The ethno-botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah

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^THE ETHNO-BOTANY OF THE GOSIUTE
INDIANS OF UTAH

BY

RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN

3*9

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**THE ETHNO-BOTANY OF THE GOSIUTE INDIANS

OF UTAH

By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN
The Gosiute Environment

THE home of the Gosiute Indians was formerly all of the
generally desert territory bordering Great Salt Lake on
the south and extending westward into eastern Nevada.
To the passing traveler this whole region, before certain limited
portions were reclaimed by irrigation, appeared so utterly
desolate and uninviting that he must have wondered that any
human being should be found there excepting from direst
necessity. Yet the Gosiute still clings to it as his home and
native land, loving it with a love as ardent as ever burned in
the breast of patriot. Away from it he saddens and pines; and
no thought to him is so harrowing, no fear so unrelenting, as
that the white man's government, for the white man's greed,
may yet force his remnant people away to some hated reserva-
tion. To be sure, he now holds in his own right but a few
restricted areas; yet he is still free to roam much as he will
the entire region made sacred to him by the camps and graves
of his forefathers. In the truer, deeper sense still his are its
gray desert stretches, its rugged mountains and steep-walled
canons, its scattered springs, hidden seeps, and slender streams,
about which cluster a host of legends and traditions he treasures
from the past and teaches to his children's children; its animals
and plants, the haunts and habits and uses of which it has been
his love and much of his practical education to know; its clear,
invigorating air, and its rich, lingering twilights with their in-
describable mystery and charm.

The region as a whole is broken by a series of mountain ranges
running in a generally north-and-south direction and rising for
the greater part from a thousand to six thousand feet above
the general plateau. Between the ranges are level valleys

331

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33 2 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, 2

floored with alluvial gravel, sand, and silt, washed and ac-
cumulated through many ages from the mountains and charged
with the alkaline salts forming so marked a characteristic of
the country. In the lowest part of the valleys there is typically
an alkali flat, or playa, where in the winter season water collects
in a shallow sheet and converts the soil into a soft, clay-like
mud that is bottomless and impassable. In the summer-time
the flat is dry and hard, and often shows white and glistening
from an incrustation of alkaline salts. The mountains are
furrowed with many gulches and narrow caflons which here
and there in their courses expand into pleasant, meadow-like
basins locally termed "parks."

The annual rainfall in the valleys is very low, the precipitation
increasing slowly with the altitude up the mountains. At the
same time the air is naturally excessively dry, the moisture
content being, according to Gilbert, 1 but 45 per cent, of that
necessary for saturation, as against 69 per cent, in the region
between the Mississippi river and the Appalachian mountains,
and the power of evaporation annually 80 inches as against 22
inches over Lake Michigan. From the lower ranges the snow
that falls commonly evaporates without melting or melts with-
out the formation of definite streams. The heavier snows of
the higher ranges feed scattered springs and the small streams
running down the canons and out a varying distance into the
valleys, where, often becoming charged with alkali, they sink
into the parched soil and are lost. Many of the springs at the
bases of the mountains are brackish or salty, and some are
warm.

The vegetation of this arid region, while generally scant, is
more abundant than would generally be expftcted; and there
is no part even of the valleys in the driest times wholly devoid
of plants, excepting limited portions of some of the playas most
heavily charged with alkali, and especially the Great Salt Lake
desert. In these places scattered clumps of the several " grease-
woods " occur about the margins. The vegetation of the valleys
and slopes, as well as of the hills and of much of the mountain-

x Lake Bonneville, pp. 6 and 7, 1890.

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chambbrlin] ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 333

sides, possesses a monotonous uniformity of appearance due to
an immense profusion of individuals of but few species. Those
mo6t constant and conspicuous are shrubby and suffrutescent
plants which occur almost to the exclusion of other forms. No
trees are found among them. Grasses grow in tufts; but these
die out with the advancing season everywhere excepting in
favored recesses and parks of the mountains. Turfing grasses,
such as are so conspicuous in the plains region east of the
Rockies, are not found excepting certain salt forms almost
worthless for pasturage and confined to the alkaline meadow
lands. As a protection against the intense dryness of the region
these characteristic plants have mostly much reduced leaves
with tough cuticle and often a dense covering of hair. The
prevalent color of the vegetation i| a wearisome gray or dull
olive. Only at long intervals is this monotony of color relieved
by the bright green of the richer vegetation of the oases about
springs and along streams.

It is impossible for plants of the higher orders to thrive in
the strongly alkaline soil in the lower portions of the valleys.
The plants growing here belong for the greater part especially
to the Chenopodiaceae, of which one of the best known and
most widely distributed is the common greasewood (Sarcobatus
vermiculatus). Of similar habit and abundance is Halostochys
occidental™. Along with these, among other abundant plants
of the same family, occur Stuzda depressa and especially the
peculiar glasswort (SaHcornia herbacea) which in marshy saline
ground flourishes over wide areas, and forms with its brightly
colored, fleshy stems a pleasing feature of the landscape.

Farther back from the playas are found the chenopods,
Eurotia lanata or the white sage, the familiar and excessively
abundant Grayia polygaloides, the larger spinescent Shepherdia
argentea, several species of Atriplex, and others.

Intermingling to some extent with the last mentioned forms
and beyond the alkaline soil of their preference wholly pre-
dominant, is the ever common sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata).
This form almost completely usurps the better soil of the
valleys and plains, and extends far up on the mountain-sides.

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334 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs. 2

With the sagebrush over the gravelly foothills are also found
Tetradymia canescens, Purshia tridentata, and Cowania mexicana.
In the swales, and in similar places favored by the drainage,
Bigelovia is a common plant. The smaller suff rutescent rabbit-
brush or the torchweed, Gutierrezia, abounds almost everywhere
and often forms a conspicuous feature over large areas. Among
the Artemisias occur here and there the brilliantly flowered
cacti, and during the spring and early summer such herbaceous
forms as the common Phlox longifolia, various Gilias, Phace-
lias, Lithospermums and Echinospermums, (Enotheras, Allium,
several species of Astragalus ', the gaudily flowered Balsamorrhiza '
sagittata and other Composite, and later in the season in some
parts the beautiful sego lily, Calochortus nuttallii.

The lower mountains, like the valleys, are chiefly destitute
of trees and are overgrown with bushes and shrubs of the kinds
found on the lowlands or with these, because of the exposed
positions, more scattered and dwarfed. On the higher moun-
tains, however, coniferous woods occur in tracts of varying
extent. At lower levels the cedar (Juniperus) is everywhere
common, and at higher levels also is the spruce. The nut pine
(Pinus monophylla), of so much importance to the Indians, is
abundant in parts of certain ranges, of which may be mentioned
especially the Deep Crfcek mountains. The mountain ma-
hogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), also formerly much used by
the Gosiute, is widespread. Among herbaceous plants common
over the mountains are such forms as Ferula multifida, species
of Peucedanum, the much-prized Carum gairdneri, yamp and
other Umbelliferae; Castilleja parviflora and Pentstemon glaber;
Heuchera and Mitella, and other Saxifragaceae; the larkspurs,
Delphinium menziesii and tricolor; Eriogonums, and various
species of Composite.

In the canons containing streams of water occurs a compara-
tive wealth of plants not found elsewhere. Of the trees and
shrubs on the stream banks there are various species of willow,
the quaking aspen, the Cottonwood, the birch (Betula occi-
dentalism, the service-berry (Amelanchier alnifolia), the wild or
choke-cherry (Prunus demissa), haws (Cratcegus rivularis), the

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chambbrun] ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 335

kinnikinnick (Cornus stolonifera) , the elder (Sambucus racemosa) ,
the maple (Acer glabrutn), the sumac or "squaw-berry" (Rhus
aromatica), and the wild rose (Rosa calif ornica, fendleri, and
nutkana). In the richer soil of canons and foothills the scrub-
oak (Quercus undulata) grows densely. As an undergrowth
over the sides of the canons the box (Pachystima myrsinites)
and Oregon grape (Berberis repens) are common, while various
species of wild currant (Ribes), Ceanothus vdutinus, and other
shrubby plants, often grow in dense patches. Of common
herbaceous plants growing in favorable places and season may
' be mentioned such forms as Erythronium grandiflorum, FritiU
laria pudica, Smilacina amplexicaulis, and other lileales,
Claytonia, Geranium richardsoni, Wyethia amplexicaulis, Mitnu-
lus luteus, Mentha and other Labiate, Clematis f Aquilegia, and
others of similar rank.

In this ill-favored region large game was not relatively
abundant; and the Gosiute could not be primarily a hunting
tribe. They seem to have placed no regular dependence on
forms larger than the abundant jack-hare, although when oppor-
tunity was propitious they sometimes undertook the securing
of antelope and deer. At one side of Mill Creek canon, which
is in the Wahsatch mountains and opens into the Salt Lake
valley, there is a mountain valley which, broad and open at its
upper part, as the canon is approached narrows to a vertically
sided gorge and terminates abruptly at a precipice of great
height. Occasionally the Gosiute resorted to this richer terri-
tory beyond their proper range, and, at opportune times, sur-
rounding deer or antelope, would drive them down the valley to
the gorge, where the terrified animals, finding retreat impossible,
leaped over the precipice to their death. From this the Mill
Creek canon is known to the Indians as Tln-go-Ap, which means
Rock or Precipice Trap. Some of the older men also tell of a
great "trap" artificially constructed in the Cedar mountains
and formerly kept in repair from year to year. This was a
great V-shaped runway, the sides of which were fences or walls
formed of logs and brush. At the time of a drive all available
men and women would make a wide semicircle about antelope

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33 6 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, *

that might be in the region, and shouting and continually closing
in, would drive the animals to the narrow apex of the run or
corral where hidden hunters easily killed the bewildered game.

While antelope, deer, bear, and other large game formed
scarcely more than an occasional source of sustenance for the
Gosiute, the jack-hare, exceedingly common throughout the
region, was highly important to them, and was regularly a
chief dependence in fall and winter for meat, raiment, and
blankets. After a hunt the meat was dried and preserved,
while the skins were dressed and made into fur ropes, which were
then bound together to form blankets or articles of clothing
which are very warm and serviceable. It was the custom to
hold great rabbit hunts or "drives" every fall. In these drives
the whole tribe engaged and was sometimes joined by neighbor-
ing bands. The common procedure was to construct of grease-
wood, sagebrush, or other convenient material, a great V-shaped
enclosure, similar to the one described, with a hole at the
narrowed apex leading underground into a passage covered
above with a hide. The hares were surrounded and driven
into the enclosure by the codperation of men, women, and
children. As the hares reached the apex of the V they would
run into the underground passage, from which they were
quickly removed one by one and despatched by men stationed
there for the purpose. Sometimes the hares were merely driven
into the heap of brush where, bewildered and impeded, they
were easily killed with clubs.

In the spring and early summer the ground squirrel, or
spermophile, everywhere present, was trapped or hunted,
originally with bow and arrow. It is still sought for food and is
much relished. Certain of the larger desert lizards, as well as
snakes, were also formerly eaten; but these forms are no longer
sought for this purpose, although declared to be palatable.

An abundance of food was furnished at times by the black
cricket (Anabrus simplex), several species of locusts, and the
cicada. The crickets often occurred in vast swarms, or " ar-
mies.' ' They were not only eaten in season, but were dried
and preserved for winter use in baskets or other receptacles

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chambbeun] RTHNO-BOTANY OF COSIUTB INDIANS 337

covered in pits. A favorite method of cooking fresh crickets
was to place them in pits lined with hot stones in which they
were covered and left until thoroughly roasted. This dish is
really very palatable and is compared by the Indians to the
shrimp, which they accordingly term the "fish cricket."
Locusts were similarly prepared and preserved for winter use.
The cicada was eaten not only after cooking, but also fresh.
Indian children may still often be seen catching these insects,
deftly removing head and appendages, and eating them at once
with evident relish.

Vegetal Products used as Food

It was, however, on the products of the plant kingdom, as
available in the flora in some features touched above, that the
Gosiute placed their chief dependence for food, a fact that in
trapper and pioneer days led to their being included under
that omnibus and odious designation of "Diggers," or "Root
Diggers." Living close to nature and impelled by strict neces-
sity, they knew the plants of their region with a thoroughness
truly surprising. From root to fruit they knew the plants in
form and color, texture and taste, and according to season and
habitat. Whatever portion of a plant could serve in any degree
for food they had found out; and what would poison or injure
they knew to avoid. From plants, too, they obtained most of
their medicines, which were many, as well as the materials for
making most of their household and other utensils. The educa-
tion of the Gosiute children in a knowledge of these and other
matters important to them in their original state was formerly
given with much care by the grandparents; but since the change
in mode of life consequent on the coming of the white race,
this education, or drill, is much neglected. As a result the
knowledge concerning plants and their properties possessed by
the younger generations is very inferior to that of the older men
and women now fast passing away.

The Gosiute ate the leaves and stems of many plants as
"greens" after boiling them in water according to the usual
custom. Some members of the Cruciferae and Composite con-

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33 8 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs. 2

taining acrid or otherwise distasteful oil or other principles were
sometimes taken through a preliminary course of repeated
washings to remove the objectionable taste so far as possible,
after which they were cooked and eaten as usual. The leaves
and petioles of the arrow-root (Balsamorrhiza sagittate), termed
ku'-si-a-k&n-dzlp, furnished one of the most used and dependable
foods of this type. This is an abundant and conspicuous mem-
ber of the early season flora throughout the region. The hastate
leaves of this plant, mostly radical and forming a tuft, are
eight or nine inches long with still longer petioles, and the
flowers are large showy yellow heads like those of the sunflower.
Cymopterus longipes (an-dzdp') is an umbellale, widely dis-
tributed and abundant like the preceding form. It is an early
spring plant with more or less tufted leaves of pinnately decom-
pound form, and with umbels of yellow flowers. The leaves of
this plant in season furnished a standard and favorite dish. The
leaves of the closely related Cymopterus montanus were not eaten,
but the caudex and basal portions of petioles occasionally were.
Among many other plants of which the leaves were eaten may
be mentioned Troximon aurantiacum (mu'-tci-glp), native water-
cress {Nasturtium), pa'-mu, and Ranunculus aquatilis, the entire
plants of the latter two being used. The entire plant of the
cancer-root {Aphyllon fasciculatum), po'-ho~ru, a pale leafless
parasite growing on the roots of sagebrush and species of
Eriogonum, was also eaten. The stems of the plumed thistle
(Cnicus eotoni), po'-gwo, furnished food, as did also in quantity
the lower tender stems and root-stocks of the bulrush (Scirpus
locustris var. occidentals), saip. A plant of primary interest to
the Gosiute, because it furnished one of their most valued medi-
cines but also was the source of a certain amount of food, is
Ferula multifida (to'-dzdp). Only the youngest shoots just as
they were breaking through the ground were used as food, and
these but rarely, the ill-tasting older growths being always
rejected as unusable.

Of the plants that furnished food to the Gosiute in the form
of roots, root-stocks, tubers, and bulbs, none is popularly so
well known as the beautiful Calochortus nuttallii — si' -go to the

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CHAmbkrlin) ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 339

Indians, and hence "sego," the common name among the white
residents of Utah. It is the State flower. The bulbs of this
lily were formerly gathered and used for food. Not only were
they eaten in season, but they were preserved in quantity for
winter use by being dried and placed in pits, like those hereafter
to be described, from which they were taken as needed, and
were then most commonly cooked with meat in the form of
stew§. When the Mormons first arrived in Utah and the
struggle for food was so severe with them, they learned from
the Indians the value of this article; and the digging of sego
bulbs in the spring did much in many families to ward off
starvation.

Another lily furnishing an edible bulb is FritUlaria pudica
(win'-a-go), a yellow-flowered form blooming in the mountains
in early spring. It was much less important than sego. The
Camassia, pa'-si-go, furnished a more important food of this
class, and in some sections where available was extensively used.
The bulbs of the wild onions (Allium bisceptrum, etc.), kiifl'-ga,
and those of the common spring beauty (Claytonia caroliniana),
dzi'-na, were also eaten in season, but are said not to have been
preserved for winter use.

One of the most highly prized of all food plants among the
Gosiute was Carum gairdneri (yamp or yam f -pa) , which occurs
in abundance in favorable places in the higher mountains. It
grows to a height of four feet and bears rather few pinnately
compound leaves. The roots are swollen and tuberous. It is
these that are eaten. They are sweet and pleasant to the taste,
and are nutritious from the presence of an abundance of starchy
material. The Indians were very fond of it and still frequently
gather it. The usual method of cooking the roots was to
roast them in pits lined with hot stones, in which they were
commonly covered and left over night. They were sometimes
boiled. The roots were cached in quantity in pits for winter use.

An industry of the Gosiute and related tribes very frequently
noticed by" early travelers was the gathering of the seeds of
grasses and various other plants, a source of a food of funda-
mental importance. While many kinds of plants furnished

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340 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, 3

seeds that were used, by far the greater proportion came from
the grasses and members of the Cheriopodiaceae. Few grasses
occurring at all abundantly did not furnish seeds, as those
mentioned in due order in the later lists will indicate.

Various chenopods, previously mentioned as forming such a
predominant and characteristic element of the flora over the
valleys and flats, furnished a great quantity of nutritious seeds;
and in some localities species of A triplex and Chenopodium in
particular, and in wet places Salicornia, appear to have been
the chief source of supply. Plants of these genera are so often
seen growing thickly over wide areas that they would seem in
places to have furnished a food supply limited only by the
capacity and inclination of the Indians to harvest it. Especially
A triplex confertifolia (suH) is abundant in the alkaline valleys
throughout the region, occurring in enormous profusion in the
more favorable places, so as to have been much depended on.
Another species also furnishing seeds is A triplex truncate (a'-po).
The brittlewort or samphire {Salicornia herbaced)^ o'ka or pa 1 *
o-ka, previously mentioned, is a low, leafless herbaceous plant
with fleshy, jointed stems. It has been compared in appearance
with branching coral, to living groves of which the resemblance is
accentuated by its presenting colors in many shades of red,
pink, and yellow. The plant occurs over extensive areas in
marshy ground about the shores of Great Salt Lake and else-
where through the region, often thickly covering the ground for
miles where no other plant is found. The seeds of this plant
when made into meal and cooked are said to have furnished
an article tasting like sweet bread and one of which the Indians
were fond.

Of Cruciferae furnishing edible seeds the most important
seems to have been the hedge mustard (Sisymbrium canescens) 9
Qoi'-ya or po'-nak, the seeds of which were gathered and used
n the ordinary way, but are also said to have been ground up
and mixed with snow in winter, and in this form eaten as a kind
of confection. In the borage family the species of Lithosper-
mum, tso'-ni-baip, more especially, furnished a portion of seeds.
Seeds of the mints, Dracocephalum parviflorum and Lophanthus

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CBAKBKKLiN] ETHNO-BOTANY OP GOSWTB INDIANS 341

urticifolius, both known under the name ba'-giva^nUp or toi'-ya-
ba-gwa-ndp> were also regularly gathered. Especially nutritious
and important were the seeds beaten from the heads of a
number of Composite. Among various others may be men*
tioned the arrowroot (Balsamorrhiza sagittate), previously men-
tioned as furnishing edible leaves, the related Balsatnorrhiza
hookeri (mo'-a-k&mp), Wyethia atnplexicaulis (pi'-a-k&n-dzip),
Gymnolomia multiflora (mo'-ta-qa), and the sunflower (Helian-
thus), i'-Am-pi. The familiar arrowgrass (Triglochin martii*
mum), pa'-na~wi t and the cattail (Typha latifolia), to'-tmp, are
also to be included here. The ripe spikes of the latter were
gathered and the bristles were burned off, by which process the
seeds were freed and at the same time were roasted.

The seeds of all these and the other plants were collected in
approximately the same way. They were first gathered in
large baskets, commonly about two and a half feet wide by
three feet deep, and designated by the name na'-pi-o-sa or
sometimes as wu'-tsi-a-n£mp. These baskets were closely
woven, and were made tight by means of the gum or pitch of
the pine by which the meshes were thoroughly filled, as with
water-jugs. The ripe heads of grasses, or the seed containing
portions of other plants, were knocked or swept into this basket
(ta'-nuk&m-ma-wu"-ti-ga) by means of a second smaller basket
about the size of a three- or four-quart milk-pan and known as
a da'-nl<f. Often this da'-niq u was provided with a handle
projecting from one side like the handle of a dipper, and along
the side opposite the attachment of the handle with a flat piece
of wood sharpened to an edge like the blade of a knife, its use
being to strike against and cut off the fruiting portions of the
plants. The large basket might be held in convenient position
beneath taller plants with the left hand while in the right the
smaller one was used to sweep across the tops of the plants;
but more frequently the na'-pi-o-sa was carried beneath the
left arm or swung upon the back. When in the last position
a quick sweep of the da'-nlq u was made from right to left
across the plants and up over the left shoulder so as to carry the
loosened material into the receptacle.

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34 2 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, 2

The materials gathered in the baskets in this way were carried
to some convenient and suitable place near the encampment and
piled upon the ground preparatory to threshing. This operation,
man-gop'-ma"-wu-pain ("to beat seed vessels," "to thresh ")i
was performed simply by beating thoroughly with sticks or
paddles until the chaff, pods, and other accessory parts were
fully loosened from the seeds. The separation of the seeds
from the chaff and other waste parts — the winnowing — was
next attained by slowly shaking the threshed material from a
special winnowing basket or fan held at a height when a wind
was blowing which could carry away the chaff while allowing
the heavier seeds to fall more directly to the ground or upon
skinsspread for the purpose (ma-wi'-a-nln, "to winnow"). The
winnowing-basket (t?'-u~wa) was circular or ovate in form, and
was shallow, being but gently and gradually depressed from
the margin toward the center. Larger or heavier materials
were separated by hand. At the present time the Gosiute
grow wheat and oats in considerable quantity, which they
thresh and winnow in this primitive way, as do also various
other Indians. The threshing is sometimes done by means of
horses driven round and round in a circle over the cut grain
spread out on a floor or on hard ground, the tramping of the
horses accomplishing what is more commonly effected by the
beating with sticks or paddles. The same method is used not
only among other Indian tribes in the West and by the Mexicans
of the Southwest, but also among peoples of the Orient.

After the winnowing, the seeds were stored in appropriate
baskets or other receptacles for winter, the containers being
covered in pits in the usual way. Before using, the grain was
made into meal by being ground by hand in the well-known
Indian metate. Among the Gosiute this was a flat stone, pa'-to,
generally oblong in form, upon which the seeds were placed and
pulverized by means of a sub-cylindrical grinder, or mano,
du'-su, which was rubbed back and forth under pressure. This
operation in time resulted in wearing out the metate over the
middle portion and leaving an elevated rim along each side,
which the better held the grain in place. The meal thus pro-

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chamberlin) ETHNO-BOTANY OF COSIUTE INDIANS 343

duced was eaten chiefly in the form of porridge or mush, or was
baked into crude cakes.

Of high importance to the Gosiute as food was the fruit of
the nut pine {Pinus tnonophyUa), ti'-ba-wa-ra. The expedition
to the mountains for pine-nuts each fall was one of the great
fixed events of the year to them; and, to this day, when so little
dependence is placed on most of the original sources of their
food supply, pine-nuts (ti'-ba) are gathered regularly in con-
siderable quantity and kept for their own use and to some
extent are marketed among the whites in trade. In visiting
the regular Gosiute encampments during the pine-nut season
one may feel certain of finding them in great part deserted.
The method of obtaining the nuts is to gather the cones and
partially to char them in a fire: in this process the nuts are
roasted. The nuts are next beaten out of the cones. If further
roasting be found necessary it is done in ovens. The roasted
nuts are eaten directly by some after shelling, by others with
the shells on; or they may be ground into meal on a metate.
Formerly the nuts, after roasting, were placed in specially
constructed, tall, sack-like baskets, in which they were pre-
served in pits or cellars.

The acorns, ku'-ni-ro4lmp, of the Rocky mountain or scrub
oak (Quercus undulata, var.), ku'-ni-dp, found over portions
of this territory, were used as food in season; but they are said
not to have been preserved for winter use. They were by no
means of such important service to the Gosiute as the fruit
of some oaks were to other tribes, such as those of California.

Of succulent fruits that of the service-berry (Amelanchier
alnifolia), ti'-Am-pi, was probably most important. Not only
did it furnish food in season, but it was preserved in large
quantities for winter use. For preservation the berries were
mashed, spread out in layers in the sun, and allowed to dry
thoroughly; the dried fruit was then placed in pits lined with
grass. Immediately over the top of the fruit was placed a
layer of the leaves of sagebrush, the whole being overlaid with
cedar-bark and covered finally with earth. For use in winter
the dried material was broken up on the metate and boiled

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344 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, s

with or without meat. To this was often added a portion
of certain seed meals said to improve the flavor and general
palatability. The native currants (general term, po'-go-n&p)
were gathered and preserved in the same way as the service-
berries. Among these currants were the black or Missouri
currant, Ribes aureutn (kai'-i-Amp) ; Ribes divaricatutn (wt'-sa-
po-go-ndp) ; and Ribes leptanthum and lacustre (ai'-go-po-g&mp).
The fruit of the wild cherry or western choke cherry (Prunus
detnissa) was similarly used and preserved. The fruit of the
raspberry (Rubus leucodermis) , tu'-kwdn-dau-wi-a or tu'-kw&n-da-
tni, and of the strawberry (Fragaria vesca), M'-ka-pa-rir4mp,
were sought and used in season; but no effort was made to
preserve them for later use. The berries of the rose (Rosa
calif ornica and fendleri), tsi'-Amp, were also among the foods.

Beverages

Of beverages the Gosiute seem to have had but few origi-
nally. A kind of tea made from the leaves of the mint (Mentha
canadensis), pa'-na-ti-so, is said to have been drunk considerably
and to have pleased the taste of many. The leaves of the shrub,
sometimes termed "mountain tea" (ftn'-ai-hya) in early days,
were also used for making tea. Another plant termed tu' -tem-
pi by the Indians, but which I have not identified among those
known to me in the immediate region, is said to possess a
wood from which a good beverage was formerly made.

Chewing-gums

There were a number of chewing-gums. One was supplied
by the gum of the Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga douglasii),
waW-go; also the latex of Asclepias, and of Senecio (&m' -pi-dta-
na-kwo), among others, was dried and converted into a gum.
The chewing-gum that seems to have been most prized, however,
was obtained from the roots of the greater rabbit-brush (Bige-
lovia douglasii), si'-bH-pi. The inner part of the root having
been rejected, pieces of the outer portion were taken into the
mouth and chewed, a gummy substance gradually separating
out and the more fibrous material being gradually removed.

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chambkrlin] ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 345

This gum is sweet and pleasant to the taste. Indian children
and the elders as well may often be seen preparing it.

Smoking

A number of plants furnished the Gosiute material for smok-
ing. Most highly prized among these was the native tobacco
plant (Nicotiana attenuate), pu'-i-ba-u t which grows in dry
places to a height of a foot or two, and bears greenish white,
salverform flowers from an inch to an inch and a half long.
The leaves, borne on slender petioles and ovate to lanceolate
in form, were dried and used as ordinary tobacco. Whether
the related Nicotiana guadrivaivis, a native of Oregon and
formerly cultivated by various Indians from that state eastward
as far as the Missouri, was formerly grown and used by the
Gosiute is uncertain. Vaccinium cmspitosum (tV-da-kai-mi-ya)
and Silent menziesii (yo'-go-ti-wi-ya) also furnished leaves which
were similarly dried and used for smoking. Ranking in im-
portance with the tobacco plant proper was the kinnikinnick
(Cornus stolonifera), dfl'-ka-kwi-nllp, the inner bark of which
was smoked either alone or mixed with tobacco.

Domestic Objects
For the making of baskets, bowls, water-jugs, baby-baskets
or cradles, etc., various species of willows (si'-o-pi), such as Salix
lasiandra, longifolia, and others, supplied a considerable pro-
portion of the material, though, when available, many much
preferred the shoots of the Cottonwood, so'-o-pi, because of
their greater toughness. For the frame in their several types
of basketry, branches of the service-berry (Amelanchier alni-
folia), ti'-Htn-pi, were used, because of their strength and tough-
ness. Water-jugs, cooking-bowls, seed-baskets, winnowing fans
and other vessels designed to hold water or fine material were
made impervious by being coated on the inside, or both inside
and out, with the gum of the nut-pine. A smooth, glaze-like
inner surface was often supplied to these vessels, as also more
especially to earthen dishes, by coating them with a mucilage
obtained from Malvasirum munroanum (koi'-na-kotnp). This

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346 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, 2

was obtained by macerating or mincing the stems and leaves of
the plant in water or simply by drawing it with pressure across
the surface to be coated.

Bows were most usually made from the wood of the mountain
mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), tu'-n&mp, and arrows from
the wood of the service-berry. The wood of the kinnikinnick
was sometimes used for the framework of snowshoes.

Originally the wood of the sagebrush {Artemisia tridentata),
po'-ho~bi t was largely used, when (as it usually was) available, for
producing fire by friction. For the same purpose, among others,
the dried roots of the following were used : cedar, wa'-pi; moun-
tain mahogany, tu'-ndmp; and Shepherdia, aft f -ka-mo-do-nAp.

Habitations

The winter lodges were made almost entirely from the cedar,
wa f -pi. The main structure was built, in the usual shape, of
logs and poles of this plant, the whole being thatched with the
smaller branches and the bark, the latter specifically termed
i'-na-wa-tslp. For a covering over the ground within the
lodges, the bark and finer branches of the cedar, or grasses,
were used. It was, no doubt, Gosiute lodges that Captain
Stansbury saw in 1849 when traveling through Skull valley on
the western side of Great Salt Lake. He writes: " In a nook of
mountains, some Indian lodges were seen, which had apparently
been finished but a short time. They were constructed in the
usual form, of cedar poles and logs of considerable size, thatched
with bark and branches, and were quite warm and comfortable.
The odor of the cedar was sweet and refreshing." 1

Medicinal Plants

The Gosiute attained, empirically, considerable knowledge
concerning the medicinal properties of the plants of this region
that was invaluable to them. It may be noted that almost all
of the valuable remedies in our own pharmacopoeia also were
first found out and used empirically ; hence it is not so surprising
to find that many of the remedies used by the Gosiute are

1 Expedition to the Great Salt Lake, p. in

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chamberlinI ETHN0-B0TAN7 OF GOSIUTE INDIANS S47

closely related to some of those which we have used for the
same purposes. But, naturally, superstition among these
Indians also played a large part; and we find them often going
through a procedure or applying a treatment the value of which
must be regarded as wholly fictitious.

Superstitious beliefs and practices seem to have prevailed
especially where animals furnished the material used as medicine
or otherwise played a part in the treatment of disease. As one
of the less involved cases may be mentioned the procedure in
procuring rattlesnake oil, used for rheumatism. The person
having secretly found a rattlesnake must address it in some
such way fis this: "My good brother, you are powerful; I wish
you to help me." The rattlesnake must then be killed by a
single shot directed from bow or gun unerringly through the
head. The body of the snake was then opened and its fat
stripped into a receptacle, and the body was buried so that it
should be seen by no one else. The same procedure must be
repeated with each snake used. Only when this method had
been carefully followed was the oil when subsequently rubbed
on the affected organ supposed to be curatively effective.

As a second example may be cited the procedure by some
believed to effect a cure of persistent nose-bleeding. The
person affected must take secretly some of the blood from his
nose to a nest of the red or occidental ant (Pogonotnyrmex occi-
dentalis), into an excavation in which it must be poured so that
it would be consumed by the ants. No dog or other animal
must be permitted to touch the blood. If all had been faithfully
carried out cessation of the hemorrhage was supposed to follow.

The great majority of the many medicines used by the Gosiute
were products of the plant kingdom, though to a limited number
of animal substances and preparations curative qualities were
attributed. As above stated, some were of unquestioned ser-
vice, containing active principles identical or related closely in
not a few cases to those of plants used or formerly used by our
own practitioners. Often several different medicines might be
used for the same ailment, or what was regarded as the same,
the one selected depending on season, availability, or personal

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348 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, 2

preference. In some cases medicines were combined and given
as a mixture, in which case each constituent was supposed to
exercise its own peculiar virtue. Medicines were classified
according to use, the classification being in correspondence with
their categories of disease. Thus medicines for wounds and
cuts were classed as V-a~na-tsu; for bruises and swellings, baV-
gwi-na-tsu; for burns, wai'-a-na-tsu; for coughs and colds,
o f -ni-na-tsu; for bowel troubles, koi'-na~tsu; for "worms,"
wu'-i-na-tsu; for venereal diseases, tlm'-bai-na-tsu; for rheuma-
tism, tso'-ni-Tta-tsu; for the blood, bu f 4-na-tsu; for bladder and
kidney troubles, si'-na-tsu; etc.

In setting fractured bones in the limbs, sticks of some con-
venient wood about half an inch thick and of convenient length
were used as splints. These were tightly bound in place by
means of deerskin cords passed from one to the next, about
which it was wound, and so on round and round the limb in a
spiral. A packing between and beneath the splints was sup-
plied by the reed (Phragmites) or other grass. It is said that
a paste mixed with this or some similar plant appropriately
cut up was sometimes used, the whole drying beneath the splints
and about the limb into a land of cast that was rigid and effec-
tive. In one case of fracture of the leg observed under treat-
ment by the writer, movement of the foot was prevented by
means of flat pieces of wood tied firmly againt the sole with
deerskin strings passing from the splintwork sheath.

In case of a wound from arrow or gunshot, a paste made by
pounding or by chewing the root of the arrowroot (Balsam-
orrhiza sagittata) , ku''Si-a-k&n~dzlp, previously mentioned among
food plants, was applied. If the hemorrhage was severe,
a ligature was applied on the central or proximal side when
possible. A tea made by twisting the juice from the roots of
Mitella (to'-sa-na-tsu) or related form was then given internally,
the effect being to hasten elimination and purging. Regarded
as considerably more efficacious than the arrowroot was the
root of Ferula multifida (to'-dzilp), which is strong and rank
in taste and smell. It was used, in essentially the same way
as the arrowroot, upon wounds, cuts, or bruises, where the

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chambkrlin) ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 349

skin was broken. In case of compound fractures this was the
application made to the wounds in preference to all others.
The root for use, as observed by the writer, was first minced
with a knife and thoroughly ground to a pulp by crushing upon
a clean, flat stone with another one used as a pestle. The
paste was then smeared over the wound and bound in place.
It was used as a dressing throughout the progress of healing,
and it seems especially to have been valued where there was
infection. Among other plants furnishing preparations used
on wounds, cuts, or sores, may be mentioned Cnicus eaioni
(ai'-wa-bo-gdp) and Gilia (i'-am-Hp).

Among remedies supposed to have virtue in reducing swelling
due to bruises or other causes may be mentioned first the roots
of Valeriana edtdis, which were pounded to a pulp and rubbed
externally. Another was made by steeping the roots of Wyethia
atnplexicaulis (pi'-a-k&n-dzlp). The flax (Linum lewisii)
furnished a preparation used in the same way, as did also the
roots of Mentzelia hevicatdis, among various others. One
informant stated that cases of persistent edema in the limbs
were sometimes treated as follows: By means of a sharp flint
chip the swollen member was cut in numerous places from one
end to the other, and allowed to bleed freely. Next day the
limb was tied proximally and a vein in a favorable position
was opened by means of a pointed stick. The blood was
allowed to flow from it for some time, after which the wound
was stopped and the entire limb covered with a salve made
from the roots of Valeriana, or of some other plant yielding a
bai'-gwi-na-tsu, and well bandaged.

For the treatment of burns the most prized remedy was
furnished by Spircea ccespitosa Nutt. (tlm'-ptn-tlm-bo-ilmp),
a shrubby, prostrate plant forming dense mats over limestone
rocks and cliffs in the canons. This plant has fleshy roots and
short matted branches upon which the silky-villous leaves are
arranged in dense rosulate clusters. The roots, after being
cleaned and freed of their epidermis by means of a knife, were
boiled in water until soft and readily reducible to a pulpy mass.
This was then ready for use, the wet pulp being applied directly

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3 SO AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, 2

in a layer over the burned part and bandaged in place. On
fresh burns it was renewed usually four times each day. The
remedy is still much valued, and in cases observed by the
writer seemed efficacious. A moss (Bryum) is said by some
also to have been used on burns. For the same purpose the
green wood of the mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius)
was also sometimes charred, the charcoal formed being pow-
dered, mixed with water, and applied to the burned part.

A number of plants furnished materials used as remedies
for rheumatism. Such was Valeriana edulis (toi'-ya-bUt&m-
ba-ga), above mentioned, the roots of which are pounded up
and rubbed on the affected parts. The common yarrow
(Achillea millefolium) was also bandaged about affected
joints, as were the steeped leaves of the sagebrush, po'-ho-bi.

Of remedies used for disorders of the alimentary tract there
were many. A preparation much valued for intestinal dis-
orders of babies and older children, but also used with adults,
often as a secondary treatment in accidents or other disorders,
was obtained from the roots of several of the Saxifragaceae,
especially Heuchera (wi'~giln-dza) and Mitella (pi'-a-nafik).
The medicine is purgative in action. Because of the color
of the roots the preparation is commonly known as to'-sa-na-tsu t
meaning "white medicine/' It was given in the form of a
decoction. A similar remedy, used especially with children,
was prepared from Arenaria triflora var. obtusa. The wood of
the choke-cherry (Prunus demissa), to'-o-ndmp t was sometimes
scraped and from the scrapings a decoction made which was
used also for bowel trouble, likewise more especially with
children. In some cases of stomach trouble an emetic was
given to relieve pain and to effect restoration. For this purpose
the root of Silene midticaulis is said to have been used, this
being mashed or ground up, put in warm water, and drunk.
Another emetic was prepared from the poison sego (Zygadenus
nuttallii), ta'-bi-si-go-Hp.

In cases where a person was thought to be suffering from
worms or other intestinal parasites the gum from Pinus mono*
phylla (ti'-ba-wa-ra) was sometimes put into boiling water and
drunk as hot as could be borne.

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chamkbrlinJ ETHNO-BOTANY OF COS JUTE INDIANS 3$l

The roots of Peucedanutn graveolens (i'-djaip), etc., were used
as a medicine called, from the high value placed upon it,
pi'-a~na-tsu, meaning "great medicine." This was used for
sore throat by being reduced to a pulp and applied directly by
means of a finger. Sometimes a string was tied to a piece of the
root and the latter then swallowed to be again drawn out over
the affected part by means of the string. A decoction was
also made from the root.

For colds, coughs, and pulmonary or bronchial affections a
favorite remedy was prepared from the leaves of the cedar,
wa'-pi. The leaves were boiled in water and the decoction
drunk hot. During the winter season, in families where there
are children, one is still likely to find a pot of cedar-tea on the
fire. A remedy for coughs and general colds with the accom-
. panying headache was also prepared by some by making a
decoction of cedar-leaves and sagebrush-leaves in tea made
from Mentha canadensis (pa'~gwa~n&p). Another remedy used
for biliousness with severe colds was a mixture of pi'~a~na~tsu t
previously mentioned, with some laxative or koi'-na-tsu, and
the resin of the pine, a decoction of the three being prepared
and drunk at intervals.

A tea or decoction prepared from the roots of Lithospermum
pttosum and multiflorum (tso'-ni-baip) was much used for kidney
trouble. It seems to be a strong diuretic. The writer has
also seen it used for this purpose among 'the Ute.

The Gosiute had a considerable number of remedies (/*f»'-
bai-na-tsu), severally regarded as efficacious in varying degrees
for venereal diseases and other affections of the sexual organs.
Among plants furnishing such remedies may be mentioned
Parnassia fimbriate, Spiraa millefolium, and Eriogonum ovali-
folium. The application was mostly in the form of a wash or
a poultice.

A favorite remedy in cases of fevers was furnished by the
leaves of the common sagebrush {Artemisia tridentata), po'-ho-bi.
This plant is similarly much used among the white people in
many of the outer settlements. Indeed, among many it is
regarded almost as a panacea, being used for coughs and colds,

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35 2 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (memoirs, 2

rheumatism, and other ailments, as well as for fevers, the
application sometimes being external, sometimes internal,
depending on the affection. In intermittent fevers the white
sage (Eurotia lanata), tci'-cop, was used considerably.

Some Features of Word Formation in the Gosiute
Language

The primary stems of the Gosiute language are chiefly verbal
in character. They are monosyllabic in form and are largely
further reducible to significant elementary sounds. The
vowel sounds, where capable of dissociation in this way, repre-
sent general modes of motion that are modified or conditioned
in definite ways by combination with consonants placed in the
initial position. Hence, leaving aside secondary and exotic
factors, the vital, active part of the language is found to be
especially vivid. The verbs largely define themselves; and it is
likely for this reason that it has seemed necessary for each verb
or verbal combination to be set off or introduced by a general
causal particle, ma.

In the composition of the primary stems to form secondary
combinations and words, the more specific particles come first,,
those expressing the more general notions being final; that is,
the first syllables control and restrict the final ones. The
combination is thus such as clearly to suggest or to define the
action or conception to be symbolized or represented. In verbs
the final syllable in the indefinite form is often one that signifies
some general action or mode of action. N, In, or the more
definite kin are such endings representing, in effect, making,
producing, or simply acting or doing; no designates general
motion or transportation, etc. By means of such endings
nouns are readily converted into verbs. When a stem repre-
senting a noun in the objective or other relation is incorporated,
it occupies the initial position in the verbal combination. Some
simple examples of verb formation follow.

a, ha indicates movement 6r extension out or away from, in a
straight line, projection, etc. ,

a' -pi (a'-vi; Aa'-W), a secondary root derived from the preceding

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chamberun] RTHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTB INDIANS 353

particle, + bi (w)> meaning primarily to accumulate, to rest upon,
etc. Hence a' -pi means to rest or lie upon while extended, to lie
out upon, to lie down. Used separately in speaking of persons, the
form of the verb" becomes ha'-vi-do.

pa'-ha-bi-no, meaning to swim. It is composed of pa, water, +
ha'-bi, to lie extended, + no, indicating motion.

ka'-ri-no, to ride sitting down. Derived from ka'-ri, to sit down,
+ no, as in the preceding combination. Applied to riding in train,
wagon, etc., in a general way.

p&H'-ga-ri-no, to ride horseback. The preceding word with pHH,
representing pUn'-go, horse, incorporated.

ai'-no, to lope. From at, a root meaning to spring or rebound, to
leap, etc., + no, indicating locomotion as in the preceding words.

pafl' -go-In, to dive. From pa, water, -hgo, root, meaning to
penetrate, etc., + in.

ki'-wa-tso-kin, to cut with scissors. From gi'-wa to bite or cut
apart (gi, bite or cut into, + wa to press aside or apart, to separate),
+ tso, to squeeze or press together, + kin, explained above.

gwi'-ca-kin, to braid. From gwa'-ci, tail, braid, etc., + kin.

ba'-hu-in, to smoke (tobacco). From ba'-u, tobacco, + -in.

Nouns, with which we are here chiefly concerned, are readily
derived from verbs and verbal combinations through the use of
suffixes which, like the verbal endings previously mentioned,
convey definite general or class ideas. Verbs are sometimes
used as nouns without the use of such suffixes. Nouns com-
pounded of simpler nouns or of other words are frequent. In
the plant names hereafter given it will be seen that one noun
in such compounds frequently bears a possessive or adjectival
relation to the principal. In such cases this relation is indicated
by the addition of n or w, or by using the particle Hn or 4m
more discretely. For example:

ni'-am, my. From nia, I, + m.

ai'-tin-tain-ti, bore of gun. From ai'-ti, gun, -f n + tin'-ti, hole,
etc.

Tim'-pin-o-gw&t, Provo river. From tim'-pi, stone, + og'-w&t,
river.

Ai'-bim-pa, Deep creek. From ai'-ba, clay, + m, + P&* water or
creek, i. e., clay water.

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354 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION tinaionts. a

to'-go-4n-go-na, painted cup (CastiUeia). From to'-go-a, snake,
+ &n* + gu'-na, fire; i. e., snake fire.

The more important noun suffixes occurring in plant names
are indicated below, in order.

1. tci, tsi (tc t ts). A common ending in names of living

things or parts of such. In Gosiute it is more frequent
in animal names. It also occurs in plant names, but
with nothing like the frequency to be noted in the Ut^
where it is the commonest ending. Examples:

See further under 3.

po'-ni-Ats, skunk.

yu'-nA-tsi, badger.

mu'-tu-nats, humming-bird.

yu'-ro-gots, Rocky Mountain jay.

du'-l-tci, child, baby.

naW-M-tci, ear. (Also as n&H'-k&s).

deutc, brother-in-law.

su'-go-p&-tsi 9 old man.

o'tci, grandson.

2. bi. Indicating a living thing or part of a living thing.

In the former case commonly followed by the ending
considered under 1, as represented below under 3.
Examples:

bi, the heart.

nam'-pi, foot. From na, meaning support or bottom

part, -h m, + bi.
patn'-pi, head. From pa, top, summit, + tn, -h bi.
tim'-pi, mouth. From tl, referring to teeth or cutting

object, -h tn, + bi.
mam'-bi, hand.
tno'-bi, nose. From mo, indicating protrusion, extension,

etc., -h bi.

3. bV-tci, bite. The preceding stem, + the animate ending

tci (tc). Indicates a living individual or something
regarded as such. Very common in animal names, but
only occasional in those of plants. Examples:

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CHAMBERlinI ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 355

i'-a-bUc, gopher.
tnom'-bUc, owl.
tu'-ko-bUc, wildcat.
we'-gom-bitc, turkey buzzard.
p&fi'wttc, fish.

4. -Up (-</>, -/>). One of the commonest endings in plant

names. As a noun ending it indicates substance or
material, or simply thing or object; and, hence, in plant
names it is often the practical equivalent of "plant."
In some plant names, in fact, the ending is clearly a
modification of o'-pi, meaning tree, wood, or plant. The
regular suffix is added mostly to verbs, though it may
also under some conditions be added to nouns. It may
also be added to verbs to indicate completion of an
action, forming thus regularly one of the past tenses or
giving a participial effect. Examples:

tl'-k&p, food. From dl'-ka-kln, to eat, + -4p.
pa'-gtn~4p, cloud. From pa'-gln, to produce water, +

-4p.
wai'-Ap, charcoal. From wai'-Mn, to burn, + -4p.
go'-4p; enclosure, corral, trap, snare, etc. From go, a

root in its most frequent sense meaning to surround

or to enclose, + -d/>.
da'-pi~4p t sock, stocking. From da'-pi, foot, leg, + -4p.

5. -Amp. Composed of the possessive 4m (m) and -Up (J>).

The possessive belongs primarily to a preceding noun,
but the combination has acquired the character of a
largely integral suffix with a definite and peculiar force.
It conveys usually the idea of material used for some
purpose. It occurs frequently in the names of plants
or of plant products used for food. In some plant names,
etc., it is likely the representative of the combination of
Urn and ba, meaning seed, or W, hence "fruit." Ex-
amples:

tsi'-Amp, roseberry. From tsi'-o-pi, the rose (the entire
plant), + -Himp; i. e., the part of the plant used for
food, the fruit of the rose.

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356 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, t

po'-gfimp, currant (the berry).
aW -ka-ti-wi^mp, sumach berries (fruit of Rhus).
so'-ko-ri-Amp, Oregon grape (the plant). From so'^ko-ri,
deer, + -Amp, the plant serving as food for the deer*
wi'-timp, haws.

6. na. Used mostly as a prefix to designate a support, source,

means, or instrument. Examples:

na'-dsi-ta, cane. From na, + dsi'-ta, stick, rod for

thrusting, etc.
na'-tse-ya, handle (as of a teacup). From na, + tsJ-ya,

to carry.
na'-gwa-na, perfume. From na, -f- gwa'-na-kin, to give

out a smell or odor.
na'-dl-ko, bait. From na, + di'-ka-kin, to eat.
na'-dsa-to-wi, shell thrower (of a gun). From na, -h

dsa'-to, to draw or jerk out, + wi.

7. -n&mp. A combination of na and -Amp, the two particles

discussed under 5 and 6. It is a very common noun
ending used to indicate means or instrument. Examples :

t¥ -ki-nbmp, table. From dl'-ka-Mn, to eat, + -n&mp*
ka'-ri-n&mp, chair. From ka'-ri-do, to sit down, +

-n&mp.
go'-to-n&mp, stove. From (ma-) go' -to, to heat, make hot,

to burn, + -n&mp.
tso'-tl-gi-ndimp, pillow. From tso, particle referring to

the head, + (ma-)ri'~gi, to lay or place upon, + -n&tnp.
go'-ti-nUmp, spear. From go'-ttn, to thrust into, etc.,

+ -n&mp.

Some words recurring frequently in combination in plant
names may next be listed. In compounds, of course, these
words do not occur, as a rule, in their entirety, but are repre-
sented by one or more of the more significant syllables.

As examples of words frequently entering into names to
indicate a color characteristic, the following may be listed.
The forms within parentheses represent the syllables ordinarily
appearing in compounds.

to' -si-bit (to-sa), white.

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CHAMBKBi.fN] ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 357

tu'-o-bil (to), black.

aH'-ka-bit (aH-ka), red.

pu'-i-bU (pu-i), green.

o'-a-bit (o-a), yellow.

on'-ti-gait (on-ti), roan, etc.

ku'-tsip (ku-tsi), ashen, gray, etc. Meaning primarily
ashes. Used in plant names especially to indicate the
ashen or grizzly appearance due to thick growths of
pubescence, etc.

Words indicating habitat occur with especial frequency in
plant names.

ku'-tsip. In addition to the force above explained, this
word in combination may also indicate growth as being
in dry soil, etc.

pa, water.

tint-pi (tim-pi, tin, tf), rock.

toi'-ya-bi (toi-ya), mountain.

to? -ya-wint, canon.

The two following are very frequent in names of plants where
it is desired to indicate size, especially where there are several
closely related forms to be discriminated and size represents a
prominent difference.

pi'-&p (pi-a, pi), large, tall.

ti '-ai-qA-tsi, ti'-dA-tsi {ti-a, ti-da), small, short, etc.

Naturally we find in plant names syllables representing or
indicating some particular part or feature of the plant.

ba, bi-a, seed, fruit.

gflp, pod, seed-vessel, fruit.

o'-pi, wood.

a'-ka, si'-a-ka, stem, shoot, etc.

si'-gi, leaf.

wa'-tsip, bark.

ai'-go-g&nt, thorn.

ai'-di-wis, wi'-sa, spine, prickle.

A few of the more frequently occurring words used in plant
names to indicate relations or characters other than those
indicated above are these:

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358 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, a

na'-tsu, medicine.

V-sha, wolf, and, secondarily, false.

wu'-da f bear.

p&fl'-go, horse.

tai'-bo, white-man, this being frequent in names more

recently devised to indicate forms introduced into the

region since the advent of the whites.

The more general terms used by the Gosiute to indicate plant
groups were largely and primarily indicative of habitat, the
ecological relations seeming most obtrusive to their minds.
Next to the ecological relations, the economic seemed to have
influence, and we find groupings based on uses in medicine and
as foods. As examples of names applied to plants according
to habitat may be mentioned the following:

pa'-bu-ip, applied to any plant floating upon water, or
growing in water with leaves above surface, etc. From
pa j water, + bo (po), root indicating position upon
surface of, floating, rising, etc., + ~4p or possibly o'-pi.

ttm'-bo-ip, applied to any plant growing upon or over
rocks, etc. From Vim, referring to rock as above
explained, + bo, as in the preceding, + -Up.

toi' -ya-da-tsip, applied to a shrub growing on mountain
or in canon.

pan'-di-sip, applied to a plant growing submerged in
water. From pan, aquatic, + di'-si-, meaning to
penetrate or thrust into or beneath, + -Up. It is also
applied to animals, such as water-beetles, living be-
neath water.

In the case of the great majority of the plants dealt with in
these pages the Gosiute names and uses have been tested re-
peatedly in order, so far as possible, to eliminate errors and to
determine the standard as distinguished from the occasional
and extraneous. The work has been carried on at different
seasons, and tests have been made at such different times
through various better-informed men and women of the tribe
(Skull Valley division), who have been consulted both singly
and in groups. However, there is a certain number of species

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chamberlin] RTHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 359

and forms of names which I have not been able to test to an
extent wholly satisfactory to myself.

The Gosiute plant names, like our own popular ones, with
which they are properly to be compared, are frequently generic
rather than specific in compass, or, naturally, they may apply
to species lying in technically different though usually closely
allied genera. In some cases they are the practical equivalents
of popular English names, while in other cases they are dis-
tinctly different in scope from these or may be without any
name in our own language at all corresponding, for a large pro-
portion of plants in the West are without popular designations
of any sort. It often happens that a single kind of plant is
known under two or more names to the Gosiute. In such case
one name is commonly more general in scope and applicable to
various other related or supposedly related forms, while the
other may be strictly applicable only to the particular form
under consideration. Then, again, the same plant may be
regarded from different points of view, classed on correspond-
ingly different bases, and so come to be designated under several
class or generic names indicating these several relations. Thus,
it may be regarded as to its habitat, as to its structure or appear-
ance, as to its service to man or animal for food, or as to its use
for medicinal purposes, etc. It may bear a different name
indicative of each of these relations in addition to that which
may be regarded as in a measure specific and restricted to it
alone. The restriction in a name depended much on the im-
portance or commonness of the plant, there being different
names even for closely related species in many cases — propor-
tionately much more numerous than is the rule among our
own people.

In ordinary speaking among the Gosiute a long plant name
may frequently be shortened through the omission or dropping
out of one or more syllables. Such abbreviation may result
in changes in the remaining syllable thus brought into different
relations with each other through the operation of definite
phonetic laws, as of rhythm in quantity, etc., which cannot
be considered here. There may thus result several current
forms from one original name.

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360 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, 2

The values of the letters used in recording Gosiute words in
the present paper are approximately those of the Bureau of
American Ethnology alphabet. Attention may be called to
essential equivalence and, within the limits set by certain
phonetic rules, the mutual interchangeability, (1) of k and g,
(2) of /, d, and r , and, less completely (3), of n and tn. Of the
letters or sounds of the second group, / is most commonly
initial in position, and r and d internal.

List of Plants according to Scientific Names, with Popular
and Gosiute Equivalents

Abies menziesii Lindl. Balsam. sa'-naH-go-bi: sa'-na, gum, pitch,
etc., + aH'-go-bi, fir.

Abronia fragrans Nutt. Sand Puff, ta'-ka-dl-di-a-r&p. ta'-ka-di-
da-r&p.

Acer glabrum Torr. Maple. pa'-go-ni-&p. pa T -kwi-ni-4Lp. (Prob-
ably from pa, water, + ku'-ni-Ap, kwi'-ni-Ap, oak.)

Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow, waft' -go-gip. Used commonly
among the Gosiute in form of a tea for biliousness, headache, etc.
Also applied externally for rheumatism and sometimes on
bruises.

Aconitum fischeri, etc. Monkshood; Aconite, f '-ca-bo-go-n&p. V-
ca-bo-gflp. ¥ -ca-bo-gop. Likely from i'-ca, deceptive, false,
baneful, + bo'-gop, fruit, berry, the name referring to poison-
ous properties as a result of which horses that eat it sometimes
die.

Acorn, ku'-ni-ro-ftmp. ku'-ni-&p, oak, + ro + -Up. See further
under Quercus.

Act&a spicata L. Baneberry. toi'-ya-ba-gwo-no-gip.

Agaricus. Mushroom, so'-ai-t&mp.

Agropyron repens Beauv. Blue-joint, o'-ro-rop. o'-ro. o'-do.
wa'-don~dz$p. pl'-ga-yu-glp; pl'-ga~dU. The seeds of this grass
among those formerly eaten.

Allium bisceptrum Watson, acuminatum Hook. Onion, kuh'-ga.
Bulbs eaten in spring and early summer. Not preserved for
later use.

Alnus incana Willd. Alder, u'-gu-dz&p.

Alopecurus aristulatus Mx. Foxtail Grass, tl'-so-nlp: ti- + so'-nlp,
grass.

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r] ETHNO-BOTANY OF COSIUTE INDIANS 36 1

Amaranthus sp. Amaranth, ats. Seeds formerly eaten and con-
stituted an important source of food.

Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Ragweed, tu'-ro-sip. tu-ro-vi, black,
+ sip, sap, juice. Name apparently referring to " black sap."
Occasionally used as a remedy for sore eyes. For this purpose
the leaves were steeped in hot water and bandaged over the
affected organ. The same name was often applied to Iva axil-
laris, q. v.

Amelanchier alnffoHa Nutt. Service-berry; June-berry. ti'-4m-pi.
Berries formed a very important source of food among the
Gosiute, being used both in season and preserved in large
quantities for winter use. For preservation the berries were
mashed and dried as previously described. If the berrying
grounds were not too far distant from the winter encampment,
the dried berries were cached on the spot to be obtained during
the winter as needed or to be transported at a favorable time
to a more accessible position. This plant also furnished the
material preferred for arrows and for the framework of cradles
and other forms of basketry.

Amsinckia tessellata. tso'-hamp. ? ku'-hwa. Seeds among those
formerly eaten.

Anaphalis margaritacea Benth. and Hook. Everlasting, mo'-ha-

Androsace septentrionalis L. ? ka'-na. See Lewisia.

Anemone multifida Poir. Wind-flower, toi f -ya-mo-ha-gflp. loi'-
ya-mo-gflp.

Angelica pinnata Watson. pa'-si-go~4Lp; pa'-si-gwip. Roots used as
medicine. Occasionally spoken of as ku'-i-gwa-n&p, but incor-
rectly so, according to the best informed Indians.

Antennaria dioica Gaertn. Everlasting, toi'-ya-na-tsu: toi'-ya-bi,
mountain, + na'-tsu, medicine. ? ku* -yi-ko-nbp (ku'-yi-gwa-nilp) .
Said by one informant to have been used in case of snow-blind-
ness, being steeped in water and bandaged over the eyes. The
first name is probably not wholly specific.

AphyUon fasdculatum Torn and Gray. Cancer-root, po'-ho-ru: po'-
ho-bi, sagebrush, -f ru, son. The name is given in reference to
this plant as a parasite upon the roots of the sagebrush. The
entire plant was sometimes eaten.

Aplopappus macronema Gray and parryi Gray, tliri '-bi-mo-a-gwa-
n&p.

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362 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs. 2

Aplopappus suffruticosus Gray, macronema Gray, toi'-ya-ba-hwip-
toi'-ya-ba-o-pi. The name means in effect simply "mountain
plant," and is not wholly specific.

Apocynum androsamifolium L. Dogbane; Indian Hemp, wu'-da-
wa-n&p: wu'-da, bear, + wa'-n&p, string, rope, fiber, etc. The
reference of the name is to the strong fiber obtainable from this
plant.

Aquilegia ccerulea James. Columbine, pa'-wa-gflm-pi. pa'-o-gAm-
pi. Several Gosiute asserted that the plant furnished a medicine
that acted on the heart. Seeds were sometimes chewed as
medicine, and a tea made from roots was used for abdominal
pains and when one was "sick all over."

Arabis holboellii Hornem. Rock Cress. si'-bo-i-Ap. Cf. Qeome
lutea, to which the name is also applied.

Arabis retrofracta Gray. Rock Cress, pi* -a-poi-na. pi'-a-si-bo-i-

ap.

Arctium lappa L. Burdock, mu'-pa-tai-gi-nilp. The burdock is
an introduced plant, and the name above given is used only by
a limited portion of the Gosiute, having been formed relatively
recently.

Arenaria biflora. Sandwort. Indicated under the indefinite or
general term tim'-bo-ip.

Arenaria congesta Nutt. Sandwort. Classed as a koi'-na-tsu t
bowel medicine.

Arenaria triflora var. obtusa Watson, wi'-djan-gwo-djop: wi'-dja*
pine-hen, -f n + gwo-djop. toi'-yan-tlm-ba-dzap. Like the pre-
ceding, classed as a koi'-na-tsu.

Argemone mexicana var. hispida Gray. Prickly Poppy. ? pa'-ra-
tt-tsln-bo-gop. toi'-ya-na-bo-gop.

Aristida purpurea Nutt. Triple-awned Grass, o'-glp. o'-gwlp-
toi'-ya-o-gwip. yo'-nlp.

Arnica cordifolia Hook, ta'-ni-k&mp.

Arnica parryi Gray, mo'-ha-gflp. Cf . Anaphalis.

Artemisia biennis Willd. pi'-a-wa-da. iva'-da. on' -tlm-pi-a-wa
(-da). The seeds of this plant were formerly gathered and used
as food extensively.

Artemisia discolor Dougl. and trifida Nutt. ku'-tsi-pa-wa-tsip.
ku'-tsi-pa-wats (-hwats) : ku'-tslp, ashes, ashen, gray, etc., -h
pa'-wats or pa'-hwats. Cf. in the following name. Seeds for-
merly eaten as with the preceding.

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chambbrlinI ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 363

Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh. pa'-hwats, pau'-wats. pa'-wa-tslp,
pa'-wa-sip. Seeds of this plant are oily and nutritious. Formerly
much gathered as food. Said to have formed a favorite dish.

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Sagebrush, po'-ho-bi. A tea made
from the leaves of this abundant plant was much used as a
medicine in febrile conditions, etc. The leaves were also used
as a covering over berries and other foods preserved in caches.

Asclepiodora decumbens Gray. ? pi'-wa-n&p. A chewing gum
formerly made from the latex of this plant.

Aster adscendens Lindl. Aster; Starwort. pa-otq'-ga.

Astragalus iodanthus Watson. Rattle- weed; Buffalo-bean. na'~
da-pa-ra-na-gint. da'-pa-rai-n&mp. The name refers to the
shoe-shaped legumes.

Astragalus junceus Gray. Rattle-weed. One of the p&H'-go-na-tsu,
or horse medicines, as which, it is said by some, to be much
valued. The name is from p&H'~go t horse, and na'-tsu, medicine.

Astragalus utahensis Torr. and Gray. Rattle-weed, to' -sa-wu-da:
to-sa, white, + wu'-da, bear. W -a-sa-ton-dzi. The first of these
names was doubtless suggested by the dense woolly covering
of the plant and its legumes.

Atriplez canescens (Pursh) James, dzi'-c&p. Seeds eaten.

Atriplez confertifolia Watson. suH. su'-no. ? ka l '-n&m-pi. The
seeds were formerly eaten, this and other species of Atriplex
forming one of the most important sources of seed food. This
and the related forms frequently occur in the region over great
areas. The seeds were gathered like those of the grasses as
described previously.

Atriplez truncata Torr. a'-po. Seeds gathered for food.

Avena sativa L. Oat. o'-a-t&mp: apparently from English oat +
-Amp.

Balsamorrhiza hooked Nutt. o'-a-k&mp {mo'-a-Mmp). a' -kin-
dzip. wi'-a-kbi-dztp. Seeds gathered as food.

Balsamorrhiza sagittata Nutt. Arrowroot, ku'-si-a-ktn-dzlp; ku'-
si-ak. a'-kin-dzlp. This brilliantly flowered plant, which is
abundant over the hills and mountain-sides throughout the
territory of the Gosiute, was formerly of much economic
importance to them. In the spring the large leaves and their
petioles were boiled and eaten. Later when the seeds were
ripe these were beaten out of the heads into baskets and used as
food as in the case of those of Helianthus. The root was applied

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364 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, *

as a remedy upon fresh wounds, being chewed or pounded up
and used as a paste or salve upon the affected part.

Bark, wa'-tslp.

Beckmannia erucseformis Host. Slough Grass. u'-gA-pi; u'-g&p.

Berberis repent Lindl. Oregon Grape, so'-ko-ri-Amp: so'-ko-ri,
deer, + -Amp, indicating food, etc. Hence "deer food."

Betula angustifolia Koch. a'-tam-bi-tc&p. a'-tam-bi-tcip.

Betula occidental^ Hook. Birch. u'-di-Ap.

Bigelovia douglasii Gray. Rabbit-brush; Rayless Golden-rod. si'-
bA-pi. A chewing-gum was prepared from the roots of this
plant, as previously described.

Bigelovia pulchella Gray. Rabbit-brush; Rayless Golden-rod. to'-
bi-si-bu-pi. ta'-bi-si-pomp. ta'-bi-tci-pomp. ta'-bi-ci-pomp. The
first name is from to'-W, sun, + si'-b&-pi, name of Bigelovia
douglasii, the preceding form which is regarded as the typical
Bigelovia. The second is probably from ta'-bi+pam'-pi, head,
etc.

Branch (shoot), si'-tift-gbn. si'-a-ka.

Biickelia grandiflora var. minor Gray ( ?). ? wa'-na-tsi-mu-gi. Said
by one informant that seeds were sometimes mixed in minor
amounts with the meal made from seeds of .other plants (grasses,
etc.), and that it improved the cakes made from the latter,
acting, it was said, like "baking powder." He said it had to be
used with care to prevent poisonous effects. His statement was
not confirmed by others. The roots furnished a medicine.

Brizopyrum spicatum Hooker, ku'-so-nip.

Bromus breviaristatus Thurb., etc. Brome Grass. to'-bai-ba-bi.
to'-pai~bi. to'-ho-bai-bi. to'-ho-bi. ti'-ba-bi. Seeds formerly
eaten.

Bryum sp. Moss, so'-go-ba-gwlp. so'-ko-ri-bo-timp. In the first
name so~go means earth. In the second so'-ko-H means deer,
the reference being to the eating of the moss by this animal.

Bud. V-gi-si-a-ka: from i'-gi, present, initial ; si'-a-ka, sprout, branch.

Calochortus nuttallii Torr. and Gray. Sego. si' -go. The common
name for this attractive lily is taken from the Indian name. In the
spring and early summer the bulbs of the sego were formerly
much used as food by the Gosiute, constituting a standard source
at that time of the year. The bulbs were also dried and pre-
served for winter use in the usual type of pit or "cellar."

Camasaia esculenta Lindl. Camass. ? pa' -si-go. As with the pre*

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ckambkbijn] BTHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTB INDIANS 3*>5

ceding form the bulbs of this plant were formerly a prized
source of food and likewise were preserved for winter use.
They were usually cooked by roasting in pits lined with hot
stones.

Cardamine cordif olia Gray. Bitter Cress. ? mo'-a-gwa-n&p.

Carex hookeriana Dew. Sedge, ai'-bi-baip.

Cores jameaii Torr., muricata, etc. Sedge. pa'-gyglp.

Carez utriculata Boott. Sedge, pa'-gi-glp. pai'-gip. ai'-bi-baip:
ai'-ba t clay, + pa, water, -Up. ? pa'-darvX-si-g<h&p. Children
sometimes eat lower tender stems and parts of the roots.

Carez sp. Sedge, pa'-ra-wi-ci-gop. Roots rarely used as medi-
cine.

Carumcarui. tln'-ta. ?a'-pa.

Carum gairdneri Benth. and Hook, yam' -pa; yamp. The fleshy
roots of this plant furnished a food very important to the
Gosiute and some related bands and one of which they were
especially fond. The plant is widely distributed and occurs
abundantly in the mountains. The roots were commonly pre-
pared by roasting in a pit lined with hot stones. They were
preserved in quantity for winter use.

Castilleja miniata Dougl. Indian Paint-brush; Painted-cup. koi'-
di-gip. Also spoken of as a to'-go-An-go-na; but this name
more frequently restricted to the next.

Castilleja parviflora Bong, and minor Gray. Indian Paint-
brush; Painted-cup. io'-go-&n-go-na: from to'-go-a, snake, rattle-
snake, -h Hn + gun, gu'na, fire, thus meaning "snake fire."

Catkin, pistillate of willows, etc. bi'-a-gflnt.

Catkin, staminate, of willows, etc. i'-djam-4m-bu-i.

Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. New Jersey Tea. a' -di-rdm-Up-aft-
ka-sip. a'-di-r&m-bip.

Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Mountain Mahogany, tu'-nam-pi.
tu'-n&mp. The wood of the mountain mahogany was the
favorite material among the Gosiute for bows. Powdered
charcoal made from the wood was used on burns by some.

Cercocarpus parvifolius Nutt. Mountain Mahogany, tu'-hi-n&p.

Chffinactis douglasii Hook, and Am. waft' -gin-glp. ko'-si-bo-q&n-
tos. Sometimes minced or mashed up and rubbed on limbs,
etc., for soreness or aching.

Ghamabatiaria millefolium Maxim. Hft'-go+p. tiri'-gwip. Used as a
remedy for gonorrhea.

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366 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, a

Chenopodium capitatum Watson. Goose-foot; Pigweed, k&m'-lin-

tsi-a. ? pa'-gwo-n&p. Prob. pa'-wa + gi + n + Up. Seeds

extensively gathered for food, this species being the source of a

large supply.
Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. Pigweed; Goose-foot. V -Hi-pi.

Seeds serving as food as with the preceding form.
Chenopodium rubrum L. and capitatum Watson. Pigweed; Goose-
foot, on'-ttm-bi-wa-tsip: on! -tlm-bi-wai: on'-ti-gait, roan, etc.

Mm'-&n-tsi-a. Seeds eaten as with those of preceding species.
Chrysopsis villosa Nutt., etc. Golden Aster, toi'-ya-dl-sas. toi'-

di-sas. ? tu'-go-wa-tsip.
Cinna arundinacea var. pendula Gray. Rood Reed Grass, to'-

bai-ba-bi. to'-bai-bi. Seeds gathered for food.
Citrullus vulgaris. Watermelon, pa 1 -rl-ki-ndmp:pa % water, + di-ka-

kln, to eat, + n&mp.
Claytonia caroliniana var. sessilifolia Torr. Spring-beauty, dzi'-

na. Bulbs used as food. The same name is sometimes applied

to the cultivated potato (vid. sub. Solanum).
Claytonia perfoliata Don. pa'-gwo-dz&p.
Clematis douglasii Hook. Clematis; Virgin's Bower, o'-bin-da-

ma-nHmp. a'-ra-si-mu? %

Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Clematis; Virgin's Bower, o'-bln-

da-ma-n&mp. Furnished a medicine.
Cleome integrifolia Torr. and Gray, a! -na-gwa-n&p. b¥-tci-gwa-

n&p. bi'-dji-gwa-n&p. Leaves pounded up in water and

applied as a remedy to sore eyes.
Cleome lutea Hook. si'-bo-i-&p. Occasionally spoken of under

the same name as the preceding.
Cnicus drummondi Gray. Plumed Thistle, tin' -tsift-ga. ts!'-na.

tsiH'-ga-bo-gop. tslri'-ga. tsl'-na-bo-gflp. Stems formerly

eaten.
Cnicus eatoni Gray. Thistle, po'-gwo; po'-go. ai'-wa-bo-gop

i'gflp)', ai'-gwa-bo-gop (-g&p). Also loosely known under second

name of the preceding and its variants. Used as a remedy on

cuts and sores. Stems eaten. Apparently the thistle most

used as food.
Cnicus undulatus Gray. Plumed Thistle, pa'-bo-go. pa'-bo-gwo.

Also as tsifi'-ga t etc. Stems eaten.
Comandra pallida A. DC. Bastard Toad-flax, tfm'-bo-ip.
Cornus stolonifera Michx. Kinnikinnick; Dogwood. &H'-ka-kwi-

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n&p. &H'-ka-koi-n&p. Cf. Shoshoni dH'-ka-sib. The inner
bark of this plant, most commonly called kin nikin nick in the
West, was formerly much smoked as a tobacco. It was com-
monly mixed with ordinary tobacco when the latter was pro-
curable. The effect is described by one Gosiute as not a little
like that of opium. The wood was also used in making snow-
shoes. The name refers to the red color of the shoots.

Cone, of Pinus. ti'-ba-Hn-gop. The name is from ti'-ba, pine-nut,
+ An, possessive, + gop, pod or seed-vessel.

Cowania mexicana Don. Cliff Rose, hi'-na-bi. Leaves used as a
medicine.

Crataegus oxycanthus. Thorn, oi'-tcip.

Crataegus rivularis Nutt. Haws, wi' -Urn-pi; wi'-drnp.

Crepis glauca Torn and Gray. mu'-tci-gi; mu'-tci-glp; mo'-tci-glp;
mo'-tcl-gi; mu' -ha-ti-bu-i. Leaves said to have been eaten.

Crepis ocddentalis Nutt. mo'-a-mu-i-tci-glp. mo'-a-mu-i-tci-gi.

Cymopterus longipes Watson, an-dz&p'. Cf. Shoshoni tci-yan-
d&p. The leaves of this plant, so abundant and widespread
in this region, formed a common article of food in the spring.
They were prepared by boiling.

Cympoteros montanus Torr. and Gray, tu'-na. Seeds and under-
ground parts eaten; but not the leaves as with the preceding
form.

Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. pa'-sa-giv&p. pa'-sa-gwlp.

Delphinium bicolor Nutt. and menziesii DC. Larkspur, tu'-ku-
ba-gflmp. pa'-ga-sau-wi-no-Hp. Recognized as poisonous.
The first name refers to the deep blue flowers (tu'-k&m, the sky,
and hence, blue, etc.).

Deschampsia casspitosa Beauv. var. Hair Grass, toi'-ya-so-nip:
toi'-ya-bi f mountain, + so'-nlp, grass, toi'-ya-si-w&mp: toi'-ya*
bi, mountain, + si'-wump, q. v. Seeds eaten.

Deschampsia danthonioides Munro. Hair Grass, mo' -no. ?yo'-
ni-so-nfp.

Deyetuda canadensis Beauv. and stricta Trin. Reed Bent Grass.
aW -go-ma-tai-yu; aW -go-ma-tsai-yu: aW-go-bi, spruce, + ma'-
tsai-yu. ni'-a-bip. ni'-a-bi.

Dodecatheon meadia L. Shooting Star, pa'-hu-ip; pa'-bu-ip.

Dracocephalum panriflorum Nutt. Dragon-head, toi'-ya-ba-gwa-
n&p: toi'-ya-bi, mountain, or toi f -ya-wint $ canyon, + pa'-gwa*
n&p, mint, which see further. The same also applied to the

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368 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (memoirs, a

related forms Lophanthus urticifolius and Scutellaria. Seeds of

these forms were gathered as food.
Bchinoepermum redowsldi Lehm., floribundtim Lehm., etc. Stick-
seed, tso'-nap. This name was applied to various borragi-

naceous plants in about the same way as our popular name

"stickseed."
Bleocharis palustris R. Br. Spike-rush, wan'-dzi-baip. By

some occasionally loosely spoken of as ba'-hwap, correctly the

name for J uncus.
Elymus canadensis L. Wild Rye. o'-ro-rop; o'-ro; o'-do. ti'-wa~

bi-nip. Seeds formerly largely gathered for food.
Elymus sibiricus L. Wild Rye; Lyme Grass, o'-ro-rop; o'-ro;

o'-do. By some also loosely spoken of as ni'-a-bi, q. v. Seeds

used for food as with preceding.
Epilobium alpinum L. Willow-herb, u'-sa.
Epilobium coloratum Muhl. Willow-herb, tu'-si-glp. The name

refers to the black seeds.
Epilobium spicatum L. Willow-herb, pa'-ga-so-nap.
Epipactis gigantea Dougl. wan'-di-wa-s&mp. wan'-di-wa-sip.
Equisetum hiemale L. Scouring Rush. l'-sa-yu-gip. Name refers

to use by Indian children for whistles.
Erigeron canadensis L. Fleabane. ? on'-Um-pi-wai. ori-tlm-pi-

wa-tslp. Probably not correctly applied to this form, the name

by nearly all being restricted to species of Chenopodium, q. v.
Erigeron glabellas Nutt. var. Fleabane. tf-sas; dl'-sas. toi'-ya~

di-sas. toi'-dl-sas. toi'-ya-da-ti-go-ra.
Erigeron grandiflorus Hook. Fleabane. ta'-kan-dl-di-a-g&p; ta'-kan-

dl-dai-gfip: ta'-ka t arrow, + dl'-di-a-kin, to kill, etc., + gop, g&p,

snare, means of securing, etc. The root is said to have been

used in the preparation of an arrow poison.
Erigeron leiomerus Gray. Fleabane. tt'-sas; df-sas (vid. £.

glabellus). pu'-i-di-sas: pu'-i-bU, blue, violet, etc., + tV-sas,

? toi'-ya-ta-son-dzi.
Erigeron macranthus Nutt. Fleabane. pa'-uft-ga. kai'-si-na-bop.

koi'-si-na-bop. The word mo'-a-gfip is often applied in a general

way to various fleabanes by some Indians.
Eriogonum brevicaule Nutt. pu'-i-wa-n&p.
firiogonum cssspitosum Nutt. tim'-bi-tlm-bo-i-&mp.
Eriogonum cernuum Nutt. oi'-tcu-mo; oi'-tcu-yo: oi'-tcu, bird, +

mo' -a (prob.), leg, given in reference to the peduncles which

resemble slender bird legs. See also E. inflation.

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CHAMBZRLIN] ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 3&9

Eriogonum heracleoides Nutt. W-tca-mu-Mm. bV-tca-mok. Name
refers to hand-like appearance of peduncles and rays. See also
Peucedanum. o'-a-pa-dta-ki.

Eriogonum inflatum Torr. oi'-tcu-mo; oi'-teu-yo; oi'-tcu-o (cf. E.
cernuum, etc.). ? pi'-a-ga (prob. not specific).

Eriogonum microthecum Nutt. and several others closely related.
sa'-na-k&n-da. sa'-na-k&nt. dH'-ka-wa-dzAmp.

Eriogonum ovalifoUum Nutt. Silver Plant, sa'-na-k&n-da; sa'-na-
kUnt. One of the ftm' -bai-na-tsu. Also an eye medicine and
used occasionally for "stomach ache."

Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. sa'-na-k&n-da. sa'-na-k&tU. o'-a-
pa-dza-ki (cf. preceding forms).

Eriogonum villiflorum. toi'-g&p-a-gflnt. Said to have been used as
an application in burns, but the author has not seen it so used.

Erodium dcutarium L'Her. Stork's Bill; Alfilaria. yam' -pa-gwa-
nUp. The odor is something like that of yarap, hence the name.

Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh. Dog-tooth Violet, toi'-ya-wlt-
Hm-ba-ga.

Euphorbia montana Engelm., dentata Mich*., etc. tno'-a-ba-bu-ip.
?toi'-ya-bo-bu-ip.

Eurotia lanata Moq. White Sage, tci'-cop. Used as a remedy in
fevers, especially intermittents.

Ferula multifida Gray, to'-dz&p. The young shoots of this umbel*
lifer were sometimes eaten but never the grown plant which was
far too strong in taste. The roots furnished a remedy highly
esteemed as an application on wounds and bruises. For this
purpose the root is first sliced or minced and then, thoroughly
mashed to a pulp on a stone. It was then ready to be spread
upon the affected part. The author saw it thus applied to an
Indian's foot that had been crushed under the wheel of a wagon.
For distemper in horses a remedy regarded as excellent among
the Ute and also among the Gosiute was to burn the roots of
this plant in a pan held beneath the nose of the sick horse so that
the latter would inhale the smoke. The seeds were eaten to some
extent.

Festuca tenella Willd. Fescue Grass, si'-w&mp. yo* -ni-so-nlp
(Goship. Cf. Glyceria). Seeds eaten.

Festuca ovina L. var. brevifolia Watson. Fescue Grass, toi'-ya-si-
w&mp. ti'-si-wQmp. yo' -ni-so~nip (Goship. Cf . preceding form
and- Glyceria). Sometimes this and preceding form are men-
tioned as to'-bai-bi (see Poa). Seeds eaten.

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37° AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, a

Flower (general term). hi'-MH-gflp.

Fragaria vesca L. Strawberry. &ft'-ka-pa-ri-4Lmp: dfi'-ka-bU, red,
+ pa-ri, watery, referring to water, + Amp; i. e., freely, "red
water berry." Used as food in season.

Franseria hookeriana Gray (?). pi'-a-tso-hwa.

Fritittaria pudica Spreng. Buttercup; Yellow Bell, wi'-na-go.
Bulbs to some extent formerly eaten.

Galium aparine L., var., and relatives. Bedstraw. Said to be one
of the p&W-go-na-tsu or horse medicines, but no more specific
name for the plant was recalled by informants tested. One
stated that the plant was a good medicine for horses when
"given out," but of such use the author has no information
beyond this one statement.

Geranium fremontii Torn Wild Geranium; Crane's Bill, ka'-na-
gwa-na. pa'-hu-ip. Decoction made from root used for
diarrhea, etc. The medicine is an active and efficient astrin-
gent. It may be remarked that a species of the same genus
was formerly much used for similar purposes in our own medical
practice, and that by some it was highly esteemed.

Geum macrophyllum Willd. nin'-&n-tsai. Decoction from roots
used as medicine.

Geum rossii Seringe. Said by one to be an i'-a-na-tsu.

Gilia aggregata Spreng., etc. mu'-tu-nats-tim-bl-dci. The name
means "humming-bird's milk" and was applied to several other
forms (cf. Zauschneria).

Gilia gracilis Hook, and linearis Gray, i'-am-bfp: probably i'-a,
wound, + tn t + blp. The plant is said to be mashed and
applied on wounds and bruises.

Glaux maritima L. Sea-milkwort. pa'-ru-sip. ? o'-ta-bi-da.

Glyceria aquatica Smith. Reed Meadow Grass, pa'-si-w&mp: pa,
water, +'si'-w&mp t "water si'-wflmp," in reference to the habitat
in wet ground an3 along streams. kHm'-a-ra-tsi-yu-gip. Seeds
used as food.

Glyceria distans Wahl. Manna Grass, si'-w&mp. yo'-ni-so-nip
(Goship). Cf. Festuca, to which also applied. Glyceria is ap-
parently the primary or standard form. Seeds formerly an
important source of food.

Glyceria nervata Trin. si'-w&mp. tai'-gwi-bi. Seeds as food.

Glycosma occidentalis Nutt. ? pa' f -si-gwtp. pi'-a-po-gop. Cf.
Osmorrhiza and Angelica, which are also called by the same
name, the former probably being the pa'-si-gwlp proper.

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chambbrlinI ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 371

Gnaphalium sprengelii Hook, and Arn. Cudweed. toi'-ya-da-ti-
bu-da (rgo-ra). nan'-U-bUc.

Grass (general term), so' -nip.

Grayia polygaloides Hook, and Arn. Shad Scale, kan'-gflm-pi.
mo'-do-n&p.

Grindella squarrosa Dunal. Gum Plant; Arnica. mu'-ha-kAm.
Cf. use of term further under the word in Gosiute list. Cough
medicine from roots among Ute and possibly among Gosiute,
though the author has not been informed of such use nor has he
seen the plant gathered for the purpose.

Gutierrezia euthamiae Torr. and Gray. Torch weed; Rabbit-
brush, k&'-ki-koi-n&mp.

Gymnolomia multiflora Benth. and Hook, tno'-ta-qa. V-ca-mo-ta-
qa: l'-ca t false, + tno'-ta-qa. Seeds formerly eaten.

Hedysarum mackenzii Richard, pa'-sa-ton-dzlp (prob. pa'-sa, dry,
+ ton'-tso, clover, + -Up), pi'-o-ra: pi 1 -dp, large, long, + o'-ra,
stem. By some also spoken of as mo'-do-buc.

Helenium autumnale L. Sneeze-weed, tl'-da-ya-gflp; H'-ya-gfip.
mo'-ta-qa; mu'-ta-qa.

Helenium hoopesii Gray. Sneeze- weed; Sneezewort. tV-da-ya-
gftp; H'-ya-gfip. toi'-ya-mo-ta-qa.

Helianthella uniflora Torr. and Gray, mu'-ha-kdmp; mo'-ha-k&ntp.
pV -a-pa-ol" -qa: pi'-dp, large, + pa-ot'-qa, q. v.

Helianthus annuus L. Sunflower. i'-Hm-pi. The seeds of the
sunflower formed a highly prized source of food and oil among
the Gosiute. The seeds when ripe were beaten out of the heads
into baskets by means of paddles or by means of the ordinary
collecting baskets previously mentioned.

Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip, ko'-no-gwip.

Heuchera rubescens Torr. and related species. Alum-root. wV-
g&n-dza. pa' -sa-wi-gbn-za. The roots of this plant and
closely related forms and species of Mitella used as a remedy
for colic, etc., in babies and children. The properties of the
roots are generally astringent. The preparation from the root
is commonly spoken of as "to'-sa-na-tsu" meaning "white medi-
cine," in reference to the color. It is used in the form of a tea
or decoction. It is still constantly used and is highly valued.

Hieracium gradle scouleri Hook, and Hook. Hawkweed. ntH-tci-
gip; mo'-tci-glp. ntA'-tci-gi; mo'-tci-gi.

Holodiscus discolor var. dumosus Maxim, ku'-si-wup. tlH'-go-ip.

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37 2 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Imemodls, a

Hordeum nodosum L. and jubatum L. Barley. kwa'-tci-Ap. han'-
kwai-tcup.

Hamulus lunulas L. Hops, wa'-n&p. wa'-na-na-tso-mo-gi. «'-
na-tso-tno-gi. bt'-Ua-mok.

Hydrophyllum ocddentale Gray and capltatum. Waterleaf. toi'-
ya-ba-gwa-dzAp: toi'-ya-bi, mountain, + ba'-gwo-dzup.

Hypnum sp. Moss. pa'-oH-gup. Cf. Polytrichum.

Iva axillaris Pursh. tu'-ro-sip: tu'-o-bU, tu'-ro-vi, black, + sip, sap,
juice, + Up. The same name includes also Ambrosia, q. v.

Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. tu'-ro-sip. ?k&m' -<ln-t$i-a. Used by a few
but doubtless incorrectly. See Chenopodium.

Ivesia gordoni Torr. and Gray. ftoi'-ya-waH-go-glp.

Jamesia americana Torr. and Gray. toi'-ya-Mn-da-tsip. toi'-yo-da-
tsip. One of a number of mountain plants known under this
general designation.

Juncus balticus Deth. Bog-rush, pa'-hwap. pa'4m-&p. pa-
ma-w&p.

Juncus bufonlus L. Bog-rush, pai'-yo-nip.

Juncus parryi Engelm. Bog-rush, tim'-pfn-pa-gi-gip. pa'-hwap,
etc (cf. /. balticus).

Junlperus californica var. utahensis, etc. Cedar; Juniper, wa'-
pi; wap. The full name, as frequently heard among the
Shoshoni, is wa'-ap-o-pi, and clearly means fire, match or
kindling wood. In the Gosiute and most related dialects the
o'-pi, wood, is not heard, the form being variously, wap, wa'-pi,
and wai'-ap (cf. Gosiute wai'-hin, to burn). One of the most
familiar of arborescent plants in the Gosiute territory, occurring
widely over the foot-hills and mountains. It furnished the
wood most commonly used in the construction of winter lodges,
the bark (i'-na-wa-tsip) being used for thatching and occasionally
as a covering on the floor, though smaller branches and especially
grasses were commonly applied to the latter purpose. The
bark was also used to line and cover the pits in which dried
fruits, etc, were stored. The leaves furnished a favorite
medicine for coughs and colds, being used in the form of a tea.
It is still much in use for this purpose. The cedar-berries,
known as wap'-um-pi, were sometimes eaten in fall and winter
after proper boiling.

Juniperus communis var. alpina. wa'-pi. aft ' -go-gwa~nbp: prob.
aii'-gO'bi, spruce, + gwa'-nup, odor, scent, or referring to such.

Junlperus scopulorum Sarg. Red Cedar, pa'-wa-pi.

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CHAMBratUN] BTBNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTR INDIANS 373

Kalmia glauca Ait. American Laurel, tim'-ptn-tu-n&mp: Hm'-pi,
rock, + n + tu'-n&mp, mahogany. One of the plants spoken of
under the general designation tlm'-bo-ip. The leaves were by
some used as medicine.

Krynitzkia fulvocanescens Gray, ku'-si-ya-ni-gfint: ku'-tsip, ashes,
in reference to the dense gray pubescence, + ya-ni-g&nt.

Lactuca leucophm Gray. Lettuce, mu'-tci-glp; mu'-tci-gi. pa-
otf-qa. The second occasionally heard, but incorrect.

Lactuca ludoviciana DC. Lettuce, mu'-tci-gip; mu'-tci-gi. ? bV-
tci-gwa-ntip. The leaves of the various species of Lactuca were
eaten.

Lathyrus ornatus Nutt. Everlasting Pea. mu'-da-bis. Also known
under the general names of pi'-o-ra, referring to the stem, and
na'-da-pa-ra*na-glnt, in the restricted usage applied properly
to Astragalus, referring to the pod.

Layia glandulosa Hook, and Arn. mo'-ta-qa; mu'-ta-qa. Applied
also to several other related forms. Vid. sub tno'-ta-qa.

Leaf, si'-gi.

Lemna. Duckweed, wa'-da-bu-ip. pai'-ya-bo-sip.

Lepidium medium Greene. Peppergrass. wu'-bu-i-n&p. The same
name was also applied to several other forms of the same
family with about the same flexibility as our popular name
"peppergrass." Cf. Draba.

Lewisia rediviva Pursh. ka'-na.

Lichen (general term). Urn* -pln-so-k&p.

Linum kingii Watson. Flax. na'*na-rlp. f tim-pi-$a-wap.

Linum lewisii Pursh. Applied as a remedy to bruises, etc. Said to
take down swelling, etc. Cf. use of flax-seed meal.

Lithospermum hirtum Lehm. Gromwell. dH'-ka-tso-nap; &ft'-ka-
tso-ni-baip: dH'-ka-bU, red, + tso'-nap or tso'-ni-baip (cf. next
forms), the reference probably being to the deep orange color
of the corollas.

Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. and multiflorum Torn Gromwell;
Stickseed. tso'-ni-baip. tsom'-ba. tso'-nap. (From tso'-tno,
tso t hook, etc., + ba, seed, + -4p or -4p t the reference being to the
bur-like fruit.) Cf. our popular name "stickseed," which
corresponds in a general way to the Indian word. The seeds
were formerly eaten. The roots formed a valued remedy in
kidney troubles (diuretic).

Lonicera utahensis Watson and involucrata Banks. Woodbine;

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374 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (memoirs, 2

Honeysuckle. pi'-a-ra-dAm-bip. pi'-a-da-r&m-btp. pa'-ft-a-An-
dlk-&p: pa'-ri-a, elk, + An + dl-Mp; i. e., "elk's food." Cf.
the Ute te'-id-kav. These plants are also very often spoken
of under the name wu' ' -da-tin-dl-k&p, "bear's food," because the
berries are said to be sought for food by the bear. Cf. the name
"bear-berry" applied by people of Montana, etc., to species of
Lonicera.

Lophanthus urtidfollus Benth. toi'-ya-ba-gwa-n&p: toi'-ya-bi, moun-
tain, + pa'-gwa-n&p, mint (Mentha), the reference being to
habitat. Cf. Dracocephalum and Scutellaria, etc., to which
forms the same name applies. The seeds were formerly exten-
sively gathered for use like those of grasses and chenopods.

Lupinus leucophyllus Dough, parviflorus Nutt., etc. Lupine, kwi'-
ta-kwa-n&p (prob. kwi'-t&p, excrement, + kwa'-n(Lp> odor).

Lycopodium. pam'Am-i-iip.

Lycopus sinuatus Ell. Water Horehound. n¥-di-ba; nl'-dfb. Oc-
casionally heard as ba'-gwa-n&p or pa'-gwa-n&p, the name of the
mint (Mentha).

Lygodesmia grandiflora Torr. and Gray. Said to be one of the horse
medicines, p&fl'-go-na-tsu.

Madia glomerata Hook. Tarweed. nan'-tai-bltc; nan' -U-Utc.

Malvastrum coccineum Gray. False Mallow, pa! -sa-koi-no-komp.
koi'-no-komp. Cf. the following species.

Malvastrum munroanum Gray, koi'-na-komp. koi' -ya-k&mp. This
and the preceding form were formerly pounded up in water to
form a mucilage or gummy paste (wi'-nau-tsaug) which was
applied over the rough inner surfaces of earthen dishes, such as
bowls (wi'-nau). The mucilage filled up the small holes, etc.,
and hardening left a smooth, glaze-like surface. This wif-nau-
tsaug (bowl "filler") was also sometimes used on wicker vessels
after the latter had first been "pitched" with pine gum.

Mammillaria sp. Cactus, mu'-tsa. After removal of the outer
portion the inner was often used as food.

Matricaria discoidea DC. May-apple. One of the "/i'-sas."

Melica po»oides Nutt. Melic Grass, wa'-bi.

Medicago sativa L. Lucern; Alfalfa. pu'-i-di-kHp. The name
means simply "green feed."

Mentha canadensis L. Mint. pa'-gwa-nAp: pa, water, in reference
to habitat, + gwa'-n&p, in reference to the sweet odor (odor of
pennyroyal), pa'-na-tt-so. From the leaves of this plant a

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chambbrlinI ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTB INDIANS 37 S

beverage was formerly prepared and used by many* much as

they now use tea.
Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl., multiflora Gray, and pumila Torr. and

Gray, ku'-hwa. Seeds said to have been used to some extent

as a remedy on burns (wai'-a-na-tsu).
Mentzelia tevicaulis Torr. and Gray, pi' -a-ku-hwa. Cf. the

preceding.
Mertensia alpina Don. Lungwort, toi'-ya-mo-ta-komp.
Microseris sp. koi'-nbmp.
Mitella trifida Graham. Mitre-wort. pi'-a-n&Hk. to' -sa-na-tsu*

Yhe roots of Mitella and Heuchera were gathered as a medicine

for colic, etc., in babies. It was given in the form of a tea and

was and still is much valued. The color of the dried roots

gave the name to'-sa-na-tsa, "white medicine," to the preparation

and occasionally to the plant itself.
Monolepis chenopodioides Moq. kdm'-An-tsi-a. Cf. Chenopodium.
Nasturtium palustre DC, etc. Water-cress. si'-bo-i-Amp. ?pa'-mu.

Eaten.
Negundo aceroides Moench. Box-elder, gu'-su-wup.

Staminate flowers of. ku'-ni-Ap.

Pistillate flowers of; samara of. naW-ki-tco: ndftk, ear, and
probably tso'-mo, tco, beads, etc.
Nicotiana attenuata Torr. Tobacco, pu'4-ba-u. This was the

source of tobacco largely used by the Gosiute, the leaves being

dried in the usual way and used either alone or mixed with the

inner bark of kinnikinick (see under Cornus).
(Enothera biennis L. Evening Primrose, tsi' '-gi-t&mp. Seeds said

to have been eaten occasionally.
(Enothera cmpitosa Nutt. Evening Primrose, ka'-na-gwa-na.

Roots used as a medicine.
Opuntia rutila Nutt., polyacantha Haw., etc. Cactus, Prickly Pear.

ai'-gwo-bi. Formerly used as food, the spines being removed and

the joints roasted in hot coals.
Orogenia lineaiifolia Watson, kwi' Aa-po-ni. kwi'-ta~po. Indians

say bears sometimes dig up and eat the bulbs of this plant.
Orthocarpu6 linearifolius Benth. ta'-bi-w&mp. pi'-a-ta-bi-w&mp.
Oryzopsis cuspidata Benth. Mountain Rice. wax. A valuable

bunch-grass very common in Nevada and Utah which formerly

furnished an abundance of seeds or grain to the Gosiute.
Osmorrhiza nuda Torr. Sweet Cicely, pa'-si-gwip. ? pa' si~go-&p;

pa'-si-go. Cf. also the related Glycosma and also Angelica.

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37 6 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (memoirs, a

Oxyria digyna Hill. Mountain Sorrel. M'-ka-si-yu-na.

Pachystima myrsinites Raf . Box. ta'-tsip.

Parnassia fimbriata Banks. Grass of Parnassus, tfm'-bi-wi-g&n-
dza; tim'-bi-wi-gfln-ta. One of the tlm'-bai-na-tsu.

Parnassia parviflora DC. Grass of Parnassus, koi'-gwa-n&p. to?-
ya-giva-ndp. Cf. Saxifraga nivalis, a related form.

Pentstemon confertus Dougl. var. Beard-tongue, tu'-go-wi-n&p.

Petiole, o'-ra.

Peucedanum graveolens Watson, kingii, etc. i'-djaip. The roots
of several species of Peucedanum formed one of the most
valued medicines among the Gosiute, being, in fact, termed by
them pi' -a-na-isu, or "great medicine." In "sore throats" it
was mashed and applied directly to the affected surface. In
cases of biliousness and severe colds it was sometimes used as a
decoction, being by some mixed with a koi'-na-tsu and pine resin.

Peucedanum simplex Nutt. bi'-tca-mu-Mm. The name applied
strictly to a species of Eriogonum; but also used in a more general
sense to indicate several other plants, like the present one,
which have long peduncles bearing rays suggestive of fingers
radiating from a hand.

Phacelia menziesii Torr. and drcinata Jacq. wu'-si-Hft-g&nt. wu'-
si-gflnt. The name refers to the clothing of hispid hairs on
stems and leaves of these plants.

Phalaris arundinacea L. Canary Grass. (/-gwip. o'-glp. Cf. also
Beckmannia, to which the name primarily belongs. Phalaris is
regarded as the "little brother" of Beckmannia.

Phleum alpinum L. Cat's- tail Grass; Mountain Herd's Grass
H'-so-nip. Cf. Alopecurus, which is also included under the
name.

Phlox longifolia Nutt. Sweet William; Phlox, si' -hi.

Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. Mistletoe. <f-ka.

Phragmites communis Trin. Reed, paij; paidj. This tall reed is
found in abundance in some places along streams and about
ponds and is common along the shores of Utah Lake. A sweet
secretion or honey-dew formed on the leaves by aphides was
formerly gathered by the Indians and used as a sugar (u'-ga-pi-
na). The same was true of similar secretions formed on the
leaves of the cotton-wood and other plants. In pioneer days
in Utah the Mormons also gathered this secretion to some
extent.

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CHAMBEWJN] ETBNO-BOTANY OP GOSIUTR INDIANS 377

Pinna monophylla Torr. and Frem. Nut Pine. H'-ba-wa-ra. The
nuts (H'-ba) from this tree formed one of the important foods
of the Gosiute; and the invariable journey into the mountains
each fall for the pine-nut harvest is still looked upon as a great
fixed event of the year. In the pine-nut season at this time the
Indians go chiefly to the Deep Creek mountains.

Pinna edulia Engelm. Pifion Pine; Nut Pine. ai'-go-4-pi. When
this species was accessible the nuts were gathered and used like
those of the preceding species.

Plant (general term), si'-a-ka. pu'-i-si-a-ka.

Plantago eriopoda Torr., patagonica Jacq. f major L., etc. Plantain.
toi'-gfl-pa-g&nt. The name refers to the elevated head of the
flowers (Ah, indicating elevation, etc, + g&p, fruit, + a, connec-
tive, + g&nt). The same name is sometimes applied to Ranun-
culus for the same reason.

Poa californica Munro. Meadow Grass. tln'-&-blp. nf-a-Wp; «*'-
a-bi. Seeds eaten.

Poa tenuifolia Nutt. "Bunch Grass"; Meadow Grass. ni'-a-ba-
so-nip; mi' -o-ba-so-nlp. ni'-a-bip. Cf. the preceding. The
seeds of this abundant "bunch grass," notwithstanding their
small size, were an important source of grain to the Gosiute.

Poa pratensis L. Blue Grass; Meadow Grass, ni'-a-bip. aft'-go-
md-Uai-yu, The latter name commonly applied also to Dey-
euxia, and apparently more narrowly restricted to the latter.
Species of Deyeuxia are also often spoken of as ni'-a-blp, the
forms of the two genera not being sharply distinguished by them
as is only natural. Their names, like our own popular ones*
often included species which, scientifically studied, botanists
place in separate genera; while in other cases their distinctions
were very close.

Polemonium cseruleum L. Greek Valerian. l'-ca-4n-toi-nAmp.
The name refers to the fact that the wolf (I'-ca) is said to eat the
berries of the plant sometimes when sick.

Polygonum amphibium L. pi'-a-pa-ofi-gop-pai-dja-r&mp: pi-dp,
large, + pa'-ofagop, moss, water-weed, + pai'-dja-r&mp.

Polygonum erectum L. &H'-ka-pa-bu-ip. dH'-ka-pu-i.

Polygonum hartwrightii Gray, pa'-gu-ip. ta'-kAm-bu-i.

Polygonum imbricatum Nutt. ko'-ka-bi; ktf-ga-bi.

Polygonum viviparum L. ? toi'-ya-da-ti-bu-da.

Potytfichtsm juniperinum. Moss. tlmf-pln-pa-bo-i-Ap. pa'-oft-gop;
pi'-a-pa-ofl-gop. Cf. Hypnum.

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37 8 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, a

Populus angustifolia James. Cottonwood, so'-o-pi; so'-ho-bi. The
shoots of the cottonwood furnished the material for much of
the basket work among the Gosiute. Because of greater
strength it was preferred to the willows. The honey-dew formed
by aphides on the leaves was gathered and used somewhat as
sugar.

Populus tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen. stit'-gA-pi; stii'-gflp.

Potentilla anserina L. Five Finger. ? so'-ko-bai-gAn-tp-wa.

Potentilla fruticosa L. wa'-tsi-gflnt. wa'-na-gAnt.

Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. Five Finger, pa'-sa-wi-g&mp. Roots
used as medicine. Said to be applied as poultice to swollen
parts, and also to be used internally.

Potentilla pennsylvanica L. Five Finger. ku'-si-waH~go-gip. ku'-
tsa-ga-ti-wo-ra-rat.

Potentilla plattenste Nutt. Five Finger. V-ca-ro-ds&p: V-ca, wolf,
+ to'-dx&p, q. v.

Primula parryi Gray. Primrose, f pu'-i-pa-si-go. ?toi'-ya-da-tir
bu-da; toi'-ya-na-ti-bu-da.

Primus demissa Walpers. Choke Cherry; Wild Cherry, to'-o-
n&mp. tofl'-gi-cip. The fruit was used as food. For winter use
after gathering it was mashed and spread out in layers to dry
in the sun. It was then cached like that of the service-berry
previously described. For use, the common method was to
grind up the dried fruit, boil in water, and to eat as a sort of
mush.

A decoction from the bark was used as a "blood medicine,"
bu'-i-na-tsu, in cases where a person was affected with frequent
hemorrhages at the nose, etc.; or, according to the Gosiute
explanation, when the person "has too much blood." The
bark was also used as an ilai'-na-tsu for babies and children.

Pseudoteuga douglasii Carr. Douglas Spruce. aW-go-bi. wafi'-
go-bi; waH'-go.

Purshia tridentata DC. hi'-na-bi. Cf. Cowania, from which the
name is extended by many to the present form.

Pyrus sambucifolia Cham, and Schlecht. ?ku'-no-glp. This is
properly the name of the Elder (Sambucus) and it is doubtful
whether the name is properly applied to the present form which
in general appearance resembles it, and hence its specific name.
It was heard applied to this form but once.

Quercus undulata Torr., var. Scrub Oak; Rocky Mountain Oak.

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CHAMBERLiNj ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTB INDIANS 379

ku'-ni-6p. kwi'-ni-Hp. The acorns (ku'-ni-ro-&mp) were pre-
pared for food in season; but they were not preserved for
winter use.

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. mo'-a-pa-ofl-gop: mo' -a + pa'-oft-gop^
moss, etc. ? pa' -mo. Entire plant said to have been sometimes
eaten, after boiling, wnich removed the acrid principle.

Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh. Buttercup; Crowfoot, ni'-u-ru-
patn-pi. Uri' -gfi-pa-g&rU. The names refer to the elevated,
cone-shaped heads (toi t elevate, etc., + g&P> fruit, + g&nt). The
names are not wholly specific, being applied to some other forms
having similar heads.

Ranunculus sceleratus L. Buttercup, a'-tam-bi-tclp; ha ' -tam-bi-tclp.

Rhus trilobata Nutt. Sumac; Squaw-berry, ai'-tcfb; i'-tcfb. u'-i-
tcib. Berries eaten to some extent.

Rhus glabra L. Sumac; Squaw-berry. dH'-ka-U-wi-Amp. an'-ka-
ti-wi-a. Berries eaten. The leaves were formerly smoked.

Rhus toxicodendron L. Poison Oak; Poison Ivy. ta'-da-bi.

Ribes aureum Pursh. Missouri or Black Currant. kai'-i-4mp.
po'-go-n&p; po'-g&m-pi. The second name, while often used as
applying to this species, is also the general term for the currant
berry of this and other species, in this usage being nearly the
equivalent of our word currant. The fruit of this and the
following species, which seem to have been less important, was
used as food and was dried in quantity and preserved for winter
in the usual way.

Ribes divaricatum Dougl. var. Currant, wi'-sa-po-go-n&p. wV-
sa-po-gfimp. The prefixed portion of the name, wl'-sa, refers
to the prickles borne on this species.

Ribes lacustre Poir and leptanthum Gray var. brachyanthum.
Currant, ai'-go-po-gflmp. The prefixed or first portion of this
compound name means process or thorn, in reference doubtless
to the spines of this species.

Ribes oxyacanthoides L. Currant, toi'-ya-po-go-n&p. The name
means "mountain currant."

Root isln; tsln'-a.

Rosa californica and fendieri Crepin. Rose, tsi'-o-pi. The name
means "prickle plant." The berries, known as tsi'-Amp or
dzi'-timp, were gathered for food.

Rosa nutkana Presl. Rose, ti'-a-bi. The berries are spoken of as
mo'-gon-dzi'&mp, which means poison or deleterious rose-berries,
these berries not being regarded as good to eat.

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38O AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs. 2

Rubu8 leucodermis Dougl. Raspberry, tu'-kw&n-dau-wi-a. tv!-
kw&n-da-mi. Berries eaten.

RubusnutkanusMocino. Salmon-berry, tu! '-kw&n-daiwri-a. wu'»
dd-An-di-k&p. The second name refers to the fact that the
berries are sought for food by the bear. The same name is also
given to a species of Lonicera, q. v. Berries eaten.

Rudbeckia occidentals Nutt. Coneflower. tu'-ro-vi-pam~pi. tu'-
ro-pam-pi. tu'-pam-pi. The names mean simply "black-
head," in reference to the color of the cone-shaped flower heads.

Rumex salicif otitis Weinman, etc. Sorrel; Dock. &H'-ka-pa-dja-
r&mp; aW-ka-pai-dja-r&mp. aft'-ka-pa-tsa-r&mp. The root fur-
nishes one of the remedies spoken of by the Gosiute as "blood
medicines" (bu'-i-na-tsu). A decoction of the root is also said
to have been used for injection by the rectum in cases of severe
constipation.

Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. Arrow-head, pa'-bo-bu-ip; pa'-ba-
bu-ip. pa'-bu-ip. pi'-a-pa~bo-bu-ip.

Saticornia herbacea L. Samphire; Glasswort. pa'-o-ka; pa'-ho-qa.
o'-ka. Very abundant in many places in Gosiute territory about
alkaline and brackish water or over damp alkaline areas. This
is one of the various chenopodiaceous plants that contributed
seeds so abundantly to these Indians. When the meal from the
seeds of this plant was cooked it is described as having tasted
like "sweet bread" by those who have eaten it.

Salix longifolia Muhl., and other species. Willow, si'-o-pi; si'-hlp.
The name seems to mean approximately "water or wet wood
or plant (shrub or tree)," probably in reference to its habitat.
The wood was commonly used in the manufacture of baskets,
water-jugs, etc., though cotton wood was by most preferred
where accessible. It was used for making fish-weirs (pan'-gwi-
gO'&p), and for other purposes.

Salix amygdaloides Anders., lasiandra Benth., van, and flavescens
Nutt. Willow, sa'-gfi-pi* Also in a general way designated
by the name si'-o-pi, as for the preceding, which is used largely
in a generic sense. Used like those of the preceding.

Samara of Negundo and Acer. ndH'-ki-tco; n&H'~ki-tso. ka'-bip.

Sambucus glauca Nutt. Elder. pa'-go-no-gwlp; pa'-go-no-gip.
Bears eat the berries of this form.

Sambucus racemosa L. Elder, ku'-no-tfp; ku'-no-gi. ko'-no-gip;
ko'-no-gi. The fruit was eaten in season.

Sap. bile.

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r] RTHNO-BOTANY OF COSIUTB INDIANS 38 1

Saponaria vaccaria L. Soapwort. sai'-ya-hyu-gtn. Long ago in-
troduced into Nevada and Utah through early emigrant travel.
Sarcobatus vermiculatus Torr. Greasewood.
Saxifraga nivalis L. Saxifrage. toi'-ya-gwo-n4p. ku'~i-gwa-n4p.

(Prob. toi'-ya-bi f mountain, + gwa'-na, odor, perfume, +#£)•
Saxifraga punctata L. Saxifrage, pa'-sa-wi-gfln-za. Cf . Heuchera.
Sdrpus lacustris L. var. ocddentalis Watson. Bulrush ; Tule. saip.

The lower, tender portions of the stems were formerly eaten as

food.
Sdrpus maritimus L. Sea Bulrush, ai'-bi-baip. saip (occasional).

Cf. Carex hookeriana and utriculata which are often grouped

under the same name.
Scutellaria. Skullcap. toi'-ya-ba-gwa-nAp. Seeds eaten. Cf.

Dracocephalum and Lophanthus.
Sedum debile, etc. Stone-crop, oi'-tc&n-goi-djok, laW-ka^ti-wua.

? Leaves formerly smoked. The plant was ranked with the

kinnikinnick because of this use.
Seed. ba.
Seedling. I'-gi-no-ga. (This name is from i'-gln, meaning imme*

diate, beginning or initial, and a'-ka, plant.)
Senedo, several species. Groundsel. Urn' -pi-dza-na-kwo. The

name means "a mouth rubber or gum," the equivalent of our

"chewing-gum," a chewing-gum having been prepared formerly

from the latex.
Shepherdia argentea Nutt. Buffalo-berry. dH'-ka-tno-do-nAp.

aft'-gfl-ta-gflp. aW-gflp. o'-plp. These names refer to the

scarlet berries. Berries eaten.
Shepherdia canadensis Nutt. Buffalo-berry, a'-da-r&tn-bip. pV-

a-da-r&m-bip. Cf. Ceanothus, a'-di-r&m-blp-&fl>-ka-sip.
Sidalcea malvssflora Gray, tnu'-tsai-k&mp. ml'-ta-kAmp; mV-ta-

komp.
Silene acaulis L. Catchfly. tlm'-pi-sa-gw&p. wa'-si-pU. Said to

have been used for colic, etc., in children, being a koi'-na-tsu.
Silene antirrhina L. Catchfly. oi'-tcu-yo.

Silene menziesii Hook. Catchfly. yo' -go-ti-wi-ya. Leaves for-
merly smoked as a tobacco, being dried and powdered for this

purpose.
Silene multicaulis Nutt. and scouleri Hook. Catchfly. In cases of

"pain in stomach,' 1 this plant was sometimes used as an emetic.

The method of use was to pound up, put into warm water, and

drink. It was also used as a horse medicine, or pAfi'-go-na-tsu.

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382 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION JittMDIRS, 2

Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Hedge Mustard, poi'-ya. po'-nak.
Seeds were gathered and used for food, being made into a kind
of mush that was much liked.
Sium cicutifolium Gmelin. Water Parsnip. pa'-o-tlm-bUc. ?toi'-

ya-ro-dzlp.
SmiiaHim amplexicaulis Nutt. False Solomon's Seal. V-djA~pain-
po-go-n&p: i'-djA-pa, coyote, + », + po'-go-nAp, berry, i'-co-bo-
gdp: V-ca, wolf, + po'-g&p, po'-go-nAp, berry. Cf . the Ute name
for this plant, yo'-go-ta-ma-n&mp. Berries said to be eaten by
the bear and hence the plant is designated as one of a number
known under the name wu'-da-An-di-k&p, "bear food plant." It
is also known from a legendary reference as p&n'-go-An-do-mi
(p&fl'-go, horse, + dn, + do' -mi).
Smilacina stellata Desf. False Solomon's Seal, pai'-ya. Roots
pounded up and rubbed on limbs in cases of rheumatism. Bears
said to eat berries as with the preceding species.
Solanum tuberosum L. Potato, go'-tsa-wtn. Sometimes spoken
of also as dzi'-na, the name primarily applied to the Spring-
beauty, the bulbs of which were eaten. The potato is cultivated
to some extent by the Gosiute.
Solidago canadensis L., nemoralis Ait., spectabilis Gray., etc.
Goldenrod. oi'-ylflk; o'-a-yink: o'-a-bU, yellow, + yiHk. Seeds
to some extent gathered and eaten.
Sonchus asper Vill. Sow-thistle, mu'-tci-gip; tno'-tci-gip. mu'-
tci-gi; mo'-tci-gi. An introduced plant designated by the name
applied to the closely allied native species of Latuca, q. v.
Spartina gracilis Trin. Salt Grass, na'-da-pu-gu-l-gi. na'-da-pu-

gai-gi.
Sphxeralcea rivularis Torr. koi'-na-komp. pl'-tca-gwa-n&p. toi'-

na-ko-nlp. Cf. Malvastrum.
Sphaeralcea emoryi Torr. koi'-no-komp; koi'-na-komp. pi'-a-koi-
na-komp. Cf. Malvastrum. This genus in general character-
istics is extremely similar to Malvastrum and it is only natural
that popularly and by the Indians no wide differences in designa-
tion are present.
Spiraea caespitosa Nutt. Meadow-sweet. ttm'-p!n-tlm-bo-&mp.
tim' -bo-Amp. tim'-bi-ma. While the leaves are used as a bowel
medicine it is mostly employed as a remedy for burns. For
this the roots are used. These are first freed from dirt and
epidermis and then boiled to a pulp which is applied as a salve

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chambkrunJ ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 383

to the burned portion, as is described in the earlier portion of

this paper. The remedy is highly valued and to the author has

seemed efficacious in cases observed.
Spiranthes romanzofflana Cham. Ladies' Tresses, sai'-gi-tatnp.

Used as a medicine in venereal disease, a tim'-bai-na-tsu.
Stachys palustris L. Woundwort, toi' -ya-ba-gwa-n&p. pi'-a-ba-

gwa-ntip. Seeds gathered for food along with those of Lophan-

thus, Scutellaria, etc., closely related forms known under the

same name.
Stalk, stem, o'-ra.

Stephanomeria exigua Nutt. mo'-a-g&p.
Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr. Feather Grass, dai'-gwi-wlq. 0'-

gwip; o'-glp.
Stipa speciosa. Feather Grass, o'-gwlp; o'-glp. yu'-gwlp. Cf.

Aristida, a genus very close to the present one.
Stipa viridula Trin. Feather Grass, pa'-si-wu-miHs; pa'-si-wu.

o'-gwlp; o'-glp.
Suaeda depressa Watson. Sea-blite. wa'-da. Seeds were much

liked as food.
Taraxacum officinale Weber. Dahdelion. ti'-bo-hi; H'-bu-i. mu'-

tri-glp; mu'-tci-gi; mu'-tca-gi-a. Cf. Crepis.
Tetradymia canescens DC. var. inermis Gray. si'-bA-pi. Cf.

Bigelovia.
Townsendia sericea Hook, var., etc. tnu ' -tslm-bi-a-dl-k&p. The

name means literally "mountainsheep food" (muts'-em-bi-a,

mountainsheep, + di'-kUp), a name referring to its serving as

food for the mountainsheep. It is not specific.
Trifolium, various species. Clover, tan'-tso.
Triglochin maritimum L. Arrow-grass. pa'-na-wi. Mentioned

also as one of the various pAH'-go-An-da-mi. Seeds eaten.
Trfeetum subspicatum Beauv. wi'-tc&b. Also sometimes more

generally as ni'-a-blp. Seeds eaten.
Troximon aurantiacum Hook, mu'-tci-glp; tnu'-tci-gi-a. Leaves

sometimes eaten.
Troximon sp. ? koi'-n&mp. See Microseris.
Typha latifolia L. Cat-tail, to' Amp. Seeds eaten. The bristles

of the ripe spikes were burned off, the seeds becoming roasted

or partially so in the process. The seeds were then freed and

dealt with as usual.
Urtica holosericea Nutt. Nettle, tln'-ai-gop. The name refers to

the stinging hairs or nettles.

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384 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION I

Urtka sp.? tu'-i.

Vaccinium Cttpitosum Michx. Bilberry; Blue-berry, ti'-da-kai-
mi-ya. H'-mai-hya. Leaves formerly dried and used as a
tobacco. Hence, grouped with kinnikinnick (Cornus).

Valerianella congesta DC. a' -pa.

Valeriana edulis Nutt. toi'-ya-bl-tdm-ba-ga. toi'-ya-H-t&m-ba.
Roots pounded up and rubbed on externally for rheumatism.
Said also to be good on swollen and bruised parts (bai'-gwi-
na-tsu). Seeds eaten.

Valeriana sylvatica Banks. ku'-yi-gpa-nUp; ku'-i. Said to kill
horses. An arrow poison is said to have been prepared from
the root.

Veratrum californicum Durand. False Hellebore. V-ca-bo-go+nkp.
The name may be rendered "wolf currant."

Vicia americana Muhl. Vetch. Hp'-ta-wu-kwa-dju-niH.

Viola cucullata Ait. Violet. ?pa'-bH-tp. Name not specific.

Viola palustris L. Violet. ?dzi'-na-so-so.

Wood (general term), o'-pi* wu'-pi. Commonly used as the
equivalent of tree or shrub, i. e., woody plant, or even of plant
in general at times.

Wyethia amplexicaulis Nutt. pi'-a-ken~d*ip: pi'4p, big, + a'-kin-
dzip, q. v. Seeds formerly gathered as food. The roots fur-
nished a remedy applied externally upon bruised and swollen
limbs, etc.

Xanfhinm strumarium var. echinatum. Cockle-bur. kwl'-tcim-bo-
gop. The name means "cow or bison fruit."

Zauschneria californica Presl. mu f -tu-nanls-Hm-W&ju tnu'-tu-
nants-pi-na-di-kunt. The first name means "humming-bird's
milk"; the second approximately "humming-bird's sugar or
sweet food," "humming-bird's nectar." The same name is also
applied to Gilia aggregate, etc., being of generic character and
independent of the more special names of each form.

Zea mais L. Indian Corn; Maize, ko'-mu, horn (from English).

Zygadenus nuttalli Gray. Poison Sego. ta'-bt-si-go-Ap; ta'-H-si-go.
ta'-H-tci-gop: ta'-bt, sun, referring to the clustered flowers (cf.
ta'-bl-subil-pt), + si' -go, + d£. Furnished a medicine used as
an emetic Also one used in certain venereal affections (tfm'-
bai-na-tsu).

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CHAMBKUH] BTHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTB INDIANS $&$

List According to Gosiute Names, with Scientific and Popular

Equivalents

a'-da-rdm-bip. See a'-di-iUm-Mp.

a'-di-r&tn-Hp. Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. New Jersey Tea.

Cf. the next name. Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray. Snow-
berry. This plant is not known to all under this name.
a'-di-r&m-b$p*&fi-ka-sip. Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. New Jersey

Tea. By this fuller name distinguished from the Snowberry

by those who designate the latter under the preceding name.
ai'-bi-baip. Scirpus maritimus L. Club-rush; Bulrush. Carex

hookeriana Dew. Sedge. The name is also sometimes applied

to C. utriculata Boott. and other, especially larger, forms,

more strictly designated by pa'-gi-glp t q. v.
ai'-di-wl'Sl'gi-n&mp. ? Epilobium epicatum.
ai'-go-po-g&tnp. Ribes lacustre Poir. Currant. Ribes leptanthum

Gray, van brachyanthum. Currant.
ai'-go-A-pi. Pinus edulis Engelm. Pinon Pine.
ai'-gwa-bi. Opuntia, various species. Cactus.
ai'-gwa-bo-gflp (-gop). Cnicus eatoni Gray. Thistle. Cf. also

ai'iva-bo-g&p.
ai'-tdb. Rhus trilobata Nutt. Sumac. Cf. u'-i*tcib, as the name is

often heard in the Skull Valley band.
ai'-wa-bo-gfrp (-gop). Cnicus eatoni Gray. Thistle. Cf. ai'-gwa-

bo-g&p.
a'-ka. Name of a plant not identified with certainty. Its seeds are

said to have been eaten.
a'-k&n-dzlp. Balsamorrhiza hookeri Nutt. More specifically «*'•

a-kht-dzip, q. v. Balsamorrhiza sagittata Nutt. Arrow-root*

More specifically ku'-si-a-kin-dsip, q. v.
a'-na-gwa-nHp. Cleome integrifolia Torn and Gray.
an-ds&p*. Cymopterus longipes Watson.
aW-go-bi. Pseudotsuga douglasii Can*. Douglas Spruce.
a&'-go-gwa-n&p. Juniperus communis var. alpina. Cf. waf-pi+
aW-go-ma-tai-yu. See aH'-go-ma-tsai-yu.
aW-go-nui'tsai-yu. Deyeuxia canadensis Beauv. Reed Bent Grass.

Deyeuxia stricta Trin. Reed Bent Grass. Poa pratensis L

Meadow or Blue Grass. Cf. ni'-a-Mp.
ati '-go-mU'tsa-wai-ni. Deschampsia caespitosa Beauv., var. The name

refers to its growth among the spruce (afl'-go-bi).

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386 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, a

aH'-gfl-pi; aW-gbp. See an'-ka-tno-do-n&p, from which this is

shortened.
aW-giU-a-g&p. See dn'-ka-mo-do-nAp, the standard name.
dW-kaiy&mp. Rhus glabra L. Sumac. Shortened from &H'-ko-

ti-wi~&mp t the full form.
dH'-ka-koi-n&tnp. Sometimes heard in place of aft' -ka-koi-ntip, q. v.
&H'~ka-koi-n&p. Same as dH'-ka-kwi-nAp, the preferred and etymo-

logically more proper pronunciation.
a%'-ka-kwa-tci-&p. A species of Hordeum, or barley grass.
M'-ka-kwi-n&p. Cornus stolonifera Michx. Kinnikinnick.
dH'-ka-mo-do-n&p. Shepherdia argentea Nutt. Buffalo-berry.
afi!'ka-pa-bu-ip. Polygonum erectum L. Cf. pi'-a-pa-bu-ip.
dH'-ka-pa-dja-r&mp. Rumex salicifolius Weinman. Dock; Sorrel.
dft'-ka-pai-dja-rHLmp. Same as preceding.
dH'-ka-pa-ka-rAmp. See dH-ka-pa-dja-r&mp.
dft'-ka-pa-ri-Amp. Fragaria vesca L. Strawberry.
dH'-ka-pa-r&tnp. Same as aft' -ka-pa-dja-r&mp.
dfl'-ka-po-gotnp. Occasional for aft '-ka-mo-do-n&p, which see.
dH'-ka-pu-i. See dfi'-ka-pa-bu-ip, the full form.
dfl'-ka-si-yu-na. Oxyria digyna Hill. Mountain Sorrel.
d%' -ka-ti-wi-a. See dW-ka~ti-wi-&mp.
dft'-ka-ti-wi-ilmp. Rhus glabra L. Sumac.
dft'-ka-tso-nap. See dW-ka-tso-ni-baip.

dft'-ka-tso-ni-baip. Lithospermum hirtum Lehm. Gromwell.
dft'-ka-wa-dz&mp. Eriogonum microthecum Nutt., etc.
a 9 -pa. Valerianella congesta DC.
a'-po. Atriplex truncata Torr.
a'-ra-d&m-bip. See a'-di-r&tn-bip.
a'-ra-si-mu. Clematis douglasii Hook. Clematis; Virgin's Bower.

See o'-Mn-da-ma-n&mp.
a'-tam-bl-tdp (-UHp). Betula angustifolia Koch.
ats. Amaranthus sp.

B. (See also P.)
ba. Seed.
ba'-hwap. J uncus balticus Deth and parryi Engelm. Hog-rush.

See pa'-ma-w&p.
bi'-a-g&nL Catkin, female, of willows, etc.
bi'-dji-gwa-n&p. Cleome integrifolia Torr. and Gray.
bV-tca-mok. Eriogonum heracleoides Nutt. Cf. Humulus lupulus

L.

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CHambbrlinI ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 3&7

H'-tca-mu-k&m. Eriogonum heracleoides Nutt. Peucedanum

simplex.
b?-tci-gwa-n&p. Same as Wrdji-giva-n&p.
buc. Sap; juice.

D.

dai' -gwi-wfq. Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr. Feather Grass.
da'-pa-rai-n&mp. Astragalus iodanthus Watson. Rattle-weed.
dti'-c&p. Atriplex canescens (Pursh) James.
dzi'-na. Claytonia caroliniana var. sessilifolia Torr. Spring-beauty.

Solanum tuberosum. Potato. Occasional and secondary. Cf.

go'-tsa-win.
dzi'-na-so-so? Viola palustris L. Violet.

G.

go'-ni-na-tsu. See koi'-na-tsu, the more common form.
go'-tsa-wln. Solanum tuberosum L. Potato. Cf. dsi'-na.
gu'-su-w&p. Negundo aceroides Moench. Box-elder.

H. (See also under vowels.)
ha'-ta-bi-tclp. Ranunculus sceleratus L. Buttercup. See a!-tam-

bi-telp, the more usual form.
hi'-bW'g&p. Flower.
M'-na-bi. Cowania mexicana Don. Cliff Rose. Purshia triden-

tata DC.
hu'-gfl'pi. See also u'~g&-pi t the more usual form in which heard.

I.

i'-am-btp. Gilia gracilis Hook, and linearis Gray. Gilia.

t'-co-bo-go-nAp. Veratrum calif ornicum Durand. False Helle-
bore. Smilacina amplexicaulis Nutt. False Solomon's Seal.

V-ca-bo-gflp; I'-ca-bo-gop. See I'-ca-bo-go-n&p.

i'-ca-mo-ta-qa. Gymnolomia multiflora Benth. and Hook. See
i'-dja-pain-po-go-nAp. Aconitum fischeri. Monkshood.

t-ca-ro-ds&p. Potentilla plattensis Nutt. Fivefinger.

{'~ca-An-toi~n&mp. Polemonium cceruleum L. Greek Valerian.

i'-djaip. Peucedanum graveolens Watson, etc.

V-djam~&m-bu-i. Catkin, male, of willow, etc.

t'-dja-pa-bo-gop. Same as i'-ca-bo-go-n&p, which see.

I'-djA-pain-po-go-n&p. Smilacina amplexicaulis Nutt. False Solo-
mon's Seal.

V-gi-no-ga. Seedling; germinating plant.

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388 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [mbmoirs, 2

V-gi-si-a-ka. Bud.

i'-na-bi. See M'-na-bi.

I'-sa-yu-gtp. Equisetum hiemale L. Scouring Rush.

i'-Ufb. Rhus trilobata Nutt. Sumac. Cf. ai'-tcib.

i-dm-pi. Helianthus annuus L. Sunflower.

♦'-£/>. See the following.

i'-&~pi. Chenopodium leptophyllum Nutt. Pigweed; Goose-foot*

K. (See also G.)

ka'-bip. Samara of Negundo, Acer, etc. Cf. n&H'-ki-tso.

kai'-i-timp. Ribes aureum Pursh. Missouri Currant.

kai* '-si-na-bop. Erigeron macranthus Nutt. Fleabane.

ka'-na. Lewisia rediviva Pursh. Bitter-root.

ka'-na-gwa-na. (Enothera caespitosa Nutt. Evening Primrose.

? Geranium fremonti Ton*. Geranium; Crane's Bill. Cf. pa'-

hu-ip.
ko! -na-gwa-nu. See ka'-na-gwa-na.
kan'-gflm-pi. Grayia polygaloides Hook, and Am. Shad Scale.

Cf. mo'-do-nAp.
kari-kwai-tc&p. Hordeum nodosum L. and jubatum L. Barley.
kari r -kwa-tci-&p. See the preceding.
ka'-n&m-pi; ka-n&m'-pi. Atriplex confertifolia Watson. See suft,

the standard name.
ko'-ca-bi. Polygonum imbricatum Nutt. Cf. following.
ko'-ga-r&m-pi. Same as preceding, fuller form.
koi'-di-gip. Castelleja miniata Dougl. Painted-cup.
koi'-gwa-n&p. Parnassia parviflora DC. Grass of Parnassus.
koV-na-komp. Malvastrum munroanum Gray. False Mallow.

Sphseralcea emoryi Torr. Cf. pi'-a-koi-na-komp.
koi'-na-tsu. General term applied to various medicines and the

plants furnishing them which are used in intestinal and stomach

troubles. See Arenaria, Silene, etc.
koi'-no-komp. Same as koi'-na-komp, which see.
koi'-nAmp. Microseris, species. Cf. mu'-tci-glp.
koi' '-si-na-bop. Erigeron macranthus Nutt. Fleabane. Cf. kai' -si-
na-bop.
koi'-ya-hbmp. See koi*-na-komp.
ko'-ka-bi. See ko'-ga-bi.

ko'-mu. Zea mays L. Indian Corn. See korn.
ko'-no-gwip. Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip.

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cbambrlin] RTHNO-BOTANY OP GOSIUTB INDIANS 389

korn. From the English. See ko'-tnu.

ko'-sa-mu-i-tci-glp. One of the "thistles."

ko'-st-bo-qAn-tos. Chaenactis douglasii Hook, and Arn. Cf. waff*

gin-gip.
ku'-hwa. Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl., etc. ? Amsinckia tessellata,

Cf. tso'-hamp,
ku'-i. See ku'-yi-gwa-nAp.
kuf -i-do-gip. See koi'-di-glp.
ku'-i'gwa-n&p. Saxifraga nivalis L. Saxifrage. Cf . tot' -ya-gwa-n&p.

? Antennaria dioica Gaertn. Everlasting.
ku'-ki-koi-n&mp. Gutierrezia euthamiae Torr. and Gray. Torch-
weed; Rabbit Brush.
k&m'-a-ra-tsi-yu-glp. Glyceria aquatica Smith. Reed Meadow

Grass. Cf. pa'-si-w&mp.
k&m'-An-tsi-a. Chenopodium rubrum L. and capitatum Wat Pig-
weed; Goose-foot. Cf. on'-tlm-bi-wai, also Monolepis cheno-

podioides.
kufi'-ga. Allium bisceptrum Watson and acuminatum Hook.

Onion.
ku' -ni-ro4mp. Acorn.
ku'-ni-Ap. Staminate flowers of Negundo, etc Quercus undulata

Torr. van Scrub Oak.
ku'-no-gi. See the following.
ku'-no-gtp. Sambucus racemosa L. Elder.
ku'-si-a-ka; ku'-si-ak. An abbreviated form of ku'-swL-k&n-dtip,

which see.
ku'-$i-a-k&n-dzlp. Balsamorrhiza sagittata Nutt. Arrowroot.
ku'-si-pa-hwats; ku'-si-pa-wats. Shortened forms of ku'-si-pa-wa-

tstp.
ku'-si-pa-wa~tsip. See ku'-tsi-pa-wa-tslp.
ku'-si-wafl'go-glp* Potentilla pennsylvanica L. Five-finger.
ku'-si-wup. Holodiscus discolor var. dumosus Maxim.
ku'-si-ya-ni'g&nt. Krynitzkia fulvocanescens Gray.
ku'-so-nlp. Brizopyrum spicatum Hooker.
ku'-tsa-ga-ti-wo-ra-raL Potentilla pennsylvanica L. Five-finger.
ku'-tsi-pa-wats. See ku'-tsi-pa-wa-tslp.
ku'-tsi-pa-wa-tslp. Artemisia discolor Dougl. and trifida Nutt.

Sage. See ku' -si-waft-go-glp supra. Valeriana sylvatica Banks.
kwa'-tci-Ap. Hordeum nodosum L. and jubatum L. Barley. Cf.

kan'-kwai-tc&p.

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39° AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs. 2

kwi'-ni-&p. See ku'-ni~Ap.

kwi'-ta-kwa-nHp. Lupinus leucophyllus Dough, parviflorus Nutt.,
etc. Lupine.

kwi'-ta-po. See the next.

kwi'-ta-po-ni. Orogenia linearifolia Watson.

kwV -tc&n-bo-gfip. Xanthiura strumarium var. echinatum. Cockle-
bur.

M.

mV-ta-kom. See the following word.

ml'-ta-komp; mV-ta-hdmp. Sidalcea malvaeflora Gray.

mo' -a-ba-bu-ip. Euphorbia montana Engelm., dentata Michx., etc.

mo'-a-gfip. Stephanomeria exigua Nutt. Anaphalis margaritacea
Benth. and Hook. Everlasting. Arnica parryi Gray.

mo'-a-gwa-n&p. Cardamine cordifolia Gray. Bitter Cress,

mo'-a-k&mp. Balsamorrhiza hookeri Nutt. Cf. o'-a-kdmp 9 the
preferable form of the word above, and ivi'-a-k$n-dz{p.

mo' -a-mu-i-tci-gi; mo'-a-mu-l-tci-glp. Crepis occidentalis Nutt.

mo'-a-pa-oH-gop. Ranunculus aquatilis L. var.

mo'-do-buc. ? Hedysarum mackenzii, q. v.

mo'-do-nHp. Grayia poly gal oides Hook, and Arn. Shad-scale.

mo' '-gon-dzi-Hmp. Berries of Rosa nutkana Presl.

mo'-ha-gftp. Same as mo'-a-gftp.

mo' -no. Deschampsia danthonioides Munro.

mo'-ta-ga. See mo'-ta-qa.

mo'-ta-komp. Probably the same as mo'-ta-qa, q. v. The name was
heard applied by one Gosiute to Viola beckwithii.

mo'-ta-qa. Cf. tl'-da-ya-gflp. Layia gland ulosa Hook, and Arn.
Gymnolomia multiflora Benth. and Hook. Cf. V -ca-mo-ta-qa.
Helenium autumnale L. Sneeze-weed. The name is prop-
erly applied to these and their relatives and has no popular
English equivalent. As may be seen, these forms in general
may have also a more specific designation as well. It is prob-
ably used in a more restricted sense for Layia, etc., — daisy-like
forms.

mo'-ta-qai. Occasionally heard for the preceding.

mo'-tci-gi. See mo'-tci-gip.

mo'-tci-glp. Same as mu'-tci-glp, which see.

mu'-a-k&mp. See mo'-a-k&mp.

mu'-da-bis. Lathyrus ornatus Nutt.

mu'-ha-Mm. See the next word.

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chambkrlinI ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 39 1

mu'-ha-k&mp. Grindelia squarrosa Dunal. Arnica. Helianthella
uniflora Torr. and Gray.

mu'-ha-ti-bu-i. Crepis glauca Torr. and Gray. Cf. mu'-tci-gip.

mu'-l-tci-gi. Same as mu'-i-tci-gip.

mu'-l-tci-glp. See mu'-tci-glp.

tnu'-pa-tai-gi-n&p. Arctium lappa L. Burdock.

mu'-tci-gi. See the following.

mu'-tci-gip. Hieracium gracile Hook, and scouleri Hook. Hawk-
weed; Thistle; Sow-thistle. Sonchus asper Vill. Crepis
glauca Torr. and Gray. Lactuca leucophaea Gray and ludovi-
ciana DC. Lettuce. PTroximon aurantiacum Hook. The
word corresponds approximately to the English "thistle" as
popularly used, applying to quite a variety of forms as above
indicated. Some of these have their more specific designations
as indicated under each.

tnu'-tsa. Mam miliaria sp.

mu'-tsai'k&mp. Sidalcea malvseflora Gray. Cf. ml'-ta-Mmp.

mu'-tsSm-bi-a-dl-Mp. Townsendia sericea Hook, and other alpine
forms eaten by mountain sheep.

mu'-tu-nats-Hm-M-dji. Gilia aggregata Spreng., Zauschneria cali-
fornica Presl, etc.

N.

na'-da-pa-ra-na-glnt. Astragalus iodanthus Watson. Buffalo-bean.

Cf. da'-pa-rai-nHmp.
na'-da-pU'gai-gi. Spartina gracilis Trin. Salt Grass.
na'-da-pu-gu-i-gi. See na'-da-pu-gai-gi.
nai'-a-Mp. See ni'-a-blp.
na f -na~rlp. Linum kingii Watson. Flax.
n&H'-ki-tco. See n&W-ki-tso.

naH'-ki-tso. Samara of Negundo, Acer, etc. Cf. ka'-btp.
nan '-tai-bttc. See nan'-U-bttc.
nan'-U-Mtc. Gnaphalium sprengelii Hook, and Arn. Cudweed.

Madia glomerata Hook.
ni'-a-ba-so-nlp. See ni'-a-Mp.
ni'-a-bi. Same as the following.
ni'-a-hlp. Deyeuxia canadensis Beauv. and stricta Trin. Reed

Bent Grass. Poa pratensis L. Blue Grass. Poa tenuifolia

Nutt. Bunch Grass; Meadow Grass.
nV-di-ba. Lycopus sinuatus Ell. Water Horehound.
nl'-dtt>; nl'-dlp. Same as n¥-di-ba.
nin'-An-tsai. Geum macrophyllum Willd.

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39 2 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION fu emcmrs, 2

ni'-u-ru-pam-pi; nu'-ro-pam-pi. Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh.
Buttercup.

O.

o'-a-k&mp. Balsamorrhiza hookeri Nutt. Cf. mo'-a-k&tnp and
wi'-a-kin-dzip.

o'-a-pa-dza-ki. Eriogonum heracleoides Nutt. and umbellatum
Torr. Cf. bV -Ica-mu-kbm for the first and sa'-na-k&n-da for the
second.

o'-a-t&mp. Avena sativa L. Oats.

o'-a-yfnk. Same as oi'-yink, and about equally common with it.
Doubtless the original form {p'-a-btt, yellow, ■+■ yiflk).

o'-Mn-da-ma-n&mp. Clematis douglasii Hook, and ligusticifolia
Nutt. Virgin's Bower.

o'-do. Shortened from o'-do-rop t which see.

o'-do-rop. Same as o'-ro-rop, the more usual form.

o'-glp. Phalaris arundinacea L. Canary Grass. Aristida pur-
purea Nutt. Triple-awned Grass. Cf. o'-gwlp; u'-gwlp; (H v -
ya-o-gwlp.

o'-gwip. See o'-glp.

oi'-tclp. Crataegus oxycanthus. Thorn.

oi'-tcu-mo. Eriogonum cernuum Nutt. and inflatum Torr. Some-
times applied also to Siline antirrhina.

oi'-tc&n-goi-djok. Sedum debile Watson, etc. Stone-crop.

oi'-tcu-o; oi'-tcu-yo. See oi'-tcu-mo.

oi'-yink. Solidago canadensis L., nemoralis, Ait., etc. Goldenrod.
Same as o'-a-yWk.

o'-ka. Salicornia herbacea L. Samphire. Rarely for pa'-o-ka,
which see. Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. Mistletoe*
Cf. pa'-oila, which is the definite and far more frequent form,
oka being narrowly applied to the other plant.

on'-ttm-pai-wa. Variant from on'-tim-pi-wa-tHp, which see.

on'-titn-pa-wa. See on'-tlm-pa-wa-tsip.

on'-tim-pa-wa-tsip. See on'-tlm-pi-wa-tstp.

on' -tlm-pi-a-wa. See the two following words of which this is a
shortened form. It stands most commonly for the second.

on'-Htn-pi-a-wa-da. Artemisia biennis Willd.

on'-ttm-pi-wai. See on'-ttm-pi-ioa-tsip.

on'-tim-pi-wa-tstp. Chenopodium rubrum L. and capitatum Watson.
Pigweed.

o'-pi. Wood; tree or shrub; plant.

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chamberlin] ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 393

o'-pip. Shepherdia argentea Nutt.

o'ra. Stem; stalk; petiole; peduncle, etc.

</-r o. Shortened form of o' -to-top, which see.

o* -to-top. Agropyron repens Beauv. Blue-joint. Cf . wa'-don-dsip and

pf-ga-yu-gfp. Elymus canadensis L. Wild Rye; Lyme Grass.

Cf. ti' -wa-bi-nip. Elymus sibiricus L. Wild Rye; Lyme Grass.
o'-ta-bi-da. Glaux maritima L. Sea Milkwort.

P.

pa-af-qa. See pa-ottf-ga.

pa'-bfp. Shortened form of pa'-bu-lp, q. v.

pa' -bo. From pa'-bo-go, which see.

pa* -bo-bu-lp. Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. Arrow-head.

pa'-bo-go. Cnicus undulatus Gray. Plumed Thistle.

pa'-bo-gwo. Same as the preceding.

pa'-bu-ip. Commonly used as a general term indicating plants

growing in water or wet places with the leaves floating or above

the water. PDodecatheon meadia L. Shooting Star. See

pa'-hu-ip. Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. Arrow-head. See

pa'-bo-bu-lp.
pa'-da-wi-si-go-Ap. ? Carex utriculata, q. v.
pa'-ga-sau-wi-no-Ap. Delphinium bicolor Nutt. and menziesii DC.

Larkspur.
pa'-ga-so-nap. Epilobium spicatum L. Willow-herb.
pa'-gi-gip. Carex jamesii Torr., etc. Sedge. Carex utriculata

Boott. Sedge. Cf. also ai'-bi-baip.
pa'-go-nMlp. Acer glabrum Torr. Maple.
pa'-go-no-glp. See pa'-go-no-gtvip.
pa'-go-no-gwlp. Sambucus glauca Nutt. Elder.
pa'-gu-lp. Polygonum hartwrightii Gray.
pa'-gpa-n&p. Mentha canadensis L. Mint.
pa'-gwo-dzdp. Claytonia perfoliata Don. Spring Beauty.
pa'-gwo-nHp. ? Chenopodium capitatum Watson. Pigweed.
pa'-ho-qa. See pa-o'-ka.
pa'-hu-ip. Dodecatheon meadia L. Shooting Star. Geranium fre-

montii Torr.
pa'-hwap. See pa'-ma-wdp.
pa'-hwats. Artemisia dracunculoides Pursh.
paidj. Phragmites communis Trin. Reed.
pai'-glp. Same as pa'-gi-gip, which see.
pai'-ya. Smilacina stellata Desf. False Solomon's Seal.

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394 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [UEMonts, 2

pai'-ya-bo-sip. Lemna. Duck-meat; Duck- weed. Cf. wa'-da-bu-

*P.
pai'-yo-nlp. J uncus bufonius L. Bog-rush.
Pol -kwi-ni-&p. See pa! -go-nMip.

pa'-ma-w&p. J uncus balticus Deth. and parryi Engelm. Bog-
rush.
patn'-bu-i-&p. Lycopodium sp.
Pa'-tno. See pa'-mu.
pa'-tnu. Nasturtium palustre DC. and var., etc. Water-cress.

? Ranunculus aquatilis L. var.
pa'-na-ti'So. Mentha canadensis L. Mint. See pa'-gwa-n&p.
pa'-na-tsu. Apparently the same as the preceding and etymolog-

ically preferable in such case (pa, water, ■+• na'-tsu, medicine).
pa'-na-wi. Triglochin maritimum L. Arrow-grass.
pa'-o-gfrmp. See the next.
pa'-o-gfim-pi. Aquilegia camilea James. Columbine. Cf. pa'-wa-

g&m-pi.
pa'-o-ka; pa~o'-ka; pa-o'-qa. Salicornia herbacea L. Samphire;

Glasswort.
pa'-ofl-gop. See pa'-oH-g&p.
pa'-oft-gHp. Hypnum sp. Moss. Polytrichum juniperimim. Moss.

See Hm'-ptn-pa-bo-i-Hp and pi'-a-pa-oH-g&p.
pa'-o~tftn-bttc. Sium cicutifolium Gmelin. Water Parsnip.
pa-ottf-ga. Aster adscendens Lindl. Starwort; Aster.
pa'-ra-ti'tsin-bo-gop. ? Argemone mexicana var. hispida Gray.

Prickly Poppy. Cf. toi'-ya-na-bo-gop. Probably the full form

of pa'-tsi-na-bo-gop, which see.
pa-ra-wi-ci-gop. Carex sp. Sedge.
pa'-ri-ki-n&mp. Citrullus vulgaris L. Watermelon.
pa'-ru-sip. Glaux maritima L. Sea Milkwort.
pa'-sa-gtvlp; pa'-sa-gw&p. Cystopteris fragilis Bernh. Fern.
pa'-sa-gwo-na-komp. See pa'-sa-koi-no-komp.
pa'-sa-koi-no-komp. Malvastrum coccineum Gray. False Mallow*

Cf. koi'-no-komp.
pa'-sa-pa-oH-gop. Glaux maritima L. Sea Milkwort.
pa'-sa-ton-dzip. Hedysarum mackenzii Richard.
pa'-sa-wi-gUmp. Potentilla glandulosa Lindl. Five Finger.
pa'-sa-wi-gdn-za. Heuchera rubescens Torr. and other species.

Alum Root.
pa'-si-go. Camassia esculenta Lindl. Camass.

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chambkit.tn) RTHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTB INDIANS 395

pa'-si-gwlp (pa'-si-go-Ap). Angelica pinnata Watson. Osmorrhiza

nuda Torr. Sweet Cicely.
Po'-si-hwu. See pa'-sa-hwu-miUs.
pa'-si-w&mp. Glyceria aquatica Smith. Reed Meadow Grass.

Glycosma occiden talis Nutt.?
pa'-tsi-na-bo-gop. Cnicus sp. Plumed Thistle.
pa'-Am-Ap. See pa'-ma-w&p.
pa'-uH~ga. Erigeron macranthus Nutt. Fleabane. Cf. kai'-si-na-

gop.
pau'-wats. See pa'-hwats.
pa'-wa-g&tnp. See next word.
pa'-wa-g&m-pi. Aquilegia coerulea James. Columbine. See pa'-o-

g&m-pi.
pa'-wa-pi. Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Red Cedar.
pa'-wa-sip (pa'-wa-tslp). Artemisia dracunculoides. Same as pa!'

hwais and pau'-wats.
pa' -yam-pa; pa'-yamp. "Water vamp," one of the Umbelliferse.
pi'-a-ba-gwa-n&p. Stachys palustris L. Wound Wort. Only oc-
casionally so designated, being commonly known as toi'-ya-ba-

gwa-n&p, which see.
pi'-a-da-bi-w&tnp. See pi'-a-ta-bi-w&tnp.
pi'-o-da-r&m-bip. See pi'-a-ra-dAm-bip.
pi'-a-ga. Eriogonum inflatum Torn? Probably not specific or

restricted.
pi'-a-ktn-dzlp. Wyethia amplexicaulis Nutt.
pi'-a-koi-na-komp. Sphaeralcea emoryi Torr.
pi'-a-ku-hwa. Mentzelia laevicaulis Torr. and Gray.
p?-a-mo-a-gflp. See pi'-a-mo-ka-gfip.
pi'-a-mo-ha-gfip. One of the Composite. Cf . mo'-a-gdp.
pi'-a-n&Hk. Mitella trifida Graham. Mitre-wort.
pi'-a-pa-bu-lp. Sagittaria variabilis Engelm. Arrow-head. See

pa'-bo-bu~lp.
pi'-a-pa-ofL-gop. Polytrichum jumperinum. Moss.
pi'-a-pa'OH'gop-pai'dja-r&tnp. Polygonum amphibium L.
pi'-a-pa-otq"-ga. Helianthella uniflora Torr. and Gray. Cf . tnu'-ha-

k&mp.
pi'-a-po-gop. Glycosma occidentalis Nutt.
pi'-a-poi-na. Arabis retrofracta Gray.
pi'-a-ra-Mm-bip. Lonicera utahensis Watson and Xnvolucrata

Banks. Woodbine.

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39<> AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (memoirs. a

pi '-a-si-bo-i-n&p. Same as the following.
pi'-a-si-bo-iJlp. Arabis retrofracta Gray. Rock Cress.
pi'-a-so-nlp. Applied to several large grasses. The word means

"big grass."
pi'-a-ta-bi-w&mp. Orthocarpus linearifolius Genth. Cf . ta'-bi-w&mp.
pi'-ats. Cf. ats. Seeds used as food.
pi'-a-tso-kwa. ? Franseria hookeriana Gray.
pi'-a-wa-da. Artemisia biennis Willd. Cf. on'4lm»pi-o-wa and

wa'-da.
pV-ga-dU. See pl'-ga-yu-glp.

pP'ga~yu~gip. Agropyron repens Beauv. Blue-joint.
pi'-o-ra. A rather indefinite name applied loosely to Hedysarum

and other tall or climbing Leguminosse.
pl'-tca-gwa-n&p. Sphaeralcea rivularis Torr.
pi'-wa-nbp. Asclepiodora decumbens Gray?
po'-go. See po'-gwo.
po'-go-n&p. Currant (general term); berry. Ribes aureum Pursh.

Missouri Currant. (See page 344.)
po'-g&mp. See po'-go-n&p.
po'-gwo. Cnicus eatoni Gray. Thistle.
po'-ho-bi. Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Sagebrush.
po'-ho-ru. Aphyllon fasciculatum Torr. and Gray. Cancer-root.
poi'-na. See poi'-ya.

poi'-ya. Sisymbrium canescens Nutt. Hedge Mustard.
po'-nak. See poi'-ya.

pu'-i-ba-u. Nicotiana attenuata Torr. Tobacco.
pu'-i-dl-k&p. Medicago sativa L. Lucern; Alfalfa.
pu'-i-di-sas. Erigeron leiomerus Gray. Fleabane. ? Monardella

odoratissima Benth.
pu'-i-pa-si-go. Primula parryi Gray. Primrose. Cf. toi'-ya-da-ti-

bu-da.
pu'*i-si-a-ka. General name for green or growing plants {pu'-i-bU,

green, + si'-a-ka, plant, which see).
pu'~i-wa-n&p. Eriogonum brevicaule Nutt.
pdH'-go-na-tsu. A general term applied to a considerable number of

plants used as remedies for horses (P&H'-go, horse, + na'-tsu,

medicine). Such are Astragalus junceus, Galium aparine, Lygo-

desmia, Silene multicaulis, etc.
p&H'-go-&n-da-mi. A somewhat general term applied to a number of

plants. (From pbri-go, horse, + &n, possessive, +ia'-m*).

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CHAMMRLIN] ETHNO-BOTANY OP GOSIUTE INDIANS 397.

Smilacina amplexicaulis Nutt., Triglochin maritimum L., are
among the plants grouped under this name, utterly divergent
forms being brought together upon some basis other than
resemblance to each other.

R. (See also D and T.)
ri'-a-bi. Rare for ni'-a-bi, which see.

sa'-gd-pi. Salix amygdaloides Anders., lasiandra Benth., flavescens
Nutt. Willow.

sai r -gi~tatnp. Spiranthes romanzoffiana Cham. Ladies' Tresses.

saip. Scirpus lacustris L. var. occidentalis Watson. Bulrush.

sai'-ya-hyu-gin. Saponaria vaccaria. Soapwort.

sa'-na-k&n-da. Eriogonum microthecum Nutt., ovalifolium Nutt.,
umbellatum Torr., etc.

sa'-na-k&nt. See sa'-na-k&n-da.

son'-afl'go-bi. Abies menziesii Lindl. Balsam.

si'-a-ka. Plant; branch; etc.

si'-bi. Phlox longifolia Nutt. Sweet William; Phlox.

si'-bo-i-Amp. Nasturtium palustre DC. var. Water-cress.

si'-bo-i-Ap. Cleome lutea Hook. Arabis holboellii Hornem.

si'-bH-pi. Bigelovia douglasii Gray. Greater Rabbit-brush. Ray-
less Goldenrod. Tetradymia canescens DC. var.

sV-gi. Leaf.

si' -go. Calochortus nuttallii Torr. and Gray. Sego.

si' -hip. See si'-o-pi.

si'-na-tsu. A remedy for kidney or bladder trouble; applied to various
plants furnishing such remedies.

siH'-g&p. See sW-gfi-pi.

slH'-gfi-pi. Populus tremuloides Michx. Quaking Aspen.

si'-o-pi. General name for species of Salix corresponding to the*
English " willow." The several types of willows, or rather some
of them, have in addition more special names. See under Salix
in preceding list.

si'-Afi-g&n. Branch; shoot. Cf. si'-a-ka.

si'-w&mp. Glyceria distans Wahl and nervata Trin. Manna Grass.
Cf. also tai'-gun-bi for the latter. Festuca tenella Willd.
Fescue Grass. Cf. yo'-ni-so-nip.

so'-ai-t&mp. Agaricus. Mushroom. ,

so'-go-ba-gpXp. Bryum sp. Moss.

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39 8 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (memoirs, 2

so-ho-bi. See so'-o-pi.

so'-ko-bai-g&n-ip-wa. Potentilla anserina L. Five-finger.

so' -ko-ri-boAmp. Bryum sp. Moss.

so'-ko-riJlmp. Berberis repens Lindl. Oregon Grape.

so' -nip. General term corresponding to the English "grass."

so'-o-pi. Populus angustifolia James. Cottonwood.

suH. From su'-no, which see.

su'-no. Atriplex confertifolia Watson.

ta'-bi-ci-pomp. See ta' -M-si-bH-pi.

ta'-bi-si-bH-pi. Bigelovia pulchella Gray. Rabbit-brush.

ta'-bi-si-go. From ta'-bi-si-go-Hp, which see.

ta'-bl-si-go-&p. Zygadenus nuttallii Gray. Poison Sego.

ta'-H-tci-gop. See ta'-bt-si-go-Ap.

ta'-M-si-pomp. See ta'-H-si-bA-pi.

ta'-bl-tci-potnp. See ta'-bi-si-bA-pi.

ta'-bi-wHtnp. Orthocarpus linearifolius Benth. Cf . pi'-a-ta-bi-w&mp.

ta'-da-bi. Rhus toxicodendron L. Poison Oak or Ivy.

tai'-gwi-bi. Glyceria nervata Trin. Cf. si'-w&mp, also applied in
a more general way to this plant.

ta'-ka-dl-da-rup. See ta'-ka-di-di-a-rHp.

ta'-ka-di-di-a-r&p. Abronia fragrans Nutt. Sand Puff.

ta'-kan-dl-dai-k&p. See ta'-kan-dl-di-a-g&p.

ta'-kan-dl-di-a-g&p. Erigeron grandiflorus Hook. Fleabane.

ta'-k&m-bu-i. Polygonum hartwrightii Gray. Cf. pa'-gu-lp.

ta' -ni-k&mp. Arnica cordifolia Hook.

ian'-tso. Trifolium, various species, corresponding in usage pre-
cisely, or nearly so, to our English word "clover."

ta'-tsip. Pachystima myrsinites Raf. Box.

tci'-cop. Eurotia lanata Moq. White Sage.

te'-e-pa-ga-so-w&p. Mertensia oblongifolia. Lungwort.

H'-a-bi. Rosa nutkana Presl. Rose.

ti'-a-sa-ion-dzi. Astragalus utahensis Torr. and Gray. Rattle-weed.
Cf. to' -sa-wu-da.

H'-a-tso-nap. One of the Boraginaceae, "Little stickseed." Cf.
tso'-nop.

ti'-ba. Pine-nuts; nuts of Pinus monophylla.

ti'-ba-bi. Same as to'-bai-ba-bi, q. v.

U'-ba-Hn-gop. Pine cone; cone of Pinus monophylla.

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chambmmn] ETHNO-BOTANY OP GOSIUTE INDIANS 399

H'-bo-wa-na-tita-tsa-mo-gi. ? Euphorbia schizoloba.

ti'-ba-wa-ra. Pinus monophylla. Pifton Pine.

H'-bo-hi. Taraxacum officinale Weber. Dandelion.

tP-da-kai-mi~ya. Vacdnium caespitosum Michx. Bilberry.

H'-da-pa-wa-gfimp. Aquilegia caerulea James. Columbine. See
pa'-wa-g&tn-pi.

tl'-da-ya-gfip. Helenium autumnale L. and hoopesii Gray. Sneeze-
weed. Cf. m<f-ta-qa and toi'-ya-tnu-ta-qa.

tl'-mai-hya. See tl'-nai-hya. .

ttm'-bai-na-tsu. General name for medicines used in sexual diseases
or for plants furnishing such medicines.

ttm'-bai-wi-g&n-dza. Parnassia parviflora DC. Grass of Parnassus.

tint 1 '-bai-wi-gfln-ta. See Urn '-bai-wi-gfln-dsa.

Hm'-bi-ma. See ttm f -b<h&mp.

tlm'-bi-mo-a-gwo-n&p. Aplopappus macronema Gray and parryi
Gray.

tftn'-bo-ip. Heard occasionally for tftn'-po-tlm-bo-i-Amp and applied
generally to various other plants growing on cliffs and over rocks.
Arenaria biflora. Sandwort. Comandra pallida DC. Bastard
Toad-flax, etc.

tlm'-boJLmp. See tlm'-pln-Hm~b<hi-4mp.

tim'-pi'dza-na-kwo. Senecio, several species; the latex of Groundsel,
which was used for preparing chewing-gum.

tim'-ptn-ba-bu-ip. See tlvri '-ptn~pa-bo-i-4p.

tim'-ptn-pa-bo-i-ilp. Polytrichum juniperinum. Moss. Cf. pa'-
ofirgop.

t$m'-pln~pa~gi-g{p. J uncus parryi Engelm. Bog Rush. Cf. also
pa'-hwap.

tltn'-pln-so-k&p. General name for lichens.

tlm' -ptn-tu-nbmp, Kalmia glauca Ait. American Laurel.

t$tn'-pln4lm-bo*4lmp. Spiraea caespitosa Nutt.

Hm'-pi-sa-gw&p. Silene acaulis L. Catchfly.

tfm'-pi-sa-wap. ? Linum kingii. Flax.

tln'-d-bip. Poa calif ornica Munro. Meadow Grass. Cf. ni'-a-Wp.

tl'-nai-gop. Urtica holosericea Nutt. Nettle.

tl'-nai-hya. Also tt'~tnai-kya. Mountain Tea.

tln'-go-ip. See tin'-gwip.

tln'-gwip. Chamaebatiaria millefolium Maxim. ? Holodiscus dis-
color var. dumosus.

tlri-ta. Carum carui.

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400 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs, 2

Hn'-tsiH-ga. Cnicus drummondi Gray. Plumed Thistle. Cf. also

tsiH'-ga.
H'-sas. Erigeron glabellus Nutt., var. Fleabane.
ti'-so-nip. Phleum alpinum L. Cat's-tail Grass. Alopecurus aristu-

latus Mx. Foxtail Grass.
ti' Aim-pi. Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. Service-berry.
ti'-wa-bi-nip. Elymus canadensis L. Wild Rye. Cf . o'-ro-rop.
ti'-ya-g&p. Helenium autumnale L. and hoopesii Gray. Sneeze-
weed. (From ti'-da-ya-g&p, q. v.)
to'-bai-ba-bi. Bromus breviaristatus Thurb., etc. Brome Grass.

Cinna arundinacea var. pendula Gray. Reed Bent Grass.
to'-bai-bi. See to'-bai-ba-bi.
to'-dzdp. Ferula multifida Gray.
to'-go-An-go-na. Castilleja parviflora Bong., minor Gray. Indian

Paint-brush.
to'-ho-bai-pi. See to'-bai-ba-bi. •

to'-ho-bi. Same as to'-bai-ba-bi t being a shortening of the preceding

form.
to'-ho-bi-so-nip. Same as to'-ho-bi t + so'-n$p t grass.
toi'-df-sas. See toi'-ya-di-sas.
toi'-gd-pa-gdnt. Eriogonum villiflorum. Plantago eriopoda Torr.,

patagonica Jacq., etc.
to' Amp. Typha latifolia L. Cat-tail.
toi'-ya-ba-bwip. See toi-ya-ba-o-pi.
toi-ya-ba-ga-n&p. See toi'-ya-ba-gpa-n&p.
toi'-ya-ba-gwa-dzdp. Hydrophyllum occidentale Gray, capitatum.

Waterleaf.
toi'-ya-ba-gwa-n&p. Lophanthus urticifolius Benth. Dracocepha-

lum parviflorum Nutt. Dragon-head. Scutellaria sp. Skullcap.

General term for these closely related labiales, the seeds of all

of which were gathered and used for food in the same manner.
toi'-ya-ba-gwo-no-g$p. Actaea spicata L. Baneberry.
toi'-ya-ba-hwip. See toi'-ya-ba-o-pi.

toi'-ya-ba-o-pi. Aplopappus suffruticosus Gray, macronema Gray.
toi'-ya-Mn-da-tsip. Jamesia americana Torr. and Gray. Symphori-

carpos oreophilus Gray. Snowberry.
toi'-ya-bi-t&m-ba. See toi'-ya-M-Utm-ba-ga.
toi'-ya-bi-t&tn-ba-ga. Valeriana edulis Nutt.
toi'-ya-bo-go-nAp. Ribes oxycanthoides L. Currant.
toi'-ya-da-ti-bu-da. ? Primula parryi Gray. Primrose. ? Poly-

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chamberlin] ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTE INDIANS 4°*

gonum viviparum L. Gnaphalium sprengelii Hook, and Arn,
Cudweed.

toi'-ya-da-ti-go-ra. Erigeron glabellus Nutt. Fleabane. Cf. under
Erigeron in preceding list.

toi'-ya-da-tsip. See toi' -ya-bln-da-Ulp.

toi'-ya-dl-sas. Chrysopsis villosa Nutt. Golden Aster.

toi'-ya-gwa-nup. Saxifraga nivalis L. Saxifrage. Parnassia parvi-
flora DC.

toi'-ya-mo-gfip. See toi f -ya-mo-ha-gup.

toi f -ya-mo-ha-gfip. Anemone multifida Poir. Wind-flower.

toi'-ya-mo-ta-gomp (-komp). Mertensia alpina Don. Lungwort.

toi'-ya-mu-ta-qa. Helenium hoopesii Gray. Sneeze-weed. Cf. tV-
da-ya-g&p.

toi'-ya-na-bo-gop. Argemone mexicana var. hispida Gray. Prickly
Poppy.

toi'-ya-na-ti-bu-da. See toi'-ya-da-ti-bu-da.

toi'-yan-bo-gop. Same as toi'-ya-na-bo-gop, q. v.

toi-ya-no-tsu. Antennaria dioica Gaertn. Everlasting.

toi'-yan-tlm-ba-dzap. Arenaria triflora var. obtusa Watson. Sand-
wort.

toi'-ya-o-gwip. Aristida purpurea Nutt. Triple-awned Grass. Cf.
o'-gwip and yo'-nip.

toi'-ya-o-ro-rop. One of the grasses. "Mountain grass." Cf. toi'-ya-
so-nlp.

toi'-ya-po-go-nup. Same as toi'-ya-bo-go-n&p.

toi'-ya-ra-ta-boi-ya. Gnaphalium sp. (Pluteoalbum). Cudweed.

toi'-ya-ro-dzip. Sium cicutifolium Gmelin. Water Parsnip.

toi'-ya-sa-ton-dzi. Hedysarum or related form.

toi'-ya-si-wump. Festuca ovina var. brevifolia Watson. Fescue
Grass. Deschampsia caespitosa Beau v., var. Hair Grass.

toi'-ya-so-nip. Deschampsia caespitosa Beauv. var. Hair Grass.

toi'-ya-ta-son-dzi. Same as toi'-ya-sa-ton-dzi, q. v.

toi'-ya-tim-ba-dzap. See toi ' -yan-ttm-ba-dzap.

toi'-ya-wafl-go-glp. ? Ivesia gordoni Torn and Gray.

toi'-ya-wint-a-mu-ta-qa. See toi'-ya-mu-ta-qa, the commoner form.

toi'-ya-wt-t&m-ba. See toi'-ya-bi-t&m-ba-ga, from which this is
shortened.

toi'-ya-wt-t&tn-ba-ga. Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh. Dog-tooth
Violet. The full form is probably toi'-ya-wun-tutn-ba-ga {foi'-ya-
wlnt, canyon). Contrast toi' -ya-bi-Ulm-ba-ga (toi'-ya-bi, moun-
tain).

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402 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [Mnons. a

toH'-gi-cip. Prunus demissa Walpers. Choke-cherry. Cf. to'-o-

n&mp.
to'tuhpi. One of the "greasewoods."
to'-o-nHmp. Prunus demissa Walpers. Choke-cherry. Cf. toW-

gi-cip.
to'-pai-ba-bi. See to'-bai-ba-bi.
to'~pai'bi. Shortened from to' -pai-ba-bi.
to'-sa-na-tsu. A koi'-na-tsu prepared from or consisting of the roots

of Heuchera albescens Torr. and related species and of species

of Mitella, which see in the preceding list. Sometimes applied

to the plants themselves.
to'-sa-wu-da. Astragalus utahensis T. and G.
tsV-gi-t&mp. (Enothera biennis L. Evening Primrose.
tsV-na. See tsW-ga-bo-gop.
tsl'-na-bo-gop. Cnicus drummondi Gray. Plumed Thistle. Cnicus

undulatus Gray.
tsift'-ga. See tslft'-ga-bo-gop.
tslft'-ga-bo-gop. Cnicus drummondi and undulatus Gray. Plumed

Thistle. Form preferable to its equivalent, tsi'-na-bo-gop.
tsi'-o-pi. Rosa californica and fendleri Crepin. Rose.
tsi'-timp. Berries of Rosa californica and fendleri Crepin.
tso'-hamp. Amsinckia tessellata. Also by some used as equivalent

of tso'-ni-baip, q. v.
tsom'-ba. Same as tsom'-bai-bi.
tsom' '-bai-bi. Same as tso'-ni-baip.
tso'-nap. Same as tso'-ni-baip.
tso'-ni-baip. Lithospermum pilosum Nutt. and multiflorum Torr.

Gromwell. Echinospermum redowskii Lehm., floribundum

Lehm., etc. Stickseed.
tu'-go-wa-tsip. Chrysopsis villosa Nutt., etc. Golden Aster.
tu'-go-wi-ntip. Pentstemon confertus Dougl. var.
tu'-hi-n&p. Cercocarpus parvifolius Nutt.
tu'-i. Urtica sp.
tu'-ku-ba-gfimp. Delphinium bicolor Nutt. and menziesii DC.

Larkspur.
tu'-kwdn-da-mi. See tu'-kw&n-dau-wi-a.
tu' -kw&n-dau-wi-a. Rubus leucodermis Dougl. Raspberry.
tu'-na. Cymopterus montanus Torr. and Gray.
tu'-nam-pi. Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Mountain Mahogany.
tu'-n&mp. Same as tu'-nam-pi.
tu'-pam-pi. See tu'-ro-vi-pam-pi.

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CHAMBBRlin] ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTB INDIANS 4°3

tu'-ro~pam-pi. Shortened from tu' -ro-vi-pam-pi, which see.
tu'-ro-sip. Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Ragweed. Iva axillaris

Pursh.
tu'-ro-vi-patn-pi. Rudbeckia occidentalis Nutt, Cone-flower.
tu'-si-gfp. Epilobium coloratum Muhl. Willow-herb.
tu'-tom-pi. A shrubby plant mentioned by Indians but not identified

by the author.

U.

u'-di-<Lp. Betula occidentalis Hook. Birch.

u'-gai-g&t. Poa sp.

u'-gu-dzAp. Alnus incana Willd. Alder.

u'-gfl-pi; u-g&p. Beckmannia erucaeformis Host. Slough Grass.

u'4-tctb. See ai'-tclb.

u'-na-tso-mo-gi. Humulus lupulus L. Hop. Cf. wa' -na-na-tso-

mo-gi.
u'-sa. Epilobium alpinum L. Willow-herb.

W.

wa'-bi. Melica poaeoides Nutt. Melic Grass.

wa'-da. Suseda depressa Watson. Sea-blite. Artemisia biennis

Willd. In the latter case for pi'-a-wa-da, which see.
wa' ~da-bu-lp. Lemna sp. Duckweed.
wa'-don-dzlp. Agropyron repens Beauv. Blue-joint. See also

under Agropyron in the preceding list.
wax. Oryzopsis cuspidata Benth. Mountain Rice.
wai'-a-na-tsu. General term for medicines used for burns or for

plants producing such medicines.
wai'*4mp. Probable form for wai t but only rarely heard.
wa'-na-gt\nL Potentilla fruticosa L. Five Finger. Cf. wa f 4si-

gfini.
wa'-na-ma-tsa-mo-gi. See next word.
wa'-na-na'tsa-mO'gi. Humulus lupulus L. Hop.
wa'~na-tsi~mu~gi. ? Brickellia grandiflora var. minor Gray.
wan* -di-wa-sip. See wan '-dt-wa-s&mp.
wan' -dt-wa-s&mp. Epipactis gigantea Dougl.
wan'-dzi'baip. Eleocharis palustris R. Br. Spike Rush.
wafi'-gin-glp. Chaenactis douglasii Hook, and Arn. Cf. ko'-$i-bo-

q&n-tos.
waH'-go; wait'-go-bi, Pseudotsuga douglasii Carr. Douglas Spruce.

Cf. aH'-gO'bi. ' •

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404 AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION [memoirs. a

wafl'-go-gip. Achillea millefolium L. Yarrow.

wa'-n&p. Humulus lupulus L. Hop. Cf. wa'-na-na-tsa-mo-gi.

wa'-pi; wap. Juniperus californica van utahensis, etc. Cedar;
Juniper.

wap'*4m-pi. Cedar berries; fruit of Juniperus californica var.
utahensis.

wa'-si-ptt. Silene acaulis L. Catchfly. See also ftm'-pi-sa-gw&p.

wa'-tsi-g&nt. Potentilla fruticosa L. Five-finger. Cf. wa'-«o-
g&nt.

wa'-Ulp. Bark.

wi'-a-k&n-dztp. Balsamorrhiza hookeri Nutt.

wi'-djan-gwo-djop. Arenaria triflora var. obtusa Watson. Sand-
wort. Cf. toi' -yan-tltn-ba-dzap.

wi'-gon-dzlp. ? Ranunculus sp.

wi' -gfin-dza. Heuchera rubescens Torn Alum-root.

wi'-k&n-dza. See wi* '-g&n-dza>

wi'-na-go. Fritillaria pudica Spreng. Lily; Yellow Bell.

wi'-nau-tsaug. A gum or mucilage prepared from Malvastrum
munroanum and used on the inside of earthen vessels as a
filling. Also the name is sometimes applied to the plant itself.

wt'-sa-po-go-n&p. Ribes divaricatum Dougl. Currant.

wt'-sa-po-gAmp. Same as wl'-sa-po~go-n&p.

wi'-tc&b. Trisetum subspicatum Beauv.

m'-tim-pi; wi-&tnp. Crataegus rivularis. Haws.

wu'-bu-i~n&p. Lepidium medium Greene. Peppergrass.

wu r -da-&n-di-k&p. A somewhat general term applied to a number of
plants which are eaten or the fruit of which are eaten by bear.
Such are Lonicera, Smilacina, etc., which, of course, have in
addition their more special designations. See under the respec-
tive names in the preceding list.

wu'-da~wa-n&p. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Indian Hemp;
Dogbane.

wu'-si-bifl-g&nt. Phacelia menziesii Torn and circinata Jacq.

wu'-si-g&nt. Same as wu~si-biH-g&nt.

wu'-pi. Wood; woody plant; stick, etc. Cf. o'-pi.

Y.

yamp. See yam' -pa.

yam'-pa. Carum gairdneri Benth. and Hook.
yam' -pa-gwa-n&p. Er odium cicutarium L'Her. Alfilaria; Crane's-
bill.

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CHAmbkrlin] ETHNO-BOTANY OF GOSIUTB INDIANS 4<>5

y</-gO'ta-ma-n{ltnp. Smilacina amplexicaulis Nutt. False Solo-
mon's Seal.

yo'-go-ti-wi-ya. Silene menziesli Hook. Catchfly.

yo'-go-ti-wi-yu. See the preceding word.

yo'-ni-co-nlp. See yo'-n&so-nip.

yo'^nlp. Aristida purpurea Nutt. Triple-awned Grass. Cf. o'-tfp.

yo'-nfaso-nip. ? Deschampsia danthionoides Munro. ? Hair Grass.
Glyceria distans Wahl. Manna Grass. Festuca tenella Willd.
Cf. yo'-nlp.

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Digitized by

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