purify; re-
view, inspect.
liix, liicis, /, light, daylight; prima
liice, at daybreak.
luxuria, ae, /., excess, luxury.
M
machina, ae,/, engine, contrivance,
magis {fotiip. ^/multum), adv., more,
rather.
magister, magistri, m., master,
teacher.
magistratus, us (magister), w., mag-
istrate, officer.
magnitiid5, inis (magnus), /, size,
greatness.
magnopere (magnus + opus), adv.,
very greatly.
magnus, a, um, large, great; comp.
maior, sitp. maximus; maior na-
tu, older; maximus natu, oldest.
maior. See magnus.
male (malus), adv., badly; comp.
peius, sup. pessime.
malo, malle, malui (magis -f vol5),
tr. and intr., be more willing, prefer,
malus, a, um, bad, evil, wicked ; comp.
peior, sup. pessimus.
Mamurius, i, w., a Roman smith in
the time of Nunia.
mandatum, i (mando), «., order,
command.
mando, are, avi, atus, tr., order,
command.
maneo, ere, mansT, mansiirus, intr.,
remain, stay.
Manes, ium, m. pi., the Manes, shades
of the dead.
Manlius, i, m., Titus Manlius Tor-
quatus, consul 343 B.C.
284
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
mansuetudo, inis (mansuetus, tame),
f., mildness, clemency.
manus, us, /, hand, band; manus
ferreae, grappling irons.
Marcus, i, m., a Roman name.
mare, maris, «., sea; mari, by sea.
maritimus, a, um (mare), of the sea,
maritime.
Mars, Martis, w., Mars, the Roman
god of war.
mater, matris, /, mother; matrem
se gessit, bore herself, acted like, a
mother.
matrimonium, 1 (mater), ;/., mar-
riage; in matrim5nium ducere,
marry,
maturo, are, avi, atus, /////., hasten,
hurry.
maxime (maximus), adv., very
greatly, es])ecially.
maximus. .S'^v magnus.
Maximus, i, w., a Roman cognomen.
See Valerius.
me, mel. See ego.
medius, a, um, middle; per medias
custodes, through the midst of the
guards; quem medium, the middle
of which.
melior. See bonus,
melius. See bene,
memoria, ae,/, memory.
mens, mentis, /, mind.
mensa, ae, /, table.
mensis, is, m., month.
mercator, oris (mercor, trade), m.,
trader, merchant.
Mercurius, i, m.. Mercury, god of
trade, and messenger of the gods,
mergo, ere, mersi,mersus,/'/-., dip, sink,
metus, lis, m., fear, terror.
meus, a, um, pass, adj., my, mine.
mihi. See ego.
miles, militis, w., soldier.
militaris, e (miles), military.
mille, indecl. adj. and noun, thou-
sand; //. millia, always noun;
mille passiis, mille passuum, a
Roman mile.
minime (minimus). See -^dSMVi.
minimus, a, um {iised as sup. of
parvus), smallest, least.
minor, minus {see parvus), smaller,
less ; minor natii, younger.
minus {used as coutp. (?/"parum), adv.,
less ; nihilo minus, nevertheless ;
si minus, if not.
mirabilis, e (miror, wonder), won-
derful.
miraculum, i (miror, wonder), n.,
wonder, prodigy.
mirus, a, um, wonderful, surprising.
miser, misera, miserum, wretched,
poor.
misere (miser), adv., wretchedly.
mitigo, are, avi, atus (mitis, mild
+ ago), //'., soften, civilize.
mitto, ere, misi, missus, tr., send, hurl.
mobilitas, atis (mobilis, change-
able), f., fickleness.
moenia, moenium, n. pi., walls, for-
tifications.
moneo, ere, monui, monitus, tr.,
warn, advise.
monitus, us (mone5), m., warning,
counsel, suggestion.
mons, montis, ;«., mountain.
mora, ae, /, delay.
morbus, i, m., sickness, illness ; morbo
exstinctus, died a natural death.
morior, mori, mortuus sum, inh-., die.
moror, ari, atus sum (mora), intr.,
delay, hinder.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
285
mors, mortis, /, death.
m5s, m5ris, m., custom, habit.
moveo, ere, movi, motus, tr., move,
influence; castra movere, break
camp.
mox, adv., soon.
Mucius, i, in., the name of a Roman
family ; Gaius Mucius Scaevola,
a Roman who attempted to kill
Porsena.
Miicius, a, urn (Mucius), Mucian.
mulier, mulieris, /, woman, wife.
multa, ae, /, tine, penalty.
multitiido, inis (multus), /, num-
bers, multitude.
multo {abl. <?/ multus), adv., much.
multum (multus), adv., much,
greatly.
multus, a, um, much ; //., many ;
multa nocte, late at night ; ad
multam noctem, till late at night.
Munatius, i, m., Lucius Munatius
Plancus, one of Caesar's lieutenants.
miinimentum, i (munio), n., defense,
fortification.
miinio, ire, miinivi or munii, muni-
tus, ir., fortify, defend.
munitio, onis (munio), /, forti-
fication.
miinus, eris, «., gift, reward.
murus, i, m., wall.
N
nactus. See nanciscor.
nam, conj., for.
nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, tr.,
get, obtain.
nascor, nasci, natus sum, intr., be
born, be produced ; rise.
natio, 5nis (nascor), /, nation, tribe,
people.
natii (nascor), in age; maior natu,
older ; minor natu, younger.
natiira, ae (nascor), /, nature,
character.
nauta, ae (navis), m., sailor.
navalis, e (navis), of ships, naval.
navis, is, /, ship.
-ne, enclitic, sign of an interrogative.
ne, conj., not, so that not, lest ; after
verbs of fearing, that.
neco, are, avi, atus (nex) tr., kill,
put to death.
nefastus, a, um (nefas, crime), un-
hallowed ; unpropitious ; dies ne-
fastus, a day on which public busi-
ness could not be transacted.
nego, are, avi, atus, tr. and intr.,
deny, say . . . not.
negotium, i, ;/., business, affair; quic-
quam negoti, any trouble.
nemo, neminem (ne + homo), m.
and f., no one, nobody.
nemus, nemoris, ;/., grove.
nepos, nepotis, m., grandson, de-
scendant.
neque, nee, conj., and not, but not;
neque . . . neque, neither . . . nor.
Nervii, orum, m., a powerful tribe of
Belgic Gaul.
neuter, neutra, neutrum (ne -\- uter),
neither (of two).
nex, necis, /, death, murder.
niger, nigra, nigrum, black.
nihil, indecl. «., nothing.
nihilo, adv., in no respect ; nihilo
minus, nevertheless.
nisi (ne -f- si), conj., if not, unless,
except.
n5bilis, e (nosco, know), noble.
nobilitas, atis (nobilis), f., nobility,
nobles,
286
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
noceo, ere, nocui, nociturus, /;-., hurt,
injure, harm.
nocturnus, a, um (nox), by night, in
the night.
n51o, nolle, nolui (ne + volo), tr. and
intr., not to wish, Ije unwilling ;
nolite, IV. infin., do not.
nomen, n5minis (nosco, know), ;/.,
name.
nomino, are, avi, atus (nomen), /;-.,
name, call.
n5n, adv., not.
nondum, adv., not yet.
nonnullus, a, um (non + nullus),
some, several.
N5reia, ae, /, a town of the Xorici,
modern Neumarkt.
Noricus, a, um, Norican ; ager N5ri-
CUS, a couiitry between the l)anul)e
and the Alps.
n5s, nostrum, pers. pron., we, our-
selves.
noster, nostra, nostrum (nos), poss.
adj., our, ours ; //., nostri, orum,
our men, our troops,
novem, indecl., nine.
Noviodunum, i, n., a town of the
Suessiones.
novus, a, um, news ; novissimum,
last ; novissimum agmen, the rear.
nox, noctis, y;, night; multa.nocte,
late at night; ad multam noctem,
till late at night.
nQdo, are, avi, atus (nudus, bare),
tr., make bare, clear.
nullus, a, um (ne + ullus), no, not
any, none, no one.
num, interrog. particle, implying the
answer ' no.'
Numa, ae, m. See Pompilius.
Humerus, i, m., number.
Numida, ae, w., Xumidian.
Numitor, oris, w., king of Alba Longa,
grandfather of Komulus and Remus.
numquam (ne + umquam, ever),
adv., never,
nunc, adv., now.
niinti5, are, avi, atus (niintius), /;-.,
report, announce.
niintius, i, m., messenger.
nuper, adv., recently, lately.
niisquam (ne + usquam, anywhere),
adv., nowhere, on no occasion.
0
Ob, prep. 70. ace, for, on account of,
because of.
obaeratus, i (ob + aes, money), w.,
debtor.
obduco, ere, obdiixi, obductus (ob +
diiCO),/V-., extend, make.
obruo, ere, obrui, obrutus (ob + ru5,
rush), /r., overwhelm, bury, crush.
Obses, obsidis (obsideo), w., hostage,
pledge.
obside5, ere, obsedi, obsessus (ob +
sedeo), tr., besiege.
obtineo, ere, obtinui, obtentus (ob +
teneo), tr., pussess, obtain, retain.
obvenio, ire, obveni, obventum (ob +
venio), intr., come to, meet, come.
obsum, obesse, obfui, obfutiirus (ob
+ sum), be against, injure.
occasus, iis (occido, fall), ///., setting
(of the sun).
occid5, ere, occidi, occisus (ob -f-
Caedo, cut down), /;-., cut down,
kill, slay.
occultus, a, um, hidden; in occultd,
concealed.
occupo, are, avi, atus (ob + capio),
tr., take possession of, seize, occupy.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
287
Oceanus, 1, w., ocean.
Ocelum, i, ;/., a town of Cisalpine
Gaul.
OCtO, indecl., eight.
OCUlus, i, m , eye.
odium, i (odi, hate), n., hatred, en-
mity.
omnino (omnis), adv., altogether, at
all.
omnis, e, all, every, whole.
opinio, onis (opinor, think),/, notion,
belief, impression.
oportet, oportere, oportuit, impers.,
it is necessary, it is proper.
oppidanus, i (oppidum), m., inhab-
itant of a town, townsman.
oppidum, i, «., walled town.
opprimo, ere, oppressi, oppressus (ob
+ premo, press),/;-., crush, fall upon.
oppugnati5, onis (oppugno), /, as-
sault, storm, siege.
oppugno, are, avi, atus (ob-f pugno),
tr., attack, besiege.
ops, opis, /, aid; //., resources,
wealth,
optime (optimus), best, excellently.
See bene.
optimus, a, um, sup. (?/bonus.
optio, onis (opt6),y:, choice.
opus, operis, «., work, labor, fortifica-
tion.
opto, are, avi, atus, wish, choose.
oratid, 5nis (6r5),/, speech, words.
ordino, are, avi, atus (5rdo), /;.,
arrange, regulate.
5rd6, 5rdinis, m., line, rank.
Orgetorix, igis, ;«., a chief of the
Helvetii.
orior, oriri, ortus sum, intr., rise.
ornatus, us (orno, adorn), in., attire,
decoration.
oro, are, avi, atus (5s), tr., beseech,
beg.
ortus. See orior.
OS, oris, «., mouth, face.
P. = Publius.
paco, are, avi, atus (pax), tr., pacify,
subdue.
paene, ad7<., almost, nearly.
palam, adv., openly, publicly.
paliis, udis,y', marsh, swamp.
pando, ere, pandi, passus, /;-., spread
out ; passis manibus, with out-
stretched hands.
par, paris, equal (to).
paratus, a, um (paro), prepared,
ready.
pareo, ere, parui, paritiirus, intr.
IV. dat., obey.
paro, are, avi, atus, tr., prepare, pro-
vide.
pars, partis,/, part, side, direction.
parum, adv., little ; comp. minus ;
Slip, minime.
parvulus, a, um (parvus), very little ;
as subst. parvulus, i, m., little fellow.
parvus, a, um, little, small; cotnp.
minor; sup. minimus.
passus. .W pando <7«(/patior.
passus, lis, m., pace ; mille passiis,
mille passuum, a mile.
pastor, oris (pasco, feed), m., shep-
herd.
pateo, ere, patui, — , intr., be open,
extend.
pater, patris, m., father.
patior, pati, passus sum, tr., suffer,
allow, endure.
patria, ae (patrius),/, country, native
land.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
patrius, a, um (pater), ancestral.
pauci, orum, few,
paulisper, adv., for a short time,
paululum (paulus, small), adv., a
little, somewhat.
pax, pacis, /, peace.
pecc5, are, avi, atus, intr., transgress,
offend.
pecunia, ae (pecus),/, money.
pecus, pecoris, ;/., cattle, herd.
pedes, peditis (pes), ;«., foot soldier;
//., infantry.
Pedius, i, ;;/., Quintus Pedius, one of
Caesar's lieutenants.
peior, comp. of malus.
peius, comp. of male,
pellc, ere, pepuli, pulsus, tr., drive
out, expel, rout, conquer.
per, prep. w. ace, through, over, by,
by means of.
peragro, are, avi, atus (per + ager),
/;■., wanilcr through, roam over.
perdiic5, ere, perdiixi, perductus
(per+ duco), /r., lead, lead through,
construct.
perennis, e (per + annus), perpetual,
never failing.
perfici5, ere, perfeci, perfectus
(per + facio), tr., accomplish, fin-
ish, complete.
perfidus, a, um (per-f fidus), faith-
less, treacherous.
periclitor, ari, atus sum, tr., make
trial of, try.
periculum, i, n., danger.
peritus, a, um, skillful.
permitto, ere, per misi, permissus (per
-f mitt5), tr., give up, intrust, permit.
permoveo, ere, permovi, permotus
(per + moveo), tr., move, arouse,
influence, alarm.
perpetuo (perpetuus, continuous),
ad7'., continually, forever.
perrumpo, ere, perrupi, perruptus
(per + rumpo, break), tr., break
through.
perspicio, ere, perspexi, perspectus
(per + specio, see), tr., see through.
persuadeo, ere, persuasi, persuasus
(per + suadeo, persuade), /;-. 7^.
dat., persuade, prevail on.
pertineo, ere, pertinui, — (per +
tene5), intr., extend, pertain, relate.
pertractus. See pertrahS.
pertrah5, ere, pertraxi, pertractus
(per + traho), tr., drag, lead.
pervenio, ire, perveni, perventus (per
+ venio), intr., arrive at, reach.
pes, pedis, m., foot.
pessime, sup. of male.
pessimus, sup. of malus.
peto, ere, petivi or petii, petitus, tr.,
aim at, seek, ask, demand, request.
pietas, atis (pius, pious), /., devo-
tion, loyalty.
piger, pigra, pigrum, slow, lazy.
pignus, pignoris, «., pledge, assur-
ance.
pilum, i, n., javelin.
pirus, i, /, pear tree.
Plancus, i. See Miinatius.
planities, ei (planus, flat), / plain,
level ground.
plebes, ei, or plebs, plebis, /, com-
mon people.
plerusque, pleraque, plerumque,
most, very many.
pliirimus, a, um {^sup. of multus),
most, very many ; plurimum posse,
be very powerful, have most in-
fluence, be supreme.
plus, comp. c/multum.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
289
plus, pluris {comp. o/multus), more;
//., several, more.
poculum, i, n., drinking cup.
poena, ae, f., punishment, penalty;
poenas dare, suffer punishment.
Poeni, orum, m. p!., Carthaginians.
polliceor, eri, poUicitus sum, promise.
Pompeius, i, w., Pompey.
Pompilius, i, tn., Numa Pompilius,
second king of Rome.
pono, ere, posui, positus, /;., place,
put, pitch (a camp).
pons, pontis, /, bridge.
popOSCl. See pOSCO.
populor, ari, atus sum (populus),
ti'., ravage, lay waste.
populus, T, m., people.
Porsena, ae, /., king of Clusium in
Etruria.
porta, ae, /, gate.
porto, are, avi, atus, tr., carry,
bring,
portus, us, m., port, harbor.
posco, ere, poposci, — , /;., ask, de-
mand.
possideo, ere, possedi, — , tr., hold,
occupy.
possum, posse, potui, — , be able,
can ; plurimum posse, be very
powerful.
post, adv., afterwards, later.
post, prep. 7U. ace, after, behind.
postea (post + is), adv., afterwards.
posterus, a, um, following, next ;
comp. posterior; sup. postremus.
postquam (post + quam), conj.,
after.
postridie (posterus + dies), ad<>., on
the following day.
postulo, are, avi, atus, tr., demand,
ask.
potens, potentis {pres. part, of
possum), powerful, able.
potentatus, lis (potens), m., supreme
power, rule.
potestas, atis (potis, able),/, power,
authority, privilege.
potior, potiri, potitus sum (potis,
able), w. ahl., get possession of.
prae, prep. w. ad/., before.
praebeo, ere, praebui, praebitus
(prae + habeo), /;-., furnish, sup-
ply.
praecino, ere, praecinui, — (prae +
cano, sing), tr., play before.
praeda, ae,y;, booty, spoil.
praeficio, ere, praefeci, pracfectus
(prae + facio), tr., set over, put
in charge of.
praeliiceo, ere.-praeliixi, — (prae +
luceo, shine), 2>ttr., shine before.
praemitto, ere, praemisi, praemissus
(prae -f mitto), tr., send ahead,
dispatch.
praemium, i, n., reward.
praescribo, ere, praescripsi, prae-
scriptus (prae + scnhb),tr., direct,
order.
praesidium, i (praesideS, defend),
«., guard, defense, garrison.
praesto, praestare, praestiti, prae-
stitus (prae + sto, stand), /;//;•.,
stand before, surpass, excel; tr.,
show.
praesum, praeesse, praefui, praefu-
tiirus (prae + sum), /;//;-., be at
head of, be in charge of, command.
praeterea (praeter, beyond + is),
adv., besides.
praeveni5, ire, praeveni, praeventus
(prae + venio), tr., come before,
outstrip, forestall.
ESSEN. OF LATIN IQ
290
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
pratum, i, «., field, meadow.
primd (primus), adv., at first,
primum (primus), adv., at first;
quam primum, as soon as possible.
primus, a, um, first; prima liice, at
daybreak; primus devicit, was the
first to conquer.
princeps, principis (primus +
capi5), in., chief, leader, author.
prior, prius (pro), former, previous,
priusquam (prius, sooner + quam),
couj., before, sooner than.
privatus, a, um (privo, deprive),
private.
pr5, prep. 7V. ad/., before, in front of,
for, in behalf of, in proportion to,
in place of ; row/, prior ; jzc/. pri-
mus.
Proca, ae, "/., a king of Allia Longa.
proced5, ere, processi, pr5cessum
(pro + cedo), ni/r., go forward,
proceed, advance,
procul, adv., far off, from afar,
procuro, are, avi, atus (pr5 + ciiro),
/;-., take care of, attend to ; avert.
proditio, onis (prod5, betray), /,
treachery, treason.
proelium, i, «., battle.
profecti5, onis (proficiscor), /, set-
ting forth, departure.
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum
(proficio, advance), /;//;-., set out,
go, march.
profugio, ere, profugi, — (pr5 +
fugio), /;//;■., flee, escape.
pr5gredior, progredi, progressus sum
(pr5 + gradior, go), i/itr., proceed,
advance.
prohibeo, ere, prohibui, prohibitus
(pro + habeo), /r., keep (away)
from, prevent.
proicio, ere, proieci, proiectus (pr5
+ iacio), //'., throw forth, abandon.
promittd, ere, promisi, promissus
(pro + mitto), /r., promise.
prope, ad?'., near, nearly; ay///, pro-
pior ; sup. proximus.
propero, are, avi, atus, htir., hasten.
propinquitas, atis (propinquus,
near),yC, nearness, relationship.
propior, propius (prope), nearer.
propius {covip. of prope), adv. and
prep. w. ace, nearer.
propono, ere, proposui, propositus
(pr5 + pono), tr., set forth, declare,
propose.
propter, prep. w. ace, on account of.
pr5sum, prodesse, profui, profutii-
rus (pro + sum), in/r., be of serv-
ice or use to, benefit.
protinus, adv., ahead, directly.
proturbo, are, avi, atus (pr5 + turbo,
confuse), /;-., drive away, dislodge,
repulse.
provincia, ae,/., province.
provold, are, avi, — (pro + volo),
inir., fly fiirth, rush out.
proxime (proximus), adv., last, re-
cently.
proximus, a, um (prope), nearest,
next; in proximo, near by.
prudens, prudentis (pr5 -f videns),
foreseeing, wise.
prudenter (priidens), adv., wisely,
piiblicus, a, um (populus), public;
res piiblica, the state, republic.
Piiblius, i, w., a Roman name.
pudor, oris, m., sense of shame,
honor,
puella, ae (puer),/, girl.
puer, pueri, w., boy.
pugna, ae, /, fight, battle.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
291
pugn5, are, avi, atus (pugnus, fist),
intr., tight; pugnatum est, they
fought.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beauti-
ful, pretty.
Pulcher, Pulchri, ;«., P. Claudius
Pulcher, consul 249 B.C.
pulchre (pulcher), adv., beautifully.
pullarius, i (pullus), w., keeper of the
sacred chickens.
pullus, i, m., chicken.
pulsus. See pello.
Punicus, a, um, Punic, Phoenician,
Carthaginian.
punio, ire, punivi, punitus (poena),
tr., punish.
Pyrenaeus, a, um, (of the) Pyrenees.
quadraginta, indecL, forty,
quadringenti, ae, a, four hundred.
quaero, ere, quaesivi, quaesitus, to
seek, ask.
quam, than ; ivith a sup., as possible,
possible.
quantus, a, um, how great, as.
quare (quae + res), adv., for which
reason, therefore.
quasi (quam + si), adv., on the
ground that, because.
quattuor, indecL, four.
-que, enclitic conj., and.
qui, quae, quod, re/, proii., who,
which, what, that; quam ob rem,
wherefore, therefore.
quicquam. See quisquam.
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcum-
que, rel. proi!., whoever, wliatever.
quidam, quaedam, quoddam or
quiddam, indef. proii., certain, a
certain one, somebody.
quidem, adv., indeed, truly.
quin, conj., that not ; that ; from
\after verbs of hindering).
quindecim (quinque + decem),
indecL, fifteen.
quingenti, ae, a, five hundred.
quinque, indecL, five.
Quintus, i (quintus, fifth), ;«., a
Roman name.
Quirinalis, is, m., Quirinal, one of
the hills of Rome.
Quirinus, i, «., the name given to
Romulus after his deification.
quis, quae, quid and qui, quae or
qua, quod, interrog. and indef.
pron., who, which, what ; any, any
one, some one.
quisquam, quaequam, quicquam or
quodquam, indef. pron., any, any
one.
quisque, quaeque, quidque or quod-
que, indef. pron., each (one), every
(one).
quivis, quaevis, quodvis or quidvis
(qui + vis, front volo), indef.
pron., any one you please.
qu5 (qui), adv., where, whither.
quod (qui), conj., because.
quondam, adv., once, formerly.
quoniam, conj., since, because.
quoque, adv., also, likewise.
R
rapio,ere,rapui,raptus,i';-.,seize,steal.
ratio, onis (reor, think),/., considera-
tion, method.
ratis, is,/, raft.
Rauraci, orum, ;«., a Celtic tribe near
the Rhine.
recido, ere, recidi, — (cado), intr..,
fall back, fall, come back to.
292
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
recipio, ere, recepT, receptus (capio),
/;•., take back ; se recipere, betake
one's self, retreat.
reddo,reddere,reddidi,redditus (do),
tr., give back, return, render.
redeo, redire, redii, rediturus (eo),
intr., go back, return.
redintegro, are, avi, atus (integer,
whole), tr., restore, renew,
reditio, 5nis (redeo),/, return.
reduc5, ere, reduxi, reductus (duco),
/;'., lead back.
refero, referre, rettuli, relatus (fero),
carry back ; pedem referre, retreat.
regina, ae (rex),/, queen.
regius, a, um (rex), kingly, royal;
aedes regiae, jialace.
regn5, are, avi, atus (regnum), /«//-.,
be king, reign,
regnum, i (rex), «., royal power,
kingdom.
rego, ere, rexi, rectus, tr., guide, rule.
relabor, relabi, relapsus sum (labor,
slip), ;;;/;-., sink back, subside.
religiS, onis,/, piety ; //., rites.
relinquo, ere, reliqui, relictus (linquo,
leave), tr., leave behind, leave.
reliquus, a, um, remaining, left, the
rest of; nihil reliqui, nothing left;
in reliquum tempus, for the future.
remaned, ere, remansi, — (maneo),
iiitr., remain, stay.
remuneror, ari, atus sum (mixnus),
tr., repay, reward.
Remus, i, m., the brother of Romulus.
Remus, i, m., a Reman, one of the
Remi, a Belgic trilie of Gaul,
renuntio, are, avi, atus (niintio), tr.,
report.
repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus (pello),
tr., drive back, repulse.
repente, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly.
reperio, ire, repperi, repertus (pari5,
produce), /;-., find, discover, ascer-
tain.
reppuli. See repello.
reprehends, ere, reprehendi, repre-
hensus (prehendo, seize),/;-., blame,
censure.
repromitto, ere, repromisi, repro-
missus (promitt5), //., promise in
return.
res, Tel,/., thing, affair, circumstance ;
res frumentaria, provisions, sup-
plies of grain ; res piiblica, state,
republic ; quam ob rem, wherefore,
therefore.
rescinds, ere, rescidi, rescissus
(scindo, break down), /;-., break
down, destroy.
resisto, ere, restiti, — (sisto, place),
intr., oppose, resist, hold one's
ground.
respondeo, ere, respondi, resp5nsus
(spondeo, promise), tr., reply,
answer.
restituo, ere, restitui, restitiitus
(statuo), /;■., renew, restore.
retined, ere, retinui, retentus (teneo),
tr., ht)ld back, detain, retain.
reverts, ere, reverti, — , and rever-
ter, reverti, reversus sum (verto),
intr., turn back, return.
revivisco, ere, — , — (viv5), intr.,
be alive again.
revoco, are, avi, atus (voco), tr.,
recall.
rex, regis, w., king.
Rhea, ae,/, Rhea Silvia, the mother
of Romulus and Remus.
Rhenus, i, w., the Rhine.
Rhodanus, i, m., the Rhone.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
293
rigo, are, avi, atus, ir., wet, moisten.
ripa, ae,/, bank (of a river).
robur, roboris, )i., oak ; strength,
rogo, are, avi, atus, tr., ask, beg.
R5ma, ae, /, Rome.
R5manus, a, um (Roma), Roman;
as subst. Romanus, 1, in., a Roman.
Romulus, i, in., the reputed founder
of Rome.
rosa, ae,/, rose.
rumor, oris, m., rumor, report.
riirsus (reverto), adv., back, again,
rus, riiris, m., the country ; ruri, in
the country.
Sabinus, i, m. i. A Sabine. 2. See
Titurius.
Sabis, is, m. , a river of Belgic Gaul,
the modern Sambre.
sacer, sacra, sacrum, holy, sacred;
as subst. sacrum, i, «., a holy thing,
religious rite.
sacerdos, otis (sacer), ?n. and f.,
priest, priestess.
sacrificium, i (sacer + facio), n.,
sacrifice.
sacrum. See sacer,
saepe, adz'., often; saepius, very
often.
saepes, is,/, hedge, fence,
sagitta, ae,y;, arrow.
Sagittarius, i (sagitta), w., bowman.
Salii, orum (salio, leap), w., dancing
priests of Mars.
saltem, adv., at least,
saltus, lis (salio, leap), m., jump;
ravine.
Santones, um, w. //., a Celtic tribe
near the Garonne,
sarcina, ae,/, bundle, pack.
satis, adi'., enough.
saxum, i, ;/., rock, stone.
Scaevola, ae (scaeva, left-handed),
m., a surname of Gaius Mucius.
scapha, ae, /, skiff, boat,
scientia, ae (scio), /, knowledge,
skill.
sci5, scire, scivi or scii, scitus, tr.,
know, know how.
scriba, ae (scribo), >n., writer, scribe,
secretary.
scribo, ere, scripsi, scriptus, tr., write,
sciitum, i, n., shield.
se. See sui.
secretus, a, um (secerno, separate),
concealed, hidden, secret.
secundum (secundus), adv., along,
secundus, a, um (sequor), following,
second; favorable.
secUtus. See sequor.
sed, conj., but.
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, intr., sit.
sedecim, indecl., sixteen.
sedile, is (sedeo), n., seat,
segnis, e, slow, sluggish.
Segusiavi, orum, m. pi., a tribe of
Celtic Gaul.
sella, ae (sedeo),/, seat, chair; sella
curiilis, a portable chair, opening
like a camp-stool. Its use belonged
at first only to the king, but later
to curule aediles, praetors, consuls,
dictators, and the Flamines.
semper, adv., always, ever,
senator, oris (senex), ;«., senator,
senatus, iis (senex), in., senate,
senectiis, utis (senex),/, old age.
senex, gen. senis, old, aged; comp.
senior ; sup. maximus natii.
Senones, um, m. pi., a tribe of Celtic
Gaul.
294
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
sententia, ae (sentio, discern), /.,
opinion, decision.
sepelio, ire, sepelivi, sepultus, tr.,
bury,
septem, indecL, seven,
septuaginta, indecL, seventy.
sepultus. See sepelio.
Sequanus, a, um, Sequanian; as subst.
Sequanus, i, >n., a Sequanian, one
of the Sequani, a tribe of Belgic
Gaul.
sequor, sequi, seciitus sum, o-., fol-
low.
servo, are, avi, atus (servus), (?■.,
keep, preserve, save.
servus, i, ;«., slave, servant.
sese. See sui.
sex, indecL, six.
si, conj., if; si minus, if not.
sibi. See sui.
sic, adv., thus, so.
siccus, a, um, dry; in sicco, on dry
ground.
significo, are, avi, atus (signum +
facio), tr., signify, declare.
signum, i, «., sign, signal, standard,
ensign; signa convertere, face
about; signa inferre, charge,
silens, silentis (siled, be still), silent,
quiet.
silva, ae, /, wood, forest,
silvestris, e (silva), wooded,
similis, e, like, similar.
simulo, are, avi, atus (similis), /;.,
pretend.
sine, prep. w. ahl., without.
singuli, ae, a, one by one, individual,
each,
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, left.
socer, soceri, w., father-in-law.
societas, atis (socius),/, alliance.
soci5, are, avi, atus (socius), /;.,
join, share.
socius, i (sequor), /;/., companion,
ally.
sol, s51is, »i., sun; sole ort5, at sun-
rise.
soleo, ere, solitus sum, iuir., be
accustomed.
s51itudo, inis (solus), f., wilderness.
solitus. See soleo.
soUicito, are, avi, atus, /;-., stir up,
arouse, provoke.
solus, a, um, only, alone, sole.
somnium, i (somnus), n., dream.
somnus, i, w., sleep.
soroi*, oris, /., sister.
spatium, i, «., space, distance, time,
opportunity.
spectaculum, i (specto, behold), n.,
sight, show, spectacle.
speculator, 5ris, w., scout, spy.
spero, are, avi, atus (spes), tr., hope,
expect.
spes, spei, /, hope.
sponte {all.), of one's own accord.
statim (sto), adv., forthwith, im-
mediately.
statio, onis (sto), /, post, picket,
guard.
statua, ae (statuo), /, image,
statue.
statuo, ere, statui, statiitus, tr , place,
decide, determine.
Stella, ae, /, star.
stipendium, i (stips, gift -f- pendo,
pay), n., pay, tribute.
strepitus, us, in., noise.
studeo, ere, studui, — , intr., be eager
for, desire.
studium, i (studeo), «., zeal, eager-
ness.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
295
stultus, a, um, silly, foolish.
sub, prep. zu. abl. and ace. : u>. abl.,
under, below, at the foot of ; zv. ace,
under, up to, to the foot of.
subduco, ere, subduxi, subductus
(sub + duco), O-., bring up.
subito (subitus, sudden), a(h<., sud-
denly.
sublatus. Set' tollo.
subruo, ere, subrul, subrutus (sub +
ruo, overthrow), tr., dig under,
undermine.
subsequor, subsequi, subsecutus sum
(sub + sequor), tr., follow, pursue,
subsidium, i (sub + sedeo), «., aid,
relief
succedo, ere, success!, successum
(sub + cedo), tr. and intr., come
up, approach.
successus, us (succedo), »i., ap-
proach.
Suessiones, um, m. pL, a tribe of
Belgic Gaul.
sufficio, ere, suffici, suffectus (sub +
faci5), inir., he sufficient.
SUl, pers. pron., of himself (herself,
itself, themselves) ; he, she, it ; dat.
sibi, ace. and abl. se, sese ; inter
se, to one another.
sum, esse, fui, futurus, intr., be;
w. dat. of possessor, have.
summa, ae (summus), /, the whole ;
leadership, supremacy.
summus. See superus.
sumo, ere, siimpsi, sumptus, tr., take,
assume, begin (battle).
super, prep. w. ace. and abl., over,
upon, in addition to.
superbus, a, um, haughty, proud.
supericio, ere, superieci, superiectus
(super + iacio), tr., throw across.
superior. See superus.
supero, Jlre, avi, atus (superus), /;•.,
surpass, overcome, conquer.
supersedeo, ere, supersedi, superses-
sus (super + sedeo), intr., be
superior, refrain from.
supersum, superesse, superfui, super-
futHrus (super + sum), intr., be
over, survive.
superus, a, um (super), above ;
coiiip. superior, ius, upper, former;
Slip, supremus, summus, highest,
very great, top of
supervenio, ire, superveni, superven-
tum (super + venio), intr., arrive.
supplicium, i (supplex, suppliant),
;/., punishment, death.
supra, adv. and prep. w. ace., above,
before.
supremus. See superus.
suscipio, ere, suscepi, susceptus (sub
+ capio), tr., unilertake.
sustento, are, avi, atus (sustineo),
/;•., endure, withstand.
sustineo, ere, sustinui, sustentus
(sub + teneo), //'. and intr., hold
up, withstand, sustain.
sustuli. See tollo.
suus, a, um (sui), his, her, its, their;
his (her, its, their) own; suaque
omnia, all their possessions.
T. = Titus.
tam, adv., so.
tamen, adv., however, yet, never-
theless.
tantus, a, um (tam), so great,
such.
Tarpeia, ae, /".. a Roman girl in the
time of Romulus.
296
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
Tatius, i, m., Titus Tatius, a Sabine
king, joint ruler with Romulus.
te, ace. of tu.
telum, T, «., missile, weapon.
temeritas, atis, f., rashness.
tempestas, atis (tempus), y;, storm,
tempest.
templum, i, n., temple.
tempus, temporis, ;/., time, occasion.
tendo, ere, tetendi, tentus (inJ ten-
SUS, spread out, stretch.
tener, tenera, tenerum, tender, young.
terra, ae, /., earth, land, country;
terra, by land.
terreo, ere, terrui, territus, ir.,
frighten, terrify.
tertius, a, um (tres), third.
testOdo, inis,/, tortoise; shed.
Teuton!, orum or Teutones, um, >n.
pi.. Teutons, a Germanic people on
the Baltic.
Tiberis, is, w., the Tiber.
tibi, dat. of tu.
tibicen, inis, »i., piper, Hute player.
timeo, ere, timui, — , //-. and intr.,
fear, be afraid of.
timidus, a, um (timeo), afraid, timid.
Titurius, i, w., Quintus Titurius Sa-
binus, one of Caesar's lieutenants.
Titus, i, «/., a Roman name.
tollo, ere, sustuli, sublatus, /;-., lift
up, raise; remove, destroy.
Tolosates, ium, w. //., Tolosates, in-
habitants of Tolosa (modern Tou-
louse).
tormentum, i (torqueo, twist), ;/., a
military engine for hurling missiles.
Torquatus, i (torquis, necklace), w.,
a surname of Titus Manlius. See
Manlius.
totus, a, um, whole, all.
trado, ere, tradidi, traditus (trans +
do), /;'., give over, give up, deliver,
surrender.
traduc5, ere, traduxi, traductus
(trans + duco), tr., lead over,
transport.
traicio, ere, traieci, traiectus (trans
+ iacio), tr., throw or carry across,
pass over, transfix.
Tralles, Trallium, /, a town of
Lydia.
trans, prep. w. ace, across, over,
through.
transed, ire, transii, transitus (trans
+ e5), tr. and iittr., cross, go over,
pass over, go across.
transfugio, ere, transfixgi, — (trans
+ fugi5), intr., flee over, go over,
transgredior, transgredi, transgres-
sus sum (trans + gradior, go), tr.,
go over, pass over.
transilio, ire, transilui, — (trans +
salio, leap), tr., leap over, jump
across.
transversus, a, um (transvert5, turn
across), transverse; transversa
fossa, cross ditch,
trecenti, ae, a (tres + centum), three
hundred.
tredecim (tres + decem), /;/^/t'(7., thir-
teen,
tres, tria, three.
tribiinal, alis (tribiinus), «., judg-
ment seat, tribunal.
tribiinus, i (tribus, tribe), w., tribune,
a military officer.
triduum, i (tres + dies), «., interval
of three days.
triginta, indecl., thirty,
triumphus, i, ni., triumph,
tu, tui, pers. proii., you, thou.
ESSENTIALS OF LATLN
297
tuba, ae,/, trumpet.
tuli. See fero.
Tulingi, orum, »i. pi., a Germanic
tribe near the upper Rhine.
turn, adv., then, in the next place.
tumultus, i, m., uproar, disturbance.
tunc, adv., then, at that time.
turba, &&,/, throng, crowd.
turpis, e, ugly, disgraceful, infamous.
turris, is,/, tower.
tutela, ae (tueor, protect), w., guard-
ian, protection.
tutus, a, um (tueor, protect), safe.
tuus, a, um (tu), your, yours.
U
ubi, adv., where, when.
uUus, a, um, any, any one.
ulterior, ulterius, farther ; sztp. ulti-
mus, a, um.
ultra, adv. and prep. iv. ace, beyond,
farther.
una (iinus), adv., together with.
unde, adv., whence.
undecim (unus + decem), indecl.,
eleven.
undique, adv., from or on all sides.
universus, a, um (unus + verto,
turn), whole, entire,
unus, a, um, one.
urbs, urbis, /, city.
usus, a, um. See utor.
usus, us (utor), m., use, advantage,
benefit, help; Usui esse, be of
service.
ut, uti, (l) adv., as when ; (2) conj.,
that, in order that, so that.
uter, utra, utrum, which (of two),
which one.
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each
(of two), both.
uti. See ut.
uti. See utor.
utilis, e (utor), useful.
utinam, adv., O that, would that,
may.
utor, uti, iisus sum, ir., use, employ.
uxor, 5ris, /, wife.
vacuus, a, um, empty, destitute of,
vacant.
vadum, i, ;/., shoal, ford.
vagitus, us (vagio, cry), w., crying,
squalling.
Valerius, i, w.. Marcus Valerius Max-
imus Corvintls, consul 343 b.c.
validus, a, um (valeo, be strong),
strong, sturdy.
vallum, i, n, wall, rampart, earth-
works.
vasto, are, avi, atus (vastus), tr., lay
waste, ravage.
vastus, a, um, vast, enormous.
velocitas, atis (velox), /, speed,
swiftness.
velox, velocis, swift, quick.
velut, veluti, adv., as if, just as if.
venia, ae, /., favor, permission.
venio, ire, veni, ventum, iutr., come;
in fidem venire, put one's self un-
der the protection of.
venor, ari, atus sum, /;., hunt, chase.
verbum, i, «., word ; verba facere,
speak.
vereor, eri, veritus sum, /;., fear, be
afraid of.
vergo, ere, — , — , intr., lie toward,
incline.
veritus. See vereor.
vero (veru?, true), adv., in fact, in-
deed, however.
298
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
vertex, verticis (verto, turn), m.,
summit, crest.
verum (verus, true), adv., certainly,
but.
vescor, vesci, — , def., eat.
Vesta, ae, /., goddess of the hearth,
and hence of the family and state.
Her sacred fire, kept continually
burning in her temple near the
P'orum, was watched by six priest-
esses, called Vestals.
vester, vestra, vestrum (v6s), your,
yours.
vestis, is, y], {garment, clothing.
veto, are, vetui, vetitus, ir., forbid.
vetus, veteris, old, ancient; comp.
vetustior; sup. veterrimus.
vexillum, I, ;/., a military ensign.
via, ae, f., way, road, street, jour-
ney.
vici. See vinco.
Vicinus, a, um (vicus), neighboring,
near.
victor, oris (vinco), m., conqueror,
victor.
victoria, ae (victor), y', victory.
victus, victurus. See vinco.
vicus, 1, m., village.
videlicet (video -f licet), adv., of
course, that is.
video, ere, vidi, visus, tr., see ; pass.,
seem, appear.
vigilia, ae, f., watching, watch (a
fourth part of the night).
viginti, indecl., twenty.
vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus, tr., bind.
vinco, ere, vici, victus, /;-., conquer,
overcome.
vinculum, i (vinci5), n., chain, fetter ;
in or ex vinculis, in chains.
vindico, are, avi, atus, /;-., punish,
inflict punishment.
vinea, ae, y., a military shed.
vinum, i, «., wine.
vinxi. See vincio.
vir, viri, vi., man.
vires. See vis.
Virgo, virginis, f., virgin, maiden, girl.
Viromandui, orum, >u. pi., a tribe of
Belgic Gaul.
virtus, virtutis (vir), /'., manhood,
virtue, bravery, courage.
vis, vim,y;, power, force, number; pi.
vires, strength.
vita, ae,y.", life.
vivo, ere, vixi, — , /;//;•., live.
vix, adv., hardly, barely.
vixi. See vinco.
voco, are, avi, atus (vox), tr., call,
sunmion.
Vocontii. 5rum, m. pi., a tribe of Gaul.
1. V0I6, velle, volui, — , wish, desire,
be willing.
2. volo, are, avi, atiirus, iiitr., fly.
voluntarius, a, um (voluntas), will-
ing, v(jluntary.
voluntas, atis (i. vol5), /, desire,
consent, favor.
VOS, pi. o/tu.
vove5, ere, vovi, votus, tr., vow,
promise.
vox, vocis, /., voice ; //., words.
vulgo (vulgus, multitude), rt'f/j'., gen-
erally, everywhere.
vulnerd, are, avi, atus (vulnus), tr.,
wound.
vulnus, vulneris, «., wound.
vultur, vulturis, m., vulture.
vultus, us, w., expression, looks,
countenance.
VOCABULARY
ENGLISH — LATIN
[Numbers refer to Sections.]
able, potens, potentis; be able, pos-
sum, pusse, potuT.
about to, be, active periphrastic con-
jtigation (437); fut. participle.
above, superus.
absent, be, absum, afuT, afutiirus.
abundance, copia, ae, /.
accomplish, conficio, conficere, con-
fecl, confectus.
account of, on, abl. of cause ; ob, prop-
ter, w. ace.
across, trans, w. ace. ; (a bridge)
across the river, in flumine.
adjoining, finitimus, a, um.
administer, administro, are, avT, atus.
advance, procedo, ere, process!, pro-
cessus; progredior, progredi, pro-
gressus sum.
advantage, lisus, us, m.
advice, consilium, T, «.
advise, moneo, ere, monuT, monitus.
affair, res, rei, /.
afraid, be, timeo, ere, timuT, — .
after, prep., post, 70. ace ; conj., post-
quam.
afterwards, adv., postal.
against, in, contra, w. ace. ; be
against, obsum, obesse, obful, ob-
futurus.
agreeable, gratus, a, um.
aid, auxilium, 1, «.
aid, adsum, adesse, adfui, adfuturus.
aim, peto, ere, petlvi or petii, petltus.
alarm, permoveo, ere, permovl, per-
motus.
all, omnis, e; totus, a, um.
alliance, amlcitia, ae,/.
allow, patior, pati, passus sum; per-
mitto, ere, permTsT, permissus; con-
ced5, ere, concessi, concessus.
ally, socius, I, m.
alone, solus, a, um.
already, iam.
although, cum, 'lU. subjv.; abl, abs., 314.
always, semper.
am, sum, esse, fuT, futurus.
ambassador, legatus, T, m.
among, inter, apud, w. ace. ; be
among, Insum, inesse, infuT, Infu-
turus ; intersum, interesse, interfuT,
interfuturus.
ample, amplus, a, um.
ancient, vetus, veteris.
and, et, -que, at que; and not, neque.
animal, animal, animalis, it.
announce, nuntio, are, avT, atus;
enuntio, are, avT, atus.
another, alius, a, ud ; to one another,
inter se; another's, alienus, a, um.
299
300
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
answer, respondeo, ere, respond!, re-
sp5nsus.
any, any one, lillus, a, um ; aliquis,
aliqua, aliquid or aliquod ; quis-
quam, quicquam ; cjuivis, quaevis,
quodvTs.
appoint, constitud, ere, cdnslitui, con-
stitutus.
approach, adventus, us, in. ; aditus,
US, m.
approach, appropTnqu6, are, avT,
atus; accedo, ere, accedi, acces-
surus.
Ariovistus, Ariovistus, T, tn.
arm, armo, are, avi, atus.
arms, arma, orum, «. //«;-.
army, exercitus, us, ;«. / army on the
march, agmen, agminis, ;/.
around, circum, w. ace.
arouse, incite, are, avT, atus ; per-
moveS, ere, permovT, permotus.
arrange, instruS, ere, instruxl, In-
structus.
arrival, adventus, iis, m.
arrive, pervenio, Ire, perveni, per-
ventus.
arrow, sagitta, ae, /
art, ars, artis, /
ascertain, reperio, ire, repperl, reper-
tus.
ask, rogo, are, avi, atus ; peto, ere,
petTvi or petiT, petitus ; mando, are,
avi, atus.
assemble, convenio, ire, convenT,
conventus.
at, ad, w. ace. ; sign of abl. of time.
Athens, Athenae, 2it\xm, f phtr.
attack, impetus, us, m.
attack, oppugno, are, avi, atus ;
lacesso, ere, lacessTvT, lacessitus.
attempt, c5nor, ari, atus sum.
authority, auctoritas, atis,// postes-
tas, atis, yr
await, exspecto, are, avi, atus.
away, be, absum, abesse, afuT, afu-
turus.
B
bad, malus, a, um.
baggage, impedimenta, orum, n. plur,
band, manus, us, f.
bank (of river), ripa, ae,/
barbarous, harbarus, a, um.
battle, proelium, i, ;/. ,• pugna, ae, f. ;
line of battle, acies, aciei,/
be, sum, esse, fui, futurus.
bear, fero, ferre, tull, latus.
beautiful, pulcher, pulchra, pul-
chrum.
beautifully, pulchre.
because, ciuod ; all. of cause ; be-
cause of, propter, lu. ace.
before, jiro, 7v. abl. ; ante, w. ace.
beg, peto, ere, petlvl or petil, petitus;
rogo, are, avi, atus.
begin, coepi, coepisse, coeptus sum ;
begin battle, proelium committo,
ere, commlsl, commissus.
behalf of, in, pro, 2v. abl.
behind, post, w. ace.
Belgae, Belgae, arum, tn.
believe, existimo, are, avi, atus ;
cred5, ere, credidi, creditus.
below, Inferus, a, um.
benefit, prosum, prodesse, proful,
prdfuturus.
benefit, usus, us, n.
besiege, oppugno, are, avi, atus ; ob-
sideo, ere, obsedl, obsessus.
best, optimus, a, um ; adv., optime.
betake one's self, confero, conferre,
contull, conlatus {refl.').
between, inter, w. ace.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
301
bid, iube5, ere, iussT, iussus.
bind, vincio, Ire, vinxi, vinctus.
bird, avis, is, /
black, niger, nigra, nigrum.
blame, culp5, are, avT, atus.
body, corpus, corporis.
book, liber, librl, w.
booty, praeda, ae, f.
both . . . and, et . . . et.
bottom of, imus, a, um.
boundary, fines, \\xm, f. plur.
boy, puer, puerT, w.
brave, fortis, e.
bravely, fortiter.
bravery, virtus, iitis,/
breaking out, eruptio, onis, /
bridge, pons, pontis, ///.
brief, brevis, e.
bring, fero, ferre, tulT, latus ; porto,
are, avT, atus ; bring in, infero,
Inferre, intulT, inlatus ; bring to-
gether, confero, conferre, contuli,
conlatus.
broad, latus, a, um.
brother, frater, fratris, m.
build, aedifico, are, avT, atus ; facio,
ere, feci, factus.
building, aedificium, T, «.
burn, incendo, ere, incendi, incen-
sus.
but, sed, at, autem {postpositive).
by, sign of ahl. ; a or ab 7v. ahl. ; by
means oi,abI. of means ; per, w. ace.
Caesar, Caesar, Caesaris, w.
call, voco, are, avT, atus ; appello,
are, avi, atus ; call together, con-
voco, are, avT, atus.
camp, castra, orum, n. plur.
can, possum, posse, potuT,
capture, capio, ere, cepT, captus ; ex-
pugno, are, avi, atus.
care, cura, ae, f.
carefully, cum cura.
carefulness, diligentia, ae,/
carry, porto, are, avT, atus ; fero,
ferre, tuli, latus ; carry back, refero,
referre, rettulT, relatus ; carry on, ■
gero, ere, gessT, gestus.
Carthage, CarthagS, inis, /
case, causa, ae, f.
cause, causa, ae, /
cavalry, equitatus, us, m. ; equites,
um, in. plur.; of the cavalry,
equester, equestris, equestre.
Celt, Celta, ae, in.
certain, a . . . one, quidam, quaedam,
quoddam or quiddam.
chain, vinculum, I ; in chains, ex
vinculis.
chance, casus, ijs, in.
change, converts, ere, convertT, con-
versus.
charge, signa Infero, Inferre, intull,
inlatus.
charge of, be in, praesum, praeesse,
pracfui, praefutfirus ; put in charge
of, praeficio, ere, praefecl, prae-
fectus.
chief, prlnceps, principis, m.
children, llberl, 5rum, m. plur.
choose, deligo, ere, delegl, delectus,
circumstance, res, rei,/
citizen, civis, is, m. and f.
citizenship, civitas, atis,/
city, urbs, urbis,/
cohort, cohors, cohortis, /
collect, cogo, ere, coegi, coactus.
column, agmen, agminis, n.
come, veni5. Ire, veni, ventum; come
around, circumvenio. Ire, circum-
302
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
veni, circumventus ; come near,
accedo, ere, access!, accessurus ;
come together, convenio, ire, con-
veni, conventus ; come up, per-
venio. Ire, perveni, perventus.
command, imperium, i, n.
command, iubeo, ere, iussT, iussus ;
impero, are, avT, atus ; niando, are,
avl, atus ; praesum, praeesse, prae-
fui, praefuturus {70. dat).
commander, dux, ducis, ni. ; impera-
tor, oris, ;«.
commit, committo, ere, commisl, corn-
missus.
common people, plebs, plebis,/
companion, socius, T, ni.
compel, cogo, ere, coegi, coactus.
complete, compleo, complere, com-
plevl, compietus.
concerning, de, -u. ahl.
condemn, damnd, are, avT, atus.
confer, conloquor, conloquT, cunlocu-
tus sum.
confidence, fides, ei,/
congratulate, gratulor, ari, atus sum.
conquer, supero, are, avT, atus ; vinco,
ere, vTcT, victus.
conspiracy, coniuralio, dnis, yC
conspirator, coniuratus, T, m.
consul, consul, c5nsulis, ni.
contend, contends, ere, contendl,
contentus ; dlmico, are, avT, atus.
contracted, angustus, a, um.
convert, converts, ere, convert!, con-
versus.
Corinth, Corinthus, T,/
country, terra, ae, f. ; patria, ae, f. ;
rus, riiris ; in the country, ruri.
courage, animus, 1, ;/.
cross, transeo, ire, transii, transitus,
crowd, valgus, i, n. ; multitiido, inis,/
cry, clamor, oris, ;«.
cup, poculum, i, n.
custom, consuetudo, inis, yi
cut down, occldo, ere, occisi, occisus.
daily, cottidianus, a, um ; adr'., cot-
tidie.
danger, perTculum, T, ;/.
dare, audeS, ere, ausus sum.
daughter, filia, ae,/
day, dies, dief, w.
daybreak, at, prima luce,
daylight, lux, lucis, /
dear, earns, a, um ; gratus, a, um.
dearly, care.
death, mors, mortis,/
deed, factum, 1, ;/.
deep, altus, a, um.
defeat, calamitas, atis.yl
defend, dCfendd, ere, defend!, de-
fc'iisus.
defense, praesidium, i, //.
delay, moror, ari, atus sum.
delight, delects, are, avi, atus.
deliver (= set free), libero, are, avi,
atus ( = hand over) ; trado, tradere,
tradidT, traditus.
Delphi, Delphi, orum, m.
demand, postulo, are, avi, atus ; peto,
ere, petlvi or petiT, petitus.
depart, discedo, ere,discessi,discessus.
dependent, cliens, clientis, w.
depth, altitudS, inis,/
desire, cupio, ere, cupivT or cupiT,
cupitus.
desirous (of), cupidus, a, um.
determine, cSnstituS, ere, const itui,
constitutus.
die, morior, mori, mortuus sum ; cado,
ere, cecidi, casiirus.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
303
difficult, difficilis, e.
diligence, diligentia, ae,/;
direct, adiuinistro, are, avi, atus.
disaster, calamitas, atis, y".
discover, leperiS, Ire, repperi, re-
pertus.
disgraceful, turpis, e.
dismiss, dlmitto, ere, diniTsT, dimissus.
dispatch, praemitto, ere, praemisi,
praemissus.
disposition, animus, I, m.
dissimilar, dissimilis, e.
ditch, fossa, ae,y;
do, facio, ere, feci, factus ; ago, ere,
egl, actus.
document, litterae, arum,/////;-.
down from, de, w. ahl.
draw near, appropinquS, are, avi, atus.
draw up, Tnstruo, ere, TnstruxT, In-
struct us.
drive away, pello, ere, pepull, pulsus.
during, inter, iv. ace.
E
each (one), quisque, quaeque, quid-
que ; each (of two), uterque, utra-
que, utrumque.
eager, acer, acris, acre ; eager for,
cupidus, a, um {tv.gen.^.
eagerly, acriter ; cum studio,
earthworks, vallum, I, w.
easily, facile.
easy, facilis, e.
eight, octo.
employ, iitor, uti, fisus sum.
encourage, hortor, arl, atus sum ;
cohortor, arl, atus sum ; incite,
are, avT, atus.
end, finis, Is,y;
enemy, hostis, is, m. and f.
enjoy, fruor, frul, frfictus sum.
enough, satis, i tided.
ensign, signum, I, ti.
entangle, impedio, ire, impedlvl, im-
pedltus.
equal, par, paris.
equestrian, equester, equestris, eques-
tre.
equip, armo, are, avi, atus.
establish, cSnflrmo, are, avi, atus.
Europe, Europa, ae,y;
even, express by ipse, a, um.
ever, semper.
every, omnis, e.
evil, inalus, a, um.
exceedingly, express by superlative.
except, nisi.
exchange, inter se dare,
exhort, cohortor, ari, atus sum.
expect, exspecto, are, avi, atus.
expel, pello, ere, pepull, pulsus.
face about, signa confero, conferre,
contull, conlatus.
facing, adversus, a um ; prep., adver-
sus, zv. ace.
fail, desum, deesse, deful, defuturus.
faithful, fidus, a, um.
fall, cado, ere, cecidi, casurus.
falling, casus, us, vi.
famous, express by ille, ilia, illud.
far, far off, longe.
farmer, agricola, ae, m.
father, pater, patris, ni.
father-in-law, socer, 1, m.
favor, gratia, ae, /
fear, timeo, ere, timuT, — ; vereor,
eri, veritus sum.
fertile, ferax, feracis.
few, pauci, ae, a (//«r.).
field, ager, agri, w.
304
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
fierce, acer, acris, acre ; asper, aspera,
asperum ; ferus, a, um.
fiercely, acriter.
fight, pugno, are, avT, atus.
fill up, compleo, complere, complevT,
completus.
finally, denique.
find, invenio, ire, inveni, inventus ;
reperio, Irl, repperT, repertus.
finish, conficio, ere, confeci, confectus.
fire, ignis, is, m. ; set fire to, incendS,
ere, incendl, incensus.
first, primus, a, um ; at first, prlmo.
fit, idoneus, a, um.
five, quinque.
flank, latus, lateris, «.
flee, fugio, ere, fugl, — .
flight, fuga, ae, / / put to flight, in
fugam dare
follow, sequor, sequi, secutus sum.
following, posterus, a, um.
food, cibus, T, in.
foot, pes, pedis, w. ,■ at the foot of, sub,
w. abl. : to the foot of, sub, 70. ace.
foot-soldier, pedes, peditis, ;«.
for, sign of dat. ; ob, w. ace. ; pro,
•w. abl.
forbid, veto, are, vetuT, vetitus.
force, cogo, ere, coegT, coactus.
forces, copiae, arum, y!
forest, silva, ae, /
form, capio, ere, cepT, captus ; in-
struo, ere, Tnstruxi, instructus.
former, ille, ilia, illud.
fort, castellum, I, ;/.
fortifications, moenia, ium, n.plur.
fortify, muni6,Tre, muni(v)i, munitus.
fortune, fortuna, ae, /
forty, quadraginta.
four, quattuor.
fourth, quart us, a, um.
free, iTber, libera, iTberum.
free, libero, are, avl, atus.
freedom, libertas, atis,/
frequently, saepe.
friend, amicus, 1, ;;/.
friendship, amicitia, ae,y;
frighten, terreo, ere, terruT, territus,
from, sign of abl. ; a or ab, e or ex,
de, w. abl.
future, for the, in reliquum tempus.
garden, hortus, i, /n.
garrison, praesidium, i, n.
gate, porta, ae, y;
gather, cdnfero, conferre, contulT,
conlatus.
Gaul (the country), C.allia, ae, f;
(inhabitant), GalUis, I, m.
general, dux, ducis, w. ,• imperator,
oris, m.
gentle, lenis, e.
gift, donum, i, ;/.
girl, puella, ae,/
give, do, dare, ded", datus ; give
back, reddo, ere, reddidi, redditum ;
give up, dedo, ere, dedidi, deditus ;
permitto, ere, permTsi, permissus ;
trado, ere, tradidl, traditus.
glad, laetus, a, um.
go, eo, ire, ii, itum ; proficTscor, T,
profectus sum ; go across or over,
transeo, Ire, transit, transitus ; go
back, redeo, redire, redil, reditum ;
go forward, procedo, ere, process!,
processum ; go near, accedo, ere,
accessi, accessus ; go out, exeo, ex-
Tre, exii, exitus ; let go, dimlttS,
ere, dimlsT, dimissus; be going
to, active periphrastic conjugation
(437)-
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
305
god, deus, T, m.
goddess, (lea, ae, yC
good, bonus, a, um.
graceful, gracilis, e.
grain, frfimeiuum, T, n. ; supplies of
grain, res frumentarla, rei friimen-
tariae, yl
great, magnus, a, um ; great many,
complures, ia, plnr.; SO great,
tantus, a, um.
greatness, magnitudo, Tnis, f.
Greece, Graeck, ae, /
Greek, Graecus, i, 7>t.
ground, on the, hum!.
guard, praesidTum, T, n
guest, hospes, hospitis, m.
habit, consuetudo, inis, f.
hand, manus, us, /
Hannibal, Hannibal, is, ;«.
happen, accido, ere, accidi, — .
harass, lacesso, ere, lacessivi, laces-
sltus.
harbor, portus, us, m.
hard, difficilis, e.
hardly, vix.
harm, noceo, ere, nocui, nocitu-
rus.
hasten, matiiro, are, avi, atus ; con-
tendo, ere, contend!, contentus.
haughty, superbus, a, um.
have, habeo, ere, habuT, habitus ; dat.
of possessor ; have to, passive peri-
phrastic conjugation (438-9).
he, is ; hie ; ille; he whO, is qui.
head, caput, capitis, n. ; be at the
head of, praesum, praeesse, praefuT,
praefuturus.
hear, audio, ire, audlvl, auditus.
height, altitudo, inis,/.
help, adsum, adesse, adfui, adfutiirus,
w. dat.
help, auxilium, T, n.; usus, us, m.
Helvetians, Helvetii, bxnm, piur.
her, hers, eius ; suus, a, um : her
(own), suus, a, um.
herself, see self.
high, altus, a, um.
hill, coUis, is, tn.; up the hill, ad-
verso colle.
himself, see self.
hindrance, impedimentum, T, n.
his, eius ; huius ; illius ; suus, a, um.
hither, hue.
hold, teneo, ere, tenuT, tentus ; hold
back, retineo, ere, retinui, retentus ;
hold together, contineo, ere, con-
tinuT, contentus; hold up, sustineo,
ere, sustinuT, sustentus.
home, domus, us or i, / ,• at home,
domi.
honor, pudor, oris, m.
hope, spero, are, avi, atus.
hope, spes, spel, /
horn, cornu, us, n.
horse, equus, T, m.
horseman, eques, equitis, m.
hostage, obses, obsidis, m. and f.
hour, bora, ae,/
house, domus, iJs or \, f.
however, autem ; tamen.
hundred, centum.
hurl, iacio, ere, iecT, iactus ; conicio,
ere, conieci, coniectus.
hurry, contends, ere, contendi, con-
tentus; mature, are, avi, atus.
I, ego, met.
Ides, Idus, Iduum, / phir.
if, si ; if not, nisi.
ESSEN. OF LATIN — 20
3o6
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
impede, impediS, Tre, impedivT, impe-
ditus.
in, sign of abl. ; in, w. abl. ; be in, in-
sum, inesse, inful, Tnfuturus.
incite, incite, are, avi, atus.
increase, augeo, ere, auxi, auctus.
industry, dlligentia, a.t, f.
infamous, turpis, e.
infantry, pedites, um, m. plur.
influence, gratia, ae, /. ; auctoritas,
atis,/,- have most influence, pluri-
nium posse.
influence, permoveo, ere, permovT,
permotus.
inform, certiorem facio, ere, feci, fac-
tus.
inhabit, incolo, ere, incoluT, — .
inhabitant, incola, ae, w.
injure, noceo. ere, nocui, nociturus ;
obsum, obesse, obfuT, obfutiirus.
intend, in animo habere ; in animo
esse, ~t>. dat.
into, in, iv. ace.
intrust, committo, ere, commTsi, com-
missus ; perniitto, ere, permTsi, per-
missus.
island. Insula, ae,/
it, is, ea, id.
Italy, Italia, ae, /
its, eius ; suus, a, um.
January, lanuarius, T, m.
javelin, pllum, T, ;/.
join, iungo, ere, iunxT, iunctus ; join
battle, proelium committo, ere,
commTsT, commissus.
joint, art us, us, n.
journey, iter, itineris, n.
judgment, iudicium, T, n.
K
keen, acer, acris, acre.
keep, servo, are, avi, atus ; keep
(away) from, prohibeo, ere, pro-
hibui, prohibitus.
kill, neco, are, avi, atus ; interficio,
ere, interfecT, interfectus ; occldo,
ere, occTdl, occisus.
kindness, gratia, ae, /
king, rex, regis, m.
know, scio, scire, scTvT, scitus; intel-
lego, ere, intellexT, intellectus ; perf.
of cogn5sco, ere, cognovT, cognitus.
Labienus, Labienus, T.
labor, labor, oris, m. ; opus, operis, n.
lack, inopia, ae, y."
lack, careo, ere, caruT, cariturus.
lacking, be, desum, deesse, defuT, de-
futurus, 7v. dat.
land, terra, ae, /./ native land, pa-
tria, ae, /
large, magnus, a, um ; amplus, a, um.
last, at. deniquf.
late at night, multa nocte ; till late
at night, ad niultam noctem.
latter, hic, haec, hoc.
law, lex, legis,/
lazy, piger, pigra, pigrum.
lead, duco, ere, diJxi, ductus ; lead
across or over, traduco, ere, tra-
duxl, traductus ; lead back, re-
duco, ere, reduxT, reductus ; lead
out, ediico, ere, eduxi, eductus.
leader, dux, ducis, m. ; princeps, prln-
cipis, m.
learn, intellego, ere, intellexT, intel-
lectus ; disco, ere, didicT, — ;
learn of, cognosco, ere, cognovi,
cognitus.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
307
leave, intrans., discedo, ere, discessi,
discessus ; exeo, exTre, exil, exitus ;
trans., leave, leave behind, relln-
quo, ere, relTquT, relictus.
left, sinister, sinistra, sinistrum.
left ( = remaining), reli(iuus, a, um ;
nothing left, nihil reliquT.
legion, legio, onis,/.'
lest, ne, w. siibjv.
let, sign of impel-, or suhjv. ; let gO,
dlmitto, ere, dlmisT, dimissus.
letter (of alphabet), littera, s.e, f.;
(epistle), litterae, ^.xMxa, f. pliir .
liberate, llbero, are, avT, at us.
liberty, llbertas, atis, f.
lieutenant, legatus, I, m.
life, vita, ae, /
lift up, toll5, ere, sustull, sublatus.
light, lux, lucis,/
like, similis, e,
like, amo, are, avi, atus.
line of battle, acies, el, /
little, parvus, a, um.
live, VIVO, ere, vIxT, — .
long, longus, a, um ; adv., diu.
lord, dominus, T, vi.
love, amo, are, avT, atus.
low, humilis, e.
loyal, fldus, a, um.
M
mad, Tnsanus, a, um.
make, facio, ere, feci, factus.
man, vir, virT, w. ,■ homo, hominis, w.
and f. : a man who, is qui.
manage, administro, are, avT, atus.
manhood, virtus, utis, /
many, plural of multus, a, um ; very
many, complures, compluria.
march, iter, itineris, n.; on the march,
ex itinere.
march, proficTscor, proficTscT, profec-
tus sum ; iter faci5, ere, feci, factus;
contendo, ere, contend!, contentus.
Marcus, Marcus, i, in.
master, magister, magistri, »i. ; domi-
nus, i, m.
may, sign of wish ; utinam, w. subjv.
means of, by, abl. of means ; per,7y. ace.
mention, dem6nstr5, are, av!, atus.
merchant, mercator, oris, m.
Mercury, INIercurius, MercurT, tn.
messenger, nfintius, T, w.
middle of, medius, a, um.
mile, mille passus; pliir., millia pas-
suum.
mind, animus, T, m. ; mens, mentis,/! ;
have in mind, in animo habere; in
animo esse, 70. dat. ; turn the mind
to, animadverts, ere, animadverti,
animadversus.
mine, meus, a, um.
misfortune, casus, us, ;;/.
money, pecunia, ae,y;
month, mensis, \%,f
moon, luna, ae,yi
more, plus, pluris ; sign of com.
moreover, autem (^postpositive').
most, sign of superlative.
mountain, mons, montis, m.
move, moveo, ere, movT, motus.
much, multus, a, um ; adv., multum,
multo.
multitude, multitudo, inis,yl
must, passive periphrastic conjuga-
tion, to. dat. of agent (438-9).
my, meus, a, um.
myself, see self.
N
name, nomen, ndminis, n.
name, appello, are, avI, atus.
3o8
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
narrow, angustus, a, um.
nation, natio, onis, y; ,■ gens, gentis, y^
native land, patria, ae„/
near, ad, w. ace. ; come near, go near,
accedo, ere, accessi, accessurus.
nearest, proximus, a, um.
need, be in need of, care5, ere,
caruT, — .
neighbor, fTnitimus, T, m.
neighboring, flnitimus, a, um.
neither, neuter, neutra, neutrum.
neither . . . nor, neque . . . neque.
never, numquam.
nevertheless, tamen.
new, novus, a, um.
next, proximus, a-, um ; posterus,
a, um.
night, nox, noctis, / / late at night,
multa nocte.
nineteen, undeviginti.
no, non ; no one, none, nullus, a, um ;
nemo, dat. nemini.
nor, neque.
north wind, aquilo, dnis, ;«.
not, non ; and not, but not, neque ;
not to, ne, iv. subjv. ; if not, nisi ;
that not, ne, w. subjv.
nothing, nihil, indecl.
notice, animadverts, ere, animadvert!,
animadversus.
now, nunc, iam.
number, numcrus, T, m. ; nmltitudo,
inis, f.
0
0 that, utinam, w. subjv.
obey, pareo, ere, paruT, — .
obtain, obtineo, ere, obtinul, ob-
tentus.
occupy, occupo, are, avi, atus.
of, sign of gen. ; de, w. abl.
often, saepe.
old, vetus, veteris ; senex, senis.
on, in, w. abl.
one, unus, a, um ; one who, is qui;
one . . . another, alius . . . alius; the
one . . . the other, alter ... alter; to
one another, inter se.
only, solus, a, um.
opportunity, spatium, I, n.
oppose, resisto, ere, restiti, — .
order to, in, ut, iv. subjv.
order, iubeo, ere, iussi, iussus ; impero,
are, avI, atus ; mand5, are, avT,
atus.
Orgetorix, Orgetorix, Tgis, m.
other, alius, alia, aliud ; (of two),
alter, a, um.
ought, debeo, ere, debuT, debitus ;
oportet, ere, oportuit, impers. ;
passive periphrastic conjugation
(438-9).
our, ours, noster, nostra, nostrum ;
our men, nostri, orum, m. plur.
ourselves, nos, nostrum ; ipsi, ae, a.
out of, e or ex, 7v. abl.
over, in, 'V. abl. ; trans, w. ace. ; be
over, supersum, superesse, superful,
superfuturus.
overcome, supero, are, avi, atus.
overtvike, consequor, consequi, con-
secutus sum.
owe, debeo, ere, debut, debitus.
pace, passus, us, in.
part, pars, partis,/
peace, pax, pacis,yl
pear tree, pirus, \,f.
people, populus, T, m.
perceive, intellegS, ere, intellexl, in-
tellectus.
perish, cado, ere, cecidi, casiirus.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
309
permit, permitto, ere, permTsT, per-
missus ; concedo, ere, concessT,
concessus.
persuade, persuades, ere, persuasi,
persuasus, 7v. dat.
pitch (camp), pono, ere, posui, posi-
tus.
place, locus, T, m. ; plur., loci or loca ;
in that place, ibi ; to this place,
hue.
place, pono, ere, posuT, positus ; con-
loco, are, avi, atus ; constituo, ere,
constituT, constitfitus.
plan, consilium, I, n.
plead (a cause), dico, ere, dixl,
dictus.
please, delecto, are, avI, atus.
pleasing, gratus, a, urn.
pledge, obses, obsidis, m. or f.
plow, aro, are, avT, atus.
point out, demonstro, are, avT, atus.
Pompey, Pompeius, I, w.
poor, miser, misera, miserum.
possess, obtineo, ere, obtinuT, ob-
tentus.
possession, take possession of, oc-
cup5, are, avi, atus ; get possession
of, potior, potirT, potitus sum, w.
gen.
possible, the . . . -est possible, as
... as possible, quam, 70. superl.
of adj. ; as soon as possible, cpiam
prTmum.
power, potestas, atis, f.; imperium, T,
«./ vis, ace, vim.
powerful, potens, potentis ; be very
powerful, plurimum posse.
praise, laudo, are, avT, atus.
prefer, malo, malle, maluT, — .
prepare, paro, are, avT, atus ; com-
pare, are, avi, atus.
present, be, adsum, adesse, adfui, ad-
futurus ; intersum, interesse, inter-
fui, interfuturus.
preserve, servo, are, avT, atus.
pretty, pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum.
proceed, cSnsequor, cSnsequT, conse-
cutus sum.
promise, polliceor, eri, pollicitus sum.
proper, be, oportet, ere, oportuit,
iinpers.
protect, defendo, ere, defendT,defensus.
protection, praesidium, I, ;;. ,• fides, el,
/ .• put one's self under the pro-
tection of, in fidem venire, w. dat,
proud, superbus, a, um.
provide, paro, are, avi, atus ; com-
paro, are, avT, atus.
province, provincia, ae,yl
provisions, commeatus, us, m. ; res
frumentaria, rel frumentariae, _/!
prudence, consilium, I, 11.
public, publicus, a, um.
punish, puiiio, Ire, punlvl, piinitus ;
aniniadverto, ere, animadverti, ani-
madversus.
punishment, poena, ae,/
pupil, discipulus, I, w.
purpose of, for the, ad, w. ace. of
gerundive.
pursue, c5nsequor, cSnsequi, conse-
cutus sum.
put to flight, in fugam do.
queen, reglna, ae, f.
quickly, celeriter.
quickness, celeritas, atis,yC
R
race (= nation), gens, gentis, /
raise, toUo, ere, sustuli, sublatus.
3id
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
rampart, vallum, i, ;;.
rank, ordo, ordinis, w.
ravage, vasto, are, avi, atus.
reach,perveni5,Tre,pervem,perventus.
rear, novissimum agmen, «.
reason, causa, ae, f.
receive, accipio, ere, accepT, accep-
tus ; recipio, ere, recepT, receptus.
recognize, cognosco, ere, cognovT,
cognitus.
redoubt, castellum, I, n.
relief, subsidium, T, ;/.
remain, maneo, ere, mansT, mansum ;
remaned, ere, remansi, remansurus.
remaining, reliquus, a, um.
remove, toUo, ere, sustull, sublatus.
render, reddo, ere, reddidl, redditus.
reply, respondeo, ere, respondl, re-
spnnsus.
report, nuntio, are, avT, atus ; enuntio,
are, avi, atus ; renuntio, are, avT,
atus.
republic, res publica, rel pidilicae, y^
reputation, auctoritas, atis,yi
request, peto, ere, petivi or petiT,
petTtus.
require, postulo, are, avT, atus.
resist, resisto, ere, restiti, — .
respect, vereor, eri, veritus sum.
respects, in all, omnibus rebus,
rest of, reliquus, a, um.
restrain, contineo, ere, continuT, con-
tentus.
retain, obtineo, ere, obtinuT, obten-
tus ; retineo, ere, retinuT, retentus.
retreat, recipio, ere, recepi, receptus
{refl.); pedem refero, referre, ret-
tulT, relatus.
return, intr., redeo, redire, rediT,
reditum ; reverto, ere, revertT, — ,
and reverter, revertT, reversus sum ;
trans. (= give back), reddo, red-
dere, reddidl, redditus.
reveal, enuntio, are, avi, atus.
reward, praemium, i, «.
Rhine, Rhenus, T, m.
Rhone, Rhodanus, i, in.
right, dexter, dext[e]ra, dext[e]rum.
river, flumen, fluminis, ;/.
road, via, ae, /I; iter, itineris, «.
rock, saxum, 1, ;/.
Roman, Romanus, a, um ; as subst.,
Romanus, i, in.
Rome, Roma, ae, /
rose, rosa, ae, /
rough, asper, aspera, asperum.
rouse, incito, are, avT, atus.
rout, pello, ere, pepull, pulsus,
rule, regd, ere, rexT, rectus ; im-
pero, are, avi, atus.
run away, fugio, ere, fugl, fugitus.
safe, tutus, a, um.
sailor, nauta, ae, m.
sake of, for the, causa, w. gen. ; ut,
7V. subjv.
sally, eruptiS, om%,f.
same, idem, eadem, idem,
save (= preserve), servo, are, avT,
atus; (= rescue), eripio, ere, eri-
puT, ereptus.
say, dlco, ere, dlxT, dictus.
scare, terreo, ere, terruT, territus.
scout, explorator, 5ris, vi.
sea, mare, is, n.
seat, sedlle, is, n.
second, secundus, a, um ; for the
second time, iterum.
see, video, ere, vidT, vTsus.
seek, pet5, ere, petTvi or petiT, petTtus;
quaero, ere, quaesivl, quaesltus.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
311
seize, occupo, are, avT, atus ; capio,
ere, cepi, captus.
select, deligo, ere, delexi, delectus.
self, himself, herself, itself, them-
selves, ipse, a, um (^inkns.) ; sul
{refi.); myself, yourself, our-
selves, ipse {intens.); pers. pi-on.
senate, senatus, us, in.
send, mitto, ere, misT, missus ; send
ahead, praemitto, ere, praemlsi,
praemlssus ; send off, dimitto, ere,
dlmlsl, d:missus.
Sequani, SequanT, orum, m. plur.
servant, servus, I, w.
set fire to, incendo, ere, incendi, in-
census.
set out, proficTscor, proficTscT, profec-
tus sum.
set over, praeficiS, ere, praefecT, prae-
fectus.
seven, septem.
seventy, septuaginta.
severely, graviter.
sharp, acer, acris, acre,
she, ea ; ilia.
ship, navis, is,y;
short, brevis, e.
shout, clamor, oris, m.
show, demonstrS, are, avT, atus.
sick, aeger, aegra, aegrum.
side, latus, lateris, n.; from or on all
sides, undique.
sight, conspectus, us, m.
sign, sTgnum, T, n.
similar, similis, e.
six, sex.
size, magnitudo, inis, f.
skillful, peritus, a, um.
slaughter, caedes, is, /
slave, servus, 1, w.
slay, occldo, ere, occidi, occisus.
slender, gracilis, e.
slow, piger, pigra, pigrum.
small, parvus, a, um.
smooth, lenis, e.
snatch away, eripio, ere, eripuT,
ereptus.
SO, ita ; tarn ; SO great, tantus, a, um;
and so, itaque ; so as not, ne,
IV. subjv.
soldier, miles, mllitis, m.
sole, s5lus, a, um.
some (one), quis, quae (qua), quid
(quod) ; aliquis, aliqua, aliquid
(aliquod); some . . . others, alii
. . . alii ; some in one direction,
some in another, alii aliam in
partem.
son, fllius, fill or filii, m.
son-in-law, gener, generi, in.
soon, iam ; mox ; as soon as, quam
primum.
space, spatium, T, n.
speak, dico, ere, dL\I, dictus ; speak
together, conloquor, conloqui, con-
lociitus sum.
spear, hasta, ae, yC
speech, oratio, om%,f.
speed, celeritas, atis, /;
spirit, animus, T, m.
spoil, praeda, ae, y^
stand before, praesto, praestare, prae-
stitT, — .
star, Stella, ae, /
state, cTvitas, atis, f. ; res pf.blica, rei
publicae,y;
station, conloco, are, avT, atus ; con-
stituo, ere, constituT, constitutus.
stay, maneo, ere, mansT, mansum.
storm, oppugno, are, avT, atus ; take
by storm, expugno, are, avi, atus.
312
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
story, fabula, ae,/.
strange, alienus, a, um.
street, via, ae, /
strength, vis, vim,/
strengthen,al6,ere,aluT, alitusoraltus.
strive, contends, ere, contend!, con-
tentus.
strong, validus, a, uni.
struggle, contendo, ere, contendl,
contentus.
sturdy, validus, a, um.
such, talis, e ; tantus, a, um.
suffer, patior, patl, passus sum ; la-
boro, are, avT, atus.
suitable, idoneus, a, um.
summer, aestas, atis,/
summon, convoco, are, avi, atus.
supplies, commeatus, ijs, tn. ; supplies
of grain, res frumentaria, yC
supply, copia, ae,/
suppose, exTstinio, are, avi, atus ;
arbitror, ari, atus sum.
surpass, tr., supero, are, avT, atus ;
iii/r., ))raest6,praestare, praestiti, — .
surrender, deditio, onis,/
surrender, trado, tradere, tradidi,
traditus ; dedo, dedere, dedidl,
deditus.
surround, circumvenio, Tre, circum-
venl, circumventus.
survive, supersum, superesse, super-
fuT, superfuturus.
sustain, suslineo, ere, sustinui, sus-
tentus.
swift, velox, velocis.
swiftly, celeriter.
sword, gladius, T, m.
table, mensa, ae, /
take, capio, ere, cepT, captus ; take
away, tolls, ere, sustulT, sublatus ;
take by storm, expugnS, are, avT,
atus ; take possession of, occupo,
are, avi, atus.
teacher, magister, magistri, »t.
tell, dico, ere, dixi, dictus.
temple, templum, T, n.; aedes, aedium,
f. plur.
ten, decern.
tender, tener, tenera, tenerum.
territory, fines, flnium, in. plur.
than, quam ; abl. after comparative.
that, demonstr., is, ea, id ; ille, ilia,
illud ; rel., qui, c|uae, quod.
that, in order that, so that, ut, w.
subjv. ; after verbs of fearing, ne, w.
subjv.; that not, ne, 7v. subjv.;
would that, utinam.
their (own), theirs, suus, a, um ;
eorum, earum.
themselves, see self.
thence, inde.
there, ibi ; introductory, not trans-
lated.
therefore, itaque.
thereupon, inde.
they, iT, eae, ea ; illT, illae, ilia.
thing, res, re!,/
think, existimS, are, avi, atus ; arbi-
tror, ari, atus sum.
third, tertius, a, um.
thirty, triginta.
this, hic, haec, hoc.
thou, tu.
thousand, mllle (Jndecl.') ; plur., mlllia
or milia.
three, tres, tria ; three hundred, tre-
centl, ae, a.
through, per, %v. ace.
throw, iacio, ere, ieci, iactus ; conicio,
ere, coniecl, coniectus.
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
313
thus, ita.
Tiber, Tiberis, is, m.
time, tempus, temporis, n. ; spatium,
I, n. ; for a long time, diu.
to, sign of dat.; ad, in, w. ace. ; sign
of subjv. of purpose.
to-day, hodie.
top of, summus, a, um.
toward (s)i ad, w. an.
tower, turris, is,/
town, oppidum, 1, n.
trader, mercator, oris, tn.
Tralles, Tralles, Trallium, m. pi.
transport, traduco, ere, traduxi, tra-
ductus.
treat, ago, ere, egi, actus.
trench, fossa, ae, /
trial, iudicium, T, n.
tribe, gens, gentis,/
troops, copiae, arum,/.//.
trust, fides, ei,/
trust, credo, ere, credidl, creditus.
try, Conor, ari, atus sum.
turn about, converts, ere, convert!,
conversus ; turn back, reverto, ere,
revert!, — , and revertor, revert!,
reversus sum ; turn the mind
to, animadverto, ere, animadvert!,
animadversus.
twelve, duodecim.
twenty, v!ginti.
two, duo, duae, duo.
U
ugly, turpis, e.
unfavorable, alienus, a, um.
unless, nisi.
unlike, dissimilis, e.
unwilling, be, n5l5, nolle, nolu!,
upon, in, 7U. ace. and abl.
urge, cohortor, ari, atus sum; urge on,
incite, are, av!, atus.
use, usus, us, m. ; be of use to, prosum,
prodesse, profu!, profuturus.
use, Gtor, ut!, usus sum.
van, primum agmen, primi agminis, n.
vassal, cliens, clientis, in.
very, adj. or adv. in superl. ; intens.,
ipse, a, um.
view, conspectus, us, tn.
village, v!cus, !, vi.
virtue, virtiis, utis, f.
W
wage, gero, ere, gessi, gestus ; wage
war upon, bellum !nfer6, !nferre, in-
tul!, inlatus.
wait for, exspecto, are, av!, atus.
wall, murus, 1, m.
walls, moenia, nioenium, n.
war, bellum, 1, ;/.
warn, moneo, ere, monui, monitus.
waste, lay, vasto, are, avi, atus.
watch, vigilia, ae, /
way, via, ae, /.
we, nos, nostrum.
weapon, telum, i, «. / plur., arma,
orum, ;/. *
wear out, conficio, ere, confec!, con-
fectus.
well, bene ; well known, nobilis, e.
what {rel.), qu! , quae, quod;
{inierrog.), quis, quae, quid,
when, ubi.
where, ubi.
which {rel.), qui, quae, quod ;
{inierrog.), quis, quae, quid ;
which of two, uter, utra, utrum.
white, albus, a, um.
314
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
who {rel.^, qui, quae ; {interrog.),
quis, quae.
whole, totus, a, um ; omnis, e.
why, cur.
wicked, malus, a, um.
wide, latus, a, um.
wild, ferus, a, um.
will, volo, velle, voluT, — ; will not,
n6l5, nolle, noluT, — .
willing, be, volo, velle, voluT, — ; be
more willing, maid, malle, maluT, — .
wine, vinum, T, n.
wing, cornu, us, «.
winter, hiems, hiemis, y".
winter quarters, hiberna, orum, n. pi.
wisely, prudenter.
wish, cupio, ere, cuplvi, cupTtus ;
vols, velle, volui, — .
with, sign of ahl. ; cum, la. abl. ;
apud, 7U. ace.
withdraw, discedo, ere, discessT, dis-
cessum.
within, sign of abl. of time.
without, sine, w. abl. ; be without,
careo, ere, carul, cariturus.
withstand, sustineo, ere, sustinui,
sustentus.
woman, femina, ae, f. ; mulier,
mulieris, f.
wood, ( = forest), silva, ae, /
work, labor, bn%,f.; opus, operis, n.
work, laboro, are, avi, atus.
would that, utinam, w. subjv.
wound, vulnus, vulneris, «.
wound, vulnero, are, avi, atus,
wretched, miser, misera, miserum.
write, scrlbo, ere, scrips!, scriptus.
year, annus, T, m.
yet, tamen.
you, tu, vds.
young, iuvenis, is.
your, yours, tuus, a, um ; vester,
vestra, vestrum.
yourself, tia, vos ; ipse.
zeal, studiuni; I, n.
INDEX
[Numbers refer to Sections.]
Ablative, of agent, 142; of cause, 118;
of comparison, 260; of manner, 148;
of means, 94 ; of measure of difference,
267; of separation, 211; of specifica-
tion, 157; of time when, 131; descrip-
tive, 302-303 ; ablative absolute,
315-317 ; with utor, fruor, futigor,
potior, and vescor, 337.
Accent, 20.
Accusative, of time and space, 245 ; of
limit of motion, 231 ; subject accusa-
tive, 184 ; 329.
Active periphrastic conjugation, 437; 504.
Adjectives, agreement, 65 ; demonstrative,
201 ; interrogative, 216, 217; possessive,
292; as nouns, 203; with dative, 163.
Adverbs, formation, 279; comparison,
280.
Agent, expressed by ablative with ab,
142.
Apposition, 58.
bonus, comparison, 272.
Cause, ablative of, 118.
Commands, 399.
Comparison, lessons, 43, 44 ; ablative
of, 260 ; irregular, 272 ; of adverbs, 280.
Compound verbs, construction, 393-394.
Concessive clauses, 386-387.
Conditional sentences, 413-421.
Cum clauses, 386-387.
Dative, of possession, 238 ; of service,
294-295; with adjective, 163; with
verbs, 342-343; with compound verbs,
393-394-
Demonstratives, 201.
Deponent verbs, 333-335, 503; perfect
31
passive participle of, active in mean-
ing. 335-
Descriptive ablative and genitive, 302-
303-
domi, 229.
domus, 222, 2 ; 476.
eo, 228 ; 500.
Exceedingly, expressed by superlative,
268.
Fearing, verbs of, 384, 385.
fero, 502.
fio, 501.
fruor-, 337.
fungor, 337.
Gender, rules of, 27.
Genitive, descriptive, 302-303; partitive,
251-
Gerund and Gerundive, 403-406.
htc, 201.
huml, 229.
Idem, 189.
ille, 202.
Impersonal use of verbs, 432.
Indefinite pronouns, 300-301.
Indirect discourse, 327-330; 369-370;
427-430.
Indirect object, 58.
Indirect question, 369-370.
Infinitive, formation, 322; as subject,
183 b; complementary, 184; tense of,
in indirect discourse, 330.
Interrogative adjective and pronoun, 216.
Ipse, Qfyj .
is, 188.
iste, 208.
Locative, 229.
5
3i6
ESSENTIALS OF LATIN
fnalo, 499.
Measure of difference, ablative of, 267.
-ne, 40.
nolo, 499.
Order of Words, 82.
Participles, formation, 307; tenses, 309;
use, 311; of deponents, 334; perfect
passive participle, active in meaning,
335 ; as protasis, 311, 315, 316, 421.
Partitive genitive, 251.
Passive periphrastic conjugation, 438-
439; 505-
Personal pronouns, 284, 285.
Place where, whither, whence, 231.
plus, q:]-^.
Possession, dative of, 238.
Possessive adjectives, 292-293.
possum, 497.
potior, 337.
Pronouns, demonstrative, 201 ; indefinite,
300-301; inter. ogative, 216; personal,
284; reflexive, 286; relative, 195;
agreement, 197; in indirect discourse,
428.
prosum, 498.
Purpose, expressed by subjunctive, 350-
35^^ 1 363-364 ; by gerund or gerundive,
406 ; by supine, 433-435.
Quantity, 16.
Questions, 40; indirect, 369-370.
qui, 195.
quis, 216; 301.
quisquam, 301.
quisquc, 301.
Rather, expressed by comparative, 268.
Reflexive pronouns, 284, 286.
Relative, 195 ; relative clause of purpose,
363-364.
Result, expressed by subjunctive, 356-
358.
rurl, 229.
Separation, ablative of, 211.
Sequence of tenses, ^68.
Space, extent of, expressed by accusative,
245.
Subjunctive, of purpose, 350-351 ; 363-
364 ; of result, 356-358.
Substantive clauses, 378 ; with verbs of
fearing, 384-385.
sum, 496.
Supine, 433-435-
Time, extent of, expressed by accusa-
tive, 245; clauses expressing time,
386-387.
Too, expressed by comparative, 268.
iifor, 337.
V'ery, expressed by superlative, 268.
viscor, 237-
volo, 499.
Wishes, 423-425.
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