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ETYMOLOGICON UNIVERSALE ;
OR,
UNIVERSAL
ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY.
ON A NEW PLAN.
IN WHICH IT IS SHEWN
THAT CONSONANTS ARE ALONE TO BE REGARDED
IN DISCOVERING THE AFFINITIES OF WORDS,
AND THAT THE VOWELS ARE TO BE WHOLLY REJECTED;
THAT LANGUAGES CONTAIN THE SAME FUNDAMENTAL IDEA;
AND THAT THEY ARE DERIVED FROM
The EARTH,
AND THE
OPERATIONS, ACCIDENTS, and PROPERTIES,
BELONGING TO IT.
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS DRAWN FROM VARIOUS LANGUAGES:
The Teutonic Dialects, English, Gothic, Saxon, German, Danish, S^c- c^-c— •
Greek, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish. The Celtic Dialects, Galic,
Irish, Welsh, Bretaene, <^-c. <^c The Dialects o/'^Ae Sclavonic,
Russian, ^c. Sfc. The Eastern Lanouaoes, Hebrew,
Arabic, Persian, Sanscrit, Gipsey, Coptic, Sfc. S^c.
By the Rev. WALTER WHITER, MA.
rector of hardinoham in the county of Norfolk,
and late fellow of clare hall, cambridge.
Vol. III.
CAMBRIDGE:
Printed by J. Smith, Printer to the University ;
FOR GEO. B. WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA-LANE, LONDON ;
AND DEIOHTON & SONS, CAMBRIDGE.
1825
4* <• '• ETHEftlDflE T^
3Z/
V.3
INTRODUCTION.
In the former Volumes of this Work I considered the Race of
Words, which belong to such terms as Era, (Ejoa,) Earth, &c. and
which are represented, as I there express it, by the Elementary Character
"R, *RT, RT, &c. In the Preliminary Dissertation, prefixed to this
Work, I have fully explained the principles, on which the new-
Theory of Languages has been founded, and the forms, which are
adopted for the purposes of Systematical arrangement. To this Dis-
sertation the Reader must resort, who wishes to be fully informed on
the nature of these principles ; yet a few observations should perhaps
be prefixed to the present Volume, which may be sufficient to eluci-
date the doctrine, adopted in this new System of Etymology. In in-
vestigating the affinities of kindred words to each other, I consider,
that the Vowels are to be wholly rejected, and that the existence of
Cognate Consonants containing the same idea, or similar ideas, should
alone be regarded. The Alphabet may be divided into three Classes,
1st, B, F, M, P, V, W, which are called Labials; 2nd, C, D, G, J, K,
Q, S, T, X, Z, called Gutturals, Dentals, &c. ; 3d, L, N, R, sometimes
called Liquids, and Immutables, In the two first Classes, all the Letters
composing each class familiarly pass into each other in the inflexions
of Nouns and Verbs, in the same word of the same Language, and
in different words, passing through different Languages, containing the
f^79tS0
ii INTRODUCTION.
same idea, which some would consider as the same word, though
under different forms, or in different words, passing through different
Languages, containing kindred ideas. The third Class contains letters,
which do not in the regular operations of Language familiarly pass
into each other. — It must be understood, that I use the phraseology
and the principles of the ordinary Grammarians, when I consider Cog-
nate Consonants, as those, which are interchaiigeahle with each oth^r
in the Inflexions of Nouns and Verbs, and I only differ from them,
when they contradict themselves. In our Elementary Grammars, P, B, F,
TT, /3, (p, are considered as Cognate, but M is added to the class L, N, R,
called Liquids, or Immutahles. — " Liqiiidce, vel Immutabiles, afieTa-
" /3o\a, A, M, N, P, quia non Antistoichas, vel Cognatas, quibus ipsae
" mutentur in verborum et nominum inflexionibus, habent." I exclude
M from the class of Immutahles, and place it among its Cognate
Labials, P, B, F, because they are all mutually changeable into each
other, as the Grammarians might have learnt from the example, to
which they are indebted for the fact, relating to the commutability
of P, B, F, namely, from the Labial Conjugation of Verbs. In Tvtttu),
ervTTOv, TCTucpa, rervfxfxai, we perceive the forms Tup, Tuf, and Tum,
that is, we have the Labials P, F and M, Cognate, or Changeable into
each other. As we know not the exact sound of the Greek v, I should
say, that the action of Beating is expressed in Greek by TP, TF, TM,
and as there are such words as Tap, Tup, Thump, (Eng.) Doupo*,
(Gr. Aoi»7ros,) in English and Greek, I should make my position more
extensive, and say, that the idea of Beatiyig is expressed in different
l^anguages by T, D, &c. ^ P, F, M. This union of Consonants I call
an Elementary Character, which expresses a general idea without the
intervention of Vowels. In the Welsh Language the changes of the
Ivubials into each other are fully understood, as they are perpetually
visible in representing the same word. "Words primarily beginning
INTRODUCTION. iii
" with P," have four initials, as Mr. Richards observes, " P, B, M//, PA,
"as Pen gwr, a man's head; ei Ben, his head ; /^ Mhen, my head;
" ei Phen, her head," where Pen, Ben, Mhen, Phen are different forms
of the same word for the name of the Head. The s in the future of
the Labial Conjugation Tupso, (Tv-^oo,) has been derived, I imagine,
from the analogy of the s existing in the future of the Guttural and
Dental Conjugations.
The Consonants in the Second Class C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z,
familiarly pass into each other in the ordinary operations of Language.
The Grammarians have observed, that K, G, Ck, (K, F, X,) pass into
each other, and that T, D, Th, (T, A, 0,) pass into each other ; and
that S, S, is a letter of its own kind, " Litera sui generis," but they ought
to have seen from their own examples, that they all pass into each other.
In Tasso, or Tatto, cTagon, Taxo, teTacha, Taa-aco, tuttw, erayof,
ra^u), Teraxa, we have Tas, Tat, Tag, Tax, Tach, or without the
Vowel, we have the forms TS, TT, TG, TX, TC^ relating to the idea of
arrangement, and we see, how S, T, G, X, (where X, or H is KS, GS,
CAS, ^, K<r, 70-, xo">) ^nd Ch are changeable into each other. In Frazo,
eFradon, Fraso, peFraka, ^paCto, ecppadou, (ppacrw, 'TrecppaKa, we per-
ceive how Z, (or DS, SD, ^, So-, et o-S Dorice,) D, S and K, or C, M'hen
pronounced hard, are changeable into each other. Thus we see, how
the Letters in the two Classes K, G, Ch, and T, D, Th become united,
and are Cognate, or Commutable with each other. The Letters Z, X,
and S, we see, must likewise be added to the same Class. Similar
facts appear in the Latin Verbs. Thus C is changed into X, CT, by a
general analogy, and sometimes into S, T, as diCo, diXi, diCTim, parCo,
parSi, parSum, sarCio, sarSi, sarTum : — D into S, raDo, raSi, raSum .•
G into X, and CT by a general rule, reGo, reXi, reCTiim ; and some-
times into S, as merGo, merSi, tnerSum ; Q into X and CT, coQuo.
coXi, coCTum ; SC into T and ST, noSCo, noTum, paSCo, paSTum ;
a 2
iv INTRODUCTION.
T into S, as miTYo, miSi, miSSum; CT into X, JleCTo, JleXi, JleXim.
In the Latin and Greek nouns the same changes are likewise visible.
Thus in Latin, C is changed into CT, as laC, laCTis ; S into D, T, as
peS, peDis, parS, parTis ; X into C, G, CT, paX, pads, leX, leGis,
noX, noCTis. In Greek S passes into T, Th, and D, as gelo^, geloTos,
km'uS, koruThos, lanipaS, lampaDos, (FeXws, yeXwro's, Kopv^, Kopvdos,
Xa/uTrai, Aa/xTTaSos,) X into K, CT, G, Ch, as kiiliX, kuUKos, anaX,
atiaCTos, tettiX, tettiGos, beX, beChos, (Kuki^, kvXiko^, Kva^, uvuktos,
reTTi^, TCTTiyo^, (it]^, /3>/xos.) These observations respecting the Cog-
nate, or Commutable Consonants relate to the familiar facts, which are
perpetually visible through the whole compass of Language.
The relation between some Letters of the Second Class C, D, G, &c.
and the Labials, and the changes of Letters in the third Class L, N, R,
into others will be daily explained, when any occasion shall arise, \vhich
may render the elucidation of these facts necessary. Thus we shall
find, that the Guttural G, or Q, is sometimes connected, with the Labial,
and hence Q is succeeded by U. Hence words, passing through dif-
ferent Languages, appear under different forms, with a Guttural,
a Labial, or a Vowel breathing at the beginning, as in Gualterus, IFalter,
Gulielmus, William, Guerre, JVar, Gwin, (Welsh) IVine, Viniun,
Oinos, (Oivo^y) Vesta, Estia, (Eo-rm,) &c. &c. The JEolic Digamma
expressed this union of sounds, which is a double Gamma F, or F,
which is our letter F, performing the office of a Labial. All this is
explained in pages 341, 2, 3 of the present Volume. The L is sometimes
changed into the R, as in Lilium, Leirion, Aeipiov, and it is sometimes
blended with C, G, D, T, and sometimes with the Labials: Thus
Clamare in Latin, becomes LLamar in Spanish, Pluvia, LLuviw, in
Italian, the forms of the Article and Pronouns //, Li become g Li, egLi,
egLino, &c. and hence we have Pollux, and Poludeukes, {UoXvBevKtji,)
Ulysses, Odysseus, (OSu<r<rei;s,) Giles, ceGidius, &c. &c. The Til is
INTRODUCTION. v
frequently connected with the S, as in Arren, Arsen, (^Apptjv, Apcniv,)
and in Mus, Maris, &c. Though these changes sometimes occur, they
are not so familiar as to derange the Class of Immutable Letters.
Having thus ascertained the Cognate, or Commutable Consonants,
I shall now shew, that the Cognate Consonants, containing the same
sense, or the same train of ideas, preserve and record the qffiniti/ of
ivords, and that the Vowels contribute nothing to that purpose. The
Vowels render the Consonants Focal, by producing sounds, and thus
constitute in conjunction with Consonants different words, expressing
different meanings, by which Human Speech is constituted. But in
written Languages, Consonants alone are able to preserve and record
IVords, and Cognate Consonants mark their affinities. On the contrary,
Vowels, when placed alone, can record nothing in exhibiting a Language,
and even in conjunction with Consonants, when words pass through
different Languages, or Dialects, or Provincial varieties, they serve only
to confound, and obscure affinities. The reader in order to learn this
fact has only to open any Etymological Dictionary, as the Lexicons of
Skinner or Junius, and examine in a few instances only the varieties
of the same word, as they are recorded by these writers, when the
word passes through different Languages; and he will at once grant,
that the word, which all would acknowledge to be the same word,
cannot justly be so denominated, unless he disregards the vowels, and
considers only as important the same Cognate Consonants, containing
the same idea, or kindred ideas. The attention of a few minutes only
employed in this business will afford him the fullest conviction, re-
specting the truth of the position, which is here maintained. Thus
the word Father is pronounced in different manners in our Provincial
Dialects, and might be expressed by Feether, Fauther, &c. and in (he
various Dialects of the Teutonic, &c. the word is expressed, as repre-
sented by the Etymologists thus. Feeder, (Sax.) Voter, (Germ.) fader.
vi INTRODUCTION.
(Belg.) Fader, (Isl. and Dan.) Pater, (Lat.) Pateer, Pafer, and Patr,
(Gr. Uartip, TTarepo^, Trarpo^,) Padre, (Ital. and Span.) and in Persian
and Sanscrit we have Pader, and Petree. Though the word Father
has assumed these various forms, we observe at the same time the
greatest uniformity, as the difFerence arises only from the change of
tlie Vowels, while the mme Consonants, that is, Consonants of the
same kind, called Cognate, still remain as records of the same word.
Thus the word Father may be expressed under a more abstract form
without the vowels by F, P, V,^ D, T| R, FDR, VTR, VDR, PTR,
PDR, and any of these forms is sufficient to record, what we all ac-
knowledge to be the same word, and to preserve its affinity.
If we adopt the vowels only, which appear in the variations of this
word, ae, aee, aue, cee, aee, a, eee, we record nothing; and a Language
so represented would become an absolute blank, without any traces of
ideas or meaning. Now the word Father, Pater, &c. has different
senses, all related to each other, signifying the Parent, the person like
a Parent, or the Author, or Producer of any thing, the Founder of a
Sect, the Protector, &c. &c. Thus in denominating words under dif-
ferent forms to be the same word, we mean those forms of a word,
which are represented by Consonants of the same kind, containing the
same idea, or the same train of ideas. In the French Pere, the second
Consonant of the Radical has been lost, but the sense, which this word
bears, and the Consonants, which remain, supply full evidence, that
the term must be referred to the series of words Pater, &c. Language
is liable to these accidents ; yet it commonly happens, as in this case,
that sufficient evidence remains for determining the origin, from which
the words so mutilated are derived. We shall all agree, that the evi-
dence of the identity of Pere with Pater, &c. is not disturbed by this
accident of the loss of one Consonant, nor is our dependence on the
permanency of Consonants, as the records of affinity, at all diminished.
INTRODUCTION. vii
In considering the terms belonging to Father under the form FTR, &c.
we shall marvel, that such uniformity has prevailed among Words,
those products of the fleeting breath, which are regarded by some as
most changeable, inconstant and capricious. We shall marvel, I must
again repeat, that a word, so familiar as Father, and therefore so liable,
as we should conceive, to change, has remained invariably the same,
through so long a period, in so many Languages, spoken in such distant
regions of the globe.
In page 26 of this work I produce the parallel terms for Foot, in
different Languages, as Fotus, Fot, Fode, Foed, Voet, Fuss, Footur,
Pous, Podos, (Jlov^, rioSos,) Pes, Pedis, &c. &c. where we cannot
affirm, that these different forms represent the same word, unless we
say, that the Vowels are to be wholly disregarded, and that the Cognate
Consonants F, V, P| T, D, are only to be considered as recording the
identity of the word Foot. The Vowels 00, on, 0, oe, u, oou, e, ei, which
are employed in representing these words, record nothing. This example
Foot opens into a world of ideas connected with the discussions of
the present Volume, and the principles of my Theory. Hitherto, as
in Father and Foot, we have considered only what all would call the
same word with the same meaning, as the Parent, and the Limb used
in treading on the Ground, though Foot is applied to ditferent purposes,
as the Foot of a Table, Foot Stalk, &c. Here likewise we may say,
that the identity of the same word is recognized by the existence of
the same Cognate Consonants, containing the same idea, or the same
train of ideas. But it is the business of the Etymologist not only to
consider the affinity, existing between various forms of the same word
with the same idea in one of its applications, but of different words,
bearing different senses, which senses may be sometimes apparently
very remote from each other. Now the fact relating to the affinity of
different forms of the same word must be applied in considering the
viii INTRODUCTION.
affinity between different words, namely, the existence of the same
Cognate Consonants, and same train of ideas, or the same fundaniental
idea. — A series of words cannot belong to each other, unless they
have a power of passing into each other, and of receiving different
senses, under some common fundamental idea, as the same word receives
different senses, or different turns of meaning, by means of some com-
mon or fundamental idea. Words cannot familiarly pass into each
other, unless by means of Cognate, or Commutable Consonants, or
Consonants, which have the property of familiarly passing into each
other, and their affinity cannot be recognised, unless by observing,
that they contain the same Cognate Consonants under the same train
of ideas, or under the same fundamental idea imparting different senses.
The affinity of the Languages, with which we are most conversant,
has been perpetually observed, and the fact, that Father exists not
only in the kindred Dialects of the Teutonic, but in Greek, Latin, and
Sanscrit, will suggest to the most unfurnished reader the proba-
bility of this fact. I shew in my Preliminary Dissertation, that the
Earth or Ground supplies Languages with the materials for the various
ideas, with which words are impressed. It is acknowledged, that words
must relate originally to Matter; as every thing expressing the opera-
tions of the mind must be metaphors derived from Matter, and where
is the Matter to be found, with, which man is perpetually conversant,
but the Matter of the Earth or Ground, Dirt, Mud. This Theory
of the Earth, supplying ideas, — with the fact of the affinity of Lan-
guages, and the Doctrine of Consonants, as being able to propagate and
record ideas, and of Cognate Consonants, as capable of preserving and
marking words related to each other, open into a new World in the
investigation of Human Speech. These truths will render what might
appear too intricate for the powers of research, intelligible to our
conceptions and open to the devices of our skill, duly and diligently
INTRODUCTION. ix
applied. We cannot but at once see, under this view of Languages,
how Foot, Pes, Pedis, &c. connects itself with Pad, Pass, Path,
Patco, (riarew,) FoiTao, (^oiTato,) BxDizo, (BaSt^w,) and with Bog
or Dirt Matter, on the Pedoh, (YleBop,) which brings us to the subject
of the present Volume.
When 1 place Consonants without Vowels, and suppose, that words,
commencing with those Consonants, convey the same train of ideas, as
BC, &c. I denominate BC, an Elementary Character. 1 endeavour to prove
in the present Volume, that the Race of Words, under the Elementary
Character B, F, M, P, V, W^ C, D, &c. or those AVords, which have
any of the Labials for their first Consonant, and any of the letters,
belonging to the second Class, C, D, &c. for the second, relate directly
or remotely to the idea of the Watery, Low Spot, or Matter, to Bog
or Mud Matter, &c. I consider in the first division of my Work,
for reasons, which I assign in the commencement of my enquiries,
the Elementary form B, F, P, V, W\ C, D, &c. and we shall now see,
how this form so expressed and explained, contains the following words,
and illustrates their affinity to each other, Foot, Pes, Ved'is, (Lat.) Sec.
Pad, Pass, Path, (Eng.) Patco, FoiTao, Bxmzo, (Vlarewy Calco, 4>oiTaw,
Ito, BaSi^w, Eo,) Pedo?i, (YleBov, Solum,) Bog, Pash, Peat, Puddi.k,
Pit, Base, Bottom, &c. &c. I have already in my former Volumes
considered the Elementary Character ^R, "R] T, &c. RT belonging to
Ena, (Epa,) Earth, &c. The mark of a caret before a Consonant
expresses a Race of words, in which the Consonant, bearing that
mark, whether it should precede or follow the Consonant, has
a Vowel breathing, and not another Consonant, before or after it. 1
have found it convenient in unfolding the Elementary Character B, F,
P, V, W| C, D, &c. to adopt the colloquial term Pudge, or Podge,
with a sense, similar to that, which it bears in Hodge-VoDGiL, and when
I say, that the words under this Elementary Character are to be referred,
h
X INTRODUCTION.
directly or remotely, to such terms as Pudge, Bog, Pash, Peat, Puddle,
Pit, Base, Bottom, Pedon, (Ue^ov,^ &c. &c. I mean, that the words
included in this Race bear senses, either directly or remotely derived
from the Earth, and the objects on its surface, which are expressed by
such terms as Pudge, Bog, &c. and that all the words, under this
Elementary Character, have in various degrees an affinity with each other,
under a train of ideas, which is expressed in their original and general
import, by such terms as Pudge, Bog, &c. &c.
The spirit of my Theory does not lead me to adjust the affinity of
one word to another, as I conceive words to be derived from a general
impression on the mind of the force annexed to the Elementary
Character, which impression was originally formed from the Dirt
of the Earth. In some cases words are directly derived from each
other, or directly belong to each other, as Boggle is immediately
taken from Bog, by the manifest nature of the Language; but
when I say, with a ditierent turn of meaning, that Boss and
Botch, the Swelling Lumps, belong to each other, and to Bog, I
understand by this, that all these words have an affinity with each
other, as belonging to the same Elementary Character, and as con-
veying the same common idea of the Swelling Mass, which idea was
derived from the Sivelling up Mass of Dirt, expressed by the kindred
word Bog.
That Languages may be recorded by Consonants only, we learn
from the fact exhibited by some of the Eastern Languages, Hebrew,
Arabic, &c. in which certain Vowels exist indeed, but they are of little
importance, and do not discharge regularly and familiarly those offices,
which the Vowels in our own Language, and in other forms of Speech
of a similar kind are accustomed to perform. I have illustrated this
fact by writing the Lord's Prayer without Vowels, or with that scanty
mixture of Vowels with the Consonants, such as I imagine will suf-
INTRODUCTION. xi
ficiently represent the nature of those Languages : " Ur Fthr, ivhch art
" in avn, hhud be thy nam : th hngdm cm .- th lul he dn in arth, as if
" is in avn : gv-s ths dy ur dly brd, and frgv-s ur trspss, as w-forgv
" thm tkt trsps agnst-s: and Id-s nt int tempttn, ht delvr-s from avi, fr
" thn is th kingdm, and th poivr, and th glry,fr avr and avr."' This will
give the reader a sufficient idea of the mode of recording Language
among the Hebrews, though it may well be imagined, that a precise
resemblance cannot be formed.
This mode of writing Languages answers every purpose of recording
and speaking the words intended. It is true, that we cannot speak words
without Foivels, but if we can excite the idea of the word intended to be
spoken by the use of Consonants only, our purpose of speaking the word
duly, in order to be understood by those, who speak the same Language, is
fully answered. Those, who well understand a Language, do not attach
to a word, as Father, &c. the sounds, which ought to be adopted,
by a nice consideration of the force belonging to the Vowel symbols
a and c, but from an immediate impression of the sense, which the
whole symbol conveys to the mind. Now if the symbol Fthr be suf-
ficient to excite in the understanding this idea, any attempt to represent
the vowel breathing is superfluous. We know, that in the Eastern
Languages, the Consonants are of themselves sufficient to excite this
idea, and if the Reader will make an experiment upon the English
Language written after this form, he will be convinced, that a small
portion of practice would render this mode of writing words for the
purpose of reading them easy and familiar. In the Hebrew Dialect
of the Bible, now become a dead Language, a slight embarrassment
has sometimes arisen from the same symbol, bearing different senses ;
but it is not so great as that, which arises in our own Language from
the more ample symbol composed of Vowels and Consonant, when
the same word has passed through different ages, and suffered a change
b2
xii INTRODUCTION.
of the Vowels, according to the various modes of pronouncing the word,
at different times or in different Dialects.
In composing a Dictionary of the Hebrew Language, the Lexico-
graphers, when they produce a single word, as they would call it,
represented by two Consonants, detail the different senses that it bears,
and endeavour to shew the connexion between one sense and another.
This is the same process, as if in our Language we should consider
CP as a \\ ord, and should say, that it denoted a Species of Dress, a
Vessel for (irinldns;, and a Covering for the Head, such as we express
by Cope, (an ancient Dress of Priests,) Cup, and Cap, and as if we
should moreover assert, that the fundamental idea pervading these dif-
ferent senses, was apparently that of Holding, Containing, &c. The
Hebrew Lexicographers consider CP under these different senses as the
same word, and they would say, that this word had assumed these
different kindred senses, by the use of different Vowel points. — We
should say, that Cope, Cap, and Cup, were different words, and with
respect to the fact, that the same Consonants are adopted in all of them,
which in Hebrew is supposed to be so important, it would either entirely
escape our notice, or if it were perceived, it would be considered only
as the effect of an accident, unworthy of our regard. If the Hebrew
J^exicographers have formed a true idea of the matter in this respect,
a Dictionary might be formed in English on the same plan ; since Man
is the same creature in the west as in the east. Yet the views of
the Hebrew Lexicographers, however just the}- may be, as far as they
proceed, are yet most bounded and contracted. We shall find, that
they considered the same train of ideas to belong to that word only,
or they considered that word only to be the same word, which was
represented by the same Consonants, or Consonants of the same name
and form, and they seem to be unconscious, that there existed, among
other words, any species of relationship whatever.
INTRODUCTION. xHi
In the Hebrew Lexicographers we find no traces of Etymological
enquiry, as it relates to the Language, which they have undertaken to
explain, and in that respect they are inferior to their fellow labourers in
the same employment. Without any minute research into the cause of
these kindred significations being attached to the same Consonants, we
should at once say, that this circumstance did not arise from the Jigu re
and name of the symbol, but that it must have arisen from the power
of these Consonants. We have seen from the above facts, that this
power of preserving the same idea, or train of ideas, extends to what
are called the Cognate Consonants ; and thus the same train of ideas,
which is expressed by CP, will be conveyed likewise by KP, C/?P,
CV, &c. SP, SB, &c. Hence we have words, relating to what Holds,
Contains, &c. under these forms as Cavms, Cavo, with the parallels
Cave, &c. — Coif, &c. — the parallel terms to Cup, as Scyphms, &c. —
Ship, Skiff, with their parallels, passing through many Languages,
as in the Teutonic Dialects, Scip, Skip, Skib, &c. in Greek and Latin
SKAp/ze, SkapAos, (JE,Ka(pti, Sica^os,) Sc\pha, &c. &c. &c.
According to this mode of conceiving the matter, the Cognate Con-
sonants in each peculiar Language convey the same train of ideas.
When we remember moreover, that certain Languages, or Dialects of
the same Language, are more intimately connected with each other,
as the Dialects of the Teutonic, the Celtic Dialects, the Dialects of the
Chaldee, or Hebrew, &c. we extend the sphere of action in these
Cognate Consonants still further; and we should find no difficulty in
conceiving, that they convey the same train of ideas, through these
kindred Dialects. The Etymologists themselves allow, that the most
intimate union exists between these kindred Dialects; and they would
grant, that in the general course of these Dialects or Languages the
words, which they contain, are the same words under some difi^erence
of form, and some variety of meaning. Hence it has been the business
XIV
INTRODUCTION.
of the Etymologists to collect those words, which they consider as
the same, under their various forms, and to exhibit them to their readers,
under the name of Parallel terms. — But we must extend our views
still further, and trace the power of the Cognate ConsoJiatifs through
the fvhole sphere of their action. Not only the several Dialects in
these Classes of Languages are thus intimately connected, but the Classes
themselves are acknowledged likewise to be closely allied to each other.
Many have conceived, that the various forms of Human Speech have
arisen from some Universal Language, once existing on the face of
the Earth, and the general affinity of Languages has been fully ac-
knowledged by different orders of writers, under the name of Ety-
mologists, Philologists, &c. in their various modes of considering the
question, however imperfectly they may have understood the extent
or nature of that affinity, which they labour with such diligence to
discover and illustrate. I suppose, that the prevailing ideas conveyed
by Human Speech have arisen from the contemplation of the objects
on the surface of the Earth, as Dirt, Mud, &c. under the various
qualities and accidents belonging to these objects. I must again repeat,
what in fact all have allowed, that Language is composed of words
originally denoting material objects, and that the operations of mind
are expressed by a metaphorical application of these words : Now where
is Matter to be found, with which Man is perpetually conversant, but
that Matter, which exists on the surface of the Earth P If this hy-
pothesis respecting the origin of Human Speech should be true, we
at once perceive, how the process of investigating the relations of
Language, which before might seem to be involved in inexplicable
intricacy, becomes bounded, distinct and defined. With the Earth, its
accidents and operations, we are well acquainted ; and when we have
duly studied the peculiar habits of the Human mind in the mode of
considering this object and its appendages, from known and acknow-
INTRODUCTION. xv,
ledged examples ; we shall be enabled to understand the familiar process,
which is passing in Language, and to detect its influence in other
examples ; where the original impression is no longer visible.
Thus then we may venture to assert, under this idea, that our Labours
are directed to the study of one great Universal Language, which is itself
derived from owe great Universal object, ever present, ever visible, and
perpetually pressing on the attention of man. We now see, that the
same operative cause has been constantly employed on the same Lan-
guage, in preserving the force of those impressions, which it originally
excited ; and hence we perceive, from the course of our observations,
how the mind and the organs of man have been enabled to maintain,
through different ages, and in distant places of our globe, the same
Elementary Language, not existing in the various and fleeting forms
of different Languages, but in the Cognate Consonants, abstractedly'
considered, which propagate and preserve the same train of ideas.
Nothing is new in my conception, that the Vowels afford no record
in determining the affinity of words, and that the Consonants only are
the Essential and Elementary parts of words, but the express mode,
in which this principle has been declared, and the comprehensive manner
in which it has been applied. All the Etymologists do in fact tacitly
acknowledge this truth, in producing what they consider to be parallel
words, as these words bear no resemblance to each other in their form,
but by the exhibition of the same Cognate Consonants. Though all
the Etymologists tacitly acknowledge this fact, when they produce
their parallel words, yet they still work in the dark, uftder the cloud
of this principle obscurely understood ; and their labours are deficient
in the purposes of an Art, because this fact has never been explicitly
declared and acknowledged. Yet others have proceeded still further,
and some hardy Theorists have from time to time ventured to assert,
that Consonants were the Radical parts of words. Yet the Vowels
xvi INTRODUCTION.
still retained their place in representing a Race of words : — No abstract
mode was adopted of expressing a Series or a Race of words by Con-
sonants only, without the Vowels, and the state of Etymology remained
the same, veiled in its ancient obscurity, just as if no such truth had
been declared. That part however of my hypothesis may be considered
as perfectly new, in which it is maintained, that the ideas conveyed
by Language have been derived from the Earth, the Ground, &c. and
the objects appearing upon its surface. On the whole, I might venture
to observe, that the Doctrine unfolded in this Work, founded as it is
on a new idea, and supported by a new mode of applying principles,
which were before inadequately conceived, may be considered as affording
to the subject of Etymology, an Art altogether neiv, and totally unlike,
in its form and purposes, to every other mode, which has ever been
adopted in discovering the affinity of words.
PREFACE.
Another Volume on the subject of Etymology, unfolded by a new
mode of illustration, is here presented to the Public, under favorable
impressions, which the former Volumes could not be expected to obtain.
On the first appearance of a Work of this nature, which professes to
consider a familiar topic of discussion, under a point of view, wholl}
different from all former conceptions on the subject ; it is necessary, that
the Reader, who has not devoted his attention to studies connected
with these enquiries, should proceed with care and caution in forming
his opinions and uttering his decisions. The writer likewise of such a
work, who has duly estimated the nature of Public favour, when it is
excited in the cause of Literature, would feel but little gratified with
a reception hastily and negligently bestowed, from the impulse of motives,
which bear no relation to the powers of the author, or the value of
his performance. The final doom, destined to every work, is governed
by its own laws; and the writer, who has chosen a topic, which
alone belongs to the decision of instructed and meditative men, must
wait patiently, till their judgment can be formed, and their influence
can be felt. It is from that order of men only, who pursue Literature
for its own purposes, with minds accustomed to enquire, and intent
solely on the discovery of truth, that the Public opinion, when it assumes
its important office, is at first slowly adopted, and at last firmly esta-
a
(ii) PREFACE.
blished. Some years have now passed away, since the Doctrine, contained
in the present Volume, has been promulgated, and due time has been
afforded for the examination of the principles, on which the Theory
is founded, and of the evidence, by which it has been supported. The
Work has now found its way beyond the limits of our own Country,
and has obtained a reception on the Continent, which is most gratifying
to the mind, and most congenial to the feelings of the Writer. I
might venture to observe, that among the Scholars of Paris and Vienna
the new System of Etymology has now passed through the ordeal of
its probation, and has been admitted, as a Work, founded on just
principles and directed to extensive purposes. The reward of our
labours in the search of truth is to be found in the voice of au-
thentic testimony, that the truth has been discovered, and I am
urged by duty and by feeling to acknowledge the value of that evi-
dence, which is obtained from a Foreign Land, where no other motives
can exist for the acceptance of a new Theory, but such, which
are alike honourable to those, who confer the reward, and those, who
receive it. There is one Parisian Scholar, to whom my acknowledge-
ments are particularly due for the very flattering opinion, which he
has been pleased to declare of my Work, in a private and voluntary
address, which is at once distinguished by an English style, worthy
of an Artist in our Language, and by a zeal in the cause of Letters,
such as belongs only to the higher order of liberal and enlightened
minds. I have no dpubt, that my System of Etymology has felt ail
the beneficial consequences, which can arise from the influence of such
a Patron, who by his character, his station and extensive communica-
tions throughout Europe is enabled to impart an impulse to a Work
of IjCtters, which would be most favorable to its reception and propa-
gation on the Continent.
PREFACE. (iii)
In the course of the present Volume I have found it necessary to
enter into various investigations, which are connected with Celtic Litera-
ture. I have suggested, that the foundation of our two Universities is
of Celtic origin, and that it is lost in the most unfathomable antiquity :
I have shewn, (p. 87, &c.) that our venerated Granta, situated amidst
the Grons or Marshes of the Cam, and Ox-Ford or Water-Ford on
the banks of the Isis, were purposely chosen, as the favorite retreat of
the Muses, from a Druidical propensity to such spots, and that the term
Academy, alike belonging to the banks of the Ilissus and the Cam, is
derived from the Celtic Dialects, as denoting the place for the education
of youth. I have shewn likewise, that the title of Alma Mater, which
we all cherish with such reverence, connects the Ceres of the Romans
with the Cerid- Wen of the Celts, the Goddess, who in the Mythology
of the Druids is supposed to watch over the 'tender age of youth;' —
that tradition assigns to Oxford an establishment for the Priests of Cerid-
IVen, called Pheryllts, an order of Chymists or Metallurgists, and that
our University might possibly have possessed an establishment of a similar
kind. I have suggested, under this train of ideas, that the Eleusinian
Ceres or Cerid- JVen, when she travelled from the vicinity of the Academy
on the Ilissus to the Academy on the banks of the Cam, may perhaps
have returned to a kindred spot, which had been once dedicated to the
performance of her rites, (p. 241.) I have ventured to conjecture, that
the antiquaries, who refer the foundation of our University to the Spaniard
Cantaber, do not deal in such strange and improbable stories, as some
have imagined, and I have shewn, that Pythagori is the appropriate
Welsh name, relating to Philosophy, — that the Grecian Pythagoras
derived his title from this source, and that the Schools of Pythagoras,
a name still remaining in our University, mean probably the Schools
of Philosophy, (p. 240.) It is not necessary therefore that Pythagoras
a 2
(iv) PREFACE.
should have visited the banks of the Cam, as some antiquaries may have
supposed, in order to give existence to his Schools ; but even " this
" conjecture," as I observe, " is not wholly removed from the sphere
" of probability." I have noticed the tradition in the old Chronicles of
Oxford, (p. 89.) which ranks Virgil among the Phcryllts, and I have
marked the strange coincidence between this tradition and a curious story
recorded by Sir Walter Scott, from an antient Book, in which Virgil
is described as a worker in Metals, and as performing " many marvayles"
by " whychcrafte and nygramancye." The title of Pheryllt must be
learnt from the Welsh Language ; and though it may appear to the
reader not conversant in this species of knowledge as a term removed
from the pale of Classical reading; yet he will find in the name of
Perillus, the fabricator of the Brazen Bull for Phalaris, that it was
not wholly unknown to the Greeks, as a term appropriate to a personage
skilled in the art of Metallurgy. — As the value of the Celtic Dialects
in the investigation of Languages, and of Celtic knowledge in unfolding
the mysteries of Mythology, is not duly appreciated even by those, who
have directed their thoughts to such enquiries ; I shall seize on the present
occasion of making a few observations on this subject, and I trust, that
the favorable position of these remarks at the front of the Work may
arrest that attention, which the cause demands, but which perhaps it
would have failed to obtain, in a place less propitious for so desirable
a purpose.
The learned author of a work, intitled " Opus Tripartitum seu de
" Analogia Linguarum Libellus," published at Vienna in the year 1820,
has made an observation on the Celtic and Teutonic origin of Languages,
which expresses at once his agreement and dissent with -the Writer of
these Discussions, on this curious and difficult question (p. 179.) The
PREFACE. (V)
author of that work is pleased to quote the opinion, which I expressed
in my former Volumes, relating to this subject, after the following
manner: " Celtas ubique Whiter, nos videmus Germanos, (Gothos,^
" et tamen consentimus, quoniam the dispute about a Gothic, or a Celtic
" origin is idle and almost unmeaning, as they are ultimately to be con-
" sidered, as belonging to each other ; though under one point of view,
" the Dialects, which we denominate Celtic and Gothic, will afford us
" a just and proper ground of distinction (520.) Id tamen ambabus
" tenemus manibus, quod ad Zwitzere legitur. {Whiter, 3l6, 355, 365,
" 757, 815, 1089, 1220,)" Though our learned author appears to agree
with my conceptions on this subject in one part of the above sentence ;
yet the principle, which he so tenaciously retains, (ambabus manibus,)
in the following passage, under the term Zwitzere, seems to place our
opinions in opposition to each other. In this passage our author ex-
pressly asserts, as follows : " Germanica, Dux et Lux Linguarum,
" reliquas custodit atque declarat." (p. 1Q3.) It may well be imagined,
that my zeal for the honor of the Teutonic Dialects is as strong and
ardent, as this learned German can desire ; and an Etymologist, if he were
not even attached to the Teutonic stock by the ties of his maternal
Language, must have profited but little by the labours of Wachter,
if he did not consider the German Dialect, as a rich fund, abounding
with precious materials for the elucidation of Language. But I must
still be permitted to conceive, that the Celtic Dialects ought to be re-
garded, as constituting the great Store-House of Human Speech, and
I cannot express my ideas better on this subject than by observing,
that this Store-House of Languages preserves all the materials, of which
other Languages are formed ; while it declares and illustrates the original
affinities, by which they are connected with each other. It ought to
be understood however, that the Celtic Dialects cannot be supposed in
(vi) PREFACE.
their present state to exhibit in such striking features these valuable
properties ; as no Work has yet appeared, in which their riches have
been collected and displayed, with full and convincing effect. The
German Dialect has been investigated and unfolded through all its recesses
by the learning and the sagacity of Wachter, and his researches have
spread a bright and steady light over the kindred Dialects of the Teutonic.
The Hebrew Language has received the amplest illustration from the
study of the Scriptures, and the kindred Dialects of the Arabic, Chaldee,
Syriac, &c. have obtained their full benefit from this research, and
from other sources of enquiry. The Sanscrit Language and the customs
of the Hindoos have formed a theme of discussion, from which we have
learnt all, which can interest our attention on these subjects.
In unfolding the stores of the Celtic Dialects, nothing worthy of
so ample and important a theme has yet been accomplished. In the
Archceologia Britannica of that illustrious Celt, Edivard Lhuyd, the
foundation of a great building has been laid, but the fabric still remains
to be erected. The Irish or Hiberno-Celtic Dictionary of General
Vallancey, of which only a Prospectus has appeared, is still unpublished,
though the work of a profound Artist, on which the labour of thirty years
had been employed. The Galic and the Irish Dictionary of Mr. Shaw
is a work of great utility, and it supplies us with the chief information,
which we have under an Alphabetical form, respecting the words, which
belong to these Dialects; but it is furnished with no examples, which
alone can lead us to a true knowledge of the original senses of words.
The Welsh Dictionary of Mr. Owen is a most valuable repository,
and it is enriched with passages, taken from the Welsh Writers; but
the explanations of this Author are not always happily conceived, and
Mr. Owen sometimes fails, when he is desirous of giving, what he
PREFACE. (vii)
conceives to be the original idea, which is annexed to the word ex-
plained. The ancient Race of the Cymry can boast of many precious
Volumes, still remaining; and a great Work, a possession for ever,
might be formed, if a scholar of that nation, another Lliuyd, would
fully profit by these stores, and compose a copious Dictionary of the
Welsh Language, furnished with the materials, which I shall here
describe. The Dictionary of General Vallancey should be published,
under the precise form, which it bears in the Manuscript, and every
thing should be extracted from thence, which can contribute to the
completion of the projected work. The Poems of Ossian should be
diligently studied, and the Galic terms should be produced, illustrated
by ample quotations from this source. A perpetual appeal should be
made to the kindred terms in the Armoric, the Basque, the Cornish
and the Manx Dialects, and their senses should be investigated with
great diligence, and precision. The publication of the Poems of Ossian
in the original Galic by the Highland Society has formed a new aera
in the study of the Celtic Dialects, and may contribute to afford in-
formation on the subject of Language, which cannot be too highly
appreciated. A new Galic Dictionary might be published under the
auspices of this zealous and enlightened Body, and the Irish Dictionary
of General Vallancey would readily see the light, if the influence of the
same zeal, intelligence and power were exerted in a similar cause. —
While I was engaged in studying the Poems of Ossian, T was enabled,
from the peculiar turn of meaning annexed to Galic words in these
Poems, to discover the original idea, at present imperfectly understood,
which belongs to many Hebrew and Chaldee terms.
I shall take this occasion of performing a task, which my solicitude
for the advancement of Celtic Literature has often urged me to under-
(viii) PREFACE.
take, by endeavouring to impress on that portion of the Public, which
is interested in such studies, the value of General Vallancey's Work,
and the views of the Author in compiling it. I shall be enabled briefly
to state these views in the words of the writer himself from a private
and voluntary communication, which I received from him some years
ago on the first appearance of these Etymological Researches, when
they were yet in an incipient and imperfect form. The Introduction
and the Preface to the Prospectus of the Dictionary published by the
Author in 1802, contain an abundance of recondite erudition, relating
to the Hiberno-Celts, and Hindoos, &c. ; but it would be difficult to
extract from them so clear a view of his intended Work, as that, which
the reader will find pourtrayed in the following short and direct account.
I might feel repugnant to repeat the flattering terms, in which this
veteran enquirer has been pleased to speak of my Work, if the com-
munication were not connected with a statement, important to Celtic
Literature, and if the good opinion of such an adept might not be directed
to a good purpose, by infusing into the mind of the reader the same
confidence, which cheers me in that portion of my labours, when I
attempt to unfold from scanty materials the affinities of the Irish Dialects.
General Vallancey had arrived to his seventy-sixth year, when he
announced to me the completion of his Dictionary in a letter which
is dated the iQth of September 1800, (two years before the publication
of his Prospectus,^ and which commences thus, " Permit me to express
" the great pleasure I have enjoyed in the perusal of your learned and
" laborious Work, the Prospectus of an Etymologicon Magnum. I have
" spent thirty years in a similar Work, making the Irish Language
" the leading word, because I found it approaches the Oriental nearer
" than any other Northern, or Western Dialect, and its construction
PREFACE. (ix)
" v/ith Serviles the same as the Hebrew, Chaldee and Arabic. Bochait
" shewed the way to a work of this kind, Gebehn (with whom I was
" in correspondence for many years) followed. You have improved
" on both. The great affinity of the Irish to the Sanscreet is remarkable,
" and plainly shews, the ancient Irish were, as they denominate them-
" selves, Aiteac Coti, or Ancient Coti, of the banks of the Indus, the
" Atti Cotti of Dionysius Per, and the hido-Scuthce of the Greeks, and
" as is evident from Irish MSS. that they worshipped Budh, Rama,
" Calli, &c. I am doubtful if the Brahmin Religion did not spring from
" the Aiteac Coti. For their knowledge in Astronomy I beg leave to
" refer you to some papers of mine published in the Oriental Collection.
" There is no Dictionary of the ancient Irish yet published, although
" mine is finished. At the age of seventy-six I cannot think of putting
" a huge Folio to the press."
Nothing can exceed the value of this Work to those, who are en-
gaged in the study of Celtic Literature ; as a perpetual appeal to Sanscrit
terms and superstitions, in the examination of Irish words, must suppiv
a regular and compact body of information on these subjects, which
we cannot expect to derive from any other source. The connexion of
the Hindoo ceremonies with those, which were of Celtic origin, and
which were practised in the sacred Islands of the West, is now fullv
acknowledged, and General Vallancey has illustrated some portions of
this subject with singular success, in works already published, as it
relates to the Mythological History of Ireland. It is now well known,
that the Cave of St. Patrick is recorded in the Pitranas, the sacred Books
of the Hindoos, by the very name, which it bears at this moment iu
Ireland ; and it is probable, that in remote periods of the world, the
pious Hindoo performed a Pilgrimage to the sacred Islands of the West,
* b
(X) PREFACE.
to Ireland and to Britain, for the purpose of receiving under a certain
process the great rite of Regeneration, in the spots, which were most
celebrated for their sanctity, the Cave of St. Patrick in Ireland, or the
Hole in the Peak of Derbyshire, which received from the Monks in
latter times, a Latin appellation expressive of the ancient superstition.
(^Moors Hindoo Pantheon, 291. — Maurice s Histoty of Hindostan, II. 167.
Faber on the Cabiri, II. p. 395, Sec.) All this would open into a wide
field of discussion, which does not belong to the present occasion,
but which I have endeavoured to unfold in some Mythological Essays^
already prepared for the Press, from the stores of Celtic Literature,
which have been imparted to the Public, relating to this subject. I must
observe, however, that the Celtic Scholars are alone able to supply the
information, which can do justice to this curious topic, and that the
learned Brahmins, when they attempt to unfold the primitive meaning
of words in their own Language, or to explain the source of their
Mythology, are altogether remote from the secret, and know nothing
of the original idea, from which their words and their Legends are
derived.
Their Deity Chrishna has furnished the most abundant source of fable,
and has been regarded as Fishnu, the Neptune of the ancients, and
as Brahma, Mahadeva, Sec. It is only occasionally, that Chrishna is
considered as the Snn, which is his original character in the Irish
Mythology, as General Vallancey has unequivocally proved from an
ancient Irish Manuscript, in which there is an address to the Stin be-
ginning thus : " Be auspicious to my lays, O Creas, thou only God of
" the seven heavens, who swayest the Universe through the immensity
" of space and matter. O universal brilliant Sun !" General Vallancey
observes, that "in this Poem we find Creas without an adjunct, and
PREFACE. (xi)
" it is often written Creasan, Creasna, Cintsiv, Crusna. There are
" many high places so named, and others called Grian, another name
" of the Sun." We shall now see, that Creas, Creasan, &c. and Grian
belong to each other, and to Circus, Circultts, &c. an Orb, or Circle.
In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary, we have Ct^eas, Crios, a
Girdle; Cuairt, Circulation; Cearcal, a Ciixle, &c. &c. Through the
whole compass of Language, CR, GR, &c. which is the simple form,
bears the same meaning, as in Gy^-us, G\jk-os, Guroo, (Vvpo^, Tvpow,
in Curvo, &c, &c.) From the form Grian, as denoting the Sun, we
pass to the CARNeaw and GRYHcean Apollo, and I have shewn, (^Etyju.
Univers. Vol. I. 518,) that the name for the Heavens in the Mohawk
Language is Karonghyagouh, in which word I have conjectured, that
Karon is the Grian, and that Ghyagouh is the Irish Gogor, Light.
The Iroquois call the Heavens, or the Ruler of the Heavens Garonhia,
and the Hurons call it SoRonhiafa. (^Sainte Croix Recherches, I. p. 13.)
The Grian belongs to the Ground, just as Globus belongs to Gleba.
In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary Grian is the Sun, and in
the next article we have Grian, the Ground, &c. Ossian in his famous
address to the Sun, or Grian, compares it to the Round orb of a Shield,
Cruin mar Ian scia, Rotundus instar pleni clypei, which word Cruin
Mr. Shaw explains by Round, Circular, and near it I see Cruinne,
The Globe of the Earth, Roundness, and Crun, a Crown. Thus
we perceive, how all these words belong to each other, Grian, Ground,
Cruin, Crun, Crown, &c. The history of Chrishna relates to
the Sun or Apollo, when the Legends describe him, as living among
the Herdsmen, as Apollo dwelt with Admetus. The very name Apollo
brings us again to the Celts, and wherever we turn our attention we
are directed to the same source. The aPollo, oPollin-w, with whom
we are so familiar from the Greeks and Latins, is the Beli, the Belin,
b2
(xii) PREFACE.
or BiLLiN of the Celts, with whom we are so familiar in the name
of BillingV Ga^e, which is the Gate of Pollin, aPoLLiN-is Porta.
These observations on Creas, &c. for the name of the Sun will shew-
to Mr. Faber, how his radical Syllable Car, Cur, Cor, or Sar, or as
he might have said, CR, SR, &c. &c. enters into a great variety of
names for the Sun. (^Faber on the Cabiri, I. p. 164.)
The Welsh Dialect of the Celtic is most allied in the familiar ac-
ceptation of its words to the Arabic ; and the examples in the Welsh
Dictionary of Mr. Owen will often prove of great advantage to the
reader of the Book of Job, who should be desirous of uniting the in-
vestigation of Languages with the study of this precious volume, which
exhibits a singular Dialect, at once Arabical and Hebraic, belonging
to a remote age, and which abounds with a vein of Poesy, such as is
not to be found, except by imitation, in any other work. The Philo-
sophical and Metaphysical sentiments contained in the Book of Job
are altogether Druidical, which will be readily developed by those, who
are conversant in ^he learning of the Celtic School. I cannot forbear
giving an example of the similarity, which exists between the appli-
cation of a term in the Book of Job, and that of a Welsh word, as
it is illustrated by an example in Mr. Owen's Dictionary. God demands
of Satan, "Whence comest thou?" and his reply is "From going to
" and fro in the Earth, and from walking up and down in it." The
word for Going to and fro is the Hebrew DlJi', SUT, which corresponds
to our word Scud, a term particularly applied to the motion of Spirits,
&c. In Dr. Johnson's Dictionary two passages are produced under
Scud, where the term is applied to Frighted Satyrs, and a Frighted
Spectre. The parallel terms in Welsh are Sitiaw, " To whirl, to wisk
about," and Sitiwb, "One who whirls, turns, or goeth round," as
PREFACE. (xiii)
Mr. Owen explains these words. In the example produced by Mr. Owen
from the Arch Mystic Taliessin, under this latter term, the Welsh word
is, actually applied to Safan, "Seven hours had they been guarding the
" garden, before meeting with Satan, the Ranger of Tartarus," —
" Satan Sitiwr Tartara." This in my opinion is extremely curious.
It might be asked, whether the name of Satan be not derived from
this source, and not from the idea of the Adversary, as it is commonly
imagined. Norberg in his Onomasticon to the Liber Adami, seems
to be of this opinion, who derives Satan from this Hebrew word £0W
SUT, corresponding as he says, with the Arabic \>\Ji. Shat, Circumivit,
and thus he considers Satan, as agreeing with the Latin Erro. What-
ever we may think of the origin of Satan, we shall all agree, I imagine,
that the term Satyr belongs to Sitiwr. The Satyrs, we know, are
perpetually described under their quality of a tvild, extravagant, de-
sultory, quick motion, and hence they are called Celeres, Leves, Fu-
gaces. Vagi, Saltantes, &c. &c. The word adopted for Walking, in
its radical form, is l/H, HLK, which Mr. Parkhurst has justly referred
to the English Walk. Wachter has produced under Wallcw, Am-
bulare, the French ALLer, the English Walk, but he has not seen
that the UL in amb-Vj^are is of the same origin, where Am, or Amb
is circuni. Now it is curious, that both Walk and Ambulo are applied
to the Motion of Demons, Spirits, Gliosis, &c. His Ghost Walks, &c.
" For which they say, you Spirits oft Walk in death." The Ranger
of a Forest is said likewise to have his Walk, and in the Merry Wives
of Windsor, as we know, " Heme's Walk" is at once the Walk
of the Forrester Heme and of his Spirit. The term Ambulo is ap-
plied in Plautus to the motion of a Demon, who Walks to and fro
upon the Earth, for the same purpose as Satan does, in order to
observe the actions of men, and to make his reports to Jupiter. The
(xiv) PREFACE.
Spirit of the Star Arcturus, thus prologizes in the Rudens of that
author,
" Nomen Arcturo est mihi,
" Noctu sum in coelo clarus, atque inter Deos :
" Inter mortales Ambulo interdius."
The reader of taste, when he compares the opening of this Play
with that of Comus, will perceive, that Milton had his mind forcibly
impressed with the imagery of Plautus. The Spirit, who prologizes
in Milton, is called Demon, in the Cambridge Manuscript. Now it is
curious, that the first Character among the Dramatis personce in Plautus
is called Dcemones. The Prologue begins thus :
" Qui gentes omnes, mariaque et terras movet,
" Ejus sum civis civitate coelitum,
" Ita sum, ut videtis, splendens Stella Candida."
As the Demon here is a Star, a citizen, under the empire of Jupiter
in the City of the Celestials, so Milton's Demon belongs to the Starry
threshold of Jove's Court, where bright Spirits are inspherd.
" Before the Starry threshold of Jove's Court
" My Mansion is, where those immortal shapes
" Of bright aereal Spirits live inspher'd."
When any favoured of Jupiter want the assistance of this Spirit, then,
says he,
" Swift as the sparkle of a glancing Star
" I shoot from heav'n, to give him safe convoy."
I shall produce a singular example of the coincidence between the
Arabic and the Welsh Language, in which I may venture to say, that
no Arabic Scholar can form any conjecture about the origin of the word,
while every Welshman perfectly understands its composition. The term
PREFACE. (xv)
J«x« Mensil signifies in Arabic, according to Mr. Richardson, " Gene-
" ration, Progeny. — Munsel. Begotten, generated. Munsil. 1 . Moulting,
" (as a bird); changing the hair (as a camel). 2. Falling off, or flowing
" down (as garments). 3. The time when animals change in general
" their hair or feathers. 4. Shooting out, putting forth. 5. Falling off;
" rejecting. 6. Preceding. MunsUL Withdrawing one's self; falling off,
" dropping from the middle." Now the original idea of all these various
senses is contained in the fourth sense, "Shooting out, putting forth,"
as will be manifest, when we see the Welsh word, from which it is
derived. This word is Manzeilaw, which means " To shoot out the
" first leaves," from Manzail, " Small leaves." The term Manzail is
derived, as all acknowledge, from Mmi, Small, little, &c. and Daii,
leaves, the verb to which, where we see the radical idea, is DEihiaw,
" To bring forth, or bear leaves." The substantive Dail signifies Leaves,
because it denotes something, which Shoots forth. The words, of which
Mx^izEihiaw are formed, are common to all Languages, but the com-
pound belongs only to the Welsh, where its component parts are known,
and acknowledged to agree with the nature of the Language. The
Man, denoting Little, belongs to Minute, Mince, &c. (Eng.) Minuo,
(Lat. and Gr. Mit/vw,^ Minutus, &c. &c. — the Hebrew DID MNH,
" To distribute by number, to compute, reckon up, or number distinctly,
" and by parts," which means "To Part out, as into MiN«/e portions,"
and to the Arabic \x< Mena, which signifies " A Part of any thing
" opposite to another Part."' The word Deiliaw To Bring forth, or
Shoot forth, belongs to Thallo, (GaAAw, Germino,) Telia, (TeAAw,
Orior,) awa-TELLo, (Ai/areWw, Produco, emitto, extrudo, ut cum vitis
gemmam ; aut cum quis facem ardentem extollit ; — Orior ut Sol,) where
let us note a kindred term cxTollo. In the Teutonic Dialects we have
Telg, (Germ, and Dutch,) Surculus, Teeuv/, (Dutch,) "To beget,
(xvi) PREFACE.
" engender, generate, procreate," and various other kindred words, which
it is not necessary to produce. In Arabic jJU? Talia means "Arising,
" appearing. Breaking forth, being born, or produced, the Dawn," &c.
jJi? Tela means "A branch of a palm tree; also the buds, flowers
"and fruit. — A Prospect. — Telia, High, Tall," &c. where we note the
kindred term Tall; the next word to which in Mr. Richardson's
Dictionary is 'i^ Telat, "Aspect, face, countenance, appearance."
Here again we are brought to a Welsh word Tal, which Mr. Owen
thus explains. " That is over, that tops, that is fronting, or upon ;
" a front; the forehead. — Towering, Tall." Hence is derived Taliesin,
which means Fair Fro?it. In the names of places, says Mr. Owen,
Tal answers to End in English, and hence we see the origin of the
Greek Tel-o«, (TeAos, Finis.) — To the familiar Welsh word Manzail
belongs, I cannot doubt, the familiar Welsh name Mansel; and we
shall surely be surprized to find, that a surname common to the Welsh
Language should exist in an Arabic word. I cannot but consider
the coincidence between the Welsh and Arabic Languages, in the
example, which I have here exhibited, as most striking and singular.
Before I conclude this Preface, I think it necessary to inform the
Reader, who may feel some interest in the fate of these Etymological
Enquiries, that three other Volumes are now ready for the Press, which
would equal in magnitude the present Volume, and which unfold three
Elementary Characters C, D, G, &c.| N.— C, D, G, &c.^ M, B, F, &c.
and B, F, M, &c. ^ N. I have made likewise considerable progress in
illustrating the Elementary Character B, F, M, &c. \ R, which a few
months of health and leisure would perhaps enable me to compleat in
the same ample form, which I have adopted in the other Volumes.
The necessary collections are moreover already made for the purpose
PREFACE. (xvii)
of unfolding the remaining Elementary Characters ; but on the fate ot
these materials I dare not entertain any hopes, or form any conjectures.
Time is hastening forward in its course, and my health no longer permits
me to be occupied in these pursuits with the same perseverance, which
I was accustomed to exert in days more propitious to study and medi-
tation. Still however perchance something may be performed, and the
broad outlines may still be drawn of the Elementary Characters, which
now remain to be discussed, in such a manner, that the whole System
may be pourtrayed, though some portions of the tablet may appear in
forms, less finished and compleat.
To the Syndics of the University Press the Author is indebted for
the same patronage, which they were pleased to bestow on the former
Volumes, and which he acknowledges with the same feelings of grati-
tude and respect. It affords a source of reflexion most touching to
the mind, when it is our fortune at the decline of life to associate
ourselves in the same good cause of Letters with the venerated spot,
where the ardor first stole upon us in the days of our youth, and
where all our Literary feelings and friendships were formed, fostered,
and matured.
WALTER WHITER.
Hardingham Parsonage,
Norfolk, April 13, 1825.
Words under the form
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.} /,m,w,r.
(That is, Words having one of the Labials B Sec. for the first Consonant, and
C 8tc. for the second, with I &.c. sometimes annexed for the third,)
are to be referred, directly or remotely,
To Terms under the same form, signifying the Earth, Ground, Soil, Dirt, &c.
which Terms are found particularly to contain
The idea of the Low Spot, the Watery, Muddy, Bog Spot, or Matter.
such as
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM,
&c. &c. &c.
SECT. I.
B, F, &LC.I C, D, &c. I /, &c.
Words expressing the Ground, Earth, Land, &c. in general; as
likewise those, which relate to the same spot, when considered as the
Low, Inferior Spot, as the Pedo/?, (FleSoj/, Solum,) Booen, (Germ.)
BoTTO/«, Base, &c. (Eng. &c.) — Terms directly connected with these
words, which contain the original idea of the Pudge, Loiv spot, as
oByss, (Eng.) aBuss-os, us, (Gr. h^var<ro's, Lat. Abysms,) Pit, (Eng.)
Fossa, (Lat.) &c. &c. — Words, which relate to the Ground, the Base,
Pedo/?, (rieSoj/), &c. as expressing motion on its surface, by the member,
appropriate to that action, as Pass, Pad, (Eng.) Pat<?o, (Jlareta, Calco,)
Foot, (Eng.) Pes, Pedw, (Lat.) Pous, Vodos, (Iloi/s, IloSos,) &c. &c. —
Words, which relate to the Low- Inferior, Base Spot, or to the Foiif,
Pudge, Spot or matter, signifying * What is Low or Inferior, What is
Depressed or Reduced to a Low state, what is Base ;' as likewise * What
is Foul, Filthy, Vile; What is in a state of Dissolution ; What is IFealt,
Decayed, &c. as Bad, Vvinid, VExid, ^Aoed, &c. ; (Eng.) FuTRidus,
FcEOus, Voiridus, (Lat.) &c.
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. | l,m,n,r.
In my arrangement of the Elementary Characters, under which the
Terms in Language may be disposed; I have observed, that the union
of any of the following Labials B, F, P, V, W, as the first Consonant,
and one of the letters C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, for the second, as BC,
BD, &c. FC, FD, &c. may be considered as forming a distinct and
separate Radical. — (Prelim. Dissert, p. 105.) I have observed likewise,
that though the Labial M is perpetually com mutable with the other
Labials at the end of a word, yet at the beginning of a word the M
appears to be somewhat distinguished from the rest by a barrier of
separation. — (Prelim. Dissert, p. 18.) Still, however, the two forms
BC &c. and MC &c. may be considered as familiarly passing into each
other in the same series of words, and they are so intimately allied,
that they might have been discussed in the same portion of my work,
if the abundance of the Terms, under each of these forms, did not
render a separation necessary for the convenience of a due and orderly
arrangement. — The Race of Words under the form MC, MD, &c.
receive their force, as I imagine, from such terms as Mud, Muck, &c.
and we may adduce the following words, as exhibiting a general idea
of the force and spirit of this Elementary Character ; Mud, Muck, &c.
*To Mute,' Muc2^5, Matter, Materia, Muceo, Moist, Madeo,
Mudao, (MuSaw, Nimio ]\Iadore Fifior, Piitresco;) Moss, MusH-roo?w ;
Mash, sMash, Macero, Masso, (Maa-crw, Subigo, Pinso,) Mix, Misceo,
MiGNUo, {ML'yvvw.) — Mass, Massa, Make, Mhcuine, Mxcnina, Mech-
ane, (M^^xa^^'^) ?'Mage, iMAGo, &c. &c. We here see the Matter
of Mud, in its various states, and under the various ideas which we
may conceive annexed to it, as of being Foul, as being in a Watery— Soft—
Dissolved — Mingled state, as being in a state of Consistency, of a Plastic
nature, &c.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 5
In this portion of my work I shall consider the Elementary Character
B, F, P, V, W, 1 C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z, as BC, BD, &c. FC, FD,
&c. The Letters /, m, n, r, will frequently be found annexed, as mere
organical additions to the second Radical Letter, without imparting
any force to the Element; as BC/, BC/w, BCw, BCr, &c. I shall consider
likewise, in this portion of my work, the Race of Words, which
appear under the forms above recited with the Letter s preceding the
first letter of the Radical, as sBC, sBD, &c. sFC, sFD, &c. &c. as
5P1T, ^Patter, sPittle, sPade, sPatula, &c. The s is an organical
addition, which does not alter the sense of the words under the more
simple form. It is a received notion, among the Philological Gram-
marians, that the s is a letter which expresses Dispersion, Commotio?! , &c.
and t have no objection to the hypothesis, that the s became prefixed
to the first letter of the form PD, &c. as sPD, &c. ; under this impression.
The Labials have likewise been supposed to have a power of expressing
Soft matter, whatever may be the source from which that power
was originally derived. If any Theorist therefore should be desirous
of maintaining, that the Elementary form BS, PS, &c. was originally
applied to Pash matter from an impression of the force of the Labials
P, B, &c. and of the S with its cognates sC, shG, &c. conveying, in
a separate state, the same idea, I can have no objection to such a notion
nor to any Hypothesis of this kind. Such an Hypothesis, indeed,
will not assist us in discovering a single fact belonging to Language ;
but it will not disturb any fact, which may be discovered from any
other source ; and I suggest it merely for the benefit of those, who
are desirous of penetrating into the regions of Theory, where every
thing may be supposed, and nothing can be known. The Enquiries
pursued in this Work are employed on Language, when it appears in
that state, which is capable of becoming an object of discussion, in
the discovery of intelligible facts, such as the present Volume will
exhibit in the most marked and unequivocal characters.
The spirit of the Elementary form jVIC, MD, &c. will be duly
represented to us by the English word Mud, but it unfortunately happens,
that we have no word in familiar use, belonging to the Elementary
6 B, F, P, V, W. } C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. | /, vi, n, r.
Character BC, BD, &c. which corresponds with so intelligible a term
as Mud. Skinner has inserted in his Lexicon the term Podge, which
he compares with the Latin words Fossa and Puteus, and with the
German Pfutze, which my Lexicographer explains by " a Puddle,
Lake, Slough, Plash, Quagmire; Hollow Pit;" and which is a term
fully expressing the sense of the Elementary Character BC, &c. The
term Podge exhibits the same sense as that which we see in Hodge-
PoDGE, and I think that in vulgar language this word as applied to
Mud matter is generally expressed under the form Pudge, which
appears to bring us more directly to Puddle. In the word Puddle
we seem rather to have the idea of JFatery INLntter, but in Podge
or Pudge we have the sense of Mud in its more Consistent state, and
therefore this term may be applied, when we regard Mud Matter,
or the Dirt of the Earth, under its various properties, of a Lumpy
a Sticky and Plastic state. If the form Pudge should not be so familiar
to the ears of the Reader, as a colloquial term, he will perfectly feel its
force from the meaning of Podge in Hodge-FoDGE, and the impression,
which he will receive from the remembrance of the kindred terms
Paste, Pottage, Putty, Pudd//;o-, &c. But though we have no word
belonging to our Elementary Character BC, &c. which is received and
accepted in written Language, corresponding in sense with Mud; yet
the Reader, if he pleases, may consider Podge or Pudge, as a quaint
colloquial term formed from the sound, in order to represent from
a strong impression the general idea belonging to various familiar words,
attached to the Element PD, without containing the precise idea of
any of those kindred words — such as Puddle, Pash, Paste, Pottage,
Putty, Pitch, &c. &c. I shall therefore for the purpose of a
familiar and impressive representation of the Elementary idea adopt
perpetually the term Podge or Pudge, and I shall venture likewise
sometimes to apply the term as a verb. Under this idea we shall
see, that To Pash is nothing but To Pudge to Cast, or scatter about
the Pudge, or Dirt. We are not to understand from the above repre-
sentation of the force of the Element, that the idea of Pudge matter
will be perpetually exhibited in the meaning of that great race of
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM. &c. 7
words, which the Element comprehends; yet we shall still find, by
a diligent enquiry Jnto the original sense of the various Terms, which
appear under this Elementary Character, and by a careful comparison
of these Terms with each other, that such is the prevailing-fundamental
idea, which pervades this Race of Words, through the whole compass
of language.
The difficulty of arrangement for ever presents itself in discussions
of this nature, and though different modes might be adopted, which
would conduct us to the same series of facts; yet I imagine, after
the most mature deliberation, that the- following arrangement will be
found as commodious and impressive as the state of our materials is
capable of atFording. — In the First Section, I shall consider that Race
of Words, which express the Ground, Earth, or Land in general ;
the Pedon, (rieSoj/), and likewise the Ground, when considered as the
Loiv Inferior Spot, the Boden, (Germ.) Bottom, Base, &c. In de-
tailing such words we shall perpetually recur to those Terms which
contain the more original idea of the Loiu-Vvdgy Spot, as aBvss,
BuTH05, (Bi/^os,) Pit, Fossa, &c. &c. In this Section I shall consider
in a separate article those terms, which relate to the Ground, the Base,
Pedo/?, {Ylelov), as expressing motion upon its surface, by the member
appropriate to that action, the Feet, as Pass, Pad, Patco, {llarew,
Calco,) Foot, &c. Pes, Ped?,9, Pous, Podos, &c. {U.ov^, IloSos). In
another article of the same Section will be unfolded those words, which
relate to the Base or Low Spot, to the Pudge Spot or matter, as
denoting 'What is Low or Inferior; What is Depressed, or reduced
' to a Low state ; What is Base,' &c. and as signifying, * What is Foul,
' Filthy, Vile, or Bad ;' — What is in a state of Dissolution ; — What is
' Weak, Decayed,' &c. ; as Bad, Vwmid, FetzV/, Yxned, (Eng.) Vvrmdus,
Fced«.v, Vi£.ridas (Lat.) &c. &c. — In the Second Section I shall consider
that race of words, which express Bog, or Pudge matter, as BOG,
PUDGE, as likewise those words which denote 'What is of a Bog,
or Pudge kind, form, or consistency, as Botch, Batch, Paste,
PuDoing, Sec. &c. Among the terms, which express matter in a
Bog or Pudge state, I shall examine the words which relate to JFatcry
8. B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.>j l,m,n,r.
matter, or IFater in general, as Boda, (Russ.) Bedu, (BeSy, vZwp $,ou7es,)
Wash, Water, Uoor, (Y^wp, Aqua.) &c. &c. We see that in Wash,
&c. the force of the Labials B, F, &c. has become weak, or has dis-
appeared ; and this will lead me to consider those terms under the
forms VC, WC, &c. '^C, ''D, &c. which more directly attach themselves
to the form BC, &c. as Wash, &c. Aqua,. (Lat.) the Celtic terms for
Rivers, Haters, &c. Isc, Use, Ox, &c. «Scc. Wag, Waggle, VAGor, (Lat.)
Weak, Wax, Eiko, {Eikw, Similis sum, cedo,) Oicwomai, {Oixofxai,
abeo, pereo, dissipor). This article will supply to us a curious theme
of discussion, where we may expect to encounter some difficulties ;
as the subject will oftentimes appear to become embarrassed, when
we approach to those confines, at which dilFerent Elementary Characters
pass into each other ; though in their general operation they may be
justly considered, under one point of view, as producing distinct and
separate Classes of Words. Since, therefore, many of these words have
thus assumed a different Elementary Character, I shall not interrupt
the regular order of my Enquiry, which relates to the Radical form
BC, by introducing this discussion into the main body of my Work,
but I shall reserve it for a separate and final Section. In another
article of my Second Section, where I examine words expressing matter
of a Pudge consistency, I shall detail those Terms, which are derived
from Pudge matter, as Clay &c. when considered as of a Plastic nature,
and which relate to Form, Figure, Shape, as Pottc?', (Eng.) Facio,
TiGulus, TiGura, (Lat.) TiGure, &c. &c.
The Third Section will contain those terms, which signify To Rise
or Swell up — the Rising or Swelling object, form, &c. and which
receive their force, as I imagine, from the idea of Bog or Pudge matter,
Rising, Swelling, Puffing, Bulging out, up, &c. as Botch, Pock, &c. &c.
This idea is applied to various purposes, and we shall accordingly find
different sets of words, with various meanings ; as Terms, which denote
Plants and Herbs, in their Swelling state, as Bud, &c. Terms which
signify ' To Bend,' from the Swelling out Curve form, as Bough, Bow,
Bcjce;?, (Germ.) &c. &c. — Terms of Terror, from the idea of the
Sivelling out, large appearance, attended sometimes with the notion
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 9
of Jgitation, Commotion, as BuG-J5car, belonging to Big, &c. — Names
of Boys, Children from the Swelling out. Plump, humpy form, as
Boy, Pais, (Hat?,) &c. These terms for Boys we shall find to be
often entangled with the words, which denote something lAttle, the
Little, Squabby, Lumpy thing, as we express it; and this will bring
me to the consideration of those words, which express Minute objects,
as referring to the Little Lump, Mass, Piece oi Dirt, &c, as Piece, &c. —
Terms, which are derived from the Swelling out appearance of the
Pudgy object, when applied to the state of animate matter from nourish-
ment, as Fat, Feed, Food, &c.
The Fourth Section will contain an examination of those words,
which convey the idea expressed by such terms as Pash, Push, Poke,
Pike, sPike, Pitch, Put, ?«Fix, Fix, Pat, Patter, Beat, Batter, &c.
which I conceive to be derived from the action of Vx?,mng, PusHwg-,
Fixing, Furring, PxrrEiiing, &c. amongst, about, up, itito, &c. Pash,
Pudge, or BATTER-/i/ie matter; so that To Pash, Push, &c. mean
nothing but 'To Pudge,' (if I may so say,) about, into, &c. 'Pudge-
raatter.' This examination will divide itself into two parts, in one
of which I shall more especially consider those Terms, which relate
to the sense of Fusning, FoKing, inTixing, Fixing, under the idea of
what we express by Sticking into any thing, or together, as into or
amongst Sticky or Pudge matter, in a state of Consistency, Tenacity,
so that an object may remain inVixed, or Fixed. In the other part
I shall consider those words, which relate to the action of FASuing,
Pusning, BE.Kring, B\rrERing, where the idea of Fixedness does not
appear, but rather that of making some Impression or Impact, by
Sticking into, at, upon, &c. with various degrees of force, sometimes
attended by the effects of Jgitation, Dispersion, Commotion, Fiolcnce, &c.
Under this part I shall produce the terms, which relate to Haste, Bustle,
&c. derived from the Agitation of Pudge Matter; and likewise those
terms, which express Noise, and which are intimately blended with
the Words relating to the action of F\SHing, or Patter///o-, &c. against
Pash, Pudge matter. The Fifth Section, as I before observed, will
contain the words under the form VC, WC, &c. &c. as likewise kindred
B
10 B,F,P,V, W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
words, under other forms, connected by the process which I have already
stated ; as AVash, Water, Udor, {Y^wp,) Aquu, the Celtic terms Isc,
Osc, &c. relating to Water, or Ooze matter. We perceive how the
ideas, which I have arranged under different divisions of my enquiry,
pass into each other, and that in many cases the separation has been
adopted only for the purposes of convenience and facility, in detailing
a variety of Words. AVe perceive moreover, that, although these
divisions have been adopted, it will be a part of my duty, on many
occasions, to repeat under one division the Terms, which arc discussed
in another ; as the same Word, in its different turns of meaning, may
be directly connected with various other Words, which belong to different
trains of ideas. In this repetition of Words, accompanied by a due
comparison with other Terms, especially when those Words express
the more prevailing sense of the Element ; the great force and spirit
of my argument will be found to consist. — I must again impress upon
my reader, that our colloquial term Podge or Pudge will be per-
petually adopted in the course of my discussions, as the most appropriate
and convenient term, which appears in our Language, for the purpose
of explanation. It is not, however, to be imagined that when this
explanatory term, is adopted, I am desirous of adjusting the degree of
affinity, which may exist between that peculiar Term and the Word
to be examined ; but that I adopt it only for the purpose of expressing
the General Fundamental sense, which prevails through the Elementary
Character. The nature of the arrangement, and the mode of unravelling
the question, under its various bearings and relations, can be understood
only, when the examples themselves pass under the view of the Reader,
and I delay not to lay before him a great body of facts in the formation
of Language, which were before altogether unknown, and which, as
I confidently trust, will afford to the enquiring mind a conviction,
most direct and irresistible, such as was not to be expected in an
enquiry of this nature.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. U
Terms relating to the Ground, Earth, and to the Loiv, Inferior,
Pudge Spot, &c.
Peda, Pedo«, Pais, Peat, VEsra, &c.
(Gr. Fr. Eng. Lat. Sec.) Vasoo Deva.
(Sans) the Goddess of the Eartli.
Paoms, Vicms, Wick, Wich, &c. (Lat.
Eng.) a Village, Town, .&c.
Bottom, Boden, Pithmen. (Eng. Germ.
Gr.)
Base, Bas, Basis, See. (Eng. Fr. Gr.)
PoTAMOs, (Gr.) the Bottom, or Bed of a River.
Bathhs, BoTHros, Bussos, aBussos, aBvss,
aBysme, &c. (Gr. Eng. Fr. &c.)
Vadum, Wade, &c. (L. Eng.)
Fathom, &c. (Eng.)
PuTCHs, Fossa, Pit, 8cc. (Lat. Eng. &.c.)
Pfutz, (Germ.) Puddle, Bog, Pit, &c.
&c. &c. &.C.
In this article of the First Section I shall consider those words,
belonging to the Element BD, &c. which express the Ground, or
Earth in general, the Pedo/j!, {Uclov, Solum,) and particularly, when
considered as the Pudge Spot, the Base, or Boti'om, &c. &c. as we
shall find, that the more original idea perpetually presents itself to our
view, under every portion of our arrangement. — Though the Greek
Pedow, {WeZov, Solum, Terra, Humus,) denotes the Ground in general,
yet we find that this word and its derivatives recur to the more primitive
sense of the Low Spot, when they denote a Plain-Flat country, (neSoi^Se
In Solum, in Terram, in Campum, Yleliov, Campus, Planities, Yle^tvo^,
Campestris, Planus.) In the following application Pedw// (FleStoi/)
is brought to the original idea of the Pudge or Bog. Diodorus
Siculus (1. 18.) describes a part of ^gypt thus, Ta h'eptifxos irepiex^i
Kal Ileh la TeXfxarto^t] Ta Trpoa-ayopeuofxeva (iapadpa, Qujedam loca
circumdant tlesertum et Carnpi Palustres, qui vocantur Barathra vel
Voragines, I shall shew, that the explanatory Latin term Campus denotes
the Swamp for the same reason, and that the names of the Boggy
country here described the Gijp in ceGyptus, and the Chem in Chemia,
another form of the name, is the Swam, Swap, or Swamp Land. In
Hesychius we have another form of the term Pedo//, (IleSoi/,) as Peda,
(IleSa,) In English Peat relates to the Ground, as denoting the Marshy
B 2
12 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Spot. The Spanish and French Pais, the Italian Paese, with their
derivatives Paisan, Peasant, &c. (Fr. Eng.) have been referred to Vxgus,
Paganus, Pagan, &c. &c. The Latin Pagm* does not belong to Pege,
{Ut^yri,) as some have imagined, because a village consisted of people
possessing a common Fountain, but because they both denote the Pudge
Spot, as of Land or of Jfafer. Some of the Welsh Lexicographers
have produced as parallel to the French Pais their term Peys, signifying
likewise 'A Country.' The next word to this Welsh term in the
Dictionary of Mr. Richards is Peythin, which he explains by Matter,
where we are brought to the more original idea. — The Latin Yicus is
another form of Vagus, and this form brings us to such terms as Wick,
WiCH, &c. in our names of Towns, as Wiir-wicn., Nor-wicu, &c.
The Wic is referred to the more original idea, when it relates to a
situation in a Wash?/ Spot, or by the WAxer Side, " Portus, Sinus
Maris," as Lye explains the Saxon Word; and hence we have the
term in its true sense in such names as jBc/'-Wick upon Tweed,
Green-WicH, Har-WicH, Ips-Wicn, &c. In the Latin Vesta we have
the Goddess of the Earth, which becomes Estia in Greek, (Eo-rta,)
where we may see how the forms V S and *S pass into each other. These
words are applied in their more original sense, when they relate to
the Loiu Spot, the Hearth, Foundation, or Base. In Sanscrit Vasoo
Deva is the Goddess of the Earth. In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish
Dictionary we have the following names for the Groiwd, &c. Faiche,
"A Field, green." YAiruche, Faith, "A Field." FAiTueimid, "A
Field, green." Fath, " A Mole, a Field." Fatche, " A Green." Fich,
"A fee Farm," — "A Country Village or Castle." Fioch, Fith, Fiadh,
"Land." Fod, "A Clod of Earth, Glebe, Soil, Land, a Peat," and
in the same column of the Dictionary I see " YiochaU," " Dirt, Filth,
Corrupt Matter." Foid, "A Turf, Peat." Foig/»w, "A green Plat,
or Mead," &c. &c. The sense of Peat, and of the Green Spot, is
attached to the original idea, and we shall be reminded of the Greek
Piso«, [Uia-o^, Locus Humidus et irriguus, Hortus, Pratum,) where we
are directly brought to the Pudge Spot. Among the terms for Pratum
in Lhuyd are the Cornish words Bidhen, Bydhin, who has produced
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTl'OM, &c. 13
likewise the Irish Faighiie, Faithxe, by which he means, I imagine,
two of the words which I have produced.
The form Pedon, (fleSot^,) directly connects itself with the Cornish
BiDHEX, Bydhin, and the German Bodex, sometimes written Bodem,
which signifies "The Bottom, Ground, Floor, Soil," where let us note
the kindred English term Bottom. Wachter has referred the German
BoDEN, in its senses of Fundus and Profundus, to Pedon, (Yledou),
PuTHMEN, (IlvdiuLriv,) PoDAMME, (Glozz. Pcz.) Fundum, and the English
Bottom ; and he sees, moreover, that such terms belong to " Peddcm
Calcare. Nam Bod est locus calcandi, sicut Bedd locus jacendi."
Bathm5, (Bo^y?, Profundus,) Boddi, (Welsh,) Mergere, and Mergi, and
the French Bas. He supposes, moreover, that Padms the River Po,
the Sinus BotunIcus, the Country BoTHxia, the BoDENsee, (Lacus
Profundus,) all belong to these words, and denote " quod est Profundum."
It is marvellous, that he did not produce among these words the Greek
P0TAM05, (rioTa/xos, fluvius,) which means, as we now see, the Low
Spot or Channel, the Bottom or Bed in which the River flows. In
this phrase, "The Bed of a River,'' the term Bed is brought to its
original spot and primitive idea. In Scotch we have the form Boddum,
which denotes a Bottom, Hollow, Valley. The English Etymologists
under Bottom have likewise justly reminded us of the Greek Both/'o*,
BoTHUNOs, and Buthos, (Bodpo^, Fovea, scrobs, Bodwo?, idem, Bvdos,
Gurges, Profundum,) which bring us to Bussos, aBussos, uByssus, the
aBvss, (Bi/cro-os, Fundum, imum maris, Al3v(r(ro<i, Abyssus.) In Bathw*,
Bathos, (Ba6v9, Ba^ov,) we have the simpler form, and in Bathm/.?,
Bathmos, (BaO/mi^, gradus, Basis, Bad/uLO^, gradus, limen,) we have
the form BTM, the Bottom. Nathan Bailey explains Bottom by
"The Ground of any thing; a Blossom or Bud," in which latter sense
it denotes the Swelling up substance, as of Soft Bog Matter. — A Bottom
of thread, "Glomus fili," is referred by Skinner to the French Bateau;
where we have only to ask, whether it denotes the Swelliiig up substance,
or means Thread wound about something, as about a Bottom or Base.
In Arabic BetHi, and Beten, ^ Jo) occur in the same opening of
Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, as signifying respectively "Low Lying,
14
B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,7i,r.
Muddy Grounds," — " Low Ground." In the French and Scotch terms
for the aByss or gulf, we have the form BSM, BSN, as gBysmc,
Ahvne (Fr.) Bism, Bysyme, Bisnc, Bisme, as Dr. Jamieson represents
them. In Welsh aFwYS is "a precipice, a bottomless gulph ; the deep,"
which Mr. Owen has referred to Pwys, ' the state of being put down, &c.'
The term Bason, with its parallels Bassin, (Fr.) Becken, (Teut. Belg.
&c.) Bac'ino, (Ital.) Bacia, Bacin, (Span.) must, I think, be directly
referred to these words, as it appears to be used in its original sense,
when we talk of " Water in a Canal or Bason," and the French BassiN,
&;c. has a similar meaning of a Reservoir of JFater. I shall produce
in a future page a Race of Words denoting Vessels, which have probably
been derived from different senses. In Spanish Bacin is particularly
applied, as the French term sometimes is, to the Pan of a close-stool,
where we approach to the original idea. In my Spanish Dictionary
I see, as an adjacent term, Bache "A mirey place in a road," and the
term Bas, Base, in French, a Loiv place, will shew us the spot from
which Bassin is derived. The BASsiNoi/e belongs to Bassin, and the
Basson, the Bassoon, refers to the Base note. The term Basane,
"Tawny, sun-burnt, of a swarthy complexion," means the Dark colour,
like that of Dirt, the matter on the Bas Spot.
The term Bosom with its parallels produced b}' the Etymologists,
Bosm, (Sax.) Boesem, (Belg.) Busem, Busen, Buse, (Germ.) Sinus,
gremium, so directly connects itself with the form Bottom, that we
must conceive these terms to belong to each other under the idea of the
Deep, Sinking in Spot. The explanatory word Simis signifies "The
Hollow of any thing," and R. Ainsworth has explained it in one sense,
by "The Bosom, or gulph of the Sea," where we have the true sense
of the word Bosom, and this is the idea annexed to the German See-
Busen, "Sinus maris," as Wachter explains it. — In BATUU-Kolpos,
(BaSuKoXTTo^ , Profundum Sinum habens,) we observe a similar image,
and here the Bath and Bos in Bathz«, (Ba^ys,) and Boso/?? belong to
the same Element and idea. Wachter observes, that the Anglo Saxons
use Bosm and Fcethm in the same sense, and he remarks moreover,
that those, whose ears have been used to the changes of letters, will
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 15
easily understand, how one may arise from the other; though he is far
removed from any knowledge of the origin of the words ; as he derives
FcETHM, from Fassen or Fatte}i Capere. He cannot help, however,
perceiving, that these words have some affinity with Bessa, (B>;o-o-a,
Convallis.) — In the following passage Bosom means no more than
Bottom, "When I strike my foot upon the Bosom of the Ground,
rush forward." (King John, Act 4. S. i.)— Beesom, with its parallels
Besm, (Sax.) Basein, Besen, (Germ.) Bessem, (Belg.) Scopa, means
that, which sweeps the Bottom or Ground. Skinner has arrived no
nearer to the origin of this word than the Latin Perso ; but Wachter
derives it from Butzen, Mundare; which is a very probable conjecture,
and which I reject only because the forms of Beesom and Bottom
appear to connect themselves so directly with each other. I shall shew
that BvTzen means "To remove Dirt or Pudge."
The Latin Vadum, "A ford, or shallow place in a river, where
one may go over on Foot. The Sea. Also a Bottom," belongs, we
now see, to these words Bottom, &c. and means the Spot through
which you Wade in passing through a Jfater. — In these terms the sense
of the JFuterij Spot is comprehended under the idea of the Ground or
Bottom. Wade occurs in various Languages, JVudan, (Sax.) JVaden,
&.C. (Belg.) IFadten, JFattcn, (Germ.) &c. which are produced by the
Etymologists. We cannot but see how Water connects itself with
Wade, which will be more fully illustrated in a different place The
adjacent term to Wade in my Dictionary is Waddle, which is derived
from the unsteady motion in passing over Washy — Marsh Land. Vado,
we know, directly belongs to Vadmw, and it is understood, how Vado
connects itself with the English terms Wade and Fade. — The Latin
Fastigium seems to belong directly to the Bottom, &c. and R. Ains-
worth has explained it in one sense, by "The Bottom, or Depth, as
of a Pity This may be the original idea, and the sense of Height
may be derived from it. Hence it may be, that Fastus and Fasto^ms
relate to "Haughtiness, pride, arrogance, &c. ;" as R. Ainsworth
explains the former word, where Haughtiness, brings us to Height for
a similar reason. Under this idea, VASTigium and Fossa directly belong
16 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.| l,m,n,r,
to each other, " Forsitan et Scrobibus quae sunt Fastigia quaeras;" or
as it might have been expressed by kindred words " Forsitan et Fossw
quae sunt FAST?^fa quceras."
The English term Fathom, Fadom, as Skinner expresses it, with
the parallel words Fcethm, (Sax.) Fadem, (Germ.) &c. Fadem, (Belg.)
" Mensura sex pedum, Belg. Vademen, utraque manu expansa metiri,"
are only different forms of Bottom. — This relation has not been perceived
by the Etymologists, though Skinner cannot help seeing that these terms,
in the sense of a measure, have some relation to the Greek sPitham-c,
(^TTidafxt], Spithama, spatium inter pollicem et minimum digitum ex-
pansum.) In the English term "To Fathom the Depth of any thing,"
the original sense of Depth, as relating to the Loiv Watery Spot, "To
Sound the Bottom of a Water," is fortunately preserved; and we see,
how the sense of the Measure in general is derived from it. But in the
Greek word this application of the idea of Measm^e is lost, and unless
the parallel terms to it had existed, we should in vain have endeavoured
to discover its original notion, and to connect it with the sense of our
Elementary Character. — Wachter has two articles, in one of which
Fadem, Faden, denotes the Measure, and in another Filum. Though
he does not refer them to each other, he derives both of them from Fassen,
Capere. The term Fadem, the Thread, might have originally denoted
the Fathom/'wjO- Measure, or Line, and then a Line or Thread in general ;
yet whatever may be their point of union, we cannot doubt that by
some process they belong to each other. Wachter, under the term
denoting the Thread, cannot help observing, " Mira interim convenientia
est inter frustum vocis FleSoi//' Pedon et Faden. But there is another
article, in which Faden occurs, where it actually denotes the Jf'atery
BoDEN or Bottom, " Faden Nass, alia dialecto BAD-iVass, h. e. Madi-
dus tanquam ex balneo, sicut VYvrz-Nass Madidus tanquam ex palude,"
where let us note the kindred term. Bad, the Bath, and Pfutz, which
my Lexicographer, as I before observed, explains by " A Puddle, lake,
slough, Bog, plash, quagmire, hollow Pit." The words preceding and
succeeding this term are Pfuscher and Pfuy, the former of which my
author explains by " A Spoil -trade. Bungler, Huddler," that is, the
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM. &c. 17
person, who Muddles a business, as we express it; and the latter by
our corresponding interjection Ft/, which seems to mean the Foul—
PuDGE thing, or as it is expressed in Latin, by a kindred term Proh !
PuDo/-/ Whether the Elementary form PD, &c. is derived from the
simple Labial form ?\ B% &c. must be considered on another occasion.
Remote as the Greek Fatne, (Oarvj;, Prnesepe,) the Manger, appears
from the sense of these words ; and however probable the conjecture
of some may appear, who derive it from Feed, &c. yet still, as I
imagine, it must be referred to the words before us, the Faden, &c.
under the idea of the Pit- like Spot, the Hollow, &c. The Greek <^aTvn
is explained by " Praesepe, Laquear, sc. in Praesepis formam excavatum.
" Sed (^uTvai vel ^arviai — sunt etiam loculamenta dentium," and the
term YxT's-omata, ^arvwfxara, is explained by ''Lacunaria, Laquearia. —
" ^arvw^xa, Mandibulum. Ph. Alveolus dentis." We here see that one
sense of these words is that of the Sockets, or Pits of the Teeth,
which in Latin are called Alveoli, belonging to Alveus, "The Channel
or Bottom of a River," and in the sense of Lacunaria, we are directly
brought to the Lacuna, "A Ditch, wherein water standeth, a Puddle,
or Dike ; a furrow, a trench for a drain," to which belongs the word
Lacuno, "To Pit, to fret, to chamfer, to gutter, to work with fret
work." It is acknowledged that Laquear, the High vaulted fretted
Roof belongs to the Lacuna, the lowly Ditch, and the Pit, Puddle, &c. ;
and thus we at once see, in the commencement of our enquiry, how
the humble objects of the Pit — the Puddle, &c. &c. may supply the
names for things, which are apparently most remote from so lowly
an original. This sense of Jjaquear, the High vaulted Roof, &c. as
referred to Lacuna will again shew us, how Fastigium, Fathom, and
Bottom may belong to each other.
In Welsh Pyd signifies "That sinks in or falls, a Pit, a snare,
" danger," as Mr. Owen explains it, — V\Datv, " An oozing fluid ; a quag ;
" a well, or spring," which shews the genuine idea, and which brings
us to PuTC«s, &c. — Pyd//, "To Sink; to cause a sinking; to form
"a snare, to create danger; to endanger; to become dangerous." The
preceding term to this in Mr. Owen's Dictionary is Pydru, "To rot,
C
18
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,v,r.
" to Putrify, to corrupt," which under other forms is Pwd, Pwdr, Podyr,
" A Rot ; the Rot in Sheep ; Rotten, corrupt, Putrid, — Powdery,
" Mouldering," where let us mark the term Putrzc?, attached to the Latin
PutrzV/ms, and Powder, which brings us to Poudre, (Fr.) and observe,
that the French word does not belong to the form PL. We here see,
how Powder, which denotes Dust in general in its dry state, is yet
derived from the prevailing sense of the Element, — that of Putrid, or
Pudge Matter. — Fossa is the ditch, to which we know there is a verb
attached Fooere. In Welsh Fos is " A Ditch, a mote, a trench," —
Fosi, " To make a trench or dyke," and Vosawd, " A gash ; a stroke,
or cut, with a sword," the sense of which latter word agrees w^th
the use of FoDio, "To Stick or stab," and Yomco, "To pierce or
bore." In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary we have Pit, which
he explains by "A Hollow, Pit," and to this he adds another sense,
corresponding to that of the Italian Fossa, which John Florio explains
in one part of his interpretation by " Pleasure-Vvr, Nonny Nonny," &c.
where the commentators on Shakspeare will mark Nonny Nonny,
which they at present only imperfectly understand. Adjacent to the
term Fossa in John Florio's Dictionary I see " Fosca, "Duskie, glomy,
thick, and darke, mistie. Foggy," &c. which belongs to the Fossa,
and means what is of a Dirt hue. The parallel terms we know are
Yuscus, which brings us to Fuc?/s, the daub, Fuko^, (4>fKos,) the
Daub, and Faios, quasi Faj-o.9, (<I>aios, Fuscus.) Let us mark another
kindred term in the explanatory word Foggy. The Latin Tvcus, the
Drone, is the File Sluggish Creature. — The term Pit, Lacuna, with
its parallels produced by the Etymologists Pit, Pitt, (A. S.) Pet, Put,
(Belg.) Puzze, (Fr. Th.) Puif, (Fr.) Pozzo, (Ital.) Puteus, (Lat.) &c.
belongs to this race of words denoting the Low Spot, and in the sense
of a Well we unequivocally see the idea of the JFatery, or Pudgy Spot.
The Etymologists have justly reminded us of Buth?os, (By^tos, Pro-
(fundus,) and Yorizo, (IloTi^w,) which belongs to the idea of the Pudge,
Watery, Liquid Spot, and from hence it is referred to what is Liquid
in general, with the accidents attached to it. Among other applications
of the term Pit, there is one, where the idea of the fVatcry Spot does
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 19
not appear, but where we see only the sense of the Loiv Spot, or
Ground, as the Pit of a Phiy-House. The French hkewise call that
part of a Theatre the Parterre, (Par Terre,) the Ground Spot. The
Commentators on Shakspeare have justly observed, that in the middle
of the public Theatres in the time of our Poet, " There was an open
" Yard, or Area, where the common people stood to see the exhibition;
" from which circumstance they are called by our Author Groundlings,
" and by Ben Johnson, The under-standing gentlemen of the Ground^
(Malone's Historical Account of the English Stage, p. 59.) Mr. Malone
adds in a note "The Pit Dr. Percy supposes to have received its name
" from one of the Play-Houses having been formerly a CocA'-Pit. The
" place where the seats are ranged in St. Mary's at Cambridge," (or as
he should have said, the place on the Floor of St. Mary's Church,
where seats are ranged for a certain order of the University, while the
other orders are placed in situations above the Ground,) " is still called
" the Pit, and no one can suspect that venerable fabric of having ever
" been a Cock-Pit, or that the phrase was borrowed from a Play- House
"to be applied to a Church. The Pit is a place Low in its relative
" situation, and such is the middle part of a Theatre." The Spanish
Pat?'o is used in a similar manner for the Loiver situation in any Building,
and my Lexicographer explains it by "Court, an open Space in front
"of a house or behind it. Pit in Play-Houses. — Hall in Universities,
" Academies, or Colleges." In Don Quixote we have Patio del Castillo,
the Castle Court. The Dutch Bak contains the various senses in Pit,
Basow, and Fatwc, {^arvti,) as likewise that of the Boat, which will
unequivocally shew, that my conception on the origin of these words
is well founded. The term Bak means, as my Lexicographer explains
it, " A Wooden Bowl, Trough. — The Middlemost part of a Coach-
" waggon," which corresponds to the Norfolk sense of Boke, in the
BoKE or Body of a Waggon. — "The Pit in a Play-House. — A Manger,
" Basox of a Fountain. — A ferry Boat." I see in the same page of
my Dutch Dictionary Bak-Beest, " A massy bulk, a thing of a huge
" lioness," where we have the idea of what Rises or Swells up.
Capacious, &c. — Bad, A Bath, Bag/«'o, and Baggc/-, Alud, where
c 2
20
B, F, P, V, W. I C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. \ I, m, n, r.
we are brought to the very idea supposed in my hypothesis. The original
idea of the Latin Faux Faucw, the Jaws, is the Fossa, or Hollow, as
in its sense of" the straits, or narrow passages between Hills," and " the
" mouth of a River," in which latter sense we see the true notion.
John Florio explains the Italian Foce by " the mouth of a River, the
" closing of Vallies; a Hole, a Ditch, and also the gullet of one's throat,
" an outlet into the sea." To this idea belongs the Latin Foc«^, the
Low, or Hollow Spot, containing the Fire, the Hearth, as we call it,
which belongs to the Earth or Ground. Thus we see, how Focus,
Faux, Faucw, and Fossa belong to each other.
We have seen that the term Fed is applied to the Bed of a River,
where it is used in its original sense, and it is likewise brought to the
Ground, when it is applied to a Bed in the Garden. The great Teutonic
Bard has surrounded this term with imagery, which belongs to its
primitive spot, in the following passage, " I wish myself were Mudded
" in that Oozy Bed, Where my son lies." The term Bed is now, we know,
used for the place of rest, and it appears in various Languages, under
that sense, as in Bed, (Sax.) Bedde, (Belg.) Bett, (Germ.) Bad, (Goth.)
Bett, Pet, (A Franc, and Alam. &c. &c.) produced by the Etymologists.
Some have seen, that these words belong to Booen, and others have
noted the compounds graBATUs, Stipadium, or stip-Y\Dium, BvDastoria,
&c. Wachter has produced Bedd, denoting Sepulcrum, according to
the Welsh use of this word. He likewise produces the German com-
bination BEDD-iJie^e, which corresponds with our phrase Bed -Rid,
"homo diuturno morbo lecto affixus," the latter part of which com-
bination Rid he refers to Ricse, Caducus a Riesen, Cadere. In Welsh
the same combination, as it should seem, takes place, as BEz-Rawd,
which Mr. Owen explains by "A sepulchre ; a burying-place," from
Bez, the Sepulchre, and Rhawd, " A way, course, &c." If these
combinations belong to each other, we must seek for the true inter-
pretation, as I imagine, in the Welsh Dialect, where the materials of
the composition are known, and not in the Teutonic Dialects, where
all is conjecture. The BED-Rid person signifies probably the object ready
for the Grave, the Capularis, Tvn^o^epwv, &c.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 21
Some of the Welsh Lexicographers have justly referred us under
Bez or Bedd, to the Hebrew r\^2 BIT, which denotes, says Mr. Park-
hurst, " Capacity, power of receiving or contaimng, room, place, A Bath,
" the largest measure of capacity, next to the Homer. — Boxes to hold
" perfumes, — Capacities — f allies of Capacities. A House. — A Den for
*' wild beasts. — A nest for birds. — A Temple." The original idea of the
word occurs, when it is applied to Vallies, or the Dens of Beasts, as
denoting the Low Hollow Pit, or Bed on the Ground. This term
has its parallels, denoting a House, Lodgi?igs, &c. in the Dialects of
the Chaldee, Samaritan, Syriac, Arabic, and -/Ethiopic. In Arabic Bit
means among other things, a Sepulchre, directly answering in sense
to the Welsh term. — We may commonly expect to find in a race of
parallel words, that the Artibic and Welsh Languages exhibit their
terms under a similar application of the fundamental idea. I observed
this coincidence very early in my study of Languages ; while I was
employed in reading a few chapters of the Alcoran, and the Welsh
Prayer Book. — In Hebrew nriD PC/^T signifies as a Noun, "A Pit,
" Foss," says Mr. Parkhurst, but in Arabic it means as a verb, " To
" cut, cut in," and in Syriac, " To Dig, Dig up." The preceding term
is "ina PC//R, A Potter, where we are brought to the Plastic materials
of Pudge. Mr. Parkhurst has referred to this Hebrew word nnD PC^T,
the terms Pit, Putcms, and Puits, (Fr.) The combination Paddan-
Aram is commonly rendered by "Mesopotamia Syrias ;" where Ara7n
stands for Syria, as denoting the Desert, because a great portion of
it was in this state, but Paddan represents that part, which was fertile
and well watered. Here Paddan or Pad is the Potam, as it appears
in the explanatory term Messo-VoTAM-ia, the Pedon, (HeSoj/,) or Boden
in its original sense of the ffatery Spot ; that perhaps, which lay between
the two rivers, as some conceive it to be. [Bochart. Geograph. p. 76.)
But whatever be the precise spot intended, such is the force of the
Eastern Paddan. The Pad assuredly contains the idea, annexed to
these words, and the Hebrew Scholars have only to decide, whether
the Den be significant. Some have supposed, that the Hebrew aBaddon,
(A/3a8Swj/, piax) means the oBtss, "Conclavium inferni infiraum,"
go
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
and hence in the Apocalypse aBADDON is applied to 'O AyYeAos t>;s
Afiucra-ou. The term is said likewise of the Receptacle of the Dead,
" De Sepulchro, Inferno loco in quo esse et versari manes Judaei
" opinabantur," in which senses we see a kindred term in the explanatory
word aByss, and meanings corresponding to the Bottom or Boden
part. In the sense of " Pernicies, vastatio, interitus, perditio, mors,"
it denotes the Base or Bad state. (See Schleusner's Lexicon, stib voce.)
Sanscrit Terms, Sfc.
Among the Hindostanee names for a Bed I find in Messrs. Gilchrist
and Roebuck's Dictionary BicH-hiiona, BiSTura, Bisaf, of a Garden,
BiGHEE, of a River, — Pet. For Bog I find Phusao, and for Boggle
Puso-Pesh, where the Element is doubled to give it greater force,
y^o-fl-PEECHHA-K, and To Ooze is Fuseejna, PicH-Picnawa. We have
seen, that in Sanscrit Yasa or Vasta- Det^a is the Goddess of the Earth,
which brings us to the Latin Vesta-Diva, or Dea, and again in that
Language the Byse Tribe means the Base or Lower tribe, as the
Proprietors of Lands, Merchants, &c. The Sanscrit Scholars have seen
the coincidence between these Goddesses, and they have noted the
ceremony called YkSTX-piija, at once belonging to Earth and to Fire.
This brings us to the idea of the Hearth, the Estia, {Ea-ria, Focus,
Lar, Domus. Vesta Dea, Sedes,) the Low Spot, the Base, &c. as of
a House, &c. and that this Radical sense belongs to the Sanscrit term
will be manifest from Mr. Colebrook's observation, who informs us,
that the word Vasta signifies, "not the Habitable Earth in general,
" but the Site of a House, or other edifices in particular," (J^Ioor's Hindu
Pantheon, p. 113.) The Great Deity Vishnu sometimes called Bishen,
&c. &c. belongs to this race of words under the form BDn, and means
the Ground, as referred to a Low-IFatery Spot, the Bisne, aBYSM,
Bottom, &c. The Greek Poseidon, {Yloareilwv ,) Posdon, Posn, &c.
and Vishnu, are the same ; and the Latin Neptune appears to be a
compound of Nep or CNep and Ptunc; yet on the composition of
this word there is some difficulty. I am however almost satisfied, that
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. '2.S
the part Ptune, Potune, &c. belongs to Posdon. The Hindu Scholars
themselves will confirm my origin of the Sanscrit word, when they
inform us, that " Vishnu is sometimes the Earth, he is WAxer, or
" the Humid principle generally ; hence he is Air, which the Hindus
" know to be a form of Humidity y" {Moor's Pantheon, p. l6.) In a
variety of stories relating to Vishnu, that Deity is connected with JVater.
" It is related," says Mr. Wilford, " in the Scanda Purana, that when
" the whole Earth was covered with JFixter, and Vishnu lay extended
** asleep on the Bosom of Devi, a Lotos arose from his navel, and its
" ascending flower soon reached the surface of the Flood." (Id. p. 17.)
The Lotos is called in Sanscrit Pedma, where we again see the Plant
of the watery Bottom, or Potamos, (IloTajuos,) Podamme, &c. This
Plant is a perpetual attendant upon Vishnu. His Wife Lakshmi is
called Padma, PaDma/a, VxDMA-Devi, and he himself is styled Padma-
Nahha, Yxnuxksha, as likewise Pitamba, which have all the same
Radical idea, under kindred forms with his own name Vishnu, the
Deity belonging to the Low, Watery, Boden, or Bottom, [Moors
Pantheon, p. 137. 154. 57. 133. 73.) There is a sublime idea respecting
Vishnu, when he is represented as reclining amidst the vast generating
Ooze or Bottom of the Ocean, " willing and contemplating the creation
" of the world." (Id. 26.) The place of bliss or Paradise, among the
Hindoos, is called YxiKOJitha, where Vaik still denotes the Watch/,
Pleasant Fertile Spot, and Kontha signifies Place, as in County, Country,
&c. Cthon, (X^wi/,) Can-Ton, Town, &c. Through the whole compass
of Language the Elementary Character Dj-//, denotes the Earth, the
Ground, &c. &c. {Fid. Prelim. Dissert, to Etym. Univers. p. 100.) and
I shall shew, that the original idea, annexed to this Element, is that of
Earth in a Mud state, as CoiNw;;/. The Kontha may relate to this
more appropriate and original sense.
Mr. Moor observes, that "the Paradise or celestial abode of Vishnu
" is called Vaikontha, where he enjoys Beatitude in the Elysium of
" Lacshmi's Lap," and again he informs us, that Paradise is sometimes
described " in the IFatcrs under the Earth. Vaikontha is sometimes
" placed in a subterraneous Sea of Milk." (23.) The sentence, which
24
B, F, P, V, \V. } C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. | /, m, n, r.
is here produced, is well worthy of our attention. The term Beatitude
which belongs, as we know, to Beatws, is the appropriate term for
the idea conveyed, and I shall shew that Beatm« denotes the Wxrery,
Fertile Soil. I shall likewise shew, that a similar idea appears in
Ykvstus, TfEcioidns, and FACundiis, FAxfm, as in " Nutrit rura Ceres,
" almaque Faustitas," — Terra FcECUNt/a, Fcecun</«w?, solum ^gypti
Specus FcECUNDUs aquis, &c. &c. Another of these words appears
in our term Foison, where we actually see the idea of Moisture, and
it is applied to the prolific Ooze of the Nile, " when Dearth and
" FoisoN follow." Let us remember that Fat?/« is likewise a name
for the Goddess of the Earth. In the following description of the
Grecian Y xi^ontha, the term Beat;/s is applied in its true sense, " De-
" venere locos Lsetos, et amoena vireta, Fortunatorum nemorum sedesque
" Beatas." Let us note Amoeniis, which I shall shew to belong to
Amnis for the same reason, and Lcetus a parallel term, is, we know,
actually applied to Oozy Matter, Slime, Slush, if I may so say, &c. &c.
as in the well known application, " Pinguis humus, dulcique Uligine
" Lcefa." Under the form LT, LS, &c. we have such terms as
" Luxuriant, Luck, Luscious, Letch, Lust, Lusty, Lush," (" How
" Lush and Lusty the grass looks,") (Eng.) Loetus, (Lat.) &c &c, and
all belonging to Lutum, ^Lush, &c. Hence we have the name of
Lacshmi, sometimes written Letchemy, the wife of the Deity, now
under consideration. When a vowel breathing precedes the "L we
have Uligo, Vui^Ysium, Eleusw, Elos, Ilus, and hence Ulc, ELoiow,
Oil, (E/\os, Palus, Wvs, Limus, YA>/, INLiteria, EXaiov, OhEUjn.') In
Ohiva, Ohive, the labial sound succeeds the L, and when the vowel
breathing is lost before the L, we have the form LM, LV, and hence
we have Limus, belonging to sLime, as likewise Lap, Lip, Labial,
Leibo, (Aet/3a)), &c. attached to sLop, sLip, &c. &c. In Milton,
Elysium itself has a Lap " Who as they sung would take the imprisoned
•* soul and Lap it in Elysium." When we talk of a Soft Lap,
*' Lap me in Soft Lydian airs," we bring the word to the idea of the
original matter, from which it is taken. It is by this secret charm, that
kindred words are collected in impressive sentences, and hence it is,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c, 25
that personifications are formed, with their various appendages of in-
cident, fable, &c. &c. If we should say, that the Sanscrit Vaikontha
and the Latin Fcecundms exhibit compounds of a similar kind, we should
not, I imagine, be very distant from the truth. That my conjecture
respecting the origin of the name of the Goddess Lakshmi is not
altogether remote from the fact will be evident from the authority of
the adepts in Hindoo Literature. Mr. Moor is struck with the simi-
larity of Sanskrit words to terms in European Languages, which he has
illustrated, "among hundreds of others," as he says, by five Examples.
The " word Lasksh in Sanskrit," from whence the name Lakshmi,
or LuxMi is derived, " has the meaning of Lux, as well as of Luck,
" Luxury^ He adds likewise, that " Aswa and Baswa, are Horse
" and Bull, Bos, and pronounced not very unlike those words. Aksha
" is Ox; and Gow, a Cow."' {Hind. Panth. p. 131.) That the Letch
in the name of this Goddess LExcHC/wy bears the same meaning, which
appears in our words Letch, Lust, &c. will be manifest from the
following passages in the Ayeen Akbery, (Vol. L p. 297-8.) — " God
" manifested himself under the form of a Woman, who is called Maha-
" LKTCumeen. — Then Maha-h^Tcwnecn will'd that the Lusts of the
" Flesh should operate." Before I quit this name for the Goddess of
Felicity, &c. I cannot help observing, that in Galic Luchmhaire, is ,
" Abundance," the origin of the first part of which word — the Luck
will be manifest from the succeeding term to this in Mr. Shaw's Galic
Dictionary, which is Lvcnthaire, "A gulph, whirlpool." — In Sanskrit
FATTdla means Hell, where the Patt denotes the Pit. I see in Gilchrist's
llindoostance Dictionary for Hell, Putal/oA', Pakh, and in Swedish
we have Putten, bearing the same meaning, the sense of which will
be manifest from a word occurring in the preceding column of Widegren's
Dictionary, — Puss, "Puddle, Plash." In the Swedish Language like-
wise HcI-Yete is Hell, where the Swedish Hel and the English He//
belong to each other, denoting the Hole, and Vete means the Pit, &c.
Hence are derived the Hel-YzTii, the people living in the Low-Marsliy
Spot, and the term HcI-Voet Sluys.
D
26
B,F,P,Y,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S.T,X,Z.f /,/«,«, r.
▼VoRDS, relating to the Base, or Pedo/z, (rieSoi/,) &c. M^hich
express Motion on its surface by the member appropriate to that action,
the Foot, &c.
Foot, Fotus, Fode," Fuss,
Pes, Pedis, Pous, Podos, 8cc. (Eiig. Goth.
Sax. Germ. Lat. Gr. Scc.)
VESTigium, (Lat.) Footsteps.
Pad, Pass, Passer, Stc. (Eng. Lat. Fi.
&c. &.C.)
Path, Pfad, Sic. (Eng. Germ. &c.)
Pascha, the PASS-ove/v, (Heb. Eng.)
PEolar, Pat/o/, VAirouille, &c. (Eng. Fr.)
Bad/20, PnoiTrto, PATeo, &c. (Gr.) To Go,
Pass, Tread, 8cc.
Vado, (Lat.) To go.
Vad//Wj (Lat.) the Ford, through which men
Wade.
Pa, Pae, Pachc, &c. (Pers.) ilie Foot,
&C. &.C. &.C. &.C.
I shall consider in the present Article those terms, which relate
to the Base, or Ground, as denoting Motion upon its surface, by the
member, appropriate to that action, or those terms, which express
the action of Padd//?o- about the Pedo//, (Ylelov,^ by the Feet. Among
the terms, containing this train of ideas, we must class the following.
Foot, with its parallels collected by the Etymologists, Fotus, (Goth.)
Fot, (Sax.) Fode, Foed, (Dan.) Joet, (Belg.) Fuss, (Germ.) Footur,
(Isl.) Pous, Podos, (Gr.) Pes, Pedis, (Lat.) Pied, (Fr.) Piede, (Ital.)
Pie, (Span.) &c. where the second Consonant of the Radical is lost,
Ped, (Welsh and Armor.) Skinner has produced under these words
the Greek Phoitoo, (^oiraw, Ito,) and some Etymologists have derived
Fedou, (rieSor) from Pous, P0D05, (nob's, FIoSos,) the relation of which
words to each other will be allowed by all, whatever may be the
order in the process of derivation. — Peza, (Ile^a, Malleolus Pedis,
Planta Pedis,') which the Lexicographers have written, as a Root;
though it is directly adjacent to Vedou, (Ue^ov.) Some have duly-
seen that T/'A-Peza, (TpuTre^a, Mensa, is the Three-VooTed utensil,
as in Tn'-Pous, Tri-YoDOS, the TH-Pod, (Tpnrov^, Sos,) another species
of utensil. PiETmer means in French " To strike the ground several times
" with one's Foot," — Pieto??, a Toot- Soldier, — PiETcr, " To bowl from
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 27
" the place agreed upon," which relates to the Spot, marked out by
the Foot, an adjacent word to which is PiExre, " Paltry, sorry,
" Dirty, &c. where we are brought to the spot, on which the Foot
treads. Pet«soh, and Vktuso, {UeTua-iov, Perna,) belong to the Foot,
&c. — Bad in Balic means the Foot. (^Asiatic Researches, Vol. II. p. 24.
ed. 8vo.) — Basis, (Bao-ts, Gressus, gradus, incessus. Pes, planta Pedis,
fulcimentum,) not only signifies the Base of the Ground, but likewise
a Step or Pace, and the Foot. In the same column of my Greek Vo-
cabulary, in which this word occurs, we have BAssflrm, (^aa-a-apa,
genus calceamenti,) a species of Shoe, with other senses, which will
be explained in their due places, and Bastow, (Batrror, Calceus,) which
names will remind us of terms for the same object, as Pax, (Oa^,
Calceamenti genus indutu facile,) Baxca, (Lat.) and PnAiKas/o?/, (Ji>aiKa-
(TLOv, Calceamenti genus Atticum, dictum Kor/tTroi/?,) the Pie-Poudre,
as we might call it, or the Pudge-Foot, Shoe. — VESTigiiwi, which the
Etymologists have explained by " Signa Pedwwz," though they have derived
it from Bestias agere, Vestis ago, " ut signet, qua Jestis Acta,'' &c.&c.
YESTibuhtm, which is acknowledged to belong to Vesta, the Ground,
though it is not easy to define the precise meaning of each part of
the compound. The Buhim however appears to belong to Bclos,
and Pelos, (B>//\os, Limen domus, vel templi, quod calcatur, n^Ao?,
Limus,) and the whole compound seems to be the Bulum, the Threshold
or Dirt part, trodden by the Vest, or Feet, Voet, &c.— Piste, (Fr.)
" Track, Foo/step." Poach, (Eng.) "To Tread with the Feet, as in
" the expression, the cattle Poach the Land." The PoAcner is the
person, who Poaches or Pads about the Land, here and there, for
plunder, game, &c. Paut, (Grose's Provincial Glossary,^ " To kick,
" as to Paut off the bed-clothes. Yorkshire." — Pote, (Id.) "To Pote
" the clothes off, to throw or kick off the bed-clothes. North." VoTce.
(Id.) "To PoTcc, to Push with one's Feet, Exm." The adjacent
words in Mr. Grose's Dictionary to the latter terms are VoT-Diing,
" Farm-yard dung, Berksh." And Powse, " Rubbish, or rubble.
" North ;" where we are directly brought to the spot, supposed in my
hypothesis; Poud, "A Boil or Ulcer," Powt, "a Hay Powt; a Hay
D 2
28 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,R,Q, S,T,X,Y, Z.| l,m,n,r.
" cock," PooK, "a cock of Hay or Barley, West;" where we have
the Foul Pudge Mass or Matter rising or swelling up, and a Mass
or Heap in general rising up. I see likewise Powx, " To Stir up,
and PoTCH, " To Poke, or Push suddenly," and I shall shew in another
place, that all the terms under our Element, bearing the same sense
as Push, mean ' To Pudge into, up, or about,' &c. if I may so say,
that is. To Stick into, Stir up, &c. the Pudge, or Dirt, whether by
the Feet, or by other means. — ^ASTern, which N. Bailey explains by
" the Hollow of a Beast's heel, that part of a horse's foot under the
"Fetlock to the heel; also a shackle for a horse," and which the
Etymologists have referred to the following parallel terms, Pasturon,
Paturon, (Fr.) Pastora, Pasfoia ; (Ital.) where Skinner has observed,
that the Italian words seem to be derived from Passare. The Fet/ocA'
is acknowledged to belong to the Feet, and so is the Shackle under
the name of Fetter. The Greek Pterna, (Urepva, Calx,) should perhaps
be considered, as Paterna, the Pastern. The reader may perhaps
wonder, that I should express any doubt on this point, until he is
reminded, that the Element PR and PR// affords the same idea, as in
sPhuron, (1.([)vpou, IVIalleolus pedis,) Pernio, (Lat.) sPurn, (Eng.)
and thus Pterna may be quasi Perna. — Pattin, (Eng.) with its parallels
Patin, Pattini, (Fr. Ital.) produced by the Etymologists, who perceive,
that these words have some relation to Patco, {Ylarew.) The French
verb PATiNer, "To skate, and To Paw, To handle roughly. To Fumble,
" To Feel," at once belongs to the Feet, and the Paic or Hands. In
Paw the second letter of the Radical is lost, but in Patte, (Fr.) " Paw,
" Foot," of some animals,— Hand, Claws, &c. it is preserved.— Pad,
(Eng.) Foot-Pad, to which term the Etymologists have justly referred
Pad, the Horse, Mannus. An adjacent word to Pad in Skinner's Lexicon
is Paddle, Rallum, which is justly compared with the Welsh Pattal,
and the Greek Pattalos, (OaTTaAos, Palus,) though it might more
aptly be compared with Pittulos, {UittvXo^, Sonus seu strepitus,
qualis praesertim aqure remo percussre, &c.) where it is impossible not
to see, that Paddle, Pittulos, &c. belong to Pash, and to the action
of Striking upon Pudge or Puddle Matter. We see, how the terms
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTPOM, &c. 29
for Strildng and for making an impression on the Ground, the Pedon
(IleSoi/,) or Pudge, by moving over it, as Pad, Pass, Pash, Pat, Beat,
Patco, (riaTeo),) Pat«sso, {YlaTacrcru}, Percutio,) may be considered
as signifying 'To Pudge,' if I may so say, and thus 'To Pad about'
is 'To Pudge, or Pash about.' In some words the idea of the Pudge
matter has disappeared ; yet we cannot but perceive, when we consider
their kindred terms, how we come back again to this fundamental idea.
The other terms adjacent to Pad in Skinner are Paddoc/i, which means
a part or piece of Pad, Pudge, or Land, Paddock, Padde, (Germ.) Toad,
where Pad has the same meaning, as in Pad the substantive, the Bundle,
or Pack, denoting the Pudge — Lumpy Substance ;—Pad/ocA', where
Pad may denote the Shackle, as belonging to pETTer, Ped^cq, &c. or
it may mean the Lumpij, Large kind of Lock. In the Musical Farce
bearing the name of the Vxulock, Mungo describes it, if I remember,
as a Thumper. — Page, (Eng.) Page, Pagg'io, (Fr. and Span, Ital.) the
Toorniaii, who Pads about. — Path, with its parallels. Path, Pceth, (Sax.)
Pad, Pat, (Belg.) Pfad, &c. produced by the Etymologists, who have
here justly reminded us of Pato^, Patco, (IlaTos, Trita Via, Semita, YlaTew
Calco,) Pat(7sso, (Ylaracra-ui,^ and the Latin word "^xruerc, q. d. Via
" Calcata, Trita," a BEAxe// way. Here we have another illustration,
that Beat, Bat«o signified originally To Pad, or Beat on the Ground,
as in the English expression, and in the French Batt^c le pave, &c. &c.
These terms for Striking and Noise will be more fully considered in
another place. — Pace, Pass, Passage, with the parallel terms, Pas,
Passer, (Fr.) Passare, (Ital.) Passage, Passagio, (Fr. Ital.) Passus, (Lat.)
Pnssio, (Welsh.) &c. &c. produced by the Etymologists, who have
reminded us that in Hebrew nOii PSC// means Transire, to which the
term Pascha belongs, and which we justly render by a kindred term,
•' the PASS-oyer." In German we have sV\T7Jeren, To walk abroad, &c.
which brings us to the form sYxTiari. sPArium, sPace, &c. We cannot
well produce a more striking example of the wretched state of our
Etymology, than by observing, that Skinner and Junius place Pass,
Transire, and Pass, " well to Pass," opulentus, &c. in two separate
articles, though the former Etymologist has seen, that these terms may
30
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.j l,m,n,r.
belong to each other, under a most forced explanation, "Ego mallem
" deducere ab alt. Pass," (Transire,) " Metaphora sc. a viis angustis,
" periculosis Juxta pr£Ecipitia, sumta." Surely it is not necessary to
observe, that "well to Pass," means, that a person Passes or Goes on
well, as we express it. — To Pack away, " Abire, Discedere," means
probably To Pass or go away. — VAGeant means the solemn Procession,
which Passes before the view, and is not derived from the German
JFagen, Currus, i. e. the Waggon, as Skinner imagines. PASsiw (Lat.)
' may belong to Pando, 'PASSiiin, as the Etymologists suppose ; though
it may be attached to Tassus, as denoting Pass?';?^ here and there. In
Welsh Pas is explained in Mr. Owen's Dictionary by "That is expulsive,
" that causes to Pass ; a Pass, an exit ; a cough ; a hooping-cough,"
where we have another proof, that the idea of Noise, expressed by this
race of words, is annexed to the action of VAssing or Padd//?^ on the
Ground. Again, in Welsh Paeth means " That forms a Course, that
The terms Pas, (Fr.) and Passage are used in a peculiar sense in antient writers,
^yhich I explained in a former Work, and which I shall again detail here. In the Poems
attributed to Rowley, the following dialogue occurs between two of the combatants at a
Tournament :
Bourtofitie. I claym the Passage.
Nevjjl/e. I contake thie waie.
Bourtonne. " Thenn there's mie gauntlette onn mie gaberdyne."
Passage, as I observe, is an appropriate term in the Language of Chivalry. — " Passage
"of a man of armes, Pas." {Pa/grave's Fr, Gram. 1530. fol. 53.) So in Cotgrave's
Dictionary we find "Pas, also a strait narrow Passage, or strait Path, "and such a
"Passage kept by one or more Knighls against all commers, and thence also a Tournaif"
(sub voce Pflj.) Passage is the appropriate term for • A Guarded and Defended Passage,'
whether in matters of Chivalry, or on other occasions. Cassio, after he has been wounded,
cries out, "What, ho! no Watch? no Passage? Murder! Murder! (Act. 5. Sc. 1.) 'Is there
« no Guarded or Watched Passage kept here .' or in other words. Is there no Guard or 1{ atch
'here?' This sense, as we may well imagine, is too remote for the view of our Commentators,
and hence Dr. Johnson has explained it by " No Passenger ? Nobody going by ?" and Mr.
Steevens quotes our author in the Comedy of Errors, "Now in the Stirring Passage of the
" day." — It is not necessary, I think, to observe, that Chatterton had but little chance of under-
standing a phraseology, which had escaped the diligence and the resources of Mr. Steevens
or Mr. Malone.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 31
keeps in a D'ack, &c. the term next adjoining to which in Mr. Owen's
Dictionary is Paetw, "Every side, round." We cannot doubt, that
Paetu belongs to Paeth, and for the same reason it is, as I conceive,
that Passim belongs to Passus. In the Pit of the Latin comVira, we
Iiave again the Path, and in piilPirum the Pit means the Surface or
Ground, bearing a similar meaning to the Ped in epiVzuon, (eTrtTreSoj/,)
by which term the ancient Glossarists explain pu/FiTum, (^Pulpitum,
QvfxeXtj, a-avihwfxa eTrnreSov.^ The Pul means the Raised up spot, originally
belonging to Pe/os, (Flf/Aov,) and it has a similar meaning to the same
Pu/, in the adjoining words Pidpa, Puis, Puhnentum, Puhno, the Rising
up — Swelling out substances, as of Mud-matter. — Ped/«/% (Eng.) has
been understood to belong to the Foot, &c. but the Pat/'o/, TATrouiile,
VATrouiller, " To tread in the Mud, or in a Muddy place," has been
supposed by some to belong to Platea ; though Menage supposes, that it
is another form of Vxroui/Ier, " Touiller avec la Pate." The same
writer however derives Pate from Platus, in which the French Etymo-
logists appear to agree. — Bados, Badcw, Bad/j;o, Basko, Baino, perhaps,
quasi B.\J)io, Toirao, Patco, (BaSos, Iter, gressus, Ba^tjv, Pedetentim,
Badt^io, Vado, eo, Bao-fcw, Tado, Baiuco, Gradior, (^oiTaw, Ito, frequento,
riaTeo), calco.) Beto, Bit?o, (ancient Latin words,) Vado, (Lat.) &c.
all signify "To Pad about." From Beto, Bet/o, Ire, are formed the
compounds «c?Bito, co???BrTo, &;c. and hence, says Festus, " Birienses
dicuntur, qui assidue peregrinantur." Vado is acknowledged to belong
to the y.\Dum, the Low Watery Spot, through which people Wade.
Way, (Eng.) with its parallels produced by the Etymologists, Fot/e, (Fr.)
Fia, (Lat.) Jguia, (^Ayvia,^ ^^<^g> (Sax. and Germ.) //^c/?, &c. (Belg.)
Puog, (Fr. Th.) Vicus, (Lat.) &c. &c. Some of these terms will bring
us to a race of words, in which the Boggy Spot appears. In the same
opening of my Lexicon, where Way is found, I see Wave, iraver, parallel
terms to which are to be found under the form WG, as Jf'cpg, (Sax.)
Waeghe, (Belg.) fague, Wagian, IFaeghcn, Movere, Vacillare, where
the Etymologists justly refer us to Wag, and Waddle. From hence
we pass to Vagwc, Vagws, VxGahond, V^acillo, Waggle, and Boggle,
where we are directly brought to the Bog. The terms, which more
32
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,
particularly belong to the Boggy Spot I consider on another occasion,
and I only produce in this place those terms, which more especially
relate to Motion on such a surface. In YoYuge, (Fr.) ''Travel, Journey,
" Voyage, travel by Sea," we perceive how the word reverts to the
IFafery spot, when it denotes, as in English, a journey by Water. In
the verb Budge, (Eng.) BouGer, (Fr.) to which we annex the idea
of something Ridiculous or Contemptible, we have the image of a Coarse,
unsteady. Bog like motion if I may so say. Adjacent to the French
Boiiger, we have Bouge, " A Di?^ti/ House or room," as my Lexicographer
explains it, where we directly see the sense of Filth, and in Bougie,
the Wax-Candle, &c. Bougee, (in its Surgical application,) we have
the idea of the SweIIi?ig out substance. Nathan Bailey explains "To
" Bouge out, To Stick out." The Budge, denoting the Bag or Pouch,
has the same meaning of the Swelling out Substance.
In examining the Welsh words, belonging to the Fed, the Pedair,
the Foot, Four, which are numerous, I cast my eyes on Pedol, Ped-
BUSAW, Pedi, Pedu, Pedestryz, Pedestyr, Pedair, on which 1 shall
make some brief remarks. The term Pedol is explained by "What
" is under a Foot; a Pedal; a shoe of a horse, or other animal," to
which term the Greek Pedilo« belongs, (Ue^iXov, Calceus, talare,)
which my Lexicographer places as a Root, though it appears within
a few words in the order of his Vocabulary of Pedo??, (IleBoi/.) In
Gipsey ^ETXi^-Engro is a Farrier, and Gre sko Petalles is a ' Horse-
' Shoe.' The term Engro means //;, 'Engaged In, Concerned ///,' and
is added to Substantives for the purpose of expressing the occupation
of a person, as Cacave-Engro, a Tinker, i. e. a Person employed In
Kettles, &c. &c. The term Gre or Gri is a Horse, and sko is the post
positive article denoting Of. Mr. Hadley expresses the Horse's mouth
by ' Ghoorau kau moo,' in his Hindostanee Dialogues. My Lexicographer,
Mr. Owen, explains V^mnisaw, by "To start aside, to hesitate, to doubt,
" to scruple," which may belong to the Fed, the Foot, as denoting
' To Start out of the JFay — To go Round about a thing, and not to
' come directly to it, by making up your mind,' or it may be attached
to the terms, denoting Commotion, which will be examined in a future
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 33
page. Again Pedi and Pedu occur as adjacent terms, the former of
which JSIr. Owen has justly explained by " A round about ivay of asking
" or craving, also a guarding against a request, by anticipating a similar
«' want.— To ask or crave indirectly, and the latter by "To ask or to
" crave in a round about way," &c. &c. The terms Pedestryz, and
Pedesttr, &c. denote the Foot Traveller, or Pedestrian, which I pro-
duce only to remark, that the form of the Latin Pedestrw is directly
taken from the Welsh. Before I quit these Celtic terms for the Feet,
I must remark, that in Irish Vosram is " To trample with the Feet."
This term is surrounded by various words, belonging to our Elementary
character, which must be explained on another occasion.
In Arabic Jc^ Weten signifies "A Country, a dwelling, residence,
" abode, wherever one lives, whether native or not." This brings us
to the form Pedon, {Uedov,) Boden. In the same column of Mr. Richard-
son's Dictionary, where this word occurs, we have "Weta 1^, "Kicking,
" Treading under Foot, putting the Foot to the Ground, or making
" an impression with it. — Low Ground," where we see the more original
idea. WETatt »lL.j "Equal, level, soft (Ground,) Sec." Wzraf, nW^j
"A Foot step, the impression of the Foot." Wett«s, ^l?;, "A
"Shepherd, a Pastor." WetiscJoj, " Treading ^rm\y ." WetHi ^j" Any
" kind of Filth, which adheres to the Feet of cattle, fowls, &c." WErid
" Establishing, confirming, joining, consolidating. — Firm, solid, perpetual,
" perennial. — Making a deep impression, planting or fixing in the
" Ground. — Treading upon, wearing down, kicking. Trampling under
" Foot, ramming hard, making (Ground)." The sense oi Firm annexed
to this word brings us to the signification of the Greek cwPedo5, (Eju-
■Kelo's, Stabilis, firmus, in Solo stans, seu fixus, k YleZov.) — In Arabic Feza
laj means "A plain, field, open place, a court, an area," and in another
sense it means Fyza, " Water overflowing Ground." The preceding
Arabic term is Fezz ^, "Breaking open (a letter,) Dispersing, separat-
" ing people." This sense of Breaking, or Dispersing is very familiar in
the Eastern Languages, which is derived from the idea of PAsning
about, to pieces, &c. In Arabic _jo Bedii means "A Field or Plain,
" (particularly uncultivated and extensive.)" In the same Language LLj
E
34
B, F, P, V, W. J C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. | /, m, n, r.
Besq^ signifies "Extensive, (track of country.) A wide plain, an open
" country. Bisat, a Bed, covering, carpet, cushion, or any thing spread
" upon the Ground for sitting, recUning, or sleeping," where in the sense
of being Spread on the Ground, we are brought to the true idea. We
have as adjacent terms in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary Bisardaden,
^jS\jijImj "To Plough, to break the Earth. Bisarde, Ploughed, JFatered
Grounds;" — Pest, (Pers.) c>^ " Humble, Depressed, low, abject,
" mean. Base, vile;" the two next words to which are JJ^ Bastan,
" A breast, nipple, Busxcm, A Garden for flowers or herbs. (A fruit
" garden being expressed byy^b Baghi,) and Pesta/?, The most humble.
" The Basest, the lowest, &c. the meanest, most avaricious of man-
" kind, Pestan, The breast, the nipple." In the sense of the Garden
we see from what source the idea of Base is derived. In Persian
i^U BAsire is a Sown Field," and in the same column of Mr. Richardson's
Dictionary we have the Arabic ijju BAsinef, " A plough-share, coulter,"
and there are various other adjacent words, belonging to the Element
BS, &c. which most fully illustrate our doctrine, and which will be
duly produced. In Persian ^ji Bezen is "A Harrow," the succeeding
word to which in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary is Pezshen ,^ "the
" Bottom, or end of a street," where we have the form Boden, &c. In
the same column I find Push;// J^^ " the Ancle, 7\STern." The succeeding
word is Vvzsmdlden, ^JoJjjj " To provoke, irritate, excite, incite, instigate,
" stimulate. — To move, Wag, stagger." An adjacent word is Vuzshuh
itjijj " An examiner, searcher, explorer, investigator, inquirer." Pcjzsh-
ukiden, "To examine, enquire," which words belong to such terms as
Push, Poke, &c. and it is impossible not to see, that Push and Poke
attach themselves to the Push, and the Pock, the Foul Pudge matter.
Rising, Swelling, Vvsuing, or VoKing up. The origin, from which the
Persian terms are derived, will be manifest from the word succeeding
this latter term ^jjj Puzsh?^.7«, " Filthy, Nasty, Dirty, &c. &c." The
next word is Beze sy "A Sin, crime," which is the metaphorical
application of the former term, as denoting, what is Foul— Base, Bad.
In the same column we have B^ziden ^j^ji. To blow, as the wind.
Bvziden, "To pluck, tickle with the fingers, pull off hair, wool,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 35
*' feathers," &c. The sense of Blowing brings us to the idea of Swelling
out, or up, and the sense of Plucking will remind us of the English Pick,
belonging to Push, &c. The next word is ^Ezsuiden ^^joj> To Cook,
and we see in the two uses of Dress, Dressing Land, and Dressing
meat, and in the phrase Coqnere glehas, how the sense of Cooking may
belong to Pudge, or Dirt. — This Persian word will remind us of the
English 'To Poach Eggs,' and the Greek Pesso, Pe/jto, quasi Peto,
{Uea-a-w, Coquo, UeTrrw, Coquo, Digero.) The next word in Mr.
Richardson's Dictionary is BEzer, jiy Downwards, where we are brought
to the Base, the low Spot, supposed in my hypothesis, and again, in
the same column, we have the Persian s^j^ PEzirc, "Meal, Flour,"
where we actually see matter of a Pudge consistency. I shall shew,
that Meal belongs to Mould for the same reason. The word adjacent
to the Greek Pesso, in the Vocabularies of that Language Pessos,
(neo-o-05. Calculus, Seu Scrupus lusorius,) the little stone, brings us to
the spot, supposed in my hypothesis. I must leave the reader to decide
whether in Opson, Epsao, Optao, {O\lrou, Proprie Piscis, Edulium omne,
quod una cum pane comeditur, 0\/^oj/. Pulpamentum, Eyfyaw, Coquo,
Elixo, Oirraw, Asso,) and Ohsonium, the radical form be not PS, PT,
BS, &c. and whether the original idea was not that of Cooking Poxxage
sort of food, as in the sense of Pulpamentum. Again, in Persian, Jijs^.
PuKTew means "To boil. Cook, or make ready. — To ripen," and an
adjacent word is Pukhti " Jelly (of fish) congealed Broth," where we
unequivocally see the original idea. There is another adjacent word,
which brings us to the very spot, supposed in my hypothesis, as Bekh-
chiziclen, "To roll or wallow upon the Ground, (as Dogs.)" As one
species of Stone is expressed in Greek by Pesso«, (Ileo-a-os,) so another
kind is denominated by the word PExra, {Uerpa, Saxum.)
Tn Persian Ij ^_s^ j_sj Pa, Pae, Pei as the word is represented by Mr.
Richardson, is the appropriate and familiar term for " the Foot, the
sole of the Foot, a /bo/step, a resiigc." Here the sound of the second
Consonant of the Radical, is lost, as it is in the sound of the French
Pas and Pied, and the English Paw. In some Persian terms, however,
the sound is preserved. Thus <i^U Pache means " Feet (of sheep,
E 2
36
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
" calves, or other animals, especially when boiled,)" and the next term
to this is Vkcuile, " A Shoe, slipper, sandal." The adjacent terms to
these are Pakh, which at once means "Ornamented," and Vile, Lime,
Plaster, &c. — Bakhte, "The Plaster, incrustation, smoothing, or
" polishing of a Wall," where we see one process, among others, by which
ornament may be derived from Dirt; — VxvJiise, "Worn, trampled, or
trodden under Foot," — VxKlmst, or Paikhust c^^^srti " Trodden under
" Foot, trampled upon," and in the same column with the latter word
I find among other kindred terms ^j\i^ Paizcw, " A ruffian, cut-throat."
Now this is a sense, which appears very remote from the meaning of
the Radical, and unless Mr. Richardson had fortunately removed all
difficulty on the original idea of this word, I should have in vain
endeavoured to discover its connexion with the Radical notion. Mr.
Richardson adds to his explanation, " One who steals upon you tiptoe,
with the ^^ Feet of a woman." — It would be a long task, indeed, to
produce all the words in the Persian Language, which relate to the
Feet under the Element PD, &c., as Pashte, <u.ilj "the Heel, the
" fleshy part of the Foot," Bashine, or Pashine, <iULi.b "the Heel, the
*' fleshy part of the Foot," which will remind us of the form Pastern.
In the same column with these words is Yxsniden i^sxL\i "To sprinkle,
" scatter, disperse, diffuse, pour out, dissipate," which we cannot doubt
to belong to the terms for the Foot, and to the English word Pash.
There is another Persian word preceding this term, under the slightest
variety of form, which takes a different turn of meaning, as ^sjJL\>
BxsHiden, " To be. — To stand. Stay, Stop, tarry for any one, to expect,"
where, as we might conceive, the sense of Stability would belong to
the Firm Ground, on which a person Stands, or Walks steadily with
his Feet. The sense, however, of Being will be more fully unfolded
in a future page.
The word Pedair denotes in Welsh the number Four, and Pedru,
" To Quadrate, to Square," to which terms various words are attached
in this Dialect of the Celtic, relating to that number. It is impossible,
I think, to doubt, that Pedair, signifying Four, belongs to Ped, de-
noting the Feet, and that it originally related to the race of animals
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 37
with Four Feet. In considering, however, this word some difficulty
will arise, which must be diligently examined. In the Irish Dialect of
the Celtic, Ccithair, or Ceathair signifies ' Four,' where the termination
Air at the end of Pedair, and Ceathair, would lead us to conjecture,
that these words belonged to each other. The Latin Qiiatuor, or CFatuor,
where we see QU, or QV", will shew us, how the Guttural and Labial
forms Catuor, or Ceathair, and Fattior, or Pedair may pass into each
other. Surely the Greek Tessarc*, or Tettarcs, {Tea-a-apes, Terrape^,)
belongs to the form Ceathair, or TcEXTAR-es. The Etymologists have
collected the parallel terms to Four, which are as follows : Pefora, {Ueropa,
Police, Quatuor.) Pedwar, (Wei.) Fidur, Fidivor, (Goth.) Fyther, Feather,
Feower, (Anglo. Sax.) Fiar, Fior, Feor, (Franc, and Alam.) Vier, (Belg.
and Germ.) Four, (Engl.) Fior, (Isl.) Fyra, (Suec.) &c. I have given
these forms, as they are represented by Wachter, and it is impossible, I
think, to doubt, that Fither, Feother, (A. S.) Fidtjr, Fidwor, (Goth.)
Petora, (JEol.) Pedwar, (Wels.) together with the Cornish Padzhar,
as Lhuyd represents it, belong to each other. It is likewise, I think,
impossible, to doubt that the Saxon Feoiuer belongs to the term in the
same Language for the same number, Feother, by the loss of the t ;
and when this form is obtained, we at once arrive at the other terms
Four, Vier, &c. under the same form FR. For a similar reason to
that, by which the form FR is obtained by the loss of the t in the
form Fl'R, we have the form QV-R, QR, CR, SR, &c. derived from
the form QV-T-R. Hence we have the name for this number under
that form CR, SR, as in the Persian j\^ Ciiuhaur, and j\s- Chaur,
Four, where in the a H of the first word we see perhaps a record of
the t, the Gipscy Staur, the English S(juare, and the French Carre,
or Quarre. The Etymologists agree, that these English and French
words belong to Quadrare, and Quatuor. In the Quar of Qu\K-tus
we again sec, how the T or D is lost. I once thought, that the form
QR was the original form, and that the other forms were derived from
it, in a contrary order, by the process of accretion. But the Welsh
Pfioair unequivocally brings us to Ped, the Foot, and the connection
of the terms under the forms PDR, FIR, is, I think, indubitable, as
likewise is the process, by which the other forms are derived.
38
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.} l,m,n,r.
Words signifying 'What is Base and Bad, What is Lotv, In-
'ferior, Depressed, What is Foul, Filthy, Vile, What is in a state of
' Dissolution, What is IFcak, Decayed, &c. &c.' all which are to be
referred to the Base or Pudge Spot, or matter of the Gromid, Dirt, &c.
Base, Bas, Bose, &C. &c. (Eng. Fr. Germ.
&c.)
Bate, oBate, aBash, Bash/!</, &c. (Eng.)
«Battre, aBassare, Baxar, &c. (Fr.
Ital. and Span.)
Bad, &c. (Eug.)
FtEDUS, I'CETIDUS, FaTUUS, PuTEO, Pu-
DEO, Pestis, P^dor, Putridus, (Lat.)
Putrid, Fetid, (Eng.)
Fag, Fudge, Pish, 8tc. &c. (Eng.)
ViTiuM, Vice, (Lat. Eng.)
Vetus, Vietus, &c. (Lat.)
Fade, Wither, 8cc. (Eng.)
Feig. (Germ.) Faint hearted, dejected.
Feigur. (Isl.) A dead Body.
PG, PGR, (Heb.) To be Faint, A dead carcase.
Pest, (Peis.) Humble, Depressed, &c. Base,
Vile.
Bad name, (Pers.) 'A Bad name.'
Bis. (Ar.) Bad.
Baid, (Ar.) Little, mean, Vile.
Bheit, BesHj (Sanskrit and Gipsey.) Down.
Byse Tribe, (Sans.) The Base, or Low Tribe.
VASsare, (Gips.) Bad.
Bas, (Welsh.) A swoon, qualm ; A fainting
Fit ; A Shallow.
Basu, (Wei.) To fall or Lower.
BATHflOT, (Ir.) To Drown, Faint, Die.
Bos, (Ir.) Abject, Mean, Low.
BD, (Ar.) Perishing, Death, Mean, Vile, &c.
Fater, (Ar.) Weak, Languid.
FeiDj (Ar.) Dying, Macerating.
I shall produce in this Article those words, which denote " What
is Base or Bad, What is Lotv, or Inferior — What is Depressed or
Reduced to a Low state : — What is Foul, Filthy, Vile ; — What is in
a state of Dissolution — What is JVeak, Decayed, &c. &c. and which
are derived, as I imagine, from the Base or Pudge Spot or Matter
of the Ground, Dirt, &c. Among these terms we must class the
following, Base with its parallels produced by the Etymologists, Bose,
(Germ.) Bas, Base, (Fr.) Basso, (Ital.) Basis, (Bao-iv) Baios (Baios,
Parvus,) Basa, (Bao-a, apud Hesychium, hia-xwn,) Bassa, (Bacrcra,
B>j(T<ra, vel B>yo-(Tai, Loca in montibus, per quae gradi possumus, &c.)
&c. &c. — Bate, oBate, oBase, Bash, aBash, Bash/w/, (Eng.) «Bessie,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 3t
(Old Eng.) Humility, Baisser, Ahaisscr, Jbatfre, (Fr.) Ahassare,
Abattere, (It.) Baxar, Abaxar, (Span.) &c. Sec— Vassal, (Eng.) &c.—
oBed?o, (Lat.) Obey, &c. — Baito;?, Baitas, BwTada, (Bairwi/a, tov
evreXtj avSpa, Bairas, evreXrjs, ap^'^ia Se Ae^is" BairaSa, eureXti^
yvvt}. Hesych.) the Vile, Base Man or Woman, Bad, Bawd, Bawdy,
(Eng.) — Tjedus, (Lat.) which is the preceding word in my Latin
Vocabulary to Fjex, F.ec/s; the former of these terms has been re-
ferred to Faios, (<^aio9^ which brings us to Fusc«s, and from hence
we pass to Tuciis, Fukos, (^vko^, Alga, Fwcus.) — FcExeo, VcBTidus,
(Lat.) to which belong the terms in modern Languages Fetid, Sec. —
TxTuus, (Lat.) from which, we know, hiYxTuated, &c. is derived. —
Fiddle Faddle, (Eng.) which form will bring us to Piddle, &c. in
its senses of M'wgere, and in that of a Little PioDLiwu- business, (Eng.)
Fusty, (Eng.) Fester, (Eng.) — Fag, as Fag end, the Vile Base end,
' The Fag at School, To be VAGced, here and there, up and down,
' to pieces, to death,' &c. ' To be all in a Muddled state, as we express
' it, in Moiling, Joiling,' &c. I shall shew that Moil belongs to Mould,
(Eng.) and Toil, to Tellies for the same reason. Fudge, (Eng.) quasi
Pudge Stuff, to which we may refer such interjections as Pish, Pshaw,
Fye, Foil, (Eng.) &c. Pfuy, (Germ.) which is the succeeding word
in my German Dictionary to Pfutze, "A Puddle, Lake, slough," &c.
&c. — PuTco, Vvridies, Putrw, PutrzV/«^, (Lat.) FvTRtd, &c. (Eng.)
PuTHo, (^Tlvdu), Putrefacio,) which Latin words, we see, directly con-
nect them with Puretis, "the Well, or Pit," that is, the Pudgy spot,
as I have observed on a former occasion, where I have produced the
Welsh Pydr«, Pwdr, &c. and the English and French PowDer,
PouDRc. — PuDe/, To be ashamed, as of something Vile ; and hence
the terms for the opposite of what is File, for Shamefaced iiess, as we
express it. Modesty, Chastity, &c. Pudo/-, ^vdicus, &c — PjEDO/-, (Lat.)
Filth, Pest/s, PESTilentia, (Lat.) Pest, PEsrile/ice, &c. (Eng.) pEJor,
PESsinius, (Lat.) with their parallels, Pis, (Fr.) &c.— ViT/«;rt, (Lat.)
Vice, &c. (Eng. Fr. &c.) — Vito, Veto, Yvtupero, (Lat.) To aVoiD,
To Forbid, Blame, To Fly as something File. — Feuo^o, (Gr, <I)ei'7w,)
Fuoio, Fugo, (Lat.) which signify in the neuter and active sense, 'To
40
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
'fly as Vilc,^ and To treat as Vile, or To Be- Vile, If I may so say,
by Driving away, Routing, &c. as in Fcedo, 'To Daub, defile. —
' To Lay in the Dust, Beat down, &c.' — Vet«s, Yiwtus, VETernus, (Lat.)
Fade, with its parallels produced by the Etymologists Vadden, (Belg,^
Fade, (Fr.) Fad, (Iss.) Defectus, who have justly likewise compared
it with the Latin Fafuiis, and with Vado, which I shew to belong to
JVade and VxDum, the Pudge spot. — Wixner, (Eng.) &c. &c. There
are various words, which relate ad ?'es Venereas — ad Vvx>enda, &c, as
Fut;/o, &c. some of which are directly connected with these words,
denoting, what is Foul, Vile, &c. though they are so intangled with
terms which relate to other senses of the Element, that they must be
considered in a different place. Whether Y\3ceau, or Vvcelle refers to
PuDor, &c. in its good or bad sense, cannot easily be determined, yet
PuzzEL in old English certainly relates to the Vile, Foul Girl, and is
so used in Shakspeare alluding to the French Pucelle, and accompanied
with imagery, which brings us to the Puddle, or Miry Spot, In
Henry VI. (Part I.) Talbot says,
" Pucelle, or Puzzel, dolphin or dog fish,
" Your liearts I'll stamp out with my horse's heels,
" And make a quagmire of your mingled brains."
The word Pussel, according to Mr. Toilet means " A dirty wench, or
"a drab, from Puzza, i. e. Malus Foetor, says Minsheu," where let
us mark in Fcetor, a kindred term. — Byas with its parallels Biaise,
BiECO, (Fr. Ital.) seems to relate to a Downward tendency, as to the
Base part or Ground.
The Etymologists derive Vassal, ("qui Gallice Vassi seu Passales
" dicuntur.") from the Gothic Fad, and Scale, Minister, as in Mare-
Schallus ; but whether the Sal in Vassal has this sense, or whether
the L be only an organical addition, I cannot decide. The Greek
Basilcms, (Bao-tAeys, Rex,) may perhaps belong to this word Vassal,
as denoting a person, who is Governour under a Superior Lord. In
Scotch Vassalage, IVasselage, means, says Dr. Jameson, " Any great
" achievement. — Fortitude, Valour," where the good sense of the word
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 41
is used. Ruddiman has given the same origin of the term, which 1
have proposed, and has observed, that hence Miles and Knight came
to be titles of honour. The Knight is acknowledged to be the Knecht,
the Servant, Attendant, or Soldier, serving under a superior Warrior :
General Vallancey has compared the Greek Basilcms, (Bao-tAey?,) with
the Irish Basal, Judex. — If it belongs to this term, the Greek word
must be referred to the same fundamental idea attached to our Element,
though after a different process. — In Mr. Shaw's Irish and Galic
Dictionary, we have Bassoil, a Vassal; and Basal, Judgment; in the
same column of whose Dictionary and the adjoining one I find Bas,
Death; Bath, "Slaughter, death, murder," and BAXHa/w, "To drown,
" die, perish, to faint." We may here see, that the idea of Drowning
or of Water belongs to the Low, Watery, Pudgy Spot, and that the
sense of Death, Fainting, &c. is derived from the metaphor of being
Laid low, or down, in a state of Decay, Dissolution, &c. In such
a case we cannot separate these ideas from each other. The sense of
Judgement in the Celtic Basal is probably derived from the idea of
Death, pronounced against a Criminal ; but on this point the Celtic
Scholar must decide. It has been imagined that Varlet, (Eng.) Falet,
Valetto, (Fr. Ital.) were quasi Yxdetti, or Vassal«^//, the Sons of
Vassals, which may perhaps be the case. It has been likewise supposed,
that Vavasour, sometimes written Falvasour, is quasi Vas-Vasour. What-
ever may be the first part in this word, we see in VASo«r, the second
part, our Elementary character distinct.
The Latin word oBedw, with its derivatives, Oheir, (Fr.) Obey,
Obedient, &c. (Eng.) in some of which the second letter of the Radical
is lost, is not derived from Ob and yludio, but appears in its true form
Bed, as denoting the Lowly and Submissive action. — In Arabic Sis.
aBED means a "Servant, Slave," and it signifies likewise "Blushing,
" ashamed, penitent," or as Mr. Richardson explains the word, under
the substantive form, aBEoet, B\SHfulness, and this substantive contains
another sense of the Element, " Fatwcss." The word for a Servant
appears under various forms in Arabic jUc Ybad, jjjlc Abid, Sec. &c.
In Hebrew 12^ ABD signifies, "To serve, labour, work. — To serve,
F
43
B,F,P,V, W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
"be Obedient to another man as a Servant," says Mr. Parkhurst.
It is particularly applied, says Taylor, " to labouring in the Earth, or
" to the tilling of it." — INfr. Parkhurst understands the relation of the
Latin Ohedio, and its derivatives to this Hebrew word. In Hesychius
we find Bouse, a Female Slave, (Boy<r>/, Aoi^A*;,) where the Critics
refer us to another word in this Lexicographer, Abovtou, Slavery,
a term used by the Argives, (A/3oi/Tor, Tr,v ^ouXeiav Apyeioi.) The
word recorded by Hesychius may perhaps be considered, directly as
Egyptian. In this Language Boki is Ancilla, and Bok, Aoi/Aos, Servus,
and that these words are taken from the idea, which 1 suppose will
be manifest from the terms, which appear in the same column of my
-Egyptian Lexicon, published by Woide, Bot, Bout, Abominandum,
BBeXvy/j-a, where we see the idea of what is Vile or Base ; and here
let us note the BD in the explanatory term BDelugina from BDco,
(BSeAvYyua, Abominatio, BBew, Pedo, flatum ventris emitto, Fceteo, Puteo,)
having the same force, which is again visible in the Ped, Fcet, Put,
of the Latin words, produced by the Lexicographers. In the Dialect
of Boeotia, BxiDiunen means ' To Plough,' and Bochart compares this
term with the Hebrew word, which I have just produced ; — " Baihvjxtiv,
" aporpiav Boiwror Et Kpiade/uLtiv 'yevvav Boiwrta 3e »/ Ae^ts. Utrumque
" in Hesychio. Boeotica haec duo aTrape/ncpaTa simul confero, quia sunt
" similis formae, Bai^ufxtiv, vel BaiBvfxev potius est ex BaiBvw, ut Kpiaoe/meu
" ex Kpiadew. Porro Baidvu) est Hebr. 13;/ Abad. Utrumque est
"■ colore terram," (^Geograph. Sac. Chan. Lib. I. c. 17.) — To the Arabic
and Hebrew words signifying ' To serve,' are acknowledged to belong
the names ABD-Jllah, the Servant of God, Obed, Obadiah, &c. &c.
The following words might belong to the idea of the Inferior Spot,
or station, unless we should imagine that they are to be referred to
such words as Push, &c. under the sense of Fvsuing, or Pressing upon
in the different actions of AtfachmeJit and Annoyance, as Post, Postc«,
PosTcrior, with the acknowledged derivatives Puis, (Fr.) which has
the same form as Puis, " A "Well, a Draw Well, a Pit," says Cotgrave,
Pues, (Span.) Poi, (Ital.) where the second letter of the Radical is lost,
the Greek oPiso, &c. (Owia-w, Retrorsum, retro, &c. Post, Postea, &c.)
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 43
oPedco, oPadco, oPazo, &c. (Ottj/Scw, OTraSew, Comitor, OTra^w, Persequor,
sequi jubeo, comitem do, &c.) the English oFt, aFxer, the Saxon
ceFrer, &c. The nautical terms Aft and Jbaff seem to be justly
referred to the preposition Jft^^- Yet I do not understand the precise
force of the compound Abaft, and there is some ditficulty in these
words which cannot be unfolded, tiU the Element ''B, *F, shall be
examined. The term Back would appear to signify the Hinder, or
Inferior part, but here again some ditBculty occurs, which will be more
manifest, when it is compared with other words. Perhaps the original
idea annexed to the Greek oPis, oYizomai, {Otti^, Ultio, vindicta divina,
Cura, consideratio, respectus, OTri^ofxai, Curo, revereor, Caveo, Rependo,
ulciscor,) may be that of Following, either for the purposes of Respect,
or Revenge. The name of Diana oiiPn, (Oi/ttjs, Upis, Dianae epith.
Callim. Dian. 201.) might be referred to this Race of words as denoting
the Folloiuer, or Chaser of Wild Beasts, or the Radical might be Oup,
and refer to the Noise or Hoop made in hunting. — In oPikos, (Otti/cos,
Opiciis, deformis, sordidus, immundus,) we see the true idea of Dirt,
Filth, &c. In Chaldee, inn BTR signifies After, and in the Arabic
jkjy Bad means " After, Afterwards,'' says Mr. Richardson. The origin,
from which this Arabic word is derived, will be manifest from the
next term in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, under the same form jmj
Baid, Baad, Buad, &c. signifying "Little, mean. Vile. Any thing
" in which there is little Good ;" which brings us directly to Base and
Bad. The term likewise means " Perishing, Death," which brings us
to the Celtic Bath, and Bas. The succeeding term is BADa«, Afterwards,
Budan leha. Evil be to thee. In the same column we have Baat,
Turpitude, and in the same opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary
I find Bet?'/?, ^ " Low lying. Muddy Grounds,'' and Beten Joj Low
Ground, which I have before produced. In Mr. Richardson's Dictionary
j\) Baz, and ,^ Pes are produced as the appropriate terms for After.
The term Baz jU answers to our word Back, in the sense of Back
again. Sometimes these Persian words are both used on the same
occasion, as " Bas, Pes riften ^j ^^^ jb To go £acA'ward," I must
leave the Persian Scholars to adjust the various senses belonging to
F 2
ii B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,J, K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| /,m,7i,r.
the term Baz jb ; yet, I see in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary an adjacent
word, where we are directly brought to a sense, belonging to our
Element, as j]j\j Yxzar, A Peasant's " Shoe made of raw leather, or the
" bark of a tree. — Any kind of bandages, wrapt round the Feet."
Perhaps the Eastern word j\j\i BAZor, the Market-place, which is the
preceding term to this in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, may mean the
Place trodden by the Feet. — We cannot but note, how Trade belongs
to Tread, under some idea ; and the term Traffic,' we know, whatever
be the race of words, to which it is attached, applies itself to a similar
idea, ' There is much Traffic on the Road.' — One sense of the word
Baz, j\i Back again, is a " Falcon, hawk," and that this word is by some
process attached to the Ground, will be manifest from its derivative
jbjb ^xzyar which not only means a " Falconer, Fowler," but likewise,
" a Labourer, Plowman, Farmer.'" In the same column of Mr. Richard-
son's Dictionary I see Baze, A Fatho/w, &c. where we have the sense
of the Low-sinking in Spot, or Matter, and Vxzeher Treacle, where
we perceive the idea of Pudge Matter ; — FAzshawe, " A Wart, a knob,
and an excrescence," where we again see the idea of the Swelling out.
Pudge matter, or as we express it, the Push, or Boil, Yusning out or
up, — Bazi, "Play, Sport: — One falcon. — A little sphere, or globe,"
Bazij, " Little globes, or things similar, suspended above infants' cradles
"for their, amusemetit,'' from whence it will be understood, that the
sense of Play, Sport, which appears in Persian under the form BZ.
BAziden, To play, &c. is derived from the idea of the Ball, or Swelling
Lump. In the same side or page of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary is
the verb, B\zushten, " To curl, twist, plait, to sew in plaits, to hem,"
which means to form into a Lump, and Bxzname, burden, "To dart,
" to throw ; To Boast,'' which means To Push out, at, about, up. To
throw about, or at, and ' To Swell up,' where let us note in the
explanatory word Boast, a kindred term, belonging to Boss, Bog,
&c. &c.
In the next column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary to that, in which
j^ Pes is found, I perceive Pest c>— j which signifies, " Humble,
" Depressed, low, abject, mean, Base, vile," where let us note the kindred
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 45
term Base, and we find likewise, as an adjacent term yLj Pester,
" FosTcrior, latter." I likewise see -^^ Besci'i, " Depravity, wicked-
ness." In- the same leaf we have j^ Bezc/'^ Downward, adjacent to
which are various words, which I produce on another occasion, fully
impregnated with the Elementary sense. There is one Persian term
BEzegh cjj signifying "A dam, a pond, or any piece of water
" confined by dikes and mounds," where we are directly brought to
the original idea of the Bog Spot. In Persian ^s^Jij Pusht means " the
" Back, shoulders, loins," and it likewise signifies "A support, prop."
When similar ideas are entangled with each other, we find ourselves
embarrassed in deciding, to what peculiar notion a term should be
referred. We here see, that the Back is connected with the sense
of Support, and the Back might certainly have been derived from the
action of Cary^ying, or Supporting, and not from that of the Bosterior
part. — The English Back occurs in various Languages, Bag, B^c, (Sax.)
Bag, (Dan.) Back, (Isl. Belg.) Bach, (Germ.) &c. &c., and if we
say, that Back is derived from the idea of the Supporting Base, we
have at once the sense of the Back, or PosxeWor part, with the notion
of Support added. When different senses of the Element are entangled
with each other, it is sometimes impossible to decide on the peculiar
notion, from which a term is derived. I shall examine Back in another
place, where we shall see it involved with terms, which signify 'To
' Rise or Swell up,' from the idea of the Swelling Lump ; and
this might have been the original notion. It will, however, be enough
for us to shew, that the term belongs to the spot, supposed in my
Hypothesis, the Pudge Spot, or Matter, and when this is manifest,
we shall not wonder, that these ideas are involved with each other.
In the same opening of Wachter's Dictionary, where Back, Tergum,
occurs, we have Bach, " Rivus, parvum fluentum," and Backe, " Collis,
" tumulus," where we have the Bog Spot, and the Lump; and Backe,
" Gena, mala," which means the Swelling out object. — In the same
opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, where the above Persian words
are found, I perceive the Arabic ^j>^^ Pesin, " Posterior, last, the
" newest."
46 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,a,S,T,X,Y,Z.| l,m,n,r.
1 shall here produce some Persian terms, which relate to the sense
of Base, Bad, Bawdy, &c. in their metaphorical sense of Vile, as derived
according to my hypothesis from the Loiv, Foul, Spot. Thus jo Bad,
or Bed means " Bad, wicked." — In the same column of Mr. Richardson's
Dictionary we have \si Beda, (Pers.) " Wickedness, obscenity, improper,
" wicked, profane, or obscene discourse," — jj PD for ob Pad, "A guard,
guardian alij^j FAVsIiaic, "An emperor, or great king, as being the
"protector of his people," and the Arabic |jo Bedi, "Beginning,"
which meant probably the Base or Foundation. AMience the sense
of a Guardian annexed to the Persian word is derived, I cannot decide,
yet Mr. Richardson in another place explains Pad jIj thus, " (Prefixed
" to a noun.) i. Carrying off, hindering, preventing. 2. Driving, forcing,
" impelling. 3. Curing, healing." The sense of Driving brings us
to terms of Violence Pash, Push, &c. which is probably the original
idea. — Words, denoting Beings of power, are commonly derived from
the notion of Hurting, Injuring, &c. though they are afterwards apphed
to other actions of might, in which the sense of doing good, of Guarding,
Preserving, &c. &c. appears. — In Arabic too I find ja Bezz, denoting
" Conquering, Victory, Bad," where we see, how Power is united with
"what is Bad, Wicked, &c. the succeeding words to which are Jo Beza,
" Hating, abhorring, detesting, despising, undervaluing, treating with
" contempt. Obscene, impudent ;" J!Jo Bezos, " Being in a Bad state,
" or habit. Becoming old, worn, and nasty," and in the next column
I see i^jj Bezi, " Impudent, obscene, immodest (particularly in speech)
" Despised, Hated," &c. There is a Persian compound, which in both
its parts corresponds with two English words, as BAD-Nam »\}^
" Having a BAD-Name, infamous." Mr. Richardson observes, that
in the Arabic Language, " the verbs of Praise are two," and that there
are two likewise "of censure, or abhorrence, as j*«jo" Bis "is Bad,
"horrible,'' &c. &c. {Grammar, p. IQS.) This will point out to us the
familiarity of the word, and we shall be reminded likewise of the Latin
Bat, which R. Ainsworth says, is " A word of reproving, as Tusk,
" Pshaw, Pish ;" where let us note the kindred English terms PisH,
" Pshaw, quasi Pishaw."
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOITOM, &c. 47
I have conjectured, that the Byse Tribe among the Hindoos means
the Base or Low Tribe. In the Hindoostanee Dialects I find Pit, the
Bach, and in the same page of Lebeditl"s Grammar, (p. 70,) we have
Par-FATa, "the Sole, apart under the Foot." Mr. Hadley represents
the Back and B4CK?rrr/v/ by Peete and Peachev, which, however, may
be derived from the Persian. Tlie same writer produces ByT/um as
the appropriate term for Sit down, and in describing the mode, in which
the Elephant is managed by the staff of his rider, he observes, that
when the animal is To lie down, " it is thrust in a perpendicular direction,
" the rider crying out Bheit, Bheit." {Dialog, p. -14.) In the Dialect
of the Gipsies, VadcI means, differ, Besh, Down, Besh^c s'o ham, the
sun is set, or down; — Besh tche, Sit down; Okhis scammin, Besh-Posiie
mandce. There's a chair, ' Sit dow}i by me,' where we see in Besh,
and PosHE, the Element used in different forms to express the congenial
ideas conveyed by the verb and adverb, Sit and Down. Let us likewise
note in Okhis and Scamrnin, the Greek Ekei, (EKei,) and the Latin
Scamnum. In Gipsey, Vassave means, Base or Bad, as " Vassave Chih,
" a Bad Tongue, or Bad spoken person," and I have already observed,
that in Sanskrit Vasa Deva is ' the Goddess of the Earth,' where we
are brought to the spot, from which all these terms are derived.
In the Hebrew Language the sense of the Element BS, &c. is most
manifest and unequivocal. It abounds with words, denoting Scattering,
Dispersing, Breaking, &c. corresponding with Pash, &c. and it contains
likewise other senses of the Element. We must always remember
in this Language the term i(1 BZ, which means " Soft Mud, or Mire,''
and to this idea the senses of the other words should be referred. In
this Language D3 BS means "To trample upon, tread under Foot; '
where Mr. Parkhurst records, as parallel terms, Bas, Baisser, Abaisser,
(Fr.) Base, Abase, (Eng.) The next term in this writer's Lexicon is
"103 BSR, which means as a noun in Hebrew, "An unripe Grape,"
and as a verb in Chaldee and Syriac, "To despise, contemn," from which
idea he supposes the sense of the Grape to be derived ; though the word
might denote this Fruit, under the notion of what is Trodden down, in order
to express the juice from it. The succeeding terms have for the second
48
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
letter V, which has sometimes the power of G, and sometimes that of
h, as "IJ/a BGR, which, as an Hebrew particle, " always exhibits the same
" notion as the Latin Post, After, Behind, and imports the Back, or Hinder
''termination of a thing," says our author; — T\V'2. BGH, "■To Swell,
"Swell up or out, i. e. To Bag out, as we express it, where we have
"another familiar sense of the Element," and as a noun this word
denotes " Pushes, or Pustules," where we see two kindred terms.
In Chaldee the word signifies "To seek, ask, &c. which is nothing but
" To Push for any thing," as in Peto, Posco, (Lat.) &c.— D;;n BGT,
To Rich up ; — hV^ BHL, " To take possession," — Baal, the Ruler, which
belongs probably to the Element BL ; "i;^3 BHR, To clear off, take
clean away, which belong to the Element BR, and must be referred
to another Hebrew word 12 BR, with a similar meaning, where the
true form appears. Mr. Parkhurst justly sees, that our English term
Bare belongs to it. — T\]31 BGT, "To disturb, affright," which belongs
to words of terror, BuG-JBear, &c. &c. which will be produced on a
future occasion. The next word, which follows in Mr. Parkhurst's
Lexicon, is the term just produced, 1(1 BZ, Soft Mud, or Mire. Again,
in Hebrew tt'n BS, U^^l BSS, signifies, "To flag, fail, grow flaccid,
" spiritless, or inactive, be confounded,'' " To flag very much, loiter,
" delay. — To flag through shame, be abashed, or ashamed of oneself,
" to be quite confounded," to which Mr. Parkhurst has referred Bash/m/,
Abash. — This term is applied in the following passage, " And they
" were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not Ashamed,"
or, as it might have been " were not aBAsne^," i:i*ti'*2r\'' X? la it BSS?/.
Mr. Parkhurst has observed, that as a noun mE'^ihi means the Pudenda,
and we shall now see, that the Pud in Vxaoenda, &c. belongs to the
same idea of Pudge, what is Vile, Shameful, &c.
That the idea of Flagging, Faititing, &c. belongs to the Base, or
Pudge spot, will be manifest from the Welsh Bas, , which Mr. Richards
has explained by "A swoon, a qualm, a fainting fit." Under the same
form we have Bas, " A shallow, not deep," which the Lexicographers
have justly referred to Batuus, (Badvs.^ Mr. Owen explains Basu by
" To render shallow, to fall, or Lower." 1 see as an adjacent word
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 49
Bxsoarz, sometime written Bastardd, " ^Yhat is of Base growth," a
BASTflrrc?. We cannot, I think, doubt, that the English term Bastard,
and the Welsh word directly belong to each other ; and all will agree,
that the Bas in both of these words must be referred to the Low-Base
Spot. Yet on the second part of this compound Aid, or Tard, Darz,
some difficulty may arise. If we conceive the composition to be of
Teutonic origin, then w-e should say, that the Ard meant Nature, as
in ' Dvunk-ArdJ &c. but if it be of Celtic origin, we must accord
with the derivation of the Welsh Etymologists, who consider the second
part to be their term Tarz, or Tard, ' Springing, budding,' &c. Adjacent
to these words in the Welsh Dictionaries I see Bawdd, Drowning,
referred by Mr. Richards to Boddi, a term of the same meaning,
which he compares with the parallels Beyddi, or Beuzi, (Arm.) Bathain,
(Ir.) &c. Here we have the Base or Low Spot, connected with the
Watery or Pudge Spot. In Mr. Owen's Dictionary I see " Baw^\iz,
"Dirty, mean, or vile, sordid," and Bawdy, "A necessary house;"
an adjacent terra to which, is Baw, " Dirt, mire, excrement," where
we see a form, in which the second Consonant of the Radical does
not appear. It would be idle to enquire, which should be considered,
as the original form ; since this question does not disturb the facts,
which I detail respecting the form BD, &c. In Irish, Bas means Death,
and the adjacent terms to this in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary are Bath,
" Slaughter, Death, murder," — Bath, Drowning, and Bathotw, To
" Drown, die, perish, faint," where we see how Fainting and Death
are connected with the Pudge, or IVatery Spot. An adjacent term
is Bassoile, Vassal, which I have produced with these words, in a
former page. — Again, Bos means in Irish, "Certain, abject, mean, low,''
as Mr. Shaw has explained it. General Vallancey has compared the
Irish Bas with the " Arabic jjj& heBxz, mortuus fuit, (^Pocock, C. T.)
"jVl «Bbaz, sudden Death, (R.) j^jj Vaz-Vaz, Death, (R.)" (Speci-
men of Irish Diet.) In an Arabic word the various ideas, which I
suppose in my hypothesis, are combined. The word jju Bad as repre-
sented in different forms by Mr. Richardson, means Baed, Perishing ; —
Bud, Death; — Baad, '^Little, mean, t)i/e;" — Buad, "Any thing, in
G
50
B,F,P,V,W.| C.D,G,J,R,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
" which there is little good;" where the same word, under different dia-
critical marks, or vowels, comprehends the senses of the Celtic Bas, &c.
and the Enghsh Base, Bad, &c.
The German Feig means " Faint-hearted, heartless, timorous, shy,
" dejected, daunted, cowardly," which will remind us of the English
Fag, ' To be Fagged down to death,' Wachter explains it in one sense
by Paucus, and he has justly compared with it the term Paucms itself,
which he considers as parallel to the' terms. Few, (Eng.) Foi, (Alman.)
Peu, (Fr.) &c. &c., remarking likewise, that Feig, in the sense of
Vilis, corresponds to the use of the term in Italian, Huomo da Poco,
Homo iiihili. It means too Moribundus, and this is the sense of the
Saxon F^GE, which Hickes explains by " Moribundus, morti appro-
" pinquans, ad moriendum destinatus ac expositus fatis, cui extrema
" Parcfe jam nunc fila legunt. Cimbrice Feigur." (Grammat, Anglo.
Sax. p. 114.) Wachter has referred us to this passage, with his usual
diligence ; though he has not seen, how the German Feig connects
it with the terms, which appear in the same opening of his Lexicon,
as Feige, verber, which, as I shall shew, means ' To Pash, as with
' PiTDGE matter,' and Vegcu, Purgare, which means ' To Pudge off,
' or, To remove Pudge,' as will be evident from its corresponding term
in English, Fey, or, Feigh, ' To Feigh a Po?id.' I see likewise Feige,
Ficus, which means the Pudgy stuff. Swelling out, &c. In Hebrew
32 PG means "To Fail, Faint," and hence says Mr. Parkhurst, the
English " To Fag, Fag-end.'' This word likewise means " The first
" young Figs, which shoot forth in the spring," and which, as he
says, " d7'op as soon as they are ripe." If this Hebrew term for a
Fig directly belongs to the words for the same species of fruit in
other Languages, it must be referred to the idea, which I have proposed.
In the same page of his Lexicon I see IJD PGR, "To Faint, loose one's
"strength or activity," which occurs in two passages, where Montanus,
says our Lexicographer, " preserving the Latin derivatives from the
" Hebrew, renders it Pigrescebant, Pigri fuerant." As a noun this Hebrew
word means " A dead inactive carcase, whether of man or beast."
Mr. Parkhurst derives from this word our term Badger, " from his
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 51
" idleness," which is not, I imagine, the true idea. The sense of a
Carcase is that of the Cimbric Feigur, just produced from Hickes, who
records the following passage in the fo/uspa immediately after the
above quotation, " Fill est liami jiorve Feigra manna, Saturatur vita
*' expirantium hominum." The adjacent terms to this Hebrew word
are m^ PGS, To meet, I^JS PGH, To meet, &c.— To meet with, or
light upon another, in a bad sense, or with force and violence, to rush or fall
upon, to which Mr. Parkhurst refers Fight. These terms mean, To
Push against, upon, &c. with various degrees of force, &c. The pre-
ceding term to these is '7JD PGL, " To Pollute, defile," where we
are brought to the true idea. I see other terms adjacent to these
under the form ID PD, signifying, ' To Pash about, or to be in a
' Pashed separated state,' with some degree of violence annexed to
the action, which will be considered in another place ; though I might
here produce the following TD PD, which "in Syriac signifies, To Fail,
" in Arabic, 2b Die, and in the fourth conjugation answering to Hebrew
" Hiphil, To destroy, put to Death:'—" As a n in Hebrew Ts5," PID,
" Destruction, calamity," to which Mr. Parkhurst has referred the
English and French Fade. — 11^ PDR, the Fat, in Hebrew, where it
directly m^ans Pudge matter, but in Arabic it signifies, as a verb,
" To Fail, or faint through languor,'' where we have the metaphorical
sense, according to my hypothesis. The Latin Piger has the form
PGR, as in the Runic Feigur, and the Hebrew "IJD PGR; yet in Pigeo,
we have the form PG.
In the same page of Robert Ainsworth's Vocabulary, where these
Latin words occur, we have terms, which bring us to the same idea ;
such as PiGwero, To Pawn, which means ' To Put, or Pudge down,'
PicT«s, Painted, i. e. the Fudged, or Daiuhcd over surface, and Yiceus,
made of Pitch, Picor, To be ViTcned, or Dawbed over, where we
unequivocally see Pudge matter. I perceive likewise Pius, Pietas,
which bring us to Pity, Pit/c, (Fr.) &c. and these terms denote, as
I imagine, in their original idea, ' What is of a File, Low abject, nature,'
A FiTiful Fellow, state, &c. The terms in French, with which ViTie
is surrounded, direct us to this idea. In the same page of my French
g 2
52
B,F,P,Y,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Dictionary, where this word is, I find the following terms, PiXTflnce,
a File, small piece of any thing, Viraud, " A clownish Fellow," Pis,
'"Worse," Pis, " Udder, dugs, breast," which may either mean the Loiv-
Hanging dow7i part of animals, or the swelling out part, Pisser, and
ViTiiife, Phlegm, in which words we are unequivocally brought to File,
Pash, or Pudge Matter. I see the adjacent term Pitow, which I must
leave the French Etymologists to refer to the Radical idea, though
perhaps it means the Little object. Ring, nail, &c. In Martinius we
find adjacent to Pioeo, The terms Pige, "Graece dicitur depressum,
" Vet. Vocab. An eo respicit, quod Ylvytj est e^pa, Kadicrima ? Hesych.
" UvYfxaTov, ea^yoLTOv, id alioqui riiz/iaTor," et YiGella, " Artopta,
"genus vasis, — Dicitur a Pige, quia depressa est;" though others
derive it from BACKew, To Bake. Unless the original idea could be
ascertained ; we know not, to which of the Elementary senses such
terms should be referred. ViGclla, however, must probably be referred
to the names of Vessels, which will be examined in another place.
In Arabic cjU Fat means " Fate, Death," and an adjoining word
is jM Fater, " Weak, languid, remiss," as Mr. Richardson explains
them ; in the same column of whose Dictionary I see jLsJi Fahysh,
«' Shameful, Base, mean, dishonest, wicked, obscene, impudent." In
the succeeding column we have Fadir jjU " Languid." " Ineundi potentia
" defectus per nimii coitus causam." Let us mark the explanatory^ word
Fate, Fatmw, (Lat.) which might be referred to the same idea, though
the Etymologists may be right, when they conceive it to be " id quod
" Fatum, vel Dictum est." Again, in Arabic, pED/r ^a- means " Foolish. —
" Easily broken, (Wood.) Fed?;'. Languid, impotent (ex nimio con-
" gressu.)" In the same Language Fawt, c^ji is "Death." — Fawd
jjj " Death, dying," and Fawak jlji " A sigh, sighing, sobbing, the
"last breathing of a dying person. — Fainting, swooning," all which
words occur in the same column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionar}% and
in the succeeding column we have other words, under the same Element,
bearing a similar meaning, as by Fawz, " Death, giving up the ghost."
In the same leaf of this Dictionary, I see Feid jjo " Dying. — Saffron. —
" ^loistening, macerating, diluting, Saffron and other aromatics," wherein
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 53
the sense of macerating, we are brought to the idea of reducing to a
Pudge state; ,^^ Feiz, "Plenty, abundance. — Dying, expiring," &c.
where these meanings, apparently so different, are reconciled under my
hypothesis of Pudge, in a state of prolific moisture, dissolution, &c.
FuTUz, " Dying, Death," to which I see an adjacent Persian word
Feye <ui " a shovel for Mud," &c. These words from the Arabic
Language will be sufficient to shew us one vein of meaning, which is
attached to our Element, in that form of Speech.
The sense of Foolish will bring us to the French term Fat, " A silly,
" conceited man," and the Italian Pazzo, which John Florio explains
by " A Fool, a Patch, a Mad-man," which will shew the commentators
on Shakspeare, that Patch, which occurs frequently in that Poet,
("A Crew of Patches, rude mechanicals," &c. &c.) is not taken from
the name of Cardinal Wolsey's Fool, as Mr. Warton supposes, or from
the Patched, or Pyed coats worn by Fools, as Mr. Steevens thinks,
but that it belongs to the Italian term, as Mr. Tyrwhit supposes.
Perhaps we should not say, that Patch is derived from the Italian
Pazzo, or is a corruption of it, as Mr. Tyrwhit expresses it, but that
it belongs to our own language, and is a parallel term to this Italian
word. — Mr. Warton has justly remarked that Ooss-Patch is still used
for a "Perverse, ill-natured Fool," which is, I think, too colloquial,
for a direct Italian derivation. I shew in another place, that Patch,
belonging to the Garment, is the coarse Lumpy, Pudge addition ; and
thus Patch, the Lump of a Fool, is nothing but another application
of the same term. In the same page of John Florio's Dictionary,
where Pazzo is, I see Patta, " Accord, covenant," &c. which belongs
to the Latin Pactw;;?, the com-Vxcr, which I shew in another place
to be derived from the idea of something co?7i-VvDGed, if I may so say,
or something made up into a Lump or Mass, but the succeeding word
in John Florio directly brings us to the idea of Diri, and decides on
my hypothesis, " VxTacchiar^e, To besmear, to bedaub, to bcspaule,
" to beblurr, to beslaver." In the preceding leaf of John Florio, we
have " Pasta grossa. Coarse Paste, also a gross-Pated or shallow-witted
" Fellow," where we have the metaphorical sense of Pazzo, as supposed
54 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
in my hypothesis. No one can doubt that Paste belongs to such
words as Pudge. The next term to the French Fat in their Dictionaries
is Fata/, where we still might be led to think, that Fat in both these
words had the same meaning, but in the adjacent term Yxrique,
" Fatique, Weariness, toil, labour," we certainly see the same metaphor
as in Fat, and in FATras, " Trash, rubbish, paltry stuff, things of no
" value," we are unequivocally brought to the original idea of Pudge,
or Dirt matter.
SECT. II.
B, F, &c.| C, D, &c.| /, &c.
Terms, signifying Bog, or Pudge matter, as BOG, PUDGE, &c.
What is of a Bog or Pudge kind, form or consistency, as Botch,
Batch, Paste, Pudding, &c. &c. — Terms which relate to Pudge
matter, as more particularly expressing, the Marshy Spot, Watery matter,
or Water in general, as Boda, (Russ.) Bedu, (BeSi/, vlwp ^pvye?,) Wash,
Water, Udor, {Yhwp,) &c. &c. — Terms derived from the idea of what
is of a Pudge consistency, or of a Plastic nature, which relate to Form,
Figure, Shape, &c, as Poti'er, (Eng.) Facio, Figulus, Figura, (Lat.)
Figure, (Eng. Fr.) &c. &c.
56
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,aS,T,X,Z.f l,m,n,r.
1 ERMS expressing Bog, or Pudge matter, and what is of a Bog or
Pudge kind, form, or consistency.
Bog, Pudge, Puddle, (Eng.)
Vase, (Fr.) Mud.
BZ, (Heb.) Soft Mud.
Batch of bread, (Eng.)
Battek, (Eng.)
Pattuma, (Ital.) Dirt.
Paste, Pate, &c. &c. (Eng. Fr.)
Botch, Pock, &c. (Eng.) The Swelling,
Sore, &c.
Pottage, Horfge-PoDCE, (Eng.)
sPoGGos, (Gr.) the Spungy Substance.
Posset, (Eng.)
Pith, Putty, (Eng.)
Pus, PlTUITA, (Lat.)
Ptuo, (Gr.) To sPit.
Pudding, (Eng.)
&c. &c. &.C.
In this Second Section I shall consider that Race of words under
our Elementary Character B, F, &c. ^ C, D, &c. which express Bog
or Pudge matter, as BOG, PUDGE, &c. or what is of a Bog, or
Pudge kind, form, or consistency, as Botch, Batch, Paste, Pudding,
&c. This enquiry will occupy a separate Article, which will appear
first in the present Section. In the next Article I shall detail those
terms, which express Pudge Matter, as more particularly relating to
the Boggy, Marshy, or JFatery Spot, or JVater in general, as Boda,
(Russ.) Bedu, (BeSi/, vloyp (ppvye^.^ Wash, Water, Udor, (YBwp.')
In the succeeding Article I shall detail those terms, which are derived
from the idea of Pudge, or Clay Matter, when considered as of a Plastic
nature, and which relate to Form, Figure, Shape, &c. as Potter, (Lat.)
Facio, Figulus, Figura, (Lat.) Figure, (Eng. Fr.) &c. &c.
I shall now proceed to the Enquiry, which I have destined for the
First Article, in which I propose to detail those terms, which express
Bog or Pudge Matter, as likewise what is of a Bog or Pudge kind,
form, or consistency. Among the terms, which convey this train of
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 57
ideas, we must class the following. Bog, (Eng.) which amidst various
attempts at derivation has been justly referred to the German Boden,
and the Irish Bog, which more directly belong to it. — Buggle, (Scotch.)
" A Bog, Morass," which brings us to the form of the English Boggle, —
Pudge, Puddle, &c. &c. — Pattume, (Ital.) Dirt. — Vase, (Fr.) Mud. —
Pfutze, (Germ.) A Paddle, Bog, &c. — Pit, Pvtcks, Puteal/s, Sec. &c.
(Eng. Lat.) &c. — Pot, (Scotch,) contains the different turns of meaning
in this Race of words, as it signifies " A Pit, Dungeon. — A Pond full
" of water, a Pool or deep place in a river. A Moss-hole from whence
" Peats have been dug," where Dr. Jamieson has referred us to the
combination of kindred terms Pete-Pot, "A Hole out of which Peats
" have been dug," under which he has duly recorded the terms cor-
responding with Pit, as the Teutonic Put, " Lacus, locus Palustris,''
&c. &c. The preceding article to this is Pet, Pettle, " To fondle,
** to indulge, to treat as a Pet," where the only difficulty is to decide
on the original turn of meaning, belonging to the same fundamental
notion. I shew, in another place, that terms denoting Little, are
derived from the idea of the minute Piece, or Lump of Dirt, and such
may be the signification of Pet. Yet the sense of Fondling seems to
bring us to the idea of Soft matter, and not of what is Small. The suc-
ceeding word to Pot in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary is l^orard, occurring
in a work, of which some copies read, Dotard. — Here Pot means Soft,
and we see how *To Pet,' To Fondle may belong to it, just as Fojid,
{" Foolish Fond old man,") belongs to Fondle. — Bog, (Ir.) Soft,
penetrable, to which General Vallancey has justly referred the Algonkin
term Bogo, Soft, (^Essay on Celt. Lang.) BoGac/?, Boclach, (Ir.)
"A Marsh, Moor, Bog, Swamp." — BoTuach, (Ir.) A Fen, or Bog;
FoTHUclt; (Gal.) a Lake. — Boidhlia, (Ir.) Puddle. — BAKoias, (BaKoia^,
n>?/\os, Hesych.) Alud, Clay, &c. I see adjacent to this word in
Hesychius Bako«, a Cretan word for Falling; corresponding with Pesow,
(BuKou, ritcroi', KjO>jTes,) and wc shall all understand, how the idea of
SHp/)ing and Falling bring us to Mud, and I shall shew in a future
Volume, that Labi, (Lat.) belongs to sLip, sLinie, Limus, &c. I see,
moreover in Hesychius BxKoa for BxTiiron, a Step, and Bakchoa for
H
58 B,F,P,V,W.} C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ^ l,m,n,r.
BoTHros, A Ditch, (BaKoa, 'QuQpov. — BuKXoav, Bodpov AtoAeiS.) —
Bezzle, cwBezzle, To Swallow up as in a Puddle, — Boggle, or
Bog Spot. The term Joro belongs to Vorago for the same reason,
Johnson explains c/^Bezzle by, ' To SwAhloiv up in riot.' The term
Sivalloiv has a similar origin and meaning, as referred to the Radical
SL, GL. It means in one sense what ^wzBezzle does, as Johnson
explains it by, " To engross, to appropriate, often with up emphatical,"
and in another sense he explains it by, " To absorb, to take in ; to sink
" in any ahyss, to i?/GULPH, with tip," as in Milton, " In Bogs,
" Sivalloivd up and lost."—" f 2 BZ," (Heb.) " Soft mire.— As a n.
" p3" BUZ, " Byss«/5, of which very fine white garments, like linen,
" were made," where we see, how a term denoting Fine garments is
derived from Mud, whether as referred to the Soft, Fine substance,
when it is formed into cloth, or as referring, as Mr. Parkhurst appears
to suppose, to the Soft dotvny " substance formed in the inside of the
" pods of the shrub." I see an adjacent term to this pV3 BZK, " To
" be made Soft by moistening. — As a n. Meal moistened with water,
" Paste, or Dough unleavened," where let us mark a kindred term
Paste. In Arabic, says our Author, the word signifies to Spit, " Spuit,
" Sputavit,'' where let us again note in sPit, sPuto, other kindred
terms. — Batch- CwAe, Batch of Bread, in which latter application it
refers to a certain quantity of Batch, or Dough matter, put into the
oven at once. The succeeding words to this term in Nathan Bailey
are, "To Bate, To oBate, which belongs to the idea of Lowering,''
derived from the Base or Low Spot, and Bate, The texture "of wood,"
which means the Matter of Wood. The next word is "To Bate,"
a term in Falconry, which refers to the fluttering, or Beat/w^ of a
Hawk's wings. — Batter, " A mixture of water, flour, eggs, &c. to
" make Pancakes," which the Etymologists derive from Battre,
" because it is always well BEATe/? together." This may be the fact,
and if it be so, it is but a step removed from the original idea. I
suppose, that To Beat, or To Batter, means originally 'To Pash,'
i. e. ' To reduce to Pash, or Pudge Matter,' or * To strike against
' Pash matter ;' and it would be idle to enquire, whether Batter
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE. PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 59
means Pash matter, or Pash'd, BatterV, or Beatc^ Matter. — Butter,
with its parallels in various Languages, Butcr, (Sax.) Butter, (Germ.)
Boter, (Belg.) Butyrum, (Lat.) Bouturon, (Bovrvpov,^ &c. &c. means
the Battek like matter. Wachter has justly seen, that the term Butter
is not derived from the Greek word, but that it was adopted by the
Greeks from the Barbarians, as they are called. When the term was
written by the Greeks, it should seem, as if the form Bovrvpov had
been purposely adopted under some Etymological fancy, which now
exists, that the word belonged to their terms Boys and Tvpo^, quasi
Coagiilum I7iccce. This must be added to innumerable other examples
of that monopolising spirit, for which this lively nation was so much
distinguished. The Glossaries give us Pikeu?o??, (YliKepiovy Butyrum,)
under which form the Greek pretensions are lost. — Bake, Coquere
panes, means To make up, or to be made up into a consistent Liwip.
Some of the parallels produced by the Etymologists are Boecan, (Sax.)
Pinsere, coquere, Bage, (Dan.) Backen, (Germ, and Belg.) Baka, (Isl.)
Pachan, (Franc.) and the Phrygian Bek, or Bekkos, (Be/cKos, Panis,
Phrygum lingua. Stultus, Delirus,) denoting Bread. — They fail not,
moreover, to remind us of that notable story of the Egyptian King,
who having secluded some children from the means of hearing any
Language spoken, at last found that they uttered of themselves the
sound Bek, which he discovered to be the Phrygian term for Bread.
If we should imagine, that in spite of all the vigilance of our enquiring
King, these children had found the means of procuring a Teutonic
Tutor, our wonder might be considerably diminished. The Etymologists
record likewise the Greek Bago5, which according to Hesychius signified
a piece of Bread, or Pudding, (Bayos, KXaa-fxa aprov t] /jlu^)]^.) In
Scotch we have a term which directly connects Bake with the BoG.
In the same column of Dr. .lamieson, where we have Bakster, Baxster,
a Baker, from which form our name Baxter is derived ; we find
likewise Bakie, " the name given to one kind of Peat." Those who
suppose this to be a secondary sense, still illustrate the union of ideas,
supposed in my hypothesis, by observing, that " When brought to
" a proper consistency, a woman on each side of the line Kneads,
H 2
60 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.] l,vi,n,r.
" or Bakes this Paste into Masses, of the shape and size of Peats,
" and spreads them in rows on the grass. From the manner of the
" operation, these Peats are called Bakies." Mr. Parkhurst compares the
Phrygian and Grascian terms, just produced, with the Hebrew BG J3,
which signifies "Meat, Food, — and in composition with r\D," PT,
" A portion." The two succeeding terms in Mr. Parkhurst are ^J2
BGD, a covering of Cloth, and 12, BD relating to Separation, where
we have Matter, under its two forms of a Mass, or Lump, and of
Separation in its Yielding, Loose State ; where we see only different
turns of meaning, annexed to the same idea, as Mr. Parkhurst supposes,
that the term BG J3 in its' original notion means, "To Spoil, Pluck,
" Break off." The substantive signifies a Lump, Piece, or Part, and
the Verb To Part or Separate. Junius produces under Bake, another
term in Hesychius, Bxaaron, which among the Lacedemonians signified
Tepid, (Bayapov, ;!^Aia|0Oj/,) and which he refers to the Teutonic
" Bakerc/?, Fovere, focillare, niodico calore reficere. D. quoque Bagar
" et saar est Fovere vulnus," which means, perhaps, to Rub, Foment^
or Bathe, as we express it, in Soft-Liquid matter, and from hence it
might pass into the idea of Warmth, acquired by such Bath/wo-, or
Fomenting. The term Bathe and its kindred Bath, belong to the
idea of the Watery-Liquid Matter. In Scotch Beik, &c. has a similar
meaning, which Dr. Jamieson explains by and refers to Bask, (Eng.)
as likewise to the Dutch Baheren, the ancient Swedish Ba/ca, and the
English Bake, &c. &c. The preceding term to Bake in Junius, is
Baize, or Jine Freeze, 'Villosus pannus,' which means the Fuzzy, or
Pudgy swelling up stuff. — PisTor, Pisi, Pinso, "To bruise, stamp,
" bray, as in a mortar," i. e. To reduce to a Pudge state. To Knead
up Pudge matter. Here we see how the form PS, and PN, pass into
each other. In one sense this Latin word means, "To Peck," where
we see a kindred term. — Vvuving, with its parallels produced by the
Etymologists, Puding, (Swed.) Boudin, Bodello, (Ital.) Budella, (Ital.)
Intestina, Botulus, BoteUus, &c. The verb BouDcr means " To Pout,"
where we see the idea of the Swelling out appearance, and here let
us note a kindred term Pout. In Gaelic Vvrag is a ' Pudding,' and
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 61
in Welsh Poten means, as Mr. Owen accurately explains it, " What
" Bulges out, a Paunch ; a Pudding." — Paste, Pastey, Pie, &c. in
which latter word the second consonant of the Radical is lost, with
their parallels, produced by the Etymologists, Paste, Pate, Patee, (Fr.)
Pasta, (Ital, and Span.) Pasticcio, (Ital.) Pastello, (Span.) Posteeg,
(Dan.) Pastet/e, (Belg.) &c.- &c. to which they might have added
YastH/us, (Lat.) The Etymologists justly remind us under these words
of a kindred term Passo, {Ylaa-a-a), Conspcrgo,) which means to Pash
about. In Irish Pigiie is "a Pye, and Pighe-F^o/, a Pasty;" and
in the same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, where this word occurs,
I see PiGadh, Pig//?, " An earthen Pitcher," which together with the
English term Pitcher are to be referred to the Hollow of the Pit,
or the materials of Pudge matter, from which it is formed ; as likewise
Pic, Pich, denoting Pitch, where we are unequivocally brought to
Pudge matter. — I shall shew, that the verb 'To Pitch' in English
means to Pudge, or Stick in, upon, &c. — Adjacent to the word Paste,
I see in Junius Past//?/*, with its parallels, Past///oc«, (Lat. Ital. and
Span.) Pastcnade, (Fr.) Pastinake, (Belg.) &c. which may mean the
SwcUiug out substance, as applied to its form, or it may belong to
Pasco, as the Etymologists suppose, from its SweUiiig out, or YxTrcning
quality. I shall shew, that Fat, Feed, Pasco, belong to the idea of
Swelling or YvoGing out. Perhaps the Nip in Vxsr-Nip may signify
To Pluck up. — Another adjacent word is Patch which unequivocally
means the Swe/ling up, Pudge Substance. In its application to a
Plaister, " Panniculus medicamento illitus atque affects parti impositus,"
we see the idea of Smeary Pudge matter, and in the phrase " A Patch
" of Dirt, Land,'' we arc brought to the Substance, and the Spot
supposed in my hypothesis. In the sense of a Patch on a Garment,
we come to the Botch, and the BoTcner; the origin of which is
manifest in the sense, which Botch bears of the Fout Swelling Soi'e.
The parallels to Botch produced by the Etymologists are Bosse, (Fr.)
Bozza, (Span.) Botch in the sense of a Sivetling, Rising Sore, brings
us to Pock, Pox, &c. &c. — Skinner under P.vtch has justly reminded
us of the word Piece, the Italian Pezzo, Sec. which mean nothing
62
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.| l,m,n,r.
but the hump. In the sense of Piece, as applied to a Warlike instru-
ment, having capacity to hold or contain, with its parallels produced
by the Etymologists, Buyse, Busse, (Belg.) Harque-BusE, we see the
SiveUing out object, or Hollow, &c. able to hold or contain. — sVoggos,
(S7ro7709, Spongia,) the Spungy Substance, where we see, how the
forms PG and PN pass into each other. — Pottage with its parallels
Potage, Potaggio, (Fr. Ital.) where Junius refers us to Broth, Porridge,
which belong to the Element BR, and to Pot, which with its parallels
Pot, Potto, (Fr. Ital.) Pocu/um, (Lat.) Poterion, (TloTtipiov,) seem to
mean that, which contains Liquid, and to be derived from the Watery,
Pudgy Spot, the Pit, though this term will be considered on a future
occasion. The next word to Pot is PoTa^oes, Potados, (Span.) Potate,
(Ital.) Battata, where the PT, BT, would represent the Elementary
sense of Rising, or Sivelling, if the Radical PT was the source, from which
these words are derived. — Podge, as in Hodge-7oi>GE, has been under-
stood by the Etymologists to have some relation to the German Pfutze,
Lacus, &c. Vessica, Pustula, as Skinner explains it, (where let us mark '
in VESsica, and PusT«/a, kindred terms,) and to the Latin Fossff, and
PuTcz/s. In the same column of Skinner's Lexicon, with these words,
I find Pod, Folliculi leguminum. Pocket, with its parallels Pocca, (Sax.)
Poche, Pochette, (Fr.) Poke, (Belg.) which is sometimes the English
form, Pocket, quasi Packet, or Pack of wool. Pock, Pox, and
Poach'c? eggs, where we see the Swelling out Substances, as of a Pudge
kind. I find likewise Vocard, a Lincolnshire term, for a species of
Duck called Bosca, which Skinner derives from Acrd, natura, and
Pocca, (Sax.) the Poke, or Bag, "quia sc. rostrum latius habet ad
*' quandam Perce, seu cochlearis speciem." Even Poesy, which occurs
in the same column of Skinner; and which belongs to Poieo, Poieso,
(Tloiew, riou/o-o),) must be referred to the same train of ideas. I shall
shew that the Greek Poieo is quasi Pojeo, and signifies, 'To make
* up, or Form shapes of Plastic, or Pudge matter.' — Posset, which
some derive from Potus, and others from Poser, Residere.— Pith, with
its parallel produced by the Etymologists Pid, Pitted, Medulla, all
>vhich denote the Soft Pudgy substance. Some derive Pith from Pix,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 63
and others from Bvdo^. — Putty, (Eng.) the composition of a Pudge
nature, used by Glaziers, &c. The verb under a similar form in English
Put is nothing but 'To Pudge in,' if I may so say, just as "To Stick
" in " belongs to Sticky matter. — Pitch, (Eng. substantive,) with its
acknowdedged parallels, Pic, Pix, (Sax.) Peg, Beg, (Dan.) Pege,
Poix, (Fr.) Pcccia, Pecc, (Ital.) Pech, (Germ.) Pecf,; (Belg.) Pix, Picea,
(Lat.) Pitta, Pissa, Pit/is, (Uirra, Uicra-a, Ylirra, Pix, UevK)], Pinus,
ntri/s, Picea, Pinus.) We should imagine, that Pinus was only a
different form of these words, which will be considered in another
place, among the words under the Elementary character PN. The
verb, ' To Pitch,' is to Stick as into Pitch, or Pudge matter, as I before
observed. Wachter has the form Bech, for Pech, Pix ; the next
article to which is Bech, an ancient word for Tenehrce; the origin
of which, as he says, is obscure. He observes, however, that this term
seems to exist in the compound ^Ecn-schtvartz, " Ater instar tenebrarum,
" nisi referre malis ad PicemS' This combination answers to our phrase,
" Pitch dark," and the sense of Bech, Darkness, belongs directly to
Bech, Pitch. — In Shakspeare we have "F itchy -Night," (All's well, &c.)
and "Night is fled, whose Pitchy mantle overveil'd the Earth,"
(Hen. VI. P. 1.) Nothing can be more marvellous, than that Wachter
should not at once understand and acknowledge this relation. There
are various terms belonging to our Element, which relate to the Black,
Dark colour, as we express it, which are to be referred to the terms,
denoting Dirt, under that Element, such as Phaios, (<I>a4os,) Fusc«*,
Bis, (Fr.) &c. Sec. It is impossible not to see, how Fuscus, " Brown,
"Tawny, a dim, or dark colour; dusky," &c. connects itself with
Yvcus, the Foul Dawh, and with F^x, Ymcis, Dregs, Dirt. I shall shew,
that Dark, Dregs and Dirt, all belong to each other for the same reason,
and that Dusky belongs to Dust.—Tirvita, "Phlegm, Rheum," &c. which
the Etymologists have justly compared with PET//rt, {TliiTua, Coagulum,)
which belongs to Pett/'o, and Petto, (iltiTrw, Yltja-a-oo, Figo, Gelo.)
These words will shew us, that Figo, Fix, &c. is attached to the
idea of Pudge matter, quasi, * To Pudge in,' or 'To be in a Pudgy.
' Pudg'd in state;' just as 'To Stick in' belongs to Sticky matter.
64
B,F,P,V,W.| ■ C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
The form Pit in Firuifa will suggest to us, that the following
words belong to our Elementary form PT, Spuo, sVutu??}, s?vto. Spew,
sPiT, sPuTTER, sPiTTLE, with their parallels Spewan, (Sax.) Speyen,
(Germ.) &c. &c. sVjETan, (Sax.) sPuxzew, sPetkeln, (Germ.) &c. &c.
Vtuo, Put/xo, (IItvu), Spuo, UvnXw, Crebro Spufo.') In the compound
Latin term c-FvvtIo we have, likewise, the full form. The preceding
term to Put/so in my Greek Vocabulary is Pux/a, {Uuna, Coagulum,)
which they derive from Puos, and this brings us to the Latin Pus,
" Matter, corruption," &c. [Tluo^, ov) Colostrum, seu colostra, primum
" lac a partu in omnibus animantibus ; ITi/os, Uueos, Pus." Hence
we pass to Pux/io, (Uvduj,^ corresponding with the Latin Puxreo,
PutWc/, Furridus, &c. and in the same column of my Greek Dictionary,
where this word occurs, I see Furumen, (nvd/dtiu,^ the Bottom, and
VvTuomai, (Hudofxai,') Audio. This brings us to Punthanoniai, where
we have the form PN, and FEVTHomai, {Uwdavojjiai, Audio, intelligo,
cognosce, Interrogo, Percontor,) the original idea of which is that
of Enquiring, or Fusning into the Pudge, or Botto/w, just as Scrufor
means Routing into old trumpery, and as the explanatory word Percontor
means, in its first sense. To rout into the Ground with a Pole, &c.
What in Greek is called Puos, (FTi/o?, Colostrum,) is in English called
B-EJLSTings, to which the Etymologists have produced as parallel Beost,
Bysting, (Sax.) Biest, '(Belg.) Bcton, (Fr.) some of whom derive it,
though not without an expression of doubt, from Best, optimus, and
others refer us to Pex«o, (Utjrva, coagulum.) —The words, which
appear under the form sFT, must be considered as belonging to the
form PT. The Etymologists understand, that sFATrer, To bedawb,
belongs to sPix, sPuxxer, sFjEr/ian, sPadl, Sputum, and they refer
us likewise to the Greek sFxrhao, sPataloo, (^1.7ra6aw, J.-TraraXaw,')
which Skinner has well translated in their fundamental sense, by Dissipo ;
all which will be explained on a future occasion. It will be agreed,
that our vulgar term, belonging to the French Pisser, the Italian Pisciare,
the Danish Pisser, is to be added to these words. In Piddle we see
the form Puddle, and when we talk of a FiDDlif?g fellow, we have
the sense of a Person Puddling about vile, little, or insignificant affairs.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 65
The PiS77«Ve, is not " q. d. quae in luto mingit," but the animal, which
Pudges amongst, or Passes amongst Pudge or Mire. The Murmex,
(Mup/ixt]^,') Formica, belong to the forms Mire, Meer, Mare, which will
be explained in its due place.
Terms, which express Bog, or Pudge matter, as more particularly
relating to the Boggy, Marshy, IVatcry Spot, or to Water in
general.
Bog, Pudge, Puddle, &c.
BooacA, Boolach, (Ir.) A Marsh, Moor,
Bog, Swamp.
BoTHacA, FoTHflcA, (Ir.) A Fen, Lake.
Pit, Puteus, Putealis, (Eng. Lat.)
Pydaw, (Welsh.) An oozing fluid, a Quag,
a well, spring.
PrUTZE, (Germ.) A Puddle, Bog, Quagmire,
Hollow Pit.
Pege, PiDaar, (Gr.) A Fountain.
PiSEA, (Gr.) Watery Spots, A Meadow, &c.
PoTflffJOS, PoTon, PoTJZO, &c. (Gr.) the
Low Watery Spot, Liquid.
Baiter, Bedu, Voda.
Vos, WeTj Wash.
Water, Udor.
Aqua, Esc, Isc, &c. &c. (Celt. Phryg.
Sclavon. Cng. &,c.) Terms relating to
Water.
The terms, denoting Water, are perpetually connected with the
Boggy, JVatery Spot, full of Pudge, Mire, Mud, &c. &c. The term
Meer means the Spot abounding with Mire, and to Meer belongs Mare,
the Sea. In Saxon the same word Mere signifies " A Mere. Palus,
" Lacus," and likewise " Mare,'' as Lye explains it. It has been per-
petually remarked, likewise, that Limne, in Greek, (Atjui/f/, Palus, stagnum,
lacus, Mare,) is at once the Marshy Spot, and the Sea, (HeAtos ^'avopovae
XiTTwv TrepiKuWea Xifxvriv, Odyss. 7. 1.) I shall shew in a future
I
66 B, F,P,V,W.| C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ^ l,m,n,r.
Volume, that Limne, Leimon, Sec. (^Aijuur], Aeijuwv, Pratum, &c.)
belong to such terms as Limns, (Lat.) Lime, Loam, (Eng.) &c. &c.
signifying peculiarly Mud, or Dirt of a Watery, sLimy nature. — Among
the terms, which belong to the Element BC, &c. denoting Bog, or
Pudge matter, as particularly relating to the Miry, Marshy, or Jf'utery
Spot, or to JFatcr in general, must be classed the following. Boo,
Pudge, Puddle, (Eng.) Buggle, (Scotch) a Bog. — Bocae/?, Bog/ucA,
(fr.) "A Marsh, Moor, Bog, Swamp," Boidhlt«, (Ir.) Puddle, Bog,
(Ir.) Soft, BoTH«c/?, (Ir.) A Fen, or Bog, Fothoc^, (Ir.) a Lake,
Pit, (Eng.) Putcm*, PuTca/is, (Lat.) the Pit with tvater, with the
parallels before produced — Vyduiu, (Welsh.) "An oozing fluid, a quag;
"a well or spring." — Pfutze, (Germ.) "A Puddle, Lake, Slough,
" Bog, plash, quagmire, hollow Pit," under which Wachter has produced
the Hebrew Bots, Batso/?, Palus, the Greek Buthos, BuTH?se/«, (By^os,
Profunditas, gurges, 'QvBi^eiv in profundum mergere.) — These terms
1 have before produced. — Bais, Baister, Baiter, (Ir.) f filter, Baite,
(Ir.) Drowned, BAiSDeaw, "To baptise; to dip." Baidh, (Ir.)
A Wave; — BEDyz, (Welsh,) Baptism ; Bawz, (Welsh,) " Drowning,
" demersion." — Baz, (Welsh,) "A Bath, A Bathing place," where
let us note the kindred terms in English Bath, Bathe, with their
parallels produced by the Etymologists, Bceth, Bath, (Sax.) Thermae,
Balnea, Bcethan, Baihian, Lavare, Bedian, Fomentare, (Sax.) Bad,
Baden, (Belg. and Teut.) Bagner, Bain, (Fr.) Bagno, Bagnare (Ital.)
&c. &c. Some of these words are applied to what we express in
English by Bath/wo^, or Fomenting with IFarm water. Hence also
Junius explains To Bathe, by, "To Wette, or Wash, or Soke with
" lukewarm liquor," and he produces, likewise, the term of the Hollanders
BETTen, Aqua emollire. Under the term Bath Junius has produced
the Belgic BxD^Stove, which properly means the Stove for the Warm-
Bath. Hence is our combination BxTu-Stuve, which now signifies
a Stov2 for containing Fire, without any application of the original idea.
Some have conceived, that the BATU-Stovc is a Stove from a Bath
manufactory, and if any such exists, it is a whimsical coincidence. —
The name of this spot, we know, is derived from the Baths, which
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 67
it contains ; and Wachter has justly seen, that Baj^ is derived from
the Baths, or Thermcc, for which it was famous, as this Etymologist
observes under Bcvhen, Fomentare, where he records, likewise, a Greek
term Bo, (Bw,) which means, as he tells us, Caleo. General Vallancey
explains Bais, (Irish,) by " Water, stagnant AVater, whence Baiste,
" Wetted, Baptized. Bf.is, Bathac/?, J^otcmcIi, Marshy Ground,
" Swampy." He adds, likewise, that in Chaldee yV3 Bezz is a Swamp,
and that the Arabs, like the Irish, use Bais in general for " Wbter
" stagnant, or fluent, from the Arabic ^j^. Baj?/*, aqua fluens. — In
'* the dialect of one of the Burma tribes, rain is named Bister, and
•* Bc-Baiste was the goddess of rain or moisture among the ^Egyptians,"
{Specimen of an hish Dictionarij.) Mr. Richardson explains this Arabic
word by " (Clouds) pouring down rain." In the same opening of
this writer's Dictionary, I see, among other words, singularly illustrative
of my hypothesis, Besk jJj " Breaking down banks, dikes, or Mounds,
" (A Rivcr,^ DifTusing ff^ater, overflowing, (a River,y' — Bisk, the
place, or Breach, through which Water bursts, and Bis/?<?f, " Plain,
" equal, level and Soft Ground. — Soft Sand, Butter," and Besa, " Soft
'•■ Ground, name of a Fountain." In Hebrew^ HDD BKH is "To ooze,
" ooze out as liquor, to distil in small quantities," says Mr. Parkhurst.
This word signifies, "To weep,'' and Castell has produced terms under
the same Element BC, «Scc. in Chaldee, Syriac, Samaritan, Arabic, and
vEthiopic, which have a similar meaning. The preceding term to this
Hebrew word in Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon, is i03 BKA, the exact sense
of which is not ascertained. Some think, that it means a Shrub,
distilling "an odoriferous Gum,'' and we find it applied to a Valley,
which is conceived by some, to be the Valley of Thorns, and by others,
of Tears, where we are brought to the Low Oozij, or Bog Spot, In
Welsh, we have terms, denoting the Low, Base spot, connected
likewise with IFatcr, as Bas, " A shallow, shoal, or flat, Basu, To
" render shallow; to fall, or lower," Bais, " Flats, or shallows; a Ford."
BEisiaw, " To render shallow, to feel the Bottom ; to Ifadc, or Ford ;
" to Dare," and in another article we have BEizmw, "To Dare, to
" adventure," which is derived from the idea of passing over the Muddy
I 2
68 B,F,P,V,\V.} C,D,J, K, Q,S,T, X, Z.| hm,n,r.
Ford. I shall shew in the course of my discussions, that various words
for Danger are derived from Sinking into the Miry Spot. I see adjacent
to Bas, in Mr. Owen's Dictionary, Bath, " Likeness; Emblem ; a Copy,,
"a Coin." I must leave the Celtic Scholars to decide, whether Bath,
the Coin, be not taken from the Vessel, or the Bath, in which it is
melted. I see in my Galic and Irish Dictionary, the term Bad, a Boat,
adjacent to some of the words, produced above, which might lead us
to conclude, that Boat, and its parallels Bate, (Sax.) Boot, (Belg. and
Germ.) Bateau, Batello, (Fr. Ital.) &c. &c. meant that, which goes
upon the JFater; though it probably means the HoUotv vessel, as
derived from the Low-Sinking in Pudge Spot. I ought not to omit,
that in Irish, Baid is a Wave, and that Bad, the Boat, means, " A bunch,
" Bush, cluster, tuft," in which sense, the term is certainly derived from
the idea of Rising, or Siuelling out, as of the Baid, Wave, i. e. Watery
Bog matter. In the same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary we have
Bacho/Vc, " The Boss of a Shield," where we have a similar idea. —
Bedw, (BeSy,) the ancient Phrygian name for Water, " Be Si/ tovs <^pvya^
" TO vdwp Kptjcri KaXeiv, kuQo kui Opcpev^, Kai Bedv vvfx(pawv KaTaXei/Serai
" ayXaov vlwp,'" {Orph. Gesn. p. 384-5.) — BoDA, or Voda, (BoSa,) the
Sclavonic name, as Russian, &c. for Water. — Bach, (Germ.) " Rivus,
" parvum fluentum," to which Wachter has justly referred Becc, (Sax.)
Bceck, (Swed.) Beek, (Belg.) Becke, (Eng.) and the Greek VEoai,
or PAcai, (Yltiyai, Uayai, Pontes.) The Beach, or Strand, is the part
belonging to the Bach, or Water, Wachter records under Bach, the
derivation, which Festus gives of Pagms, from the Doric form, for a
Fountain. Vagus is only another form of Views. The term FAoina
is not derived from Pangc7ido, but belongs to Vagus, just as Plagula,
a Sheet of Paper belongs to Plaga, a tract of Ground. Festus sees
something of this idea, when he tells us, that " Paging dictae, quod
" in libris suam quaeque obtinent Regionem, ut Pagi.'' The Pagans
are so called probably because their religion was at last to be found
only in Villages. — Wachter has duly noted the names, in which Bach
is found, as Brude-BEc, Caude-BEC, &c. &c. and in another article
Wachter has the term Beuchcw, or Bucnew, which he explains by
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 69
" Macerare lixivio, Anglice To Buck, Sax. inf. Byken, Byen, Gall. Buer,
" Omnia a Lat. Biio." Whether Buo, Inibuo, Imbue, Sec. directly
belong to the form BC, as being derived from it, or as an original
form, it would be idle to enquire. We know only that under the simple
Labial form B*, few terms exist, and that the other forms BC, &c.
when once existing constitute a separate Radical form. AVachter pro-
duces, likewise, the Italian Bvcato. We now see, how according to
my hypothesis Buck, the animal, and the Wash, may belong to each other.
I suppose, that Buck means the animal, which Sticks with his horns,
and I conceive, that the terms for Sficking belonging to our Element
BC mean, as Buck does. To Push, &c. To Pudge in, as it were, just
as Stick belongs to Sticky matter. Again, in German Beizc/?, Bf.issc/?,
is " Macerare," which I see in the same opening of Wachter's Dictionary
with Beisscv?, Puiigere, Mordere, belonging to our word Bite, which
we now see means ' To Stick the teeth into any thing.' Again, in
German, Feucht is "Madidus, humidus," &c. — Pash, (Eng.) — Passo,
(Jlaa-arw, Inspergo, Conspergo,) To Pash about ; — Pioax, (Ylila^, Fons,
Scaiehra, aqua saliens,) which connects itself with Ped«o, (Y\y]^uco,
Salio, salto, Scaturio,^ To Pash up, about, &c. — Pisea, (Jlia-ea, Locus
humidus, et irriguus, hortus, pratum,) the Pashy or Pudge Spot ;
which appears in the same page of my Greek Dictionary with Pissa,
(riio-o-a, P/.1',) Pudge matter, and VittuIos, (YIittvXo^, sonus seu
strepitus, qualis praesertim aquae remo percussae,) where we have the
PASHino" noise of water; — PoTumos, Potow, Poso, Kat-e-VoTHcn, TotIzu,
(Gr.) Pot/o, &c. (Lat.) (norajuos, Fluvius, Uotou, Potio, Potus,
Tlivw, Tlwcru), Bibo, KaTaTriuco, Absorbeo, Bibo, Deglutio, Devoro,
KareTTodtjv, Uori^w, Irrigo.) In the sense of Devoro, to Swallow up
as in a forago, or Quagmire, wc have the true idea; as in the phrases
KaTa7ro6t]vai utto tov x«o'/^«'7"05^, To be swallowed up, as in a Gulph,
'* Ot AiyuTTTioi KaT£7ro6//o-ai/," The Egyptians were ingulphed in the
Red Sea. Again, in amPoTis, (Ajuttwt/s, seu A/unrwa-i^, Reciprocatio
aestus marini,) we have the true idea. In Pino, (Uiuw,^ we pass into
the form PN. The Etymologists refer the English and French Poison
to the Latin Poxio, and they might have recorded the term Boucon,
70
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
in the French Language, as denoting Poison. This French word may,
however, directly belong to Boucque, or Bouche, the Mouth, which
denotes the Hole, or Hollow. Cotgrave explains Boucon by "A Bit,
" morsel, mouthful, especially such a one as is empoisoned." The
next terms to these are ^ovcquinc " A Rammish, or Lascivious queane,"
BouDiN, A PuDDiJSG, and Bone, Dirt. The true sense of Poison appears,
when we talk of Bog Land, as being Boisoiied by Standing water.
BoissoN is another term relating to Liquids, which brings us to Boire,
&c. where we pass into other forms. The English Boose must be
added to these words. Two of the terms for Herbs, Grass, &c. in
Greek are Borane, and Poia, which I consider to be quasi Poj<7, (BoTavrj,
rioia, Herba.) There is a line in Homer, in which the kindred words
Pegc, Poxawo*, Piscfi and Poia, or Poja all appear, " Kui Yltiya?
"YloTafjLwv Kai Uia-ea UoirjevTa.'' In examining the terms Potamos,
&c. (rioTa/xos,) in a Greek Vocabulary, I cast my eyes on Fotmos,
(rioTjuo?, Sors, Fatum, casus seu fortuna fatali sorte obveniens,
Interitus, Mors,) which seem to belong directly to its adjacent term
PoTAMOS, (rioTa/ios,) the Low Pudge Spot, or Bottom, and to
signify the Accident of Sinking in a Muddy watery Spot. This is a
very familiar source for terms of Peril, &c. Dangerous accidents, &c.
though we have seen, that the general idea of Pudge matter, as connected
with the Low spot, presents to us various ideas relating to Death, m
which we are in a state of Dissolution, are brought Low, &c. &c. &c.
The origin of Potmos, (floTfios,) belongs, I imagine, to Potamos,
(riora^os,) from the Dangerous accident of Sinking into the Quagmire,
or Watery Spot. The verb belonging to the Welsh V^Daiv, " An
" oozing fluid, a quag, a well, or spring," before produced, is Ptdu,
which Mr. Owen explains by, "To Sink; to cause a Sinliing; to form
" a snare ; to create Danger, to Endanger, to become Dangerous,''
where we see my hypothesis about Potmos, (IloT/aos,) illustrated.
I shall shew, that Danger, under the Element DN, belongs to the same
idea of Sinliing into Mud, or Dung; and hence we shall see, how
Dangle, " To Hang, or Sink Down," and Dairk, Wet, Moist, may belong
to each other. Let us mark Down another of these terms, and we
BOG, PASFI, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 71
cannot but observe, how a kindred word, under a different form Sink,
' My heart Sinks within me. — A Sink'uig Fit,' belongs to the sub-
stantive 'A Sink," a collection of Foul Mud, and how this form brings
us to Sand, Coenum, Konis, (Koi/ts, Pulvis.) Hence we shall have
Kineo, and Kindunos, (Kivew, Moveo, Kiv^vva, Periculum.) "^I'he sense
of PoTMOs might be explained by Rat-e-PoTHe/?«/ upo tou Potamom,
(KaraTTo^j/i/at wo tov UoTafxou,) the accident of being Engulphed in
a Bog, or Quagmire. In Pothos, {Uodo^, Desiderium, Cupido,) we
pass from the idea of Taking, or Sicalloicing up, to that of the Desire,
to Take; just as Cupio belongs to Capio. — Wet, with its parallel terms
produced by the Etymologists IVaf, (Swed.) JVaf, Wceta, (Sax.) Voed,
(Dan.) JVette, (Belg.) Lacus, &c. &c. — Wash with its parallels JVascan,
Wacsan, &c. (Sax.) JFaschen, (Teut. and Belg.) IFaska, (Swed.) &c.
&c. — Washes explained by Junius, " Dicuntur Norfolciensibus Terra
" quaedam plana, et plerumque arida, cui nomen a lavando, vel alluendo
" ductum." The interpretation of Junius ought to have been "Terra
" htunida et palustris," &c. and Lye has accordingly produced under
it the Islandic Vos, Fcesa, " Locus Palustris, et Hiunidus, vocatur."
The explanation of this Islandic term is a precise description of the
Provincial word the Wash, and such is the name of a piece of Land,
once possessing this property, which is adjacent to the spot, where
I am writing these discussions. — Water with its parallels JFcefcr, (Sax.)
IVasser, (Germ.) Udor, (Gr. YSw/j,) Uato, (Goth.) Watn, (Swed.)
Uatn, (Cim.) land, (Dan.) Ouodc, (Ruthen.) foda, (Sclavon.) ffoda,
(Pol.) produced by the Etymologists, to which add Bedlt, (Phr^'gian,)
Baister, Baiter, &c. &c. before produced. It is impossible, I think,
for us not to acknowledge, that all these words belong to each other,
and it is equally, I think, impossible not to allow, that the forms tv-AsH,
v-Ms, &c. connect themselves with that great Race of words, denoting
Water, which appears without any vowel-breathing before the *C, *S, &c.
as AQua, (Lat.) Asc, Esc, &c. (Okie.) which I have examined in
a former work. In German Feucht means ''Moist, Humid, Wet,
" damp," to which Wachter has justly produced as parallel, the Belgic
VucHT, VocHT, to which he might have added the Danish Fugtc,
72 B, F,P,V, W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.} l,m,n,r.
To moisten, or Wet, &c. Vaad, " Wet, Moist,'' &c. and the Swedish
FtrcKTA, " To Wet." In this latter Language Vattu-ader, is "a spring
" of Water," and Vatt-Puss, " Puddle, Plash." I shall in a future
page resume my consideration of this subject, and examine the terms,
appearing under the forms VS, WC, &c. "^S, '*C, which I conceive to
be fundamentally connected with the form BC, though they may be
regarded, and should be discussed as separate Radicals in their ordinary
operation. In l\Ir. Gilchrist's Hindostanee Dictionary I find Wet
represented by Bheega, which I conceive to be the Sanscrit term,
and To JVash by PEECHwa, and to be JFashy by " PicH-PiCHowa,"
which is the only term produced, where Pich-Pich is doubled, as with
us Wishy-Washy, in order to express the idea more strongly. Among
the terms for a Bog, we have Phusa, and to Boggle is represented
by ^^a-Peechha-^-, and Puso-Pesh, where again the term is doubled
for the same reason. In the Malay Language, I see in Mr. Marsden's
Dictionary Basg/j, "Wet, Moist," Baso/?, "To Wash," and Basi,
" Musty, Mould, Mother," terms directly succeeding each other.
In the Peruvian Language the Element PC affords the term for
JVater, a Fountain, and Court de Gebelin has the following observations
in his collection of words from that Language : " Paccha, Fountaine,
" Source. 2° Conduite d'eaux. C'est le primitif nD2 Pache, couler; le
" Grec Puga, et puis Peghe, Fountaine, source : mot qui entre dans
" celui d'Jrco-Page. Les Peruviens disent aussi Pucyo, Fountaine.
" Tvci/u, Citerne, Puc«/o, Vucyu, lieu rempli de sources, de fountaines."
(Monde, Primitif, Vol. IX. p. 532.) In the same page of this work
I see two other Peruvian words, "YicQiii, Gomme, elle distille des
" arbres. C'est I'Oriental HDl Uahhc, BRH, pleurer," YiCQiie, pleurs,
" YicQueyani, verser des larmes," where we have the idea of Pudge
matter. In Irish Bigh is " Glue, Bird-lime." Let us mark the An
in the verb YicQueyani, which is the termination of the Infinitive, as
Gebelin has remarked, " commune avec la plupart des Langues de
" I'Europe." In the same page is Pacar?, the Morning, which he
has justly referred to the Hebrew "ipa Bakar, bearing the same meaning.
The great Deity of the Peruvians is Pacha-Camac, where Pacha means
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BO^ITOM, &c. 73
Great, and belongs to a race of words, bearing the same meaning,
which 1 examine in another place, and which I shew to be derived
from the Rising, or Swelling Lump of Pudge. Now it is curious, that
among the terms detailed in this Language, we have this very sense.
Gebelin observes, A-V\cmta, " CoUine, Montagne de pierre, de Pac,
" Pic, Montagne Pic," where we have the Greek Pagos, {Ti.a'yo%,
Tumulus, Collis.) Thus the Peruvian Vxcmta, the Hill, belongs to
Paccha, the Fountain ; just as the Greek Pago5, and Pagc, or Pege,
{Ylayo^, Wayt], Ylriyt],) belong to each other. Let us mark Camac,
" Souverain ;" and we must learn, that in this Language, the term
Capac has the same meaning. The Cap has been referred by Gebelin
to Chef, (Fr.) but Cam and Cap are only different forms of each other ;
and they belong with Chef, Chief-Caput, &c. to the Cum, and Cop,
in Cumulus, and Copia, the Lump of Dirt, as of the Swamp, Campus, &c.
where we see the S, C, \ M, S, C, \ P.
In the same opening of Wachter's Dictionary, in which Bach, Rivus
is found, I perceive likewise Bach, Tergum, the Back; — Bach, Porcus
silvestris, to which he has justly referred the English Bacow, and the
German sPeck, which mean the Swelling out, Pudgy animal ; Back,
Linter, Scapha, which he has rightly compared with the German Bauch,
Venter, Bak', Alveus, vas concavum, all denoting the Swelling out,
or BoGGz'wor out object, if I may so say, able to hold, contain, &c.
Backe, Collis, tumulus; Backe, Gena, mala, which have still the same
meaning of the Sivelling out object, and in Backe, Tumulus, the Heap
of Dirt, or Pudge, Bog matter, we see the origin of these terms,
according to my hypothesis. There is likewise another term Back^w,
" Pinsere, conficere panem," corresponding with Bake, which is to make
up Pudge, or Bog matter into a consistent Lump, as I have before
observed. Backe, Gena, is justly referred to Bucca, (Lat.) and the
Celtic Boch, which bring us to the terms for the Mouth in modern
Languages, as Bouche, Bocca, Sec. from all which we pass to Exsium,
Buss, &c. &c. The term, which Wachter acknowledges to belong
to Backe, Tumulus, not only at once conducts us, as the German term
does, to Dirt, but likewise to that peculiar species of Dirt, which we
K
74 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
conceive under the idea of Pudge matter. This term is Pagos, (110705,
Tumulus, collis, glacies, gelu ; CoJicrcta Massa, &cc.^ belonging to Pegwmo,
(Ylrijvvw, Compingo, Concrescere facio, congelo, cogo, Pango, Figo, &c.)
from whence we pass to Fix, Pitch, co?«Pact, &c. &c. &c. I have
before expressed my doubts on the peculiar idea annexed to Bach, the
Back, Tergum, but if we say, that it originally meant the BoGG/;?g part,
we shall see, how entangled the two ideas are of the Lotv, or Back
part, and the protuberant part, as in the phrase " His Back is up,'" &c.
The relation between Backe, the Cheek, and Back, the Water, is
precisely the same in the corresponding Persian term, Bej, or Pej ^.,
as Mr. Richardson represents it, who explains it by "the Cheek, the
"Jaw-bone, the interior part of the Cheek. — Water,'' and the same
term Puj means likewise " Any thing Bumping out, convex, globular."
I have before produced the Persian Pusht c:^ "The Back, Shoulders,
" loins," which seems directly to coincide with the German Bach.
In the same and preceding columns of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary,
we have the following terras J:^ Pesh, which means ^^ Before; the Hasp,
" into which the Belt or bar runs, when making the door fast. The
" mane of a horse. — A Bubo," all which means, what Pusnes, or
PuDGes out, through, up. — Pushte, <u^ " A little Hill, Rising Ground,
" eminence, declivity. A Heap, the Shoulder-blades," where we directly
come to the Pudge matter, as in Backe, Collis, and Pagos, (Uwyo^.^
In this state of our discussion, we should naturally refer the names
of Lakes, Haters, &c. which appear under the form BC, PC, &c. to
the idea of the Bog, or Pudge spot, and we should be likewise led to
enquire, whether the names of Places, Countries, Towns, &c. especially
of those, to which remarkable Lakes, or JVaters, are attached, may not
be derived from the same source. Under the form Bog, we have the
name of a River in Poland. Wachter supposes, that BoTHNJa, and
BoDEN-Set', " Lacus, profundus," are derived from an idea of this kind,
when he records these terms under Boden, and he refers likewise Padw*
to that word. In the same column of his Glossary, we have Boheim,
or Bohemia, which is called Bojehemu7n, and which he imagines to be
Regio Pascua, {Fieh-Land.^ The Heim is acknowledged to belong
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 75
to the parallel terms, to our word Home, Heim, (Germ.) * Regio, Sedes,
* Domicilium,' and Boj either relates to the Pasaium, in which sense
it must be referred to the Watery Spot; or, as Wachter conjectures, to
the habitation of the Boii, or Bojj, signifying Coloni, where we have
likewise a similar idea of the Ground. Bochart has remarked, that the
river ^MTis is so called from the Stagnant hakes and Pooh belonging
to it, " ob id ipsum Punice "^V^3 Bitsi, id est. Paludosus dictus est."
(^Geograph. Sac. Lib. I. c. xxxiv. p. 6o0.) The part of BcEx/ca, as the
same writer remarks, at the mouths of the BcExis is called Libystiniis,
(Lacus,) where there was a city of a similar name, from Le-BiTsm,
Ad Paludes. The name of this illustrious Hierophant in the mysteries
of Language, Bochart, is derived from the same origin, and means a
Marshy Land. The Boch is the Bog, and Art is Nature, Kind, as
in Drunk-Ard, &c. The term ^oG-hiirst means the Boggy Wood,
or Grove, Bochart likewise remarks, that Boeth is the name of a Lake,
which was near Aphaca, a spot adjacent to the River Adonis, where
was a famous temple to the honor of Venus, who was from hence
called Aphacis. The term Aphaca is supposed to be derived from a
Syrian word, signifying An Embrace; but we shall now conjecture,
I think, that the Phac, and the Boeth refer to the same idea of the
Pudge, or Bog Spot. Bochart has produced a passage from Zosimus,
where he tells us, that the Lake near Aphaca, was like a work of art,
Toi/TOi/ TrXtjcriov At/Lti/»; Tts earriu eoiKvia 'xeipoTroitjTtio ^e^a/mevrj, (Prope
fanum istud lacus quidam est cisternas manufactee similis,) (^Gcograph.
Sac. Lib. IL c. xiv.) This lake was probably what it seemed, a work,
which owed its form to design and labour. — This operation on Lakes
is among the great employments of the ancient world on those spots,
where we have any vestiges of its Religion, or its Science. Mr. Davies
will add this example to his catalogue of Artificial Lakes, &c. and he will
remark, that the Egyptian Buto, with its Sacred lake and floating island,
is the Bog spot. (Mythology of the Druids, p. l.'iS.) There is like-
wise an island, near Crete, a Mystic Land, which bears the same name.
Let us mark the river Anoms, where the DN, or DJ-N denotes
the Low, Down Spot of Ground, the Watery, Miry, or Marshy Spot,
K 2
76 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,T.
Waters, Rivers, &c. the Fertile Spot, Gardens, &c. the place of Rest^
Settlement, &c. The Gromid in general, C-Thon, (X^wi/,) where we
perceive the two forms CN, TN, (See Preliminary Dissert, to Etym.
Univers. p. lOO.) Hence we have the names of the Rivers Tyne,
Eden, the Dons, &c. of the north, the Dx^ube, the DNiEPer, which
two latter are only different forms of each other, and which coincide
with the Eastern term Dien — Ab, &c. where the Ub, Ep, Ab, denote
Water; as in Avon: — The Den in Garden, with its parallels in various
Languages; Jar-Dm, &c. — Wharton, i. e. Wort-To^, the Herb, or Wort
Garden ; the JANNa^ of Eastern Language, Al-J^NNat, the Garden,
or Paradise, i. e. Eden, which is nothing but our familiar term Eden,
the Watery delightful spot, adjacent to Rivers, or Edens, &c. (" And
" a River went out of cDen to water the GarDEN.") — The names of
TovTNs, Lo??-DoN, &c. &c, the parallel words to which are acknowledged
by all Etymologists. Hence the story of Adonis is connected with
Gardens, Horti Adonidis, and the relation of Venus to Ado??/s arises
from the common idea of Fertility, annexed to each of these personages,
or objects. The aDoN sometimes means " A Lord, Chief," under which
sense it still belongs to the idea of the Down Spot, the Base, &c. just as
hpxn contains the same double sense, (^Apxn, Basis, Principium,) as is
manifest from the Hebrew \1^ ADN, " A Master, A Lord, &c. — A Base."
Such is the secret attached to the Element DN. I have shewn, that
Paddan, in the compound expression Vxnok^-Araw, means the Bottom,
&c. the Low, Watery, Fertile Spot, and that the Hebrew r\3 BT, " Any
" Receptacle. A House q, d. A Receptacle for Man, frequently occurs.
" A Den,'' 8cc. says Mr, Parkhurst, belongs to our word Bed, which
is brought to its true sense, when we talk of ' A Bed in a Garden,
* and of the Bed of a River.' Now it is curious, that the part about
Damascus, that rich fertile Spot, so abounding in Water, is called Beth-
Eden, the Vale, or Bed of Eden, where the words are applied in their
precise sense, according to my hypothesis, {Geograph. Sacr. Lib. II.
c. vii.) The Hebrew scholars might consider, whether the Den in
Paddan be significant, and whether Paddan is not quasi Pad-cDen,
corresponding in sense with Beth-cDen. — The Pool of Bethesda is
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 77
supposed to be derived from this term 21^3, BIT a House, and nivn
CASDH, Mercy ; but we now see, that Beth is applied in its more
original sense of the Low, Watery Spot. The Greek term for this Pool
is Columhcthra, (KoXvfxfiridpa, Locus, ubi natare possumus, piscina ;
Baptisterium,) which is acknowledged to belong to Columbao, (KoAi/ju/Saw,
nato,) but it is not understood, that the second part of the word is
significant, and that the whole term is Cohimb,} Bethra, or Ethra,
where Bethra, or Ethra are the forms Baister, or Water, Udor,
(YSwp.) The Columb belongs to Slime, Clammy, &c. as denoting the
Muddy Spot. Let us mark in the English Den, the true sense of the
Element, as denoting the Low-Hollow spot, which brings us to our
term Dungeon. We shall now understand, that the Scotch Lady, who
said, that Dr. Johnson was a " Dungeon of Wit," used the term in its
true sense, and that she meant only to observe, as she might have
expressed it, under the same metaphor, that he was a man of Profound
understanding, or a man of a Deep Fund of understanding, or if we
might so say, " He was a Profound Fund of understanding," where
Found and Fund belong in the same manner to the Low spot of Ground,
the Fundus. It was well for the praiser, and the praised, that the allusion,
as Dr. Jamieson observes, is not to the Darkness, but to the Depth of a
Dungeon. " It must be remembered, however," says this Lexicographer,
who has recorded the story, "for the honour of our Scottish intellect,
" that the allusion is only to the depth, not to the darkness of a dungeon."
In my opinion the good Lady would have been singularly fortunate in
the choice of her term, if she had removed from her conception every
idea of the depth, and had referred only to the darkness and the dieari-
ness of the Dungeon. Dr. Jamieson might have remarked on this
Scotch application of Dungeon, that the French have applied the IVelly
or Deep Pit in the same manner, when they say " C'est un Puits de
" Science." Dr. Jamieson in the preceding column of his Dictionary
to that, in which Dungeon occurs, has the term Dun, " A Hill, eminence,"
where it denotes, as we see, something opposite to the idea of the Loiv-
Dungy Spot ; but even here we come at once to the original notion.
The first example, which Dr. Jamieson produces, is the following.
78
B,F,P,V, W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.} l,m,n,r.
" There are four or five Moats in different parts of the parish, one of
" which, (the Dun of Boreland,) is very remarkable," where we see,
that Moat is a synonymous term, which will be acknowledged to belong
to the Moat, the Boggy Low spot, as connected with the idea of a
Hill, or that spot, which contains Masses, or Lumps of Mud Matter.
The origin of the name of the Boeotian Thebes has been the subject
of great controversy ; but Bochart has observed, that the Bes in this
word is derived from y2 BZ Mud. Dic^archus calls this City Kadvdpo^,
and observes likewise UriXou e^ei ttoXw. {Geograph. Sac. Lib. I. c. xvi.
p. 427.) The name of the whole country BcEOTia, is derived from the
same source, and so is Vnocis. The Fogs of BcEoxia, the produce of
Marshy Lands, have passed into a proverb ; and our ears still ring with
the fame of those illustrious PEoai, (Urjyai,) or Bogs, with which it
abounds, the Fountains of Dirce, of Hippocrene, and Aganippe.
On the origin of BtEoxia I have no doubt, but on that of
Thebes, there is some difficulty. This great enquirer into Language,
Bochart, is generally unfortunate, when he recurs to the particles of
his Eastern Languages, for the formation of his words in other orders
of Speech. When he refers to the simple terms themselves ; he appeals
to Radical words, which are common to other Languages. If Thebes
should be a compound, we might conjecture that the Bes belonged to
the words before us ; and the existence of the terms Thebes, Thebais, &c.
in the Egyptian Language, would serve to confirm this idea, in which
we should conceive, that the Bes was the Radical, and the T an articular
prefix. We must remember however, that the Elementary Character
TB, TM, SV, SM, &c. affords the names for Waters, Rivers, Fountains,
&c. through a wide compass of Human Speech. Lhuyd observes as
follows: "Tam, a great number of our larger rivers began with the
" word Tav, and Tiv, or as anciently written Tani and Tim ; hence
" Thame, or Thames, Tav, Taiiy, Tyiiy, Teivi, Dyji, Deva, Rom.
" now Dee, Dove, in Staffordshire." (Append, to Baxter s Glossary, 265.)
Fihuyd supposes, that the Tam in the Greek Potamos, (IloTa/io?,) belongs
to these terms, which is an extremely probable conjecture, and which
I once thought to be the fact, though on the most mature deliberation.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 79
I now conceive, that the Potam is the Bottom. In Irish Tobar, or
TioBAR, is " A Well," and Taib, the ocean. Hence is our term Tub,
the receptacle for IViater, and thus in Hebrew H^H TBH, the name
for the Ark. The form Tobar brings us to the Tihitr, and to the name
of a river in Sicily, recorded by Theocritus, called Thumbr-?s, {Qvn^pis,)
sometimes written Dumbr?'*, whose Scholiast has observed, that in
some Dialects the Sea is called by this name. The Severn, and ^XBmna,
are only different forms of these words, which Baxter has seen to be
the Irish and Scotch DABro/m, and T>\waniis, (Gloss. A. B. p. 2o6.)
He has likewise informed us, that these Rivers sometimes appear under
the forms of Havrcw, when the sound of S is not heard. In Cornwall
we have the River Tamar, and a great Poet has given us various forms,
under which the names for Rivers have passed, derived from the same
stock. — " Vorticibusque frequens Abra, et nemus omne Treantas, Et
" Thamcsm meus ante omnes, et fusca metallis Tamara, et extremis
" me discant Orcades undis." {Milton, Epitaph. Damon. 178, &c.)
Ahra, says Mr. Warton, is the name for the Tweed, the Humber,
and the Severn, where let us note the terms Humber, &c. as other forms
of these words. There is no difficulty in understanding the affinity of
such terms, if we consider, that the Radical for Water is the Labial
*M, *B, &c. with the accretions s, S, 8cc.\ "M, "B, &c.} r, n, &c.
When the n is added to the Radical, we have dVon, aMnis, &c. &c.
Under the form S, C,} M we have the names of those " immortal
" Rivulets," the SiMois, and ScxMander. Let us not conceive it to be
an improbable conjecture, that names corresponding with the Tiiamc^,
the TiBur and the Seve^z are to be found at Troy, as there is actually
a River falls into the ScAuander called Tuymbr/ma% where Apollo had
a grove and a temple, from which he is called TuYMnrceus. Baxter
conjectures that the Tainesis is a compound of Tuni and Isc; and the
Ois in Sim-Ois may perhaps likewise belong to Isc, Water, {Gloss. 222.)
In the same page he records the form SM for a River, as Samara, La
Sambre, as likewise Damara, Demer, where surely no one can doubt,
that Samar and Damar are the forms Thumbr-?'*, Dumb;--?'*, Sever
in Severw, &c. before recorded. Perhaps the Der in Scamander is the
80
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
familiar Celtic term for Water, Dur, &c. Before I quit Thebes, we
must remember that it is situated on the banks of Ismenus, where the
SMN is the Seaman of Scamander. We find Ismenias, another form
for the name of a Boeotian River, where Apollo had a temple, and from
whence he was called Ismenius. The Temple and the Stream are in-
dissolubly connected with each other; and here all is Mystical lore,
relating either to Religion, or to Arts, or to both. The personage
Scamander, from whom the River is supposed to receive its name, is
the son of Corybas, who introduces into Phrygia the Festivals of Cybele,
or Cerid-iuen, and the institutions of the Corybantes. Hence perhaps
we have Apollo's name SMiNtheus.
I shall here briefly propose a few names of Places, Lakes, &c. be-
longing to the Element BC, &c. as derived from the idea of the Watery
Bog Spot, &c. Of these some will be acknowledged, and others I must
leave to be considered by our Geographers, &c. &c. BcExwna, BfETis,
the River, Bai^, quasi Bajce, before produced, Bithynia, called also
Pontus ; which Bochart imagines to be the same terms, with the
letters fn of BTN, or PTN, in a different order. However that may
be, I shall shew, that Pontus the Sea, Lake, &c. belongs to the form
PN, under the same idea, and that it is ultimately connected with the
form PTN, &c. — BisxoNm should be considered, and we must not forget
in this enquiry, the Lake, Biston/'s. The English Town of Bath is
called in Latin Bathon/o, and in Welsh Caer-BAOON, and we have
Baden, in German the Baths. — BxTavia is a term, which the Ety-
mologists have supposed to be derived from B\TONS-Have, Bafonis
Peculium, a Batone, " sc. Cattorum-duce." The Av in this word may
denote water, as it does through the whole compass of Language, — Eau,
(Fr.) qu. Eav, Avon, (Eng.) &c. &c. — Bosphorus, where Bos probably
means Water, whatever the other part may be. — BcEOTm, from its
number of Springs. — Booo/na, the River Firth near Edinburgh. — Bod-
inciis, "An ancient name of the River PADzm," &c. and I have already
produced Pad»s from Wachter and likewise BoDcn-See, and Bothnjo.
Let us remember, that Padwo, the Town, is called Y\Tk\ium, and hence
, the TATAYinity of Livy. In Patav, we seem to have the form Batav,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 81
in Batav?o. Under the form BSN, we have Bosnia, the Province of
Turkey, which should be considered. In the name of the place Bos/on,
the Ton appears to be the Town, and Bos, the Water. The word
^vsxton has the same origin, to which our common Sirname belongs.
This will shew us, that the name of the ^OG-Town must have been
familiar. Skinner is not satisfied with the ancient Saxon name for this
place, — Baddecan, which, he says, signifies " Pontes Calidi," but he
refers Bux to Beach, because many Beaches are planted about that spot.
While I examine this word in Skinner, I cast my eyes on the name of
HvG-Den, which he acknowledges to be derived from Bog, Palus, and
Den, Vallis, where we see how Den is taken in its true sense of the
Doirn, Dungy Spot. — Focin«s, "A Lake in Italy." — Pison, the River
of Eden. — Phaszs, A River in Taprobane, (^Bochart Geograpli. Sac.
Lib. II. c. xxvii.) as likewise a River in Colchis, which Bochart refers
to the Syrian name for a River. From the Phases the term Pheaso/?^,
VnAsianus, is supposed to be derived. — Phut, the River of Africa. This
is conceived to be connected with the name of the person Phut, who
with Misraim is recorded to have divided Africa. It is not the business
of the present discussion to arrange the order, in which the names of
Places and Persons were formed. We cannot doubt, however, that the
Miz in Mizraim, as the name for JEgypt, denotes Mud, and we must
be here reminded, how the forms PT, and MT, pass into each other.
Bochart records various names of places belonging to Phut, as Phtemphuti,
where we have the PT doubled, PuTea, &c. &c. and he records moreover
the Greek Phth^ <^6ia, Ai/uLtju, (Ibid. p. 235.) We may well imagine,
that the names of places in w^gypt would be perpetually derived from
the idea of Water, and Mud. Hence the region Path ros, which is
supposed to be the Thehais. Under other forms of words, relating to
this region, we have Pathm, and Busir, which correspond with the forms
Bottom, and Water, Baister, &c. " Aliis, Path/'o^, vel Patur^* villa
" est, vel oppidulum prope marc, vel unum ex Nili ostiis, Pathmeticum,
" ut puto, vel quod idem est, Busiritim.'' (^Ibid. 276.) According to
Bochart it is a region, but it might be likewise the name of a place.
J shall shew, in a future Volume, that the name of Lyhia belongs to
L
82 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Limus, and that it was applied originally to ^gypt, the latter of which
positions some imagine to be the fact. The form Pathm will remind
us of the Island Patmo5, which Bochart conceives to be derived from
Batmo, &c. signifying Turpentine in Syriac, Chaldee, and Arabic.
This term for Turpentine will lead us to consider, whether the Bit, or
BiTM in HiTumen, does not mean the Pudge matter. I suspect, that it
is a compound of BT, and TMw, bearing the same meaning. The city
Pa/i-BoTHRA, which " is now finally fixed by Sir AVilliam Jones, at the
" junction of the Saone, and the Ganges,'' says Dr. Vincent, {Prelim.
Dissert, to the Peripl. of Eryth. Sea, p. 18.) means the Water Spot,
The BATHro7z in Malo-Bathron, " An Indian leaf, whereof Spikenard
"is made. The unguent itself," as the ordinary Lexicographers decribe
it, is true under some sense to its Radical idea, and it might refer to the
Marshy situation, in which it grows. Of this original idea, even the
Etymologists and Lexicographers have some notion, who refer the word
to MaXov, Malum, and Bathos (Ba6os, Profunditas, qu. d. in Paludibus
erescens.) The Malo-Bathron is supposed to be the Betel, or the
Betre Nut. The Malo?i appears to be the Greek addition, in order to
express the Apple, or Nut, and the Bathr is assuredly meant for the
original term. In Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, we have Betle, or
BTRH i^, or gjL, (Pers.) which he explains by "the Betel Nut, or
" leaf, much chewed in the East for strengthening the stomach, and
" giving an agreeable flavour to the breath." The preceding term is
BETlur, or Vvrkub, " A confection made of nuts, quinces," &c. where
the Bet, or Put relates to its sense of Pudgy stuff; and perhaps the
Bet in Bet/c, and BETr, may refer to the same idea, from the process
of Mastication. I shall shew, that Masticate belongs to Mash, Mud, &c.
In this column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, I see the Arabic term
Betl, "Cutting, dividing," &c. and the Persian VvTuk, or Putk,
" A Smith's Hammer, also an anvil," which signifies, what Beats,
BATTers, or reduces to a Pudge state, and thus we see, how the English
Beetle, and the Bejel nut, the Masticated substance, contain funda-
mentally the same idea. In the preceding column of Mr. Richardson's
Dictionary, we have the Persian Bett, or Pett, " Weaver's glue,''
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 83
where we see unequivocally the original notion, and in the succeeding
column we have the Arabic Besr, " IVater absorbed in sand."— Puteoli,
or Puzzuo/i, is acknowledged to belong to Putems, and so is Puticult.
I suspect, that the Pausil in Pausilypum, or Yosii^ypo, near this spot,
belongs to the same term, and that the Yp denotes Water, as in Avon,
&c. &c. The idea of Ylava-i^ and AvTrtj, as the origin of Pausilypum,
exhibits a precious specimen of our craft. — Pisa, the celebrated spot in
Elis, is acknowledged to belong to the idea of a Fountain, whatever
may be the process by which the term is obtained. Elis belongs to
the idea contained in Elos, (E\o?, Palus,) and so do Eleiisis, and the
Elysian Fields. The form Pisa, (Jli<ra,~) as the name of a place co-
incides with the familiar Greek term, for a Pudgy, Spring Spot, Visos,
(rittros, Humidus locus, et Irriguus.) The Author of the Analysis of
Ancient Mythology, (Vol. I. p. 251. Ed. 8vo.) observes, that "Pisa,
" so celebrated in Elis, was originally Pisan, of the same import, as
" the Aquce PisanjE above. It was so called from a Sacred Fountain,'
" to which only the name can be primarily applicable, and we are
" assured by Strabo T>;i/ Kptjvtjv Tlia-av eiptjcrdai, that the Fountain had
" certainly the name of Pisan." It is not necessary to enquire, whether
the Fountain was called Pisa, or Pisan, yet I think, nothing can be more
certain, than that Strabo has ?iot assured us, in these words, that the
Fountain had certainly the name of Pisan. The word is supposed to
be Pisan, as in the Ager PiSAmis of Italy, in order that it may agree
with Hanes and Phanes, " only the terms are reversed," as this writer
expresses it. Such are the devices of Mr. Bryant, in the Art of Ety-
mology; the popularity of whose System, (if any thing so futile may
be so called,) must be considered, as an indelible disgrace to our national
good learning, and good sense. — I may venture to hope, that these
discussions, by which the genius of Languages has been unfolded, will
for ever operate as barriers against any similar inroads of ignorance and
audacity, on the credulity of that portion of the Learned world, who
know but little, and who think less. While I examine the term
Pisa in the Vocabulary of Robert Ainsworth, I cast my eyes on the
name of the River called Pisauros. — The Ganges is called by the natives
L 2
84 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.| l,vi,n,r.
PuDDA, or Padda, &c. and sometimes Burra-Ganga. Some derive
the name of Pddda, from a Sanscrit term of a similar kind Pad, in Balic
Bad, &c. denoting the Foot, as it is supposed to flow from the Foot
of BEScAa;?, Yisinou, the Deity, which particularly relates to the Genera-
tive, Fertilizing power of Water, where we see kindred terms. — The
other great River in India is called Burram PooTer, where the PooTer,
still denotes the River, and Buna Great. In Thibet this River is called
San-Poo, Zanciu, where the San, Zan, belongs to the Gan, in Ganges
denoting the River, the Watery Muddy Spot, Coenum, Channel.
We have seen, that some of the titles of Apollo have been taken
from the names of Rivers, or Streams, near which his temple was
placed. Two of his titles are Put, and PYTH^'^^s, which are acknow-
ledged to belong to each other. [Bochart, G. S. c. 11.) The name of
PxTHius is supposed to be derived from Python, the Serpent, which
he destroyed ; and whatever may have been the origin of the fable, the
term Python, in the story of its arising from Mud, brings us to the sense
of our Element, the Pedon, (lleSot/,) &c., or the Pudge Spot and
matter. The Etymologists justly refer it to a kindred term Putho,
(riy^o),) PuTreo, denoting what is VuTrid. — The Prophetess of Apollo
is called PYTHONma, and we know, that in the NeW' Testament,
"a certain damsel," is recorded, as "possessed with a spirit of Divi-
" nation," or Python, " which brought her masters much gain by sooth-
" saying." — ^The story of the Serpent Python, whatever it may be,
does not interfere with any other fact, to which a term under a similar
form may belong ; and I must leave the Celtic Scholars to decide,
whether the Mystic term Python has not, under one of its allusions,
some reference to the Book of the Druids, called Peithyncw, from
Peithyn, a term of a similar meaning. Mr. Owen explains Peithyn
by " Open space ; open work ; that is plain, clear, or open ; what
" clears, or the reed work of a loom, a slay; a slate, a tile, or other
plain body," and Peithyncw, "That is plain or clear; a plain body,
" as a slate, tile, a sheet of paper, and the like ; the elucidator, or frame
" of writing, the Book of the ancient Bards, which consisted of a number
" of four-sided, or three-sided sticks written upon, w^hich were put
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 85
" together in a frame, so that each stick might be turned round for
" the faciUty of reading." It is singular, that in the celebration of the
Eleusinian Rites, " The Holy Mysteries were read" to the Initiated,
" out of a Book, called UeTpwua, which word," says the author whom
I have now before me, " is derived from Uerpa, i. e. a Stone, because
" the Book was nothing else but two Stones fitly cemented together."
{Potter's Antiq. Vol. I. Book II. c. 20.) We cannot help noting the
coincidence of the names for the sacred Book in Y^imynen, and Y^Troma,
and that amongst the Greeks it was of Stone, which corresponds to the
sense of the Slate, or Tile, which was probably sometimes used for this
purpose, as we know it to have been on other occasions. Perhaps
the victory of Apollo, or Polli, Beli, Belemis, Baal, &c. &c. over the
Python, might refer in one of its stories to the contests between two
rival codes of Religion, or Peithync/?. Perpetual allusion is made to
these contests in the Druid superstition, that great store-house of
Mythology, to which all our attention should be directed. (^Davies on
the Druids, 420.) — The fable of killing the Serpent, arising from Mud,
may refer, in one of its stories, to the cleansing of Lakes, or forming of
commodious Lakes for the purposes of celebrating the Druid rites, about
which situations we hear so much, in the records of this extraordinary
order of men. (^Ibid. p. 158, &c. &c.)
There was another name of Apollo, VkT\B.cBus, which Bochart derives
from 1J1S PTR, To Interpret ; from whence, as he thinks, Joseph
received his name Poter. (G. S. c. QQQ.^ Others refer it to the Town
of Lycia, Patara, situated " on the eastern side of the mouth of the
" River Xanthus, with a capacious harbour, a temple, and an oracle
" of Apollo, sirnamed Patarcms," as our familiar books on Mythology
describe it. I suspect, that PAXAua means the Water, River, Fountain,
Spot, &c. General Vallancey in his Specimen of an Irish Dictionary
has given an account of this term, which seems to bring us closely to
the same idea, though he has no notion of such an origin, but directs
our attention to the source proposed by Bochart. " Patrun, An Oracle,
" Ch, ]Tl£OiS Patrun. Patrun is the name given, and yet retained,
" to certain festivals, when the Peasantry assemble at Fountains and
86
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
" Wells, on Saints' days, where Mass is usually said by the Priest, after
" which they go to drinking, dancing and commonly conclude with
' fighting: It is a Pagan custom, as they commonly invoked the Giola-
' Boist, i. e. r\t:'inTl'7J Gelah-Bousht, or Naiads, who were supposed
' to give responses ; hence "liriQ Petour, so named from an oracle, was
' the place of Balaam's nativity. Numb. xxii. 7. Patera in Lycia, where
' Apollo had a Temple and Oracle, and Patera in Achaia, were oracles.
" Apollo's Priests were called Patera by the Gauls. "ir>D Petar,
" Sacerdos Apollinis, oraculorum interpres. Unde Joseph Poter, vel
" Photar, quia somnia interpretabatur. Gen. xl. 41." — The assembling
of the People about the JVells and Fountains, and invoking the Naiads,
bring us, we see, directly to my idea, and here let us mark the term
for Water, Boist, or Bousht.
The word Gelah might perhaps belong to the Gwyll?'ow, the nine
Maids, who watch over the caldron of Cerid-Wen, or Ceres, and sing
by night, in the hosoms of Lakes. (Davies on Druids, 166, &c.) It is
acknowledged, that the nine Muses are derived from hence, and from
this source, we have the stories about Meer Maids, Sp^ens, &c. i. e.
Maids, or Females, singing in Meers or Lakes. From the Qwyllion are
derived the Galli, the Priests of Cybele ; who are said to have deprived
themselves of the powers of Virility. — When the Priests happened to
be Men ; this was done probably in order to imitate, as far as they were
able, the more ancient custom of having Women Priestesses. — An order
of Priests is said to exist at present, under the same predicament ; and
this is thought to be done, and in fact is done, for the purpose of
improving the voice. It is however a relict of an ancient rite, and
1 might almost venture to say, that there is scarcely any ceremony in
the ritual of ancient superstition, of which some traces may not be
observed in the institutions of the present times, on the most ludicrous,
as well as the most solemn occasions. We see the nine GwYLLion again
in the ancient Latin term, Noven-^ii.es, which some have justly supposed
to be the nine Muses. The origin of the word Syren has much
perplexed me, though I have commonly acquiesced in the idea, that
it belonged to the Element SR, CR, denoting through the whole compass
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 8?
of Language, ' To make a noise, as Cry, Keriio, (Kt]pvw,y &c. &c. yet
I must propose to the Celtic Scholars, whether the Syren may not
belong to the term GEiRioyi/dd, the spot, in which she sang. " It was
" the presage of the Druid, who earnestly attended in the jethereal
" temple of GEiRiomydd, to the songs of the Giuyllion, the children of
" the evening, in the bosoms of the lakes," {Davies on the Druids, 5QQ.)
Taliessin, says Mr. Davies, was said to have dwelt upon the bank of
the Lake of GziRioNydd. The origin of this term must be investigated
by the adepts in the Celtic Dialects, and above all they should consider,
whether it is not derived from the Gron, or Fen.
The Element GRN denotes the Fen, Marsh, Lake, the Gron, the
Low spot, or Ground ; through the whole compass of Language, and
we must expect to find the Element particularly applied in the stories
of Mythology, where our great search must be among Lakes, Fountains,
Fens, &c. Hence we have the mystic terms Charon, and aCheron.
Mr. Owen explains the Welsh Gwern by " That is inundated ; a Swamp,
" a Bog, a meadow ; also alder trees ; which are also called coed Gwern,
" or the Swamp trees, also an epithet for Hell." To these words
belong the Greek Krene, Krouno^, (Kprjvrj, Pons, Kpofj/os, Scatebra,)
Hippo-CRENE, where the Hipp denotes Water, as in Avon, &c. the French
Eau, quasi Eav, &c. and the English Gron will bring us to such words as
CRAN-?i'e//, CRAN-Mer, Crans/o«, CRAN-J5er/7/, and to that profane spot,
where I fear, no Naiads are now to be found, ' CRk^-Bourn Alley.'
The IVell, Meer, and Bour7ie, we know, are terms relating to Water,
and the Bourne, again appears in the name Hol-Born, which is ac-
knowledged to be the Spot of the //«7/-Spring, or Bourne. — To the
Gron we must refer our beloved Granta, and thus we see, that the
Muses still continue to haunt the Crans, the Grans, or the Grons of
the Cam, who once dwelt among the Grons, or Crens, (Kptjvat,} of
Boeotia, and danced about the Fountain of Hippo-CRENE, &c. &c. — It
has been understood by some Antiquarians, that Granta is the Spot
situated in the Gron, but they have not seen, that this Gron Spot was
expressly, and purposely chosen, as the favorite retreat of the Muses,
in which their rites and mysteries might be more quietly and securely
88
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,Tn,n,r.
celebrated. — I have no doubt, that in the most ancient periods of the
world, the Muses haunted the Grons of the Cam, not as metaphorical,
but material personages, Damsels of mortal mould, such as were found,
performing the same ceremonies, over the caldron of Cerid-IFen, among
the Grons of Boeotia. The name of the Cam belongs to the familiar
names for Rivers, which we have seen under the Element CS, T^ M, V,
as Sam, Sav, Scamander, Simois, Thames, Tav, Tcivl, &c. all belonging
to the Swamp, where we see, how the forms S, T^ M, V, pass into each
other. Now it is curious, that Tav, as Baxter informs us, is the ancient
form for the name of the Cam. In his Glossary, (p. 225,) we have
the following remark, " Tavus etiam Cantabrigiense flumen est, quod
" vulgari errore Cai7i, et Grant appellatur, ob vernacula scilicet vocabula
" Cambridge and Grantchester. Cum tamen superiori saeculo verius
" scriberetur, Cantebrugge, de quo Latinizantium Canfabrigia, cum
" deberet dici Cantobrigay The steps in the formation of the term
Cam-Bridge, may have been Granta- Brugge, the place where there is
a Bridge over the Grun, the Watery, Fen Spot, Ganta, or Canta-
Brugge, and Cam-Bridge, by the familiar change of the n into a Labial
before another Labial. We must add however, that the name Cani'
Bridge, may be a separate term, and mean the place, where there is
a Bridge over the Cam, the River. In these coincidences, where the
evidence is nearly equal on both sides of the question, is it impossible
to decide.
The banks of the Isis, or the Ford of Ox, or Water, Uisc, Osc,
Isc, &c. were likewise chosen by the Muses, as their favorite haunt;
for the same reason, as they delighted in the Grons of the Cam ; and
what is extremely curious and singularly applicable to the train of ideas
which I am now pursuing, some Antiquaries have even conjectured,
unconscious of the force of their opinion, that the Corybantes had
anciently a school, or dwelling at this celebrated Ford. Mr. Davies
has justly observed, that the Priests of Ceridwen, called Phcryllt, "are
" deemed to have been the first teachers of all curious arts and sciences ;
" and more particularly are thought to have been skilled in every thing,
'' that required the operation of fire." Mr. Davies imagines, that they
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 89
were the same as the Priests of the Cabiri, whom others have acknow-
ledged to correspond with the Curetes, Corybantes, &c. The CuRExe*,
we shall now see, are the persons belonging to Cerid, and the Cor«/-
Bantc's are the followers of Cer?V/-Wen, Cer?W-Bek, or Cer?'-Ben.
Mr. Davies observes moreover on the term Pheryllt as follows. " The
" Poet Virgil, whose sixth ^neid treats so largely of the mysteries of
" heathenism, has been dignified with this title ; and an old chronicle,
" quoted by Dr. Thomas Williams, asserts that the Pheryllt had an
" establishment at Oxford, prior to the founding of the University by
" Alfred."
I have the most perfect reliance on the truth of this chronicle ; and
we shall now understand, how idle all disputes have been on the superior
antiquity of these illustrious Founta'ms of Knowledge, which so refresh
and fructify the intellects of our Land. I have no doubt, that the
institution of these celebrated seminaries, as seats of learning, is lost
in the most unfathomable antiquity. — The reader will perhaps start,
when for the first time I venture to observe, that the very name of the
Goddess whom the Pheryllts adored, is at this very moment, I had almost
said the hallowed term, by which the votaries of these Seminaries delight
to shew their piety, their gratitude, and their affection to that Mystic,
or Metaphorical Being, who presides over the spot, and who dispenses the
blessings of instruction to her ingenuous Sons, — Alma-Mater. We all
know the familiar titles of this Goddess, Magna Mater, Bo?ia Mater,
At]fxr]T>]p, Alma Ceres, Alma Mater, &c. &c. In a Welsh Poem,
the Bard celebrates Ceridtven, {Dav. 285.) as "The Modeller oj" our
" tender age ; full of meekness ; her juvenile discipline has she freely
" bestoivcd." Whether the Welsh Writers originally gave the title of
Pheryllt to Virgil, or recorded it only as a traditionary name of the
Poet, their thoughts were directed, not to his account of Heathenish
rites in the 6th Book of the ^neid ; but to his Work of Science, in honor
of the inventions of the Goddess, the Georgics, "If you would learn
" the tempering of land, and its tillage, dysg lyvyr Feryll, yr hwn a elwir
" Virgil, learn the book of the Feryll, who is called Virgil."
I suspect however, that the title was not invented by the Welsh, but
M
90 B,F,P,V,W.^ C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,vi,n,r.
was traditionary, and that the names of Virgil, or Viril is the Ferill.
The surprize of the reader, which will not, I imagine, be inconsiderable
at this derivation, may perhaps be somewhat abated, when he remembers,
that the original occupation or pursuit of this great, and Philosophical
Poet, was that of an artist, who belongs in some of his occupations to
the office of a Feryll, a Smith, a person employed about Horses,
a Horse-Doctor, and that he was actually introduced into the Stables
of Augustus under that character. This surprize will be still more
abated, when we remember that VirgiVs Father was an assistant to an
Itinerant Conjurer, or Magician, (" Magi cujusdam viatoris initio mer-
" cenarium.") This account of Virgil, as a Philosophical Mystic, will
reconcile the opinions of Warhurton and Gibbon, on the nature of the
sixth Book of the ^neid. It is certainly full of the lore, which was
taught in the Caverns of Eleusis, but I think, it is probable, that Virgil
was not actually initiated into those secrets on that celebrated spot. —
Mystic Societies of the same sort every where abounded in his days,
and they are continued to this very moment, with some variety of rites,
practices and doctrines, according to the state of knowledge, and of
opinions, in the country where they were held, and in the personages,
by whom they were frequented. — Virgil disclosed no secrets, forbidden
to be promulgated ; as this crime cannot be incurred, unless the secrets
are of a peculiar nature, or are attended by peculiar circumstances. As
the writer of these Discussions has the honor of belonging to an illus-
trious Society of Mystics of the same kind, I dare not proceed further
in the elucidation of a subject so pregnant with such high and hidden
themes of investigation, and so important in the achievements of the
Human Race. (J^dey^oixai ots deixis ecTTV Qvpa^ 8' eiridea-de 0€^ri\oi9,
Orph.)
The Stories, relating to Virgil, are well worthy of our attention,
and all tend to illustrate the idea, which I have given respecting his
character. Augustus on his first knowledge of Virgil is said to have
consulted him, as a personage endowed with the gifts of a Conjurer,
by proposing to him a question, which no one but a Conjurer could resolve.
The Emperor is imagined to have entertained doubts of his own legiti-
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 91
macy, and to have made enquiries of Virgil respecting his real Father.
The Poet, with great address, resolves the question, like a Wizard,
skilled in the ways of the world, by a seasonable jest, which reminds
the Prince of the inadequate reward, bestowed upon a person, whom
he conceives to be invested with such extraordinary powers. But the
circumstances, which I have recorded, do not supply all the authority
for the fame of Virgil, as a Conjurer. Sir Walter Scott in his notes
on Sir Tristrem (page 318.) has quoted the title of a very scarce Book,
under the following words, " This boke treateth of the life of Virgilius,
" and of his deth, and many marvayles that he dyd in hys lyfe by
" whychcrafte and nygramancye, thorowghe the helpe of the devyls
" of hell." But in the extract made by the same writer from this book,
Virgil is actually described as a Pheryllt, or Worker in Metals. " Than
" made Virgilius at Rome a metall serpent with his cunninge, that
" who so ever put his hande in the throte of the Serpent to swere his
" cause right and trewe, and if his cause were false, he shulde nat
" plucke his hande out ageyne, and if it were trewe, he shuld plucke
" it out ageyne, without any harme doyinge." The Conjurer however,
with all his cunninge is outwitted by the wiles of a woman ; and the
Serpent, though faithful in performing his destined office, co-operates
with the woman to the confusion of his Master's prescience. This
woman, who is suspected by her husband of infidelity to his bed,
voluntarily submits to the ordeal of the Serpent, for the attestation of
her innocence, even against the remonstrances of the Wizard, whose
knowledge had discovered her guilt, and she contrives so to declare the
truth by an artifice, under which she confesses and conceals her crime,
that she at once frees herself from the suspicions existing in the mind
of her husband, and from the perils of the spells attached to the Conjurer
and his Serpent. In order to effect this she brought her Paramour with
her, disguised as a Fool, and with her hand in the Serpent's mouth,
sware, before her husband, that she had no more to do with " hym
" than with that fole that stode hyr by. And bycause that she sayd
" trowthe, she pulled hyr hande ageyne out of the throte of the serpent
" nat hurt ; and then departed the knyght home, and trusted hyr well
M 2
92 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T, X, Z.'^ l,m,n,r.
" ever after. And Virgilius having therat great spyte and anger that
" the woman had so escaped, destroyed the serpent ; for thus scaped
" the Ladye away, fro that great danger." The Conjurer then comments
on his own defeat by a reflexion, which the Poet might have transferred
to his ^neid, by observing, that " the tvomen be ryghf wyse to emmagyn
" ungraciousenes, but in goodness they but innocentes. (i. e. simpletons.)"
We have seen, that the term Pege, (n>/7>7,) belongs to our Element,
as denoting the Bog, Pudge Spot. Now Fegcisus, the Winged Horse,
is acknowledged to be derived from the Fountain, the Pege, whatever
may be the process, by which the fable has been formed. The Horse and
the Fountain are often connected with each other. Pegasus is the
favorite of the Muses, and hence to this very day and hour our Poets,
of all ranks and denominations, bestride their Pegasus, as their lawful
and appropriate conveyance. — In the fable of Pegasus various tales are
probably confounded. — I have sometimes thought, that the story of
striking with the Foot, and a Horse springing up, arises from a mistake
in similar sounds, denoting Water and a Horse; and some mythologists
have had a glimpse of this idea. We cannot but see, how Eq//«s
connects itself with Aqua, and Ippos, (Ittttos,) the Hobby, with the terms
for Water, Avrow, &c. &c. Through the whole compass of Language
the Elements \S, ^Q, &c. '^B, *P, &c. denote Water. The Mythologists
likewise understand, that the Horse is sometimes connected with Jfafer,
because Boats and Ships are called IFater Horses, and hence Pegasus
has been supposed to be the name of a Ship. Thus Veg-Asus may
have two origins, and denote either Peg-As-ws, the Equus of Pag,
Water, the Boat, or Peg-As-?/s, the Aqua, or Water of the Pag, or
Fountain. The first part of the word is, I think, manifest. I propose
conjectures on the second part for the purpose of furnishing some
materials for the employment of others. We must remember, that
Pagasa is an harbour of Macedonia, where the Ship Atgo was built,
and surely Pagaso, and Pegasms somehow belong to each other. The
received opinion is, that PAGrtSrt was so called from the number of
PEGai, (n>;7at,) which it possessed, and as Bochart informs us, the
Phoenicians gave it a name relating to this property. (G. S. 400.) —
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 93
Thus I unequivocally establish the sense of my Elementary character
PG, though on other points I am obliged to resort to conjecture. It
has been supposed, that Pegasus received the idea of a winged Horse,
from being applied to a Ship, or Boat, when it was furnished with Sails ;
and we all remember such metaphorical expressions as AevKOTrrepo^,
Albas alas, vel etiam alba vela habens, applied to Ships, CI AevKOTrrepe
Kpticria Ylopdfxi^, &c. Hippolyt. 749, &c. Hence it was, as some
have conjectured, that maritime cities often adopted the device of a
Winged Horse for an armorial distinction, as Corinth. (^See Gebelin,
Vol. IX. p. 172.) Another train of ideas is annexed to the story of
Pegasus, as he is sometimes considered as a Horse of Fire; and we have
likew^ise the combination of " A Muse of Fire." The office of the Muse
is to watch over the caldron of Ceridwen, and hence the Muse is con-
nected with Fire, and I seem to perceive in the description of Druid
ceremonies by the Welsh Bards, that the Caldron of Ceridwen was
sometimes under the form of a Horse. The neck might serve, as the
funnel, or chimney of the furnace ; and if we suppose, that this Caldron
received the shape of other animals, we shall perhaps gain more light
in our researches on this subject. In the following passage the Horse
is directly connected with the furnace. — " Then they caused their
" Furnaces to boil without water, and prepared theif solid metals to
" endure for the age of ages: The Trotter, (Horse,) was brought forth
" from the deep promulgator of song." (P>avies on the Druids, p. 61 1.)
One of these mystic Horses is represented under the figure of a Centaur,
{See the Plates to the book of Mr. Davies on the Druids,) and I have some-
times thought, that the story of the Centaurs was taken from this source.
That point should be well considered by the Celtic Mythologists. The
Story of our Witches, or JFise women riding on broom-sticks, belongs,
by some process or other, to the Pegasus of antiquity, and even the
proverb, ' Set a beggar on horseback, and he'll ride to the Devil,' must
be referred to the same origin. Remote as this may appear; it will
become evident, in part at least, by the following observations.
The deity answering to the Latin Bellonw is called Malen, Velex,
Helena, and she is " a popular name amongst the Britons, for the fury
94 B,F,P,V,\Y.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,in,n,r.
" Andrasta, or as the vulgar call her, the Devil's Dam. Fable reports,
" that she had a Magical Horse, called March Malen, upon which
" sorcerers were wont to ride through the air. Whence the common
" proverb seems to have taken its rise, A gasgler ar Varch Malen dan
" ei dor ydd a. — IFhat is gotten on the hach of the horse of Malen will
" go under his belli/.'' [Davies 6^7, from Baxter's Gloss.) It is allowed,
that to this Welsh saying belongs our familiar proverb, ' What is got
' on the Devil's back, is spent under his belly.' It has not been seen
however, that to Malen belong the MELiNoe, (MtjXivot],^ of the Greeks,
and Melaina, (MeAatt-?;,) applied to Ceres, which is supposed to be
an epithet for this Goddess, derived from her black garments. In
Orpheus we have {Hym. 70,) M.n\Lvot]v KaXeio vuix(pi]v -^Qoviav KpoKo-
TreirXov. Let us mark the epithet KjooKOTreTrAos, which answers to the
Druid mythology, as she is called by the Welsh, y Fad Ddu Hyll,
" Bona Furva, effera," and "y Fad lelen," that is, Helena, or "Bona
" Flava," as Baxter has observed. The same writer has perceived, that
Pegasus has some reference to the Horse of Malen, or Mi7ierva. He
has not seen however, that Verscus, w^ho mounts Pegasus, means the
Bard, the FRYDuydh, the Priest. Perseus, in the fable of the Greeks is
entrusted to the Priests of Minerva, where we see him associated with
Malen. These Magical Horses are connected with the Talisman, called
Gwarchan, in which w-ere represented Hideous Figures, as of Horses,
&c. one of which is thus described, — " Ceithin, March Ceidiaw, Corn
" avarn arnaw. Hideous, the Horse of Ceidio, which has the horn of
" Avarn." AVe shall now understand, how Perseus and his Horse
Pegasus become connected with the Hideous figures of the Gorgons,
and we shall moreover now acknowledge, that the Gorgon is nothing
but the Gwarchan, the Charm, the Talismanic figure. The Welsh
Gwarch is only another form of the Teutonic Guard. Mr. Owen
explains Gwarc, by " What incloses, or shuts up," and Gwarcan by
" What secures, an irresistible influence, a talisman, an enchantment,
" an incantation." The parents of the Gorgons are Phorcys and Ceto,
where the Celtic scholars should consider, without regarding the tales
of simple Greeks, and their still more simple interpreters, whether the
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 95
Phorc be not the Marc, Varc, and Ceto, the Hideous Horse Ceiwo.
The Ceidio is the Ked, a title of Cend-JVeu, belonging to our Teutonic
^cCate. The habitation of the Gorgons is placed in various parts of
the world, by the various narrators of the fable ; and they have done
well in extending the scene of such adventures. The Gorgons, or
Talismans are to be found, wherever the Druid ceremonies have been
practised, and I know not, what portion of the globe we can exclude
from their influence. Mr. Bryant has seen, that the Ceto of antiquity
belongs to Ceres, and Mr. Davies produces as parallel to Ceto, the Celtic
Ked, {Davies on Druids, p. 1 14.) The Gorgon is the Gwarchan, the
Guardian, or Warden, the Hideous figure marked on the protecting
Talisman. Mr. Owen explains Qw KV^caivdwr by "one who Guards;
" a Wardcw." The Head of one of the Gorgons was applied, we
know, as a terrific appendage to the Shield of the Goddess of War, and
perhaps the origin of Armorial bearings with their strange frightful
figures of Animals, &c. may be traced to the Talismanic devices of the
Protecting and Appalling Gwarchan.
96
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.} ],m,n,r,
Terms, which express the action of Formhig the Plastic materials
of Pudge matter into certain Shapes, Forms, Appearances, &c. or
which relate to Forms, Shapes, Appearances, Representations, &c. in
general.
Potter, Potiee, (Eng. Fr.)
Fingo, Finxi, FicTum, (Lat.) To Form.
FeigNj (Ei)g.)
FicTor, Figm7«s, TiCTilis, (Lat.) A Potter,
Earthen, or Pottery Ware.
Pingo, Pinxi, ViCTum, To Paint.
Pango, peViGi, Pactm/«, To Form, or make
up.
Figm;o, FiGwra, FiGwre, (Lat. Eng. Fr. &c.)
Facio, FACies, Face, Fashion, Facon,
&c. (Lat. Eng. Fr. &c.)
Poieo, quasi Poj-eo, (Gr.) To make.
sPEcies, (Lat.) Form, kind.
«Pecto, &c. (Lat.) Wliat relates to Form,
or Appearance.
rfeVisE, t?eVicE, (Eng.)
Visage, &c. (Eng. Fr.)
Stc. &c. 8tc.
I shall in this Article produce a Race of words, which either directly
express the action of Forming the Plastic materials of the Earth, or
Pudge matter, into certain Shapes, Figures, Appearances, &c. or which
relate in general to the idea of Forming, Shaping, &c. or to Forms,
Figures, Shapes, Appearances, Representations, Spectacles, &c. &c. and
which were originally derived, as I imagine, by metaphorical allusion,
from the Plastic Materials of Pudge matter. We know, that Mould
at once expresses the Dirt of the Earth, and Form, Shape, &c. I have
already produced some terms of this nature, which relate to Pudge-
like. Plastic matter formed into masses for eating, as Paste, Vvumng,
Batch, Bake, &c. and I shall now produce other applications of the
same notion. Among the terms, belonging to our Element, which
convey the train of ideas, respecting the Form, Shape, &c. of Plastic
matter, as above described, we must class the following : PoTTer, (Eng.)
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 97
Potter, (Fr.) &c. and in Irish we have Potair, Potadoir, the next word
to which in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary is Poxa/w, To drink. The adjacent
words to Potter in Skinner's Etymologicon, are PoTTa^e, To Potter,
Poteren, &c. (Belg.) Agitare, Fodicare Rimari, which Skinner derives
from Pultare ; but which, as we now see, belongs to our Element,
signifying ' To Pudge about, or To Stir about the Pudge,' and let us
mark the explanatory term Yomcare, where we are brought directly to
the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis, Pottle, the measure, which is
referred to Pot, and Bottle. — Pouch, the Bag, both which mean
the SiveU'nig or VvoGing out object, and Pouchcs, a Nautical term,
which probably has the same idea. I see too Pouder, which seems
to belong, as I have before stated, to our E^lement PD, though it might
appear to be attached to the form PL, to Pulvis, when we consider, that
the term Poudre was anciently written Pouldre. — Fingo, Finxi, YiCTiim,
" To make, To Fashion, to Mould. — To imagine, to suppose, to devise,
" invent, or contrive. To forge, to Feign, or counterfeit. To Suit,
" adapt, or accommodate," where let us mark the parallel terms Fash/o/?,
Feign, and let us observe likewise, how the Element FN belongs to FC.
In the English Feigw, we see the n after the Radical G, but in the French
Feindre, the n precedes the D. Under the form FN we have Fange,
Fango, (Fr. Ital.) Mud, Dirt. We see the origin of this Latin word
FiNGo, in FiCTor, *' A Potter, one that worketh in Clay,'" in TiCTilis,
" Earthen, or made of Earth," and in the following application, as the
sentence appears in our ordinary Vocabularies, " Homulus ex Argilla
et Luto FiCTUs. In Italian the term for a Potter, is Pentolajo, where
the form PN appears. In Scotch, Pig is " an Earthen Vessel, S. Douglas
" uses it for a Pitcher. — Any piece of Earthen ware, a potsherd,"
where let us note Pitcher, and the Pot in Forsherd. A Pig Man and
Wife are sellers of Crokery. Dr. Jamieson appears to see no parallel
terms to this word but the Gaelic Fioadh, and Pigin, An Earthen
Vessel. The only difficulty here is to decide, whether these terms for
a Cup, relate to the idea of ' What is Earthen, or to the Hollow, as of
' a Pit, the Mud spot.' It is understood, that Fangle in New Fangle
belongs to such words, as Fingo, &c. We shall now understand, that
N
98 B,F,P,V,W.| C, D, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. f l,m,n,r.
Pingo, Pinxi, PiCTum, with its parallels Peindre, &c. Paint, Picture,
(Eng.) &c. is only another form of Fingo, Finxi, TicTum, and that
Pango, peFiGo, Vxcriun, comVxcTus, relating to the Sticking in or
together of Sticky, or Pudge matter, is but a different form of the same
words. It would be idle to enquire, whether Pictmw relates more to
the idea of Daubing or Forming with Pudge Matter. Yiguto, To
YiQure, Make, &c., belongs, we know, to the terms in modern
Languages Figure, (Eng. Fr.) &c. &c. The origin of these terms will
be manifest in Fioulus, "A Potter, or Worker of things in Clai/.''
We shall now understand, that the Fig in FiGwre, and Figo, " To Stick,
" to Fix, to Fasten, to thrust in," belong to the same idea, and that Figo,
To Fix, FAsren, relate to the action of VuDoing, or Sticking, as into
Pudgy, or Sticky Matter. — PKR ina in Chaldee signifies ' A Potter,
' and an Earthen Vessel,' as Martinius has observed, who has likewise
given us an Arabic term in Hebrew characters, which is probably the
term, [^ Fekker, explained by Mr. Richardson " Potter's clay, Earthen
" Ware." Mr. Parkhurst has remarked under the Chaldee term, that in
Syriac the word signifies "To Form, Fashion.'^ — Fac?o in Latin is another
of these words, and to this we must add the term so often adopted in my
explanation, Yashio7i, with its parallels produced by the Etymologists,
Facon, (Fr.) Faccione, Fazzo, (Ital.) Facion, Fatzon, Fatsoen, (Dan. and
Belg.) &c. &c. In the phrase Y\conner la Terre, we are brought to the
original spot. Yxcies, the Face, belongs we know to Facio. In the
Dialects of the Celtic I find for YiGura the Armoric Feson, and the Irish
Fighair, and Lhuyd has produced the Armoric Poder under TiGulus. In
Italian Fucina, means a Forge, which is another form of Faccioke, &c.
The Greek Poieo is quasi Pojeo, (Jloiew, Facio,) and is another form of
Facio. The Poet is the Maker, or Former, and hence we see, how this
elevated name belongs to Dirt, or Pudge. Even in the Sublimest
effusions of his art, as I have observed on another occasion, he is still
a creature of the same Spot, and is but just emerging above the Mire,
(^Sublimis, qui supra Limum.^ In Scotch, Maker is a Poet; and I shall
shew, that Maker belongs to Mud ; and that from hence we have
iMAGo, the /Mage, &c. &c. iMAGinafion, &c. &c. The forms PD and
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 99
MD, Pudge, Mud, &c. may be considered, under one point of view,
as belonging to each other. In the Armoric, PoExnaw is a Poet, and
PoEsi, is Poesy, or Poetry. The term Facio, Feci, FACT?/m coincides
with the senses of Fict?^^, and Rictus, when it means, " To Paint, limn,
" drawn, or Fashion." Let us mark the term Liitin, which I shall
shew on another occasion to belong to Limus for a similar reason to
that, which exists in the words before us. The Latin FAce^//s, from
which Fxcefious comes, and its parallels in Modern Languages, Facete,
(Fr.) &c. is acknowledged to belong to Facio. In the " Molle atque
" Facetum Virgilio annuerunt gaudentes rure Camcenae," we see an
application to Poetry, connected with the Softness of Plastic materials. —
To Facio belong the French and Italian, &c. Faire, Far, Fait, Fatto.
To this Race of words so rich in examples, we must refer Feat,
Bellus, Concinnus, YzxTiire, &c. &c. The term Fetive belongs to
our ancient Language, and is frequently found in the Poems attributed
to Rowley. In the prose part of these compositions we find it
oftentimes applied in its more original sense, as relating to dexterous
workmanship, in the operations of art; as in the following passage,
" Rounde the cabynette are coynes on greete shelfes Fetively Paync-
" ted.'' (See a Publication called, the Works of Thomas Chatterton,
Vol. III. p. 279.) The terms adjacent to Fatzo, " A Fashion," &c.
in John Florio's Italian Dictionary, is Yxzzatoia, "A bin, or hutch,
" or maund for bread," which means probably something Made up
for holding, &c. and FazzuoIc, Fxzzoletto, which Florio explains by
" A Handkerchiefe, a mucketer, a towell, a wiper, a barber's cloth."
where Fazz I imagine relates, to Dirt, and the term for the wiper means,
what is employed about Dirt, just as Muclteter belongs to Muck. Our
Author explains Fazzolettacio, by " A Filthy Fazzoletto," and in
the same column we have Feccia, Dregs, lees, or filth of wine, be-
longing, we know, to the Latin F^x, VjE.cis. In Danish Fagtc/-
means " Gestures, looks, demeanour," the next word to which in my
Dictionary is Fajcwcc, " Delft ware," which conducts us to the
true idea. — Pattctw, with its parallels, produced by the Etymologists,
Patron, (Fr.) Patroon, (Belg.) Patrwn, (Wei.) denotes the Form.
N 2
100
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,R,Q,S,T,X,Z.< l,m,n,r.
Its adjacent word Pattin brings us at once to the Ground. The French
Patron not only signifies " Pattern, Model," but likewise a Patron,
which with its parallels belongs to the Latin Patromis from Pater.
A word in the same column of my French Dictionary with PATRO?^ is
FATROuillage, " Dirt made by walking on the Mud." — Bust, with its
parallels, Busfe, Busto, (Fr. Ital.) means the Plastic Mass, or Form;
and the Busk, Busque, (Fr.) is that, which belongs to the Bust, or the
Body, the Sivellhg out Mass. The Latin BvsTum means directly the
Raised Mass of Dirt. In Saxon Brscr is " Exemplar, Similitudo," and
the adjacent word to this in my Saxon Dictionary is BxsGian, Occupare,
To Bust, which relates to Dirt in agitation. As Brser is applied
to Matter, so BYSgian relates to a person who is heMatterd, if I may
so say, who is engaged ' in various Matters," and hence BrsGu signifies
Matters, or Affairs, "Negotia, occupationes." We use he-Muddled
in a similar manner. I shall shew, that Busk in the combination, so
familiar to our ancient Language, " Busk and Boun," relates to Ornament
and Dress, under the idea of removing the Dirt. In Persian c:^ But
means "An idol, image, any figure that is an object of adoration,
"a lover, a beautiful woman," the original idea annexed to which word
will be manifest, from one of the two preceding terms under the same
form. Put, " A worm which pierces ships' bottoms," which means
probably the animal living among Dirt, and Bett, " Weaver's Glue,"
where we directly see Pudge matter. Again in Persian ^ Pish means
" Before, the anterior part, before the eyes. — An example, model,
" exemplar, coripheus, chief, superior, commander," If the original
idea of this word appears in the term Before the sense is probably that
of Yvsning forward. This however the Persian Scholars must decide ;
yet they will unequivocally see the sense of the Element in various words,
with which it is surrounded. In the same column of Mr. Richardson's
Dictionary with Pish, Before, I see Pishar, Piss, Urine, and in the next
and succeeding columns I see Pish-Pade, " A Cake made of flour, honey,
'■' and oil or butter, Pishwa, an exemplar, a model, guide, leader, &c.
" Pishe, Art, Skill, a trade, profession," &c. and Bishe, which among
other senses means, " A Forest, (especially the Thickest parts, &c.)
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 101
" It was formerly, or Before," and " Coagulated, Curdled, Thickened,''
where we unequivocally see the original idea of Pudge matter, however
the other senses may be connected with it. In the sense of the Thick
parts of a Forest, we see the idea of the Bushy Spot. I have before
produced the Persian .u^li Bakhte Plaster, and in the same column of
Mr. Richardson's Dictionary we have Pakh, Lime, Plaster, &c. adorned,
ornamented, &c. which seems to be derived from the idea of Plastering
over. — VYGmalion, the name of a celebrated Statuary, presents to us a
compound term, in which the Pyg must surely be referred to this race
of words, denoting Plastic materials, and the Mai belongs to the Element
ML, under a similar idea of the Mould, or form. He inhabits a city
called Amvthus, which is a Mystic term, connected with some art,
and belongs to Matter, Mud, &c. either as signifying a place famous
for its Earth, in making iMAce*, or as abounding with rich Earth, or
Ore, for which it was famous. The Amuth is the same term as Ometh
in Pr-OiviETHEus, Amadis, &c. (^See Prelim. Dissertat. to Etym. Univers.
p. 105.) Bochart derives Amath«s from Amath, a Son of Canaan;
but he derives another city T-Amassms, abounding with mines, " ubi
" fxeraWa xaA/cof eari aipdova,"" from the Syrian word Etmesa, To Melt.
The idea of Melting in this term is derived from that of a Mash, or Mud
state. The term Melt, and sMelt, (sMelting Ore,^ belongs to Mould, for
the same reason. Whatever be the precise idea, the Math, as I before
observed, is a mystic term, derived from some operations of Art. Pyg-
inalion, we know, is the name of a King, and we must remember, that
the Phoenician names of Dignity are derived from Arts. — Votis, Fossuni,
Voxestas, &c. belong to the idea of the Plastic materials of Pudge;
just as the PoTTer is said to have Power over the Claij. To these Latin
words belong the terms in Modern Languages Power, Possible, &c.
Poreut, Sec. (Eng.) Pouvoir, Fvissant, Vyjissance, Possible PoTEre, (Fr.
Ital.) &c. &c. The term Puissawce occurs in the same page of my
French Dictionary with Puits, the Pit, the Pudge Spot. PoTior, and
Possideo are acknowledged to belong to Poris, and we shall now see,
how my origin of these words brings us to the adjacent term Poms, &c.
which s»ill relates to Pudge, JVatery matter. In some of these terms
103
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
the form PS, PT does not appear as in Power, &c. To this idea of
PoTW, when applied to the Potver of the mind, the T Acuities, as we
call them, or the YxciUty of doing any thing, must be referred probably
the terms for Art and SUll in the Celtic Dialects, as Fod, (Ir.) " Art,
" skill, science," Fodh, " Knowledge, skill," which certainly belong
to the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis, whatever may be the precise
idea, by which they are connected with it, as Fod directly means
" A Clod of Earth, glebe, soil, land, a Peat." The next word is Fooar,
" Straw, hay, provender Fodder," which I suppose, in another place,
to belong to the idea of Pudge, as the Swelling out YxTrening substance,
and an adjacent word is VoDhailam, " To loose, untie, divide," where
we have the Fod in a more relaxed state. Again in Irish, Feth is
" Science, Knowledge, instruction," and in the same column of
Mr. Shaw's Dictionary I see Feud, " Can, able." In another place we have
Feat, "Music, Harmony," Feath, "Learning, skill, Knowledge," and
a term under the same form Feath, means " A calm tranquillity, a Bog,"
where we again see the original idea. In the same column I see Featha/,
" The Face, countenance ;" VEicam, " To be in a continual motion,
" to Fidget," where we see, how TranquiUity and Motion may alike
belong to the Bog. In the next column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, we
have FeidzV, " Able, Possible." I shall not attempt to produce the
various terms for Kjioivledge belonging to our Element in the Celtic
Dialects; but shall conclude by citing the terms Fadh, Science, and
Faid, " A Prophet," which will bring us to the Latin Vatcs ; from
whence we shall understand, how under my origin, the terms Yatcs,
and YxDiim, the Pudge Spot, may belong to each other. The Sanscrit
Vedas, the Books of Knoivledge, must probably be referred to these
words. I must leave the Celtic scholars to adjust, how the terms,
with which these words are surrounded, belong to the Elementary
sense, which I have here unfolded. Yet they will find little trouble,
I imagine, to make this arrangement. Thus they will see, that the
preceding term to Faid, the Prophet, which is Faidh, He went,
belongs to Vado, &c. that Fadh, the Mole, is the router about the ]
Pudge. j
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 103
Mr. Owen explains the Welsh Fes by '• What penetrates, subtlety,
" knowledge," and in the same opening of his Dictionary, I see TEiTaiaiv,
" To Effectuate, to make," where he justly refers us to Faith, " A Fact,
" an Act," which directly brings us to Facjo, TACTian. I see likewise
adjacent to Fes the Terms Fest, " Fast, speedy, hasty, or quick ; adroit,
"clever," TEiSTimaw, "To Festinafe, To hasten," where let us note
Fast, Festinate, from Festino, which, we see all contain by some
process a common idea with FacIo. I shall shew that Fast, and Fasten
belong to Pudge matter, which under another idea brings us to motion.
Let us note the explanatory word Quick, which I shall shew .to belong
to the Quag, as in Quick- Sa?H/. — The English Prophet is directly taken
by us from the Greek Prophetes, (Jlpofpnm^, Propheta,) but this term
does not belong probably to the Greek Language, as derived from llpo
and $>/jUi, or if it does really belong to it, it furnishes a most singular
example in the accidental coincidence of terms. In Welsh Profwyd,
or Prophuyd, and in Cornish and Armorio Prqfuit is a Prophet.
Mr. Owen derives this Welsh word from Pro, which he explains by
" That is counter, or coming against," and Pwyd, which he explains
by "The act of putting by, or passing." There is another term, adjacent
to this in Mr. Owen's Dictionary, which is Profesu, " To predeterminate
** a course; to make a vow. To Profess," This likewise forms a strange
coincidence with our term Profess, which is directly taken from the
Latin Prqfifeor, Professus, and this is derived from Pro and Fafeor,
Fassus. In such cases we find ourselves somewhat embarrassed.
Mr. Owen derives the Welsh word from Pro and Fes, which latter
term, as we have seen, he has explained by, " What penetrates, subtlety,
** knowledge." Thus we have got the Welsh Profesu, connected with
a term, which I have referred to Faid, the Prophet, and surely the Phet,
FwYD in pro?nET, proTwYD belong to the same term Faid. If this
should be so, the Latin Fatco;- will relate in its original sense, to the
solemn declaration, saying, vow, or engagement of the V.\Tes, and this
conjecture will be strengthened, when we remember the adjacent term
to ¥\-reor, the Latin Yxrutn, Fate. I must leave the Celtic Scholars to
discover, whence the Pro, or Prof is derived in these words Profwyd,
104 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
and yet surely we need seek no further than the term, which occurs
in the same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary with these words, as
Provi, "To Prove, try, examine." Thus then the Professor, and the
Prophet mean the personage, who utters his solemn vows, declarations,
predictions, &c. on Approved and well examined grounds. We might
conjecture, that to these words belonged the Latin lotiim, the J^oiv,
but on this point too there is some difficulty. Perhaps the Bus and Pis,
in Pres-Bus, and ThesYis. (UpecrfSu^, Senex, 0eo-7r/s Vates, Divinus,)
might be referred to these terms Vatcs, &c. The Pres may belong to
Bard, in (Celtic Bardh, Prydydh, produced in Lhuyd under Vates,
and the Thes may belong to the terms of respect for Father, as Tad,
Tat, Sec. The terms for a Poet, under the form BRD, PRD, as Bardh,
Prydydh, belong to the Welsh Pryd?/, " To Represent an object ; to
" Represent an event ; to record time ; to delineate, to form ; to compose ;
'•' to compose Poetry," and to Prid, or Priz, "Mould, or Earth," just
as I have supposed Poet, and MAKer to belong to Pudge, or Mud
matter. The Greek Melos, (MeAos, membrum, artus. Carmen modu-
latum,) belongs to Mould, for the same reason. We have seen, that
Limn belongs to Limus, and so does Limb. — Pasko, (Flao-Kw,) Fxrior,
TASSiim, from whence are derived the terms in modern Languages,
Vxssion, PATHetic, &c. (Fr. Eng.) &c. belong to the Plastic and yielding
nature of Pudge. In the expressions afFEcrion, afFEcriis, dolore,
we see, how these terms attach themselves to Fac?o. In such examples,
as "Non rastros VAxietur, Humus," &c. the term is brought to its
original spot. In Peitho, VEiTH07nai, (Yleidw, Persuadeo, Ueido^ai,^
which brings us to Pisxis, Pistcmo, (Ulo-ti?, Fides, YliG-revu}, Confido,)
and Ywes, Faith, we can hardly distinguish between the Yielding
Property, and the Tenacity of that species of matter, which I call Pudge,
and which we unequivocally see in the terms under a similar form to
these Greek words, Pisos, (riicros. Locus irriguus,) and Pissa, (Ilto-o-a,
Pix,^ Pitch. In VEiDomai, {^eidofxai, Parco, Veniam do, Ahstineo, &c.)
we have the metaphor of the same Matter in a Soft, Yielding state,
unless there likewise we should suppose, that the idea of Tenacity cannot
be separated from that sense. Among the meanings of this word, we
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 105
find Abst'ineo, and in the explanation of its derivatives, *^eiZ(a\o^, &c.
we see the words Tenax, Tenaciter, &c. adopted. We know, that to
Tenax belongs the idea of Tenacity, as applied to Clay, and I shall shew,
that it must be referred to the Element TN, denoting such a substance,
as Tho7i, &c. (Germ.) Mud, Clay, &c. The Greek Feido, and pEiDOMoi,
(^eiZw, Parcimonia, ^eihofxai, Parco,) seem to belong directly to the
Celtic Fedh, " Calm, respite," Feth, " A calm, tranquillity, a Bog,"
Feith, "Tranquillity, silence, calmness," Feitham, "To wait, attend,
"stay." To these words probably belongs the Welsh V^iDiaw, "To
" cease, to leave off, to give over, to desist," as Mr. Owen explains it,
who likewise interprets VEiDiannii by "To make a Pause." This will
lead us to consider, whether Pause, Pauo, Pauso, {Ylavw, Ylava-oj, Cesso,)
be not another of these words. I produce these terms on a different
occasion.
To these terms, expressing Form, Appearance, &c. we must refer
various words, where s has been added to the Labial of the Radical, as
sPecth/w, "An Idea, or Form, of a thing represented to the intellect,"
sPEc/es, "A Form, FiGMz-e, Fash?o;?, or Shape,'' s?E.cimen, "A mode,
" PATTcrw," &c. — sPecto, sVEcio, sYECulor, &c. &c. to which, as we
know, belongs a great Race of words in Modern Languages, ' Spectre,
' Species, Specimen, Spectacle, Inspect, Speculate,' Sec. &c. the origin
of which is acknowledged by all. — The term sPecus, the Den, is sup-
posed to be a place, " ex quo Despicitur," and it has therefore been
interpreted, as the " Lurking place," and hence sPEculor has been
explained by " To Scout." The terms, adjacent to these, are sPica,
sFicatus, belong to Pike, sPiK.ed, which relate to the action of Sticking
into Sticky, or Pudge matter, just as I suppose sVEcies, the form, to
belong to Sticky, or Pudge matter, under the idea of its Plastic nature.
The Latin sPes may directly belong to sPecto, &c. and mean ' The
' Looking for, or exsPECTing something,' and if this be so, we must
not refer it to the term Spero, which belongs to such words as Spuren,
(Germ.) ' To trace. Spy out, the Footsteps,' &c. where let us note
Spy, quasi Spyr, and which under another form is Peer, Sec. &c. 'J'he
term ^Pice and its parallels Kspices, Specie, Spetic, (Fr. Ital.) Aromata
O
106
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
are acknowledged to belong to sPzcies, and in our expression, ' To have
' a sVice of a thing,' the word is referred to the same source. In this
expression, the term sPice simply signifies a portion of some Matter,
Substance, and in the application of sFEcle to money the word seems
to mean little more than a Piece of matter, as of Coin, where it coincides
with Piece. We have Vice in old English, used for sPice, though in
the following passage it is applied w^ith some peculiarity of meaning.
Troilus says to Hector in Shakspeare,
" Brother, you have a Vice of mercy in you,
" Which better fits a lion than a man.
" Hect. What Vice is that, good Troilus? chide me for it."
(Troilus and Cressida, Act v. S. 3.)
The Poet uses the obsolete word Vice in its true sense of sPice, from a
just impression of its meaning, though its coincidence in form with
another familiar word. Vice, Vitium, makes him doubt about the
justness of the impression, and he accordingly accompanies it with a
turn of meaning derived from that familiar word. Thus in the expression,
" A Vice of Mercy," Vice means a sPice, or Piece of what belongs
to a Vice, or Bad quality. In Vice for Piece, we have simply the idea
of a Lump, or Mass of Matter, but in Vice, YiTuim, we have the idea
of ' Foul, Pudge matter.' In Shakspeare a word corresponding to
Pudge, the term Pitch, may be considered to be used for Vice, as it
is put for something opposite to Virtue, " So will I turn her Virtue
" into Pitch," (^Othello, ii. 3.)
Among other interpretations of Fingo, Tictus, we have ' To deViSE,^
and we shall now understand that the following terms are to be referred
to this Race of words, Yisage, with its parallels Visage, Vis a Vis, (Fr.)
Viso, Visagagio, (Ital.) &c. denoting the Face ; all which bring us to
the Latin Video, Visum, &c. with their numerous and acknowledged
derivatives, Eido, (EiSw,) quasi FeicZo, loea, quasi FiDeo, (Ihea, Idea,
Species, Genus, and Forma,) an loea, Form, Kind, Sort, Species, &c.
From EiDO, we come to Eiko, quasi Feiko, (Eikw, Similis sum, cedo,
non repugno,) where we see the sense of Form, together with another
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 107
property of Plastic matter, that of Yielding to the touch. — Phiz, (Eng.)
Visat\l, (Eng.) signifying, ' What is of a nature, or Ard, like the Vis,
' or Countenance.' The Etymologists have produced under it Visiere,
Visiera, Visera, (Ital. Span.) — deViCE, deViSE, " To imagine, invent,
" Fancy, or Feigw, also to contrive, or Forge," says N. Bailey, vi'ith
the parallels Deviser, Devis, (Fr.) — To adVisE, (v^ith the parallels Avis,
Avviso, Sec.) which means ' To suggest contrivances, or deVices to
' another,' To Inform, in general, where let us note the term Form
in the explanatory term Inform applied to the same purpose. To dcYise
in the Legal sense means To Form, under the sense of Arranging,
Putting in Form and order, or as we express it, Disposing ; and Skinner
reminds us under r/eVisE, both in its common and legal sense, of the
Latin Divisare, the frequentative of Divido ; where the Vido in diYiDO,
To diViDE, may belong to the more general idea of Scattering, or Pash-
ing about. — Vice, the Fool in the ancient Comedy, means the Strange
Fantastic Form, exhibiting ridiculous Postures, tricks, and deVicEs, the
Antic, or Afimic, as some understand *.
* It is necessary, that we should produce our authority to shew, that the sense of Vice,
expressing the Fool of the ancient Moralities, belongs to the idea of Form, or Fiaure. Some
of the Commentators on Shakspeare have suggested to us the true meaning of the word.
FalstafF says of Shallow, "And now is this Vice's dagger become a Squire," (Henry IV.
Part II. Act iii. Sc. 1.) on which Mr. Malone has the following remark: "Sir Thomas Hanmer
" was of opinion, that the name of the Vice, (a droll Figure heretofore much shewn upon our
" stage, whose dress was always a long jerkin, a fool's cap, with ass's ears, and a thin wooden
" dagger,) was derived from the French word Vis, which signifies the same as Visage does
" now. From this in part came Visdase, a word common among them for a Fool, which
" Menage says, is but a corruption from Vis d'asne, the Face, or Head of an Ass. By vulgar
" use this was shortened to plain Vis, or Vice. Mr. Warton thinks, that the word is only
"an abbreviation of deWiCE, the Vice in our old Dramatic shows being nothing more than
" an artificial Figure, a puppet moved by Machinery. So Hamlet calls his Uncle, A Vicf.
" of Kings, a fantastick, and factitious image of Majesty, a mere Puppet of Royalty." Dr. Johnson
has explained the same expression by "A low Mimick of Kings, where the term Mimic well
expresses the idea. Mr. Malone in explaining the passage of Hamlet might have profited by
a quotation, which he has produced in another place, where wa find that the term Vice cor-
responded in sense with the Latin Mima. Philemon Holland has thus translated the following
O 2 passage
108
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
I cannot leave the Latin Vioeo and its parallels Eido, loea, (EtSw,
iSea,) without observing, that in some of the terms, belonging to them,
we actually see the idea of Watery, Moist Matter, as iDaliiiios, {UaXifxo^,
^Estuosus, sudorem ciens, Speciosus,) which is acknowledged to belong
both to Idos, (l8os. Sudor,) Sweat, and loea, (iSea,) the Form. The
term Idalimo*, (iSaAi/^os, Speciosus,) relating to Form, becomes as a
substantive. Indalmct, (IvSaXfxa, Simulacrum, Species,) belonging to
passage in Pliny : " Lucceia Mima centum annis in scena pronunciavit. Galeria Copiola,
" emboliaria, reducta est in scenam annum centesimum quartum agens, — Lucceia, a common
" Vice in a play, followed the stage, and acted thereupon 100 yeeres. Such another Vice,
" thai plated the Foole, and made sporte betnveene •whiles in interludes, named Galeria Copiola,
" was brought to act on the stage, when she was in the lOith yeere of her age." (Historical
account of the Stage, Vol. I. Part II. p. 119.)
The mind of Shakspeare was strongly impressed with the idea of this Fantastic Figure in
every part of the imagery, which belongs to the passage before us.
" A Vice of Kings,
" A cut purse of the empire, and the rule;
" That from a shelf the precious diadem stole,
" And put it in his pocket.
" Queen. No more."
Enter Ghost.
*' Ham. a King of shreds and patches:
" Save me, and hover o'er me with your wings,
"You Heavenly Guards ! —What would your gracious Figure?"
I have little doubt, but that the imagery of stealing the diadem from a shelf was taken from
some scenical representation, in which the Vice performed an achievement of this nature.
The King of Shreds and Patches, is still the 'Vice of Kings,' as Dr. Johnson has well observed,
and the reader, who should amuse his mind by tracing the influence of the Associating Principle,
on the imagination of the Poet, will perhaps suspect, that the word Guards, (You heavenly
Guards) was impressed on the writer by the Guards, — " The fringes, the Shreds and Patches
of the VuE, and that the idea of the Gracious Figure was likewise suggested by the opposite
Fantastic Figure, of the Vice, which now occupied the thoughts of the Bard. — Though the sense
of Vice is such, I imagine, as I have explained it to be, we must remember that the word is
used to represent the Bad Character, introduced into our Moralities, called sometimes Iniquity,
as in the passage, " Thus like the formal Vice, Iniquity," where Vice appears to the Poet to
mean the Vicious, or Bad Character. Yet even here, though such be his conception, he
cannot help recurring to the original idea, that oi Form, " The Formal Vice."
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 109
lNDALLO/«ai, (IvBaWofxat, Similis,) where we have compounds of Id,
or l/icl, and Dal, which latter portion has a similar meaning of Form,
Shape. To the Element DL, under this idea belong the Latin Doh, To
hew into Form, Shape, &c. Dolabra, Dolus, which R. Ains worth explains
in the first sense by a deYiCE., Dolos, &c. (AoAos,) all belonging to the Celtic
Dull, (Welsh) " Figure, Shape, Fashion, Form," &c. In Idol, Eidolow,
quasi Eid-Dol-ow, (EiSwXov, Simulachrum,) we have the same compound.
The Greek loios, (iSios, Peculiaris,) has been referred to loea, (Idea,)
as denoting ' A Peculiar, Separate Form, Sort, Kind,' &c. which is pro-
bably right. — Wise, used in Adverbs, A^oWise, OtherWiSE, signifies
in no Form, Manner, Way, Sort, &c. The parallel is Wise, (Sax.)
the German Weise, which my Author explains by " The Wise, Guise,
" way, method, course, manner, rate, or Fashion." Wachter has justly
compared Weise with the French Guise, (Fr.) Guisa, (Ital. and Span.)
&c. where we have the Elementary character GS. Hence is derived
Guiscards, Gysarts, &c. The Harlequins, or Maskers, people disGuised,
or in Vizards. We have a familiar Cant term Quiz, about which a Story
is told, affording no satisfactory account of its origin. It probably meant
the person of a Strange Guise, or Form, and thus Quiz, or qViz, and
Vice, will be only different modes of representing the same idea. The
verb belonging to the German Weise, is Weis^/z, To Shew, Sich Weiscw,
lassen, " To be docile, docible, or teachable," &c. and hence we have
" Weise, Sage, judicious, discreet, JVitty,'' &c. belonging to our words
Wise, Wit, Witty, Wist, Wote, &c. with their parallels in various
Languages, JFis, (Sax.) IVeise, Wissen, (Germ.) JViis, (Dan.) JVeten,
&c. the various terms, relating to Knowledge, or Information, as we
express it, where we have a similar sense attached to the idea of the
Form.
I examine, on another occasion, a Race of words belonging to the
form WS, where we shall see these terms Wit, &c. entangled with a
Race of words, denoting ' What is Quick, Nimble, Moving,' &c. and we
shall now understand, whence this connection has arisen. I suppose,
that these words denoting Shape, Form, &c. are derived from the Plastic
nature of Pudge matter, which under another idea brings us to what
110 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
is Easy to be Moved. — I shall shew, under the Element QC, &c. that
Quick, Quake, &c. belong to the Quag; and we shall at once ac-
knowledge one part of this fact, when we recollect the combination of
the ' Q«/c^-Sand.' Hence we shall learn, why these terms JFise, Wit,
&c. (Eng.) IFeise, IFissen, Jfefen, &c. are attached to such words
as JFash, IVet, Water, &c. (Eng.) JFasser, (Germ.) &c. and the Moist,
Pudge Spot. The adjacent term to the Italian Guisa in the ordinary
Vocabularies is Quizzare, " To swim, frisk, row," where the idea of
Nimbleness is derived, I imagine from the Soft, Plastic, easily moved
matter of the Quag, or Squashi/ spot, as we express it. — No difficulty,
or embarrassment arises from the form QWS, and WS, PS, &c. coinciding
with each other. — The Guttural and the Labial forms may be considered,
in one point of view, as perfectly distinct from each other, and they will
constitute separate subjects of discussion. At the points, in which the
two forms coincide, their coincidence will be noted ; and this union
will be most visible, when we consider the words, where the F, or IF
is the first letter of the Radical.
Terms, expressing Vessels, &c. able to Hold, or Contain any thing.
We should perhaps on the first view be disposed to imagine, that
the names of Vessels, for Holding, or Containing any thing would be
derived from the Plastic materials of Earth, or Clay, from which in one
state of society they were commonly formed. — We shall find too on
examining such v^^ords, that they inseparably connect themselves with
this species of Matter, and with the Spot, to which it belongs ; yet it
is not always easy to discover the precise idea, by which such terms
are connected with that Spot. — These words are probably derived from
different sources, or different turns of meaning belonging to the same
fundamental idea. Some must surely belong to the Plastic materials
of Clay, as connected with the Art of the Potter ; and others seem to
be derived from the idea of Capacity, and to be more immediately con-
nected with terms, which signify the Pudge Spot, or the Pit, the Lozv,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. Ill
Siu/i'uig in Spot, the Low, Deep, Hollow, or Cavity, able to Contain,
Comprehend ; and this perhaps we should consider, as the prevailing and
fundamental notion for Vessels of Depth, and Capacity, and hence for
Vessels in general. We shall sometimes see these words connected with
the idea of Sivelling up, or out, which may alike belong to the Hollow,
or Pudge Spot, either from its form, or its matter. What is Hollow, or has
Capacity, though containing the idea of the Low Spot, under one point of
view, gives us the notion of Swelling out in another. The ideas of Siiiking
down, and Rising up. Depth and Height, Concavity and Convexity are
only different modes of conceiving the same object. — The Latin Sinus will
illustrate this train of reasoning, as it is applied to any Hollow, as of
Water, a Gulph of the Sea, which is called the Bosom, — to a Bosom in
general, where we see in Bosom, how the ideas of Sinking in and
Swelling out, are connected with each other, — to a Vessel to drink from,
&c. &c. Though I produce in different parts of my Work, most of
these terms, denoting Vessels, &c. yet it would be commodious
perhaps to collect under one view this Race of words, which denote
such Vessels, Instruments, Utensils, or Objects, formed for the purpose
of Holding, Containing, or existing under that property. Among these
terms, we must class the following Vat, Fat, Vessel, Vas, (Lat.) &c. —
Bed, Basin, Beaker, Pot, (Eng.) Yoculum, (Lat.) PiTcner, Pitho*,
(rit^os,) VxTina, YhTclla, (Lat.) Butt, Bottle, Bushel, Boot, Bus^v'w,
Boat, Bucket, &c. &c. — Vat, Fat, and Vessel are justly referred by
the Etymologists to Fat, Fata, (Sax.) Fat, (Belg.) Fasz, (Germ.) Vas,
(Lat.) Vase, Vaisseau, Vasello, (Fr.) Vaso, Vase, Vasello, (Ital.) The
French word Vase, not only signifies "A Vase, or Vessel," but likewise
Mud, Slime, which determines on the origin of the word, whatever may
be the precise idea, by which it is connected with the Matter of Mud.
The words adjacent in our Italian Dictionaries to Vaso, Vase, a Vase,
Vessel, Vassellajo, Plate, Vasellame, Gold and Silver Plate, are
Vxsajo, and Vasellajo, A Potter, which would lead us at once to affirm,
that the names for Vessel, &c. were directly derived from the Art of
the Potter, working on the Plastic Material of the Vase, or Mud ;
and they are so entangled with each other under the idea of Vase, or
112
B,F,P,V, W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.} lm,n,r.
Mud Matter, that we cannot separate the one from the other, whatever
may be the precise process, by which they are related.— In English,
however, when we talk of a Tan Vat, or Fat, which is by some
called a Tan Pit, we see in Vat, the Pit, or Pudge low spot on the
Ground, or Vase, the Mud. — But however we may settle this minute
point, we are brought unequivocally to the Spot, supposed in my
hypothesis; and we now understand, how this idea renders every
thing consistent, which is connected with these words. We see, how
Vessel, and Vassal agree in form, and I have supposed, that the Vassct/
is derived from the same Low, or Base Spot. We perceive too, how
Fat, the Hollow Vessel, connects itself in form with Fat, Adeps, and
Fast, firmus, which I refer to the same matter of Pudge. — Bed has
already been referred to the Low Pudge Spot, or Pit, as in the Bed
of a River, and the Hebrew r\3 BT, the Receptacle, Den, &c. has been
classed under the same idea. — Basin has been shewn to be used in its true
sense, when it signifies " A Hollow Bed of Water, or Channel^ The
Etymologists have produced the various parallels to this term, as Bassin,
(Fr.) Becken, (Germ. Belg. Dan.) Bacino, Bacile, (Ital.) Bacia, Bacin,
(Span.) Junius refers us to Martinius and Spelman, under Baucale,
and Bauca ; the former of whom produces the Greek BAUKALiow,
(Bai//caAio>/,) the Italian Boccale, which might seem to belong to Bocca,
though in French we have Bocal. Under Becken, (Germ.) Malluvium,
Wachter produces the modern Greek word Baking/?, (Bukivov,) &c. and
under Becker, Patera, another modern Greek term Beikar/ow, (Bej-
Kapiov,) an ancient Greek word Bikos, (Bikos,) the Italian Bichiere,
from which our term Beaker is derived, &c. Dr. Jamieson collects
under the Scotch Bicker, the parallel terms in Islandic, Swedish, and
Danish, Baukur, Bikare, Bagare, and Begere, and he observes, that
" this was the term used to denote the cup drunk by the ancient Scan-
" dinavians in honor of their deceased heroes. It was not only called
" BroguzfnU, but Brog-a-BiKARE." Our industrious author records
likewise the definition, which Dr. Johnson, the great Lexicographer of
our Language, gives of the English term Beaker, " A Cup with a spout
" in the form of a bird's Beak,'' which, as the same author gravely adds,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 113
" by no means corresponds to the sense of this word in Scotch and other
" Northern dialects." Dr. Jamieson will find abundance of employment,
if he should think it necessary to record and to relate the opinion of an
Etymologist like this. Wachter sees a resemblance between these words
Bfxher, &c. and Bauch, "Venter, quia crater est vas alveatum," and
to~ Back, Linter. It is impossible not to note the term Alveatum,
belonging to Alveiis, which signifies in its first sense, " The Holloiv of a
" River,'' and then "Any hollow large vessel, — the Belly of any thing,"
&c. &c. Mr, Shaw explains Baisix, by a Bason, which is adjacent
to Baisteu IFater. From the French Bassin comes BASsixo/re, the
Warming Pan, and Bassixct. — Let us mark the explanatory Latin term
adopted by Wachter for a Vessel, the term Vvrern, and let us remember
V.vr'ma, in Greek Patane, (Jlaravii,) and PATclla. The term Patina seems
to connect itself with the form Basin, and Martinius has a word under
a similar form Patena, M'hich some explain by " Alveiis ad hordeum
" ministrandum." The term Patera might seem to coincide in form
with our word Pitcher, under which the Etymologists have produced
Picker, Pichier, (Fr.) Pittaro, (Ital.) Picarium, (Lat.) Pithos, (Ylidos,
Dolium.) In Sanscrit Patra is a Cup, employed as Patera is, in Religious
ceremonies. (^Moors Hindu Pantheon, p. sgi.) Minshew derives this
English word from Pit, which bring us to my hypothesis. But whatever
may be the precise idea of the English word, we shall perceive how it
is connected with terms, expressing the species of matter, supposed in
my hypothesis, when I produce the adjacent words Pitch, and Pith,
which mean as substantives the Pudge stuff, and, To Pitch, as a verb,
signifying 'To be in a Pitchy, Sticky situation,' if I may so say, or
' To Stick in.' — Pot, (Eng.) ?ocv\.um, (Lat.) with their parallels Pot,
(I'V.) Potto, (Ital.) &c. are naturally derived from Pot«^, Potos, PotcWo?/,
(IloTos, X\ort]piov,) as denoting the Cups, which hold Li(juid. I have
shewn, in another place, that the terms for Liquid, Votus, &c. are
derived from the Pudge spot, and here we cannot separate the hiquid
Waterij Matter from the Hollow, in which it is contained. In the same
page of my French Dictionary with Pot, I find Potage, that is. Pudge
stuff, PoTcaM, a Post, a Stake, Pote/c^, a little Post, PosTwre, PosT«/r,
P
114 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.t l,m,n,r.
PoT£«ce, A Gallows, i. e. A Post, which all relate to the idea of Pudgu/£^,
or Sticking in, out, &c. and let us mark, how Stake belongs to Stick,
and Sticki/ Matter, for the same reason; — Foxelet, Plump, Pox/er, a
Potter, PoTiroM, Pumpion, PouAcre, Nasty, &c. &c. where we see the
idea of Pudge matter, and FuDGiiig, or Swelling up. I find likewise
ToTenfato, Vorentafe, belonging, we know, to the Latin Fotis, which
J shew to be derived from the Plastic materials of Pudge. I find more-
over Pou, a louse, Poa de Sore, Padesoy, and Poudre. The Pou is quasi
Pous, the Vile animal, in Italian Viv>ochio, ViDocchieria, " Idle stufF,
"trifle," where the PD appears; and in French the interjection of
contempt is both Poua and Pouas. The Pes and ]^EDiculus, the
Louse, belong to the part on which the Feet tread, and mean the File
Animal. In Bohemian the term is Weiss, say Martinius, who derives
Lauss, the Louse, from Loes Vilis. In examining the term Poua in
Menage I cast my eyes on PoucHe^ for Peu, where in Pouchc^ we see
the true form of Peu, denoting what is Vile, Little, &c. The Poudre
is supposed to belong to Pulvis, though this perhaps is not so, as
I have before observed. — Butt, Cupa, dolum, has various parallels, Butte,
&c. (Sax.) Botte, &c. (Belg.) Biete, Butte, &c. (Germ.) Botte, (Fr. and
Ital.) &c. Under the same form as Butt in English, the Tub, we have
Butt, a species of Fish, where Skinner refers us to Halli-BuT, and
JSe^-PouT, where in Pout, we unequivocally see the idea of l^ovring
out, or Rising and Swelling out ; and likewise Butt, Cornu Impetere,
which belongs to such terms as Beat, Pat, Pash, Push, &c. derived, as
I shall shew, from ^Asning about, or Fusning into Pudge Matter.
I see likewise the term Butter, where we are brought to the true idea.
The term preceding But in Skinner is Butler with its parallels, Bouteil-
lier, (Fr.) &c. &c. which brings us to the name of another favorite
receptacle, the Bottle. This term has been compared with its ac-
knowledged parallels Bouteille, BottigUa, (Fr. Ital.) and likewise with
the Latin Barbarous word Buticula, the English But, Bota, (Span.)
Bouttis, (BovTTis fxeyaXn, nv Tive'i yauXov KaXovcri.) In Plautus Batiola
is a Cup, to which some produce as parallel BxTioca, and BATiake,
(BartaKr;, Poculum.) We find too Batillms mensarius et cubicularius.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 115
* A Chafing Dish, and a Warming Pan.' In the same page of Skinner
with Bottle, I see Bottom, where we come directly to the spot supposed
in my hypothesis, and Bottom of Thread, which is referred to Botea7/,
Fasciculus, where we note, how the idea of Swelling out is entangled with
this spot, which signifies under one idea what is Low; — Botts, "In
" equis lumbrici," which is again referred to Bote, Fasciculus, \Ahere
we have the same notion of Swelling; — " To Bouge out," Tumere, where
the sense directly occurs, and two terms under the same form as Bottle.
The one term Bottle is applied as a termination to Towns and Villages,
which has been referred to the Saxon Botle, Villa, and to Abode, Bide,
&c. which brings us to the Ground, or Bottom, as likewise Bottle of
Hay, where again we are referred to ^oteau. Fasciculus, the Swelling
out object, and to the German Busch, Buschel, Fasciculus. Lye explains
BoTL by " Domus, atrium, jedes, domicilium," and it occurs in the same
column of his Dictionary with Botm, Fundum, the Bottom, where the
relation of these Saxon words to each other is the same, as that of
Fundatiim, what is Founded or Built to Fundum. Among other terms,
which occur in the same opening of Skinner's Dictionary, where the
above words are, I find Bosom, which I have referred to the Bottom,
and Boss, and Botch, the Swelling objects. In Botch, Tumor, we
absolutely see the Foul Pudge, or Bog Matter. — The German Buschel,
A Bunch, or Truss, which belongs to Busch, " a Bush, Thicket," brings
us to the form of an English term for a Measure, as Bushel, which
has been justly referred to this German word, and likewise to the French
Boisseau, Boisselee. The French Bottk supplies us with full evidence
respecting the origin of these words. It denotes "a Boot, a Bundle.
" a Butt of Beer; — a Bottle of Hay and a Lump of Earth." — Box, the
receptacle, occurs in various Languages, Boxe, (Sax.) Bucks, (Teut.)
Boite, (Fr.) Bussola, (Ital.) Buxeta, (Span.) Puxis, (Jlv^i^,^ Pyxis,
(Lat.) &c. produced by the Etymologists. It is not derived from the
Box tree, Buxus, because made of that wood, as the Etymologists
suppose. Skinner has seen, that the Box tree, Puxos, (riiy^os,) mav
belong to such words as Pukuzo, {YlvKa^u), Denso,) To Pudge out.
Box means likewise Alapa, which belongs to the Pux, (FIk^,) as the
P 2
116 B,F,P,V, W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Etymologists suppose ; and I shew, that such words as Box, Beat, Pat,
Pash are attached to the idea of Pash?'/?^ about Pudge, or Bog matter ;
and thus we see, how Box in both senses conveys the same fundamental
idea. — Again in Italian Bacheca is "A Glass Box." There is a Dutch
term, which contains various senses annexed to the words, which I have
before produced. This term is Bak, which denotes " A wooden Bowl,
" or Trough." — " The middlemost part of a Coach, Waggon," i. e. the
Bowk, (Norfolk.) " The Pit of a Play House ;" — " A Manger, — A ferry
" Boat A Bason of a Fountain," as my Lexicographer explains it.
This word occurs in the same column of my Dutch Dictionary with
Bagger, Mud ; where we are brought to the Spot, supposed in my
Hypothesis. The term Bucket is a Vessel, to hold water, and has
for parallels Bacquet, (Fr.) Buc, (Sax.) produced by Skinner. In the
same column of my Saxon Dictionary with Buc, I see Buce, " Secessus,
" venter, alvus, uterus, lagena," where we again see Alviis, as the
explanatory word. — Boat occurs in various Languages, as Bate, Sec. (Sax.)
Boot, &c. (Belg.) Bot, (Germ.) Bateau, Batelet, (Fr.) Batello, (Ital.)
Bad, (Welsh.) &c. produced by the Etymologists. — An adjacent term
to Bad in Mr. Owen's Dictionary is Baz, " A Bath, A Bath/«o- place,"
where we are brought to the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis ; whatever
may be the precise idea, by which these words are united. In Mr.
Shaw's Dictionary we have Bad, "A Boat," and Bad, "A Bunch,
" Bush, cluster, tuft," in which latter word we have the idea of Risi?jg,
or SivcU'mg up. In the next column of his Dictionary I see Baidh,
" A Wave," where we are brought to the sense of IVater. In our
French Dictionaries we find adjacent to Bacquet, the Shallow Tub,
the terms Bag, Bachot, A Wherry, as likewise Bache, A Waggon.
I find likewise BACKEcr, " To bar, or chain a door," which Menage
derives from Bacuhim. In French ^xTeau signifies not only a Boat,
but the " wooden part of the Body of a Coach," and in English Boat
is applied to a Hollow for various purposes, as a Butter-BoAT, a Sauce-
BoAT. The term Boot is applied by us to express part of the Coach,
which holds the Luggage, and in the Norfolk Dialect the Bowk of a
Coach is the Body of a Coach. The term Batelage, is " A Waterman's
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 117
" fare, and Juggling," from which BxTELJer, the Juggler, Buffoon, &c,
is derived. The Buffoonery and Ribaldry of Bargemen, &c. have been
the subject of perpetual observation. Junius has recorded under Boat,
the Greek Kibotos, (K//3wtos, Area,) where the Box in this term appears
to belong to the words before us, denoting a Hollow. In the Kibit-Ken,
the tent of the Calmucs, Kibit exhibits the same compound. — Whether
Basket belongs to the idea of the Hollow will be considered on another
occasion. These observations on the Element BC, as denoting
Vessels will be fully sufficient to illustrate all, which is necessary to
be recorded on the nature of this Race of Words.
SECT. III.
B, F, &c.| C, D, &C.J /, &c.
Terms signifying, 'To Rise, Stvell, or Bulge out,' the Rising, Swelli?ig,
or Bulging out object, originally derived from the idea of BOG, or
PUDGE Matter, Rising, Swelling, or Bulging out, up, &c. &c. as Botch,
Pock, &c. — This idea is applied to various purposes, and among others
it supplies races of words, relating to PlaJits and Herbs, in their Swelling
state, as Bud, &c. — Terms signifying " To Bend,'' from the Swelling
out Curve form, as Bough, Bow, Buoen, (Germ.) — Terms, referring
to Terror, derived from the Swelling out, Large, Big appearance, at-
tended sometimes with the idea of Agitation, Commotion, as Bug- Bear,
&c. &c. — Terms, denoting Boys, Children, &c. from the Swelling out.
Plump, Lumpy form, as Boy, Pais, (Ilais,) — These terms are often
entangled with words, which denote something Little, the Little,
Squabby, Lumpy thing, as we express it, and thus we may pass to a
Race of words, expressing Minute objects, as referring to the Little
Lump, Mass, or Piece of Dirt, or Pudge, as Piece.— Terms, which
are derived from the Swelling out of Pudge Matter, when applied to
the state of animal substances, from the effect of nourishment, as Fat,
Feed, Food, &c. &c.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 119
Words signifying, what is Rising, or SiveUing out, or up, Tumid,
Bulgmg out, Puffing up, PuDGi??o- out, or up, originally connected with
the idea of Bog, or Pudge matter, BoGciwg-, and PuDciw^ up.
Boss, BossE, (Eng. Fr.)
emBosset/, (Eng.) applied to Froth, Foam, &c.
Botch, (Eng.) The Swelling Sore, &c.
Patch of Clotli, Land, Sec.
Baste, (Eng.) To Sew, Beat, To dab grease
over meat.
Pock, Pox, Push, Pustule.
PUSA, PUSULA, PUSTULA, (Eng. Lat.)
FusA, Fusao, (Gr.) Follis, Flo.
Vesica, Vessie, (Lat. Fr.) The Bladder.
Bud, Button, Botane.
Botany, (Eng. Gr.)
Bacca, (Lat.)
Bush, Buisson, &c. &c. (Eng. Fr.)
Budge, (Eng.) Fur, the Fuzzy Stuff.
BucK-ra/n, FusT/an, &c. (Eng.)
Bag, Baggage, Poke, Pouch, Pocket,
Pack, Package, Packet, &c. (Eng.
&c.)
Pad, Wad, WADDiwg, &c. (Eng. &c.)
Bow, Buoaw, &c. (Eng. Sax. &c.) The
Cavity, Swelling up, &c.
Bough, (Eng.)
Buckle, Buckler, &c. (Eng.)
BACK,(Eng.)Dorsuin, ToBeK^i^BACK, (Eng.)
Bauch, Buck, &c. (Germ. Dutch, &c. &c.)
The Belly.
Bowke, Body, Bust, 8tc. (Eng.)
Pot EN, &c. (Welsh.) What Bulges out, a
Pudding, Pauach, &c.
Pothon, (Welsh.) A round Lump, Boss,
a Cub, a whelp.
Pwtan, (Welsh.) A squat female.
BACge«, (Welsh.) A Boy.
Pais, Paidos, Pus/o, Putms, Boy, &c. &c.
(Gr. Lat. Eng. &c.) The Pudgy, Lumpy
Child.
Big, "RvG-Bear, &c. &c.
Fat, Feed, Food,
&.C. &c. &c.
In this Third Section I shall produce a Race of words, belonging to
our Elementary Character BC, BG, &c. which signify what is Risiijo
up, SiveUing out, or up, Tumid, Bulging out, Puffing up, VvDoing
out, or up, if I may so express it, and which, as I imagine, are inseparably
connected with terms, denoting Pudge, or Bog matter, when considered
under the idea of its VuMoing, BooGing, or BAccm^ out appearance.
130
B, F, P, V, W. J C, D, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. \ I, m, n, r.
if I may thus describe it. — Though we shall find this sense of Swelling
Old, or up, oftentimes applied to objects, which are very different from
the idea, commonly annexed to Pudge matter; yet we shall perpetually
perceive, how the notion of Swelling out as of Pudge matter prevails
in the Race of words, which I am now about to produce, and how
impregnated such words are with the original notion. This idea of
Sivelling out is applied to various purposes, and hence we have a great
variety of words, expressing very different ideas, among which, for the '
purposes of distinction, we may enumerate the following ; as Terms,
relating to Plants and Herbs, in their Growing, or Swelling out state,
as Bud, &c. — Terms, signifying to Bend, from the Swelling out Curve
form, as Bough, Bow, Buoew, (Germ.) — Terms, referring to objects
of Terror, which are derived from the Swelling out, Big appearance,
attended sometimes with the idea of Agitation, Commotion, &c. as Bug-
Bear, &c, &c. — Terms, denoting Boys, Children, &c. which are con-
nected with the idea of the Swelling out. Plump, Lumpy form, as Boy,
Pais, (Ilais.) — These Terms are often entangled with words, which
denote something Minute, or Little, the Little, Squabby, Lumpy thing,
as we express it ; from whence we shall pass to a set of words, which
express Minute objects in general, as referring to the Little Lump, Mass,
or Piece of Dirt, or Pudge, as Piece, &c.— Terms, which are derived
from the Swelling out of Pudge Matter, when applied to the state of
animal substances from the effects of nourishment, as Fat, Feed, Food,
&c. &c. These different ideas M'ill be discussed in separate Articles,
as far as the nature of the subject will admit, which presents to us Races
of kindred words, perpetually passing into each other, and which must
be unfolded under all its varieties, according to the course of its own
process.
In this first Article I shall consider various Terms of difFerent
meanings, which express objects, Rising, or Su'elling up, and in this
race I shall insert the words, which relate to Plants, Herbs, &c.
Among these terms we must detail the following, Boss, (Eng.) Bulla,
&e. under which Skinner has justly referred us to Bosse, (Fr. and Belg.)
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 121
" Umbo, tuberculum, tumulus," and has reminded us of the kindred terms
PusA, PusuLA, or PusTULA, which bring us to the English Pustule
and Push, the Sore, where we directly see the idea of Rising, SiveUing,
or Pushing up, as connected with Foul, Pudge Matter. — Let us here
note how Push, the verb, is at once brought to the Spot, from which,
as I suppose, it was originally taken, that of the Pudge place, or Ground.
Skinner reminds us likewise of other kindred terms as Fusa, and Fusao,
(<t>i/o-a, Follis, Vesica, flatus, <^ua-aw, Sufflo,) where let us note the
parallel term Vesica, from which is derived the French Vessie, &c.
The English term Boss, says Skinner, together with the French Bosse,
is applied by Gardeners to a species of Swelling out Cabbage, " Brassica
" TuherosaJ' The French Bosse is thus explained by Cotgrave, " A
" Bunch, or Bumpe, any round, swelling, uprising, or puffing up; hence,
" a M'en, Botch, bile, or plague sore ; also a hulch in the back ; also
" a Knob, Knot, or Knurre in a tree, also a Hillocke, mole-hill,
" small hill, or barrow of ground," where we are brought to the
original idea of Dirt, "also a Bosse, or Imbossing in workemanship."
From the Bosse, as we see, is the term of Art, emBossED, applied
to works of Art, " Ouvrage releve en Bosse." But there is a sense
in English of this word, which directly brings us to the idea of
Pudgy stuff. In Shakspeare we have, "The poor cur is Embost,"
(Taming of the Shreiv, Act L Sc. 1.) where we are informed by
the Commentators, that this word is a hunting term, and that it is
applied, when an animal, as a Deer, &c. is "hard run, and Foams at
" the mouth." In Shakspeare we likewise have Embossed Froth,
(" Whom once a day with his Embossed Froth the turbulent surge
" shall cover," Timon of Athens,^ and again we find the word applied
in its original sense to the Foul Stvelling Matter, as in the following
passage, " A Boil, a Plague Sore, an Embossed carbuncle," (Lear,') —
" All the Embossed Sores and headed evils," (Js you like it.) In the
First part of Henry IV. the term is applied with great force and
propriety to the Foul Swelling form and character of Falstaff, " Why
" thou whoreson, impudent Imbossed rascal." Among the terms ad-
jacent to Boss in our Vocabularies, we have Botch, where we again
Q
123
B, F, P, V, W. I C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z . \ I, m, n, r.
see the Foul Tumour; and we know, that the same word is applied
to a coarse Pudgy mode of mending cloth, as To Botch, the Botcher.
In Patch we have the same idea, and Patch we know directly relates
to a Piece of La?id. In Baste we have another term applied to Coarse
Sewing, and in Baste, Ccedere, we see the term Beat, but in the
application of the term, 'To Baste Meat,' we unequivocally see the
original idea of Pash?'/?^ with Pudge matter. We have the Foul Sore
again, under the forms of Pock, Pox, with their parallels Voc-Adle,
(Sax.) Variolffi, Morbilli, Pocca, Pustula, Puckel, Pockel, &c. (Belg.)
Pocken, Bocken, (Germ.) Variolis laborare, Pocker, (Dan.) &c. &c.
If the word iiuTosThume belongs to hiroarTt^fxay as some suppose, it must
not be classed with these terms. Under Pock, &c. some have recorded
the Greek Poikilos, (UoikiXo^, Varius, Variegatus, Inconstans, Dubius,)
which either belongs to such words as these, and means, < What is in
' a sPeckled, sPeck'd, sPottcc? state,' where we see the idea of Dirt,
or to Boggle, Waggle, where we have the same Dirt connected with
Motion. In the column of Skinner, where Pock is, I see Podge, which
he refers to the German Pfutze, Lacus, &c. and to Fossa, and Puteus,
which I call Pudge, as it is commonly pronounced, though in Hodge-
PoDGE we have the sound, as in the form of Skinner. I see likewise
Pocket, Pod, Folliculi leguminum ; the Fooeijig out substances, —
Vocard, a species of Duck, with a Beak, like a Poke, or Pockc^ *' ex
" Pocca, et Belg. Aerd. Teut. Jrt. natura, quia sc. Rostrum latius habet
" ad quandam Perce seu cochlearis speciem," and Poch'd Eggs, " Oeufs
" PocHEZ," which relates to Cooking Eggs in a Pudgy, Soft state, in
opposition to what are called Hard Eggs. The Etymologists cannot
help seeing that Vocnd belongs by some process to Pash,— (' Potch'd
Eggs, quasi Pash'd Eggs',) though the reason is somewhat unfortunate,
" quia sc. corticibus defractis et exutis in aquam conjiciuntur." I have
shewn in another place, that the Poacher is the person, who Pads
about, or Pashes amongst the Pudge with his VEues, or Feet. In the
French PoTc/e, Plump, we have the idea of Swelling out, and in the
adjacent word PoTa^e, FoTrage, we see the true idea. In the Mai/iPoTE,
the Weak Hand, we again see the Soft, relaxed object. The term
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 123
VkTaude, the Plump boy, directly, we see, connects itself with Pate,
Paste. While I examine EwBoss, I cast my eyes on c/wBezzled,
which, if it had been written cwBosseW, we should have said that it
belonged to the metaphor conveyed by Boss, Bosh, Pash Matter, and
that it meant what was emBosnd, or Pudged up, Cover d or Swallowed
up, in an Hugger Mugger way, as we sometimes express it, where
Mugger belongs to Mud, Muck, Sec. with a similar metaphor.
We have seen, that Boss, and Bosse, (Fr.) according to Skinner,
relate to the Swelling out Cabbage, the Brassica Tuberosa, and it is
impossible not to perceive, how the terms Fusa, and Fusao, (^vara,
Follis, Vesica, *i;o-aa), Fufflo,) belong to the words similar in form Fus?'*,
Futo??, (Oi/CT-ts, Natura, <t>i/Toi/, Pianta, a ^vw, Gigno,) where it is not
necessary to enquire, whether Phuo be the original form, or whether it
does not appear in the future Fuso, (J^va-w.^ Whatever may be the
original form, the facts, which I unfold, respecting the relation of words
to each other, under the form BD, FT, &c. is not disturbed by this
circumstance. Among the terms, relating to Vegetable productions.
Rising, Swelling, or Pudg?»o- up, out, in which race of words we see
the idea of Soft matter, or the tender substance, we must class the
following. Bud, with its parallels, produced by the Etymologists, BouTer,
(Fr.) " proprie impellere, item Germinare, To Put forth, Belg. Botte,
" Fr. G. Bouton, Gemma, Germen,'' says Skinner, where we see in Put,
how this term belongs to Push, and we perceive likewise, that they
both relate to the idea of VuDoing out, in, about, &c. The form Bouton
brings us to the English Button, in its senses of the Swelling out
vegetable Substance, the Gemma, and the Knob, used as an appendage
to the dress. Fibula, in which latter sense the Etymologists produce
Buttone, (Ital.) the Welsh Bottwn, &c. and refer us to Butter, Buttare,
(Fr. Ital.) " Foras seu prorsum impellere," where we again see, how
BuTTc;-, BuTTare, Butt belongs to Push, Put, &c. all signifying to
Pudge out, about, m, &c. In old English Botham, is the form adopted
to express a Button, or Bud. It is perpetually applied by Chaucer
in the Romaunt of the Rose, to the Rose-BvD, " The Botham so faire
" to see, &c. &c." From this term our- surname Botham has been
Q 2
124 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.| 1,m,n,r.
derived. In Italian Boccia is a Bud, and a Button. — Botanc, (BoTai/»;,
Herba, planta,) from which the term Botany with its parallels has
been derived, is nothing but the Swelling Button, and to this term
we must surely refer Futon, Yvtcuo, Fus^s, Fitwo, Yitus, FiTros, (^vtov,
Planta, germen, <^vrevw, Planto, 4>uo-i?, Natura, ^irfw, Planto, ^^irvs,
Pater, genitor, ^jtjoos, Stipes, truncus.) From the SweUlng Plant we
pass to the Planter, and hence we have Fitz/s, (J^nvs, Pater,) A Father.
We should from hence at once say, that the terms pATHer, PATer, with
their parallels, belonged to the same idea, but on this point there is some
difficulty, which will be explained on another occasion. The Etymologists
understand, that the name of the Spring Month Bus?os, (Bvaio^,
Mensis quidam apud Delphos,) belongs to Fuo, Fusz's, (<i>ya), <t>i;o-t?,)
" quia eo omnia germinant." — Bochart in his profound discussion on
the Paschal Lamb finds occasion to record this month, '' Delphis unus
" mensium Bi/o-tos dici creditus est, quasi Ofo-tos, quia cum incipiat ver,
" Ta TToWa (pveTai Ttiviicavra Kai ^lafiXatrTavei, multa eo mense nas-
" cuntur, et progerminant." {Hieroz. Vol. I. Lib. 2. c. 50.) The Greek
VTorthos, (n.Top6o?, Ramus, surculus,) seems to be a compound of PT,
or Phut, the Shoot, the Phutow, {^vtou,) and Orthos, (OpQo^, Erectus,)
Rising up. In examining the Greek BoTa/ze, (Borar*?,) I cast my eyes
on ^orrus, (Botjous, Botrus, Uva, Racemus,) the Bunch of Grapes,
where we see a similar idea of the Swelling out object, and on BosTrwa-,
(BocTTpv^, Cincinnus,) the curled locks, which is only another form of
it. — Bacca in Latin is the Swelling Berry, and a Pearl ; to which the
Etymologists have justly referred the French Bague, and the old English
word BiGHES. (^Skinner s Fourth Index.^ The term frequently occurs
in old English, and we find it in the Poems attributed to Rowley, " But
" landes and castle tenures, golde and Bighes, &c. (The Storie of
William Canynge, 121.) BAKKam, BAKKanow, (BctK/ca/jis, BACcar,
BuKKupiov, Unguentum ex Baccari,) may mean the Ointment, or Smear
made of a certain Plant. The term Baccar is explained by Festus to
be " Vas vinarium simile Bacriow?," where we have two forms for
the names of Vessels. We shall now see, that these words for a Vessel
or Cup are not derived from Bacchus, as Vossius conjectures ; though he has
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 125
justly seen, that they belong to such words as the Belgic Beker, which
corresponds with our term for a Cup, Beaker, and the Italian Bicchiere,
&c. While I examine these words, I cast my eyes on a kindred term
Bad?«s, " Brown, Bay, sorrel, chesnut colour," — the colour, which
belongs to the Shooting out, Blooming Bay Tree. Skinner refers Bay,
the Colour, to Bay, Baio, (Fr. Ital.) Bad'uis, and the Greek Baton,
(Ba/oj/,) though under Bay, Laurus, he observes " Fort, a Baiov, Ramus
" Palmae." The term Baion, (Batoj/,) is quasi Bajo/?, and to these we
must add Bais, (Baj?, Ramus palmae,) s?\mx, (^ttuZi^, Ramus palmae,^
and the Latin sPadw', sV\mceiis, &c. In the Egyptian, Bai and Bet
are " Rami palmarum," and in the same column of Woide's Dictionary,
where the first word occurs, 1 see Bacour, Stibium, which belongs to
the Latin and Greek Baccar, and BakkaWs, (Ba/cKapts.) The term
BxYard, the name of a Horse, so familiar to our ancient Language, meant
probably the Horse of a Bay ^rd, Kind, or colour.
Among the names for natural productions, belonging to our Element
BC, &c. we have others under somewhat of a different turn of meaning
to that, which is annexed to Bud, &c, — These signify the Pudgy
Swelling out object, under the idea of what we express by one of these
terms, the Bushy, or Bushing out object. These terms are Bush, with
its parallels produced by the Etymologists Bois, Bosco, (Fr. Ital.) Sylva,
BuscH, (Germ.) Buisson, (Fr.) Dumus, Vepres, Bouchon, (Fr.) Hedera,
ofBvsculuin, ov arBusTum, arBvTus, (Lat.) Batos, (Baros, Rubus, Sentis,)
and Bocage, Bosquet, (Fr.) "A grove, or thicket," where in Thicket,
belonging to Thick, we see a similar idea, Buche, (Fr.) A Billet, or
a Log of Wood, &c. &c. I have given in another Work the origin
of the Jrb, in the words Arbustum, and Arbutus, (Efym. Universal,
p. 1204.) and perhaps we should consider them as compounds of the
Elementary Characters 'RB, and BS. The sense of Bust, or But in
these words appears in the term BvsTum, which does not come from
Ustuni, but means the Swelling up, Heap of Earth, or Pudge. While
I examine this word, I cast my eyes on B\j\us, the Box Tree,
in Greek Puxo*, (Ily^o?,) which means the Bushy, Thick growing Tree.
The Etymologists understand, that the name of this tree has some
l%6
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
relation to Puka, {Uvku, Dense,) where we have the true idea. In
Scotch Bus is a Bush, the succeeding terms to which in Dr. Jamieson's
Dictionary are Busch, "Box JVbod,'' and To Busch, " To He in amhiish"
It is duly understood that awBusH, am^\j&cade, with the parallels
Embuscher, Embuscade, (Fr.) Imboscare, Emboscar, (Ital. Span.) belong
to the Bush, Bois, (Fr.) &c. &c.
In the same column with Bux?/s, I see BvTeo, the Buzzard, and
here we might record some of the names of animals, in which our
Element BT, &c. occurs, denoting the Pudgy, Swelling out animal.
Hence we have Buxeo, Buzzard with its parallels Buse, Busart, Bousart,
&c. (Fr.) Buzzage, (Ital.) Bushard, (Germ.) where let us note how
in Buzz, the noise, we have the same idea of the Pudgy beMiiddling
sound, if I may so say, — Busxa/v/, with its parallels, produced by the
Etymologists, Bistarde, &c. (Fr.) Abutarda, (Span.) Bucciario, (Ital.)
&c. where the Ard denotes ' Nature, Kind,' &c. Butter- Bump, where
Bump has a similar meaning, Butter^j/, which might mean a Swelling
out fluttering motion; — Butt, the Fish, with its parallels Bot fisch,
(Belg.) &c. where the Etymologists have justly referred us to HalUBvT,
and £e/-PowT, to which we must add Tur-BoT, or Turb-BoT, BurBoT,
Sec. In PowT, To PowT out, or Pudge out, we unequivocally see the
original idea. Among the terms under the form But, in English, which
are recorded by Skinner, are the following Butt, the cask, Buttoc^,
Butto??, BuT/er, belonging to Bottle, and Butter, where we une-
quivocally see the idea of Swelling out, and in the latter term we perceive
the Pudge matter, from which these words are derived ; — Butt, Cornu
petere, which belongs to the Soft substances of Butter, Batter, &c.
just as Baste, To Beat, belong to the action of BASTing, or BAsmng
meat, with soft substances BATTer, &c. and as To Batter is only the
verb of Batter, the substantive ; — But, the extremity, with its com-
pounds Bout, (Fr.) extremitas, Aboutir, and the English aBuT, But,
the conjunction ; — Buttery, Cella Promptuaria, BuTwinc, Capella avis,
BvTTress, and Butcher. Skinner derives But- fVinc from Bute, Extra
and JFincian, " Nivere, forte a frequent! istius avis nictitatione." With-
out knowing the nature of the Bird, it is impossible to decide on the
BOG, PASII, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 127
peculiar sense, annexed to But, yet it probably bears the meaning, which
I am here unfolding, on account of some of its properties. Buxrery
is the store-house for Butter, which I think it necessary to observe,
because some derive it from Bolder, (Fr.) Ponere, — But, the Extremity,
means the Mass or Lump of Pudge, ^\JTv'uig, Vusui/ig, or Sirel/ing out,
as a notable object, serving for a Mark, Boundary, &c. The Butt, or
Cask, is still the Lumpy Shaped object. Swelling up, or out, BvTTing,
or FuDGing out. The Butts, the Mark for Archers, takes in two ideas
belonging to this fundamental notion, as denoting the Mark, or Notable
object, BvTring out, and likewise the object, which is Butted, or Shot
at, by the Archers. In the BuTTress, and the Buttocks, we have still
the same notion of a BuTring out, Mass of Matter. Perhaps the Butty
may mean the assistant, BuTTing, or Standing out, on your side, by way
of BvTTress, or Support. Menage has seen the true spot from which
the French Bout is derived, when he compares it with the Eno-Hsh
BoTTom, the German BoDe», the Swedish Boren. Menage under Bute,
produces the terms Bodo, and BoroNtinus, used by the Roman Lawyers,
as relating to the Boundaries of Land, and the Butta Terrce, as used
in Barbarous Latin. — The English term About should seem only to be
another form of Ahutt, but on this point there is some difficulty. The
term About is properly referred by the Etymologists to Abutan, Ymbutan,
where in the first part Ab, and Ymb of this compound, Skinner justly,
I think, discovers the Saxon Ymb, circum, belonging to the Latin and
Greek Am, Atnphi, (Aju^j.) On the second part there is some difiiculty.
Skinner refers it to Ute, or Ufati, belonging to our word Out, which
is very probable ; yet the second part may be Bout, But, and may belong
to the terms, now before us. — In Scotch Bout is used for About; as
the BovT-Gate, "A circuitous road, a way which is not direct, S,
" from About, and Gait, way." The preceding terms to these in Dr.
Jamieson's Dictionary are Bout, " A sudden jerk in entering, or leaving
" an apartment, &c. and To Bout, To spring, To Leap," which belongs
to Butt, &c. To Push forward, &c. and to terms of a similar kind,
which Dr. Jamieson has justly introduced as parallel.
The English Particle But seems to be a compound, quasi Be-Out, and
128 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,vi,n,r.
not to belong to the Race of words, now before us, under the Elementary
character BT, yet it affords at the same time some difficulty, as to its
origin, and may require to be considered in this place. In its Gram-
matical uses, it is perfectly clear and intelligible, whatever may be the
origin from which it is derived. We should on the first view affirm,
that But, the particle, relating to the Outside, belongs to But, the
Extremity ; yet on more mature consideration, some doubts will occur.
But, the particle, is a parallel term, as Skinner has justly observed, to
the Saxon Bute, Butan; and he moreover tells us, that Bute, Butan,
may be derived from Be, Circa, and Ute, or Utan, Foris. We must
regard this, I imagine, as the true origin of the word, and thus But must
be conceived to be a compound. — Whether But be a compound or
not, its sense would be equally the same, as denoting the Extremity,
or Outside part ; and from this fundamental idea of the Outside part,
its different uses, as an Adverbial, or Conjunctive Particle, have been
derived. Dr. Jamieson has placed But, in different articles of his
Dictionary, among which we have But, JFithout, where he refers us
to BoT; — But, "Towards the outer apartment of a house," which he
has justly referred to Bute, (Sax.) &c. — " But, the outer apartment of
" the House," to which senses the expression belongs of the But and Beti
of a house, ' The outward and inner apartment of a house.' In the
But and Ben, the term Ben is derived from Be-In, as all agree ; where
we appear to have a confirmation, that But is a compound of Be-Out.
In another article this Lexicographer has But, besides, which he refers
to Butan, Praeter, (Sax.) and here But is used in a passage, which our
author thus explains " Besides archers, and Besides burdowys and cross
" bow-men, he had no more than five hundred men at arms," and he
remarks on this application of the word, " In what manner soever,
"But, JVithout, be derived, this must have a common source; for it
" is evidently the same word, very little varied in meaning." Under
BoT, which he explains by the English But, he observes, " This is often
" confounded with But, prep, signifying Without. They are however,"
as he adds, " originally distinct, and are sometimes clearly distinguished
" by old writers."
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOISI, &c. 129
" BoT thy werke sail endure in laude and glorie,
" But spot, or fait condigne eterne memorie."
(Doug. Virgil, &c.)
In the former case, as we perceive, our author imagines, that But,
Besides, and But, JFithout, belong to each other, and here, as we see,
he appears to imagine, that Bot, corresponding to our word But, Besides,
Moreover, &c. and Bur, Without, were originally distinguished, or as
he probably means to say, had a different origin.
As I have given, I imagine, the true origin of the term But, I should
not have thought it necessary to make any further observations, which
might relate to its application ; if this Particle had not once formed an
object of general discussion, from considerable attention having been
bestowed upon a work, which was written by a personage of notoriety
in the last age, whose opinion Dr. Jamieson has thought it necessary
to record in his observations on this word. But in its use, as it appears
in the two following sentences ; " But to say no more," &c. " You pray,
" But it is not that God would bring you to the true religion," is said
by the writer, whom Dr. Jamieson quotes, to be " corruptly put for
" Bot, the imperative of Botqw," which however Dr. Jamieson observes
does not exist. This BoTa?/ is stated by the same writer as signifying,
"To Boot, i. e. To superadd, to supply, to substitute, to atone for,
" to compensate with, to remedy with, to make amends with, to add
" something More in order to make up a deficiency in something else."
But in the following phrase, " I saw But two plants," is referred by
the same Investigator, to Be-Utan, as the Etymologists have done.
Skinner has justly seen, that the sense of But in the phrase "None
" But he," where he explains the original Saxon words by " Praeter,
" nisi, sine," passes into the sense of Sed " levi flexu," and Junius,
who produces the sense of But, as in " But Spot, or fait," which he
considers as the primary signification, likewise understands, that But is
quasi Be-Out, for JVith-Out. In this sense But may be considered
as a preposition, and it may justly be so denominated, though we all
know, that the uses of the Preposition and Conjunction perpetually
pass into each other. These Grammatical distinctions however are
R
130 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,.T,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.'j l,m,n,r.
sufficiently proper, and answer on most occasions their due purpose. —
Skinner in explaining, what may be considered as some of the senses
of But, when used as a Conjunction, as in our familiar Grammatical
Language we should all call it, has added likewise PrcBter and Sine, which
we should call Prepositions. — How was it possible for Dr. Jamieson,
or for any one, who had ever reflected for a single moment on such
subjects, not to see, that But, Sed, (^Conjunct.^ which we may likewise
express by the Latin Prceterea, and the English Beside, and Biif, Nisi,
or Sine, (^Conjunct, and Prep.^ which we may equally express by Prceter,
and Beside, contain the same fundamental idea, and belong to each other ?
Do not the terms Prceterea, used for Sed, and Prceter for Nisi, and
Sine, like the term Beside, used equally for Sed and Nisi, (' Beside
' I must observe — There are none at home Beside John and William,')
shew us, that the same word, bearing the same fundamental idea, may
be used in the senses of Sed, and Nisi, and Sine. Nay, what is curious,
when Prceterea, as used for Sed, may be considered as performing its
office, as a Conjunction, even then it performs that office by virtue of
a Preposition, connected with its case as Prceter-Ea. — Does not Dr.
Jamieson moreover perceive, that the sense of Be-Out, which, as all
acknowledge, may justly express the ideas of Nisi and Sine, belongs
equally to that of SedP Is not Be-side the same as Be-Out, i. e. ' By
' the Side,' or By the out part; and is not Be-Side equally used for Sed,
and NisiP — It is true enough, that But, in the sense of Sed, may be
considered under one idea, as having the force of something More, To
Boot, Superadd, and it might be, as to its sense derived from that source;
but cannot the sense of Be-Out, Extra, or Beyond what has been before
done, said, &c. bring us to a similar idea of something Super, added, or
as we express it, Something Extra, or ' Over and Above.' Let us mark
the explanatory term purposely adopted Extra, in which word the Ex
belongs to Out, and which R. Ainsworth has justly explained by
" Externally, Without, out of, not in. — Beyond ; Except, saving. Over
"■ and above." Here we see all the senses, which are, or may be con-
ceived to be expressed by But. Mr. Locke justly enough observed, that
But denotes a " Stop in the mind in the course it was going," on which
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 131
the Investigator quoted by Dr. Jamieson, remarks, " the truth is, that
" But itself is the farthest of any word in the Language from intimating
" a stop. On the contrary it always intimates something More, some-
" thing to follow." Mr. Locke is supposed likewise to have had this
particle But, chiefly in view, and to have been misled by it, when he
speaks of Conjunctions as making "some stands, turns, limitations, and
*' exceptions." If a Limitation, or Limit cannot be expressed by that,
which signifies the Outside; or if an Exception, or a taking Out, by
that, which signifies Being With-Ow^, we shall find it difficult to conceive,
from what source such an idea can be derived. In short. But, as a
Preposition and a Conjunction denotes ' Putting, or Being Out, Ex-
' eluding,' and operates alike in both cases as an Exclusion of something.
In the phrase, 'I saw But two Plants;' the meaning is, 'I saw two
' Plants Exclusively ,' that is, ' I saw no Plants, But, or £a;-Cept, or
* 0?//-taking two.' In the sentence ' you pray indeed. But you pray,
* not with the proper effect of praying,' that is, you pray indeed ;
Exclude, or Take Out, however something from this general position : —
' You Pray improperly, as if not praying ;' or as we might say, if we
now used But, as a Preposition in the same manner, as we do ' With-
' Out,' 'You pray With-Ow^ praying.' In short, when But, as a
Conjunction, is used as a qualifying Protest against any wrong Conclusion
from a former general Proposition, as all allow to be its force ; we might
refer, as an illustration of the force of But, to Lord Coke's definition of
a Protest, namely, that it is "An Exclusion of a conclusion.'' Through
the whole compass, of Language, we frequently see the same word, used
like But, as a Conjunction and Proposition, from whatever idea that
word may be derived. In the following phrase, YlXnv, which belongs
to the idea of Moreover, as derived from IlAeos, Plenus, Abundans, is
used as a Preposition, A7ro/3oA^; -^pux*!^ ouhe/nia earai e^ u/jiwv rrXriv tov
ttXoiov, There will be no loss amongst you But, or Over and Above that,
More than that of the Ship. In the following, as a Conjunction, ^A^;t/
^tlTCLTe Tijv (Saa-iXeiap tov Oeou, But seek the Kingdom of God, &c.
Do something Over and Above; More than you have done, — namely,
Seek the Kingdom of God. The Greek hWa, which belongs to AAAos,
R 2
132 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S, T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Another, is used in a similar manner, Ovketi ov^eva eihov, hWa tov
Itjaovv fxovov fxed' eavTiav. They saw no man But Jesus only: They
saw no Other man, or no More men than Jesus. — " Man shall not live
" by bread alone, But, (AAAa,) by every word, that proceedeth out
" of the mouth of God;" that is, He shall do something More than
live on bread only. It often happens, that the two words of Addition
are joined ; yet still they may be translated by the Preposition of Ex-
clusion, Except, as Y\\t]v aW »;, &c. Nisi, Ou yap evyia^ei o laTpevuiv,
TlXriv aW V Kara arvixfie^mo^, But, Except by accident, in no other
way than by accident. These are the familiar examples, produced in
the ordinary books respecting the Greek Particles ; and it is not necessary
to record other examples on a point so obvious, I should not have
thought it necessary to detail at such length, what is so clear and obvious,
if I had not seen so contemptible a vein of observation, and the name
of its author, produced in so respectable a work as the Dictionary of
Dr. Jamieson.
Words signifying what Swells, or Pudges out, as Bud, &c.
The term Bud means what Swells, or Pudges out, and while I examine
this word in Skinner, I cast my eyes on other terms, which refer to the
same idea of VuDGJng, or Swelling out, as Bucket, Budge — Barrel,
BucKvam, Budget, Buckle, Buckler. — The term Budge in the sense
of a Vacillating motion, as in Bouger, &c. manifestly belongs to the
Pudge, or Bog matter, as in Boggle, and in the explanatory term,
which I have adopted, VACCiLLa^e, belonging to Vacillo;-, Vago^, (Lat.)
Waggle, Wag, (Eng.) &c. — Budge — Barrel is a nautical word, which
denotes the Swelling out cask. The word Budge likewise refers to Fur,
where it means the Pudgy stuff, the authorities for which sense I produce
in another place, where I observe, that Fur signifies Dirt, as in the
' Furred Tea-kettle.' In English Budge means Swelling out. Idle, empty
stuff, which is probably taken from its general sense, and is not derived
from the personages dressed in Fur, The general sense is probably
intended in the passage of Milton; when he talks of " The Budge
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOITOM, &c. \S3
" Doctors of the Stoic Fur" though the sense of the Fur may be justly
apphed to persons, who assume importance from this emblem of station
and gravity. The ' Stoic Fur,' however, was probably suggested to the
mind of the writer, from the application of Budge in the other sense. —
We cannot but understand, how Fuzz, and Fuzzy belong to Pudge,
Pudgy, and this will lead us to enumerate some terms, which express
Cloth of this nature, as Fust/V/«; (Eng.) the original idea of which
fully appears in its metaphorical application, " Vvsrian style," a Swe//ing
out style; — BucKm/w, with its parallels Boucherame, Bougran, (Ital. Fr.)
the original idea of which latter word appears in its adjacent term
BouGRE, the Foul, Vile, abominable character — i>?/m-BAST, and its
parallels /^o/w-Basin, (Fr.) Eom-BYx, (Bo^/3y^, Bovibyx.^ The name
of the worm, or fly, is supposed to be derived from the Bomhos, (Bo|U/3os,)
the Swelling Noise, and whatever may be the precise idea, we shall be
of opinion I imagine, that the Bom and Byx are both significant under
the same idea. The name of the Silk is supposed to be taken from
the animal ; yet the animal may perhaps be taken from the Silk. Boin-
BAST is Cotton, and the Plant is called the Bombast tree. The Com-
mentators on Shakspeare have produced a passage from Stubbs, in which
the custom is described of lining the cloths with Bombast, and from
which we learn, that the doublets were sometimes " stuffed with foure,
" five, or sixe pounde of Bombast at least."
It is acknowledged that Byss«/5, (Byo-tros,) belongs to the Hebrew,
pn, or p BUZ, or BZ, which signifies Cotton, as Mr. Parkhurst
thinks, and this Hebrew word actually denotes, " Soft Mud, or
" Mire." The next term to this in Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon is b'^2
BZL, An onion, which means the Swelling out object. In an adjacent
word, we have pV2 BZK, which Mr. Parkhurst justly considers, as
meaning in its primary sense, "To be made soft by moistening," and
in another sense it signifies, as a Noun, "Meal, moistened with water,
" paste, or dough unleavened," where Mr. Parkhurst observes, that he
prefers " the above interpretation of the Root to that, whicli is commonly
" given, namely, Swclli?ig." Our author is right in preferring this in-
terpretation; in which we have the idea of Pudgy matter, because it
134
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^^ hm,n,r.
is the original notion, from which that of Swelling is derived. We may
however from hence learn, that the idea of Swelling out cannot be
separated from objects of this nature, and that on many occasions this
is the predominating notion.
The term Budget with its parallels Bougc, Bongette, (Fr.) will
remind us of various terms, signifying the Sack, Bag, &c. something
holding, or containing any thing. Swelling out with its contents, as
Bag, Baggage, with the parallels Bagage, (Fr.) Bagaglio, (Ital.) &c.
among which however we must not admit such terms as Beige, &c.
as this word belongs to the Element BL. To these terms must be referred,
as Skinner justly observes, Bagasse, Bagascia, (Fr. Ital.) Scortum,
Meretrix, presertim, militaris, the vile Appendages, or Impediments to
a Camp. The origin of the term Baggage will be manifest from the
parallel term in Dutch Bagagie, which is adjacent in my Dutch
Dictionary to Bagger, Mud. The word inserted between these terms,
is Bagge, " An ear-jewel," which still contains a similar idea. — Pack,
Package, with their parallels. Pack, (Germ.) Pacquet, Pachetto, (Fr.
and Ital.) — Pouch, Poke, Pocket, (Eng.) with the parallels Pocca, (Sax.)
Poche, Pochette, (Fr.) Skinner observes, that the Pocket of wool,
though belonging to Packet, alludes (jalludit,^ to the Greek IIokos,
Vellus, a YleiKu), Pecto. The Pokos, (YIokos, Vellus,) certainly means
the Pudgy, or Fuzzy substance, and Peiko, (rieiKw,) and Pecto, with
their derivatives Pecten, Pectino, &c. relate to actions performed on
that substance. The term " To Fooaz,- To level the surface of a Fleece
" of woo', with the shears," brings us directly to Fuzzy Stuff. In
the phrase *To Bag out,' we see unequivocally the sense of the Bag,
and in another phrase, 'To Bouge out, which the Etymologists have
referred to Bouge, (Fr.) Bulga, we have likewise the true idea. Skinner
observes on this word *' Bouge autem a Bulga ortum esse nemo adeo
" A/xoi/o-os est, ut dubitet." 1 am forced however, in spite of this severe
decision,, to consider these words, as distinct from each other, though
they contain the same idea, under different Elements. In the opening
of Skinner's Dictionary I see " A Bouge of Court," a certain allowance
of the King in Bread, Beer, or Wine, to his attendants, which the
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 135
Etymologists derive from Bouge, the Wallet, " Mantica regis donis
" plena." Near the terms Bag, and Baggage, I see in my English
Dictionaries, the term Badger, which Junius explains by "Animal sibi
" avidum, et esculenta in longum tempus recondens,'' who adds likewise,
" unde a Badger of Corn, Frumentarius, sive Mercator magnarius fruges"
" undique coemcns atqiie in uniun comporfans." The Badger is the
animal and personage, who Bags up, or collects things into a Heap, &c.
I see too Badge, Tnsigne, which means the BxGGing, or Swelling up
Patch of Cloth, &c. annexed as a mark of Distinction.
In the same Column of Skinner, where Vusrian is, I see Fust, " vox
" Architectonica, a Fr. G. Fuste, Scapus columnse, hoc ni fallor, ab It.
" Busto, Truncus seu reliquum corporis capite dempto," where all these
words mean the Swelling out,. Lumpy substance ; — Fusty, Fuste, (Fr.)
Fracidus, where we are directly brought to the idea of Dii't ; — Futtoc^s,
Vox nautica, which they suppose to be quasi TooT-hooks. — Fig, with
its parallels Foy, (Belg.) Ft, (Ital. Fr.), which some refer to the Latin
Pah, and the Greek Feu, (4>ey,) and others derive it from Fcedus; where
we are brought to the original idea. — Fuzelly, "a Fr. Fusille, vox
*• Feecialium," and Fusil, (Eng.) Fuseau, Fusel, which the Etymologists
derive from Yusus. All these words denote Agitation, Swelling up, in
Noise, Motion, &c. The term Fusee means at once " A Spindle, and
" a Squib." Add to these terms Fiz, Viz-Gig, Feist, Fuzzle, with the
parallels produced by the Etymologists, Fist, Feist, (Sax. Germ.) Foest,
(Belg.) Fessir, (Fr.) Vissire, Pedere, (Lat.) Bdeo, (Gr. /3Sew,) Fusao,
[^va-aw, Flo.) &c. Fuzz, Fuzzy, (Eng.) before produced Fuzz-Ball,
Puck-Fist, where both parts of the compounds belong to our Element ; —
Fuss, &c. &c. The senses of Boeo, BDclussomui, (B8ew, Pedo, flatum
ventris emitto, Fosto, Puteo, BSeAi/trcro/xat, Exsecror, et abominor,
detestor, proprie ob Foetorem,) convey likewise the idea of what is Foul;
and here let us mark the kindred explanatory terms, Fcetco, and Putco.
The term Foist, in one sense means 'To Stuff out, or in.' Adjacent
to Puck-Fist, in Bailey's Dictionary are Puckc/-, the swelling out stuff,
which means likewise, as our author says, " a nest of caterpillars, or
" such hke vermin," When we talk of a person being 'All in a Pucker,'
136
B,F,P,V, W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.] l,m,n,r.
the term has nearly the same meaning as the next word to it in Skinner's
Dictionary, Pudder, whose true sense together with that of its succeeding
term Pudd?/?^, appears in another adjacent word Puddle.
In examining the term Pack, I cast my eyes on Pack, To Pack off,
Pad, To Pad, and Pad of Straw, to which we may add Wad, WkXimng,
the Stuffing out matter. Adjacent to Pad is Paddle, where we are
brought to the Pudgy spot and action supposed in my hypothesis ; and
we moreover see, how these verbs of motion, ' To Pad, Pack,' &c.
together with the term Budge, &c. are derived from the Pudgy Spot,
and connect themselves with the PuDG/'wg- out object. Other terms
in the same column of Skinner with the above words are PaddocA%
sometimes called PuttocA-, the Toad, and Pad/ocA-, the Swelling out
object ; where, let us remember another term under one of these forms,
PaddocA", an enclosed piece of Land, in which sense we are brought to
the original spot, and PAD-iVao-, which means the Vx\>mng Nag. — I shew,
that 'To Poke,' means 'To Pudge, or Stick in, out, &c. and thus we
see, how the substantive, and the verb Poke become the same term.
[ shew likewise that Wade, and Waddle mean to Walk in the Pudgy
Spot, the Vadmw, and thus we perceive, how Wad, and WM>T>ing, which
relate to Pudg//?^ out, may belong to Wade, and Waddle. — In the
same column of Skinner with Bagge, I see Badge, which is only the
Patch, or Botch upon clothes; — Bacon which brings us to Pig, Bigge,
(Belg.) &c. where we have a similar notion of the Pudgy substance ;
Badger, which as a substantive is explained, and as a verb. To Badger,
refers to hunting the animal, and Bad, where we are directly brought to
Base, the Low Pudge place and matter. The animal Pig, will remind us
of the Greek Phoke, PnoKame, (^wKtj, Vitulus marinus, Phoca. fPwKaivrj,
Phocoena, balaena.)
The terms preceding PnoKame, or FoKaine, (4>wKati/>?,) in my Greek
Vocabulary are Tooes, (<l>a)Ses,) Pustulce, where we see the true idea
of Swelling, Foul matter, and terms relating to Fire, as Fozo, Fogo, Fog-
niio, (<t>w^w, 4>w7ft), in Foco aliquid torreo, a Ows, ^^wyvvw, Torreo.) We
should at once agree, that the terms, relating to Fire would be naturally
derived from the idea oi Agitation, Commotion, SiveUing out; and such
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 137
I imagine to be the idea annexed to these words. 1 might here produce
the various terms relating to Lig/if, or F'ne, under our Element, as Fos,
YoTos, (<I>a)9, <I>wTos, Lumen, Lux, Focus, a <t»aw,) where we are referred
to the simpler form Fao, (JSfaw, Luceo, &c.); and if this should be the
more original form, it does not at all disturb the relation of the words,
which exist under the form FS ; — Yaus'is, Fausko, Fauzo, Faos, Feggo*,
&c. (fpavcri^, Lux, ^aua-Kw, Luceo, (Pav^w, Frigo, 4>aos, Lumen, <i>eyyo^,
Splendor, &c.) Focms, (Lat.) &c. &c. Whether they all belong precisely
to the same idea, it is not easy to decide. 1'he sense of Fire is attached
sometimes more particularly to that Foul species of Light, or Fire, which
we call Smother, or Pother, arising from ff^et, Green materials, not
favourable for lighting. Hence we see Focms allied to terras, which
signify to Smother, or Choke up, to Pudge up, under another turn of
meaning. Thus sufYoco, ' To suJYocate,' attaches itself to Vocus.
V ossius derives it from Yocus, when the second syllable is short, and
from Faux, Faucis, when it is long, according to the ancient verse,
" Suffocat, extinguit, Suffdcat guttura, stringit." The quantity of syllables
will sometimes be affected by that palpable species of affinity, which
Grammarians call Derivation, but it affords us no guide in that species
of affinity, which it is the purpose of Etymology to discover. This is
commonly accident, except when the mind is directly led to change the
quantity of a word, under the principle, which operates on all occasions
in the propagation of Language, namely, for the purpose of conveying
a different turn of meaning annexed to a fundamental idea. I^et
v\s mark the term Faux, Fauc/s, which means the Swelling out. Wide
opening object. — In Italian Affocarc, signifies " To set on fire, to kindle.
" Also to neale red hot. Also to stijle, or smother,^' and AFFOGr//t',
" To stifle, to smother, to choake. Also to drowne," as John Florio
explains them, which certainly belong to Fuoco, and Fuogo. Under
the simpler form we have Fooare, " To choke, to stifle, to smother.
" Also to put to flight," as the same writer explains it, where let us note
the sense of " Putting to flight" which brings us to the Greek and
Latin words Feugo, FuGto, (i^ftvyw, Fugio, Fugani Capio,— Refugio,
V^ito,) where it would be idle to enquire, whether these words belonged
S
138
B, F, P, V, W. I C, D, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. \ I, m, n, r.
to Foul, vile Stuff*, in its violent sense, as able to Choke, Stifle, Repress,
or to the idea of Foul, Vile Stuff, which you Avoid, Shun, &c. The
origin of the Latin Fug/o, and Fugo will be manifest in a term, which
1 see adjacent to them in our Vocabularies, Fuc//s, the Vile Daub, or
Pudge, and the quotation produced under Fugo by R. Ainsworth,
" Flammas a classe YvGavif precisely corresponds with the sense of
Focare, To Choke, Stifle, &c. The next word to Fooare in John Florio's
Dictionary is FoGc/a, " Any kind of Fash/ow," &c. and I shew in another
place, that these terms for Fash/o/? are derived from the Plastic materials
of Pudge, and thus we see, how every thing coincides to illustrate the
same point. But the origin of these Italian words will be fully evident
from an adjacent term in John Florio's Lexicon, whatever may be the
precise idea, by which they are connected with that term, as Fog/?«,
which our copious interpreter explains by " A common shore, sink,
" or Jakes. Also any Filth, or Carrion. Also an interjection of contempt,
*' as we say Fough, Fie, it stinks," where let us note the interjections
FouGH ! Fie ! belonging to this Race of words. In Fie the second
consonant of the Radical is lost, or does not appear. Here again it is
idle to enquire, which was the original form. I have already produced
tlie German Pfuy, Fy ! Foh, which is the next term in my German
Vocabulary to Pfutze, " A Puddle, Lake, Slough, Bog," &c. In Scotch
we have the form FG, as Feigh, Feech, " Fy, an expression of disgust,
" or abomination," as Dr. Jamieson explains it, where he has properly
produced the parallel terms, and among these the ancient English word
used by Wiclif, " He that seith to his brother, Fugh, schal be guilty
" to the counsell." In the same page of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary
we have Fey, "A Fief, or possession held, by some tenure, of a
'' superior;" — Fey, " A Foe", Feid, Fede, " Enmity, hatred; a quarrel,"
Dr. Jamieson has produced various terms under the form FD, FG, &c.
relating to Hatred, as Faide, Fed, (Isl.) Fegd, (Su. G.) Fewd, (Eng.)
&c. &c. as likewise some words, under the form F\ as Fa, Fah cor-
responding to our word Foe; under both which forms the same idea
prevails, as in Feigh ! Fy, &c. what is Foul, Vile, &c. The Fey, the
Fief, or Possession, he refers to Fe, Fee, denoting Cattle, and Possessions
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 139
in general, Money, Hereditary Property in land, &c. &c. and these he
refers to terms denoting, Cattle, as Fe, Fae, Feo, Vieh, (Isl. Sii. G.
A. S. Germ.) which likewise appear under the form BC, PC, &c. as
?zciis, Pasco, &c. and which I shew in a future page to belong to Fat,
the Pudge Matter. He refers the Law Latin term Feudww, &c. from
which our combination Feudal System is derived, to these words,
denoting Cattle, as others do ; which is probably the right derivation ;
though I do not conceive, that Feudm//! is a compound of Fea, and HaiU
denoting quality, as Somner imagines. The term Vevxhivi is no more
a composition than Fief is.
Before 1 quit the terms, above produced, for Light, Fire, &c. I ought
not to omit the Welsh Foe, " A Focus ; a fire-place ; a furnace ; a
" caldron," and in the same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary I see
Fozi, "To cast a splendor, to illumine." In the same column I see
too VoKmg, " Fugitive, fleeing, retreating," which has a parallel term
under the form Foi, or Fo, "To run away, to flee, to retreat." Again
in Welsh Faglu is " To blaze, to flame, to conflagrate ; to be all in a
" flame;" as Mr. Owen explains it, to which there is an adjacent term
in this writer's Dictionary, — YxGod, "A Faggo^, a bundle of sticks, or
" twigs," where the sense of the Faggo^, Fasc?'s, Fasc/o, &c. belongs
to that of the Swellijig up Lump. The word signifying a Blaze may
be taken from the materials of the Faggot, but this I believe is not so.
In the same column of Mr. Owen, I see Fag, " What unites together.
" or meets in a point." — Y.KGlad, " A gathering round to a point," and
Faig, "An extremity, or farthest point; a stop; a turn; a nonplus, or
" embarrassment." Here again we have according to Mr. Owen Fa,
or Fai, with a similar turn of meaning. — The word Faig is used in a
passage, quoted by Mr. Owen, where we see the original idea; of which
passage he gives us the following translation, "A boiling agitation, like
" the cataract of the rock of torrents, from the streams of the springs of
" Extremity y Whatever be the sense of this passage we see, that the
sense of Extremity is connected with the Stvelling up of Pash matter.
In the preceding column, we find Faeth, " Luxuriant, fruitful, rich,
" FECund, mellow, ripe," which brings us to Beatws, FiEcmidus, Fat,
s 2
140
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.5 l,m,n,r.
&c. &c. {"adw, "To be disguised, to be covered over," which means
to be Dauh'd over, and Faced, "Curds, posset-curds,'' where let us
note the explanatory term Posset. In these Welsh and English words
Faced and Posset, we unequivocally see the idea of Pudge matter.
Mr. Owen has himself referred Fxced to Fag, and thus we see, how,
according to the acknowledgement of our Lexicographer, the term Fag,
relating to the idea of Rising, or Su'eUi7fg up to a Point, belongs to
the notion of Pudge Matter. — In Irish Faic is a Sparkle, and pAicam,
' To see ;' an adjacent word to which in the same column of Mr. Shaw's
Dictionary is Faiche, "A field green," where we perceive its union with
the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis ; whatever may be the process, by
which they are united. In the preceding column, I perceive YxGhaim,
" To get, obtain, find," and Fagaw, " To leave, quit, wrest," the original
idea of which terms I should not have discovered, if I had not seen
in the second Volume of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, 'To Bemire,' expressed
by " YxQam am poll," where we are brought to the original idea.
Terms, relating to the sense of Cleansing, Cleaning, Ornamenting,
Improving, Amending, Repairing, &c. which are derived from the
idea of Pudge Matter, either from the action of removing it, or from
that of Daubing a Surface over, — Botch/w^ something up, as we
express it.
We have seen the forms of the Interjections Fie, Feigh ; as denoting,
what is Vile, (where the sound of the second letter of the Radical is
not heard,) which will remind us of the familiar Rural terms Fey, or
Feigh, when used as verbs, expressing the action of Cleansing. I might
take the present occasion of examining the Race of words, under our
Elementary form FG, &c. which convey this train of ideas, and which
relate to the sense of Cleaning, Cleansing, Ornamenting, Improving,
Amending, Repairing, &c. These words may be considered perhaps,
as derived from different turns of meaning, belonging to our Element,
though under such minute points of difference, as scarcely to be dis-
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 141
tinguished from each other. Such Words appear on the first view to
convey a sense, directly opposite to Dirt, and so indeed they do ; yet
we must remember, that the action of Cleansing is no other than that
of removing Dirt, and hence we see, how the idea of Dirt may still
fundamentally prevail in these words. In the verb Feigh we are directly
brought to the substance of Pudge Matter, in the expression 'To Feigh,
' a Pond,' that is, ' To remove the Pudge,' just as ' To Mud a Pond,'
means 'To Remove the Mud.' Mr. Grose explains Fey by "To Fey,
" or Feigh it, to do any thing notably. To Fey meadows ; to cleanse
" them. To Fey a Pond, to empty and cleanse it from Mud. Also
" to winnow with the natural wind," and TEring he explains by " Ruh-
" hish ; Earth cut up and thrown aside, in order to get turf," where
we are brought to the original spot, and the true idea. In the same
opening of Mr. Grose's Glossary, I see Feusome. Handsome. Feu. A
" Method. A good, or bad Feu of doing any thing; — Few, To Few;
" to change," which seem to belong to Fey; Fettle, "To pETT/e; to set,
" or go about any thing; to dress, prepare, or put in order; To Fettle
" the tits; to dress the horses." — Fee, "To Fee; to winnow. Perhaps
" the same with Fey, to cleanse, scour, or dress :" — Feg, " Fair, handsome,
" clean," and Feg in another sense means " To Feg, or Fag ; to flag,
" droop, or tire," where let us note our Term Fag, To be in a vile,
Pudge, Relaxed state ; and here we must remember the Latin Fatigo,
and its parallels in modern Languages, Fatigue, Fatiguer, &c. We
must remember likewise our combination Fag end, where we have
another application of the same idea ; and our expressive term Fudge,
which means * All Pudge,' &c. — We cannot but remember with what
felicitous effect this interjection is used in that amusing and original
Romance, the Ficar of JVaheJield. Mr. Grose has likewise the term Pegs,
an Exclamation, which may answer to our interjections, 'Fecks,
' Feck?7?s,' which seem to be sometimes used as a term of admiration
at the neatness of any thing ; and sometimes they appear to be modes
of affirmation, like i Faith. The interjection is preserved by Congreve
in the character of Fondle Wife, who says to Laetitia, " Nay, look you
" now if She does not weep, — 'tis the fondest fool. — Nay, Cocky, Cocky,
142 B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
" nay, dear Cocky, dont cry, I was but in jest, I was not, ipECK," and in
the same scene we have, " Go, naughty Nykin, you don't love me. —
" Kiss, Kiss, /Feck I do." — The next word to Fegs in Mr. Grose is
Feit, " Neat, dexterous," &c. which seems to belong to Fait, (Fr.)
VvjTwe, Facio, (Lat.) &c. which I have derived from the Plastic Materials
of Dirt. In the same page I see Feat, " Nasty Tasted," where we are
brought to the true idea, and Feausan, "Taste, or Moisture," which
belongs to Foizon, or Fuzon, which he explains by " The nature, juice,
" or moisture of the grass, or other herbs," &c. which means what is
of a Pudgy, Moist, abundant nature, as I shew in another place. — In
German pEOew signifies, according to Wachter, " Purgare, Mundare, —
" Februare, Polire, Ornare," where he has produced the Islandic Fcegia,
bearing a similar meaning; and to this word he has attributed the English
term Fair, which in other Languages appears under the form FG, as
Foegur, Fager, &c. (Sax. Goth.) &c. This probably is a just mode of
conceiving the matter ; yet we shall find, that the Elementary Character
FR supplies the same idea. — In German TEG-Feur, denotes that great
Fire, supposed to Purge, or Purify men from all the foul stains of Sin,
called Purgatory. Adjacent terms to this word in Wachter are Feige,
verber, which he properly refers to Box, ^vonus, Pux, (fli/^,) where
the sense of Striking belongs to the idea of PuDGiwg, or Pash^w^; — Feig,
having various senses, in one of which it is parallel to Few, (Eng.)
Pauc?/5, (Lat.) containing, as he thinks, the sense of Vilis, &;c. which
belong as I imagine to the Little Lump, or Piece of Pudge, or Dirt,
and in another sense it means Timidus, Moribundus, &c. where we see
the relaxed state of such matter, and " Feige", " Ficms," and " Morbus
ani," which directly brings us to the sense of Swelling out, as it exists
in Pudgy, soft, or Foul matter.
In German Butz means " Orname?ituvi,'' of which the true idea
appears in BuTzew, " Mundare, Purgare a Sordibus quocunque modo
" id fiat," and BuTzew, " Sordes, quae expurgantur. Nasen-BvTZEN ,
" mucus," as Wachter explains it, who has justly referred it to the Latin
PuTMS. In one of the senses of BvTzen, as a verb, we have " Praecidere,
/' die beume BvTzen, inutilia arborum ramenta praecidere," which he
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. m
has referred to the Latin Puto, 'To Prune', That the Latin Puto is con-
nected with the idea, which I suppose of Pudge matter by some process,
will be manifest from the terms, by which it is surrounded in that
Language, under the form Put, as Puxeo, Vvridus, Putcws, &c. In
Fvranien, the Shell, we see Pudge, coarse matter, as a covering. In the
Latino- Belgicui/J Lexicon, published by Ruhnkenius, Puto is explained
by the Dutch Poetzc^, or PoTze//, a kindred term, which my Lexi-
cographer explains by "To trim, shave, or barb," which is one of the
senses of Bvrzen, Den bart Buxze/?, Barbam radere. The origin of
PoTzew will be manifest from a term in the same column of Sewel's
Dictionary by Buys, Por-Jard, Potter's Clay. Our Lexicographers
have well detailed the senses of Puto, by which we see, how the idea
of Thinli'wg is derived from that of Lopping, or Pruning off any ex-
crescencies, as they explain the second sense of the word by " To make
" even, clear, adjust, or cast up, accounts," and the third by "To think,"
&c. We directly pass from the idea of CVertW/^o- off material impediments,
that an object may receive its due form, to that of Clearing off the doubts
of the mind, in order to form an opinion. In German PuTzew is another
form of BvTzen, as Wachter justly supposes. The vile source, from
which these words are taken, will be manifest. From the following
facetious interpretation, by my Lexicographer of kindred words, PuTz/g,
" A mannikin, Punch, Pigmy, Shrimp, Short-A-se," and FvTzinell,
" The Punchinello, a Stage Punch,'' where we see the idea of the Pudge
Form ; and here let us note a term, with the same fundamental idea,
PiGWT/. The term Punch is only another representation of these words,
and means the Swelling out figure, in the Pamwh, or Belly, &c. Under
other Elements the same union of ideas is to be found, which I suppose
in PuTO. It is acknowledged, that Lop belongs to Lepo, (AeTrw, Decortico,
delibro, PvTumen, vel Scjuamam detraho ;) where we see how the sense
of PvTamen belongs to the action of Lopping, and in Lepra, (^Ae-n-pa,^
the Leprosy, we see the Foul matter, as of Dirt. I shall shew, that these
words belong to Linius, &c. Robert Ainsworth has justly annexed to
the substantive Plash the Latin terms " Lacus, Lacuna," and in an
adjacent article we have " To Plash Trees, Puto," where ' To Plash'
144 B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
belongs to Plash Matter, just as I suppose Puto does to Pudge Matter.
While I examine the German word in Wachter, I cast my eyes on
BussEN, " Emendare, reparare, reficere," which he justly refers to the
Saxon BETaw, under the same meaning, to which belong our terms
Better, Best, with their parallels Beter, Besser, Bessern, Bedre, &c.
(Belg. Germ. Dan. &c.) In Persian Ji^ Behter, as Mr. Richardson
represents it in one place, is Better. The next word in Mr. Richardson's
Dictionary is Behter, (Arabic) which means "A Lie. Buhter, Short
" in stature with compact, or contracted members," where we have the
idea of what is Base, or Bad, and the Pudge, co/wPact figure. To
l&vssen is acknowledged to belong the German Busse, Repentance. The
German Butz is explained in the ordinary Lexicons by " Set off, orna-
" ment, finery, attire, dress. — An Aepfel und Birnen, the Core, of Fruit,
" as of Apples, Pears." This brings us to the Botchy Core, and thus
we see, how Butz directly signifies a Botch, whatever may be the
precise idea, from which it gets the sense of ornament, whether it means
' To Botch off;' that is, ' To remove the Botch, or filth,' or * To Botch
' on, over,' &c. To Patch on. To repair by addition ; and I think, that
I perceive, in some of these words, denoting Repairing, Emending, &c.
the latter idea. Every one understands the union between the ideas
of Healing, arid of Mending, or Repairing garments, as in the Greek
Afceofiat, Sano, medeor, medicor. — Metaph. — Sarcio, Resarcio, &c.
Junius refers Boote, Prodesse, juvare, conducere, afferre utilitatem,
to Betan, (Sax.) " Emendare, &c." — In the following sentence, produced
by Junius under this word, Bot seems to mean Botch, — "To miclan
" bryce sceal micel Bot nyde. Magna ruptura magna indiget emendatione,"
" To a mickle breach there shall be need of a mickle Botch," where
it answers to the Greek ETri^Ki^fxa, Additamenhan, Panmculus. In our
phrase " To Boot," the term seems to mean ' What is Botch'd, or
' Patch'd on something else by way of addition to a purchase,' which
addition the Greeks call U.po(rdt]Kfh or which might have been from the
origin of the word E-jn^Xnixa. Junius sees a great affinity between this
word • To Boot,' and the Greek Botho, or Boetheo, (Bw^ea, Hesych.
Bo»j0e<i/, Adjuvare.) The Bui-xy, or assistant, might belong to this term,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 145
but it seems rather to be attached to the sense of the Bwrress. Lve
interprets the Saxon Box, or Bote by " Poenitudo, medela, reparatio,
" emendatio, compensatio, restauratio, satisfactio, correctio, auxilium. —
"To Bote, compensationis gratia; it. Insuper, ex abundanti," and in
Gothic we have Borjan, " Proficere, prodesse, juvare." The Saxon
Bote/os, and Borleas mean " Sine emendatione," and " Inexpiabihs,
" inemendabilis ;" from whence our term Boorless is derived. This word
Betan is particularly applied to the action of Repairing the Fire, as
" Betan fyr, Struere focum." In Scotch To Beit, Bete, Beet, means
"To help, supply; to mend, by making addition," as Dr. Jamieson
explains it, who has justly seen the parallel words in other Languages,
and the use of the term, as applied to Fires. He imagines that the
French BouTcr was anciently used in this sense, as appears by the
compound Bout- Few, which is parallel to the Italian Butta- Fmoco.
The French Bouxer, according to Menage, is used in the sense of Fr upper,
and Mettre ; and the Italian BuTTo/e is explained in John Florio's
Dictionary by "To throw, to fling, to hurle, also to drive, or thrust in,"
in which several senses we see the ideas expressed by our terms Beat,
Push, or Pash about. Push in, Butt, &c. These ideas are perpetually
sliding into each other, and I shew, that all such terms signify, 'To
' Pudge about, at, on, in," &c. if I may so express it. The Editor of
Menage produces a Modern Greek term Bovrizein, (Eovri^eiv,^ which
he explains by " Plonger, mettre dans I'eau," where we are brought to
the idea of the Pudgy Spot. In Swedish Bot is " Remedy, Cure. —
" Penance" and Bota, " To Cure, to Heal ; — To repair, mend." In Danish
Boed is a Remedy, Penitence, and Bode ybr means "To make amends,
" reparation for, satisfy for. — To pay, smart for. — To expiate your faults,
" atone for, or make atonement for them. — To pay a fine, mulct, or
" amercement, to fine.— Bode, To Patch, Botch, Piece, mend, repair,"
as my Lexicographer explains it, where we see the precise idea, supposed
in my hypothesis. This, I imagine, would be alone sufficient for the
purpose of deciding on the original idea, which is annexed to this Race
of words.
Dr. Jamieson refers to the German BuTze/j the term familiar to thr
T
146 B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Scotch Language, and to our ancient Poetry, Busk, "To dress, to attire
" oneself, to deck, — To prepare, and make ready in general," from
whence the familiar combination arises of Busk and Bonn, — " They
" Busked and maked hem Boutin The term Busk is brought to its
original spot, when it is applied to Hens, Sa^atching about the Ground;
' See how the Hens Busk on that Ground.' Under this expression is
generally comprehended the idea of Scratching Holes on dry dusty Ground
in Summer, in order to rest upon it, and to this idea the term Bask
belongs;— 'To Bask in the Sun.' — The sentence might have been, 'See
' how the Hens Busk on the Ground, and Bask there in the Sun.'
I have given however another turn of meaning to this word on a former
occasion. In Irish Busgawi means " To dress, to stop, hinder," as
Mr. Shaw explains it ; in whose Dictionary I likewise see YASonam,
" To purge," the next term to which is TAsnam, " To cleanse, winnow,"
in the same column of whose Dictionary, I perceive TAS7ie, "A wheal,
" pimple, measle," where we unequivocally have the Foul Pudge matter.
Swelling out, &c. — FASTrughani, " To stop, stay, make Fast, to hire,"
YASGadh, " Wringing, Squeesing," which belongs to Faisgaw, " To
" squeeze, wring, compress," and FAisoain, "A press, a spunge."
I shew, that Fast, Fix, and Figo, &c. are derived from the idea of
Sticking in Pudge matter, and we cannot help seeing, that the ex-
planatory term Squeeze belongs to Squash// matter, as we express it, or
Quag Matter. In the sense of a Sputige, as Spungy Ground, &c. we
directly see this species of Matter.
Whatever be the precise sense, by which Busk is connected with the
idea supposed in my hypothesis ; it will be evident from the terms,
adjacent to this word in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, that such is the
fundamental notion. The term, immediately preceding this word is
Bush, which Dr. Jamieson explains by " Expressive of a rushing sound,
" as that of Water Spouting out," where we have the very idea of Pudge,
or Pash matter, VAsmng about. Dr. Jamieson observes, that the word
is found " in a coarse enough passage," but however coarse it may be,
it exhibits precisely such a sense, which my hypothesis supposes, of
Foul Pash matter,—" Till Bush ! — he gae a desperate Spue."' The
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BO^ITOM, &c. 147
adjacent terms are Busk, A Bush, BusKe;»"w^, which appears to
denote S/vel/'mg out, or " High flown Language," and which our Lexi-
cographer has derived from Buskin, " the high shoe anciently worn by
"Actors." — BussiN, A Linen cap, or hood, &c. Bvssing, "Covering,
" Bust, a Box," Bustine, "Fustian," Cloth." Busthoms, "Huge, large
" in size," to which Dr. Jamieson has justly referred a Race of words,
signifying Agitation, Swelling out, Sec. Biisa, (Su. Goth.) " cum impetu
" ferri," Boisterous, (Eng.) &c. &c. Bostio, (Welsh,) Proud, and Bust,
Boost, Bytter, (Teut.) Ferox, BusTen, (Germ.) To Blow, Bust. " Tar-
" mark upon Sheep, commonly the initials of the proprietor's name." —
To Bust, To Beat, and "To Bust, To Powder, to Dust with flour,"
where we are actually brought to the Dirt, or Pudge of the Ground,
and we see, how "To Bust," means nothing but 'To Pudge, Pash,
' To Powder,' &c. according to my hypothesis. The verb ' To Dust,'
has the same relation to the substance Dust, to which belongs Dash, &c.
In Scotch Pawky means "Sly, Artful, 8. Arch, Cunning, Artful, North.
" Gl. Grose," says Dr. Jamieson, and he has justly referred it to such
terms, as the English BxcKing, Patcherie, and Packe. — "You hear him
" Cogge, see him dissemble, know his gross Patciiery," &c. (Tiynon
of Athens.^ — "What hath been seen, Either in Snuffs, and Packings
" of the Dukes," (Lear.) Mr. Steevens has observed, that Packings
are " underhand contrivances,'' and that wc still talk of Packing Juries,
&c.— Whatever minute difference there may be in the turn of meaning
annexed to these phrases, the Pack and Patch still keep us within the
sphere of the Lump of Pudge matter, the Vile Botch, Stuff, &c. In
the same column of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, where this word occurs,
we have the term Paut, " To Paw, to strike the Ground with the Foot,
" to stamp," where we are brought to the Spot, supposed in my
hypothesis. Dr. Jamieson refers the Scotch term to the Saxon Paecan,
Decipere, Mentiri, and in the same page of Lye's Saxon Dictionary,
where this Saxon word Paecow occurs, I see PACCElade, " Locus in
" regionc Palustri," &c. &c. where Pacce denotes the Pudge Place.
I see likewise V^rig, " Astutus, callidus," the preceding word to which
is P^TH, " Semita, Callis — Item Vallis," where we are again brought to
T 2
148
B,F,P,V, VV.J C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
the original spot. I see in the same column the Gothic Paida, Tunica ;
and I have frequently had occasion to observe, that the explanatory
word Tunica belongs to the German Tmich, which relates at once to
the Garment and to Clay, " Tunica, Litura e Calce, Gypso, vel Ccemento."
That the sense of Cunning, Skill, &c. may belong to the idea of
what \sThich, Dense, or Pudgy, under some turn of meaning, will
be manifest from the Greek terms Puka, VuKinos, and Pukozo, (Ili/Ka,
Dense, spisse, Prudenter, accurate, affabre, YIvkivos:, Densus, creber,
frequens, Prudens, Callidus, Elegans, UvKa'^w, Denso, stipo, tego, intego,
orno, exorno,) where we see likewise the idea of Ornament To this
race of words denoting Cleanliness, Ornament, where the original idea
is manifest, as stated in my hypothesis, we must add the Persian Pak
A), which means, says Mr. Richardson, " Pure, chaste, innocent, modest,
"clean, neat, holy," in one sense; and in another we have Pago^,
" A Privy." Another Persian word Pakh ^\j seems directly to belong to
this term, and it signifies in one sense " Adorned, Ornamented, decorated,
"beautiful," while in other senses it means, "Gold, or Silver, full of
" Dross, or bad alloy, unrefined. — Vile, Base. — Lime, Plaister, Mortar,
" Cement,'' which decides on the truth of my hypothesis, respecting
the union of Dirt, and what is Clean, under some process of combination,
whatever that process may be.
Terms, which express the sense of what Bends in, or Bows out, &c.
In the same opening of Skinner's I^exicon, with the terms Botch,
BouGE, &c. I cast my eyes on Bough, with its parallels Boga, Boh, &c.
Ramus, and on BOW, Flectere, Bugan, Bygan, &c. (Sax.) Beugen,
Biegen, Bugen, &c. (Germ.) Buygen, Bocken, Sec. (Belg.) Abugan, (Sax.)
" Incurvare, declinare, cedere, servire," and BOW, Arcus, Boga, Boge,
Rogen, (Sax. Belg. Germ. &c.) which are all allowed by the Etymolo-
gists to belong to each other, though they are totally unconscious of
the idea, from which this sense of Bending, or Bowiw^ is derived. This
sense may be derived from different modes of conceiving the same
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 149
species of Soft, Pudge, or Bog Matter, and the Low Sinking in Bog,
Pudge, or Pit spot, in which it is deposited. If we say, that the sense
of Bow///o^, BouGH?Wjg-, &c. is attached to that of 'RooGing, Pudg/«^,
or ViTTing, if I may so say, in, out, &c. we shall comprehend all the
ideas, relating to this sense, as derived from the Boo, or Pudge Matter
of the Pit. These ideas cannot on many occasions be separated, and
I must leave the reader to decide in particular instances, which idea
predominates, if he should imagine, that any distinction is apparent.
The term Buxom, in Saxon Boc^a/w, " Obediens, tractabilis," is ac-
knowledged to be derived from Bugan, Flectere, which, says Skinner,
is confirmed by the fact, that in Chaucer, Bvxumnes is explained by
Loii'Iiiiess. In Old English, Buxum commonly means Obedient, and
in Scotch Bousum, Bowsum signifies " Pliant, tractable," and in another
sense " Blyth, merry," as Dr. Jamieson explains it, in which signification
it agrees with the common use of the word Buxom, at present, ' A
' Buxom Lass,' Flexible, and Light in her form, actions, and spirits.
In Buxom we seem to see the idea of Flexibility, as relating to Pliant,
Soft Matter. In the phrase 'To make a Bow,' or as in Vulgar
English * To make a Bowk with the head, or Body,' we have the
sense of Bending, or Sinking down. The Elbow, Elboga, Ehlen Bogen,
(Sax. Germ.) &c. which has been justly derived from Ell, (Eng.)
Ulna, (Lat.) Olene, (QXeut],^ and Bow. In the Kentish Dialect,
according to Mr. Grose, Bug is " To bend." In German the substantive
Bug, to which Buaen, Flectere belongs, is explained in Wachter, by
" Armus, Curvatura, circulus, Sinus," to which sense he justly refers
the English Bay, the Winding Recess for Ships, which in modern
German, as Wachter says, is Bucht, "Curvatura littoris." In Old
English ^kY-fVindow occurs, which is justly referred to this term Bay,
or more directly to what we now express by a ^ow- Window. The term
Bay, as applied to Buildings, from the idea of the Hollow, Cavity, or
Vacant Space, made by the Bow/a/o- out, or Bending out form, seems
often to have signified, ' A Hollow, Cavity, Facant Space, Interstice' in
general. These explanations will unfold all the senses annexed to Bay,
as referring to Buildings. Mr. Steevens has seen that a Bay- ff^indow
150 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
means a Bow-JFindow, ("Why it hath Bay- fFindows, transparent,,
as barricadoes," &c, Tivelfth Night, Act IV. So. 2.); though he adds,
as if confused in his conception of the term, " A Window in a recess,
or Bay." This however, as we now see, is perfectly just, as every Bow
necessarily includes in it a Bay, or Recess, that is, every convexity
must have its cojicavity. — Minshew produces ' Cavce Fenestree,' as the
Latin for Bay- Windows. — Bay occurs again in Shakspeare, " If this
" law hold in Vienna ten years, I'll rent the fairest house in it, after three
" pence a Bay," on which Dr. Johnson observes, " A Bay of building
" is, in many parts of England, a common term, of which the best
" conception, that I could ever attain, is, that it is the space between
" the main beams of the Roof, so that a barn crossed twice with beams
" is a barn of three Bays." Nathan Bailey explains " A Bay in Archi-
" tecture to be a space left in a Wall, for the door, gate, or window,"
and Mr. Tyrwhitt considers Bay to be " the space between two cross
" beams," and from hence he derives the idea of a Bay- JFindow, which,
as he conceives the matter, is "A large window, probably so called,
" because it occupied a whole Bay, i. e. the space between two cross
'^ beams," (^Glossari/ to Chaucer.^ There are few writers, who have
assumed a more imposing appearance of extreme accuracy, and profound
research, than the Critic, whom I have here quoted, — Mr. Tyrwhitt;
yet I must reluctantly observ-^e, that in my opinion his profundity is but
little answerable to his pretensions, and that his views of a subject are
generally most confused, contracted, and superficial. — The German Fach
is only another form of Bay, the Hollow space. Wachter explains it
by " Loculamentum, Proprie receptaculum, capedo, a Fahen, Capere.
" Dialecto Anglosaxonica dicitur de Spatio, Intervallo, et Distantia Loci,
" et temporis, quasi esset ab Heb. Bak, vel Bakak, evacuavit." This
is all right, under one conception of the matter; and I shall shew, that
the Hebrew term, as well as the Latin Yacuus, belongs to the idea of the
Loose Pudge matter of the Pit. Let us mark the Latin term Intervallum,
where Fallum, the Ditch, under the Element VL, supplies the same idea,
which we see in Bay. The Danish Fag means " A Bay, Square of
" equal space, between the Pillars, or Beams for the Windows in a
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 151
" Building," and it means likewise " A Science, profession, trade,
" province," where it denotes a certain peculiar occupation. Distinct,
and Separated from another. In the same column of my Danish
Dictionary, I see " Fakkc/ (af Beeg,) A Link, (af Fox,^ Torch," where
the Fak, and Beeg, Vox, denoting Pitch, Wax, all belong to each other,
where we plainly see Pudge Matter. I perceive too pAGxer, Gestures,
looks, &c. and I suppose in another place, that these words denoting
Foi^m belong to the Plastic Materials of Mud ; the next term to which
is pAJawce, Delft- Ware, and which brings us to the very idea.
The origin of these words relating to Bowing, or Bending will be
manifest from considering a term under the same form with the Saxon
Bygow, Flectere, curvare ; the adjacent word to which in Lye's Dictionary
is Byge, Angulus, Sinus. Bycas. Ancones. " Aties If ealles Br ge, Muri
" Ancones et Sinus;" and we shall now see, that Byge, as denoting
Sinus, the Bay, the Hollow for Ships, and Bucht, (Germ.) bearing
the same meaning, to which the terms for Bow//?o- are acknowledged
to belong, unequivocally bring us to the idea of the Pit, the Basow ;
to receive Water, the IIolloiv, or Cavity in the Pudge Spot. Having
performed my duty in bringing the reader to the very spot, which I
maintain in my hypothesis, I must then leave him to take his share
in adjusting the precise turn of meaning, by which these terms for
Bowing, &c. are connected with it. When different ideas combine in
the same object, which may alike lead to the same meaning, it is difficult
or impossible to decide with precision. All, that the writer can do, is
to unfold the different modes of conceiving the same object, by which
the same idea may be obtained. We shall at once see, that the Pit
itself, without considering the matter with which it is filled, is able to
supply us with the two opposite, though kindred ideas of the Convexity,
or the Swelling, Rising up object, and the Concavity, or Sinking in
object, just as YASTigiian is applied alike to Height, and to Depth, and
as Lacunar, the Fretted rault, or as R. Ainsworth explains it, " A cieled
" roof Arched, fretted, or set off with distances of rafters, like Pits ; —
" The main beam of the House, Arched, or e/«Bowe</," belongs to
Lacuna, " A Ditch wherein water standeth ; a Puddle, or Dike ; a furrow,
152 B,F,P,Y,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
" or trench for a drain ; any little Hole, or Hollow place," and to Lacus,
the halie, or standing Pool, &c. Let us mark the explanatory term
emEowed, and observe the senses given of Bay, as above explained,
and we shall then see how Bow, and Bat, Bough, &c. may have the
same relation to Bog, which Lacunar has to Lacuna and to Lacus.
Let us mark too the term Vault, the Vaulted Roof, and remember the
verb, ' To Vault up ;' and we shall agree, that these senses belong to Vault,
the Low spot, the Tomb, Cellar, &c. for the same reason. I shall shew,
that the deling. Caelum, belong to the Koilon, (KotAoi/,) the Hollow of
the Solum, the Cellar, &c. under a similar idea.
In Scotch Bought is " A curvature, or bending of any kind, S.
" The Bought of the Arm," the Bending of the Arm at the Elbow,"
as Dr. Jamieson explains it; where Bought has the same meaning, as
the Bow in El-Boir, Ellen-BoGen, (Germ.) &c. The El in £/-Bow
belongs to the Hole for a similar reason, as Bow does to the Bay, Sec.
The Bought of a blanket, is that part of the Blanket, " where it is
" doubled," or where it is Folded, as we express it. Dr. Jamieson has
duly referred this term to the words, relating to Bending, which I have
detailed above; and he produces one use of the Scotch term, which
brings us directly to the idea, advanced in my hypothesis, when he
observes, that " Where the Sea forms a sort of Bay, it is said to have
" a Bought." In the same column of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary we
have BoucHT, &c. A Sheepfold, and he has justly referred these terms
to each other. In the same opening of Wachter with Bug, Armus,
Curvatura, Sinus, and Bucht, " Curvatura littoris, littus maris sinuosum,"
I see BvcKen, Curvari, Buckel, Gibbus, which he justly refers to Buccl,
(Welsh,) Pustula, Buckle, (Eng.) Fibula, Buckel, Pockel, Bulla,
Buckel, im schild, umbo, Buckler, (Eng.) Clypeus, with its parallels
Bouclier, (Fr.) BeuMaar, Bucklari, (Isl.) Buccled, (Welsh,) &c.
Junius, as Wachter observes, derives these words from Bocken-Leer,
" Corium hirci, quod hujus potissimum animantis corio parmas olim
" inducerent," but Wachter observes, that they are more probably derived
from the Gibbous part of the Shield, just as UiJibo meant originally the
projecting part of the Shield, before it meant the Shield. It is sufficient
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 153
for us to know that Buckel, denoting Swcl/'n/g out, is the sense intended
in the terms for the Shield, whether as originally applying to the pro-
jecting Boss, or to the figure of the Shield itself We all know, that
Shields were oftentimes of a curved shape. While I examine these terms
in Wachter, I see in the same opening BvcKhitig, Halec Passa, which
some have derived from BACKe», in fumo coquere, and others refer it
to different sources; — Buck, from the " fcetor hircinus," on which points
we cannot decide, unless we understood well the history of the Fish,
with its preparations, &c. I see likewise in Wachter Buck, " Liber,
" codex, volumen," with its parallels, Book, (Eng.) Boog, (Dan.)
Boek, (Belg.) &c. &c. and Buche, Arbor e genere glandiferarum, with
its parallels Beech, (Eng.) Fagus, (Lat.) Phegos, (J^nyo^,^ Boc, (Anglo.
Sax.) Bog, (Swed.) &c. The former of these words does not belong to
the latter, because Books were written on the Barks of the Beech, but
because Book denotes Volumen, the Swelling out Roll, and thus we see,
how the German Buch belongs to Bug, Circulus. In German Buck
Papier is what u^e call a Quire of Paper, where Quire belongs to the
Cir in Circulus, for a similar reason: The term Book is referred to any
piece of Paper, or Materials, written on, which may form a Roll,
however minute it may be ; and this may assist our Lawyers, in deciding
upon these points, which have turned on the original sense, annexed to
the word Book. In Shakspeare we have "By this, our Book is drawn,
" we'll but seal and then To horse immediately," {Henry IV. Part I.
Act iii. Sc. 1.) where Mr. Steevens has observed, "Every composition,
" whether play, ballad, or history, was called a Book, on the registers
" of ancient publication." The Phegos, (4>f;7os,) is commonly derived
from Phago, (^^ayio. Comedo,) as being an Esculent Tree, which is
probably right. There is another tree Buche, " Arbor e genere
" acerum," which Wachter derives from Bugen, Flectere. I refer Fago,
(4>a7a),) Fat, Feed, to the idea of Pudg?/?o- out.
Wachter has compared Buckel, Gibbus, with Backe, Collis, where
we are brought to the idea supposed in my hypothesis, the Mass, or
Heap of Dirt, and he has another article Buckel, Dorsum, which he
refers to Back, a word belonging to our term, Back, Tergum. The
U
154 B,F,P, V,W.J C,D,J, K, Q,S,T, X, Z.^ l,m,ii,r.
precise idea of the term Back, as denoting Tergum, and Pone, is that,
as I imagine, of the Rising up object, which Bows out, and in, or which
Bows out, and then Bows, or Bends Back again, as we express it.
This is manifest from the Danish Language, which is not so apparent
in other Dialects of the Teutonic. Bag in Danish is the Back, and
Behind; and Bagse, as my Lexicographer explains it, means "To turn,
" set, or Bend a thing," — or 'To Be7id Back a thing,' as he might have
expressed it. In Danish, as with us, BxG-huus, is " a BACK-House,''
which we sometimes confound with another combination " Bake-Z/omsc."
In the same opening of my Danish Dictionary, I see Bxclasf, Ballast,
where the Bag has the same force, as in Pack, the Swelling out Mass.
The term Last means Load, and we shall now understand, that in Ballast,
the sound of the G is lost, as in other Dialects of the Teutonic, &c.
Skinner and Junius understand the form of the Danish term, though
they doubt about the origin of the words, under the form BL. I see
likewise in the same opening BxGtale, " To BxcKbite, defame, calum-
" niate," &c. &c. to which perhaps the terms in other Languages
BagatelU, Bagatclla, Bagatela, (Ital. Span.) directly belong. Yet the
Bag has precisely the same sense in these Languages in other words, as
Bxoage, BxGaglia, &c. BxGGtano, a Dunce, and BAGGio/<y, a Prop,
in which latter word the sense of Swelling out is annexed to its use of
Propping. I shew, that Burxress, has nearly the same idea, and that
it belongs to Butt, which means ' To Push at, out.'
I shall prove, that the terms for Carrying are derived from the idea
of Bvsning, Stirring, or Lifting up, off, about, or away, under ditTerent
turns of meaning, as BASTazo, (Bao-ra^w,) Veho, Vexi, Vectz/w, and
the term for the art, which relates to the treatment of disorders, incident
to Beasts of Burden, as \ETerinary. The word YECxigal is acknowledged
to mean the " Custom properly of Freight, or for Carriage.'' Vectjs
is derived from the same idea, as denoting " A bar, or spar of wood ;
" a Lever to Lift, or Bear; a Betty, or engine to force open a door,"
where let us note the term Betty, which may perhaps be a kindred
term. N. Bailey represents it by Bet- Tee, and explains it by " An
*' instrument made use of by house-breakers, to break open doors," &c.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 155
The term Betty, or Bess however may be a Cant term, as it is called,
which appears probable from Mr. Grose's Vocabulary of that Language,
where we have the phrase, " Bring Bess and Glym, bring the instrument
" to force the door and the dark lantern ;" and if this be so, it belongs
probably to the name of the Female Servant, or House Maid, who
opens the door in the morning. In the Cant combination, 'Brown Bess
' for a firelock, — To Hug the brown Bess,' we have again the name
of the Female. — I ought to observe however, that our F'lement BS
relates to a Fire-Lock, under the idea of the Swelling Hollow, as Arqiie
Buse, (Fr. Eng.) with its parallels, Arco Bug/o, &c. produced by the
Etymologists, where the term is acknowledged to belong to Arcus, and
Bugzo, Foramen, Cavum, &c. ; and here again we see, how the idea
of the Bow, (the Arcus,^ connects itself with the Swelling Holloiv,
Buoio, &c. In Danish we have the simple form Bosse, " An Handgun,
" Arque-BusE, Fire-Lock," and this term means likewise a Box. In the
same opening of my Danish Lexicon, I see Boo, A Beech, Boge,
To Bellow, BoGer, Books, Boie, To Bend, Bow, &c. — "A Puff, blast,"
&c. "A Buoy;" where the BG, and BJ, convey the same meaning of
Swelling np. In Arabic Vizir, the Minister, or Vicegerent, means the
Carrier, or Supporter of the weight of Government ; VVezir, *' Bearing
" a Burden, Supporting, Sustaining," and in the plural Wuzera, " Vizirs,
" privy counsellors, ministers of State." Before I quit the term Bag-
atelle, I must observe, that the French Scholars consider it, as a diminu-
tive of Bague, belonging to BAOage, Bacca, where the BG, BC, bears
the same idea. We all agree, as to the sense of Bag, and I merely
suggest to the consideration of the Etymologists, whether Telle be
significant.
I shall now examine some Celtic terms, belonging to our Element,
which signify to Rise, Swell out, Bow, Bend, &c. In Welsh Bac signifies
"A Hook; crook, tenter; grappling-iron," and Bacu, " To Hook ; oi-
" Hitch; to grapple; to go into recesses; full of windings; to lurk; to Be?id,'
as Mr. Owen explains them; in whose Dictionary I find as adjacent terni.s
Bacow, Berries, where we have the idea of the Swelling out object; —
B.\cgcn, a Boy, and Bac, Little, where we mark the Little Lumpy object,
u 2
166 B,F,P,V,W.J C, D,G,J, K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
or Lumpt as it might be of Dirt. I perceive likewise Baez, A Boar,
which may perhaps belong to such words as Bacow, Pig, the Pudgy,
Swelling out animal ; or it may belong to a succeeding term Baezu,
" To verberate. Beat, or thump ; to pound, or bruise," as denoting the
Fierce, Fighting animal. There is another adjacent term Baz, "■ A Bath ;
" a Bathz/?^ place," which brings us directly to the Pudge spot, from
whence, as I suppose, all these words are derived. In the same leaf
of Mr. Owen's Welsh Dictionary we have Bagl«, "To liold with a
" crook ; to hook," Bagyl, A crook ; or crutch, Bagell, " A Corner ;
" a snare," ^xGiuy, "A Cluster, ^xoad, a Cluster, or bunch; a troop;
" a multitude," where we see, how the idea of Hooking in, as within
the Crook, or concave Bend, is connected with that of Swelling out.
The term O7K0S has the same double meaning of Tumor, and Uncus.
I see in the same column Baesg, " The ring of a wheel," which means
the Bending, object; — Baic, "A Burden, or load," the SweUing out
object, and Baic, " An outcry, or scream," where we have the idea of
Commotion, under the application of Noise. I have supposed, that Beat,
Baezw, &c. belong to the action of VATTing, or PASHi;?o- about Pudge
matter, which bring us to Patter, as ' The Rain Patters,' and hence we
see, how the idea of Noise may be attached to Pudge Matter, Mud, &c.
The succeeding terms to Baic are Baid, " Briskness, liveliness, Baiz,
" A challenging, daring, or adventuring," and Bais, "Flats, or shallows:
" a ford ;" which latter word brings us again to the Pudge Spot, or
Matter, and which is accompanied by terms relating to Commotion, an
idea derived, as I suppose, from that species of Matter. We see how
the form Baglu coincides with the Teutonic Buckle, &c. and Wachter
has justly referred the term Bagaude, which he explains by " Colluvies
"quondam rusticorum seditiosorum, in Gallia," to Bagad, "Turba,
" turma, grex, voce apud Cambros, et Armoricos adhuc residua." The
preceding term in Wachter to BxGaude is Bag, Contentio, BxGen,
Contendere, Paga, (Gloss.) where we have the idea of Beatw^, &c.
Wachter refers this term to Mache, (Ma;^>;,) which under one point of
view is just. The forms BG, and MG, &c. must be often considered
as directly coinciding with each other, and this perhaps is one of the
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 157
instances. He very justly observes, " Labiales permutari, quid inagis
" obvium ?" and yet to what little use has this illustrious Etymologist
applied so indisputable, so palpable, and so important a truth, without
which all his labours have almost been in vain.
In examining the Galic and Irish terms belonging to the Welsh Bac,
Bagyl, &c. denoting a Hook, Crook, &c. we shall find them accompanied
with certain words, which unequivocally establish my hypothesis. I find
in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary of these Dialects the following words, Bac,
Bacal, Bacad/i, "A let, stop, hindrance, a prop, Crook, fulcrum,"
Bac, BAca/z, "A Hook, hinge of a door," BAca?«, BAcaigham, "To stop,
" hinder, to make lame, or halt;" — Bacal, "An obstacle, hindrance;"
Bacal, "A Slave, prisoner," i. e. the confined person, Bachul, " A Staff',
" crosier, crook," where we see, how the idea of the Hinchance is derived
from that of the fJook/ng in instrument. The Latin Bacul?</« surely
belongs to Bachul, and however probable the conjecture may be, that
BAcidum is to be referred to the idea of B^ATing, or to Batwo, as the
Etymologists suppose, yet if this Latin word directly belongs to the Celtic
term ; the idea of the Staff is that of a Prop, or Support, derived from
the Hook form. I suppose, that the idea of the Hook is derived from
the Swelling out Form, and thus we see, how the Bac in BacuIuiu, and
Bacca convey the same idea. The Greek BAK^erm, and Bakter^wo,
(^aKTfjpia, Baculum, BaKT>/joeyw, Baculo nitor,) must be added to these
terms. I see adjacent to the Greek words, BAKKam, (BuKKapi's, Baccar,
seu Baccaris, herba odorata,) Bakkowo?/, (Bukkuvov, raphani sea BrassiciP
semen,) and BAKcfos, (BaK;;Aos, Homo magncc statura;, sed excors, et
efFeminatus; Eunuchus, spado; mollis,) where the Bak in all these words
has the same meaning of Strdliiig out, or up.
I perceive in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary other v\ ords, belonging to our
Element, which I shall take this occasion of examining; as Back, "A
" breach, violent attack, or Surprize," BACHrt///rt, " Prating," Back,
"Drunkenness," Bacho/Wc, "The Boss of a Shield," BACHXwa, " Strife,
"contention," MAGiinta, "Warlike, corpulent, tight," BAoaram, "To
"threaten," BAiciiaw, "To touch, strike," where we seethe idea of
Swelling out, or iip, Commotion, Disturbance, &c. We shall now under-
158 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.< l,m,n,f.
stand whence the names of Bacchz«, os, (BaK;^os, Furore percitus, Bacchus,^
Deus vini,) and Bacchantes are derived, and why the God under this name
is at once a Drunkard, and a JFannor. The sense of BACHo/rfe, and BkQanta,
the Boss, Corpulent connects these terms, with the race of words, which
I have before produced relating to the Swelling out form. The sense,
which this latter word bears of Tight, and that of another term Bagh,
" A Promise, tie, bond," either belongs directly to Bac, the Hook, what
Hooks in, or Ties, or to the general sense, as we see it in cowPact,
derived from the Pudge matter, in a made up, CoJisistent Mass. I per-
ceive moreover among these words Bach, Loving, Baigh, " Love,
" kindness, friendship," which idea seems remote from the senses, which
I am here unfolding. I must leave the Celtic Scholars to determine the
precise turn of meaning, by which the sense of Love, &c. is connected
with the words before us, but that it is attached by some process with
the fundamental notion supposed in my hypothesis, will be evident from
an Article in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, " Bagh, Badh, Kindness, an
" Estuary," where we actually see the idea of Bog, or Pudge matter.
The sense of Kindness, Love, is probably taken from the idea of Soft
matter, — SiveUing out, with desire, affection, &c. The term, from which
Estuary is derived, the Latin JEstus, means in one of its numerous senses
Love, as it signifies " Any distemper of the mind, and the sway of unruly
" passion ;" and if this term should be well examined, we should at once
see, what various senses, such indeed as are exhibited in the words before
us, may be attached to the idea of Pudge watery matter in Commotion.
But the term Bad actually signifies " A Bunch, Bush, cluster, tuft,"
where we directly see the idea of Swelling out, and an adjacent term
Baidh, " A Wave," shews us the species of matter, with which it is
connected. Under the same form Bad, we have the sense of the Boat,
which denotes probably the Hollow, as in the Pudge Spot, the Pit,
Bas/??, &c. &c. I perceive likewise Baigh//?, a Waggo//, and I shew
in another place, that Waggo/?, &c. belongs to Wag, as denoting unsteady
motion, and that it is attached to If^ceg, (Sax.) Unda, Bog, &c. —
Bkcualhun, "To clip round, to trim," the precise idea of which I do not
understand, Bachla, " A Cup, chalice," belonging to Pocul///w, — Back-
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOIM, &c. 159
lach, Full of curls, where we have the SwcUing out substances, and
BAca/a, A Bake-Housc, where Bag, Bake relate to the Swcl/ing Lump.
There is however another form in the Celtic Dialects for terms,
denoting Bending in, a Hook, &c. which decide on the truth of my
Hypothesis, almost without a possibility of doubting on the subject.
These words are Boca», " A Hook, or Crook," Bocanac/?, " Hooked,
" Bent." BocAxa/w, " To Bend, make crooked," Bogha, A Bow,
BoGiiani, "To bend like a Bow," which are accompanied by the
following terms in the same page of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, Boc,
"Deceit, fraud; a blow, stroke, Box," — Boc, "A He-goat, a BacK,"
where let us note the kindred term Buck, and remember its parallels
produced by the Etymologists, Bucca, (Sax.) Bock, (Belg. and Germ.)
Bouc, Biche, (Fr.) Beke, (B>/'c>7,) &c. who have justly referred us to
terms for Striking, Bocken, Buquer, (Germ. Fr.) Tundere, and here let
us note the French Biche, the Female, to which the Etymologists have
referred the Female Dog, Bitch, (Eng.) Bicce, Bice, (Sax.) &c. —
Bocaide, "The knobs in a shield, a Boss," Bocam, "To Swell; to skip
" as a deer," which might lead us to consider, whether the Boc, the
Buck, is taken from its Striking, or its Skipping quality, Bocar, Cow-
dung, Bocuan, a Cottage, Boc///«, A Covering, Bogh/«///, " A building,
" roof, or vault," Bochnu, "The Sea, a narrow sea, mouth of a River,"
BocHT, " A breach, fire." — Bocht, " Reaping, cutting down," BocHDani,
'• To impoverish," Bochd, " Poor, needy," Bosca, " A Coffer, Box, '
Bocoide, " Studds, Bosses;" — Bocuthonn, "A Swelling surge;" — Boo,
" Soft, penetrable," BoGadh, I'cnderness, Bocaw, " An egg in embryo;"
Bocan, "A Hobgoblin, sprite;" — Bogaleo, A Bumpkin; — Booa/n,
" To move, put in motion, to Wag, to Wave," and lastly the word,
containing the idea, to which all these terms belong, BOGock, BOGlac/i,
" A Marsh, Moor, BOG, Swamp." It cannot be doubted, that all these
terms belong to each other, and to the Bog, whatever may be the precise
idea, by which they are connected. Yet we unequivocally see, that the
idea of Swelling up is the prevailing notion, and that I am right in my '
conjecture, when I refer Box, the Blow, and the covering, Boss, &c. &c.
to the Bog. The term Bochd, Poor, is the Vile personage, under some
160 B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
idea annexed to Dirt ; and I see in the next leaf of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,
another term Bos, "Certain, abject, mean, low," which brings us to Base,
&c. directly adjacent to which term I find Bosd, Boast?/?o-, Bosa/2,
A Purse, Bos, a Palm, Hand, Bosscro-, " A Slap on the face," Boshhiia/adk,
" Clapping of hands," in all which terms, according to my hypothesis,
we see the same fundamental idea of Soft Pudge, or Pash matter, as
of an object in a Pash state, Pash'c? down, oBaseW; — of an object
FxsHhig, Vusning, or Swelling up, and ofFAsning at, about, Striking, &c.
T.et us mark Slap and Clap, which I shall shew to belong to Slip, Slop
matter, for the same reason. In considering the Celtic Bochd, let us
remember the Greek Ptochos, (Jlnoxo^,^ quasi Potochos, or Potch-o*.
The term Bocht, Reaping, cutting down, may belong to the instrument,
the Hook, or to the term of Commotion and Violence, denoting the Breach.
1 have before produced BACHALLa/w, "To clip round, to trim," which
may belong to this term for Reaping. — In the same leaf of Mr. Shaw,
from which most of the above words are taken, I see Boigh, " A Teat,'
BoiGE, Softness, Bogun, Bacon, BoGuram, To threaten, Vioineachan,
A BodAv'//, and Boidhlia, A Puddle, on which words the Celtic
Scholars will decide, Boid, A vow, and Boidh, "Neat, trim, spruce,"
BoDOg, " Rage, anger, fury, a yearling calf," Bodach, ** A Rustic, old
" man, an English print." — Bod, " A Tail, a man-yard."
I likewise perceive on the same spot the terms Bodar, Bodhar, Deaf,
Bodar, or BoTHAR, "A Lane, road, street;" from whence we shall
learn, that our term Bother is not derived from Both-ears, but that it
belongs to these Celtic terms, under the idea of Commotion, as of Dirt.
That BoTHAR, belongs to this idea, under some process, will be manifest
from the word adjacent to it in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,— BoxnacA,
" A fen, a Bog." In Welsh the parallel term, denoting Deaf, is BroDAR,
or Byzzar, under which term the Welsh Lexicographers have produced
the Irish term, just exhibited, the Armoric Beuzar, and the Cornish
Bythak. The term in Mr. Owen's Dictionary, preceding the Welsh
term Byzar, is Byzaik, " An ambuscade, an army for scouting." I have
already shewn, that the Bush, from which amBuscaJe is derived, means
the Pudg/wo- out object. 1 see likewise Bvz, " A Tye, a keeping together,"
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 161
Byzagyl, " A snare," &c. which belong to the terms, before produced,
denoting the Hook, &c. I see likewise Byzin, " A snare ; a scouting
" party ; or a party for an Ambuscade, or secret enterprize ; now, a band,
" or troop, drawn in array ; an army." It might here seem, as if the
idea of a Scouting, or Ambuscade army was derived from that of a Snare,
which may be the case. Yet the fundamental idea still remains the same.
The sense of a Snare, or that, which Binds, and the Band, Heap, or Troop
of Soldiers, equally belong to the idea of Bind, the true sense of which
appears in the phrase ' Binding ClayS Such I imagine is the original
idea, attached to these Welsh words, whatever may be the process in
a particular case of one sense passing into another.
Let us mark the explanatory term Troop, which belongs to Turba,
Turbo, Turbidus, and the Turf for a similar reason. Robert Ainsworth
explains Turbidus in the first sense by Muddy. Thus then Byz/??, and
Byzair belong to Byzar, and Byzaru, "To deafen; to stun; to be
" stunned," just as Turba belongs to Turbo, which might hare been
explained by "To Disturb, To stun, To Bother," &c. Lhuyd gives us,
among the terms for Turbo, the verb, the Irish Buadiir/'w, and for
Turpis the Welsh Bvdyr. Mr. Shaw explains Buaidhr«w by " To vex,
"Disturb, tempt." Mr. Owen explains the Welsh Budyr by "Dirty;
" unclean ; nasty ; vile ; mean," and Budr«//, BuDRa?^; by " To pollute,
" or defile; — To make dirty, or to soil." Among the terms, relating to
Commotion, Disturbance, &c. as connected with Dirt in Agitation, under
the form PDR, &c. are the following Pother, or Pudder, (Eng.) " Let
" the great gods. That keep this dreadful Pother o'er our heads, Find
" out their enemies now." — VoTHvram, (Vulg. Eng.) another form of
BoTHEra;«; — Poussiere, (Fr.) — Foudre, Fouoroycr, (Fr.) To Thunder,
&c. ' To Batter, or Beat down with warlike instruments. To ruin,
' to overthrow, to destroy :' — .sPutter, «Patter, &c. Patter, Batter,
&c. (Eng.) PuDARizo, PoDAuizo, (JlvZapit^w, Ylohapi^w, Salio, Calcitro,)
«FoDROs, (^(po^po%, Vehemens, acer, acerbus, alacer, violentus, pertinax,)
&c. &c. The term Poivder, Poudre is supposed to belong to Pulvis ;
and Foudre to be quasi Fouldre, and if this be so, they belong to the
form PL, and not to the form PI). The words, which 1 see in the same
X
162 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.'j l,m,n,r.
column ot" my French Dictionary, are the terms of Commotion, Fouet,
FouETTER, "To Whip, flog," &c. FouGUE, Fury, &c. Fougon, "The
" Kitchen in a Ship," belonging to Focws; Fouoe/e, the Fern, which does
not come from Filix, but means the Bushy object, and YovGade, a sort
of mine, which means the Low Pudge spot, or Hollow. 1 cannot leave
these words under the form BDR, denoting Confusion, &c. without
producing another term of the same kind, the Spanish Boor/o, which
means, says my Lexicographer, " Any Hodge-FooGE ill dressed, any
" medley of broken meat." I find as adjacent terms in my Spanish
Dictionary Booigo, " A small loaf," &c. BoDoque, " Pellet, a small ball
" of Clay shot from a cross bow," where we see the swelling mass of
Pudgy matter, as likewise Bocha, " Bowl, a round wooden mass rolled
" along the ground in a game of bowls, Fold, or double in Clothes, where
" they do not sit well, but purse up," Bocaran, " Fine sort of BucKra/w,"
BocEL, " Brim, the upper edge of a vessel ;" — Bocal, " Pitcher, an earthen
" vessel filled with a narrow mouth," Boca the mouth, where all these
words convey the same idea of Swelling out. I see likewise Boga, the
act of rowing, which means the act of BoGGing about, if I may so say, or
?.KS,mng about Bog, Pash, or Watery Matter. In Galic Fothram means
" A great noise, rustling;" the origin of which will be fully manifest
from a word in the same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, FoxnacA,
" A lake. Pond." This, I imagine, is the term intended in the Poems
of Ossian, where it is applied with great force to the emotions of
iNIalvina, when she hears the voice of her departed lover in her dreams,
" Tha Fath/'mw mo chleibh go ard," which Mr. Shaw in his Grammar
translates by " I feel the Jiuttering of my soul." Mr. Shaw has not
Fathrum in his Dictionary ; though I imagine, that it is only another
form of Fothram. In the Copy of Ossian published by the Highland
Society, it is Forum, which is translated by Strepitus. (Vol. I. p. 210.)
This word does not appear in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, and it is perhaps
an error of the press.
Some Lexicographers represent the Welsh Byzin by Byddin, and
this form brings us to the parallel Irish word, Bvionean, which Mr. Shaw
explains by " A Troop, company," and again he explains Feadhaijs
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 163
by "A band, troop, company." These words under the form FDN, &c.
will bring us to the Greek Pitana, (Uiraua, Turma, cohors,) which is
surrounded by terms, which conduct us to the Spot, from which I
suppose these words to be derived, as Pituro//, (Uirvpoi', Furfur, capitis
sordes, porrigo,) where we see the idea of Filth, under the form PTR,
PissA, PiTMS, (UKTcra, Pi.r, and Uirv?,^ where we have Pudgy matter,
and the tree producing it, Pisos, (fltcro?, locus humidus et irriguus,)
where we directly see the Pudgy spot, — Pistcmo, (Uia-reuu}, Credo, Fido,)
which I shall shew to belong to Figo, under the idea of Fix?'??^, Vvvoing,
or Sticking in. — Pitulo*, (JIitvXo^, Sonus seu strepitus, qualis praesertim
aquae remo percussae,) where we have the Pashw?^ noise against Pudgy
Matter : — Pixwao, and Pixwco, (nirvaco, Expando, extendo, Concutio,
projicio, UiTi/eto, Cado, Labor,) which are justly referred to the term
Pipto, (YinrTw, Cado, ruo, Labor,) which I consider to be quasi Pito,
as in the Pes of cPesow, (Ettcctoi/.) In the interpretation Labor, we have
the true sense of the word, which I conceive to be that of Slipping upon
Pudge matter. I shall shew, that Labor belongs to sLip, and Slip,
brings us at once to sLop, Slap, Slime, &c. I see likewise Pitune,
{Ylirvvt], Vimen,) or rather as some have it, PuTiNe, {U.vTivtj,) which
the Tarentines, say they, call Butinc, {^vTivtj.) If it relates to the Vine,
or something of that nature, the Withy, or to a Flask platted round
with IFithies, &.c. it may be taken from the idea of the Bi?idi?ig, and
thus it will agree with Pitan(?, (YliTavri, Turma,) which signifies a Band,
or Company. I see too FiTrakion, [YliTTaKioi/, Index, vcl Titulus Pice
illitus,) which may be derived from Pitch smear'd over, as is probable.
Martinius has produced the term Pitana from the Glossaries, which is
supposed to mean the same as, or to be put for Vnuita, where we have
the more original idea. The learned reader will see under the term
PiTANa/es, FltTaj/aTt/? in Hesychius, the same idea of a Troop, or Band
of Soldiers, &c. YliravaTn'^ "LrpaTO^, o rwv EWtji/wu, t] roi utto fxepov^,
n oia Tou MeveXaov, os t]v YliTavart]^, ov X'^P'-^ eaTpaTevcrav. ea-ri Se ri
XliTuvri, (pvXtj, &c. &c. In Spanish Botan« is "A plug, or stopple
" used to stop up bung holes. — Cataplasm, or Plaister, put on a wound
" to heal it," &c.
X 2
161 B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,7i,r.
I find various words in Spanish under the form Box, all conveying
the same idea of Swelling out, Bulging, or Push?'??^ out, Bote, " Gallipot,
" &c. Toilet, Box," &c. and the same term means a " Thrust with a
" pike, lance, or spear," to which belongs the verb Boxar, "To cast, to
" throw, to fling, to launch. To vow, to make vows," where the sense
of the Pot, and a Thrust, or Push belongs to each other, as Push is applied
to the Swelling out sore, that which Pushes up or out, and to the action
of Vusui77g at an object. Let us note here the sense of Fbw, and remember
the Latin YoTian, which might be derived from this idea ; though it
is not easy to form an opinion on that point. — Bota, a " Butt, or pipe
" with hoops, Boot," &c. and Botella, Bottle, &c. Botin, Buskin,
and Booty taken by soldiers, &c. from whence we shall see, that Booty
and its parallels, Butin, Biitino, (Fr. Ital.) Buet, (Belg.) Beiite, (Germ.
&c.) belong to the idea of the Swelling up Heap. — Boto, Blunt, round
at the point : — Boto, " Large gut filled with butter," &c. — Boton,
"Button, Bud, or gem. Put forth by vines and trees in the spring,"
where we observe in the expression Vjjt forth, or as he might have said
Fvsued forth, how Bot may relate to the Thrust, or Push, and likewise
to a Pot, Box, &c. I perceive likewise adjacent to these words the
term Box, denoting a " Box Tree," and " the act of doubling a point,
" or headland," where we see in the expression Doubling, how this latter
sense may belong to the Sivelling, or Bushy Box-tree; — Bozo, "Down,
"soft and tender hair, growing about the lips and chins of young men,"
where we have the idea of the Pudgy Soft stuff", and in another sense
it means " A Head-stall, &c. to which belongs Bozal, Muzzle, a sort of
" bag made of bassweed," &c. where we see the same idea of the Sivelling
stuff, encumbering, or Pudg?>/^ up the head. I shall shew that Muzzle
belongs to Muddle, for a similar reason ; and Bozas Stoppers, &c. what
Stops, or Stuffs up. I observe too Boya, which I conceive to be quasi
BoJA, signifying "Butcher; Hangman, public executioner. Buoy,
" a barrel, block, or piece of cork, fastened to an anchor, to serve as
" a signal for sailors." We cannot doubt, that Buoy, Boi/e, (Fr.) means
that, which Swells, or Rises up.
On the term Butcher and its parallels, Bucher, Beccaaro, Becajo,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 165
(Fr. Ital.) there is some difficulty, and it has been derived from Biicca,
Bouche, Banc, &c. The exact sense of Butcher, Bucher, seems to be
that of the person, who Pashcs, or Knocks to pieces in a coarse manner.
Hence Boucher means in French " A Butcher. An unskilful surgeon.
" A bad barber. A bad carver of meat," and this idea of the word will
shew us, how it agrees with the verb Boucher, which means " To
" Pudge up," as will be evident from the explanation of my Lexi-
cographer, who interprets Boucher, by " To stop a hole, &c. To
" block up a passage. To stop up a window. To cork a bottle. To
" Bung a vessel." We may conceive, that Boucher, To Bung a vessel
belongs to Boucher, the Butcher, as Bung belongs to Bang. The
French terms adjacent to these words all convey the same fundamental
idea, as Bouchon, A Cork, stopple, bundle, &c. Boucle, A Buckle,
a Curl of hair, Bouclier, a Buckler, Bouder, To Pout, i. e. To swell
out, BouDiN, Pudding, Boudin, a small closet, to which one retires,
w^hich means the little Box, as it were; Boucan, "A Bawdy house; —
" A Hut where the Americans dry and smoke their flesh in," where
we have the same idea of the little Swelling out Box, Shed from which
term may be derived the BoucANier. " One who dries fish or flesh,
" after the manner of the Americans, A Buccaneer," though on this there
is some doubt. — Bouc, the Buck, the Vvsning out animal. — Bouge,
" A small room adjoining to a larger one; a dirty house or room; the
" middle of a Cask," the VvDoing out, or Pudgy, dirty spot, and Bougie,
"A wax candle," the Pudgy substance, BouGraw, BucKra/w; — Bosse,
A Bunch ; — Bouche, the mouth, and lastly Botte, A Boot, Butt,
Bottle, and " A lump of Earth, or snow at one's foot," where we come
to the genuine idea. Adjacent to all these terms I find Boue, Clay, Mud,
where we have the original idea, however it may be related to these
words. I suppose, that BECcaro, or Beco/o, the BuTcner, relates to the
idea of ^xsmng to pieces; and we accordingly find, that the terms con-
nected with these Italian words relate to this idea of Sinking, Knocking,
Pvsuing, Sticking, as BEccare, To Peck, in French lip.Qucter, Becco,
in French Bec, the bill of a bird, from which the Becc«c/(/, and Becc-
acino, with the parallels Bccasse, Becassin, the Woodcock and the Snipe
166 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.| l,m,n,r.
are derived, Becco, Bouc, (Fr.) A He-goat, Becca morti, A Grave
maker, BECcasiri?io, in French Beche, Becher, A Mattock, A Spade and
To Dig, vv^here we are brought to the true idea of Fusuiug into the
Ground, or Pudge. I find likewise BECCHe//o, a Band, where we have
the Swelhng himp, or Bundle. — That my hypothesis respecting the origin
of the French Boucan, the Bawdy House, and the Hut is just, will be
manifest from considering the parallel Celtic term, Bocna/z, A Cottage,
BocAN, " A covering, cottage," which are directly adjacent in Mr. Shaw's
Dictionary to Booach, A Bog. — The French Scholars will now see, how
Becher, " To Break up the Ground with the Spade," connects itself
with Boucher, the Breaker up of an animal, uhere let us note Bi^eah,
which was an ancient term for Carving ; and how Becher, To Stir up
the Pudge; or to Pudge up, about, belongs to Boucher, the verb. To
Stop or Pudge up. — On the origin of Boucan, the Cottage, we have no
doubt, but on that of the Boucanier there is some difficulty. When we
learn that Vicking-Ur means in Islandic, a Pirate, the Person, who lurks
in ViKS, or Creeks of the Sea, we should imagine, that BoucAN-Jier
belongs to it. The Vik is the Hollow Watery Pudge Spot, or Pit.
Terms, which relate to the Belly, the Bulk of the Frame, &c.
as Bauch, (Germ.) &c. &c.
We have seen in the course of these discussions, that the German
Bauch, the Belly, has been produced on many occasions, among terms
denoting the Swelling out object. — I shall here exhibit a brief detail of
the words in various Languages, which relate to this part of the frame ;
as Bauch itself with the parallel terms, Buch, Buh, (Franc.) Buich,
(Belg.) Buuk, (Swed.) &c. produced by Wachter, who condemns the
derivation of some from Pahi, (Jlaxv,^ and Vacuus ; which are two
kindred terms; though he sees, that it may belong to Bugc//, Arcuari,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTl^OM, &c. 167
and to the names for Hollows, such as Bac, Linter, alvcus, &c. Buc,
Lagena, Becher, Crater, Becheir, Pelvis, Pohal, Poculum, &c. just as
Jlvtis, and Jlreas signify Venter, and Vas cavum. At this point the
collection of Wachter terminates. Let us mark, how Alvus, the HoUonV
Channel, illustrates my hypothesis, that these words Bvoen, Bauch, &c.
ultimately belong to the Sinking in Pudge Spot, the Hollow of the Pit,
&c. &c. BowKE, Bowkie, (Old English, as in Rowley, " As ynti
" the BowKE nete alleyn cann bee donne, Syke ynn the weal of kynde
" all thynges are partes of onne." Tourn. ig. 20.— " Theie yeave mee
" lyfFe, and dyd mie Bowkie kepe.")— Bouk, Buik, (Scotch) which
Dr. Jamieson explains by "The trunk of the body, as distinguished from
" the head, or extremity, — The whole Body of Man, or carcase of a beast. —
" Size, stature," Bouktii, "Bulk, the largeness of a thing." Gl. Lancash.
&c. which he has justly referred to Bauch, (Germ.) Bench, (Teut.
" Truncus corporis," Buce, Bug, (Sax. Dan.) and he records likewise
the Galic Bodhaic, the Body. To these terms we must add the English
Body, Bodige, (Sax.) Truncus corporis; and the term Bust, (Eng.)
Buste, Busto, (Ital.) with Busk, (Eng.) the piece of Whalebone, &c.
applied to that part of the frame, Base, Base, &c. (Fr.) The term
Body in Skinner is the next term to Bog. The succeeding words in
Dr. Jamieson to Bouk are the verb "To Bouk, To Bulk," and the
adjectives Boukit, Bowksum, Bouky, Large, bulky. The next word
is BouKE, " A Solitude," which he does not refer to these terms, but to
BucE, (Sax.) Recessus, " a solitary and secret place." The Saxon Buce
means that which belongs to the Hole, or Hollow, Swelling out, able
to contain, &c. " Secessus, venter, alvus, uterus, lagena," I have before
observed, that Boke, in the Provincial Dialects, Norfolk, &c. means Bulk,
(' There will be a great Boke of straw, and little grain.') In Rowley
the Bawsin Elephant, Giant, &c. means the Bulky creatures. — In Shak-
speare " Bisson, or Beesome conspectuities," (Coriol. ii. 1.) mean
Thickened Sights, and again in Bisson Rheum, we see the precise idea
of Pudgy matter. Dr. Johnson observes on the former passage, " Bisson,"
(blind) in the old copies Beesome, restored by Mr. 'J'heobald. Both
forms are equally right, as in Bottom, Boden, &c, — Buzzo, Buzzone,
168 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
(Ital.) the Belly, Big bellied.— Bes, (Ir.) "The Belly," and it means
likewise, as Mr. Shasv explains it, "Art, trade," which must have the
same fundamental notion, whatever may be the intermediate link, by
which these senses are connected. In the same opening of Mr. Shaw's
Dictionary, 1 see Biach, " Membrum virile." — Poten, (Welsh.) " What
" bulges out; a Paunch; a Pudding," and under the same form PTN,
I see PoTHAN, "A round Boss, bump, or bunch, a cub." — Pothon.
" A round Lump, or Boss ; a cub, a whelp." Under another form of
FPN, we have Pitan in Welsh, " A Teat, a nipple." We have seen
in Irish, that under the form BG, Boigh means a Teat, and Boighe,
Softness, belonging to Bog, Soft, and Bogwc/?, the Bog. Mr. Grose
has Begge, an Essex word for " A Pap, or Teat,''' which some call
the Bag, that is, the Big Swelling out object. In French Bedame is
the Belly; the next words to which are BEDe««, the Beadle, or Mace-
Bearer, the BEAxe/', or Lumper, if I may so say, where we can scarcely
separate the form of the instrument, the Club, or Lump from the action
o( Lumping, andBEDON, the "Fat, Thick man," where we see the idea
of the Swelling out object. Some of the Welsh Lexicographers under
Poten, the Belly, remind us of the Hebrew ]D3 BTN, which as Mr.
Parkhurst observes, " occurs not as a verb in Hebrew, but in Chaldee
" and Syriac, denotes To conceive in the Bellij, or Jlomh; and in Arabic
" To hide, or be hid. — Asa noun, the Belli/ of nn animal, male or female."
He produces likewise, as a derivative, our English term Batten, " make
" Fat, or great bellied." I shew in another place, that Bat, Batten,
Fat, Feed, &c. all belong to the idea of FuDoing out. In Chaldee and
in Arabic the Element BTN likewise signifies the Belly. Mr. Richardson
explains ^ Betyn, by "The Belly, the Paunch," and it likewise signifies
" Whatever is contained in the Belly, as a Foetus." The term likewise
means Low Ground, which brings us to the Spot, supposed in my hypo-
thesis, and to such terms as Bottom, Boden, &c. An adjacent work is
^ Betyn, which Mr. Richardson explains, by " Large, prominent, gore
" bellied.— BuTAiN, A little Belly. The second mansion of the Moon,
" distinguished by three small stars in the Belly of Aries." In Sanscrit
Baga is the Belly, and I find in different writers the terms Pate, Pait,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 169
and Pash, which latter word is interpreted by " The Sides of the Belly,"
to which is given as a parallel term in some Dialects Bogo/. (^Lebediff's
Gram. p. 70.) I shall have occasion to produce some of these words
for the Belly in another place, and to contrast them with terms, which
pass into a different turn of meaning.
Terms, denoting Children, or young persons, animals, &c. connected
with the idea of the Lumpy Sfvelling out form.
The Welsh term Pothon means, as we have seen, " A Round Lump,
" or Boss;" but it likewise signifies "A Cub, a Whelp," and Vosned
denotes, "A round Body, or that Sivells out; a Squat figure, A Small
" pan, skillet, or Porringer ; a Small saucepan," &c. &c. Among the terms
in Welsh under the form Pwt, I find Pwt, " Any short thing," Pwxa//,
"A Squat female," Ywryn, "A short round Body, — Pwtj/;^ 0 zyn,
" A short squab of a Man." There is a verb likewise belonging to these
terms, Vwriaw, " To Butt, to thrust against, to Poke." We cannot
but perceive here, how the idea of the Pudgy Lump, Fvsmng, or
Swelling out, which under one mode of conceiving this species of Matter
supplies us with terms, expressing objects of an enlarged size, suggests
likewise, under another view, that species of Lumpy form, which belongs
to Little objects, as the Little round Lumpy figure, the Little object,
of a Squat, Squab nature, as we express it. In the explanatory terms
Squat, Squab, which have been justly selected by the Lexicographer,
as most appropriate to his purpose, we may still see the idea of Pudgy
matter. The term Squat belongs to Squash, &c. and in Squab, which
I shall shew to belong to Swamp, &c. the idea is most evident. We
see in the above examples, how our Elementary Character PT is applied
to the Human form in a Little, Lumpy State; and hence, as I imagine,
are derived the terms under our Element, which express Children, as
likewise those terms, which denote what is Small, Minute, &c. Among
Y
170
B,F,P.V, W.| C, D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,vi,n,r.
the terms for Children, we must class the following, BAcgew, (Welsh,)
which Mr, Owen derives from Bac and Cen, "A Boy; a child," Bac-
genes, (Welsh,) " A young girl ;" and in the same page of jNIr. Owen's
Dictionary, where these words occur, we have Bac, "Little, Small,''
" Da ngenetii Vac?, That's my good Little gh],'' and Bac, "A Hook,''
&c. which I have shewn to be derived from the idea of Swelling out,
in a Bow/??g- or Bending form, as in Bacu, To Hook, &c. — To Bend ; —
Baccs, " A term of endearment ; a Pretty Little Woman," &c. &c. The
term Bac comes to its due sense, when it is joined with a term before
produced Vosned, " A round Body, or that swells out, a squat figure,"
as in the phrase " Oy Fosned, Bac, O the Little Squab," as Mr. Owen
translates it. — Beg, or Beag, (Irish,) "Little, Small," Beagan, "A
" little, few." That these terms are connected with the idea of Swelling
out will be manifest from the following words, adjacent to the latter
of these terms, BExcutamhuil, "Circular, Roundish,^' Beachtawz, "To
" compass, embrace, criticize," Beacht, "A Multitude, a Ring," &c. 1
must leave the Celtic Scholars to adjust other senses, belonging to the
adjacent words, under this fundamental notion. — I see among these terms
Beac, Beachan, the Bee, which might mean the Little Roundish, Thick
form. The term next to these, Beacan, means A Mushroom, where we
unequivocally see the Swelling out form. There is some difficulty in
the name of the Bee, which in other Languages appears under the simple
form BS as in Bee, (Eng.) Bii, (Dan. and Isl.) Bie, (Belg.) Beo, (Sax.)
and again under the forms B| C, and N, L, as BEAcna/?, cPis, (Lat.) &c.
Biene, (Germ.) aBeille, (Fr.) &c. where we cannot doubt, I think, that
they all belong to each other.
Having now established the union of words, denoting the Child, and
what is Small with those expressing the Swelling Lump, I shall first
produce the terms, which signify the Child, Girl, Young man, JFoman,
&c. and I shall then produce the terms which signify, ' What is Small,
' Little,' &c. We shall not wonder to see these terms, which are thus
connected with the idea of the Swelling Lump, attaching themselves
likewise to objects, denoting the Swelling out, Lumpy figure of larger
dimensions. I must here distinctly state, that these names for Children,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 171
and young Men and Women, are inseparably involved with the terms,
denoting the Lumpy, Swelling out form, when considered either as in
a Little, Small state, or as of Large}' dimensions, by whatever process it
may have arisen, that their union has been effected. Among the terms
denoting Children, Boys, and Girls, Young Men and IFomen, &c. are
the following Baxg<^n, (Welsh,) Bigel, Pofr, (Armor.) Paisfe, Buachit,
(Ir.) produced by Lhuyd under Puer. — Bor, (Eng.) which according to
my idea agrees in sense with the Buoy of an Anchor, the Swelling up
object. — Pais, Paidos, (Flats, IlatSos, Puer,) which the Etymologists have
recorded under Boy ; to which they have added Bou-Pais, (BovTrais,
Puer, vel Adolescens grandis.) To Pais, (riajs,) might belong
emPAX, (EfXTra^, Curator, Tutor, Educator, E^Tra^o^a/, Curo, rationem
habeo,) unless we suppose, that E/xTra^ofxai is another form of Aa-Tra^o/jiai,
as are the acknowledged terms Faidcuo, {Uai^evw, Doceo, &c. &c.)
Pusio, PvTus, (Lat.) A Boy, Minion, &c. Pvceau, Pvcelle, (Fr.) which
belongs to the Element PC, and not to PL, as the French Etymologists
suppose. — Pxraud, Pxraude means a Plump Boy and Girl, where the
relation to Pate, Paste, i. e. Pudge like matter, is unequivocal Badw,
or Bados, (Gr.) A Son, (BaSis, vel BaSos, secundum MS, vio^, Hesych.)
adjacent to which I find in Hesychius, BaSas, KivaiZos, ws Afxepia^. —
PiGE, (Sax.) " Puellula, Dan. Pige. Et inde forsan nostra Pigsney.''
Skinner has referred Pug, the Ape, Devil, &c. " Vox blanditoria et
" vTTOKopKTTiKf]," to this sourcc. I have shewn, that Pug belongs to the
same idea of the Pudgv Figure, whether as exciting Terror, Disgust, &c.
or as a term of blandishment. Adjacent to Pige in my Saxon Dictionary
I see Pic-tyra, Pix fluida, Picung, "Stigma inustum, unde etiam, et
" infamia, ignominia, opprobrium. — Figura, schema," where we directly
see the idea of Pudge Matter, and of Form, Shape, belonging to the Plastic
nature of that species of matter. Hence we unequivocally see, why Pige
signifies the Girl, the Soft, Plump, Pudgy form. An adjacent word to
PiGsney in Skinner is Pig, where we again see the idea of the Pudgy
animal, though the Etymologists refer it to Pica, Puellula, under the idea
of the " Filia, vel Filius Porci, vel Suis.'' Hence, Picksey means a
Fairy in Devonshire, the Little Pretty Being. — Bej, or Pej, ^ in Persian
Y 2
172
B,F, P,V,W.J C,D,G,J, K,Q,S,T, X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
has various significations, which unequivocally decide on the truth of my
hypothesis, as Bech, " A child, a Boy, a youth ; a Servant, Puj. Any
" thing Bumping out, convex, globular," Bej, Water, Buj, the Cheek,
" the ball of the Cheek, the external part of the cheek and mouth,"
belonging to Bucca, &c. That the Arabic Language is faithful to the
sense of the Element will be manifest from the term in the same column
of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, as Bejj, Bursting, (a boil, or other sore.)
" SiveUing almost to bursting," &c. Busz/r, Pustm/cs, Pimples, &c.
Besnc/, " Plain, equal, level and Soft ground, Soft sand, Butter," which
brings us to the form of Pedon, (IleSoi/,) Boden, &c. In the same
opening of this Dictionary I see the Persian Peche Jisri, "An Infant,
" Boy, child, son. A lion's whelp, or the young of any animal," and
Pechegan, ^l^-d " Boys, children, infants. The young of any animal,"
which is precisely the same combination, as the Welsh ^xcgen, " A Boy,
"a. child." Again in Persian ^j^ Piser, or Puser is "A son, a Boy,
" a youth," the preceding word in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary is the
Arabic term under the same form Besr, which means, " A young man,
" a youth," and the same term likewise means, " Unripe dates full grown,
" and beginning to ripen," that is, the Swelling out Fruit. In the same
opening of this writer's Dictionary, I see Pest, " Humble, Depressed,
"Low,'' &c. and Pister, " A Bed, mattrass, bolster, pillow, cushion,"
which have been derived, as I imagine, from the Low Pudgy Spot.
The term Pestan ^JJ^ likewise means The most humble, and the Breast,
' the Nipple;' the preceding term to which is Busitan, or Bustan, a
" Breast, Nipple, and a Garden for flowers, or herbs," where we see the
Swelling out object, connected with the Ground. These words for the
nipple bring us to the parallel Welsh term Pitan, " A teat, nipple."
The same term VzsTan, signifies likewise, "A place abounding with,
" Pistachio Nuts, the Pine-tree ;" where the sense of the Pine-Tree brings
us to the Pix, Pitch, or Pudge, and the VisracJw, (Jlia-raKia, Pistacia,
&c.) Nut is derived from the same source of the Swelling out substance.
The next word to the Greek term in our ordinary Vocabularies is Pista,
or Pistra, which occurs in the same column with Pisos, and Pissa,
(Jlia-Ta, Uia-rpa, canalis, in quo adaquantur pecora, ITto-os, Locus
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 173
humidus, nia-a-a, Pix\) the Pudgy Spot, and Matter. — In Hebrew ina
BC/?R means a Young Man, but the same term is supposed to signify,
" To look at, or behold with admiration, or approbation, To choose," &c.
I shall not stop to examine the senses of this word, nor to adjust the
precise idea, from which it denotes the Young Man ; yet the Hebrew
Scholar will, I trust, understand, that the fundamental notion is that
of PusH/rtg, or PoK?//o- up, out, forward, into, &c, and that the term
"ID3 BKR is only another form of it, which Mr. Park hurst actually
explains by " To he forivard, precede, to come, ov go before.'' This word
nD3 BKR is applied to Young animals, when it means, " The First born,"
but we unecpiivocally see the original idea, when it relates to " First-Fruits,
" fruits Jirst ripe, i. e. before others of the same kind," — "The first ripe
" Fig, the BoccoRE, as it is still called in the Levant, nearly by its
" Hebrew name," where we actually see the idea of Soft, Pudge matter,
Sivelling out, &c. Under another form we have "Ipn BK/«R, where I add
the h to the K, in order to distinguish it from the other terms, and this
word means " To look, search, examine : — The Morning. — ABeeve," which
still conveys the idea, of Push/wo-, or VoK:ing into, out, forth, &c. The
name of the Beeve belongs to this idea, either as referring to the Horns,
or the Swelling out Shape. — Under another form we have "Iti'D, BSR,
which Mr. Parkhurst explains in one sense, by " To spread, to spread
" out, spread abroad," &c. which might be 'To Pash out, about,' &c.
and in another sense, " Flesh, that Soft muscular substance, which is
" spread over the bones." — In Arabic Jj P>KR, means " A maid, a virgin,
" a girl. — The eldest first-born. — The Morning, &c. — Ripe dates, and
" in general all fruits which ripen soon." In the same opening of Mr.
Richardson's Dictionary, I see Bekeu, Black cattle, (the bull, cow, ox,)
&c. and I likewise perceive another term Bukat A*i! " A Place, part,
" country, region, &c.— A Building, fabric, edifice, &c. — A low place,
" in ivhich IFater stagnates,'' where we come to the original idea of the
Boggy Spot, Matter, &c. The term ^Kj BKAR signifies " Unmarried," in
general. In the same opening of Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon with "IHS
BC/?R, I see SOD BTA, "To utter, or speak rashly, foolishly, or un-
" advisedly, Effutire," to which Mr. Parkhurst refers Batto*, (Barro?,)
174 B,F,P,V,W.| C, D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,in,n,r.
BxTTo/ogeo, (BaTToXojew,') which mean nothing but to Pash, or Push
out, \-ile Pudge stuff, as in the kindred Latin word Fut?'o; — nLD3 BTC^,
" To hang close, cling, To trust, rely upon," which means to be VuDoed,
Push'c?, Tixed in, or close to any thing, ' To Stick to any thing,' and in
another sense it means " Fruits, or Plants of the Pepo, or Melon kind,"
where we unequivocally see the idea of VvDoing out, and ]tD3 BTN,
before produced, the Belli/, which again decides on the fundamental sense,
belonging to these words.— ill in Hebrew, signifies a Daughter, the Pupil
of the Eye, and it means Hkewise "A House, q. d. A Receptacle for man.
" A den, or receptacle for Wild beasts," where the original sense is
a Loiv Spot, as the Ground, with the idea of the Pudgy matter, which
is contained in such a spot, annexed to it, from whence the Daughter
and the Pupil of the Eye are derived. The senses of a Girl, and the
Pupil of an eye, about which we have heard so much, belong to the same
word for no other reason, than that the fundamental idea refers to the
Soft Sivelling out Substance, as in Pupilla, Sec. and that this property
is common to both these objects, as in Kopv, (Pupa, Puella, Pupilla,
nigrans pars oculi.) In Hebrew likewise n'^inn BTULH signifies "A
" Marriageable Firgin," to which Mr. Parkhurst has, I think, justly
referred Batalos, (BaraAos, Mulierosus, EfFeminatus, Cinadus, Podex,)
and to these words we must add the name of a youth, Bathyllz^s. In
examining this Greek word in my Vocabulary, I cast my eye on Battule,
(BarrvXti, Femina Nana,) which means the Squat, Squabby Figure.
I observe likewise Baukos, (BavKos, Jucundus, delicatus,) Bauzo,
Baukalco, (Bau'(w, Latro, Baubor, BavKuXew, Sopio cantu, nutricum
more,) where we have still something belonging to the Child. I see
moreover Batto*, (Button, Princeps Cyrenaeorum, balbus et exili voce
prjeditus,) and B\TKachos, (Barpaxo^, Rana,) which may belong to the
Patter?'/?"-, idle noise, or Batr may relate to Water. In Arabic JyL.
Betul signifies " A virgin averse to marriage and worldly concerns,
from religious motives." The term likewise signifies that, which Pushes
forth, or out, as "The Shoot of the palm, when ready to be planted by
" itself; or a young Shoot already planted." I see likewise in the same
column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary Betil^^ " A shoot from a palm,"
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 175
&c. and " Any joint, or member of the body, with the Flesh belonging
" to it, a Fleshi/ part ;" the next term to which is Betile, or Petile,
" The ivick of a candle, the Match of a lamp." In the next column
I perceive the Persian Bejal, " A prince, an aged man, a great Lord,
" a powerful. — An old corpukut, and on that account, respectable man,
" (the Eastern nations in general considering corpulent men, as the
" peculiar favourites of God Almighty.) A Fat camel." This term is
adjacent to Bech, A Boy, and PuJ, "Any thing bumping out."
We have seen in the Celtic Dialects, the terms Bigel, and Buachil
for Puer, and to the words, under this form, we must refer the English
BACHELor and its parallels BxccAi^aurens, Bachclier, Bacalorio, (Lat. Fr.
Ital.) &c.— " A lover, and a Lusty Bachelere," which means ' A Lusty,
' Stout young man.' We shall now understand, that these terms are
not derived from Baculum, or from Bacca, and Lauriis, or from Bataillc,
or Bas Chevalier, &c. General Vallancey has compared the Greek
Bakelos, (BaK>/\os, homo magnje staturae, sed excors et efFeminatus,
Eunuchus, spado, Mollis,) another of these terms denoting a Lump of
a Fellow, though under somewhat of a different turn of meaning, with
the Irish BATHLac, which Mr. Shaw places with Balach, A Clown. Here
we may doubt, whether the form BTL, or BL, be the true one. But
in BoGALEO, Bumpkin, we unequivocally see the true idea, which is
manifest from its adjacent term Bog, Soft, &c. Bogloc//, A Bog : We
see then, that the Greek Bakelos, (Bajo/Aos,) has justly been interpreted
by Mollis. We perceive in Bumpkin, how the Clownish Fellow belongs
to the Bump, or Lump. In Arabic Jib Bakel, is the " Name of a stupid
" ignorant man," &c. who has given occasion to an Arabic proverb,
" More stupid than Bakel," and in other senses it signifies (" Ground,^
" producing herbs, shrubs, verdure," where we are brought to the spot
supposed in my hypothesis, " The cheeks and chin of a young man, when
"just beginning to shew marks of puberty," which relates, we see,
to the Young Man, or BACHELor. Let us note the term Puberty, relating
to Youth, under the Element PB, w^hich still belongs to the idea of
Swelling, or Puffing out, Pubesco, "To Bud, grow turgid, or shoot
" forth." This is the perpetual metaphor, under which the form of youth
176
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
is represented. The Becillz/s in the Latin //wBecillz/s belongs to this
race of words, under the representation BCL, either as the Lusty Stout
Bachelor, in which sense In, or Im is privative, or as the Lumpy, Soft,
Weak, Fellow, in which case In is intensive. The articles in the
Grammar of General Vallancey next to the Greek Bakelos, (BaKj/Ao?,)
which he has compared with Bathlac, are Basilcws, and Basilc, (Baa-iXevs,
Bex, Ba(ri\»7, Regnum,) which he compares with the Irish Basal, Judex,
and Basal, Superbia. I have already given the origin of these Greek
words, which is probably just ; yet they might have belonged to the idea
of Swelling out. I ought to observe here, that Basilz's, among the
Tarentines, is the term for Venus, which belongs to the Betul, the
young woman of the Arabs and Hebrews; and BASiL?Wes means likewise
Pudendum Muliehre. (Ylapa TapavTivois Se kui rj Acppohtni, Baa-iM^.
He.sych. sub voce Baa-iXivda ; — Bao-tAiSe?, Ta •yvvaiKeia ai^oia.^ We
have terms, relating to the Clown, or Country man, under the form BGL,
both in Greek and Latin, which seem to belong to the name for the Ox,
or Coiv, Cattle, Sec. as Boukolos, Bekulos, (BovkoXos, Bubulus,
BejcyAos, Pecuinus, O villus,) and in the Celtic Dialects Bugail, By gel,
(Welsh,) a Herdsman, Buachail, (Ir.) &c. from which words the term
Bucolics is derived. The first part of these words may belong to the
Animal, as it is conjectured ; though the second part of the compound
cannot be derived from Kolon, (KoXou, Cibus,) if all these words belong
to each other, but must be sought for in the Celtic Dialects. Mr. Owen
supposes, that Cail, a Fold, is the second part of the compound in the
Welsh words. — These terms however might belong to the general idea
of the Swelling out form, and accordingly we find, that Bygel nos,
means "A Phantom, or Hobgoblin," which has nothing to do with the
Herdsman, but with the Boggle Bo, the Large frightful form. The
Latins in attempting to introduce the Bov of Bovis into Bubulus have
deformed the word, whatever be its origin. A term adjacent to Bek-
ulos, (BcKi/Aos,) in our Greek Dictionaries, is Bekko«, (Be/cKo?, Panis,
Stultus, Delirus,) where we have at once the Lumpy, or Pudgy Form,
and Mind, &c. An adjacent term is BEKKesi7e//os, (BcxKeo-eA^yi/o?,
Delirus, stupidus, Antiquus, quasi ante B^kkov, panem, et Ze\>ji/»;>',
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 177
Lunam,) which might originally mean a person in a state of YkTinty,
arising from the influence of the Moon, that is, a Lunatic. The term
BouGo/os, (BowYaios, Convicium in hominem magnre staturse, et viribus
stulte ferocem,) is again the Lwnpy form. The BouAGor, (Bovwyoip,
Pastor, armenti ductor) is supposed to be derived from Bows and Kyw,
and that may be the case ; yet it may be attached to these terms. In
Welsh BuAc is "A Churl, Clown," and in English we have Bekky,
for a simpleton, and Bogeg, is a cant term for an awkward fellow.
In Irish Poth is a Son, as General Vallancey observes, or a Bachelor,
as Mr. Shaw explains it, and in the same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,
where this word occurs, we have Posawi, To Marry, Fosadh, " Marriage,
" Wedlock," which surely belong to Poth, the Bachelor. We might
imagine, that the English sPouse and the Latin sPonsus were attached
to these terms ; yet Spondeo, &c. seems to refer to the idea of the Bargain ,
or Compact, as in Pango, peViai, PACTwrn, which is derived from Pudge
Matter, or a Mass of Matter, made up into a due consistency. To the
Celtic Poth, belongs the Greek Phos, Phot, and Posis, ('t>ws, ^wto^,
Vir, rioorts, Maritus.) Whatever may be the precise idea, by which the
Irish Poth is connected with Pudge matter, it will be evident, that some
connection exists, when we learn, that the adjacent word to it in
Mr. Shaw's Dictionary is Porair, a Potter. I find in the same column
with these terms Posta, A Post, which is derived from the idea of being
Put, Pudged, or Stuck up, Vosram, To trample with the Feet, where
we are again brought to the spot, supposed in my hypothesis, and Potaim,
To drink, which I have supposed to be derived from the Pudgy Watery
Ground. General Vallancey in his Specimen of an Irish Dictionary has
the following observations, " Poth, Puth, Piuthar, a Son, dearlh-
" Piuthar, a Sister, i. e. descended of the Athair; Zend Pothre, a Son ;
" Parsi et Pehlevi Poser, Sanscrit, Pothrc/z, as Brama VovTiircn, Son
" of Brama ; /2q/a-PouT, son of Raja. Bayer in his Bactriana derives
" the P«/i-BoTHRas, from Pali, an Indian King, and Pothra, A De-
" scendant. In the Gentoo code Pootro^, a Son ; and in the Heetopades
" PooTRA often occurs. The word is also Persian, as in iic/e-PouT.
" Poth signifies a descendant, and not a Bachelor, as Shaw has copied
Z
178 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.'^ l,m,n,r.
"from O'Brien: — turn to his English-Irish Dictionary, at the word
" Bachelor, no such word as Poth occurs, and the compound dearb-
" Paithar, he has properly translated a Daughter. Is not the English
" Pout, a young Fowl, derived from this ?" — The sense of Poth,
Bachelor, is, I doubt not, justly translated, and we cannot but note how
the forms Pootr, &c. in some of these words accords with the form
BKR in Hebrew, and Arabic. Adjacent to the Greek Posu, (no<rts,)
I perceive Posthe, Posth?o;?, Posthon, (Jloa-dn, Pellis, qua glans pudendi
virilis integitur. Penis, Yloa-Biov, Pudendum virile, Yloa-doov, qui magno
pene est aut preputio, Puerulus, Infans,) where we directly see the sense
of the Boy, and his appendages ; yet here too the sense of Swelling out
seems to prevail, as we plainly see it in another adjacent word PosTnia,
(Yloa-dia, Tuherculum parvum in palpebris super pilos,) where the sense
of the BoT, &c. is lost. I see too another adjacent term Vosiptermdes,
the veins in the Heel, (YloariTrrepviZe^, Venee in calcaneo,) which the
Lexicographers have derived from Pons, (Floys,) the Foot, and Pterna,
(Urepva, Calcaneum,) the Heel. Surely the Foot is not necessary to be
introduced in this composition, when we have already the Heel, though
we have nothing to express the veins. Perhaps the Pos means the
Swelling up parts, or Veins, as in Vnvmgx, (^vcriy^, Vesicula,^ &c. I
suppose, that a term under the same form Pos/s, (Jlocri<s, Potus,) belongs
to the idea of the Pudgy Spot, or Matter.
We have seen, that the term Pige, Puella, has been compared with
Pug, and ViGsnee, and that ViGsney is an adjacent term in Skinner to
Pig, where we unequivocally see the idea of the Pudgy Animal. The
succeeding word in Skinner to Pig is Pigcow, to which the Etymologists
have produced as parallel. Pigeon, Pigione, Pipione, (Fr. Ital.) which are
supposed to belong to riiTTTros, Avium puUus, from their noise. To these
terms we must add the Greek Fassa, Fatta, Fatt/'o;?, (<I>a(ro-a, ^arra,
^amov, Palumba, Palumbula,) all which are probably derived from their
Pudgy form, and have from hence become words of endearment. The
term Phassa is adjacent in my Vocabulary to TascIos, and FnAskolion,
(<I>a(r»;Aos, Phaselus, leguminum genus, <Pa<TKw\iov, Pera,) where we
have the same idea of the Swelling out Mass. — The Partridge with its
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 179
parallels Perdrix, (Fr.) Perdix, (Gr. Lat.) &c. &c. is quasi VxTridge;
and belongs, I believe, to the idea of Push?'w^ otit ; though this idea
relates perhaps rather to its actions, than to its form. We might be led
to imagine, that it belonged to its form, as we all know, that this bird
is celebrated for the Plumpness of its appearance, — 'As Plump as a
' Partridge.' In the Dialects of the Celtic, this bird appears under the
form PT, as PetWs, (Welsh,) Paithso-, (Irish,) as Lhuyd represents
them. Mr. Owen explains Petrms, or Pedrws by "Apt to cause a start ;
" apt to start ; doubtful, dubious," yVzTKus, " The Starters, Partridges.''
We cannot, I think, doubt from this, that the Welsh Petrus, as denoting
the Bird, relates to the idea of Starting ; nor can we doubt, I think, that
Partridge, and its parallels belong to Petrus, Mr, Owen derives
Pedrms from Ped, " That is the agent of progression, that bears onward,
" a Foot," and Rhus, " A beginning of motion ; that Starts out," &c.
and if this derivation should be just, which appears probable, we are
brought within the sphere of my hypothesis, by the signification of the
Foot, which treads in the Pudge, I must add however, that the sense
of Starting, as connected with the idea of Vvsuing forward, might
belong to the Pet, or Ped, as I find in the same column of Mr, Owen's
Dictionary with Peth/s the term Pest, which means "That is Violent,
" Vvsning, or penetrating;" as likewise FEsrodi, "To Bustle about;
" to frisk," where in Bustle, which belongs to Busy, we have a kindred
term. I find likewise, as adjacent terms, Pesgi, "To Feed, to YATren ;
" to pamper, to cram ; to become Fat," to which the Latin Pasco, &c.
directly belongs, where we see the idea of FvsHing, or PvDGi?ig out, in
the sense, from which the bird Peth/s might have been derived, under
another quality of the animal ; and Veswc, ' A Cough,' where we see
again the action of Vusuing out, with some effort, as annexed to this
disorder of the frame. In Irish FAiTrisg, is A Partridge, and I must
add, that the terms, with which it is surrounded, belong to the idea of
Vusui?}g out, as denoting the Pudgy form, substance, &c. To this idea
we should certainlv have attributed the name of the Bird, if the evidence
of the Welsh term had not seemed so unequivocal. This shews, how
important it is to be perpetually on our guard, and to obtain all the
z 2
180 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
evidence, which we can acquire on the meanings of words, as they pass
through kindred Dialects.
The terms, which I shall produce from Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, will
serve to confirm my conception on the origin of the names for Children,
&c. In the same column of words in this Dictionary, where VxvTrisg,
a Partridge, occurs, I find Paisde, A Child, and the next term is PAisoin,
an Infant: I moreover perceive the following terms, Paisgaw, "To
" starve with cold," to which belong the Greek Vrghiio, and Pago«,
Ylt]yvvu>, Gelo, congelo, na<yo^, Tumulus, Glacies, gelu, concreta, massa,)
where we are directly brought to the Lump of Dirt, or Pudge ; —
PAixeog-, Butter, Paitt, a Hump ; the next term to which two words
is PAiTm^, " A Partridge ;" — PASoa/n, To enwrap, swaddle, Pasgaw,
" A Bundle," where we unequivocally see the idea of the Swelling out
form, ^ATantachd, Thickness, Pata, A Vessel.
The same term, Pata means likewise, "A Hare," and Pataw, is
" A Leveret," the names of which animals I conceive to be taken from
their Pudgy, or Fuzzy skins of Fur. In Scotch Bawd is a Hare, and
Dr. Jamieson has produced under this word the Irish term Pata, and
Miol Bhuide, or Boide, where Miol signifies " a beast of whatever kind,"
or as he might have said, ' An an'iMal of any kind,' and Bhuide, or
Boide he considers to be put for Baidhe, Yellow. The common term
for a Hare in Irish is Moideach, and Lhuyd represents Lepus by "Mil
" Moighe, Mil Boide." In the same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary
with Moidheach, I find Moghur, Soft, Mild, where we see the true idea.
Mr. Shaw has likewise in his Dictionary Vvran, A Hare, which is the
succeeding word to YxsTog, a Vvnning, where we are directly brought
to the Pudge like composition. The next term is Pus, placed in two
separate articles, as denoting a Lip, and a Cat, and the adjacent word
is PuTaw, To Push. The words denoting the Lip, Mouth, Cheek, &c.
under our Element BC, &c. are derived from their Push?«^, or Swelling
out. The name of the Cat, Pus, to which our term Puss belongs, both
for a Hare, and a Cat, has the same meaning as Bawd, as referring to
the Pudgy, Soft covering. The term Felis belongs for the same reason
to Felt, (Eng.) Pellis, (Lat.) and to Pelos, (n>;Aos,) Field, Foul, Vile,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 181
&c. It is curious, that Felts means in another sense, " A Bawd, that
" picks up girls," which may be directly taken from the insidious qualities
of the Cat, or it may belong to the general sense of Foul, as it appears
in a word, under the same form Fel, Gall, The Vile, nasty stuff; and
thus these senses will bear the same relation to each other, which we find
in Bawd, the Hare, and the Bad Woman. The sense of Bawd, as a
Hare, must have been common to our ancient Language, or at least it was
well known to Shakspeare, which will be manifest from considering the
following passage. I marvel much, that no Scotch Critic has illustrated
this passage. In Romeo and Juliet, when Mercutio hears the Nurse
enquiring for Romeo, he cries, " A Bawd ; a Bawd, a Bawd ! So Ho !
" Rom. What hast thou found ? Mer. No Hare, sir, unless a Hare, sir,
" in a lenten pye, that is something stale, and hoar ere it be spent."
In reviewing this passage nothing is more manifest, than that our
Poet in his use of Bawd, the Vile woman, alludes likewise to the sense
of Bawd, as denoting the Hare. The other parts of this ribaldry do
not belong to the present discussion, though I cannot consider it under
the point of view, in which Dr. Johnson has conceived it, or rather as
we should say, when we speak of such a writer, in which he has
expressed it. "The rest is a series of quibbles, unworthy of explanation,
" which he who does not understand, needs not lament his ignorance."
This sententious observation is worthy only of an ignorant Critic, and
a simple Moralist. — Every Commentator, who undertakes to explain an
author, is bound to explain him, if he can ; and if he cannot, it is some-
thing worse than ignorance to shelter his inability as a Critic under his
gravity as a Moralist. And what Moralist is there, so foul or so foolish,
who could corrupt himself, or his reader, by a brief and proper inter-
pretation of such idle, though harmless ribaldry.
182
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Terms, denoting what is Small, Minute, 8cc. derived from the Minute
Lumps, or PiEces of Dirt on the surface of the Ground.
We should all agree, that the sense of What is Minute, Little, Small,
&c. would be attached to the idea of the Minute, File particles of matter,
or Little Lumps of Dirt, visible upon the surface of the Earth. — The
sense of the Lump equally belongs to objects of all sizes and dimensions,
whether Small, or Great ; and hence on many occasions, these ideas
are involved with each other. Among the terms, signifying Small,
Minute, Sec. some of which have been before produced, we must class
the following. — The Welsh Fosned, " A round body, or that swells out ;
" a Squat figure; a Small ^an, skillet, or porringer; a tS/wa// saucepan,"
&c,— Bac, or Vac, (Welsh,) " Little, small," Vosned Bac, (Welsh,)
" a Little S(/uab.'^ —Byc, (Welsh,) " A poor creature; a wretch;" Bycan,
(Welsh,) " Little, small, or diminutive." — Beg, Beag, (Ir.) " Little, small,"
Beagan, (Ir.) " A Little, Few," &c. Big, (Ir.) Little, a term adjacent to
BiGH, (Ir.) in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, which bears the sense of "Glue,
" Birdlime," where we see the original idea of Bog, Pudgy, Lumpy matter,
supposed in my hypothesis. The term, between these words, is Bigeun
" A coif, cap, hair lace," which means the ' Little Close cap, or Fillet for
' the Head,' where we are directly brought to the Biggin, (Eng.) Beguin,
(Fr.) Beghino, (Ital.) " Calantica Infantilis," and we learn moreover, that if
these words belong to the order of Nuns, called Beguines, the name of
the Cap precedes that of the order :— Fake, Fako5, (^uKn, Lens, Lenticula,
^a/cos. Lens cruda,) adjacent to which I see, Fak?o/os, (4>aKioAos, Fascis,
Fasciculus,) where we perceive likewise the idea of the Lump, which
brings us to YkGGot, and its parallels Fascw, TASciculus, &c. — BiK?a,
(BiKta,) aFake, (AcpaKt],) Yicia, (Lat.) Vetch, or Fetch, (Eng.) with
its parallels Fesse, (Fr.) Fezza, Feccia. We shall now see, how Yicia,
and \\cium, or Yirium, Vice, belong to each other, as being both
derived from Dirt, considered either as the Little Lump, or what is File,
Foul, &c. In YiTiligo, Leprosy, we at once see the idea of what is File,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 183
and the Little Lumpy excrescencies ; and in Pet?^o, (Lat.) Petec/ues,
Petecchic, (Fr. Ital.) the Pushes, we see how we are brought to Peto,
To Push, or Pudge out. I shew, that Fetch, the verb, is derived from
the Plastic, Sticky nature of Pudge.— Phasc/os, (4)ao->/Ao9,) Vnxselus,
(Lat.)— Piso;?, (YIktou,) Fisum, (Lat.) Pease, (Eng.) with the parallels
Pisa, (Sax.) Pois, (Fr.) Piso, (Ital.) Pessair, (Ir.) Pi/s, (Welsh,) &c.
Pesso*, Petto«, (Fleo-a-os, nerros, Calculus seu Scrupus lusorius,) which
actually denotes the Little Luinpij Matter, belonging to the Ground, or
Pedow. This brings us to PExm, and PExros, (Uerpa, Ylerpos, Lapis,)
where we have the Lump of Dirt, of a larger size. — The succeeding
word to Pessos, is Pesso, (Uea-crw, Coquo, Maturo,) which means ' To
' bring to a Pudge state, I shall shew, that Coquo, belongs to the terms
for Dirt, (Glebus Coquere,) under the Element CC, as Caco, &c. and Maturo
to Mud. Under another form of Pesso, (lleo-o-w,) we have Peesso,
(^^;c^(^a), Figo, Gelo,) where we actually see the idea of the Pudgy Lumpy
Matter, or Mass, as in Vzonuo, {Ylt^yww, Figo, Gelo,) where let us mark
a kindred term Figo. In the same leaf of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, where
PEssazr, Pease, is, we have Peas, Peasqw, a Purse, Peitscg^, " A Peach,"
belonging to Pesche, Pesca (Fr. Ital.) Peick, "A Peck," the Swelling
out objects, Peac, &c. " Any sharp pointed thing ; the sprouting germ
" of any vegetable, a long tail," which means the Pike, that which
Pokes, or Pushes up, in, &c. the next word to which in Mr. Shaw's
Dictionary is Vzccadh, " Sin, transgression ;" — FEACcaigham, " To Sin,
" offend against," to which, as we shall all agree, the Latin Pecco
belongs. It should seem by this juxta position, that the original idea of
these words, denoting Sin, Offence, &c. was that of Annoying by Vv?,mng
against, as by a Sharp-pointed instrument, though we should have
conceived, that the original idea of Pecco was simply that of something
Vile, or of a Pudge kind, as we see that species of Matter plainly
exhibited in the adjacent term of a Latin Dictionary, Pix, Picw. In
Welsh, Pec means " A cessation ; a ceasing to exert ; a still state ;
" a swerving from; the Sin of inaction; Sin," as Mr. Owen explains it,
where we see nothing of Push?'?/"-. — PEAsa?/, " Punchy, sorry, Little
" Fellow," — Peist, " A worm, beast, monster," — Peistco^, " A Little
184 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| /, w, w, r.
" worm, Insect ;" — YETadh, " A Pet, a tame animal." The term Pet,
where we see the idea of ' What is Little,' connected with the Si?ian,
Young animal, brings us to Petty, which the Etymologists have referred
to Pet//, (Fr.) Fvtus, Parvus, YjetHus, Fjetus, &c. to which they might
have added the Latin Paucms, which some may conceive perhaps to
approach nearer to the form of Bac, Vac To 1?auc-us belongs Few,
(Eng.) and its parallels Feig, (Germ.) Bac, or Baj-o*, (Bajos,) Peu, (Fr.)
&c. Adjacent to the word Petty in Skinner, I see VETTttoes, which
the Etymologists acknowledge to belong to Petty ; though they derive
the other part from Oi/e, Oca, and the term Pettitose is explained by
" Intestina preesertim anseris." Surely Pettitoes signifies, what it appears
to do, PETTY-Toe5, Little Feet, or the Feet of Little animals, as of
Sucking Pigs, &c. Petty- Fog-g'er is the person concerned in Petty,
Little, Foggy, Foul, Vile business, and the latter term Fogger does
not directly belong to Fogere, Procus, or Fugen, Aptare, as the Ety-
mologists have conjectured. The FoGere, the Woer, is the Pusher,
and FuGew means To Stick to any thing. PETTicoa/ is acknowledged to
be derived from Petty and Coat.
In the French and English term Vnrafice, we have again the idea of
what is Petty, and in the same opening of my French Dictionary I see
PiET/-me, Paltry stuff, sorry goods, Pietre, " Paltry, Sorry, Dirty,"
as likewise Viraud, a clown, Tirie, Pity, Sec. Piete, ViEty, Humility:
— Viruitc, Phlegm, where we see the Pudge matter, and Pitow,
" A nail, or pin, the head of which is made in the form of a ring,"
which may mean perhaps the nail with a Lumpy head. These
terms I have produced on another occasion. — In Welsh Peth means
" A thing ; a something ; a part, share, or fragment ; a some, a quantity,
"a Little," and Pethan, "A Little thing; a new born infant,"
where the term is applied, as in the English Pet, the young animal,
and the French Pet?7s, "The young ones of an animal." — The English
word Piece must be added to these terms, denoting the Little
Mass, or Lump of Dirt, the parallels to which in other Languages arc
Piece, Pezzo, Pezza, Pieca, (Fr. Ital. Span.) Pecia, (Lat. Bar.) Fod,
Vbdde, (Belg.) which latter word means "A rag, shred, tatter; —
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOITOM, &c. 185
" tatter ; — Also, a slut." These various words Wachter has produced
as kindred terms to the German Fetz, " Lacinia, frustum, segmentum,"
and which he has derived from the Latin Yivere, in diYiDcre. To these
terms we must add the Armoric Pez, and the Irish PiosA, " A Piece,
" a silver cup to drink whisgy," and Piosaw, "A hitth Piece, any Little
" engine, or instrument," the next term to which in Mr. Shaw's
Dictionary, is Piosxa/, " A Pistol," which would lead us to conclude,
that the Piosta/ meant 'The Little Piece of Ordnance;' and if this
should be so, it will have the same sense as Pistole, the Piece of
money. I have conjectured in another place, that Pistol may mean
the Fistula, the Hollow Tube, which idea of a Hollow in FiSTULa,
I shew to be connected with the idea of the Spungy, Pudgy substance.
In the same and in the preceding column to that, in which Piosa is, in
Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, I see Pis, Psssir, Pease, Piothcw, Pighe, A Pye,
and Pic, Pitch, where we are directly brought to the sense of Pudge
matter. Fitters, in Skinner, To Cut into Fitters, is compared with
the Italian Fetta, the German Fetzen, Segmenta, which are referred
to Fendere (Ital.) Findcre, which becomes Fidi, and Fiss?/s. The suc-
ceeding word in Skinner is Fitts, " paroxysmi morborum," which he
refers to Fights, which is sufficiently exact. In old English Fit is
' A portion of a Poem,' The First Fit, Second Fit, which may simply
mean Piece, or Part, or it may belong to the more intensive sense of
Fit, as paroxysmus morhi, motus qiiidam suhitus, vel novus, when the
Poet breaks out into a fresh strain, as we call it. The terms signifying
a Piece, as Fitters, and the term of Commotion Fit, refers to the same
species of Loose, Pudge matter, when considered under different points
of view, just as Divisio, A Division, and Divido, To Divide, relate under
one idea simply to Partition, and in another Divido signifies "To Break
" down, Dividiinus Miiros.''
Bit in English is used for a Piece of any thing, and these terms
cannot well be separated from each other. If we say, that the Bit
means what is Bit, or Bittcm off, we come almost to the same idea.
I shall shew, that " To Bite," Mordere, Bitan, Beissen, &c. belongs to
Pike, Poke, &c. To Stick up, out, into auyt/iing, as we express it. —
Aa
186 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.^ l,m',n,r.
In German Stilclt means, "A Piece, Part, parcel, — A Pohit,'" and belongs
to Stechen, To Stich, precisely for the same reason. To the sense of
Stiick, a Piece, must be referred our term Steak, in ' Beef Steak.' —
In German Stiick means "A Great Gun, Cannon," &c. which is the
sense of Piece, in ' A Piece of Ordnance,' which will remind us of
BuYSE, BucKSE, (Belg. Germ.) Hargue-BusE, the SwelUng out Lump,
or Hollow. — BiTtuckle means " Repositorium acus Nauticae," which the
Etymologists have justly referred to such terms as To Bite, To Prick,
alluding to the property of a Needle, and Tackle. Bitter, with its
parallels Biter, (Sax. Belg. Germ.) Pikros, (ritKjOos,) means what is of
a Disagreeable, Pricking, Pungent taste, as it were, where in Pickle, &c.
we have the same metaphor, &c. though Pungent, and Pickle are
applied to difFei'ent tastes. The term Bitte/v;, with Butoor, Butor,
(Belg. Fr. Germ.) Buteo, (Lat.) has been referred to Butter Bump,
which is supposed to be called from its noise. Whatever may be the
precise idea, we see by Bump, how these names for the Bird, may be
derived from the SweUing Lump according to our hypothesis. The next
word to this in Skinner is Bitts, Bictcs, (Fr. G.) a Nautical term, which
Skinner explains by " Duge magnai quadratae trabes, seu Impages in
'' navi," and he derives the term from Pitch, "quia affiguntur navi, &c."
where Pitch and the two explanatory terms, ^wzPages, afFiGo, bring us
at once to the idea of Sticking, or FuDoijig, if I may so say, which
decides on my idea respecting Bit, and Bite. — Another form of the
Welsh Peth is Pitw, which Mr. Owen explains by " Very Little, minute,
" or Petty ;" and the next term is " That is like Grains, that is Granulated."
Under the former of these words Mr. Owen refers us to Pid, " A Point,
" what tapers to a Point," where we again see, how these words are
entangled with terms, signifying to Push, or Stick up, out, in, &c.
In the same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary with Pid I see Piciaw,
" To dart ; to fly suddenly," Pig, " What terminates in a Point, &c.
"a Pike," &c. Vioaw, "To prick, to prickle; to sting; to Pick;
" to Peck." — When we endeavour to detail one Race of words, with
a peculiar sense, as that of Little, we are perpetually drawn aside to
interpret other terms, bearing a different idea, where all these terms are
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 187
mutually illustrative of each other. In PicK-^a; we come to the action
of PicK?7?^ amongst Pudge, or Dirt. — In Italian Picciwo, Piccio/o,
Picco/o relate to what is Little, Small, &c. and Picciare is " To Pinch,
" Snip," &c. that is, to Pick, Peck. I see in John Florio adjacent to
these words PiccH?o/?e, "A Pigeow, a Dove, a Chicken," Piccnfo,
A Wood Pecker, Piccio, "The Bill, Beak, or snout of any bird,"
where we might ask, whether the Pigeow be not the Picker, or
Pecker.
The terms adjacent to Petty, &c. in Skinner's Lexicon are the
following. Pet, To take Pet, "Indignari, Stomachari ;" — Petrowc/,
Petrinal, (Fr.) &c. Scloppus Equestris, which the Etymologists refer to
Pectus, Petra, &c. — FETard, (Eng. Fr.) &c. where we are justly re-
minded of the French PETe/% to which we may add PETzV/er, To sparkle,
crackle, all which words relate to the idea of Commotion, Sivelling out,
^Asning out, &c. In one spnsp VvT^ller, is " 'Vo quake, shake, also. To
" stamp, trample," and I see in Cotgrave Pestil/ct, " To Paddle, Pat-
" TER," which brings us to Pash matter. — PESTer, (Eng.) under which the
Etymologists produce Empester, Turbare, PiSTare, Pinsere seu contundere,
which brings to the next word VisriUum; — Pestzs, (Lat.) where we
come to Pest, ^ESTtlence, &c. all which words mean ' To Pash about,
' to pieces, as amongst, or into Pudge matter.' I see likewise, ' A
' Pettrc/,' for a Horse, which the Etymologists have justly referred to
Vectus, Pectoris, Poictrail, Poitrzwc, &c. where the terms for a Breast
are derived from the idea of Swelling out; — A Pew, (Eng.) (as in a
Church,) Puye, Pnyde, (Belg.) Fouium, (Lat.) which belong to the
raised up Pedow, (Uedov.^ — Pewit, (Eng.) Piewit, (Belg.) Piette, which
is supposed to be formed from the Noise ; and it may belong perhaps to
Petty, as alluding to its Squeaking, Shrill sound. — Pewter, (Eng.)
Peauter, Speauter, (Belg.) Pcltre, Peltro, (Span. Ital.) the parallel
terms, produced by the Etymologists, which they derive from exVkvrrer,
exMATVuere, Contundere, conterere. To Beat, or Pash, &c. though
whether this be the origin I cannot ascertain. We must mark the PL
in the Spanish and Italian words ; yet I ought not to omit observing,
that Peodar, Pewter, occurs among the Celtic terms, adjacent to
A A 2
188 B,F,P,V,W.] C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
Pesseir, Pease. I am disposed to think, that Pewter relates to Plastic
Matter able to be Beat out. — Piache, corrupted from Piazza, which is not
derived from YlXareia, but means the spot, on which you Pass, or Walk.
Pheasaw^, with its parallels, Faisan, Fagiano, (Fr. Ital.) which is justly
derived from Ynxsis, the River of Colchis, where the name of the River
means perhaps the Pudge spot. Bochart, {Geograph. Sac. Lib. IV. Cap. 3 1 .)
supposes, that Phases, as the name of a Rwer is a Syriac term, as in
Psalm xlii. 2. " AI Phasidc demojo, ad rivos aquarum." So little had
this great man seen of the sense of our Element, that he is only able to
discover a single term of the same kind. He should have remembered,
that the corresponding Hebrew term in this passage is aPiKE, "^p"'2i<,
which means in one sense CowPact, Firm, strong, and in another, a
TofTent, and which Mr. Parkhurst has justly compared with Pegnz/o,
(Tltjyvvu}, Congelo,) Figo, Fix, where we are unequivocally brought to
Pudge Matter, in its more cothPact, and more Watery, or Pash state.
I now again recur to the terms denoting Little, as Petit, &c. Near
to PetzV in Cotgrave, I see Pet, which brings us to Pedo, what is File,
next to which I see Petac^, " Peeccc?, be?ATcned,'' where we see, that
Patch, and Piece are similar terms. I see too Petow, "a Little Foot,"
PETOWwer, " To Pat, or tread down the Earth by often stepping, or
" trampling on it," all which words bring us to the Pudge spot, and
shew us the origin of VETit. In «Pot, sPeck, sVoired, sPeck'c?, sPeckl-
ed, we unequivocally see the idea oi Dirt, and to the idea conveyed by
these words, sPECKLer/, or PECKLec?, we may refer the kindred term,
the Greek Poikilos, (YIoikiXo^, Varius, Dubius,) unless we think, that
it more directly belongs to Boggle. Yet in such a case the turns of
meaning attached to the same fundamental idea can hardly be separated.
In sPoDos, (SttoSos, Cinis,) we see the Dirt, or sPot, and in sPoDoeides,
(liTTohoeidt]^, Visu cinereus, seu cineris speciem gerens,) we see the
Sprifihling, or sPott/»o-. The term sPodos, (SttoSos,) is adjacent in my
Vocabulary to sPoggos, (ZTroyyo-;, Spongia,) the Boggy, or Pudgy
matter. The English Pied, and the French Pie, and the Latin Pic«*,
which the Etymologists have justly classed with each other, should perhaps
be all referred to this train of ideas. There is a minute difficulty about
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOITOM, &c. 189
PiCMS, which is explained by " A WoodPECKc;-, a Speckt," &c. whether
it belongs to the idea of VzcKing the wood, or of being Speck'c?, or
Speckled. — The preceding term to Pic«s is Pictws, which means
FuDoed, or Dawh'd over; but which is explained in one sense by
" sPeckled, 5P0TTED." The preceding term to Pied in Skinner is
Piddle, or Pitle, Circa parva versari, which Skinner refers to Piccolo,
(Ital.) or to Peddle, or to PetzV, Petilma-, and Petty. — To Piddle in
all its senses is nothing, but ' To Puddle, To Pash about Pudgy, Petty,
■* vile stuff.'
In Scotch, Pickle, &c. means "A grain of Corn.— A single seed, of
" whatever kind. — Any minute Particle, as a grain of Sand," where
Dr. Jamieson has justly referred us to Piccolo, Paucidus, &c. The term
Pickle may be derived from its PicKzwg', or Pungent quality, yet we
remember the phrase ' To be in a Pickle,' which means to be in a Dirty
state, as if in 'a Puddle,' and I shew, that the Terms for Cookery, are
derived from the Dirt. Our good Housewives arc accustomed to Powder
their Meat, and the Pickling Tub is called the Powderw^- Tub. We
know, that in Greek, a term which signifies To Sprinkle with Dung,
is a term relating to the most exquisite Condiment. Ov6t]\evu), " Proprie
" fimo agrum aspergo, deinde cibos exquisite Condio." We cannot but
see, how Condio belongs to Condo, To Bury, or cover with Dirt. In the
following passage of Shakspeare, Pickle, as relating to the Foul Puddle,
and as a term of Cooker//, supplies our Poet with a vein of pleasantry.
" How cam'st thou in this Pickle," says Alonzo in the Tempest, to
which the Jester Trinculo answers, " I have been in such a Pickle since
" I saw you last, that, I fear me, will never be out of my bones : I shall
'' not fear fly blowing;" on which Mr. Stcevens observes, " The Pickle
" alludes to their plunge into the Stinking Pool, and Pickling preserves
" meat from fly blowing." The term Pickle, Pycle, or Pightel is
used in various Counties, Berkshire, Norfolk, &c. for a Small Piece
of Land, where we are brought to the original idea. One of my own
Fields, the Spot, adjacent to which I am writing these Discussions on
Language, is called 'The Dove House Pightel.' The term used by
Printers, Pica, The Small Pica, means the Little Piece, which constitutes
190
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ hm,v,r.
the Metal, Type, or Mark: The Pica in Medicine, the depraved appetite
in pregnant Women, is the Foul Yniated taste, which brings us to the
original idea. Some derive Pica from the Pie, "The old Popish Service,"
w^hich term Pie has been referred to Xliva^. Others however justly
consider Pie, the Service, as belonging to the Pied colour, "from the
" party coloured letters, of which they consisted : the initial and some
" other remarkable letters and words being done in Red, and the rest
" all in Black." The term Pie, the Service Book, belongs to Pie, relating
to various colours, just as we talk of the Rubric, or Red colour'd Service.
It is understood, that the adjuration, used in Shakspeare, " By Cock and
" Pie," means 'By God and his Service, or Religion." The term Pie
is only another form of Piece, or Patch, which I suppose to belong to
Pudge, or Dkt Matter, just as Macula and Maculosus belong to Mud.
The term FiEbald directly precedes in Johnson's Dictionary the word
Piece; which he explains in the first sense by Patch, and the first
example is " His coat of many colours, (in the Margin, " Pieces.")
Under Piebald he has three quotations where it is joined with Patch,
one of which is from Hudibras. " It was a particolour'd dress of
" Patch'd, and VivJxdd Languages." The term Patch was applied
as the name of the Fool, kept by the great men in former times, not
from the Italian Pazzo, nor from Patch, a person's name, but from the
Patch'd, or Party-coloured dress, which he wore. The Italian Pazzo
is derived from the more general sense of the Elementary' character, as
denoting the Contemptible, Vile, Patch, or Lump like personage. When
Patch is used in English, as a term of contempt, "A Crew of Patches,
" rude Mechanicals," it is in vain for us to attempt to distinguish,
whether it's more general sense be adopted, or whether the word does
not refer to the Patch, the Party-coloured Fool. Mr. Nares in his
Glossary has justly observed, that " the term Cross-PATCH, still used
" in jocular Language, meant originally ill-natured fool." Let us note
the combination Party -Coloured, where a term signifying a Part, relates
to Colour, as I suppose Patch, Piece, and Pie, to belong to each other,
as referring to Colour. The term Pie, the Piece of Pastry, brings us
directly to a Piece of Pudge like Matter, to a Batch, if I may so say,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 191
as of Dough. The form Pie, in ViE-Poivderd, again brings us by another
process to the same spot and matter, the Pied, (Fr.) Pes, Pedis, or the
Foot stirring up the Dirt.
Terms, which express the idea of Swelling up, out, &c. as relating to
Commotion, Disturbance, and as connected with actions of Violence,
and with objects of Terror, &c. &c.
Among the various terms, belonging to our Elementary Character,
BC, &c. which express the idea of Swelling up, out, &c. sometimes
accompanied by Commotion, Disturbance, &c. it is frequently difficult
to select those words, which may be most aptly introduced in each
particular spot of my discussion. I have already found it necessary, on
former occasions, to introduce various terms of this sort, particularly
from the Celtic Dialects ; and I shall proceed with the same vein of
enquiry, as chiefly illustrated in those forms of Speech. In this article
I shall consider more especially those terms, which express the idea of
Swelling out, as with Commotion, Disturbance, &c. and as connected
with actions of Violence, by Routing, Subduing, &c. and with objects
and actions of Terror, by Affrighting, &c. which are all derived, as
1 conceive, from the idea of Bog, Pudge Matter, Swelling out, up, &c.
in a loose state of Commotion, Jgitation, &c. I shall not attempt to
produce, with unnecessary minuteness, the various terms, which relate
to these ideas, nor to mark the precise turn of meaning, by which one
word may be distinguished from another. I shall produce only some
of those terms ; from which full evidence will be obtained, that the Race
of words, containing these notions, is derived from the spot, supposed
in my hypothesis. Among the terms, belonging to this Race, we may
class the following Bach, (Ir.) "A Breach, violent attack, or surprize,"
E\Gach, BkGanta, (Ir.) "Warlike, corpulent, tight," &c. Bxaaram,
" To threaten ;" — Bocan, " A Hobgoblin, sprite," Bocam, To Swell, &c.
192
B,F,P.V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
adjacent to which in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, we find BoGac^, and BoG-
lach, the Boo : BuAioAaw, (Ir.) " To conquer, overcome," says Mr,
Shaw, in the same column of whose Dictionary I see BuaidAjV^,
"Tumult," a term adjacent to l&v xxuhr'am , "To vex, disturb, tempt."
BuAio/i, " Victory, virtue, attribute." — Budh, Buas, " A breach, rout ;"
Buich, a Breach ; — Bugha, " Fear, a leek," where we at once see the
idea of Fear, and of the SwelUng out object. — In the same column
of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, we have the following terms relating to the
same idea of SweUlvg out, as Buas, "The Belly," Buc, "Cover of a
" Book, Bulk,'' Bucla, A Buckle, Bugan, An unlaid Egg, Buicain,
A Pimple, Bvicaid, "A Bucket, Knob," which shews, from whence
the idea of Bucket is derived. — Bugsa, Box tree, a Box, Buige,
" Softer," Buidal, " A Bottle, anchor," Bmvnean??, " A Troop,
" company," before produced.— Buzi/o-, (Welsh,) "The Victorious one;
" the Goddess of Victory," which Mr. Owen has justly referred to
BoADicm, by supposing that this was not her real name, but a title
applied to her;— BuzuGazf, " To gain advantage ; to triumph," to which
belongs the term in a simpler form Buz, "Advantage, gain, profit,"
Bvzai, "That yields, or begets gain; a churn; also the Bittern," where
in the sense of the Churn, we have the idea of Pudge matter. I observe
in the same opening of Mr. Owen's Dictionary Bvoad, "A terrifying;
" the Bellowing of Cattle in fighting ; a confused noise, or bustle ;"
BvGxdu, " To terrify ; to vaunt ; to Boast," the next word to which is
BuGAiL, "A Herdsman; a Shepherd," which Mr. Owen derives from
Bu, Kine, and Cail, a Fold. It is impossible, I think, to doubt, that
the Greek Boukolos, (Bovko\os, Bubulcus,) belongs to Bugail, and if
Mr. Owen's conjecture should be just, who may be supposed to under-
stand his own Language, better than the Greeks, the derivation of
Boukolos, (BovKoXo^,) from Kol-on, (KoXov, cibus,) is entirely out of the
question. The Bugle Horn is the Herdsman, or Shepherd's horn to
call his cattle.— BwG, (Welsh,) " A Hobgoblin, or scarecrow,"~BwGaw,
(Welsh,) "A BvGbear, or Scarer," Bwotvl, (Welsh,) "A terrifying;
" a threatening, or menace,"— Bogelz/, "To affright; to hide from fear,"
and that this word belongs to the idea of Rising, or Szcelling up will
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 193
be manifest from the adjacent terms in Mr. Owen's Dictionary, as Bog,
" A Sivelling, or Rising up,'' as this writer explains it ; — BoGeiliaw,
"To Boss, or Swell out T — Bogel, "The navel; a nave of a wheel,"
and BoGhi/iui, "To Boss; to form into knobs; to cw/Boss." In the same
column of his Dictionary, I see Bozi, "To drown; to immerse," which
brings us to the Watery Bog Spot. I see likewise in the same column,
Boziau', "To please, or satisfy," belonging to Boz, " Tlie will, consent,
" or good pleasure," which certainly is attached to Bozi, &c. under some
idea, and probably under that of a Soff, Pliant disposition. I see like-
wise BoD, a Kite, called by Mr. Owen a Buzzard, and I have shewn in
another place, that Buzz has the same idea of Swelling out. I see
moreover Boza, a red shank, which must have a meaning connected with
these words, whatever it may be; — Bourwi/, A ring, which Mr. Owen
refers to Bawd, tlie Thumb, which means the Thick, Big finger, and
Rhwy, which he explains by, " That runs out, or through ; excess, super-
" fluity, ' — Bomydav, "A place of resort, or gathering together; a bee-
" hive; also metaphorically, the leader of an army, considering him as
" the nucleus of it," where Bodr belongs to Bother, (Eng.) Byzar,
IJvzAiR, (Welsh,) — Bod, A Being, existence, &c. which I shew to belong
to Feed, Fat, &c. and Boc, "A Cheek; the Chop," which means the
Sv\elling, Puffing out object. I see directly adjacent to this word
Boc-iSac, "A vaunting, or Bragging," and Bo, "A Bug-hear, A hob-
" goblin, one set to keep an eye on people; an overlooker. Bo
" interj. of Threatening, scaring or territying." — BYGivyz, (Welsh,)
"A Hobgoblin, or phantom." — Bygy/m, (Welsh,) "To intimidate;
"to threaten." — Bwca?', (Welsh,) "That produces dread, or disgust;
" a maggot." Adjacent to BwG, I see Bw, " A threatening, or
"terrifying object; a Bug- bear ; terror, dread; also an overseer, or
" a looker after workmen ;" — Bw-Bac, " A Bug bear, or scarecrow ;
" a hobgoblin," where we see the same ideas under the form B% without
the C, &c. which we have seen under the form BC, &c. 1 shall not
enquire into the point of Theory, whether the form B\ or BC should be
considered, as the original form, or by what process they are connected.
Bb
194
B, F, P, V, VV. J C, D, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. \ I, m, v, r.
It is sufficient to know, that these forms are connected with each other
at certain points, and whatever may be the process, by which it is
effected, it does not disturb the tacts, which I am now unfolding, re-
specting the form BC, &c. — Bost, (Welsh,) " A Boast///^, or Bragging."
I see adjacent to this word in Mr. Owen's Dictionary the following
terms, all relating to the idea of Rising, or StoeUing up ; Box, Any round
body, BoTAS, " A Busk/'/? ; also a Boot," Bot/^'w, " A Boss, a Buttow,"
Both, "A rotundity; the stock, or nave of a wheel; the Boss of a
" BucKLe/'; also a Bottle;" — Bothell, "A Rotundity; any round
" vessel ; a Bottle ; a wheal, or blister," where let us note in all these
terms the parallel English words.
To these Celtic words we may add the following terms, conveying
the same train of ideas. Boast, BoiSTero?/s, Big, (Eng.) BuGoe//?, Bagg-
xig^y, (^C/iaucers Gloss. Disdaincth, DisdahifKlJy, Swe//i//gli/,) Bug,
(Eng. the loathsome animal,) BuG-Bear, (Eng. Larva,) VuG-Dog, (the
Pudgy formed. Ugly Dog,) Pug, Pucke, (Eng.) An Hobgoblin, the
Devil, BoGGLE-iio, (Eng. Larva, &c.) where Bo belongs to these words
of Terror, whatever may be the precise meaning of Boggle. — Boo, (Eng.)
as in the expression, ' He dare not say Boo to a Goose,' Boh, The
Northern Deity; Boge, The Sclavonic name of God, (Russian, &c.)
Baga/os, (Ba7atos, /uieya^, Hesych.) Bovgaios, (BovyuLc^, convicium in
hominem magna' stature, et viribus stulte ferocem,) which the Lexi-
cographers derive from Bou, (Bov,) the intensive particle, which is a
kindred term, and Ga'io, (Taiw, glorior,) which has nothing to do with
it. We here see how Bou, Bous, Bos, Vacca, (Boys, Bov, Bos, Taurus,
Vacca,) connect themselves with these words, and that they mean, under
some process of connection, the Swelling out Animal. — We shall pass
from hence to the terms of Tumult, Su>elfi7ig out, Noise, Boe, Boao,
(Boj;, Boaw, Boo, Clamo,) BosTReo, (Boa-rpew, clamo,) which latter
word seems most to coincide in form with the English Boisterow*. —
I might have left it to the reader to decide, whether the adjacent terms
to Boe, as Boetho^, BoETHeo, (Botjdo^, Auxiliator, Bondew, Auxilior,
opitulor,) do not belong to the idea of the Bold, Blustering personage,
who Defends another, if I had not given a different conjecture in another
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 195
place, supported by due authority.— Beg ^ Beg in Persian signifies,
" A Prince, chief, governor," which we have adopted in our Language
under the form Bei/.—BxGaios, as we learn from Hesychius, is Vain,
Foolish, the Phrygian Jupiter, Great, &c. and Bagos, is a Ring, Soldier,
as likewise, what at once shews us the origin of these words, according
to my hypothesis, A Lump of Bread, or VvDohig, the matter of a Bog,
or Pudge consistency, (Bayaios, o ixaraio's, n Zevs *^pvyio^, f^eya^, ttoAu^,
raxvs' — Bayo^, KXacr/uia aprov, fJ.a'^r]?, Kai (iacriXev^, kul crTpaTiwrrir^ —
The ancient German word Vogd, Praepositus, Patronus, Defensor, &c.
should perhaps be added to these words.
I might here produce the ancient word Bav^^syn, the Swelling out
Figure, as applied to Animals, &c. as in Rowley, " Lyche Bawsyn
" olyphauntes mie gnattes doe shewe," (JS//a, 57.) and the term Bison,
The Large fierce wild Ox, or Bos. In the combination ' Bisson, Rlieiun.'
we are brought to the idea of Foul, Pudge Matter. In Coriolanus we
have " BissoN Conspectuities," where the old copies have Beesome.
Skinner has Beesen, Bison, and Beezen, which he explains by Ccecus, as
a word very common in Lincolnshire, and which he derives from By,
for Besides, and Sinn, Sensus, " q. d. Sensu omnium nobilissimo orbatus."
To such words as Bisson, &c. belongs the term Bezon/qw, used by our
Comic writers, which we all remember to be adopted by Shakspeare,
"Under which King, Bezonian ? speak, or die," (^Hen. IV. Part II.
Act v. Sc. 3.) where Mr. Theobald refers the word to the Italian
Bisognoso. In another place we have " Great men oft die by base
" Bezonians," (//c/2. VI. Part II. Act iv. Sc. 1.) where Mr. Steevens
produces the same derivation, and quotes the following passage from
Markham's English Husbandman, "The ordinary tillers of the earth,
" such as we call Husbandmen, in France pesants, in Spain Besonyans,
" and generally the clout shoe." In my Spanish Dictionary, I find
BisoNO, " Raw, undisciplined, applied to recruit^, or new levied soldiers.
" Novice, beginning to learn any art or profession. Unbacked horse,
" not yet broken in, or tamed for use," and it occurs in the same column
with BisoNTE, " Bison, a large quadruped of the family of oxen," &c.
It cannot be doubted, that the idea of the unbroken man, the Novice,
B B 2
196 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J.K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,7n,n,r.
belongs to the unbroken wild Bisox. This juxta position has this moment
led me to discover the origin of the Latin Tiro, which I never before under-
stood, but which I now see to belong to Trio, Ploughing Ox, the Ox
Broken into the Plough, from his wild state. The Trio belongs to sTeer,
Taurus, &c. The terms Bisognoso, (Ital.) and Besoin, (Fr.) 1 have
considered in another place. In John Florio's Italian Dictionary, (Ed. 1.)
1 see BisoNTE, " a filthie, greasie, slovenlie fellow," and Bisonte,
" A great beast like a horse in Polonia," and in Cotgrave i find an
interpretation, which decides on the origin of the word. — Bison, the
Bison, «&c. &c. "BisoNgne, as Bison, Also, a filthie knave, or clowne;
" a raskall, Bisonian, base humored scoundrell." In examining this
part of my Manuscript, as it was passing to the press, I find, that
Mr. Nares in his Glossary has produced this passage from Cotgrave.
The next term to Betonia?i in this Writer's Glossary is Bezzle, or Bizle,
" To drink to excess," which brings us to the original idea of the IVatery
Bog. Mr. Todd refers it to the old French t^rms BESLer, Beselc, Besi^^cz,
f/wBEzzLED, which English word he justly refers to these terms. In
the term emBEZzj^ed , we see the idea of something swallowed up, as in
a Bog, or lorago.
The term BuG-hear, Larva, in English, and the Bug, the animal,
belong to each other; as in the Welsh Bwc/»', "That produceth dread,
" or disgust, a maggot." The Etymologists under Bug, or BvG-bear,
remind us of Pug, or Pucke, the Devil, and they cannot help seeing,
that they all belong to Big. — In the phrase ' He looks very Bugg of it,'
we see, as Skinner has duly observed, the sense of Big, ' He looks Big.'
The Etymologists see likewise, that Big has some relation to the terms
for the Belly, Bucc, (Sax.) &c. and for the Cheeks, Bucca, &c, as
likewise to the Greek Puka, {Uvku, Dense,) which is all right. In the
same column of Skinner's Lexicon with Bigg, I see Biggin, " Calantica
" infantilis," which has been supposed by the Etymologists to be derived
from the Beguiues, the Nuns, who are imagined to derive their name
from a Saint Begga; — Bigarreur, the Pear, 'Pyrum varium,' which is
referred to the compound BiGarrer, Colore variare ; — Bight, a Nautical
term, Circulus, which is justly referred to Byga/?, Flectere, and Bigot,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOiM, &c. 197
Superstitiosus, about which so much conjecture has been formed. Some
suppose, that it is a compound of By-God, which Menage supposes,
though Wachter imagines, that it is derived from Bioaw, Colere, and that
from hence the Religious Characters Beguins are taken. Yet Caseneuve
produces a passage from an ancient French Romance, where Bigot is
the name of a people, which he refers to Goths, and JFisi-Gofs, in which
Etymology I am inclined to acquiesce; yet the origin of the word is very
doubtful. The term Big might have reminded the Etymologists of the
term Bag, and BAGcage, the Swelling out objects; the succeeding word
to which in Junius is Baggeth ; on which he observes, " In gl. quod
" additum est Chaucero, exponitur Disdainctk ; quomodo et BAGGh?g/i/
" idem gl. exponit Disdainfidly, SiveUingly, Tumide." He produces
likewise under this term the Teutonic words Baigcw, Jactare, ostentare,
gloriando vanitare, pompizare, verB\G^ii, hoPoKVier, — Jactator, ike.
vet^BxGitJg, verBocn, VoKerye, jactantia, vanitatio, BAGHe/'e», Ostentare,
&c. &c. We shall now see, that Hocus Vocus is nothing but Swe/Iing,
empty, idle stuff, and that it has assumed a Latin form in order to give it
the idea of unintelligible jargon. The Hoc Poc in Hocus Pocus is nothing
but Hodge-FoDGE. The term Hodge and similar words may be con-
sidered often- as directly connected with the v\ords, under the form PD,
p-'D, quasi pH-ODge. In Hygledy BiGGledy, we have a combination
nearly similar, as meaning things in a Huddledy Puddle^/y/ state, if 1 may.
so say.
Skinner considers Pug, as vox blandiioria, and derives it from Piga,
(Sax.) Pige, (Dan.) Puella ; though others refer it to Pu-g, or Bug,
the Demon, as in our expression ' My little Devil.' The names for the
child, or the girl, and the Dog belong to the same idea of the Pudgy
form, under different turns of meaning. Skinner explains Pugs by
Demones, though he gives a reason for this meaning, very remote trom
the true idea. — Dr. Jamieson explains FucK-flary, by "The designation
" anciently given to some sprite, or Hobgoblin," and he observes, that
in P. Ploughman, Powke, and //t'/Z-PowKE occur for a Demon, and
that in Islandic and ancient Swedish, Puke is 'Demon, Satanas,' &c.
In Shakspeare Bug is used in its simple state for a Frightful object.
198 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,R,Q,S,T,X,Z.( I,m,v,r.
" Tush ! Tush ! Fear boys with Bugs," and in Hamlet it is coupled with
the Goblin ; " With ho ! such Bugs and Gobl'ms in my life," on which
Mr. Steevens has observed, that a Bug was no less " a terrific being than
" a Goblin.— We call it at present a BuG-Z»ear." The Bug is the
Frightful, or Foul Animal. Lye has remarked, that Buggys in Chaucer
has the same meaning, who refers us likewise to the Welsh Bwg, The
BoGGLE-iJoe, Manducus, is supposed by Skinner to be a Lincolnshire
word, and he considers it to be quasi Bucidus, (i. e.) Bos-Boaiis, but Lye
understands, that it has some relation to the Welsh Biigul, Timor. The
terms before, and following BoGGLE-£oe, are Bog, and Boggle, where
we see the origin of the word, according to my hypothesis. Skinner
understands that Boggle belongs to Bog, though Lye derives it from
Bogil, Larva. Thus we see, that the Etymologists acknowledge the
relation of these words under some process. Dr. Jamieson has the
following Scotch terms BoGearde, " A Bugbear," Bogill, Bogle,
■' A spectre, a hopgoblin. — A scarecrow, a Bugbear," Bogill--Bo,
" A hopgoblin, or spectre ;" and " Bogill about the stacks, or simply
" Bogle, A play of children, or young people, in which one hunts several
" others around the stacks of corn in a barn yard." This would lead
us to conclude, that the precise sense of Boggle-£o, was that of the Bo,
the Spectre, who Boggles about here and there, in order to scare people
at every turn. I see adjacent to these terms in Dr. Jamieson Bois, or
Bos, Hollow, and " To Boist, Boast, To threaten, to endeavour to
" terrify." Under Bogill-£o, Dr. Jamieson remarks from Mr. Warton,
that Bo " was one of the most fierce and formidable of the Gothic
" Generals, and the son of Odin ; the mention of whose name alone
" was suflicient to spread an immoderate Panic among his enemies."
The name Bo is quasi Bog, and belongs to the Race of words now before
us. Our familiar expression ' He dares not say Bo to a Goose,' arises
from this source, and means that the Person is so timid, that he has not
courage enough to utter a word of Defiance, by way of intimidation
against an antagonist, even to such an animal as a Goose. Dr. Jamieson
adds to his remarks on this article the following observation, " I know
" not if this be the same personage, whom " RuJbeck calls Bagge,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 199
" a Scythian leader, who, he says, was the same with the Bxcchus
" of the Greeks and the Romans." We now see, how all these names
belong to the same fundamental idea, which may be considered as
referring to the same real, or imaginary personage, bearing a twm de
guerre, and signifying the Boisterous, BAGoiiig character, either as a
IViirrwr, or a Drunkard. Let us mark the name RucI-Bkck, where
Beck still signifies the Bog spot, Brook, &c. and Rud bears a similar
meaning, unless it relates to the Red colour of the stream. Dr. Jamieson
might have illustrated the term BoGiLL-i>o* from our ancient writers.
"^ The term Boggle-Ss, or Buggle-Boe, must be restored to Shakspeare. Pistol in
taking leave of his wife, says, " Let housewifery appear; keep close, I thee command." On
which Mr. Steevens observes, "The quartos 1600, and 1608 read. Keep fast thy Buggi.k Boe,
" which certainly is not nonsense; as the same expression is used by Shirley in his Gentleman
of Venice.
" The courtisans of Venice
" Shall keep their Buggle-Bowes for thee, dear Uncle."
" The reader may suppose Buggle-Boe to be just what he pleases." On this an anonymous
commentator observes, " "Whatever covert-sense Pistol may have annexed to this word, it
" appears from Cole's Latin Dictionary, lG7B, that Bogle/'o, (now corruptly sounded Biiga-
" boiv,) signified 'an ugly luide mouthed Picture, carryed about with May games.' Cole renders
" it by the Latin words, ' Alanducus, terriculametttum.' The interpretation of the former word
"has been just given. The latter he renders thus: ' A terrible spectacle; a fearful thing;
" a scarecrow.'" (Henry \ . Act ii. Sc. .'3.) The covert allusion of Pistol certainly belongs to
the -wide Mouth of the Frightful figure, and this Figure on the stage was, I imagine, the ivide
Mouth of the form, or personage, representing the Devil, which was intended to express the
luide mouth of Hell. " In the ancient Religious Plays," says Mr. Malonc, "The Devil was very
"frequently introduced. He was usually represented with horns; a very wide Mouth, (by
" means of a mask,) large eyes, a large nose, red beard, cloven feet, and a tail." — This figure
is again thus described. "The little children were never so afraid of He// Mouth in the old
" plaies, painted with great gang teeth, staring eyes; and a foul bottle nose; as the poore
"devils are skared with the Hel-Mouth of a I'riest." {Declaration of Popish Impostures 160.3.
See CapelPs Scliool, page G.) — " I'll put me on my great carnation nose, and wrap me in a
" rousing calf's skin suit, and come like some Hobgoblin, or some Devil ascended from the grisly
" pit of Hell, and like a scarbabe make him take his legs. I'll play tlie Devil, I warrant ye."
(Wily beguiled, 1606.) — Sometimes there was a representation of Smoke and Flames, issuing out
of Hell. In a Mastjueof Jonson's, the first scene, whicli presents itself, is an Ugly lleli, which
faming
^200 B,F,P,V,W.^ C,D,G,J,K,U, S,T, X, Z.( l,m,n,r.
by a train of observations, wliicb the Commentators on Shakspeare
would have supplied.
Jlariting beneath smoked to the top of the roof. — In a small volume, which I published some years
ago concerning the Influence of the Associating principle on the mind of a Poet, these passages
are collected, and numerous examples have been produced to shew, how the imagination of our
ancient writers has been affected and swayed by the exhibition of such scenical representations.
The following passage in Lear has however not been produced on that occasion ; and it contains
a singular illustration of the same principle, under the train of ideas, which I am now unfolding.
In this passage the wild, or licentious imagination of the Bard, has combined that object, to
which he covertly alludes in the exhortation of Pistol, under the names of the Buggle-Bow,
with all the horrid appendages of the Inferiutl Buggle-Boe, from whence, as I conceive, the
allusion of Pistol is derived.
" Down from the waist they are centaurs,
" Tho' women all above,
" But to the girdle do the gods inherit,"
" Beneath is all the fiends; there's Hell, there is darkness, there is the sulptiurotis pit, burning,
" scalding, stench, consumption, Fie, fie, fie ! pah ! pah ! give me an ounce of civet, good
" apothecary, to sweeten my imagination."
The advice of Pistol to his Wife occurs at the end of the scene, which describes in such
an exquisite strain of comic melancholy the last flashes of merriment, which closed all the
humours of the ' unimitated and inimitable Falstaff.' Through the whole of the scene the
imaf>ination of the Poet is possessed with a train of ideas, relating to Hell, and its inhabitants,
under the various grotesque circumstances, which were suggested to the imagination by the
scenic representations of the day, all co-operating to form a wild group of solemn, though of
ludicrous and phantastic imagery, which is singularly congenial with the spirit of the occasion.
Bardolph wishes himself with Falstaff, " wheresomeer he is, either in Heaven or in Hell,"
and the dying Wit himself observes, that Women were " Devils incarnate." The term
Incarnate refers probably in one of its senses, either by a voluntary, or involuntary allusion,
to the Devils, with the great Carnation nose, with which the audience of Shakspeare was so
familiar. The commentators have shewn, that Incarnate is sometimes applied to the colour;
and in this sense it is taken by iSlrs. Quickly, " 'A could never abide Carnation, 'twas a colour
" he never lik'd;" by which she means, that he never liked his women to be dressed in clothes,
or ornaments of a Carnation colour. To the speech of Mrs. Quickly, the boy adds, " 'A said
" once, the Devil would have him about women:" "'A did in some sort indeed," confesses
Mrs. Quickly " handle Women, but then he was rheumatic, and talk'd of the whore of Babylon,"
The whore of Babylon, we remember, "was arrayed in purple and Scarlet colour," and we
understand, " 'A never could abide Carnation," relates in one of its allusions to the Prostitute
in Carnation colours. In the next speech a wild vein of imagery is introduced, which I have
referred
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 201
The terms for Victory and Triumph do not only appear under the
form BD, BZ, &c. in the Celtic Dialects ; but we perceive likewise, that
in the Mythology of the Druids Buzug is the " Goddess of Victory."
Mr. Davies has produced various forms, under which the God or Goddess
of Victory is to be found. The Goddess of Victory is called Buddud,
and BuDDUG, {Davies on the Druids, p. 314 and 317,) from whence the
name BoADicea is taken ; and Aneurin describes the Minister of Buddud,
as the Illustrious President of Song: — Budd, Buddwas, and Buddugre,
are the titles of Hu, the great Bardic Deity; {Id. Il6. 118. 557-) and
Budd is a sacred title, which is supposed sometimes to be applied to
Red, or Cerid-Wen, a Deity of mighty power, among the Bards, cor-
responding with the Greek Ceres, (p. 364. 584.) — Whatever may be
the original meaning of the Bardic Deity Budd; we shall not, 1 think,
doubt that this Deity is the Bhood, or Budda of the Eastern world.
The Coll of the Bardic Mythology is the Call of the Hindoos. — If the
Budda of the Eastern world means Victory, either as a personification,
or as an addition to the name of some Victorious Warrior, who suc-
ceeded in his conquests of that Country, we shall see a coincidence
between Budd and Bxcchus, the Conqueror of India, and the Bagge
of the Scythians. We have seen too, that the same term Bacchws may
under another idea be annexed to a Violent, TurhuleiU character, and
mean a Drunkard, and the God of Wine. We have seen moreover,
that this sense of Violence or Turbulence is connected w ith the idea of
referred in my illustration of the Associating Principle to the Foul Bottle, or Carnation nose,
belonging to the figure of Hell Mouth, or the Devil, {Specimen of a Conunenldri/ on Shakjpeare,
p. 181.) "Do you not remember, 'a saw a flea stick upon Bardolph's nose ; and 'a said, it was
" a black soul burning in Hell-fire?" It is impossible, I imagine, to doubt the truth of this
conjecture; as it will be acknowledged, I think, that without such an intermediate idea, a
combination so singular and remote would never have been formed. The reader of Shakspeare
will now cease to wonder, that our licentious Bard, deeply impressed with the train of ideas,
which I have here unfolded, should conclude this extraordinary dialogue, by making a phan-
tastic character, like Pistol, take leave of his wife, who had herself been a principal performer
in the frailties of the scene, with a caution at once, so quaint and so pertinent, " Keep fast thy
" BUGGLE-BOE."
C C
202 B,F,P,V,W.{ C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Sivelling out, and that from this SivelUng out, Lumpy form, the name
of the Child, Bag, belonging to Boy, quasi Bog and Pais, Paid-oat,
(riais, n«i^os,) has been derived. Hence we may understand, how the
fundamental sense annexed to BAG, &c. may have given to ^xcchus,
the Plump form of the Boy, or Bog. In the mythology of the Greeks,
among other animals, the Dragon was sacred to Bacchus, and in an
ancient Welsh Poem we have " The Red Dragon, the Bitdd (victory)
" of the Pharaon, (Higher Powers.") Bacchus is sometimes painted
with Horns, and in the Bardic Mythology we have BvDD-Fa7i, the Horn
of Victory, though he is represented as a personage (344.) in a human
shape. With respect to the expedition of Bacchus into India, and his
supposed conquest of the country ; all this relates, I imagine, to a
Missionary rather than to a Military warfare, and it contains, as I
conceive, an obscure record of the propagation of some new Sect, or
System of Religious ceremonies, as the- worship of Buddha. — It will
much assist our enquiries into the tales of Mythology, if we consider that
Religious zeal in learning or spreading different forms of worship, was
singularly alive in the operations of the ancient world, and that many
wars and expeditions were roused and undertaken from the same spirit
of Proselytism, which in latter ages we have found so important an
agent in the revolutions of Mankind. — Before I quit the name of the
Goddess of Victory, I must observe, that a name of the Greek Goddess
of War, preserved by Lycophron, is to be referred to this source.
Minerva has sometimes the name of Boudeia, which I conceive to be
quasi BouDEJa, Buddug, or BoADicea, H ttoWu St] BovSeiau, Aiduiau,
Koptju, Apwyoi' avda^aa-a, Tappodov yafxwu, (v. 35Q, 36o.) The Horns
of Bacchus are supposed to allude to the Horns of oxen used by the
ancients for Cups, as Creuzer and others have conceived, {Dionysus, p. 8.)
This may be so in one tale of Mythology, but another story applied in
a different way will demand another interpretation.
We shall find, that the terms, with which the Celtic words above
produced are surrounded, all confirm the hypothesis, which I unfold to
the reader in different parts of my work respecting the original sense
of these words. I perceive in the same opening of Mr. Owen's Dictionary
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 203
with Bw, BwG, relating to Threatening, Frighting, &c. Bwyd, " Meat,
" Food, or victuals," which I suppose to belong to Fat, the Pudgw^
out, or Pudgy substance, as likewise Bwth, " A Hat, cottage, or Booth,"
where let us note the kindred English term Booth ;— BwTms, " A pair
" of Boots;" Bwt, "A hole; a Butto/? Hole; also a dung cart; and
•' a kind of Basket, to place in the stream to catch fish ;" — Bwsg,.
" An instrument for raising the Bark in grafting, or inoculation ;" all
which terms I conceive to convey the idea of something Risi?ig, or
Swelling out. I perceive moreover Buw, " Kine ; a bullock, steer,
" or ox," Buwc, A Cow, where the form Bw, will bring us to Bu,
"A being; a living principle; also a Kine," I imagine, that all these
terms for Life Animals, whether under the form B"^, or BC, &c. belong
to the same idea of PuDG?77g- out, either as denoting Feedm?^-, Fat, in
general, or as applied to large animals, peculiarly SiveUing out. The
names of all animals, under the form B^, BC, do not probably convey
precisely the same idea, yet it is extremely difficult to discriminate, when
different turns of meaning derived from the same fundamental idea may
be applied. Thus I see, in the same opening with the words just
produced, Bwc, A Buck, which, as I have observed, is either derived
from the idea of PuDGi??o- in, or Sticking in, or FvDGing up, Bounding up ;
just as Bound itself and its similar term Mount belong to the Boundari/,
or Mount, the rising up Heap of Dirt. — In such cases it is impossible
to decide.
The term in Irish, answering to the Welsh Buth, A Cottage, Booth
is Both, Both^^, "A Cottage, hut, tent, bower, shade," and the origin
of this term will be unequivocal from the adjacent words Both«c//,
"A Fen, a Bog," Borach, "A Reedy Bog." The adjacent terms to
these are Bot, "Fire, a cluster, a bunch," Borin, Bot?*, A Boot, Bosd,
" Boasting," — Boscr;?, A Purse, Borigar, A Fork, i. e. The Bending.
Hooked, Bowing instrument, where we see the idea of Risiftg, or Swelling
up, as connected with the Bog, and Bos, "Certain, abject, mean, low,"
as connected with the Base, or Low spot, Bouoog^, A Bawd;" —
BovDach, "A Pimp," where we have the Foul character, and UoTHar,
" A Lane, road, street," where we have the Foul spot. Again, in Irish,
c c 2
204
B,F,P,V, VV.^ C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
we have Bochan, A Cottage, and Bocan, " A covering, cottage," which
means likewise " A hobgobUn, sprite," adjacent to Bocae//, A Bog.
The French Boucan, A Bawdy House, and a Hut, directly belong to
these Celtic terms. Hence we pass to the terms denoting a Booth,
which is referred by the English Etymologists to the Welsh Bivtk, the
Belgic Boedc, Bode, Domuncula, casa, the Danish Bood, Taberna, which
they derive from the Belgic Boiiwen, ^dificare, and the Saxon Bidan,
Byan. From hence we seem to be brought to Bide, gBide, «Bode.
Under oBide, the Etymologists refer us to the Saxon Abidaji, Bidan,
the Belgic Beyden, the Italian Badare, Subsistere, Manere, and the Saxon
Byan, Habitare. There is some difficulty in these words. We should
at once say, that the Booth and the aBoDE are attached to each other ;
and if Booth belongs to the Celtic terms, conveying the same idea, which
we can scarcely doubt, then Booth is the original, and is derived from
the idea of the Swelling out, Rising up object. Yet surely we should
say, that another Welsh word Bod, "A being, or existence; also a
" dwelling, or a place of existence; a being stationary; also station in
" life," belongs likewise to these terms. All this is perfectly intelligible;
and however we may class certain words, as more immediately belonging
to each other, we come ultimately to the same point. I suppose in
another place, that these terms for Being, Life, &c. as Bios, Biotos,
(Btos, BiOTo?, Fita,^ belong to Fat, Feed, Pasco, Bosko, (Boo-kw,) and
that the sense of being Fat refers to what is of a Pudge nature, as in the
substantive Fat. Now the terms for Buildings, Booths, &c. I derive
from the same idea of FvoGtng, or Swelling out, and we have seen,
that some of them are directly connected with Pudge, or Bog Matter,
Among the terms for Booths, &c. we must reckon the Scotch word
Bucht, &c. before produced. Dr. Jamieson explains Bought, Bought,
Bucht, Bught, " A Sheep-fold," &c. &c. to which the combinations
Ewe-BvcHT, Ew-BuGHT belong. These words occur in the same column
of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary with Bought, Bought, "A curvature,
" a bending of any kind," &c. as of the arm, as in El-Bow, &c. of
a Garment, called the Fold of a Garment, belonging to Bow, To Bend,
and its parallels, which are duly produced, and our author has justly
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 205
seen, that all these words denoting Bending, and the Inclosure of the
Pen, are related to each other. I have already shewn, what is ac-
knowledged, that the idea of Bowiwo- belongs to the Bug, the Bay, the
Sinus, the Hollow of Pudge, Pash Matter, IFater, 8cc. This is allowed
by all ; so that, whatever may be the process, by which these various
words arc connected, we are still brought to the spot, supposed in my
hypothesis. — I find myself obliged oftentimes to produce the same terms
in different parts of my work, that the Reader may be enabled to view
these various terms, connected with words bearing a different idea,
and thereby to form his own judgment from all the evidence before him,
respecting their relation to each other.
In the same column with Pugs in Skinner, we have Puke, Vomere,
where we see the notion of Swelling out, or tip, in the effort of Vomiting.
Lye produces a Puke of Hay, which he justly refers to Pack, Sarcina;
where we have directly the Swelling up Heap. Mr. Grose explains
PooK by " A cock of hay, or barley. West." Boke, Nauseare, is another
word bearing the same sense as Puke, and for the same reason. Skinner
produces Boke, as a Lincolnshire term, and refers it to the Spanish
Bossar, Vomere, and Boqueur, Oscitare. Boke is the succeeding word
in Skinner to BoiSTerous, and we now see, that they have the same
meaning. In Norfolk Boke means Bulk; as 'The Wheat has a great
' Boke, but it does not yield well, i. e. There is a great Bulk, or
' quantity of straw, and but little grain.' The Spanish Bosar means,
" To run over, to overflow," where we see the Swelling out, or over
of Pash Y matter, — "To vomit; To utter lofty words." The term next
succeeding this is Boscage, "Tuft, clump, or cluster of trees, or plants,"
where my idea is confirmed respecting the origin of these terms, and I
see likewise BosQuejar, signifying amongst other things, " To make
" a rough model of a figure, or basso relievo in wax ; clay, plaister of
" Paris, or any other soft matter," where we directly see the idea of
working with the Plastic materials of Bog, or Pudge. — Boke is applied
to the Body of a Cart, which may seem to bring us more directly to
Bauch, (Germ.) The term Body is the Boke, or SwellijJg out Sub-
stance.
206
B,F,P,V,W.| C, D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Terms relating to the Lips, Cheeks, Month, from the idea of
PuDG/77^, or Sivelling out.
In the Irish Dialect of the Celtic, Pus is the Up, and the term
adjacent to it in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary is Puxr/^, A Vuxming, and
Puxa;;?, To Push, from which it is manifest, that the sense of the Lip
is derived from the idea of Pudge, or Pash matter, of the Soft object,
PuDciwg-, Vvssmng, or Sivelling out. When we talk of the Pouxewg-
Lip, though it is sometimes applied to a particular action ; we see the
same idea. There are various terms, belonging to our Element BC, &c.
which relate to the Mouth, Lips, Cheek, &c. and to the accidents
attached to these parts, which belong to each other, and which are
derived from the idea of Swelling up, out, &c. Among these terms
we must class the following; Bucca, (Lat.) "The Hollow inner part
" of the Cheek ; the Cheek itself — The Hollow part of the Cheek, which
" stands out by blowing. — A Trumpet," to which belong BucciNa,
BuKawe, (Bvkuvii, Buccina,^ &c. — Buccea, " A Morsel, or Mouthful,
" a collop," &c. &c. — Bocca, Boca, Bouche, (Ital. Span. Fr.) "The
" Mouth."— Boc, (Welsh,) "A Cheek, or Chop," Boc-Voc, "Cheek
" to Cheek, touching," which form Voc will shew us from whence
the Latin Vox, Yocis is derived with its parallels Voice, Voix, (Eng.
Fr.) &c. &c. While I examine this word in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,
1 cast my eyes on an adjacent term Boo, "A Swelling, or rising up,"
BoGeilia7'o, " To Boss, or Swell out," where we see the true idea. —
Bus, (Welsh,) "The Human Li/)."— Bus, (Ir.) " Mouth, Snout, a Am,"
as Mr. Shaw explains it ; in the same column of whose Dictionary, I see
Buxis, "A Boot; — Buth, A Shop, tent," or Booth ; — Buta, "A short
" ridge, a tun, Boot," to which But belongs, where we still see the
same idea of Rising, or Sweirmg up, and in the sense of a Ridge we are
brought to the idea of Sivelling up Dirt. In the same column T find
BvsGam, "To Dress, to stop, hinder," which unequivocally means
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 20'?
To Pudge up, as in the French Boucne;-, and the Greek Buzo, (Bv^w,
Refercio,) whatever may be the precise idea, to which the sense ot
Dressing belongs. — In the English part of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, we
have PuisiN, for a hip. Under Osculum in Lhuyd I find wiVok, VoKkyn,
" A little pretty mouth ; Kiss, or Buss. — PoK.kail, imVoG, Pok, Bvsnet,
" and PoKC/, To Kiss. — Poo." In the same column of Mr. Shaw's
Dictionary with Pog, a Kiss, and PoGaw, To Kiss, I see Poc, Boc,
" A He goat, Poc, or Boc-Iluad, a Roe-BucK," Yocac/h, "A Pockc^,
" or little Bag," where we still see the idea of Push?/?o- ai, oaf, &c.
I see likewise Poixam, " To drink," which I have before derived from
the Pudge spot, Pota, A Pot, and Foirckriadh, FoTrers clay, where
we are brought to the species of matter, supposed in my hypothesis.
Mr. Owen explains Poc by "A smack; a kiss," the adjacent words to
which are Podi, " To take in, to comprehend," i. e. What Swells out,
so as to be able to take in, and Podyr, " Powdery, mouldering," where
we are brought to the spot, supposed in my hypothesis. — Buss, with its
various acknowledged parallels produced by the Etymologists, BAsiare,
(Lat.) Baiser, (Fr.) Basciare, Besar, (Ital. Span.) Boesen (Belg.) where
Lye has seen, that these words may belong to the Celtic terms, produced
above. The preceding term in Junius to Busse, Osculari, are Buss,
Grandior navis piscatoria, &c. and BusA///, Cothurnus, where we see the
Swelling out Hollow. In the terms adjacent Busk, Bust, Butt, Butter,
Bush, Burrress, ButtocAs, &c. we still perceive the idea of the Swelling
out substances, and in Butter, we are directly brought to Pudgy matter,
to which they all belong. — Puz, (Pers.jy} "The Lip, the Mouth, and
" the environs ; which means likewise the Calf oj the Leg.'' — Bus, (Pers.)
ijuji " A Kiss, a Buss, Kissing," the terms adjacent to which in Mr.
Richardson's Dictionary will decide on the origin of these words. The
preceding term to Puz, is Buz, " A Goat," i. e. the Pvaning out animal,
a parallel term to Buck, wdiere we may see, how these senses are
reconciled under my hypothesis. — Fvzei, jame, di?x'kt, " Wool, the
" Pile of Cloth, the Pith of a tree; Pustigi, the cream upon milk, the
" Fat upon broth," where we see matter of a Pudgy nature. The next
word to Bvsiilen, is Fvsiden ^J<iJ^y^ " To Rot, corrupt, spoil, wither,
208
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,in,n,r.
" to become PuxReV/," where we are actually brought to Pudge
matter itself. Hence we see from this Pudgy, or Fuzzy matter for
Clothing, why we have as adjacent terms ^Asuiden ^^>xxijj signifying,
" To Cover, conceal, Clothe," Push, "A veil, covering. Mantle, garment,"
Vusmsh, "A Covering, garment. — Pusnes^, A coverlet. Sheet, Blanket,"
the next word to which is Pushek, " A Cat, Puss," which confirms my
former idea on the origin of this word Puss. Let us note the term
Mantle, which I have shewn to be brought to its original sense, when
it is applied to the " Green Mantle of the Standing Pool." I cannot help
producing an Arabic term or two, adjacent to these words, as ^j,^) Baws,
or Bus, " Preceding, going before, being superior, excelling, &c. —
" A woman's Hips, Bausa, Having /a/'g^e Hips, Baws^/', "The Heemorr-
" holds, piles. A kind of herb, which cures them, verbascum, touchweed,
" lungwort, woolblade. Petty Mullein, or high taper." The Piles, we
see, are so called from the idea of their VvoGing, or Swelling out, and
the Herb may be so denominated from curing it, yet it might belong
to the general idea of being of a Pudgy, or soft nature, and such I
imagine to be the force of Basc in Verbascum ; quasi Herb-BAScum.
It is called Wool Blade from this property, and Mullein, as belonging
to Mollis. Before I leave these Persian and Arabic words I ought to
observe, that the next word to the term, relating to Wool, and Pith, is
Vvziden, which among other senses signifies " To Cook," that is, ' To
' reduce to a Soft, Pudge state,' and to this idea belong the Greek
Pesso, or Petto, (Uea-a-o, Trerrw, Coquo, maturo,) and the English
Poach, &c. "To Poach Eggs," &c. Some Etymologists imagine, that
' PocHED Eggs,' bear the same meaning as Pashed Eggs ; and others
refer us to Pocher, (Fr.) Effodere. I must observe, that Poched occurs
in the same column of Skinner with Podge, or Pudge. The French
PocHER means "To Push, Pash, or Pudge, if I may so say, as ivith,
or into Pudgy matter; Pocher les yeux au beurre noir, To give him
a black eye, To Pudge his eye, Pocher une lettre. To make a round
top, or bottom to a letter, To Pudge, or mark a letter, Des oeufs Poches,
Poached, or Fudged eggs. In Armoric Poaz is " To Boil, bake," &c.
The Poche in French, the Pocket, is what Pudges out. The Poacher,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 209
after game is the Pudger, the person who Pads about in the Pudge.
The origin of Pesso, (Uecra-w,^ will be manifest from its preceding term
in my Vocabulary, Pessos, (rieo-cos, Calculus seu scrupus lusorius,)
where we are directly brought to the Dirt of the Ground. There is
another word Pepto, (JleTrrw, Coquo, matiiro,) bearing a similar sense,
which might be quasi Peto; yet here there is some difficulty, as the form
PB, or PP supplies the same idea. In Welsh Pobi signifies " To bake,
" to roast, to toast." Before I quit these terms, belonging to the Mouth,
Lips, &c. I must note the explanatory term for Poc, a Sviack, which
I shall shew to belong to the Soft matter of Mud, as I suppose Poc to
belong to Pudge, or Pash, under some process. In Smack we see the
idea of Noise, and we cannot perhaps separate this idea in some cases
from the words here examined, Buss, &c. If we should say, that these
words for Kissing, &c. relate to the metaphor of FAsmtig, or Vvooing,
we shall express the whole of the idea. I shall shew, that the term Kiss
belongs to Squash matter, or to the action of Squashing, if I may so
express it, just as we talk of Slipping and Slopping, as applied to the
same thing.
Dd
210
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,R,Q,S,T,X,Y,ZJ l,m,n,r.
1 ERMs, relating to what is Fat, to Food, to Feeding, Sec. or conveying
ideas connected with such notions, as of a Swelling out form, of
Plenty, Abundance, Fertility, Prosperity , Cheerfulness, Sec. Life,
Existence, Being, an Animal, Sec. which are all derived originally
from the form and property of the Fat, Pudge matter of the Earth,
or Pedow, &c. (rieSoi/.)
Fat, Fatten, Food^ Feed, Fodder,
Foster, &c. (Eng.)
Pasco, Paitre, Phago, Bosko, Botco,
&c. (Lat. Fr. Gr. &c.)
Vescor, (Lat.)
FoT^^s, Fauti^, Fcetms, VfECundus, Fac-
undus, FestmSj Festwus, (Lat.)
Feast, Fest^a/, &c. (Eng.)
Bat, Batten, (Old Eng.) To Feed, grow
Fat.
Bait, (Eng.) Food for fish. To stop for Food
at an Inn.
Baster, Bastar, Basta, &.c. &c. (Fr.
Span. Ital.) Terms relating to Abundance.
Be ATMS, (Lat.) Prosperous, Fertile, &c.
Bus, (Pers.) Enough.
FoizoN, (Old Eng.) The Moisture of Grass,
8cc. Abundance.
Fatjw, a/FATim, (Lat.)
Fatua, (Lat.) The Goddess of the Earth.
oBesms, heBes, heSEris, (Lat.)
aBS, (Heb.) To stuff with Food.
PioTes, Pinguis quasi Pigg!»s, (Gr. Lat.)
Pakus, Pakiws, Pukwos, 8tc. (Gr.) Fat,
Fudging out, Thick, &c.
sPissMs, cPais, sPesso, &c. (Lat. Fr. Ital.)
BEETHa/gArt/n, Biadh, &c. (Ir.) To Feed,
Food, &c.
Bous, Bos, Vacca, &c. (Gr. Lat.) an
Animal.
BouKo/os, Bekm/o5, BvcHail, &c. (Gr.
Welsh.) A Herdsman.
BwYD, (Welsh.) Meat, Food.
Beatho, Bywyd, Bios, Biot-os, Vito,
(Ir. Welsh, Gr. Lat.) Life.
&c. &c. &c.
I shall produce in this Article, a Race of words, belonging to our
Element BD, &c. which relate to Fat, or to what is Fat, to Food, and
to the action of Feeding ; or which convey a train of ideas, perpetually
connected with such notions, such as terms relating to Plenty, Abundance,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 211
Fertility, Prosperity, Cheerfulness, &c. Life, Existence, Being, &c.
In this Race of words we must class the very terms adopted, Fat, Feed,
Food, which together with their kindred words, I conceive to be derived
from the idea, which we annex to the substance called Fat, or to the
Fat matter of Soil and Dirt, that is, to the Soft Unctuous Matter of
a Boxj, or Pudge nature, PuDG?'wg, or Swelling out, up, &c. When
we talk of a Fat, Rich, Soil, and of " Clouds dropping Fatness," we
are directly brought to the Bog, or Pudge Matter of the Ground, from
which I suppose these ideas to be derived. A variety of circumstances
annexed to the Soft, Unctuous Fat, or Pudge matter of the Ground,
operate in suggesting to us the train of ideas, which relate to objects
Swelling out, VvDoing out, with Juice, &c. and which belong to Growth,
Increase, Abu7ulance, Fruitfulness, Fertility, Prosperity, and hence to
a Prosperous, Happy, Fortunate state of things, to a Gay, Cheerful
appearance ; to Mirth, Gladness, &c. &c. whether our minds are im-
pressed with the Swelling form, and the Soft, Smooth, Sleek Appearance
of such Fat, Unctuous matter of the Ground, the Pudge, &c. or whether
we regard the Property of Ground, in this Pudge, Fat state, as producing
Fertility. In many cases these ideas of the Appearance and the Property
of such matter cannot be separated : Yet we shall find, that the
impression of the Form and Appearance of Fat, or Pudge Matter is
commonly most visible, and that the Property of the Ground in pro-
ducing Fertility is not perhaps so much to be considered as the object,
which has attracted the attention of the mind in the formation of terms,
conveying this train of ideas.
The notion of a Fat, Oily, Unctuous Substance of Grease, Oil, &c.
is perpetually connected with the idea of a Plenteous, Rich state of things,
of a Beautiful, Charming, Gay appearance, or oi Beauty, Grace, Excellence,
&c. This is a fact, which I shall prove by unequivocal examples ; and I shall
shew moreover in the progress of my Work, that the words expressing these
Fat, Oily, Substances, were originally derived from terms, under different
Elements, denoting the Uliginous, Oily Matter of Clay, Mud, Pudge, &c.
But whether we allow this origin, or not, I shall prove by indisputable
facts, that these terms, which express at once Grease, Fat, &c. and a
D D 2
212
B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,v,r.
Beautiful appearance, are actually applied to such Uligi?iotis matter, and
therefore might be derived from it. In Latin Unctus, signifies " Anointed,
" Greasy, Oily,'' and it means likewise " Wealthy, plenteous, copious,"
where we simply see Greasy matter, and its concomitant idea, Plenty,
or Abimdance. This term is particularly applied to Rich Food, " Uncta
" Coena,'' &c. Under the sense of IVealthy R. Ainsworth has produced
the " Uucta devorare Patrimonia,'' of Catullus, to which he has brought
as parallel our combination a " Fat Benejice,'' and he has moreover
produced a passage, containing a well known use of the term, where
it is applied to the Graces of Composition, " Uncfior splendidiorque
" consuetudo loquendi." I shall shew, in the course of my enquiries,
that Grace, Gratig^, and Charis, (Xajots,) belong to Grease, for the same
reason ; but whether they do or not, this single instance of Unctus is
sufficient to prove, that this relation might have existed. — The Greek
Liparos, Aiwapo^, from Lipos, Anros, Pinguedo, adeps, selum, is ex-
plained by " Pinguis, obesus, adiposus, Unctus; Opimus, opulentus ;
" Pulcher, praclarus, Beatus, felix, est et epith. precum, Ambitiosus,
" vehemens, assiduus." The Latin Opimus contains this union of ideas,
and it is supposed to be derived from " Ope, i. e. Terra, Fest. ut propria
" dicatur Pingui Solo.'' Robert Ainsworth explains Opimus by " Fruitful,
" rich, fertile, Fat, well grown, large, gross. — Large, fair, plentiful.
" Abounding with all good things, rich, well furnished. Most honour-
" able, or great." This word likewise is applied in a familiar example,
produced by this Lexicographer, to the Graces of Language, accompanied
by another term, which is almost taken in its material sense. " Opimum
" quoddani, et quasi Adipatce dictioiiis genus." — The Latin hMTUS
contains the union of the various ideas, which I have above unfolded,
and I sliall shew in a future Volume, that it belongs to terms denoting
Mud, under the form LT, &c. as Lut«/?/ ; but whether it does or not,
1 shall here shew, that it might be derived from this source, and that
it is actually applied to \jVTeous, or Uliginous Matter. R. Ainsworth
explains Lcetus by "i. Glad, merry, frolicksome, cheerful, joyous,
" joyful, jolly, jovial, jocund, pleasant, delightsome. 2. Lucky, fortunate.
" 3. Of fields, Plentiful, fruitful, verdant. 4. Of Cattle, Fat, in good
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 213
" liking. 5. Welcome, acceptable. 6. Brisk, lively. 7- Willing. 8. Swift."
The various applications of this word to the Ground. Lteta Terra, &c.
Lcetas segetes. — Tellus Lcetior, &c. L(efa Pascua, "Locos Lcetos et
" amoena vireta," &c. &c. all bring us to the true spot, but in the
following well known passage, we at once see the whole fact, as stated
in my hypothesis. Here Lceius is directly connected with the Fat
Ground, and with Uliginous matter, " At quae Pinguis Humus, dulcique
" U/igine L^ta." Let us mark the explanatory terms Joyous, Jocund,
Glad, Merry. 1 shall shew, that Joy, Jocund, Jocus, Joke, &c. belong
to Juice, (Eng.) Jus, Succus, &c. for a similar reason, and Glad is
acknowledged to belong to the German Glaf, Lubricus, Hilaris, which
Wachter has very justly referred to Gloios, Gloiodes, Gliskros, (FAotov,
Sordidus, Sordes Olei, r\otwB>i^, TXia-xpos, Glutinosus Viscidus,) where
we are brought to Glue, Glutinous, Clay, Givalt, (as they call it in
Cambridge,) arGilla, arGillos, (ApyiWo^.} My Lexicographer explains
Glatt by "Smooth, even, Sleeked, plain, well polished, Glatte Hand-
" schuh, Glazed gloves," where let us note Sleek and Glazed, from
which latter word we shall pass to Glister, Glitter, and the term Glatte
will likewise remind us of Glide, and Slide. It will now be perceived,
how terms, denoting Splendor, Brightness, &c. may be derived from the
Shining of Fat, Greasy Matter. I have shewn in another place, that
the idea of Dii't may bring us by different processes of the understanding
to the same idea of what is Fine, Gay, &c. (^Prelimin. Dissert, p. i i8-ig,
&c.) We shall now understand the propriety of adopting the term Glad,
or Gladness, on such occasions as the following, where the writer
unconscious of the origin of the term was guided to its use by a just
impression, " He shall anoint thee with the Oil of Gladness above thy
" fellows." It will now likewise be understood, how Neat and Nitidus
may belong to Nasty, and how the Latin word may signify in some of its
senses " Neat, clean, spruce, trim, gay, fine, genteel in dress or manners,
" florid, gallant, gorgeous. — Bright, shining. Glittering, Glistering.
"Looking bright, fair and beautiful; also smooth, splendid, delicate;
" also elegant," and likewise, " Slick, well Fed, Fat, Plump." Thus
we see, how the mind passes from " Nitent Unguenfis, to Nitet diffuso
314 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
" lumine Caelum." The term NiTor, " To Strive, Struggle," relates to
Struggle, and Contention, in the Nasty, Greasy, Path. If the sentence,
which R. Ainsworth produces, relating to Struggling in a Path, " Ardua
" per loca agresti ac trepidante gradu Nititur," had been of the following
kind, " Luhrica per loca Labente gradu Nititur," or if we might have
said ' Per loca adipe, vel unguento NiT?rfa NiTiT^/r,' we should have
seen the true idea. The Latin Luctor bears the same relation to Lutum,
as Nitor, To Struggle, does to Niteo, To be Fat, Greasy, &c. and thus
hipares, (^Aiwapt]^, Assiduus,) Sticking to, in, at any thing, is connected
with Liparos, (AtTrajoos, Pinguis,) denoting Sticky matter, and Labor,
Laboris, Laboro, relating to Labour, with Labor, Labi, To sLip. It
will now be seen, how Nidor, the smell of Greasy matter, may belong
to Nitor, Nitoris. I shall shew, that the terms Merry, Mirth, &c. belong
to Mire, for the same reason. Cicero has combined Nitidus and Lcetus
w4th great eftect, and has applied them to a certain species of ornamented
Language, and what is curious, he involves his combination with the
direct mention of the Greasy substance of Oil, by the aid of an apt
metaphorical allusion, or comparison, " Nitidum quoddam genus est
" verborum et Lcetum, sed Palcestrs magis et Olei, quam hujus civilis
" turbcc ac fori."
The introduction to this article has been extended to a greater length,
than I usually adopt on such occasions ; as it is destined to unfold to us
a train of ideas, which is perpetually visible through the whole compass
of Human Speech ; though we were but little acquainted with the extent,
or the force of its operation. I shall now proceed to the detail of the
terms themselves, proposed to be explained in this article; and shall
exhibit those words, belonging to the Element BD, &c. which relate
to ' What is Fat, to Food, and to the action of Feeding, or which relate
' to ideas perpetually connected with such notions,' as before explained.
Among these terms we must class the following; Fat, Fatten, Food,
Feed, Fodder, with their parallels produced by the Etymologists, as
Feet, (Sax.) Fett, Feist, (Germ.) Fet, (Belg.) Fetten, (Germ.) &c.
Fode, (A. S.) Foda, (Dan.) Btvyd, (Welsh,) Biotos, (Btoros,) Fedan,
(Sax.) Vbeden, (Belg.) JFeyden, (Germ.) Paistre, or Paitre, (Fr.)
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 215
Pasco, Pastum, (Lat.) Fodan, (Goth.) Foeda, (Isl.) the Greek Botein,
Boskein, with the terms, attached to them, Boter, Boton, Botane, &c.
(Boreiv, Boa-Keiv, Pascere, Bortip, Pastor, Botop, Pecus,) Fodre, Father,
&c. (Sax.) Futtern, (Germ.) Foederen, (Belg.) &c. &c. The Latin Pasco
has Ukewise been referred to Pasko, Pao, Paomai, {Uaa-Kw, vel potius
Ylaonai, f. atro^ai, Possideo, Gusto, Vescor.) In the German Weidc//,
To Pasture cattle, we see the Weide, the Pasture, the Pudge Ground
directly connected with it. It is in vain here to decide, whether Weidc//
means "To grow Pudgy, or Fat," or To crop the herbage of the
Pudgy Meadow. — The German Futter not only means " Fodder,
" Food, &c. but it signifies likewise the " Lining of a garment," where
we are unequivocally brought to the idea of Vvv>Ging, or Stuffing out.
In our vulgar term Fother/wc/z^, which corresponds to Bother, Puther,
&c. &c. we have a similar idea of a Pudgy state, applied to another
purpose. — Fodder in English, and in German Fuoer is used likewise
for a Load of any thing of Wood, stone. Lime, Lead, &c. where we
have still the idea of the Sivelli?ig out, Pudgy Form, Substance, or Mass,
&c. We talk too of a " Pig of Lead," where Pig, both as appUed to
the Lump and the animal, means the Pudgy substance. In German
" Bin Fdder Wein,'' is "A Vat, or Tun of Wine," where let us mark
Vat, or Fat, a kindred term ; and we shall hence understand, how Fat, as
an adjective and substantive, is derived from the same idea. In examining
these words in Skinner, I cast my eyes on other terms belonging to our
Element, appearing in the same leaf, as FAsniow, Fast, Firmus, and
Jejunium, Fastcw upon, pATHer, and Fathow, Faucc/. 1 shew, that
Fash/ow or Form is derived from the Plastic nature of Pudge matter,
that Fast and Fastcw, relating to the sense of Holding, or of Tenadous-
ness, belong to the idea of Sticking in Pudge matter, that ' To Fast,'
Jejunare, means ' To keep Fast,' or Tenacious to the purpose, as of
Abstaining, just as Abstain belongs to Teneo, and Tenacity, and that
Fathom relates to the Watery Bottom, through which a person
Wades. The Faucc/, Faussc^, (Fr.) obturaculum, is that which Fastc/w,
Pudges, or Stops up. The term Father I shall consider in another
place.
216
B,F,P,V, W.J C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
Let us mark the kindred term, adopted in the explanation of the
Greek word Pasko, (riao-Ko),) the term VEScor, and remember Esca,
where the Labial sound is lost. An adjacent term to VEScor in our
Vocabularies is Yiscum, where we directly see the idea of Pudge matter,
and let us again note its parallel term Ixos, (I^o?, Viscum,) where the
Labial sound is wholly lost. — The term Visc//s, Viscem, may be derived
from Y^scendo, as the Etymologists imagine ; or it may belong to
Yxscum, or Visc?«, under the idea of the Glutinous adhesion of the
Bowels. We ought however to remember, that the sense of the Bowels
brings us to the idea of the Deep, Low spot, as referred to the Earth,
The Bowels of the Earth, Viscera Terrce, which would at once conduct
us to the Spot supposed in my hypothesis. — Vict?/*, Sustenance, Food,
connects itself with Vivo, Vixi, YicTum, where we have the two forms
VV, and VC, as in Pavi, and Pasco, &c. From Victms we pass to
ViCTuals, and its parallels Victuailles, (Fr.) Vittouaglia, (Ital.) &c.
The Greek Fago, {^wyw, Edo,) may belong to these words for Food, &c,
I must leave the Reader to consider whether Esca, which is certainly
attached to y-Escor, does not connect itself likewise with Edo, EsTHio,
(Eo-^tft),) Wachter derives the German Yocuenz, "Panis similagineus,"
from Fago, (J^ayu),') and he sees no relation between this word, and the
succeeding term in his Glossary Vod, FoTor, Nutritor. The succeeding
term is Vogd, which means Prcefectus, Patronus, and I must leave the
German Scholars to decide, whether the idea of a Master, Guardian,
Governour, has not been derived from that of a Feeder, Nourisher,
Sustainer, &c. The term, says Wachter, is used " De principibus, et
" omnibus imperium habentibus, et eminentissime de Deo, coeli et terrae
" Moderatore, quamvis non nisi a Poetis." We all remember the familiar
application of the metaphor of Y2.B.mng, as of Sheep, &c. to that of
Governing, Yloifxeva \awp, Pastor, a Pasco, " One who keepeth any sort
" of animals, a shepherd, a herdsman, a keeper of poultry, as pigeons,
" peacocks, &c. — Met. A King, or Governour,'' I examine however in
another place a Race of words, denoting the Great Personage, which
I shew to be derived from the idea of the Great Mass, Rising, or
Sivelling up in general, without a direct reference to the idea of Nourish-
ing ; and to these words Vogd may belong.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 217
Foster, with its parallels Fostrian, Foedsteren, (Sax. Belg. &c.)
is acknowledged to belong to Feed, Fodder, and we are reminded
likewise of Yorare, which brings us to Foveo, and Fot?^s. We here
see both forms Foveo, and Fotus, from which some might imagine, that
the Labial F" supplied the original Elementary character. This however
belongs to Theory, and does not interfere with the truths, which I am
unfolding respecting the Elementary form FT. In Pasco, Pavi, and
Pastmw, we have likewise both forms PS, and PV. The Latin Foveo,
and ¥oTus, bring us to Faveo, Favi, Fautm/w, which originally belonged
to the idea of Favouring, or of shewing kindness by Nourishing, or
FfiEDzwg. From Fautm/w, YkVTrix, " Ykvtrix natura," we pass to
Faust;/*, " Lucky, auspicious," &c. and from thence to Festwws, Festz/s,
the YzsTwal, the Feast, where in Feast we are again brought in contact
with the idea, expressed by Feed. The Fasti the Calendar, is the
composition, where the Festi dies are recorded, and Fas, " Piety, justice,"
&c. seems to belong directly to Faustms, as denoting what is Fair, Good.
We shall at once see with what a variety of ideas the sense of Yz^v>ing
or Nourishing is connected, if we consider the various purposes, to
which Almus is applied, " Properly cherishing, nourishing ; but may
" be rendered into English, Holy, pure, fair, clean, calm." The term
Ah likewise means "To Nourish, Feed, cherish, maintain, keep and find
" with all things necessary ; to bring up ; to make much of; to augment,
" increase, improve," where we see how Fautww, and YoTum, may
belong to such terms as Feed, &c. &c. The following well known
passage will confirm my idea respecting the origin of Faustz/s, and will
shew us likewise the curiosa felicitas of the Poet, who is thus enabled,
by the force of a just impression, to bring terms together, which contain
the same fundamental idea.
" Nutrit riira Ceres, almaque Faustitas."
In F(et?<s, " Big, or great with Young," and VcECundus, we have other
terms of the same race, and in the word Big, belonging to our Element,
we see the idea of Swelling, or Pudg?7?^ out, as supposed in my
hypothesis. In Fce/co, " To Stink," we have Pudge Foul matter, under
Ee
218 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G;J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.J l,m,n,r.
another idea, and in its kindred and adjacent term Fgedw«, Filthy, we
have a similar notion. I shall shew, that Ymous, the Bargain, Treaty,
brings us still to Pudge matter, under the sense of the cowPact, what
is made up in a cotwPact, consistent Lump, Mass, form, state, &c.
Yxcv^vnis seems to be only another form of Fcecund?<s, as in one sense
FoECUNm/os means " Exuberancy, fluency. Eloquence.^' We see, under
my hypothesis, how T(BCu?HUtas may belong to F^x, FjEcis, Dirt, Dregs.
T have shewn, that Fac?o is derived from the idea of Pudge Matter,
under its Plastic iiature.
In Irish Yxsam is "To Grow, or increase," and Fas, "Growing,
" increase, growth." Fas likewise signifies, as Mr. Shaw explains it,
" Empty, vacant, hollow;" and I find as adjacent terms, FasacA,
•' A desert, wilderness," — Yxsachaiti, " To desolate," and FAsam huil,
" Growing, increasing, wild, desert." I must leave the Celtic Scholars
to decide from what idea the sense of a Desert is derived. It should
seem from the last article, that the Desert meant the Spot, where every
thing Gi'oivs Wild, as we express it, in " waste fertility." It might be
derived from the idea of " Empty, Facant, Hollow," which is connected,
as we know, with Swelling out objects. In the next Article we have
Fas 7iah aon oich, " A Mushroom," which directly brings us to Pudge,
Spungy matter. I see adjacent to these words Fasaw, Fashion, which
belongs to Fas, Growing, &c. just as Fac/o does to YcECundus. In
Welsh the corresponding word to Fas, Growing, &c. is Faeth, which
Mr. Owen explains by " Luxuriant, fruitful, rich, Fecund, Mellow, ripe,"
and in the example, which this Lexicographer has produced of its
application, we are brought to the spot, supposed in my hypothesis,
" Tyr givyz, a thir Faeth, Wild Land, and cultivated hand.'' In the
same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary, we have Fxced, "Curd; Posset
" curds," where we perceive in the term Posset, the true idea of Pudge
Matter. In the same opening of this Dictionary, I see likewise Fawd,
" Fortune, luck, prosperity, happiness," where our author refers us to
Fau', signifying, "A flowing form ; radiancy; glory," &c. It is curious,
that from the Welsh Faeth, the sense of a Desert is derived, but by
a process not like that, which I have above exhibited from Fas, as
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 219
jD/-Faeth, " What is wn-FECUND, a Desert, or barren place," from Di,
privative and Faeth.
The terms adjacent in the order of a Latin Vocabulary to the words
in that Language, vvhich I have just produced, are Fastz^s, YxsTigium,
and VASTidiitm, which all belong to the idea of Swelling out. Yet
Yksrig'mm, which signifies the Top, relates likewise to "The Bottom,
" or Depth, as of a Pit,'' where we are actually brought to the spot
supposed in my hypothesis, — The Botto?» of the Pit, — The Pudge
Hole, or Matter. I see likewise Fatmws, " Insipid, Mawkish, that hath
" no taste," where we again have the Vile Pudgy stuff. I perceive
likewise the word Fatww, which has some difficulty. If Fat?^7» is that,
" quod Fatww est," this term must belong to the words, relating to
Noise, PAxrer, &c. which I suppose to be derived from the noise in
Pash?/?^ against Pudge Matter. If YhTum, as denoting Death, belongs
to Tathus, pATigo, &c. it relates to the idea of being reduced to a weak
Relaxed state. There is still a third notion on the origin of this word,
which I have given in another place. I see likewise as adjacent terms.
Faux, Fax, Fati^o, Fxreor, Tatisco, Fasces, Fasc/g, and FASciman.
I have shewn, that Faux means the Holloto, or Fossa; and Fascm,
A Faggo/, &c. — A Pach, or Packet, and pAScm, the Band, or Roller,
denote the Lump of matter, where let us mark the kindred term Pack,
and l^ACKet. In Fat/^o, and Fat/^co, we see the Loose, Relaxed state
of Pudge Matter, and I give in another place some observations on the
origin of Fatco/-. The term Fax, the Torch, is supposed to belong
to Faos, (<I>aos, Lux.) and so it may, yet it should perhaps be referred
to the idea, expressed by Pix, &c. the Pudge, Pitchy, or Unctuous
Matter, of which it is composed. The term Fascinum is explained in
another place. We shall now understand, that the familiar word Bait,
in the phrases ' The Bait for Fish,' and ' To Bait at an Inn,' belongs
to Bat, &c. as relating to Food, and the Etymologists have accordingly
referred it to the French Paitre, &c. In the sense of Baiting Dogs,
the word Bait must be referred to terms of Excitement, and Agitation,
Beat, &c. which I shall shew to have been originally derived from
Pashing, Vusning, &c. as amongst Pudge Matter. The Reader must*
E E 2
220 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X, Z.^ l,m,n,r.
not be wearied by this useful and significant word, though it be not in
general familiarly adopted. In French ap?kT, signifies a Bait, and
flpPAS, " Charms, Graces," &c. that is the Bait of Beauty, apYxrer,
" To put a Bait on a hook, or snare. To Feed Birds with a sort of
" dough, in order to Fatten them," and Menage refers aPAs, Esca,
to Pastww^. That Grace constitutes the Charm, or Bait of Beauty, by
which alone men are caught, as Fish by the Baited Hook, we have
all learned in our earliest days from Classical authority,
KaXXo? avev ■)(apiTwv repirei fiovov, ov Kare-^ei Se,
Qy axep wyKiaTpov vrf^^ofievov ceXeap.
The three succeeding articles in Skinner to Bait, are " The Hawk
" Baiteth," which means "The Hawk Beateth with his wings;" —
Baize, with its parallels Bay, (Germ.) Bayeta, (Span.) Bayette, (Fr.)
&c. &c. Pannus villosus, which means the Fuzzy, or Pudgy Stuff,
as it were, and Bake, belonging to BAciaw, (Sax.) Pinsere, Pachan,
(Franc.) &c, &c. and to Pinso, Pis?*, Pistmw, which signifies To Pudge
up, or Form into a Lump, Pudge like Matter. The Etymologists here
justly remind us of the Phrygian term for Bread Bekkos, (Bekkos,)
about which we have heard so much.
The sense annexed to Fat, and Fatten, brings us to the kindred
terms Bat, Batten. We know, that the term Batten occurs in
Shakspeare, and it seems to have retained some of its original idea of
File, or Coarse Feed, while the term Feed had lost this more primitive
meaning. In Hamlet we have, " Could you on this fair mountain leave
" to Feed, And Batten on this moor?" Mr. Steevens explains Batten
by " To grow Fat," and produces a passage from an old Play, " And
" for Milk, I Batten'd was with blood," where Batten is likewise
used in a contemptuous sense, ' I was Pudg'd out, or bloated out with
' blood,' and he adds likewise " Bat is an ancient word for Inc7'ease.''
Hence we have the adjective Bai/w/, so often used by Drayton in his
" Polyolbiony Mr. Grose explains Batten by " To Feed, or Fatten,"
and the adjacent terms to this are Bashy, "Fat, Swelled, BATttig with
" child. Breeding, gravid," i, e. Big with child. Batten. " The Straw
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. ^m
" of two Sheaves folded together," BxTTlrngs, " The loppings of trees,
" larger than Faggots, and less than timber," in all which we see the
idea of Swelling out substances, and I likewise see Battles, which
Mr. Grose gives us, as the Cambridge and Oxford term for " Commons,
" or board." This is an Oxford, but not a Cambridge term ; and it
must be referred to the idea of VEEning, or BATTe7iing. In Sherwood's
English and French Dictionary, (l630,) we have "To Battle,
" or get flesh, prendre chair. Battle, Fertile, To Battle, or grow
" Fatter," &c. &c. — To Battle, (as schoUers doe in Oxford,) " Estre
" debteur au College pour ses vivres." — Battling, " Vivres manger
" morche." Adjacent to these terms, I see Batter for pancakes, or
fritters, BxTTcrd, Batw, Battel, Bataille, combat, which terms for
BEXTing, I shall shew to be derived from Batterw/^-, or Pashm?^ about,
Batter, or Pudge like matter, and thus we see, how Battle, relating
to BxTTeriy/g, and B\TTe/iiiig contains the same fundamental idea. I see
in Grose among the terms, produced above, a Derbyshire combination
Battle- ff^ig, an Ear Wig, which means perhaps the troublesome animal,
which Battles, or Beats about you. This may be the original of the
Fluttering Bat. I see in Grose another adjacent term, which is used
likewise in Derbyshire, "To Bat with the eyes, to wink; that is. To
" Beat with the eyes." In Mr. Todd's Edition of Johnson's Dictionary,
Bat/uI is produced as a term familiar to Drayton, in his Polyolbion,
with two quotations in which we have Bat/?// FASTures, and BatJ'uI
Meads. Under Batten, which is considered as a word of donbtful
Etymology there is a quotation from Philips, where we have " The
" Meadows here with BATTcning Ooze enrich'd," where the Ooze brings
Bat to Pudge Matter, according to my hypothesis. Under Battel
we find one sense to be that of "Fruitful, Fertile," with a quotation from
Hooker, where we have Battle (irounds. John Florio adopts the words
" Battle, Fruitfull," in explaining the Italian Lieto, belonging to the
Latin Lcetus. We may observe, that Bat, Battle belongs to Pudge,
Bog Matter, just as Lcetus does to sLush, z/Ligo, " At qua? Pinguis
" Humus, dulcique uLigine, hceta."
The term Bat, denoting Plenty, Increase, has various words belonging
332 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.} l,m,n,r.
to it, in Modern Languages BASxer, (Fr.) BASxar, (Span.) " To abound,
" to be plentiful," Basto, (Ital.) and the Latin Beatm«, which is brought
to its original spot and idea, in such applications as BEAT/rw Riis, Beata
Uhertas, Beati Campi, Beatus Eurotas, &c. &c. The term Beatz/s
has been justly referred to Beo, though the adjective represents the more
original form. In the Dialects of Hindostan Bhat, as represented \>y
Mr. Hadley, is the term applied for the Comparative Degree, answering
to our word Moie, Bhote is another form signifying "Very much,
" many," (^Gramm. page 26, and Part IL p. 4.) In Persian jlw BESj/ar
means " Many, much, numerous, frequent, ample, copious," and in the
simple form we have Bus ^J^ " Enough, it is sufficient. — A great number,
" many, more." In Persian Ijj Feza signifies "More, Encreasing, grown,
" augmented," Tvzuden, " To increase, multiply," and Fuzun, " More,
" greater, larger, Increase, Multitude, magnitude." This latter form
Fuzun will remind us of the English and French term, Foison, " Earth's
" increase, and Foison plenty." In one sense Foizon, or Fezon is used,
says Mr. Grose, for " The nature, juice, or moisture of the grass, or
" other herbs, the heart or strength of it," that is. The SiveUing out
juices of the Plant. Skinner cannot help reminding us of the German
Feist, Fat, though he prefers the origin given by Menage of Fusio.
The term Fundo Fuoi, Vvsurn, belongs to the same idea of Watery
Pash matter. Mr. Weston has seen this resemblance between the French
and Persian words (^Specimen, &c. page 124.) the adjacent words to
which belonging to our Elementary character are jl^ Fistek, Pistacheo
cL5y Fawt, " Death, Passing away," to which he refers Fat«7k, though
he observes, that the Romans have a good derivation for the word,
YkTum, " quod Dii Fantur,'' and jy Fuz, Phyzz. In the explanation
of the Arabic word Fawt, Mr. Richardson has adopted the term Slipping,
where in Slippery Matter we see the original idea. We see too an
adjacent Persian word Fudej, Fermentation, where again we have the
true idea. In Arabic and Persian j^j Fuz is Victory, Escape, Death,
that is Slipping away from peril, and j^ Fuzth, (Pers.) "The circum-
" ference of the mouth," which seems to bring us to Faux, Fauc-?*,
The Hollow of the Jaws, Bocca, &c. &c. The term Phyz seems to
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 223
be the Face, which belongs to Fac^o, relating to Plastic Matter. I have
produced the name of the River PisoN, as belonging to our Element,
and as directly denoting JFatery Matter; but according to Josephus it
denotes Foizon, or Plenty, a Multitude ; nay the word which he uses
for a Multitude, is a kindred term to Plenty. "Kai ^eia-wv ^lev.
" 'Li^fxaivei Ze 7r\t]dov royi/o/ua," (l. c. 1.)
The Persian term Feza, or Fuzun produced above is supposed to
be the word, which was intended to be represented in the well known
scrap of Persian extant in the Acharnenses of Aristophanes, where the
Ambassador Pseudartaba is made to say " lartaman exarx' anapissona
" satra," laprafxav e^ap^' avaTTi<T(70va a-arpa. If Pisson, TlKrcrov, in
this passage relates to Abundance, or FoizoN, and if Pheison expresses
the same idea in the name of the river Pison, {(Peia-wu,) it must be owned,
that the Greeks in their representation of the same idea, on such different
occasions, have duly performed their part in delivering down the record
of sounds, and of meaning. I dare not venture at an attempt to dis-
entangle the Persian contained in this passage ; yet I cannot refrain from
making a few observations on the occasion. It is supposed, that the
name Pseudartaba, is Sha Dara Zab, or Tab, where Zab is the Eye,
and Sha-Dara is the Sha Bar, names for a King. It is supposed, that
the a satra is As Tra, or Az Dara, ' From the King.' Perhaps Asa
Tra, or Assa Tra is As-sa Tra, or Az Sha Dara, from the Sha
Dara, as in the name of the Ambassador. The Elementary Character
TS, DS, Z\ R, is the name for a King, and hence, from the form DR,
we have the Dara in this representation corresponding with Dar/w.v,
and from SR, terms corresponding with Cyrus, and XEnxes among the
Greeks, just as the mixed sounds of the first letter were impressed on
the Greek ear. Hence we have the Sir, and Sire of the English,
with their acknowledged parallels. Sire, Sieur, (Fr.) &c. &c. the
Kvnios, (Kvpio^,^ of the Greeks, and the Czar of the Russians, all
belonging to the SuR in SuR-face, &c. The idea of the Persian
Ambassador bringing Gold is so much the drift of the dialogue in
Aristophanes, that I cannot but consider the part Xarx, as representing
the Persian word for Gold. In Persian Zer jj is " Gold, Money," which
224 B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Aristophanes has perhaps represented here bj Xar-^t, as in XER-a:-es,
the sound of .r is added. The sounds of s, or z, and r are so connected
in Persian, that the same character is used for both, though when z is
intended, a little dot is put over the letter j as j as in the representation
of this very word jj ZR. The same union of sounds between r and s
appears in the Greek word appt]v, ap<r>]v. Nay the Greeks have adopted
the same artifice in the very word, which they have in their own
Language, directly belonging to the Persian Zer, Gold, as in Chkv-s-os,
(Xpi/o-os,) and thus, if my conjecture be just, the representation Xarx,
which they have made of the Persian term for Gold, is no other than
that which they have used in their own term Chrus-o*, or Churs-o*,
Chars-o«. Now we may venture almost to atfirm, that no creature,
under a Greek name, from the time that Cadmus taught them letters,
till the present moment, by his own efforts, with Plato himself at their
head, the prince of their Etymologists, amidst all their intercourse
with the Persians, ever conceived, that the Persian and the Greek names
for Gold were the same word. — Such was the mind of this extraordinary
people, who in the abundance of their communications knew and
thought so little themselves, and yet who have taught others to think
and to know so much.
The Scotch have the same term Foison, which Dr. Jamieson explains
in one sense by "Pith, ability; used to express both the Sap of a Tree,
" and bodily strength," where in the sense of Sap, we see the idea
of Soft Pudge matter, and in Pith we have a kindred term. Fouth
in Scotch has the same sense of " Abundance, plenty, fullness," though
Dr. Jamieson does not refer them to each other, but he seems to think,
that the word Fouth stands alone, if we may judge from the following
remark annexed to it, " It does not appear that there was any substantive
" noun resembling this in A. S." In the same and next column of
his Lexicon we have Foutch, or Fotch, To exchange. Shift, Flinch, &c.
which is derived from the Agitation of Soft, yielding Matter; as in
Boggle, directly belonging to the Bog; — Fousee, Fousy, "A Ditch,
" a trench," belonging to Fossa, where we are directly brought to the
spot, supposed in my hypothesis the Pudge Spot, or Pit ;— Foutie,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 225
FuTiE, " Mean, base, despicable," Fouttour, Foutre, " A term expres-
" sive of the greatest contempt," where we see the idea of Vile Pudge.
The term Foutie, or Fouty is still used in Warwickshire in the same
sense, and Foutra occurs in Shakspeare, " A Foutra for the world,
" and wordlings Base," — " A Foutra for thine office." In Scotch we
have a strong term, relating to VvDGing out with Fat, as Fodgc/, "Fat,
" Squat, and plump," where Dr. Jamieson refers us to Voedcw Alere, and
FuDGiE, " Thick, gross." The next term to Fodgel is Fog, Fouge,
Moss, i. e. the Soft Pudge Stuff, or the Pudge spot. The next term
to FoTCH is FouD, "The name given to the President of the supreme
" court," &c. which Dr. Jamieson has justly referred to a race of words,
bearing the same meaning in the Teutonic Dialects, as Fogde, &c. (Su. G.)
Vogd, (Germ.) &c. which I conceive to mean the Great personage,
from the idea of Swelling out matter. In the next opening of Dr.
Jamieson's Dictionary we have Fozy, " Spungy, Soft, as a Fozy Peat,"
where we are directly brought to the Pudge matter, supposed in my
hypothesis. This term he justly refers to a race of words, denoting
Moist matter, appearing in a great variety of Languages, which I exhibit
on another occasion. The preceding term to this is Fox, " To employ
" crafty means, to act with dissimulation," which probably belongs to
Fozy matter, just as Boggle does to Bog. — From hence perhaps Fox,
the Crafty animal, is derived.
To this race of words Foison, &c. belongs the Latin TaTim, afFATim,
and hence, as I imagine, we have the Pid in opViDO. In opPiDum we
have the Pedow, (rieSoi/,) the certain peculiar sPot of Ground, and in
the Pit of comViTum, and pulVirum, we are brought to the same object ;
though in this latter word we seem to perceive the idea of the Raised,
or Swelling up Earth. The sense, which the Etymologists annex to
Pal in Piil-FiTiim, is precisely that, which I am ascribing to this Race
of words, that is, the Raised Heap of Earth or Pudgy Matter, Rising,
Swelling out, &c. " Malim," says Martinius, "quod sit locus in Tumidum
" editus, sicut est BoA/3os aut Pttlpa." — From opVioo we should pass,
I think, without difficulty to oPS, oPis, oPes, oVYimus, where the Timus
in OvT-Tinius may be the representation of the superlative termination
Ff
^26 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.} l,m,n,r.
Issimus. We know, that oPS is the Goddess of the Earth ; and Marti nius
concludes his article on this word by observing, " Eandem faciunt Deam,
" Bonam, Faunam, Opem, et Fafuam," where in TATua we see un-
equivocally the form, which I am now examining, and we perceive
moreover, how Fatm/?, and Tatuus connect themselves in FArua with
the spot, from which my hypothesis supposes them to be derived. The
oPicus, Barbarous, may belong to oPS, as denoting File ; just as Fatuus
is attached to Tatuo. Surely oPTo, To wish, connects itself with oPS,
Abundance, as the object of desire. With oPS the terms oPiis, oPeris,
oPera, seem to be immediately combined ; yet on this point there is
some difficulty, which will be explained on another occasion. Before
I quit the form with a vowel breathing before the first consonant,
I should note oEesus, and IibEes, where the Bes unequivocally denotes
the Swelling out, or Lumpy form. These observations on Bat and
BAT^re/i will shew us, how they connect themselves with words under
a similar form, as Bat, the Instrument, which is applied in order to
Beat, and which, as I suppose, originally signified 'To Pash,' that is,
' To strike with, about, or amongst Pash, or Pudge Matter,' and the term
Baste, which actually means to Beat, and to Pash meat with Greasy
Pudge matter. When Baste signifies ' To Sew ;' it means To Patch,
or Botch any thing up, as it were, in a Pudgy, vile, course manner.
We see, how Botch, To Sew, belongs to the Botchy, or Pudgy matter
of a Sore. — Under another Element we have Dab, and Daivb belonging
to each other, just as Baste, Pash, &c. may belong to such terms as
Botch, the Sore, Paste, Pudge, &c. &c.
Among the parallel terms for Fat, we should reckon the Latin
Pinguis, quasi PiGGuis, and the Pios, Viores, Pion, (Iltos, Pinguedo,
Yliorn^, Pinguedo, Obesus, lliov, Pingue, i. e. quod Pingue est, res
Pinguis, Pinguedo, Adeps ; in lacte Pinguedo supernatans, flos lactis ;
in sanguine melior pars,) where in the sense of the Substance Fat, and
of the thing similar to Fat, as Cream, &c. we have the Pudgy Matter.
In the application of these words to the Ground, we are brought to the
Spot, supposed in my hypothesis, as in Greek YioTaton Vzi>io7i Ylio-
Tarov rieSioj/, Ylieipav apovpav, ritoi/o/uos, Pinguia Pascua habens, &c.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 227
&c. and in Latin, Pabula Terr^ Pinguia concipiunt, &c. Pingui Arvo,
Fimo Pingui, — Pinguis Humus, dulcique Ulighie Laeta, &c. where
we are directly brought to Pudge matter. Here again let us note the
explanatory term oBesus, which I have just produced. In the same
column of my Vocabulary with this word I see Obex, which seems to
belong to Ohjicio, as the Lexicographers suppose ; yet it might be derived
from the Race of words, now before us, and the Bex might be the
Radical part of the word. Some write Objicis, which seems to decide
on its origin, but it has often happened, that terms have been rendered
conformable to each other in their mode of representation, from an
accidental similarity of form, which suggested their relation to each other,
"^he Etymologists have produced, as parallel to oBesms, the Hebrew
aBS D2X, which signifies, says Mr. Parkhurst, " To stuff, cram, or fill
" with food," where the word is taken in its more original idea of
grossness, — as of being Pudged out. Mr. Parkhurst has seen the relation
of this Hebrew term to the Latin word, which others have noticed.
In English Boose is explained by Junius, " Stabulum, in quo vaccas
" hiberno tempore Pascuntur,'' which he refers to Bosig, Bosga, (Sax.)
Prjesepe belonging, as he thinks, to Bosko, (Boo-kw,) and Lye adds
" Malim derivare ab Isl. Bas idem significante," where we have another
term of the same Race. Again in Hebrew "nii PDR means, as a sub-
stantive, Fat, and in Arabic ^j\j Badn denotes " Fat, thick, gross."
In French Bouse de vache is the Dung of a Cow, and in Modern Greek
BouTZA, (BofT^a, Lo stereo di bue,) has the same meaning. In
Greek Buo, Buso, (Bi/w, Bva-w, Obturo, Obstruo, impleo,) and Buzo,
(Bw^o), Refercio, Vagio, Bubulo, A Byw, Obturo, vel By voce infantium,
vel Byas, Bubo,) signify To Stuff, Stop, or Pudge up, out, &c. The
term Buas, (Bvas, Bubo,) the Owl does not seem to be derived
from the noise, but from its Pudgy appearance. We see how Bubo
belongs to such terms as Bubby, Pap, &c. for a similar reason. If
the Reader should be of opinion, that the Labial sound was the sole, or
chief Elementary character, from which these words are derived, the
writer has no objection to that idea; as it interferes not in any respect
with the relation, which the words under the form BS, &c. bear to each
F F 2
228
B,F,P,r.,.>v.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T, X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
other. In the same column with Buzo, &c. (By^w, &c.) I see another
word, which relates to the idea of Swelling up, out, &c. as BuKane,
(BvKavt], Buccina,) which brings us to Bucca, Bocca, Bouche, (Lat.
Ital. Fr.) and I see likewise an important term, conveying, according
to my conception, the original idea, which is annexed to this Race of
words, as Buthos, (Bi/^os, Gurges, Profundus,) the Pudge Spot, in
which idea of the Hole, or Hollow, the terms Bucca, &c. are involved.
Among the terms, which denote what is of a Pudgy nature, what
is TJiick set, or co/wPact in its consistency, what is ThicMy placed,
as it relates to Frequency, we must add the following, Pak?^5, Pakwos,
PuKA, PuK«06% (Jlaxvs, Crassus, Spissus, densus, Crassus ; i, e. Pinguis,
Obesus, Stupidus, Hebes, tardus, Rudis, Vilis, Opulentus, Dives, Gravis,
robustus, Yla-x^vtT, Pruina, gelu, stiria, glacies, YIvku, Dense, Spisse, YIvkvo^,
pro U.vKivo'i, Densus, creber, frequens,) Peg««o, (Ui^yvvw, Compingo ; —
Concrescere facio, Congelo, Pango, &c. &c.) Pago^, (Jlajo^, Tumulus,
collis, glacies, gelu, Massa concreta,) where we actually see a Lump,
or Mass of Pudge matter; — Pango, peTiGt, ^ACTum, where we see,
how the forms PN, and PG pass into each other ; — Pogow, (Uwywv,
Barba.) — oVacus, (Lat.) oPaqmc, (Fr.) &c. &c. sPissm*, (Lat.) "Thick,
" Clammy,'' where we have the true idea, cPais, «Pesso, &c. (Fr. Ital.)
PucKer, (Eng.) where the Etymologists have rightly recorded the Greek
Puka, (riy/ca.) — YTux, VTusso, (Utv^, Plica, Plicatura, IIti/o-o-w, Plico,
complico ; — sPizo, (Stti^w, Extendo, expando, Pipio, ut aves,) where
we seem to have an opposite idea to these words ; yet in its kindred
terms we come to the true notion ; as in sPiDe*, (^iriSn^,^ which my
Lexicographer explains by sVissus, as likewise by " Amplus, Longus,"
and Hesychius in his explanation of sYwnon, and sPiDoe;/, adopts two
terms before produced Peg71uo, and Pukwos, {Utiyvud), Uukvo^.) — STTiSvoj/,
Heirriyo^, (rvve)(^£^, '^.iri^oev, iieXav, TrXarv, (TKOTeivov, YIvkvov, fxeya.
The idea of Spreading, or Extension annexed to these words, I
conceive to be derived from that notion, which we express by Dawbing,
Plastering, or Smearing, and hence we talk of Spreading a Plaster,
Spreading Bread and Butter, &c. The verbs ' To Pash, or Pudge, or
' Baste over, about a surface' will sufficiently explain the original idea.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, isv. .TOM, &c. 229
The Etymologists have derived sVioer from sPin, and under sPin we
are referred to the Greek 5Path«o, (^waOau), Licium inculco spatha,
vel tudicula, Texo ; Profuse insumo, prodigo ; dilapido, luxurio,) which
is all right. Here the two forms have passed into each other, and they
both contain the same fundamental idea. — In the sense which sPathao,
(STTa^ao),) bears of Profusion, we are brought at once to the idea of
Pashixg, or Dashing about, as we express it. In the term Profusion,
Fundo, FuD?', Vusum, we have a kindred term belonging to our Ele-
mentary Character, and we here see likewise, how the forms FS, and FN
may belong to each other, as in sPin, and ^Pioer. It has been a
received opinion, among the most ordinary Grammarians, that the S
is added to words, on the principle of Onomatopoeia, in order to express
Dispersion. This is certainly done in the Italian Language, by a familiar
and acknowledged artifice, which arose probably from some impression
of this kind, and this impression may have operated on other occasions,
when it has not been perceived. — It is curious to observe, how words
cling to their original idea ; and how they pass from actions to the names of
instruments, still retaining their primitive meaning. The term sPathc,
(I.7ra6>i,) as a substantive, belongs to Spatha, Spathula, where sPatha
means the Ladle, or the instrument, which takes oti' the Scum, or Pudgy
matter from a surface, and together with sY.vrhala, is the appropriate
term among Surgeons for that instrument, with which they spread the
Pudgy matter of Salve. In the word sPade we actually see an instru-
ment, which is used for the purpose of Stirring up Pash, or Pudge
matter, or Dirt. Before I quit the words, denoting Frequency, as sPesso,
&c. I should propose to the consideration of the reader the English term
oFT, oVYen, and its parallels uYTa, (Gothic,) oFT, (Germ.) &c. &c.
whether they belong to the form FT. In the ancient German Dialect,
Oft, and in Saxon and Gothic Eft, and Aftra, signify Iterum, as words
of number, as Eft-accenncd, Regenitus ; which seems to bring us to
After, I have before referred aYYer, to our Element FT, denoting the
Base, the Low, or Inferior spot, as in oYi^the, oPiso, (OTna-6e, Ott/ctw.)
There is considerable probability in this derivation ; yet still there is some
difficulty respecting the origin of these words. — Wc cannot well decide
330 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
on this point, till the Elementary character ''F, with a vowel breathing
before the simple labial shall have been duly unfolded.
In the same leaf of Skinner's Lexicon with FoDDcr, and Foizon, we
have other terms belonging to the Element, as Fog, Nebula, Fog, Gramen
Serotinum, Foist, Fuste, (Fr. and Belg.) Fusta, Navigii genus, " To Foist,
" per furtum obtrudere." The Fog, Nebula, and ' Gramen Serotinum,
' The after Grass,' means the thick Pudgy substance of the dark dense
Cloud, and the Vile, Coarse substance of the Rank Grass. The word
in the former sense has been referred to Focus, or the Saxon and Belgic
Fog, Vbeghe, Collectio Vaporum, and the latter to Affogare, Suffocare,
" q. d. Gramen hiemali frigore Siiffocatum.'' The Latin Foc«s would
be at once classed with the terms for Light, belonging to our Element,
as Fos, FoT, Faos, Feggos, (<l»a)s, cpwro^, <&ao?j $€7705, Lux,) which
might be derived from the idea of Commotion, SiueUing out, about,
as of Pudge Matter, in a state of Agitation ; yet these words might
originally relate to Light of a Smoky, Foggy, Pudgy kind, arising
from undried Wood, &c. newly kindled. This idea of YvDGing up,
in the sense of Stijiing appears in afFooare, and sufVocare, To suf-
Tocate, which is not derived from Faux, as the Etymologists imagine.
In Foisow, and To Foist, we have the idea of Swelling out, though in
the former word we have the original idea of Swelling out, as with Moist
matter. In Puck Feist, or Foist, the Stvelling Fungus, the Puck
and Feist have the same idea ; which appears too in Fungus, quasi
VvGGUs, sYoGGos, (ll-TToyyos,^ the Spongy, or sFoGcy substance. — The
Etymologists have collected under Feist, &c. its parallels Fist, (Sax.)
Feist, Fist, Feisten, (Germ.) Vbest, (Belg.) Vessir, (Fr.) "omnia,"
says Skinner, " a Latin Vissire, quod Paedere signat, hoc a Gr. ^va-aoo,""
Fusao, " Sufflo, Inflo," where in Feist we have a similar idea of PuDGiw^
out, with the sense of Filth annexed to it. The term adjacent to Feist
in Skinner is Feed, and my German Lexicographer, having explained
Feist by Fat, produces in the next article Feistcw, which he explains
by " To Foist, or Fizzle." The term Fizzle will remind us of Fiz,
which brings us to Fuss, &c. already produced. Before I quit the Latin
Focus, *'The Fire Hearth," I might observe, that it may belong to the
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 231
idea of the Hearth, the Low Spot, Hole, or HoUoiv, and thus it might
coincide with Faux, Faucz's.
In considering the Greek terms Bous, and Bosko, (Boi/s, Bos, Boo-kw,
Pasco.) we should instantly refer the one to the other; and thus the
parallels to Bous, (Boy?,) as Bos, (Lat.) Vacca, &c. must be referred
to the same idea of animals supported by Food. When we had advanced
so far we should then, I think, refer ail the terms, signifying Animals,
or Beasts, which appear under our Element to the same source, as
Bestia, Beast, with their parallels in modern Languages, B6te, (Fr.)
&c. &c. — the Greek Boto«, (Botoi/, Pecus, Armentum, quod Pascitur,)
which is acknowledged to belong to Bosko, (Boo-kw,) the Latin Pecm*,
and perhaps we should add the Vis, Bat, Bis, Vex, Weth, in
the names for a Sheep, as oVis, (Lat.) proBATon, (^TlpofSaTov,') breBis,
(Fr.) fcrVEx, (Lat.) WETHer, (Eng.) though there is some difficulty
belonging to these words. The Fer-YEx, is sometimes written Ber-Bix ;
and the French Etymologists have justly referred Br-eBis to these words.
The Fer, Ber, &c. seems to be the Fir, the Male animal, or rather the
Furious, The Butting animal, and the compound afterwards signified in
some cases, a Sheep in general. Some conceive, that the Ber-Bix is the
Wild Sheep ; yet here we come to the same Radical idea, as the Ber,
Fer, &c. might belong to Fera, and to the terms for animals recorded
by Wachter under Beer, Animal. We cannot, I think, doubt, that Pro-
Bat-ow, (Upo/Sarov,') is a similar compound ; whatever may be the nature
of the composition. In the Greek Ois, (0«s,) which is quasi oFis, or
oBis, &c. &c. the sound of the labial has been lost. — The term WErher,
and the Vex in Fer-VEx. will be more particularly considered in another
place; where I shall suggest, that these terms may denote violence, as
in Vexo. In the Dialects of the Celtic we have Davad, or Dafad, (Wei.)
Davos, Davat, (Corn.) &c. as the name for Sheep, (^Lhuyd sub Ovis,^
where I suspect, that the D is an addition as in Dechreu, which the
Welsh Lexicographers refer to ^px*h &c. &c.— The Latin Bzcunia is
acknowledged to belong to Pecus ; though the Etymologists differ about
the idea, by which they are connected. Some think, because the figure
of Cattle was impressed upon the first coins, and others imagine, that
332 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Vzcunia denoted originally the property of Cattle, which was the most
ancient species of Property, and that it was afterwards applied to any
other species of possession, money, &c. The term PECUL/wm, Private
Property, &c. is likewise acknowledged to belong to Pec«s, and V^culor,
To rob, or defraud, as in Public Peculation, &c. is derived "a Pecu,
" inde enim initium Peculatus esse coepit, ante ass aut argentum sig-
" natum." The term Yirulus is connected by some Etymologists with
Vita ; and if YiTellus, signifying, a Little Calf, and the Yolk of an
Egg, relates in its sense of the Egg to the quantity of Meat, or Food,
which it affords, (according to the proverb, ' As full of mischief, as an
' Egg is Full of Meat,'^ the force of Vit remains true to the Radical
idea ; which belongs to the words now before us.
In various Languages the Element BK supplies the name for the Ox,
and sometimes for the Sheep. BAKar signifies an Ox, or Cow, in the
Hebrew, Arabic, Chaldee and Syriac. In the Gipsey Dialect Baukero
signifies A Sheep ; and in the Language of a race of Blacks, on the coast
of Africa, Chy Baukero has the same meaning. The Hebrew Ipl BKR
signifies in one sense " To look, search, or examine," — in another, The
Morning ; and in a third, A Beeve, and collectively. Beeves, i. e. Bulls
and Cows, or a " herd of such," so called perhaps, from their Staring
eyes, &c. &c. says Mr. Parkhurst. The sense of this Root seems to be that
of PusH?'wg into, 071, forward, &c. as in the term "1D3, which for distinction
sake I must express by BCR, as I use the K for another Hebrew character.
This term signifies "To he forward, precede, to come, or go before,"
and that it relates, under some turn of meaning to the Vusning, or
Swelling up of Pudgy, JFatery Matter, will be manifest from the pre-
ceding term in Mr. Pavkhurst's Dictionary' HDQ BCH which means
" To ooze, ooze out as liquor." This conception on the original idea
of the Hebrew ")D3 BCR will explain to the Hebrew Scholar, why it
denotes " The first ripe Fig, the Boccore," the soft Swelling, or Push/wo-
out Fig. Let us note the Latin and English Ficms, Fig, where the
Element is employed to express the same object, under a similar idea.
The term for the wild Ox is Bisson, which we should surely imagine
to belong to the Bos. In old English Bawsin signifies Great, or Big,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOxM, &c. 2.3.3
and it is applied in the Poems, attributed to Rowley, to the Elephant,
" Lyche Bawsin olyphauntes mie gnattes doe shewe." (^Ella, .57.) —
I have before observed, that in Shakspeare Bisson occurs, as " Bissok
" conspectuities,'' (^Coriolan.^ " Bisson rheum,'' in which latter case it
is applied, according to its original idea, as denoting Foul, Pudgy stuff.
Arrian mentions a species of Elephant in India called Bosare, (Bu](rap>i,^
which Bochart supposes to be derived from the Phoenician Bosari,
Carnosus. Surely the Bosare belongs to the Bakar ; and let us note
Bosari, expressing Flesh, the Soft, Swelling out substance.
In examining the terms relating to animals in the Celtic Dialects,
we shall see how these terms connect themselves with others, which
convey the train of ideas above unfolded, relating to Food, Sustenance,
Life, Being, &c. &c. We shall find likewise, that some of these
kindred terms appear under the form B', without the second letter in
the Radical form BC, BD, &c. which is now under examination, and
we have already noticed the terms under other forms BV, &c. as Bovis,
Beef attached to Bos, Pavi to Pasco, &c. &c. We shall not doubt,
that all these words belong to each other, and some might be inclined to
think, that the simple form B* was the original form. To this idea
I can have no objection, nor shall I oppose any Theory on the formation
of Languages, which should attempt to assign a cause for the original
adoption of the Labials to express this train of ideas. The numerous
facts, which I have produced respecting the relation of the words to
each other, having the form BC, and conveying the ideas, which 1 have
unfolded, cannot be disturbed by such an hypothesis. If any Theorist
therefore should imagine, that the Labials were originally adopted from
the infantine sounds Ba, Pa, Ma, Papa, Mama, &c. to express Father
and Mother, Boys, Being, &c. nay even that the idea of the Swelling,
Plump, Pudgy form of Children, first supplied the terms for the V^u-Jge,
M''ud, MHre of the Ground, I have no reason to oppose such an hy-
pothesis. Though it aflbrds no help in discovering the relation of words,
it presents no impediment ; and when we have contemplafed Language
in its full and formed state, furnished with all its various stores, which
are derived from the influence of that important object the Earth, under
Gg
234
B,F,P,V, W.| C.D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| hm,n,r.
its various properties, we shall find no embarrassment, or difficulty in
admitting such a theory, however obscure and doubtful it may be, and
however inefficient it may prove in the discovery of any facts, which
relate to the affinities of Human Speech.
The Latin Vivo, Vix?", Yicrum, Vita, Victms, Vesco/' shew us, how
the ideas relating to Food and Life, or Existence belong to each other.
Among the terms produced by the Etymologists, as parallel to Food, &c.
are Bwyd, (Welsh,) and Biotos, (Btoros, Vita,) to which Greek word
belong the simpler form Bios, (Btos,) and the Latin Vixa. Under Vita in
Lhuyd, we have Byuyd, Byxedh, Bui, &c. (Welsh,) Byliedh, Buevi?i, (Arm.)
Beatha, Beata, Beadhas, (Ir.) &c. Under YicTus we have Byuyd, Buz,
BiADH, Beatha, and for Bestia, we have Buystvill, (Welsh,) Beatliodhax,
" whence probably our Biax,' says Lhuyd. In Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,
we have Beathw, Life ; the succeeding words to which are Beathac/z,
" A Beast, animal," ^EXTiiaigham, " To Feed, nourish," BEXTuayhadh,
" Food, nourishment," &c. &c. and in the same column I find BE\Tlira,
IVater, where we see the union of ideas, which I have unfolded in my
hypothesis. Again, I perceive in other places Buadh, Food, Biadh,
" Meat, Food," and Biadhta, Fatted, Beistin, A little Beast, and
Bias, Biasd, " A Beast." What we call Usque-Bagh is in Irish
" C/Jsg'e- Beatha, Aqua-YiTjE, whisgy," says Mr. Shaw, where the Latin
and the Irish terms exhibit a similar compound. In the same column
of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary with Biadh, Food, I see Bi, Living, and Bha,
denoting Was, which may be considered as a kindred term. We cannot
doubt, I think, that these terms for Being and Food belong to each
other, and the form B' will bring us to a great Race of words for Being,
through the whole compass of Language, Be, (Eng.) Fui, (Lat.) Fuo,
(_<l>ya),) &c. &c. and to Pa, Ma, PaPa, MaMa, &c. &c. of which great
Race I have produced a brief collection in a former Volume, (ist, p. 280,
&c. and 339.) If the two forms B', and BD should be considered as
ultimately belonging to each other, the relation of the words under the
form BD will not be affected, as I have just observed, and even at the
points of union, where the two forms pass into each other, the affinity
of the terms under these forms might be acknowledged, though the
BOG, PASH. PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 235
precise idea, originall)- annexed to the terms themselves may not be
ascertained, or rather perhaps we should say, that it would be idle in cases
of this nature to attempt such a precision. If we should conceive, that
Pater and Mater belong to Pa, Ma, &c. our idea would perhaps be just,
and if again on considering the form PT, MD, we should suppose, that
Pater, and Mater are connected likewise with Pudge, Feed, Mud,
Matter, as denoting the Forming, pEEoiwo- Matter, affording and
preserving Life — Vita, &c. ; we cannot be very remote from the truth.
These ideas are so entangled, that it is impossible in many cases to
separate them ; and we shall agree, I think, that Pater and Mater, either
in their original notion, or in their secondary relations, are intimately
involved with a train of ideas of this sort. In our Language Mother
is directly applied to Matter; as 'The Mother of Wine,' and the most
familiar metaphor in Language is that relating to the Earth, and the
Mother. This is enough to lead us to suspect, that the terms conveying
the ideas of Mother, and the Earth, Ground, Dirt, &c. would be involved
with each other, whatever might be the process, by which they are
united. In Spanish Madre signifies "Mother, Basis, Foundation. Bed
" of a River. Sewer, Sink." We shall not wonder from hence, that
Pater may by some process be connected with Pudge, as Mater is, we
see, with Matter and Mud, and that they should all be related to
each other. — I must leave the reader to take his share in the arrange-
ment of these ideas, if he should imagine that such an arrangement
is placed within his reach ; and I must rest contented with having
proved, how intimately these ideas are blended with each other, and
how, under every view of the subject, we find ourselves within the sphere
of that influence, which is supposed in my hypothesis.
In Welsh Bywyd means " Life, existence," Buc, " Life, Live stock ;
" cattle, or kine," — Bwyd, " Meat, food, or YiCTuals," — Bwydo//',
"To Feed, or give Food," — Bwyta, "To Eat, Bwytal, Victuals;
" provision," Bwyst, " Wild ; ferocious, or savage," i. e. A Beast,
BwYSTwi/, A wild Beast, Binv, " Kine, a Bullock, a steer, or ox," — Buw c,
" A Cow," Bygel, " A Herdsman ; a Cow, herd," in Galic Buachail,
&c. which brings us to the Greek Bekulo*, Boukolos, (BtKi/Aos,
G G 2
236 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ I,m,v,r.
Pecuinus, ovillus, BovkoXos, Bubulcus,) from whence we learn, that the
Greek Kolon, (KoAoi/,) is not a portion of the Greek words.— In Welsh
Byw is "To live, exist," Bo, May Be, &c. Bod, "A Being, or existence;
" also a dwelling, or a place of existence ; a being stationary ; also station
" in Life," where Bod passes into another idea. Bod likewise means
a Kite, which may denote the Ravenous Feeder. In Welsh Byz means
" Will Be,'' -And Byd, which is referred to Bod, " A World, or Universe,"
BYDiazf, "To run the course of existence, To Exist," BvoiaeM, " Course,
" or condition of life, livelihood," and in Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish
Dictionary, we have Budh " the World," Bith, " The world, a Being,
" existence, being, life ;" in the same column with which I see Bithe,
"Female;" — Bioth, Bith, " Life; Existence, a Being;" — Bioth, "The
" World," and Bioth, Bigh, " Gum of trees, Pith of trees," as in Welsh
By WED means " The core of fruit, the Pith of Shrubs," where we are
brought to the original idea of Pudge Matter ; and let us note in Pith
a kindred term. In another place Big is explained by " Glue, Birdlime ;"
where vi^e unequivocally see the fundamental notion. In Welsh Pyth
signifies " A space, revolution, or period of time ; a world ; the duration
" of the world ; ever, never ;" where in the sense of the JVorld we are
brought to the Pedo//, (IleSoi/.)
I have observed on a former occasion, (^Etymolog. Univers. p. 3o6,)
that the Element BD, and YD denote Being, through the whole compass
of Language, and I remark likewise that in considering such words as
Bha, (Ir.) I was, Fid, (Lat.) Bhiodh, (Ir.) Be thou, &c. the Elements
''B, and BD, FT, &c. are distinct from each other. This under one
view of the question is indeed true, and I shall accordingly assign different
portions of my Work, for the consideration of these forms ; yet we
cannot doubt, I think, that the terms for Life, before exhibited, under both
these forms B , and BD, belong to each other ; and this therefore may
be regarded, as one of the points, at which those forms, which should
in general be considered as separate, pass into each other. The form '*M,
B% supplies the terms for Being, in that Class of verbs so familiar to
Language, under the name of Ferbs of Being, through a wide compass
of Human Speech, as Am, (Eng.) Eimi, (Etjui,) Be, (Eng.) Fui, (Lat.)
^BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BO^ITOM, &c. 237
&c. &c. to which forms 'M, ^V I have shewn the terminations of verbs
to belong, as S-Vm Tiipt-OM.u, (TyTTTOjuat.) Sa/f-AB-Au, Salt-A\i,
&c. &c. all which I have fully illustrated in a former Volume, (Etyni.
Ufiivers. p. 29;, &c.) and 1 have shewn too, that compounds have arisen
from this Elementary form ¥\ &c. and the Element 'S, "T, as m Fu-lsti,
Fu-It; which 1 consider to be compounds, though in other instances the
Elementary form BD, FT, &c. is found in its genuine state, as in Bhiodh,
Vita, &c. through the whole compass of Language denoting Being, and
it is applied, as the form B* is, in the race of words, called Verbs of
Being. In considering however these instances, we must examine the
construction of the Language, in order to decide, whether the word under
the form BT, or FT be in its Elementary, or compound state, with
another Radical *S, *T, &c. If Fuit had stood alone, we might have
been unable to decide on this point; yet when we see the other parts
Fu,\ Isti, Imus, Istis, Erunt, we cannot doubt that Fa is the original
form, and that It, Isti, &c. belong to some other analogy. In the Welsh
Dialect, among the verbs of Being, we find Bvz, Boz, as well as Bu,
Bi, in Irish Bidh, Biodh, and Bi, Bha, in Gaelic Bith and Bhu, &c.
in Armoric Beza, Vesa, &c. which bring us to the Teutonic forms.
Was, Wesen, (Germ.) &c. in Cornish Bez, Bos, &c. in Russian Boudou,
&c. &c. and in Persian Bud, Buoe/?, jjj ^jy is the verb of Being,
denoting "Existence, Being, a Dwelling place. To Be, become. Exist,"
and the next word to Bud is Pud, " Meat, or Food," where we have the
same union of ideas, as in the Celtic Dialects. The term likewise means
A Poker, where Pud belongs to Poke, Push, which, as I have shewn,
means, "To Pudge, or Stick in." Let us note a sense of the Persian
word expressing Being, when it signifies a Dwelling Place, and we have
seen a similar connexion of ideas in the Welsh Bod, which not only
means " A Being, or Existence," but likewise " A Dwelling, or a place
" of Existence." If the terms denoting a Place of Dwelling had not
been so unequivocally connected with those, which signify Food, Feed,
we should not have so readily perceived their relation, though the passage
is easy and natural from Feed, Food, &c. to Being, and from Being to
the Place of Being. We might here record the terms in Ii^nglish relating
238
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
to the place of Dwelling, as Bide, Bode, aBiDE, «Bode, with their
acknowledged parallels Beidan, (Goth.) Bldan, (Sax.) Bidia, (Isl.) &c. &c.
In Persian likewise we have oBad jb) " A city, building, House, dwelling,
" habitation. Abad when added to a noun denotes a city, or other
" place of Abode. — A created thing," which brings us to the meaning
of Existence, conveyed by these words.
Whether the English and Saxon terms should be considered, as
directly belonging to the Celtic and Persian terms I cannot decide, yet
the Elementary sense is alike visible in all, and they approach to each
other so nearly in their turn of meaning, that they can hardly be separated.
The Saxon Abidan signifies Manere; the next word to which in my
Saxon Dictionary is Abiddan, signifying Impetrare, Petere, Postulare,
both which belong to each other, and Bidqw at once means BiDa?i,
Manere, and Postulare, Petere, Poscere. Remote, as these senses seem,
they are most naturally connected with each other. The sense, which
these words have of Demanding, Requiring, Seeking after any thing,
appears in our term Bid, and in Beads-Mow, BEGoar; the fundamental
idea of which is Push, or Poke after any thing, with more or less degrees
of violence, as in the kindred explanatory terms Peto, Posco, FosTulare.
I shew, that Push, and Poke means To Pudge into any thing, and we
may consider, that Bioaw, Manere, Expectare is To Stick, or Remain
in the same condition, or in other words, the two senses of this word
Manere and Petere may be considered as no other than those of ' To be
' Fixed, and To z'wFix.' My hypothesis was, that the terms for Existence,
above produced, were derived from the idea of Sticking, or PuDofwg-
out, and thus we see, how all these ideas are entangled with each other.
To Bode, and Fore-BooE belong to the idea expressed by Bid, ' What
' is BiDDCw,' as it were, ' What is Announced, or Denounced.' In Saxon
BoD is " Jussum, mandatum. — Nuncius," to which, as it is acknowledged,
Bode, (Eng.) l^oman, Prcedicare belong. In the same column with
Boman in my Saxon Dictionary is Bonig, Statura, A Body, the Pudgy
form, and in the same column of Skinner with Bode, I see Body, Bookin,
which means what Pusnes, or Sticks in, and Bog, Palus, the Pudge, or
Sticky matter. Under every mode of conceiving the subject, we come
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. ^2S9
to the same point, and we observe, that the human mind upon ditferent
occasions perpetually falls into a similar combination of ideas from the
same, or similar materials. Among the explanatory words used by
Skinner for aBiDE, and its parallels, we have Subsisfcre. The verb
Subsisto is explained in Robert Ainsworth by " To Abide, To Subsist,"
and thus we see from the terms Subsisto, Subsist, Subsisfe7ice, and their
parallels Exist, Existence, Consist, the Consistency of any Mass, or
Matter, how the ideas, which are annexed to such words as aBiDE,
Food, Bhiodh, Vixa, and the comPACx/zes^ of Pudge Matter, may
belong to each other.
Observations on the Druids, Pythagoras, &c.
I shall again recur to the Welsh word Pyth explained by " A space,
" revolution, or period of time ; a World ; the duration of the World ;
" ever, never," which will afford me a vein of illustration not unaccept-
able, I trust, to those, who are conversant in Druid Lore. The next
terms to Pyth in ISIr. Owen's Dictionary, are Pythagoras, which he
interprets by, "Explanation of the Universe; Cosmogony," and Py-
THAGORi, "To explain the system of the Universe;" and in the same
column I see Python, " A system of the Universe ; Cosmogony." —
Pythonas, " A system of Cosmogony ;" Pythones, " A female Cos-
" mogonist." The term Pythagoras is derived from Pyth, belonging
to Pedon, (rieSoi/,) and from Agori, as Mr. Owen says, which he explains
by, "To open; to expand." The simpler form is Ag, "An opening,
" cleft," which brings us to Oigo, (Oiyw, aperio.) We cannot doubt,
that the name of the Grecian Philosopher Pythagoras belongs to the
Welsh Pythagoras, which he assumed from his Druid Masters, or Fellow
Scholars, with whose doctrines, as others have acknowledged, he was well
conversant ; in the same manner, as amongst the Greeks, he assumed the
name of the Philosopher. I have remarked, that the Institution of our
two Universities, as Seminaries of Learning, " is lost in the most un-
" fathomable antiqu'-ty," (p. 89.) Those enquirers, who have search'd
into the ancient History of our venerated Alma-Mater, will now under-
stand, that the Schools of Pythagoras at Cambridge were the Schools of
240 B,F,P,V,W.^ C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T, X, Z.'^ l,m,n,r.
Philosophy, in which the Explanation of the Universe was the theme of
instruction ; and if the Druids, amidst their acknowledged advances in the
science of Astronomy, were in possession of the great law, by which the
motion of the Heavenly Bodies is regulated ; as their Fellow Scholar,
bearing a name derived from their language, Pythagoras is supposed to
have been ; we can well understand, that great truths may have been
taught on the banks of the Cam by the Druid Kepler s and Neiotons of the
ancient world. It is not necessary, as we now likewise perceive, that
Pythagoras should have himself visited this spot, in order to give existence
to his Schools : but even this conjecture is not wholly removed from
the sphere of probability. It is marvellous to observe, what an alliance
appears to have existed in the ancient world between spots, widely distant
from each other, which were distinguished as places devoted to Learning
and Religion. In the celebrated account of Hecataeus, the race of the
Hyperboreans or Celts are said to have had a remarkable omeioTn^,
a family relationship to the Greeks, and especially to the Athenians,
and Delians; nay, what is still more extraordinary, Abaris, the illustrious
Druid, who is reported to have communicated with Pythagoras himself,
is supposed to have renewed in his travels this family affinity, avyyeveia,
which the Greeks had originally commenced with the Hyperboreans.
(^Davves" Celtic Researches, p. I89.) The Sage, with a Druid title,
Pythagoras, might have visited Britain, and even Cambridge ; as Abaris
travelled into Greece and to Athens. The name Abaris is supposed by
Mr. Davies to belong to the name of the Celts, the Abroi, the Kimbroi,
ov the Kimmerioi, The form of Abroi brings us to the Hebrcei, or
Hebreivs, who claim the honors of the Celtic name, and who speak
a dialect, connected with the language of the Cymri. The Hyper in
the Hyper- Boixans, or Hyper- Dor eadce belongs to the Abroi, and the
Abri in the Cant-Abri affords a record of the same people. Aneurin
has divided the Celts of the British Isles into " Cynt, a Givyddil,
" a Phrydin," and thus in the Cant-Abri, we see the tribe of the Cynt-
Abroi. In the fables, as they are imagined to be, which relate to the
Antiquities of our University, the Spaniard Cantaber is supposed to have
founded Cambridge, or what is the same thing, to have made an important
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 241
change in its institutions, about 400 years before Christ. I shall say-
nothing on the truth of this tale, about which we have no legitimate
records, but I cannot refrain from observing, that a personage is employed
in the business, who might be conceived, under our present view of the
question, as best adapted for the task. He bears the name of Cantaher.
He comes from a land inhabited by the race of the Cyvt-Abroi, and he
arrives at a spot where the Cynt-Abroi, belonging to his own race, might
possibly, or probably have resided. The recorders of the tale of Cantaher
in former times were as ignorant, as the readers of the tale in the present
age of the affinity, which might possibly have existed between the people,
from whom he came, and to whom he directed his course. We have
seen, that according to ancient tradition the Priests of Ceridwen or
Ceres, had an establishment at Oxford. If our two Universities had
originally institutions of a similar kind, the Goddess Cerld-IVen, who
is the Goddess of Arts and Learning, once presided at Cambridge, and
we at this moment rejoice to shew our veneration for the presiding
Goddess of the spot by a name of Ceres, or Cerid- Wen, Alma-Mater. —
Nay, what is ' passing strange,' our Alma-Mater at this moment confers
her benefits in granting degrees, and in passing Graces by the ancient
and mysterious writing of the Druids, — the Ogham. Thus it is, that the
Eleusinian, or Athenian Ceres or Cerid-IVen, as if conscious of the
ancient affinity between the Greeks of the Ilissus, and the Hyperboreans
on the banks of the Cam, has returned to her original abode, on this
hallowed stream, in the Island, where she was honoured in primaeval times
with her most acceptable rites, — that sacred Island in the depths of the
Western Ocean, which was inhabited by the Prydens, or the Britons of
the illustrious race of the Cymri.
I have observed, that Fen or Marsh spots " were expressly chosen,
" as the favorite retreat of the Muses, in which their rites and mysteries
" might be more quietly and securely celebrated," (p. 87.) This venera-
tion for Lakes and Swamps is now fully understood, and Mr. Davies
has well illustrated the Celtic attachment to these spots in his work on
the Mytholog}' of the Druids, (p. 144, &c. &c.) Hence pleasant
Gardens, near IVatery Spots, are combined with Learning and Instruction ;
H H
243 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,ii,r.
and hence we unite the search of truth with the Groves of Acadetmis.
(^Inter Academi sijlvas, &c.) The Gardens of the Academy at Athens
were chosen from their Swampy situation, ahhough they were attended
with the evils arising from Marshy places : Nay the very name Academy
is of Celtic origin, and is not derived from a personage called Academus,
as the simple Greeks are pleased to inform us. Mr. Shaw in his Galic
and Irish Dictionary explains Aca-Damh, by Academy, and refers it to
Damh, Learning. The preceding word to this in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary
is Ac, a Son ; and thus Aca-Damh, the Academy, is the place, to which
persons send their sons, or young men for Learning, or Instruction.
Thus it is, that the term Academy, Aca-Damh, as the name for a place
of Education on the banks of the Cam, might have been applied to the
same spot long before it received that title through the medium of the
Greeks and Latins, and might have been coeval with the schools of
Pythagoras, where the Druidical Python, or System of the Universe
was unfolded. Thus it is likewise, that Ceres, or Ceridtven after a lapse
of ages may have left the vicinity of one Celtic AcaiJemy for a residence
in another Academy of a kindred nature, though still more illustrious
for the truths, which it unfolds ; even though Plato himself once walked
and talked amidst the Groves of Academus. I cannot refrain from adding
another singular coincidence between the kindred Academies of Athens
and of Granta. The Cit}' of Athens was supplied with its water from
the Fountain of the Nine Springs, the Ennea-Kroun, (EvveaKpowa,')
and Granta is at this moment likewise furnished with its water from the
source of the Nine JVeUs on those Hills, which bear the mysterious name
of Gog and Magog. I cannot doubt, that the Nine . Wells, placed in
this spot, were so denominated by some ancient sage, from a remem-
brance of these Athenian Springs and its relation to the number of the
Muses. I have shewn, that the Kren in Krene, or what is the same
thing the Kroun in Krounos, (Y^pnvt], Y^powo^, Fons,) belongs to the
same Elementary character as the Gron, Granta, and the Cran in
CRAN-Meer, Ckan- ffell, Cn an -Berry, CRAN-Bourn Alley, &c. &c.
(^See page 87.)
With respect to the Python, which Apollo is supposed to have
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 243
killed formed from Mud, we shall readily admit a story of this nature ;
when we are employed in a discussion, which attempts to prove, that
the Elementary character PD, PT, relates to Mud, or Pudge matter, nor
shall we be surprized to find, that a word relating to Cosmogony, or the
formation and disposition of the Earth, belongs to the same Matter of
Pudge, or Mud. The Phoenician Cosmogonist has told us, what all
Cosmogonists must tell us, under some form or other, that the first
principle of all things is Mot, or Mud, Mwx, Tovto nve-s (paaiu i\vv,
oi Se vSarovBov^ m^ews arri^iv, Limus, aut aquosce mixtionis Putredo ;
where in the Put of VxjTvedo we see the origin of the Python, the animal
arising from, or living among Pudge, and the Python, what relates
to the world, or Earth, arising from or consisting of Pudge, under some
of its modifications. The achievement of the God of Wisdom in subduing
the Serpent bred in the Slime of the Earth after the Deluge, or when
it was overwhelmed by Water, is the great achievement of subduing,
or Draining the Pestilential Marsh, by the arts and inventions of instructed
Man, and rendering it accommodated for the purposes of his existence
and his happiness. The History of Cosmogony in the songs or systems
of the ancient world can be nothing but the detail of the visible Chaos,
or great Quag, which then overspread the Earth, and which must undergo
the process of a new Creation, or of formation into firm solid Land,
before it could become a fit spot for the habitation of the Human Race.
Thus then the History of the Python, the Serpent of the Marsh or
Quag, is the History of the Python, the Chaotic or Quag World itself, or
in other words it is a system of Cosmogony. We may consider therefore
the Pythian strains, of which we have heard so much, either as Songs
describing the destruction of the Deadly Serpent, or recording the History
of the World, and celebrating the triumphs of enlightened man in the
subjugation, or cultivation of Noisome and Destructive Land. In one
of the Songs of Silenus, we have a Python or System of Cosmogonv
in its earliest state, when the face of nature was in its first Chaotic
form, " Ut his exordia primis Omnia, et ipse tener Mundi cuncreverit
" orbis. Tum durare Solum, et discludere Nerea ponto," &c. The contests
of Isis, the Goddess of Fertility, and Typho, the Disturbing, Destroying
H h 2
244 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,in,7i,r.
Being relate to the same idea, and allude to the annoyance, which is
produced by Marsh Ground, inundated with stagnant Water, to the cause
of Increase and Fecundity. ^Egypt, we know, would be a spot above all
others, where this great contest between the good and the baleful effect
of Water would be carried on with all its force, and where the struggles
to subdue the Destructive enemy would be most continued and most
laborious. The term Is-Is denotes Ooze-Ooze, Moist Land, or Land
well watered, with water in its good state, and Tyvho, who is sometimes
called Sm«, (S/xy,) must be considered as belonging to the Elementary
form TS, TCfi,\ M, P, &c. denoting the Swamp, the Sopp?/ Ground,
the TipAos, (Ti(poi, Palus.) The name of the country is CnEMia, or
(eGxpf, the Sw^amp, or Sop Ground. The term ceGrT't is acknowledged
to be derived from the Gyp, the Hollow in which the water was
conveyed. Thus then the Gyp, DGyp, DJyp, the Chem, TChem, DJem,
the Smu, TSmm, TShm?/, the Typho, TSypho, and the Tipho*, TSiphos,
all belong to the TSam, TSap, the Swamp. In the Mythology of the
Druids the achievement of drawing the Avanc, or Beaver out of the
Lake by the Oxen of Hu Gadarn, " so that the Lake of Waters burst
" no more," is recorded as one among the three master works of the
Island of Britain. At this moment in Wales, the proverb remains in
allusion to this deed, " The Ychen Banairg cannot draw the Avaiic out
" of deep Waters,'' and Mr. Owen has informed us, that " there is a
" strange piece of Music, still known to a few persons, called Cainc yr
" y chain Banawg, which was intended as an imitation of the lowing
" of the Oxen, and the rattling of the chains, in drawing the Ava7ic out of
" the Lake.'' (^Davies' Celtic Researches 157, and Mythology of the
Druids 129.) The Strange Music corresponds with the Pythian strains
of Apollo in his triumphs over the Python. The perils of the Marsh
are still recorded in the plays of our Children, and To Draw Dun out of
the Mire is a well known game, which has descended from age to age
among these faithful Chroniclers and preservers of ancient customs.
Nothing is lost, and the vestiges of the most ancient and even Mystic
Rites are to be found still in existence, obscured indeed and concealed,
but not obliterated and destroyed.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 246
SiLENUs, who sings the Python in the verses of Virgil, is the Druid
Priest, the Country Parson, as he might be called, the reChuse, who
inhabits the conCEkled , or retired places of the Woods, as the Druid
Priests did. Hence he is the companion of Fauns and Satyrs, and he
is attached to Bacchus, because he is a Priest, officiating in his rites.
The Welsh Celm is explained by Mr. Owen, "To Hide, conCEAL, to keep
" secret," who has justly referred it to the Latin Celo, and Cell,
" A separation, a Grove, or arbour; a Cell; a private room, or Closc^"
Hence in Welsh Celi means " The mysterious, or secret one ; a name
" of the Supreme Being." Silc/zm^ is at once the Solitary, the con-
Cealcc^, or retired personage, and the Priest of the conCv.k^ed, or
Mysterious Being. Bochart has observed with admirable sagacity the
resemblance which exists between Silenus, the rider on the ass, who is
associated with Wine, and the Sacred personage, recorded in the dying
speech of the Patriarch Jacob. " The sceptre shall not depart from
" Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until Shiloh come,
" and unto him shall the gathering of the people be. Binding his fole
" unto the vine, and his Ass's colt unto the choice Vine ; he washed
" his garments in IFine, and his clothes in the hlood of grapes. His eyes
" shall be red with Wine, and his teeth white with milk." Shilo is
supposed to signify " The giver of Peace, Tranquillity, or Security ; the
" Saviour," as derived from the Hebrew word Th^ SLH, " To be quiet,
" easy, secure," which belongs to the Welsh word Celu, Celo, (Lat.)
cowCeal, &c. as originally denoting the Security and Tranquillity, which
arise from Retirement. Among the Greek and Latin writers, the Sage
Silenus appears only associated with Wine, as a Drunkard ; but in the
Prophecy of Jacob we see the idea of Wine, under the process of
making it, and hence we may understand, why the character of the
Philosopher is so attached to the Juice of the Grape. His philosophical
master became a God for his inventions, and the Priest continued to
practise the art of his Deity. The Caldron of Ceridwen, or of the Druid
Priests, is symbolical of various arts, through the whole mystery of
Decoction, and is applied alike to the brewing of Fruits, Herbs, the
mixing of Metals, &c. If we should imagine, that the terms Ceh
246 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
and Shiloh belong to the Hindoo Cali, the Coll of the Mythological
Triads, (^Davies on the Druids, p. 428,) and the Cei^cus of the Greeks,
we should perhaps not be far remote from the state of the question. —
Before I guit Silenws, I cannot help observing, that our term Colin,
for a Rustic, has the same fundamental meaning of a Person living in
Woods, or Retirement. The Monkish Priests called Culdee's, are
nothing but the conQ,v.xled, the SiLewz' of another age. Some have
understood, that Culdee is a Galic w^ord, signifying "A Monk, or
" Hermit, or any sequestered Person. CviLdeack is common to this day,
" and given to persons not fond of Society. This word is derived from
" Cuil, a retired corner," as a writer observes, quoted by Dr. Jamieson,
sub voce Culdees. Mr. Shaw explains Cuil by " A Couch, a corner,
" a Closet,'' where let us note a parallel word Closet. Hence we shall
be reminded of the ?'eCLUSE, living in Cells, where we have appropriate
terms, belonging to the Culdee order. In the same column of Mr. Shaw
1 see Cvii^idh, " A Cellar, storehouse," where in CELLar we have another
term of this Race. In the Codex Nazarceus, the hiber Adami, or, as it
should be called the Sidra, or Shaster of Adam. Kaldoji are recorded
as living in Watery spots, or Shandy, Mountainous spots, whom I conceive
to be the Culdees. (J^ol. II. Onomast. 80.)
Words, relating to the notion of Animal Life, or Being, as it is in-
volved with the ideas, which are annexed to the Facultas, the Actio,
and the Partes Generandi, (tam in honesto quam in impuro sensu.)
It is necessary for me in the course of my discussions to produce
a Race of Words, some of which are justly placed in the Index Ex-
purgatorius of Language, and which I shall therefore endeavour to
examine with all possible brevity.— I shall not however decline any part
of the duty which is imposed upon me by the nature of my Enquiry ;
as I cannot for a moment suppose, that I shall have any readers of minds,
so perversely and unfortunately framed, as to pursue the consideration
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 247
of these words, under any other point of view, than that of an Ety-
mological discussion on the formation of Languages. This Race of words
relates to the notion of Animal Life, or Being, as it is involved with the
various ideas, which are annexed to the Facidtas — the Actio, and the
Partes Generandi, (tani in honesto quam in impuro sensu,) and they
are connected in their different applications with various turns of meaning,
expressed by our Elementary Character BD, &c. We shall find, that
some of these words immediately belong to the terms, relating to Animal
Life, Being, &c. which I have just produced, Feed, Foster, Ycb.tus, &c. and
which T shew to be derived from the idea of VvsnGing out. Some words
are connected with the idea of what is File, or Pudge, as in Puoejidnm,
belonging to Puoe^, Puxeo, FuriJus, VuTriclus, &c. just as Fcetus is
connected by some process with Fcetco, FcetzWms, YETid, &c. and other
words appear to attach themselves to terms, denoting the Matrix, or
Venter, which I have shewn on many occasions to contain the idea of
Rising, Swelling, or Pudg?"/?^ out. We cannot in various cases separate
from these ideas, the notion of the Low, or the Hollow situation, the Pit
belonging to the Pudge Spot, or Matter; and to these different turns
of meaning, which are oftentimes indissolubly interwoven with each other,
we must refer, as I imagine, the Race of words, which I am now about
to examine.
Among the terms, containing the train of ideas above unfolded,
we must class the following: Fut//o, and its parallels Foutre, Fotere,
(Fr. Ital.) &c. &c. and the English vulgar term bearing the same
meaning. The Latin Etymologists refer Futwo, to Yvreuo, (<l>uTeyft),)
which Skinner has produced, who has observed, with unnecessary
pleasantry on our vulgar English word, belonging to Fuiv/o, as follows,
" Mercurio autem simul et Veneri litavit, qui flcxit a Belg. Fuyeken,
" Focken, Trudere, Pulsare." I shall produce the remainder of this
article in Skinner, as it will exhibit in a narrow compass, and in a
Learned Language, some of the parallel words belonging to this Race.
" Posset tamen simplicius et sine tropo formari a Teut. Fucksc/z idem
" signante, hoc li Futz, Belg. Fotte, Vulva, Cunnus, hinc It. Potta,
" vel k Cimbr. Fud, apud Fr. Jun. Vulva, hoc a Dan. eoque Goth. ant.
348
B,F,P,V,VV.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
" FoDER, Genero, Gigno, q. d. Genitorium, seu officina generandi. Fr.
" Jun. deflectit a Gr. Byrro?, quod Hesychio exponitur TvvaiKo^ aitoiov.
" Possem et, si Grcecus essem, deducere aGr. Ox^veiv, praemisso Digamma
" ^olico." Wachter has three articles, in which Fooen and Fcedcw
are explained by " Pascere, nutrire, Parere, gignere, procreare," and
" Nasci, oriri," under which he produces many of the words, exhibited
by Skinner, as likewise the terms Fio, Fuesthai, (^'i>u6(r6ai,^ Patris, and
some of the words for Food, Fat, which I have just examined. If the
substantives Potta, Fud, &c. had not so unequivocally connected them-
selves with these terms for Being, Fooew, &c. we might have thought,
that the original idea in such substantives was that of Pit, as in the
Italian Fossa, the Ditch, which John Florio has explained in one sense
by " Pleasure-PiT, Nonny, Nonny," where let us mark Nonny, Nonny,
which will explain to us the sense of this term in Shakspeare. We
cannot in many cases separate the idea of the Pit from words bearing
this meaning. Again in Wachter, we have PasE, pudendum muliebre,
which he refers to the Welsh Puttain, the Islandic Puss, and the Greek
B1/TT09, and FoDe?z, Parere. In the next column of his Dictionary we
have Putte, " Locus defossus, ex quo aqua hauritur," i. e. Yuteus,
The Pit.
In our Language we have an expression, the origin of which is,
I believe, not understood. To pay your Footing, which refers to work-
men or others, when they are demanded to pay something on entering
into a new work. I write it Footing according to the sound, which
generally, I believe, presents itself to the ear, when it is repeated. All
conjectures on the precise idea annexed to this phrase had been in vain,
if the original application of the expression, or of that, from which it is
taken or corrupted, had not been preserved among the Scotch, though
Dr. Jamieson, who records its meaning, seems totally unconscious of the
source, from which it is derived. Our Lexicographer explains FuTE-y^/e
by " A sort of entertainment given to those present, when a woman,
" who has born a child, for the lirst time gets out of bed; pron. Fit-
" Ale, S." If the same words had been written with a different punc-
tuation, after this manner. " A sort of entertainment given to those
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 249
" present, when a woman, who has borne a child for the Jirst time, gets
" out of bed," they would have described, as I imagine, the original idea
annexed to the phrase. Dr. Jamieson has informed us, that the Su. G.
Oel, Cerevisia, is "compounded in a great variety of ways," from which
we learn only, that the form Ale in this compound YuTE-Ale denotes
Cerevisia, but he gives us no information about the word Fute. If we
were to judge from the succeeding Articles, where Fute appears in a
compound, we should imagine, that it belonged to the Foot, as Fute-
brod, " A TooTstool,'' and Fute Hafe, Fute Hote, " Straightway, im-
" mediately, without delay," which he supposes to be Foot- Ho/. The
Fute in FuTE-^/e belongs, I imagine, to the Race of words now before
us, which have a kindred term in the Scotch Fud, Fude, the Matrix,
to which Dr. Jamieson should have referred us, who has duly produced
the parallel terms to Fud, such as appear in Skinner under our vulgar
word belonging to the Latin Fut//o. The ¥vTE-A/e, we now see, is
the Ale of the Fud, Fude, Matrix, the Lying in Ale, just as our Caudle
is applied on the same occasion, and in order to explain the proverb,
' To pay your VooTing,' Vurifig, VooT-Ale, or YvTE-Ale, in its applica-
tion to persons doing any business for the First time, we must suppose,
that the custom of paying Yvte-AIc was originally derived from the
practice of giving Ale at the First time, when the female produced a
child. Hence then our English phrase, 'To pay your Footing,' might
be simply. To pay something for the Fating, or the produce of the
Fude, or it may be a corruption of VooT-Ale, or ¥uTE-Ale. One sense
of the word Fud, Fude, is "A hare's, or rabbit's tail, or brush, and
" another the Backside," i. e. the Vooex. In Scotch Fode is "Brood,
" offspring," where Dr. Jamieson refers us to Fud. The next article
to Fud in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary is Fudder, " A large quantity,
" although indefinite, &c. — A certain weight of Lead," which brings us
to the English Fodder, used in this sense. When Fodder is applied
to the Food of Cattle, we come to the same idea, as in both cases they
have the same notion of the Pudge Mass, or Matter.
The sense which the Scotch Fud has of Yodcx, a kindred term, will
bring us to the Greek word Puge, {Uvy}], Nates,) from whence we pass
I I
250 B,F,P,V,W.| aD,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
to the English ButtocA\s. In Sanscrit Pod has the sense of Podcx,
{Lchediff's Gramm. p. 71.) Under Clunes Lhuyd has ^Muten, (Welsh,)
FATshan, (Corn.) The French Fesse may not be derived from Fissce,
and Fesse, the Heraldic term, brings us to Fasc^, the Bundle, Lump,
or Mass. The Fesse, Pooea-, surely belongs to the words before us.
In Hebrew Jti'D PSG means, as Mr. Parkhurst explains it as a verb,
" To Pass, go, go forward," &c. and as a noun mVSGk, " The Buttock,"
which according to our author's idea, is " that part of the body, where
" the legs Pass, i. e. divaricate, or diverge from each other." In Persian
k^ BusuT, means "The middle of any place. The navel, the Buttocks,
" hips, PoDEx," and ^\^jj BusTi/an, " Buttocks," as Mr. Richardson
explains them, who in the same column of his Dictionary with the latter
word has ^^jjwj.j Vvsideti, "To rot, corrupt, spoil, wither; to become
" PutWc?," with other words, which bring us to the original idea, and
which are detailed in their due places.
VVachter has produced under Foden, the term Fisel, Penis, to which
we may add Pizzle, the Bull's Fizzle, Peos, (Ileos, Penis,) Yit, Vite,
(Ital. Fr.) &c. and we might here produce Posthe, (Jloadri, Pellis, qua
glans Pudendi virilis tegitur. Penis,) and prceFuTium, the j&rePucE.
The Etymologists under prceVvTium refer us to Puta, " Verendum
" muliebre," and to Funis, Vviilla, which they conceive to be applied
by nurses, vTroKopia-riKto's, to Boys and Girls, "e partibus, quibus Pueri
" et Puell^ sunt ;" and some imagine, that Prce-VvTiurn is that, " quod
" est ante VvTidum,'' where they are equally found in the same train
of ideas. Martinius refers Puta to the Hebrew r\12 PUT, " Cardo ostii,
*' deinde FuDendum.'' Potms is another form of these words for Pu-
dendurn Virile, and we cannot help seeing, how the form Puta brings
us to VvTcus. Mr. Parkhurst considers the Hebrew na PT, as signifying
' To part,' &c. and he imagines, that it denotes the Buttocks from the
idea of Partition, and that it does not mean Hinges, but " Flat Pieces,
" or Plates of Gold, of which the doors were formed." He observes
however, that as a noun it means " A District, or Tract of Country.''
I find for Mentula in Lhuyd Pidin, Bod, Boidin, Biax, and General
Vallancey compares the Irish Bud, Bod with the Hindostanee and Persian
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 251
Bud. The Greek and Latin sPadow, ^Pado, (STraSwi/,) and the English
To sPay relate to the deprivation of the Membrum Virile, or at least
of the powers, belonging to it. In Lhuyd for these words we have
£)?«-Baidh, sPadh. The PASser may perhaps belong to these words,
as the Bird celebrated for its prowess. In German it is sPatz, derived
by Wachter from sPiza, (JLttiXo., Fringilla,) which seems to belong to
the idea of Pick//?^, or Peck??;^, or it may refer to the Noise, as in Spizo,
(STTi^w, Extendo, Expando, Pipio, ut Aves.) The Sparroiv may be
quasi Spassotv, but the origin of these words is not very manifest. If
we suppose, that the primitive idea, annexed to VASciinim, was that of
Vile, Pudge, FvDe?2duin, &c. we shall see, how it may at once refer
to the Wiched Art of enchantment, and to the membrum virile, the
Puoenda ars and pars. The Greek Bask«wos, (Bao-Kat-o?, Fascinator,
&c. Invisus intolerandus, dirus, execrabilis,) not only means ' An
' Inchanter,' but the personage most Vile, Base, Bad, &c. In Persian
^^yui FusuN means " Incantation, Fascination, Fraud, deceit." In Malay,
Butu is "Membrum virile," and Puki, Pudendum Muliebre, as Mr.
Marsden explains them, (Malay Diet, pages 52, and 238.) That the
Malay Language conveys the Elementary sense will be manifest from
some terms in the two first leaves in Mr. Marsden's Dictionary, which
contain the words beginning with B. In these leaves are the following-
terms Baja, Manure, Dung, Basa, Wet, Moist, BasoA, To Wash,
Basi, Musty, " Mould, Mother," which brings us to Base, Bad, &c. &c.
The Commentators on Hesychius, under Button, (Bi/ttos,) before
produced, have referred us to the Gothic Fud, &c. and likewise to another
Greek term saBuxros, (Sa/3i/TTo?, Tive^ Ze, to yvvaiKciov.) In Hesychius
we have likewise Bousia bearing a similar sense, (Bovcrta, yoyyvXiEt
o/jLOiov BocTKriTiipiov 649 €vpv €ipt]Tai KaKO(rxo\(o^ €7n Tov yvvaiKeiou
ai^otov,^ though the passage, which explains it, is obscure. — Again we
have a compound Basigikoros, (Baa-ay iKopo^, 6 Bacra-ov (rvvova-ia^wu,
Ylap iTnrwvaKTi,^ which I do not understand ; yet the Bas may belong
to this race of words, and the Kor may have been taken from Kore,
(Kopri, Puella,) or from Choiros, (\oipo?. Pudendum Muliebre.) In
Hesychius we have Bado/w«/, (BaBofxai, AyaTraco,^ To Love, which
I I 2
252 B,F,P,V, W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,7i,r.
might belong to these words, and there is a passage of Paiisanias, where
Badu. (BaSi/,) occurs, which relates to a Love adventure, from whence
we might be led to conjecture, that these terms relate to the words now
before us, (See the corrupt Article Bahidoi.} Yet a pleasant spot, and
a River under the name of Badu would bring us to such terms as Beatz<s,
&c. &c. before explained. — In Persian Bukan, Pugan, or Pukan, J^y
as Mr. Richardson represents it, means " The Belly, the Womb, Matrix,
" Uterus," and again ^\^_j^ Buigan has the same meaning. In Arabic
Betyn ^^^ means " The Belly, the Paunch. — Whatever is contained
" in the Belly, as a Fcetms;" and it signifies moreover Low Ground. An
adjacent word to this in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary is the Arabic
BETyhet, which he explains by " Marshes, Low lying Grounds overflown
" with Water." In Persian aBiST Jwjl means " A Pregnant Woman.
" An animal with young. — A T(etus, A new born child," and it means
likewise " The Pulp of a Citron," where we come to the true idea of
Pudge matter. In the column of Mr. Richardson, where this term
occurs, we have among other words of a similar kind, " Abeste', Ground
" prepared for sowing. — Abiste', A pregnant woman, the Womb,
" a FcETUs, a new born child ; an animal with young." In Arabic Beden
^jo signifies " The Body," and in another sense as Budun, it denotes
" TATTiess, Corpulency." The next words in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary
are the Persian terms Bvven, To be, and BAwiame, Having a Bad Name,
and in the same column I see the Persian Bedi, " A Dunghill (particularly
" when composed of Rotten wood.) — A worn, or corrupted thing,"
which brings us to the Radical idea BvTridus, &c. In Willmot's Arabic
Lexicon, the Arabic ^jo BDN just produced is explained by " Corpu-
" lentus seu Crassus, Pinguis evasit," and compared with another Arabic
word Joj BTN, Sidit, Subsidit, which we have seen to mean the Belly,
and Loiu Ground, where we note, how the idea of the Bottom, Boden,
(Germ.) Subsiding, as to the Bottom, or on Low Ground, coincides
with that of Swelling out with FArness. Under another form we have in
Arabic ^^ BTDN, which signifies " Large, prominent, gore bellied,
" and the .second mansion of the Moon, distinguished by three small stars
" in the Belly of Aries." Now it is curious, that this very mansion of
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 253
the Moon is called in Sanscrit Yofii, or Bhaga, where let us note Yoni,
which belongs to c-Unn?/s, c-Unni, &c. In Dr. Gilchrist's Hindostanee
Jjcxicon, I find for Pudendum MuUeris Bhug, and Jon, where we see
the true form. The Commentators on Shakspeare have some notion,
what " Hey, Nonny, Nonny,'' means, and it is curious, that in this
collection of Hindostanee names for the same thing is Nihanee. In
Malay, Nono is " Pudendum muliebre nondum nubilis," says Mr. Marsden.
In Persian Busitan ^KL^ is " A Breast, Nipple," and it means likewise
A Garden. The succeeding word in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary is
Pestan bearing the same meaning of " The Breast, nipple," and it signifies
moreover "The most humble. The Bascs^, the Lowest," &c. the simpler
form of which appears in the term preceding these, as Pest, " Humble,
" Depressed, Low, abject, mean, Base, Vile," where we unequivocally
see the original idea. General Vallancey in his Preface to his Specimen
of an Irish Dictionary, (p. 44,) has produced the Zend term Fischtane,
and the Pehlvi Pestan, as the word for a Teat, and again, (p. 86,)
he has given us the word Pet, as the Hindostanee for Matrix. In Welsh
PoTEN is " What bulges out ; a Paunch, a Pudd/ho-," &c. where we
unequivocally see the idea of the Pudge, Swelling out object, and again
in Welsh we have Pitan, " A Teat, a Nipple." To this form PTN,
as denoting that which belongs ad partes muliebres Pariendi, Nutriendi,
&c. ad eas partes, quee Mulieri maxime sint propriee, — Pudendum,
Matricem, Mammas, &c. must be referred the honcstum verhum of
respect, so expressive among the Greeks, which marks the Feminine, or
Maternal Character, PoTxa, and Potn-/os, (FIoTi/a, Alma, adoranda,
veneranda, Diva, FloTi/ios, Venerandus, honorandus, augustus.) The true
sense of this word appears in such applications as the following TloTvia,
MrjTtjp, TloTvia r>/, lloTVia Xdwi/, YloTi'iaL FevervWide'i.
In Irish Feis signifies " Carnal copulation," and Feisr, " Lustful,
" adulterous," as General Vallancey has explained these words, who adds
moreover, " Curba cud, Feisr curha cuil. Prohibited incest, (^Cuil
" prohibited,) Feisr Craobh, Incest, i. e. carnal copulation with kindred ;
" Ar. iij\ji Kerahef, Consanguinity, propinquity, relationship, jj^ Fejur,
" Adulterium, lustful i^\J.]\ j^ Fejur'/ Kurabeh Incest." This coin-
254 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
cidence of the Irish and the Arabic Language in the use of a phrase is
extremely curious, though perhaps it is only the effect of accident, which
our ingenious enquirer seems to fear on another occasion, when he
compares the Irish Craob with the Arabic word. This however is not
the place, in which such a point can be adjusted. I might here produce
another quotation from this writer, which belongs to a Race of words,
denoting Increase, Abundance, as Foison, &c. examined in another place,
though it contains a vein of imagery, which coincides with the subject
now before us. We shall here see the sense of Foison, as it appears
in a well known passage of Shakspeare, " Your Brother and his lover
" have embraced : As those that Feed, grow full, as blossoming time,
" That from the seedness the bare fallow brings To teeming Foison ;
" even so her plenteous IFomb Expresseth his full tilth and husbandry."
General Vallancey observes as follows " Vosam, To Marry, and Fas^w,
" To encrease, and multiply, I think, are both of the same root. Ch
" lV^^ Pous, Crescere, augere, multiplicari, fructuosum reddere. It is
" the word used through Genesis for the encrease of mankind. Sojourn
" in the land, I will Phous ye and will bless thee, for unto thee and thy
" seed, I will give all these countries." From this root the Hebrew
" Lexiconists derive the Arabic Phesih, Pregnant, conceiving ; Arabic
" ^J^6 Fouz in matrimonium sibi junxit foeminam, (citra dotem.) Consors,
" (Gol.) Cum illo Consors fuit mercimonii i^mvvii Pouzoa diversi sunt,
" ac alter alteri adversatur, in quo habet Giggeus, par et gequalis, etiam
" Consors fuit, (alter.) Arabic ^y Fouzy inter se requales, et consortes,
" permixtique fuere, mutuum inter se commercium habuere, et invicem
" pensarunt, Castellus, who derives them from V"*^ Pouts, sparsus,
" dispersus fuit, dispersit se ; Persian ^.m Peoos, A Bride, (Richardson) ;
" Arabic ^j\j>J1^\ Atash Baze, A fire lighted at a marriage, (Richardson)
" Arabic yi.^ Baza coivit cum foemina, congressus cum foemina, con-
" nubium. Sanscrit Paisacha, When a lover secretly embraces the damsel
" either sleeping, or flushed with strong liquor, disordered in her intellects,
" that sinful marriage called Paisacha is the basest." (Laivs of Menu. ^
The name of a Bride too in Persian appears under the same form, J^jm
Pyokan, as we have seen the terms for the Womb, Pukan, or Pugan,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 255
and we have likewise the simpler form ijM Pyok, bearing the same
meaning. — We shall here be reminded of the Greek Phos, Phot-05,
(<1>W9, <l>a)T09, Vir,) Pos/'s, (noo-i9, Maritus,) and of the English .sPouse,
though the kindred words appear under the form SponsKS, and Sponsa,
which cannot well be understood, till the form PN shall have been
unfolded. The Race of words, which I have here endeavoured to
illustrate, pervades the whole range of Human Speech ; yet the Examples
which I have already produced, will be sufficient to communicate to us
a due notion of the various turns of meaning, which these words are
found to contain.
SECT. IV.
B, F, &LC.I C, D, &c.^ /, &c.
Words containing ideas, such as are expressed by the terms Pash,
Push, Poke, Pike, sPike, Pitch, Put, ?;?Fix, Fix, Pat, Patter, Beat,
Batter, &c. which belong to the action of ^Asning, Fvsmng, Fixing,
FuTTitig, VATTEuing, &c. &c. among Pash, or Pudge matter, considered
under a twofold division. 1st. Terms, relating to the sense of Vvsning,
PoKi»g, infixing, Fixing, under the idea of what we express by Sticking
into any thing, or together, as into, or among Sticky, or Pudge matter,
in a state of Consistency, Tenacity, so that an object may remain inFixED,
or Fixed. 2ndly. Terms, relating to the action of Fxsning, Fvsmng,
BEAT/'wg", Batter?wo-, wlicrc the idea of tenacity does not appear, but
rather that of making some Impression, or Impact, by Striking upon
an object with various degrees of force, sometimes attended with the
effects of Agitation, Dispersion, Commotion, Violence, &c. — Terms ex-
pressing Haste, Bustle, Agitation, derived from the Agitation of Pudge
matter, as Fidget, &c. — Terms relating to Noise, as Patter, &c. &c.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 251
M. ERMs, relating to the idea of Fusuing, inVixwg, Fixing, or
Sticking into, up, out, together, as it relates to Pudgy, or Sticky
matter, when considered, as in a Mass, in a state of Tenacity,
Consistency , or Fixedness. Terms signifying To Hold Fast, To Bind,
Entwine round. — To be Bound, Wound round, up, made up, as in
a Bond, Bundle, derived from the idea of Sticky, Tenacious, or Pudge
matter, adhering together, as in a Mass, or Lump. — Words expressing
things, which end in a Point, Sharp things, things able to Stick in, &c.
Push, Put, Poke, Pitch, Put, Fix,
iiiFix, Fast, Fasten, &c. (Bug)
Posiii, pePioi, FiGO, &.c. &c. (Lat.)
PEGWMffii, (Gr.) To form into a consistent
Mass, To Stick in, Figo, iriFigo, &c.
FtT, Pat, oPt, qPths, oPto, 8cc. &c.
(Eng. Lat. Gr.)
Fist, F'aust, Pugwms, Pux, &c. (Eng.
Germ. Lat. Gr.)
4F1GG0, Faiig, Fingers, &c. (Gr. Eng.)
PisTis, FiDes, Faith, 8tc. (Gr. Lat. Eng.)
What makes Fast, or tliat, on which de-
pcndance may be placed.
PEisffja, (Gr.) A Rope.
FiDfs, FiBicula, Fiddle, &c. (Lat. Eng.)
From the strings, which tie, or Fasten.
F(EDus, Wed, WEoning, &c. (Lat. Eng.)
What Fastens.
Fasc/o FAScis, FAGGot, &c. &c. (Lat. Eng.
&c.) What Binds, or is Bound up.
Withy, WicKer, Vitta, Vit«, &c. (Eng.
Lat.) What is able to Fasten' Entwine.
Basket, &c. &c. (Eng.) Made of Wicker.
FiscMi, Fisciwa, &c. (Lat.)
Pike, Peak, Beak, Peck, Vwk-Ax.
Peg, &c. (Eng.)
aPicfl, sViGot, «PiKE, (Lat. Eng.)
«Pex, (Lat.)
In this Fourth Section I shall consider that Race of words, which
convey ideas, such as are expressed by the Terms Pash, Push, Poke,
Pike, sPike, Pitch, Put, iwFix, Fix, Pat, Patter, Beat, Batter, &c.
and which belong, as I conceive, to the action of FAsning, Fvsmng,
Fixing, FuTring, FATrering, FA'rring, amidst, into, or upon, Pash,
Pudge, or Sticky matter. I have already considered those words, which
K K
258 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J, K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
relate to the action of Padd?wo-, or Vxssing amidst, or through Pudge
matter, as connected with the Feet, in walking on the surface, or the
Base of the Pedow, (FleSoj/.) The other portion of the discussion, which
refers to this Race of words, may be divided into two separate Articles,
for the convenience of arrangement ; though it must be understood, that
the ideas unfolded in these several divisions, are often blended with each
other. In the first of these Articles I shall consider those words, which
belong to the action of PuDoiw^, Push?7/o-, ?7iFix/wg, Fix?/?o-, &c. or of
Sticking into, up, out, together, &c. as it relates to Pudgy, or Sticky
matter, when considered as in a Mass, or in a state of Tenacity,
Consistency, or of Vixedness, if I may so say. — In the next Article I shall
consider the action of VAsmng, Fusning, Beatw?^, &c. as into, or about,
amongst, &c. Pudge matter, as it is connected with the idea of Dispersion,
Separation, Agitation, Violence, &c. I must again repeat, that the ideas,
which I shall examine in these separate articles, are perpetually blending
with each other; and it may therefore be imagined, that terms will be
inserted in one Article, which might be placed with equal justice in the
other. — Something however must be done for the purpose of commodious
arrangement, and such appeared to me the most convenient form, under
which that arrangement could be made.
In the present Article I consider those words, which relate to the
action of PuDG/wg, if I may so say, Pusniwg', inFixitig, Tixing, or of
Sticking into, up, out, together, as it relates to Pudgy, or Sticky matter,
when considered as in a Mass, or in a state of Tenacity, Consistency,
or of Fixedness. The term Stick is a fortunate term for the illustration
of this Race of words ; as we know, that it belongs to the idea of Sticky
Matter, and we see, how it relates likewise to the Sharp Poixxec? object,
or Instrument accommodated for a certain purpose ; such as the Stick,
which is able to Stick in, &c. I shall in this Article produce likewise
those words, relating to objects, which signify to Grasp, or Hold Fast,
To Bind, Enttvine round, or To be Bound, or Wound up, Rolled up,
made up, as in a Bond, Bundle, all which, as I conceive, are derived
from the idea of Pudgy, Tenacious, Sticky matter, adhering together,
simply, or collected, as in a Mass, or Lump. We shall see, how the
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 259
sense annexed to Bind may belong to the property of Tenacious Matter,
when we remember the expression — Binding Clay ; and as we pass from
Bind to Bundle, we see how the idea of Entwining may connect itself
with the Lump, or Mass. I shall produce in this Article, among other
terms, a Race of words, denoting Objects, or Instruments, terminating
in a Point, which are able to Push, Poke, iwFix, &c. and which belong,
as I imagine, to the action of Pudg»?^, or Sticking in, up, out, into, or
amidst Pudge matter, &c.
Among the terms, under the Element B, F, P, &c. \ C, D, G, &c.
expressing the train of ideas above unfolded, we must class the following :
FEGuumi, (UvyvuiJLi, Compingo, Compingendo struo et fabricor, con-
crescere facio, congelo, cogo, Coagmento, Pango, Figo, Infigo, Yltjywfxai,
Hcereo, Figo, Dirigeo,) a word containing most of the various senses,
which I propose to examine in this Article, and which actually relates
to a Pudgy state of things, to Sticking in, and to a mass of Pudge,
or Sticky Matter, as in Pagos, (Uuyo^, Tumulus, Collis; Glacies, Gelu,
concrcta Massa.") Let us note the explanatory and kindred terms, as the
Etymologists acknowledge, Pango, and Figo : Pango, pePiGi, Pactmw,
is explained by "To strike, or drive in, To Plant, or Fix plants in the
" G7'0und. — To Fix, set out, or settle," to which belong, we know,
FxcTuni, and PACiscor, as likewise Paco, Pax, with its derivatives Peace,
Paix, (Fr.) The Etymologists understand the union of these Latin
words, and likewise record under them the ancient word Pago, together
with the Greek Pauo, Pauso, (Uavu), Uaucrw, Cessare facio.) The
Latin Pungo, puYvoi, Punctum, "To prick, or sting," is only another
form of Pango, &c. and hence the substantive Punctum, with its various
parallels Point, (Eng. Fr.) &c. under the form PN. — Push, Put, Poke,
Pitch, Fix, Fast, Fastcu, &c. (Eng.) which I shall separately examine.
Push, (Eng.) has been compared with Pousser, or Poulser, and with
Bussare, (Ital.) Percutere; though if Poulser be the true form, it does
not belong to this race of words. In Push, Pustle, the sore, PusT?//a,
we unequivocally see the Pudgy stuff. The Latin term Peto, Posco,
PosTulo, means to Push at, after, into, any thing for various purposes,
and among others for that of Enquiring after any thing. In the following
K K 2
260 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J, K,Q, S,T, X, Z. \l,m,n,r.
passage, the term Posco, under the sense of Demand, is absolutely
connected with an action, in which the Ground is described, as being
?vs,ned into, or Routed up in the operation of Ploughing, "Nee tantum,
" segetes alimentaque debita dives Poscebatur Humus; sed itum est
" in Viscera Terrae." {Ovid. Met. I. 137-8.) — Put, (Eng.) has been
justly referred to Poser, Posare, belonging to Posui, Vosifus, Pono, in
which latter word we have the form PN. The origin of Put will be
manifest from its adjacent word Putty, where we have the Pudge
matter. The Latin Post?>, the Post, is that which is Stuck up. In
Welsh the term Post means " what projects, or branches out, a Post,"
which is adjacent in my Welsh Dictionary to Pos«e^, " A round body,
" or that swells out," and Poth, "That swells out, a Boss," where we
see the idea of ' What Pudges out.' — Pitch, (Eng.) To Stick into, upon
any thing, has been acknowledged by the Etymologists to belong
to Pango, Figo, Utiyw/^i ; though Skinner has considered the term in
two separate articles ; in one of which we have ' To Pitch upon ones
' head,' where he has recorded Peser, (Fr.) and Ylirvaw. It appears
not to be understood, that any relation exists between 'To Pitch,' the
verb; and Pitch, Pix, Picis, the substantive; yet we shall now un-
equivocally see, that 'To Pitch, To Stick,' is the verb belonging to
Pitch, the Sticky matter. Skinner records Pight in his glossary of
ancient words, as the participle of Pitch. In PiTCH-i^or^, FiG-Forch,
(Welsh,) as in PicK-^a:e, we are directly brought to the spot; though
here the action is that of Pvsmng, or Routing up, effected by that of
Fvsmng, or Stickiyig in. The Greek Pipto, or Pito, cPeso/z, and FiTneo,
(niTTTto, e-Trecrov, Cado, Ylirvew, Cado, Labor,) To Fall, To Slip, co-
inciding with Pitch, when a person is said to Pitch upon his Head,
and to Slip, brings us to the idea of walking upon Slimy, or Pitchy
matter. The form PiTwao, {YliTvaw, Expando, Extendo, &c.) signiiies
To Pitch, or To Put out, as in an extended manner.
In the Poems attributed to Rowley, the sense of the verbs Pitch
and Pight will illustrate my observations on the use of these terms.
In the English Metamorphosis, (v. 75,) we have "To slea her where-
" soever she shulde be Pyghte," i. e Pitched, or Settled, and in the
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOITOM, &c. 261
Tournament, " Anenst all menne thou barest to the Grounde, Lyche
" the hard hayle dothe the tall loshes Pyghte," where it means ' To Push,
' or Beat to the Ground,' and in Godwin we have twice " Pyghte
" doivne .•" In Ella we have (v. 6o8,) " Oppe hie the rootes oure tree
" of lyfe theie Pyghtes," where it signifies To Push, or Rout up, as
with a PicK-^ae, &c. Again the word occurs under the form Pete,
as " Pete everych tree," &c. (Ella, looo,) in which passage Dean Milles
explains the word by " Beat, or Pluck out," where he has used a kindred
term under its due application. — In Shakspeare, {Licar, Act II. Sc. i.)
we have " When I disswaded him from his intent, And found him Pight
" to do it," &c. where Dr. Johnson properly observes, " Pight is
" Pitched, Fixed, settled," and Mr. Steevens has justly referred us to
a passage, in which Tents are said to be Pight, or Pitched, as w^e nov\
say ; where it agrees with the application of the Greek PEGm/o, Pexo,
(J\y]'yvv^i, ^w, Ylti^aa-dai (TK^va^ em tov aiyiaXov.^ In English PiTT is
another form of Pitch, &c. when we talk of ' A man FiTring his love
* upon a girl,' and ' Pitt/wo- two combatants together,' just as we talk of
'A Pitched Battle.' — In the expression 'Frned with the small pox,'
it is impossible to separate the Pit, or Hollow from the idea of being
Picked, if I may so say, Viqu6, Vicot^, or Stuck with the marks of the
Small Pox. Hence we see, that Pitted, Hollowed into Pits, is nothing
but Pitched, Picked, or Stuck into Pits. In the Italian Buttc'a-«^o, and
the French Pico/d de petite verole, the idea of Sticking is annexed.
John Florio explains Bvrrare by " To throw, to fling, to hurle. Also
" to drive, or Thrust in,'' which belongs to our word Butt. — Robert
Ainsworth, or Morell explains Pight in the English Vocabulary, by
" Delapsus, Pos?7ms," &c. where in Positus we have a kindred word,
and in the succeeding term we are brought to the spot supposed in my
hypothesis, Pyghtel, " A small close, Agellus circumseptus." A Pyghtc/,
is what we call sometimes ' A small Patch of Land,' where in Patch
we come to Pudge Matter. Nathan Bailey gives us Pickle, Pightel,
and Pingle, in which latter word we have the form PN. Pitch, as
a substantive, is applied to the idea ot' Rising, Swelling, or Pudg?';?^ out,
up, &c. if I may so say, as ' To Rise, or Mount to a high Pitch,' or,
262 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
if I may so say, Pagos, (Jlayo^, tumulus, collis,) belonging to YEGnumi,
(n>;7)/i//wt, Figo,^ To Pitch, or Stick, where let us note the term Moimf,
which is derived from the Mount, Mountain, the Mom, Montis, (Lat.)
the Mound, or Heap of Dirt, for a similar reason. It is marvellous
to observe, how words continue to retain their original idea. In
Shakspeare it is actually applied in the sense of a Substance, Rising,
or VvxiGing out, with a direct allusion to a Lump of Dirt, or Pudge
matter, under its plastic nature, " All men's honours Lie like one Lump
" before him, to be fashioned into what Pitch he please," (^Henry VIII.
Act II. Sc. 2.) — In the following passage of Shakspeare, Pitch, as a
verb, is applied in its original idea of Sticking in the Mire, or Pudge.
" His Spirits hear me, and yet I needs must curse ; but they'll nor pinch.
Fright me with Urchin shows. Pitch me in the Mire,'' Sec.
The English term Pay, with its parallels Payer, Pagare, (Fr. and Ital.)
Solvere, is not derived from Pacare, Satisfacere, but it means simply
to Pitch, Put, or Stake down, as we express it, where let us mark, how
Stake belongs to Stick and Sticky, for a similar reason. — In our ancient
writers the word Pay is accompanied with its kindred term Pitch,
as in " Pitch and Pay." Pistol in his advice to his wife gives her the
following caution, "Let senses rule; the word is Pitch and Pay ; Trust
" none." — The term Pay is sometimes used in the more violent sense
of PiTCHz'wg down, Beat?;?^', &c. under which application Skinner has
referred it to Paio, (Ilata),) which is quasi Pajo, a similar term. This
sense was likewise familiar to our ancient writers, " Seven of the eleven
" I Paid," and on some occasions the term Pay directly signifies " To
" Stick,'' as in the Twelfth Night, " I had a pass with him, rapier,
" scabbard, and all ; and he gives me the Stuck in, with such a mortal
" motion, that it is inevitable ; and on the answer, he Pays you as surely
" as your feet hit the ground they step on : They say, he has been
" Fencer to the Sophy." In the Nautical phrase ' To Pay the bottom
' of a ship,' to smear it over with Pitch, we see the original idea.
These terms signifying To Pitch, Put, &c. bring us to the French
apPuYcr, and the Italian apYoaiare, To Rest upon. The preceding term
to this latter word in John Florio's Dictionary is apVoGare, " To stifle,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOITOM, &c. 263
" to smother," which means ' To Pudge up,' and in the same column
of his Dictionary we have apPiciare, in the interpretation of which he
uses the verb, " To Pitch," and in an adjacent term we have apPiccare,
" To hang, to pASxe/z, to Cleave unto," where in the term Cleave we
approach to the original idea, but in those words, which appear in
the same column with this latter term, we see most indubitably that idea
fully displayed, as in apYiccaticcio, " Clammy, gluish, burrish," and
opPiAsxriccmre, " To bedawh, to heplaister, to helomc. Also to Clam,
"or Stick together; — apVAsrare, "To knead, or make Paste. — Also
" to make clammy.'' I could not have devised terms so illustrative
of my hypothesis.
The English words Put, Pose, and the Latin terms Pono, Vosui,
Fositu7ii mean, ' To Push, Pudge, or Fix in.' In the phrase ' To Pose
' a person,' we have the sense of Setting him Fast, as we express it ;
but in Puzzle we see the idea of Puddle, or as we say, ' To be Muddle
' a person.' The term Puzzle, " The dirty slut," as N. Bailey explains
it, belongs to the Puddle, as Slut belongs to Slush. We cannot but
see, how Piddle, reddere urinam, relates to the Puddle, and when we
talk of a person ' Piddling in Uttle vile matters,' it is almost in the sense,
which we apply to a Puddling fellow. The application, by which
words are brought to their original spot, and genuine idea, perpetually
presents itself to our view. We have seen, that Pango, pePiGi, &c.
means "To Plant, or Fix plants in the Ground,'' Laureas Pangere,
and under this word I cannot but note another application, where the
term has peculiar force, as derived from its original idea of impression
on Soft Matter, Pangere Suavium. The term Figo " To Stick, Fix,
" or Fasten," has the same appropriate sense, Fica^ liumo plantas; and
that it is derived from Sticky matter will be unequivocal, when we
remember a term under the same form Fig, as FiGulus, " A Potter, or
" Worker of things in Clay," but in Italian the case is still, if possible,
more indubitable, where Fitto not only signifies " Fixed, Fast, driven,
" or Peg'd in," but Fitto, or Fitta, says John Florio, means " Also
" a thrust, a punch, a foine, a Push. Also close driven, or hard woven.
" Also J Slough of }Vaters. Also the Rut of a cart wheele in deepe
264 B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J, K,Q,S,T, X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
" and foule waies.'' The term Pono, Yosui, particularly signifies, * To
' Plant,' &c. Ponere vites, Fositis, Arborihus, &c. and our English word
Put, as Junius has remarked, was in its primary sense applied to opera-
tions on the Ground, "Anglis verbum Put multiplicem habet usum,
" quem passim inculcant Lexicographi Angli. Olim tamen primariam
" verbi acceptionem ab Agriculturd desumptam puto. Nam Danis
" etiamnum hodie Putter i jorden till at plante est Depa^igere, vel
deYiGere surculum humi, ^vTeveivy We know, that Pango, peViGi,
Pactmtw, To Plant, or Fix Plants in the Ground, and proPAGO, pr6?xGKte,
have this appropriate sense. Let us mark the Greek Phutcwo, (^vrevto,
Planto,) which may mean in its original sense, ' To Plant, or Put in,'
and if so, then Phuto/?, Q^vrov,^ and perhaps Botane, (Borai/?/,) bear
the same meaning. I have produced these terms, in another place,
among a race of words, which signify ' To Stick up, or out, To Swell
' out,' just as Put is used in a similar way, ' To Put, or Push forth,
' leaves, buds,' &c. In many cases these ideas cannot be separated from
each other. In Scotch Put is the form for Push, and perhaps our term
'A queer Put,' may mean, as we say, 'The Butt of people,' 'The
' person Push'd at, or attacked.' In Galic Putaw is To Push, adjacent
to which is PuTog, A VvDning, where we are brought to the Pudge stuff.
Again, in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary we have Yosam, "To stay, rest, Pitch,
" lodge," and Fos, Fosadh, " A delaying, staying, resting, Yixitig,
" Vircning; a prop, buttress, wall, or Ditch," where in the Ditch we
are brought to the true spot, and to the Latin Fossa, Fod?*o, &c. Under
another form we have Foisaw, "To Stop, rest." I must leave the
Celtic Scholar to class the words adjacent to these under their due senses,
as compared with the fundamental idea, such as Fos, the particle, signi-
fying, "Yet, still, also," where in Still we see how it belongs to the
idea of Rest, Fosram, To hire, which means likewise To Stop; — Fotho,
A foundation, i. e. The Bottow, and " Fot, A giant. Raging, storming,
" violent," which brings us to the adjacent term, the origin of all these
words, FoTHach, "A lake, pond." We see how the Pond, or Pudgy
Ground, as the Low Spot, may mean a Foundation, and as considered
in its Swelling up State, how it may signify Raging, &c. If I should
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 265
refer to the Irish Fos, Staying, Resting, the Greek Pauo, Pauso, (Flayw,
Cessare facio, Flai/o-w,) the relation would be sufficientlj precise.
The terms belonging to Figo, and Fix, in French are Fixer, FiGcr,
FiCHer. The words Fix, Fixer are brought to their true idea in their
Chemical sense of 'To Fix, or to deprive of volatility,' to keep in a
compact state ; and the word Fioer actually means to Congeal, coagulate,
&c. Adjacent to Ficner in my French Dictionary T see Fic, " A kind
" of stinking Wart. — (A sort of Wart on the frush in horses,) Fig,"
and Fichu, " Sorry, pitiful," which mean ' The Swelling out Pudgy
' Matter,' and ' What is Pudge, or File.' — The English Heraldic term
FiTCHerf, "Acuminatus, vel in acutum apicem desinens," means, 'What
* Sticks out in a Peak, or Pike ;' the succeeding word to which in
Skinner is Fitcher, or Fitchow, Fissau, (Fr. G.) Fisse, Visse, (Belg.)
" Viverra putida," which this Etymologist derives from PuTeo, and
FcExeo, (Lat.) where in these Latin words we directly come to Foid
matter. This animal however may be derived from its Sticking qualitv
of inTixing its teeth. The terms Fast, FAsrew, (Eng.) have various
parallels Fast, (Sax.) Fast, (Belg.) Fest, Fest, (Germ.) Fasten, Fahen,
&c. &c, Wachter has justly referred to these words the Greek Piezo,
and PiAzo, (Jlie^w, Ylia^w, premo,) and we cannot but see how the
idea of Squeezing brings us to Squashy matter, as we term it in our
vulgar Language. In our expression ' He is Fixed Fast in the Mud,'
we see the true sense of the words, which I am considering. Fast often
means simply Attachmetif to any thing, or being Close to any thing,
as in " Fast by the Oracle of God," and among other interpretations
Lye explains the corresponding Saxon word by Tenax, as ^r-F^ST,
Honoris Tenax, Under F^ste, Firmiter, Lye produces a phrase, which
brings us to the original idea, " Swithe F^ste to somne gc-Limeti,
*' Firmissime Conglutijiatus," and again under Lam, Loam, Limus,
Lutum, we have the following phrase, as a translation of a passage in
the Psalms, " AriESTNot/ ic eom on Lame, Yixus sum in Luto,'' where
let us mark, how Fixws is used in its just sense. Fast, as applied to
Abstaining from Food with its parallels Fcestan, Fasten, (Sax. Germ.)
&c. has been derived from A7rao-Tos ; but the German Lexicographers
Ll
^6 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
have seen, that their term Fastcw, Servare, Custodire, observare, and
TASTe?i, Jejunare, belongs to the same idea of what is Fast, or Firm.
In such phrases as ' To Fast on bread and Water,' or as we might say,
' He continues to Fast, or Keeps Fastw^ on bread and water,' we
perceive, that Fast means ' To keep Fast, Finn, or Constant to the diet
' of bread and water,' or ' To Keep, or Stick,' as we express it, * to
' bread and water.' In periods, when Abstinence, or Keeping from
Food, was the great exercise of Constanci/, or Firmness, we shall not
wonder, that these ideas have been entangled with each other. The term
Fast, in the sense of Quickness, Dispatch, or Diligence, still belongs
to the same idea of Sticking Fast, or Constant to any employment.
In Hard we have a similar union of ideas, as * He keeps Flai^d to study,'
and He * Runs Hard.' We shall find in the course of these enquiries,
that many terms of Motioji have been derived from the soft matter of
Pudge in agitation, and such might have been the origin of Fast, Citus ;
yet the process, which I have given, seems to be the true one. The
original idea, however, still continues to operate, and cannot often be
separated from a turn of meaning, belonging to another process.
Some derive Fast, Firmus, or^-AsT, from Estos, and IsTewf, (Ecrrws,
IerT^;jU^,) and I can have no objection to the opinion, that these forms
ST, ./-ST have passed into each other. If this conception should be just,
the idea of Stability will be derived from that of Sticki?ig in, to, up,
out, &c. That is, if we suppose the sense of the Element *C, *S, *T, &c.
to be that of Sficki/ p-VoGE, or z^^Ash, &c. matter, every thing will
aptly agree, and we shall then understand by what peculiar idea all
the terms, under that form, which I discussed in a former Work belong
to each other, and to the words before us. Under the form Vest,
Firmus, validus, &c. Wachter has properly applied the explanatory
word Tenax, where the idea of Tenacity, which is, we know, applied to
Sticky matter, brings us to the original idea. Wachter has supposed,
that some names of Warriors have been derived from this idea of Firm-
ness, annexed to Vest, as Ario-YisTus, YASTmar, &c. In German Veste
is Firmamentum, and Domus, what is Fast, or Strong, and hence we
have as Wachter observes, Vesta, (Lat.) ' Terra Firma,' as it might
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 267
be called, which in Greek becomes Estia, (Ecrna, Focus, Lar, Domus,
Vesta,^ to which probably belongs Hodse, &c. To Vest, Fast, belongs
Vest?o, (Lat.) and V^est/5, with its various parallels, the Garment, what
FASTe//s a person in ; and hence To be mVESTec? with a property means
' To be Secured in a property,' — To 7'«Vest a Town, To FASTe«, or
Inclose it with troops, &c. In Greek we have the form EsTHes, (Eo-0>;?,)
but I shall forbear to examine the words under this form, VS, or t'-*S,
which passes into "S ; as they will be considered in a separate Article. —
In German Tunch means " Litura e calce, gypso, vel Ctcmento," and
Tunica; which Latin word, we see, belongs to the German term, under
the metaphor of a Clay covering. The word Coat in English is attached
to a similar metaphor of a Coating of Clay. In Belgic the term Vast,
corresponding to Fast, is brought to its true sense, when it is applied
in the phrases " Een Vaste Grond, A firm Ground." — Het Vasts Land,
" The Firm Land, or Continent," &c. — Vast hlyven, raahen, " To Stich
" to, Vast Lymen, To glue, to Fastc^ with glue," as my Lexicographer
explains it, where let us mark, how Lymen, To Glue, or Lime belongs
to Limus, Mud, for a similar reason. Adjacent words to these in my
Dutch Dictionary are YATren, " To take, catch, apprehend, gripe," which
is another form of Vast, Fast, &c. and Vat, "A Fat, tun," &c. which
I conceive to be brought to its true sense, when we talk of a Fat, as
applied to a Ta«-PiT ; the Low Hollow Pudge spot. From the Fat, Vat,
Pit, or Hollow of the Ground, we have the Hollow of a Barrel, the Vat,
Vas, Vessel, &c. I shall shew, that Vasto, Waste, Vaco, Vacuus, &c.
belong to the idea of the Bog, or ^'Wag Spot. The notions of Boggv, and
Spungy matter are directly combined with each other, and in the sense
of Spungy matter, we see unequivocally the notion of Insterstitial
VACuity, if I may so express it. Nathan Bailey explains Spungy by
" Holloiv like a Spunge." I shew, that Vacillo belongs to Waggle,
or Boggle, and Vago, To Wag, or Bog about, and hence w^e shall see,
how YAoina, the Hollow, may belong to Vago. The term Vag?o,
the indistinct, inarticulate Noise, belongs to the term of Commotion
Vago. In such expressions as " Gladius YAoina Yacuus,'' — Ense ebur
YACuum, we see how the Vag and Vac in VAG?'«a, and Yacuus, belong-
to each other.
L L 2
268
B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,J, K,Q,S,T,X, Z.( l,m.,n,r.
The various terms, belonging to our Element, which convey a similar
sense to such w^ords as Fast, Fasten, must be referred to the idea, from
which these words are derived. Some of these terms unequivocally
present this fundamental meaning, and others are sufficiently manifest-
We shall at once acknowledge, that our familiar term Fetch, which is
applied to so many purposes, must be referred to this source, and that
the original notion of the term is that of Taking hold of any thing.
Taking up any thing, or being Attached to any thing, place, or action,
so as ' To Bring, Carry, Procure, Perform, Effect,' &c. The word Take
is used likewise, we know, for a great variety of purposes, and corres-
ponds in most instances with the application of Fetch. The Ety-
mologists understand, that Fetch belongs to this Race of words, by
producing, as parallel, the terms Feccan, (Sax.) Adducere, and Vatcw,
VxTTen, (Belg.) " Comprehendere, Tenere, Capere," Let us mark the
Latin Teneo, and remember its sense of Tenacious Matter, Clay, &c.
Tenax Bitumen, " Loca Tenacia gravi cceno,'' &c. from which we shall
learn, that it belongs to such words, as Tunch, Thon, (Germ.) Clay,
Mud, &c. for a similar reason. While I examine pEccaw, To Fetch,
in my Saxon Dictionary I cast my eyes on pEcaw, Jungere, to which
belongs Fog, "Conjunctio, connectio ;" and the next term to this I find
YoGere, Procus. Fair means in Scotch, " To grasp, to inclose in
" one's hand," where Dr. Jamieson has justly recorded from Ruddiman
the Belgic Voeghen, Conjungere, as likewise Facken, (Fland.) Appre-
hendere, Empoigner, (Fr.) Fae, Fick, or Faek, (Isl.) Capio, though he
has not seen that it belongs to the familiar term Fast.
The articles in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary next to Faik, ' To Grasp,'
&c. are Fair, signifying " To fold, to tuck up," and Faik, " A Fold
" of any thing, as a ply of a garment," where we see the idea o( Matter
adhesive, or conjoined to Matter; but in Faik, " A Stratum of stone in
" a quarry," we are brought to the very spot, supposed in my hypothesis.
Our author has produced parallel words for the Fold, as Fake, (Eng.)
" among seamen a coil of rope," Veck, Wika, Vika, Faggor, (Swed.)
to which he refers pAcewf/, and Fockcw, (Teut.) To Hoise up the Sails.
Dr. Jamieson faintly acknowledges, what others have observed, the
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE. BOTTOM, &c. ^69
relation between Fair, To grasp, or Inclose in one's hand," and To Faik,
To Fold. These words might have been explained by 'To infold, or
* Inclose,' and ' To Fold.' The German Fock, Velum, to which Wachter
has produced as parallel VoGuer, " plenis velis navigare," seems to belong
to Vague, the Waves, and the terms of motion. Wag, Yagok, &c.
We have likewise in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, adjacent to the above
terms, Faik, the name of the Fish, called the Razor bill, which appears
under the form Faik, where we see probably the true form, Faik,
" To lower the price," which Dr. Jamieson refers to Falka, licitari,
" Faik, To fail, to become weary," which he has justly referred to the
English Weak, Fekna, (Swed.) Flaccescere, &c. &c. and " To Faik,
" To stop, cease," which he attributes to Faik. This word for Fa'mtness
belongs to Pudge, or Matter in its dissolved state. Faik, To lower,
means to be in a IVeakened state. In the same opening of Dr. Jamieson
we have a term, answering to our familiar word Fade, — "To Fade,
" To taint, to corrupt," where we see the idea of vileness annexed to
the term. We have likewise Fadge, " A Bundle of Sticks," and FagoW,
" Fog-^o^," under the latter of which words Dr. Jamieson observes,
that it is evidently the French Fagot, a little disguised, though he sees
not this relation in the first word, which however he has yery justly
compared with such terms, as geFeg, " commissura, com^Ago ;" where
let us mark Pago, belonging to Pango, peV\Gi, PACTUtn, a kindred term,
Foeg, (Belg.) A joining, &c. Our author here produces FAO-etid,
which means the File end ; and Fag, To be Fagg'(/, signifies " To be
" all in a Pudge, or Puther, or to be in a Muddled state, as we express it.
But Fadge likewise means "A large flat loaf, or bannock," where we
are once more brought to the original idea of a Lump of a Pudgy kind.
The term too means " A lusty and clumsy woman," and in the combi-
nation " Fat Fadge, (And I shall hae nothing to my sell But a Fat
" Fadge by the fyre,") we have kindred words joined with each other.
The next article in this Dictionary is 'I'o Fadle, Faidle, " To walk in
" an awkward and IFaddling manner," where our author sees some
resemblance to the English Waddle, " The origin of which," as he says,
" is very uncertain," Yet the next article Fado/;/, " A Fatho/w," a mea-
270
B,F,P,V, W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.} l,m,n,r.
sure, which in Islandic, as he informs us, signifies a Bottom, might
have unfolded the mystery. Our author might have passed from Fathom,
' To Fathom the depth of a Water,' or to find the Bottom, Vadum, or
Ground, to the action, which we express by Wade, and from Wade,
Vado, (Lat.) we proceed without any violent effort to Waddle. These
words under other forms become Wag, Waggle, Vacillo, Boggle, &c.
which again brings us by another process to the BOG.
We see in the Islandic terms Fae, Fich, or Facck, that the idea
annexed to Fast, appears under the form Fae, without the second
consonant of the Radical FC; and thus it appears in other Languages,
as Fahen, (Germ.) where Wachter refers us to words of the same meaning
under the form F*, and among other terms, to the Greek Piao, (lltaw,)
in which Language we have the form PZ, as in the terms before pro-
duced, PiAzo, and Piezo, (Ilta^w, Uie^ca, Prehendo.) Wachter likewise
refers us to Fangen, To Catch, Seize, &c. which brings us to Fang,
Fingers, &c. where we see how the form FG, or FGG, connects itself
with the form FN, FNG, as in the Greek «Figgo, or sFingo, CZcpiyyw,
Constringo.) The name of the Sphinx, or sPigx, (^(pij^, Sphinx,)
is acknowledged to belong to this term for Constriction, and "The
" Sphinxes," as Dr. Vincent has observed, {Perip. of Eryth. Sea, p. 28.)
" are supposed to be Apes by Wesseling, and from their tameness it is
" probable." I know not, whether this enquiring Scholar understands,
that the Greek names for the Ape and the Sphinx constitute the same
term, as Pithex, or Pithx, and sPigx, or Pigx, (Ui6n^, Simla, and
2^J7^.) The Prophetic qualities of the Ape, or Sphinx continued to
a late period ; as we all remember from the well-known adventures of
Gines de Passamonte.
To the words, now under discussion, Piezo, Pieso, &c. (Jlie^w,
riteo-w,) we must refer the Greek terms Pas, cwPas, diamFAx, oPax,
em?\zomai, as?AZoniai, (lias, Omnis, ATras, Omnis, E^uTras, Omnino,
prorsus, Aiafxira^, Penitus, prorsus, kira^, Semel, Omnino, prorsus,
EfXTra^o/uLaL, Curo, rationem habeo, revereor, Aa-ira^o^ai, Amplector,)
which all relate to the idea of Sticking, or Squeezing together, as into
one single Mass, or Lump, or so as ' To be attached to, Cling about,' &c.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 271
Schneider in his German and Greek Dictionary explains asVxzomai,
(Aa-Tra^o/jLai,) by unipASse?!, To Fastc/z about. This idea will shew us,
how Pas, (lias,) may belong to its adjacent terms in our Greek Vocabu-
laries Pxssaleuo, (Tlaa-a-aKeuw, Palum FiGo,) To Fix, or Stick together
with a Peg, &c. and Passo, (Uacra-w, Conspergo ; — Intexo, contexo,)
relating to Pash, or Pudge matter. Sticking together, as in the sense of
Intexo. In the following passage one of these terms is joined with a
kindred word, in its appropriate and original sense, referring to agents
and instruments of mighty force, DiamVxx VASSkleii', &c. &c. " Peg
" down quite firm and Fast his stubborn jaws with a Wedge of Adamant,"
AZafxavTivov vvv acpnvo^ avBaht] yvaOov 1,Tepvwv AiafiTra^, Ylaa-a-aXev
eppw/uLevo^, (^jEschyl. Prometh. 64-5.) Here the Commentators have
supplied us with another passage, where the same word is applied,
relating to the action of Yixing by a nail, Tiovl' €(pri\wraL Topw^ yo/jLcpo^
Aia/jiTra^. In the compound GomfoFAGes, (TofxcpoTrwyij^, Clavus
firmatus,) and in the Latin interpretation of Gomfoo, (To/mfpow,) clavis
Compingo, we see in Pagcs from ^EGnuwi, (nriyvv/ni,^ and pePiGi
belonging to Pango, Compingo, kindred terms. We cannot help per-
ceiving, how the Latin word Palus, the Peg, or Pen, coincides
with Palus, the Pool, or Lake of Sticky matter, and how Clavus belongs
to such words as Cleave, Clammy, &c. derived from the Sticky Clay.
The term eni?Azomai, EjjLira^ofiai, Curo, rationem habeo, Revereor,)
signifies * To be Attached to, or to be About,'' for the purpose o( Attending,
Taking care of; and in the familiar phrase Ovrt Qeoirpoiria's EfXTra^oinai,
tjvTiva oila, the term means ' I am not Attached to, I do not Attend
' to, or pay any Attention to any thing of a Divine nature, which I have
' heard,' &c. The word Attend, Attendo, relates to Attachment, almost
under a similar idea. In the same leaf of my Greek Vocabulary with
emPAzoJuai, (E/ivra^Ojuat,) I perceive e;//PisTt'//o, [E/nTTtarTevw, Fido,)
where the Pist and the Fid, relate, as I have shewn, to the idea of
what a person is firmly Fixed, or VASTened to, in, &c. The preceding
term to this is emPis, (EyUTrts, Culicis genus,) which means the Animal,
which inYxy^es, or Sticks itself into a person. Schneider explains e;;/Pis,
by " Die Steckmucke,'" The Sticking animal. In the next column of my
372 B,F,P,V, W.} C, D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Dictionary to that, in which asYAZomai, (Ao-Tra^o/iat,) is, I see «sPis,
(ATTTTts, Clypeus, Aspis serpentis genus,) which contains the same idea
of Cleaving to, or about a person ; where let us note the Latin Clypeus,
which belongs to the very term Cleave, relating to Sticky matter ; and
we now understand, that asPis, in the sense of the Asp, or Serpent,
the idea of inFixing, or Sticking in, is still preserved. I have produced
on a former occasion terms for Following, or what we express by
' Going After a person,' as Post, (Lat.) Puis, (Fr.) Pues, (Span.)
&c. &c. «Fter, (Eng.) &c. oPiso, (OTTitro),) oPedco, aPADeo, oPazo,
(OTTtjBew, OTTudew, Comitor, O-Tra^w, Persequor,) oPizomal, oPis, {Otti^o-
fxai, Curo, revereor, caveo, rependo, ulciscor,) which, as I have observed,
contain the sense of Following, either for the purpose of Respect, or
Revenge, and which are derived probably from the notion of Pressing
about, on, upon, Pv&mng on, or at, in an action of regard, or of annoy-
ance. It is marvellous to observe, how kindred terms become connected
with each other, as in OTrt^o/uei/o)!/ 8' E/x7ras tjs enrev kui role, &c.
{Pind. Pyth. p. 152-3.)
In Danish Faae is, "To get, receive, obtain, gain, acquire," and
the Danish Scholars, I trust, understand, that their familiar particle of
Attachment, Paa, " On, upon, at, in, after," belongs to the same idea,
as in such expressions, as PAA-Gribe, "To apprehend, seize, take hold of,"
Paa-Faeste, " To Fix, or Fasten on," as my Lexicographer explains it,
PAA-Kline, "To Paste upon," Paa-Passe, "To observe, have an eye
" upon," where it is joined with a kindred word Passe, "To be Fit,
" adequate, adapted, conformed, congruous, or congruent to." Let us
note the explanation of the Danish Passe by Fit, and odApTed, from
whence we shall see, that Fit, oPt, aPrus, oPto, (Lat.) oPto, aPromai,
(Atttw, Necto, kirrofxai, Tango, Haereo,) together with Fadge, (Eng.)
which N. Bailey explains by "To agree, to be adaPred to, to be made
" Fit." and Pat, must be likewise added to this Race of words.
In Aphe {A(pn, Tactus, &c.) we have the form *F. The term aPTO,
(Atttw, Accendo,) means nothing but ' To Catch fire,' as we express
it, and the very word in Belgic, corresponding to these terms, Vattcw,
" To take. Catch, apprehend, gripe," is applied in one of its senses
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 273
in the same manner, as " Het tender wou geen Funr Vatten, the
" tinder would not Catch fire." The Greek a?Tomai, (hirrofiai,') means
To Fasten to, or be Attached to, and likewise in a more violent sense,
To pASxe/? on, as we express it. To Seize, Lay hold on, Catch, &c,
A well known passage in Thucydides will illustrate the latter sense of
this word : ' The Beasts and the Birds of Prey,' says he, ' or those, which
' are wont to pAsxew on, or Seize men, at the time of the plague, when
' many carcases were unburied, either did, not approach them at all, or
' were destroyed by tasting them,' " Ta opvea kui rerpuTroda, ocra avQpwTrwv
" aTrrerai, TroAXwt' aracpcov jiyvoimevwv, >; ov irpotnjei, jj •yeva-aiitva
" hefpdeipeTo y In Danish the verb Fatte, which belongs to Fast,
" To hold Fast, be Fast, Stick Fast," is exactly applied, as the Dutch
Y.vrren, and as the Greek words are in the sense of Seizure, and
Catching Fire, when it signifies "To Catch, take. Seize, lay hold of,
" apprehend. To take, or Catch Fire," as my Lexicographer explains it.
The Etymologists have justly referred Fadge to geFegan, (Sax.) Com-
ponere, Fitgen, Foeghen, Focken, (Germ, and Belg.) "Conjungere,
" Adaptarey Fit is derived by Skinner from Fait, (Fr.) Factum, and
Junius only understands, that it may belong to a Flemish term Vitten,
Aptare, Fits, Frequens, and a Greek word Fitta, {<biTTa,) a term of
exhortation to Haste. The substantive Fit of an ague he refers to this
Flemish term Fits, and Skinner reminds us of Fights. — In the expression,
* To fall into a Fit, To sink down in a Fainting Fit, A Fit of Melancholy,'
we seem to have the original idea, which appears to be nearly the same
as ' To fall into a Pit, a Pudgy Qwag spot, or Situation.' We see how
Quick belongs to Qwag, Quick-sands, &c. and this will shew us, hovs-
Fit partakes of the sense of Un steady. Loose, violent motion, or Luctation,
if I may so say, as of a person struggling in this species of matter,
' He fell into strong Fits,' &c. If we say, that Fits is quasi Fights,
we come nearly to the same idea, as I shew, that Fight, Pugwo, belongs
to the sense of ^Asmng about, &c. The Latin Luctari is quasi in
Luto Niti. The German Anstoss, " A Fit, Access, Paroxysm, "
belongs to Anstossen, " To hit, dash, kick, knock against, in der Rede,
" To Hesitate, stammer. Stick, hum and haw," where in Stick we see
M M
374 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
the true sense of the word Stossen, which my Lexicographer explains by
" To Thrust one, Push a thing, give them a thrust, or Push, &c. —
" Etwas in morser Stossen, To Beat, pound, bray, bruise, or stamp
" something in a Mortar." Here Stossen under the Element ST-S,
relating to the idea of Sticking, Sticky Matter, &c. has precisely the same
meaning, which 1 annex to Beat, Push, Pash, &c. in their violent sense,
as belonging to Pudge Matter. But the German Anstossen has another
sense, which relates to Sticky matter in its adhesive application. Just as
I suppose Fit, the adjective and verb, to belong to Pudge, as this
German word signifies " To be contiguous, adjacent, Joining, confined."
Thus we see, that there certainly is a process, by which Fit, the sub-
stantive, ' The Ague Fit,' may be connected with Fit, the adjective
and verb, relating to Joining; and it is probably the process, which
I have supposed.
The Latin aVTus explained in Robert Ainsworth's Vocabulary by
'' Tied, Johied, Fitted, Pat, close," where let us again note the term
Pat, which we shall at once allow to belong to the verb 'To Pat, strike,
' or Pash against any thing.' The term Pat, as a verb, most unequivo-
cally brings us to an action upon Soft, Paste like matter, and this idea
of its original sense has operated in producing the application of the word
on the following occasion, in a well known stanza in the verses of our
children, " Pat a Cake, Pat a Cake, Bakers Man, So I do. Master,
" as fast as I can." The repetition of this stanza is accompanied by
the action of Pxning the Hands, where the word is again applied in the
service of Soft matter. We have seen the Danish Passe, to which there
is annexed an adjective Pas, Fit, which means likewise " A Pass,
" Passage." Here is another confirmation of my hypothesis; as I shew,
that To Pass signifies ' To go among the Pudge.' The compound
TO-Pas my Lexicographer explains by " To the purpose, Pat/z/." In
Dutch likewise we have Pas, " Fit, ViTring, convenient, Pat, proper,
" in time," as my Lexicographer explains it ; and there is a verb likewise
Passcm, "To Fit." In Dutch likewise Pas is a Pass^jwc and Pace,
an adjacent term is FAstey, a Pie, where we are brought directly to
Pudge Matter. In Swedish Passa means "To Fit, to suit, to Adapt,"
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 275
and Pass is a Pass; and the next word to these terms in my Swedish
Dictionary is Patt, " Bubby, Breast, Pap." In the same opening of
my Swedish Dictionary, I see Puss, " Puddle, Plash." The next terms
to Puss are Puss, Trick, and Vusserly, Comical, Ludicrous. In the
same column of Nathan Bailey's Dictionary with Fadge, we have Page
" A Merry tale," which Skinner derives from Foegen, Laetus. We now
see, that Page belongs to Fadge, Fudge, Pudge stuff; just as Puss
in Swedish relates at once to a Puddle, and to what is Comical. In
the Hindostajiee Dialects Pauss is the sign of the Dative case, signifying
" Near to," as " Sauheb Ray Pauss jaou, Go fa, (or rather, Near to^
" master," as Mr. Hadley explains it (^Gram. 28.) Dr. Gilchrist produces
as Hindostanee, or in this case Sanscrit, for To Stick, or To adhere
(in Mud,^ Yiivsna, Buj//o. Perhaps the Latin Post, «Pud, " Close by,
" nigh," should be referred to these words ; and the definition of Festus
seems to confirm this idea, who observes, " Apud mutuam loci et
" personje Conjunctionem significat." The Danish Ved, " By, at, on,
" about," and the Swedish Wid, or Vid, "Near, nigh, about, at, upon,
" by," must be referred, I imagine, to these words, and this will bring
us to the English With, and some of its parallels, under the form MD,
the German Mit, which Wachter explains in one sense by aPuD,
the Swedish Med, and the form MD supplies such terms as Mix, Mass,
&c. where we have the same idea. The French Puis is acknowledged
by Menage, &c. to belong to Post. — In the Malay Language jj PD,
or Pada signifies " At, to, on, in; according to," as Mr. Marsden explains
it, (sub voce ;) and it is applied to nouns, in order to express the Dative
and ablative Cases, similarly to the Hindoo Paus, as Ka Pada rumah,
To a House, Deri Pada rumah, From a House, (Malay Gramm. p. 32.)
The term Pada is the succeeding word in Mr. Marsden's Dictionary
to PiCHE, "Mire; clay; Miry," where we are brought to the original
idea.
The same union of ideas, which we find in the above terms between
Pass, Pace and Pat, Fit, Joining, Cementing, &c. is visible in the
kindred Greek terms hiExzo, (Bifiu^w, vi admoveo, adigo, venire facio ;)
To make to Pass forward, or to Push, or Put forward, on, &c. and
M M 2
276 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
sum-bi-BAzo, CZv/jifiifSa^a), Concilio, &c. Coagmento, &c. 'To Pur
' together, so as to Join, Cemetit, make Pat, Fit,' &c. We all remember
that this latter word is applied with great force by St. Paul, {Ephes. iv. i6.)
" E^ ov irav ro trwfxa (ruvapjxoXo'yovfxevov, Kai ^v/Ji^ilSa^Ofxevov" &c.
(^Vid. etiam Epist. ad Coloss. ii. 19.) "From whom the whole body
" Fifli/ joined together and Compacted,'' &c. where let us note two
kindred terms, Fit and cowPact, In Schleusner's representation of the
original idea of this word, he justly tells us, " Est verbum proprium de
" fabris lignariis, qui trabes, vel asseres ita compingunt et conjungunt,
" ut arctissime coeant et cohcereant. Respondet nostro In einander
" Fest, zusammenfugen ;" which means "To join, or Fit, Fast, or firmly
" together one into another," where let us note the kindred German
terms Fest, and Yvoen. My Lexicographer explains Fuoew, by " To
"join, unite, Put together," and "Es VvGte sich, It came to Pass,"
where we see again, how Pass by another process connects itself with
these words. I cannot forbear producing a term belonging to our
Elementary Character, which occurs in a verse preceding that, to which
I have referred for the use of sum-biBAzo, (Ei//i/3i/3a^a),) in the Epistle
to the Colossians. This word is emBATeiio, (E/i/^arei/w, Fastuose incedo,
Invado, Ingero, &c.) which means ' To Pass, Pad, Pace, or Stalk about,
' into,' &c. and to Push Thrust on, forward, in, into, &c. or to Intrude,
as we express it, by which latter term it is translated in our version,
" Intruding,'' (^vn^aTevtav,^ " into those things, which he hath not
" seen," &c. (Coloss. ii. I8.) I perceive in my Greek Vocabulary
ewBATE, (Eju/Sar/j, Solium, vel alveus, sive Vas, quo in balneo ad
lavandum utuntur,) where in Vas we have a kindred term, and we see
in the sense of Alveus, the Pudge Low Spot, or Bottom, into which
men Sink, or Pass, Push, Pash, in, down.
It is marvellous to observe, how words composed of the same
materials, though not directly belonging to each other, conduct us to
the same idea. In Spanish we have the compound EmEvTWy explained
in Mr. Neuman's Dictionary, by "To inlay, to enchase one thing in
" another, To mix confusedly, to jumble, To cram, to eat much," which
might be explained by " Ingerere," and in the same page of this
BOG, PASH. PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 277
Dictionary I see Em-Bvcnar, "To Stuff with minced pork, or other
" meat," &c. which brings us to the French Boucher, To stop, or
Bung up, and Em-FAcare, "To Pack up in Chests," Em-^Acnar,
" To Impede, embarrass, to disturb," which bring us to the French
Em-TECHer, Ehi-Buste, Fraud, Imposition. Let us mark the term
//^-Position, and we cannot but perceive in all these terms, the idea
of VuTTftig, or FvDGing in, on, &c. I find likewise Em-Bvoar, " To
" Put a funnel, or Mouth-piece to a Wine-Bag," and em-BvDO, " Funnel,
" or Pipe, by which liquors are poured into vessels," where we at once
see the sense of Yvrrhig in, and of the Hollow, or Pit. In the next
page of Mr. Neuman's Dictionary we are directly brought to the train
of ideas here untblded ; as we find eiiiYxTar, " To equal, or make equal,"
i. e. To make things Pat, or YiTied to each other, and em?\?,Tar,
" To Paste, to form with Paste." The proper sense of all the Greek
words Baino, or Bajwo, Beso, Bazo, Bx-reuo, &c. (Batvw, Gradior,
incedo, abeo, coeo de animalibus in Perf. etiam Situs et Fixus sum,
Fundatus sum, B>/o-w, EnfiifiaXw, Impono, e. gr. navi, Impello, deduco,
E;u/3aTei;w,) is ' To Put, Fix, Pash,' &c. as on the Ground, sometimes
with the idea of Motion, as To Put Toorsteps, or To Pass, Incedere,
or of Force and Violence, as To Push on, Impellere, and sometimes
under that of Stability, To Put, or Fix, as on a Base, Base's, (Bao-iv,
Fundatus sum ; and then To Put, Fix, Push, &c. in general. The terms
Bad/«o, (BaSt^ft),) and Vado bring us to VADwm and Pudge matter,
and mean To Pash, or Pad about. In Bazo, (Ba^w, Loquor,) and
Bauzo, (Bau'C^co, Latro,) we have the idea of Noise, as in Push/w^- about.
In modern Greek Bazo, (Ba^w,) is the familiar term for Vo&ition, " Ich
" setze, lege, stelle, porre, ponere, mettere," as Weigel explains it. In
the same page of Weigel is the term BagmWzo, (BwyvpiK^to, Ich be-
schimpfe, &c. I affront, insult, &c. and Bagga, {Bwyya, Der Graben,
Fossa,) the Ditch, &c. where we are brought to the original idea. In
Homer Bese, (B>;<re,) denotes To Put simply, or To Push, Beat, or
Drive down to the Ground with the greatest violence, Es I' eKuro^firitf
B^;o•e, &c. "fis tov<s afx<pOT€pov^ e^ nnrwv TfSews i/ios Btjcre, kukuk
aeKovras, Sec. in which places the Scholiast explains Bese by en-e-hi-
Base, (Ej/e/3j/3a<re, eve6t}Ke,^ and Kat-e-bi-B ASEN, (KarelSi^aa-ev.)
378 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| /, m, n, r.
The preceding term to Fit in Skinner is Fist, which has various parallels,
some of which Fist, Vuyst, Fmist, (Sax. Belg. Germ.) are produced
hv this Etymologist, who has justly referred us to Fassen, Prehendere,
To Hold Fast. This is one idea, annexed to the Hand ; yet there is
another, which is that of BE.vri?ig, and to this notion some of the terms,
denoting the Hand, seem to attach themselves. These ideas cannot in
many cases be separated. If we say, that the Fist meant the ^UDoing
member, the Vixing, or i7iFixing member, we shall get all its senses of
Sdc/i'ing, Holding, or Seizing Fast, and of FxsHhig, Fusning, BEAring.
Hence we have Fugnus, Pugno, (Lat.) Fight, (Eng.) Fight, &c. (Sax.)
Fechten, (Germ.) Vichten, (Belg.) &c. &c. Pux, Puktemo, (Hi;^,
Pugno, vel Piignis, YlvKTevw, Pugilatu certo,) with the Celtic terms
for the Fingers, which according to Lhuyd, are Bys, (Welsh,) Bez,
(Arm.) and Bes, (Corn.) — The term Finger has various parallels Finger,
.(Sax. Dan. and Germ.) Finger, (Belg.) Fanger, (Germ.) Capere, pro-
duced by the Etymologists ; with the English Fang, &c. I consider
Fang, Finger, to be quasi Fagg, Figg?-, and to belong to these words
Fast, Fist, &c. In the Greek sFiggo, {^(piyyu), Stringo,) which the
Etymologists produce, we see the form FG. To these words we must
add the Greek Fechus, {Ut]xv^, Cubitus, Mensura a cubito, &c.) PuGwe,
(rivyimt], Piignus, manus in Pugnum contracta, Mensura spatii a cubito
ad Pugnum,^ from which we have the term Pygw^, Fuomaios, (Uuy-
/jLuio^, ^quans seu explens, Uuyfxtjv, Pygmaeus, Nanus, pumilio, pusillus
homo.)
The various terms, which relate to what we call Faith, mean
nothing, but that, which is Fast, or Secure, that on which a person
tirmly relies. Among these terms we must class Fido, Fioes, (Lat.)
Faith, (Eng.) with the terms in modern Language, as Foi, (Fr.) where
the second consonant of the Radical is lost, Fede, (Ital.) &c. Pist?^,
Pistc^o, {Uia-Ti^, Fides, UicrTevw, credo, Fido,) to which belong Peitho,
PEiTH07nai, (Yleidw, Persuadeo,) " To Fastcw, or Attach any body to your
"opinion;" which sense of FAsrening is understood by our popular
Lexicographers, who give us the following information, " Primitiva
" significatio verbi," Peitho, (Ueidw,) "est Vincio, astringo loro, et
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 279
"sic fiine religatum quo volo duco ; vide Ueia-a, et neto-yua," which
terms signify Ropes, (Ueia-a, Funis ancoralis, Ueia-fxa, Fiducia, Funis
nauticus,) where Funis belongs to the form FN, as in Fingers. We
shall now see, why Fioes means at once Faith, and a Fiddle, and that
this instrument has been so named from its Strings, and hence it is,
that FiDiculce means " Little Cords wherewith they stretched people
" upon the rack to make them confess." One of the senses of the
adjective Yioelis is " Sure, Fast." But my hypothesis will be unequivo-
cally manifest, that all these words are connected with the Sticky matter
of the Earth, Clay, &c. when we recollect, that FiDelia means " An
" Earthen vessel serving to divers uses." In German Fadcw is " A
" Thread," which Wachter has properly referred to Fasscw, Vattcm,
Capere ; and under the same form we have Faden, A Fathom. " Mensura
" sex pedum," which I refer to the Borrow, VADum, where we are
brought to the spot, supposed in m}' hypothesis. In the same column
of my Greek Dictionary with Pistewo, (Ilio-Tei/a),) I find Pissa, and
Piso5, (Ylia-a-a, Fix, and Ilto-o?, Locus humidus et irriguus,) where we
are brought to the Pudgy Matter and Spot. In Hebrew nt03 BTCh, is
" To Trust, rely upon," says Mr. Parkhurst, but the same term likewise
signifies, " To hang close. Cling," where we see the genuine idea.
That this sense of Clinging is taken from the Pudge like, Watery, Soft,
substance, will be manifest from another sense of the word ; — the Water
Melon, the Juicy, Pashy Fruit. In the same leaf of Mr. Parkhurst's
Lexicon we have the term HOD BKH, To Ooze. The Etymologists
refer Fcedms, The Treaty, to FiDes, and we shall now understand, how
FcEDZ«, The Treaty, and Tjevus, Foul, may appear under a similar form.
We shall likewise see, how Vas, Vad/s, A Surety, or Bail, belonging
to Fast, Vest, (Germ.) &c. may appear under similar forms to Vas,
VAsis, the Earthen Vessel, and to Vaduw, The Ford, Bottom, The
Pudgy Spot. In French Vase is a Vessel, and "Mud, slime." In
our ancient Laws, the personages, who may be considered as answering
to the Latin Vas, Vad2s, or Vadc*, were called Fast^w^ men, " Pledges,
" or Bondsmen, which, by the custom of the Saxons, were Fast Bound
" to answer for one another's peaceable behaviour." The Etymologists
280
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
see the relation between VEcialis, The Herald, and Fcedus, The Treaty.
Under Tioes, The Fiddle, we are reminded by Vossius of the Greek
sFlDes, Strings, (S^tSes )(^opdai /jLuyeipiKai, 1.(pidi}, ;^0jo3^^)
Our English term ' To Wed,' is only another form of F(edus, and
means " TiEDus inire, vel Fioem dare." The Etymologists understand,
that Wed, Wedded-, Wed-/ocZ-, with the parallels JVed, (Sax.) Pignus,
Arrha, IFeddian, Pacisci, Spondere, IVetten, (Germ.) and the Spanish Boda,
have some relation to the Latin Vas, Yxms, and it has even been per-
ceived, that EDNa, (Ehva, Munera sponsalia,) is quasi Vedno, and that
it belongs to the Wedding. In Scotch Wad, Wed means "To pledge,
" to Bet, to Wager," as Dr. Jamieson explains it, where let us note
the parallel terms Bet, and WAoer. The term WxDset is a term of
legal use, and belongs to IVadsaetta, Vaedsettia, (Su. G. Isl.) oppignerare,
where let us note the kindred Latin terms Fxciscor, with Pactm/;;, and
PiGWw*. InsPoNDeo we have the form PN, but in sPouse, ePouser, (Fr.)
&c. we have the form PS. Wed-IocJc belongs to the Saxon Jfed-lac,
" Arrhabo, Pignus," in which compound we must refer the latter part
to Lac, (Sax.) Munus, If this derivation had not been so direct, we
should have thought, that Lock related to Secu?'iti/. The Etymologists
refer Bet to these words, and they likewise record under it the term
oBet. These words may perhaps directly belong to each other ; though
aBET may be classed, as the Etymologists have done in some of their
conjectures, under another race of words. A WAoer has been justly
compared with Gager, &c. where the two forms WG, and GS coincide
with each other. Wagcs are the Gages, and if To Wage War should be
considered as belonging to Gager ; yet To Wage War is directly attached
to the terms of Unsteady, Uncertain Motion, to Wag, as referred to a state
of Uncertainty and Danger. The next term to Wed in Skinner is
Wedge with its parallels Wecg, (Sax.) Wegghe, (Belg.) Week, (Germ.)
which means that, which Fixes, FAsrens, Squeezes in, together, &c.
The Vise, or Vice, The Screw, is that, which Squeezes, or FxsTens
up. We now see, how Vice, what is Vile, from the Foul Matter,
may belong to the Vice, the instrument, which is derived from the
same matter, considered as the Yiscous, or Fusrening Matter. Let us
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 281
mark Viscous, Viscns, Ixos, (I^o?.) Nathan Bailey explains Vice, by " An
" instrument used by Smiths, or other artificers to Hold Iron, or any
" other thing Fast, while they file, or work it." Vice means likewise
" An instrument with two Wheels, made use of in drawing their lead
" for glazing work," and " The nuel, or spindle of a winding stair-case."
In Italian Vite is both the Vice, and the Fine, and we mark, in the
interpretation of a Winding stair-case, that the idea of Winding, or
Twining is applied rather to the form than to force. In Shakspeare
Vice and the Fist are combined with each other; where we may see
one idea annexed to this member. Phang the Bailiff, in the Second
Part of Henry IV, says of Falstaff, whom he is about to arrest, " An
" I but Fist him once ; an a' come but within my Vice," on which
passage Mr. Henley observes, that the " Fist is vulgarly called the Vice,
" in the West of England." The term Vice, The fantastical FiGure,
in our ancient Comedy, relates, as I have shewn, (p. 107.) to Plastic
matter capable of admitting Forms Shapes, or f/eVicEs. The terms
Fetter, P£D?ca, Pede, PEOrto, (Jleh], Pedica, Compes, UeSaw, Compe-
dibus astringo,) iniVEDio, seem directly attached to the Feef, Pes, Pedis,
&c. and not originally derived from that of FAsrening. Yet where ideas
are so entangled with each other, it is often difficult to be decided in our
choice.
I shall here produce the words, which express the idea of Tying,
or VASTcning, as relating to objects of a Twining, or Binding nature ;
among which we must class the following: Vitta, The Fillet; — Yxtis,
The Vine, Vine-YavA, Vinea, (Lat.) where we have the form VN,
as in Viyicio, Vinxi, Vinctum, to which form VN, as in Vinea, belong
the terms for Wine in various Languages : Vinw//?, Oinos, (Ojj/os,) &c.
Withy, WiCKcr, Wiede, (Germ.) &c. &c. — Fascia, (Lat.) The
Band : — Fasc?s, The Faggo/, what is Bound up, The Bundle, &c. with
their parallels. Fagot, Fagotto, (Fr. Ital.) Fakc/Zos, or Fak?o/os, (<I>aKe\-
Ao?, ^uKioXo^, Fascis, Fasciculus,) and here let us remember sYakcUos,
(2<^a)ceA\os, Fascis,) and a word under a similar form sTakelos,
(S^a/ceAos, Membri inflammationem perpessi mortificatio, Salvia,) where
we have the genuine idea of the Pudgy Foul Matter, from which we
Nn
282 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.>^ 1,m,n,r.
know the Medical term Sphacelus is derived. The word means too Sage,
as likewise does sFako*, (^.(paKO's, Salvia,) because probably this herb
was applied to PocKy Sores: — FAGot?, (Welsh,) "A Fagot, a Bundle
" of Sticks, or Twigs." — Fasgw, (Welsh,) " To Bind, or tie in a Bundle,"
Fasgell, (Welsh,) A Bundle.— Fiogh, (Gal.) "A Braid, or Wreath;"—
TiGuam, (Gal.) " To weave, plait, twist," and in the same column of
Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, I see TiDhigham, " To weave, knit," and Fiohal,
A Fiddle, which will shew us, that the Fiddle is connected with the
idea of TASTening, which I imagine to relate to the Strings : — Fithe,
Fighte, (Gal.) " Woven, wreathed, twisted, braided ;" the preceding
term to which in Mr. Shaw is Fith, Land : — Yiscus, Fisc/V/a, Fisce//a,
(Lat.) " A Little Basket of twigs, or a frail ; a Wicker Basket,'' Sec. &c.
Ficelle, (Fr.) Packthread, belonging to FicHcr, which is explained by
to Pitch, and Fix. — Fase means in German, "A Thread, string, fibre,
" filament," and pAsew, FAseln, " To Feaze, fray, ravel out Fazze,''
as my Lexicographer explains it, where we mark the parallel terms
Feaze, Fazze." This word is adjacent in the Dictionaries to Pass,
a Cask, &c. and pASse/z, To take hold, &c. pASxew, To Fastc;?. In
Weigel's German and Modern Greek Dictionary pAsew. is expressed
in Modern Greek by ^e-Phtuzomai Xecprv^o/jLai, where Xe is a particle,
and Phtuzomai belongs to the ancient Greek Ptusso, quasi Patwsso,
(Ylrva-a-oo, Plico,) which is adjacent to Ptuo, quas Patwo, Pitz/o, &c.
{YItvw, Spuo,) to sPiT, where we see the original idea. — Baskc^, with
its parallels Basgawd, Basged, (Welsh,) Bauscauda, (Lat.) produced
by the Etymologists. These terms are so called, I imagine, from the
Ttvining Materials, of which they are made. Mr. Owen explains Basg
by "A netting, or plaiting of Splinters; Basket Work." — BASoed,
A Basket. In the same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary with the
first word, I see Bas, " Shallow, Shoal, or Flat," where we are brought
to the spot, supposed in my hypothesis. The Base, or Bottow, The Low
Pudgy Ground. — Byz, (Welsh,) " A Tye ; A keeping together." —
Byziw, " A Snare ; a scouting party ; or, a party for an ambuscade,
" or secret enterprize ; now, a Band, or troop, drawn up in array ; an
" army," where we see, how a Mass of people, a Band, is connected
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c, 283
with the ' Snare,' or Band, which Binds, or Ties. — Bid, (Welsh,)
" A Hedge, a quick set hedge;"— Bioaw, "A twig, or slender branch,"
&c. in the same column with which in Mr. Owen's Dictionary I see
BiDO^/, "To poniard; to stab," which means to ?7?Fix, while the terms
relating to the flexible Twigs signify To Fix, or Fasten. From the idea
of the Flexible twigs we have, as I imagine, the Welsh Bed?^ , Birch. —
Baic, (Gal.) "A twist, turn," the succeeding word to which in
Mr. Shaw is Baicha/w, " To touch, strike," which again means ' To iwFix,
' Push, Beat,' &c. In the preceding column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary
we have Bagh, "A promise, tie, bond," B\Gham, "To give, or pledge
"one's word," and BAGa7ita, "Warlike, corpulent, tight," where in
Tight and Corpulent, we at once see the Pudgy, ComPact mass. —
Page, {Ua-yt], Laqueus, tendicula,) ' The Tie, rope, trap,' is acknowledged
to belong to YzGymmi, (Utjyvuidi, Compingo, concrescere facio, Pango,
Figo,^ which relates to the comVACTness of Pudgi^ Matter. The terms
iBisc-os, hiBisciis, (I/Sio-Ko?, Hibiscus, species malva,) seem to be derived
from their Twining quality, " Gracili Fiscellam texit Hibisco." R. Ains-
worth explains Hibiscus by "A kind of twig, or bull-rush." — In Persian
jjo Bid is "A Willow," the succeeding word to which brings us directly
to the idea of Dirt Matter; as Pid juo Pid, " Fat, grease, tallow." In
the same leaf of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary we have Picn/t/e " Twisted,
" A bracelet, Ivy." The participle of the verb Bicaiden, which Mr.
Richardson explains by " To Twist, distort, bend, involve, to WTCath,
" or coil as a serpent, to wind in a serpentine form, to surround, invelope,
" to involve. To assemble, meet, collect together," where in the sense
of Collecting together, as in a Mass, we see the true idea. But there
are words in the same leaf, which will directly bring us to the genuine
notion, as Bicnad, "The Gum of a species of Pine." — Pik/j, "A Gumnii/
" humid substance adhering to the corners of the eyes." — BiK/m/, " Bird's
" dung," an adjacent word to which is Biktc//, or ViKren, "To take
" prisoner, to subjugate, enslave," which means "To Fix, or Fastc;?." —
The English term .sPidc/-, has been justly referred to Spin, or ,vPji\.
where under both these forms PD, PN, we have the same idea of
l\vining, or Clinging about, together, &c. derived from Glutinous matter.
N N 2
284 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
The term Fascino, To Fascinate in Latin, has been referred by the
Etymologists to Fascia, according to the well known customs and ideas
on these matters, as in YiepiajxnaTa, TLepiairra, Amuleta, — The obliga-
mentum magicinn, and the " Necte tribus nodis ternos, Amarylli, colores."
&c. &c. The Etymologists may perhaps be right, and it is certain,
that on manv occasions the idea of Enchantment is taken from that of
Binding. The Etymologists suppose, that Fascin?//?z means the Memhrinn
Virile, because it was used as a symbol to avert the power of incantations.
The Yxscmiim may perhaps signify the form, which is able to inVix,
and the verb Fascino, will signity, " To Fix, or Fasten. The term
PrtE-FisciNE has been derived from Fascino, " ut ad verbum sonet
" a^aa-Kavrw'i ac citi^a invidiam , s'ltque idem, quod absit verbo invidia."
If Fascino had belonged only to the Latin Language, we should have
thought, that it was attached to Facinms, and meant the Horrid deed;
but it surely appears again in the Greek Baskaino, (Baa-Kaivw, Fascino,
Invideo,) where no such origin can take place. Perhaps Basanos,
(Bacraj/o?, Lapis, quo probatur aurum. Lapis Lydius, Exploratio, probatio,
inquisitio, probatio, inquisitio, examen. — Queestio per tormenta, Tor-
menta, Cruciatus, &c.) may belong to these words under the idea of
Trying by Tivining, or Torturing, and it might afterwards signify ' To
' Try, or Prove by any means or process.' — I shall not enlarge my
catalogue of terms, which relate to the idea of Tying, Binding, &c.
derived as I imagine, from the action of Sticky matter, as these terms
will be sufficient to illustrate my hypothesis. The enquirer into Language
will find under our Element words conveying this idea, through the
whole compass of Human Speech, and he will familiarly see words,
under other Elements, conveying the same sense, which are derived from
the same origin. Among innumerable instances of this sort a Saxon
word is now passing before my view, which fully illustrates this
hypothesis. In Saxon Clam means Lutum, and it means moreover
Vinculum, under which Lye observes, " Item ut Veer, Septum, quod
" retinet : and Ved, Foedus, quod vincit," where let us note Ved, and
YcEDUs, The Pledge, Security, Treaty, &c. which for the same reason
I have referred to such terms, as Yjedus, Vile, Foul, or Pudge matter.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 285
This Saxon word means moreover " Clasma, Fragmentum," as the same
substance, which under one point of view, gives us the idea of Cohesion y
or Tenacity, presents to us likewise the idea of what is Lumpy, or in
Brohen Lumps, To this Saxon word Clam belong our terms Clammy,
Clamp, relating to Confinement, Clumps, or Lumps, &c. &c. and Cleave,
relating to Separation. The verb To Lime in English belonging to Lime,
cLam, sLime, &c. means likewise to Catch, Hold, Fastcw, &c.
Among the terms signifying " To Push, Stick in, into, up, out,'' &c.
and those denoting Sharp Pointed instruments, which are able to Stick
in, or which Stick out, up, or Rise up into a Point, are the following : —
Push, the parallels to which produced by the Etymologists are Pousser,
(Fr.) Bussare, (Ital.) Pujar, Puxar, (Span.) In Push, The sore, we
liave the foul Pudge Matter. — Poke, with the parallels Pocher, (Fr.)
Fuycken, (Belg.) Trudere, Paka, Pota, (Swed.) — Butt with its parallels
Soften, Bouter, Battare, Botiazein, (Belg. Fr, Gr. Bwna^eiv.^ — Peto,
Posco, FosTulo, (Lat.) To Push, or Poke after any thing, Sec. — Put,
(Old Eng.) for Butt, To Put with horns, a stronger sense of our familiar
term Put, which is brought by Junius to its original spot, who informs
us, that it relates in a peculiar sense to the action of Sticking into the
Ground, or Pudge matter ; quasi to Pudge in, FnvTeuein, (^vreueiv,
Plantare.) — Pike, The Lance, and the Fish, in which latter sense we
have the diminutive Pick/'c/. — PiKed, Acuminatus, which have been
referred to Pique, Piquer, (Fr.) Picca, Pico, (Ital.) Peak, (Eng.) &c.
iPica; to which might have been added sPike, sPiggo^, &c. &c. —
' To Peak, and Pine after any thing ;' — A Vzxviing Fellow relates to the
idea of Vusning after, or Seeking anxiously, and foolishly any thing.
To Peak, Skinner has referred Peek, the nautical term, for Perpendicu-
lariter. — Peck, with its parallels, Picken, Becken, (Belg.) Becquer, (Fr.)
Bicken, (Germ.) Beccare, (Ital.) Rostro, Impetere, in which explanatory
word we see the true sense of Peto, and here the Etymologists have
referred us to Beck, or Beak, under which they have produced Bee,
Becco, &c. (Fr. Ital.) To these we must add Pinso, Pisi, Pist//w,
To Peck, and Knead, in which latter sense we see its union with Paste,
or Pudge like matter. Some have seen, that Becken belongs to these
286 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.} l,m,n,r.
words, as signifying The Sign, or Mark, made by Sticking, Notching,
or VECKijjg, as with the Beak, Head, &c. &c. The Beacon, Pyra
Specularis, is supposed by some to belong to Becken, as denoting the
Signal Spot ; yet it may be derived from its Sticking up, or out form, &c.
Pick, with its parallels produced by the Etymologists Piic, (Belg.) Picken,
(Sax.) Piquer, (Fr.)— In Pick-^^, as in Pixc/i Fork, we see the term
brought to its original idea of Fusuing into Pudge, or Dirt. — In PicKeer,
'PiCK.eroons, Picare, Picorer, (Eng. Ital. Fr.) Vagari ad praedam cap-
tandam. — Diripere, depraedari, Vastare, as Skinner has explained it, we
see the sense of Push?'??^, or Routing about in its more violent action,
as in the explanatory term Vasto. — It is acknowledged, that PicKe^,
PiCQUET, &c. Lusus chartarum, &c. belong to PiQwer. — The Pickle
is the sharp YoiGnant composition, and under the idea of something
Sharp, or Annoying to the taste, we have another sensation of the palate
expressed by the Greek PiKros, {lliKpo^, Amarus.) In the Belos Eke-
Peukcs, (BeAos Ex^Trevx^'^,^ we have the metaphor in its most abundant
state ; as we there find the quality of Sticking, or Fusning in, belonging
to a dart, connected with Sticky, or Pudge Matter, of a 'Poionant,
PiKro??, (TliKpov,) or BiTxer nature. The word Bixxer is a kindred term,
attached to the action of BiTing, inFixing, or Sticking in the teeth. — In
PoiGN«//^, (Fr. and Eng.) VoiGi^ard, a Poniard, &c. we see, how the n
attaches itself to the G, and how the Race of words, now under discussion,
are connected with the terms Pungent, Pango, Punctum, Point, &c. under
the form PN. In PoiGwee, A Handful, which must be referred to the
names for the Hand, as Fisx, Vvomis, &c. we see, how the name for
this member connects itself with the idea of Pusin;?^-, Striking, Sec.
Peg, (Eng.) explained by ini?KGCs, and which Skinner has justly, though
reluctantly compared with YRGnumi, (Uvywini.^— F ess u I us, VaxHIus,
(Lat.) PASsa/05, (riaa-craAo's, Clavus ligneus, Paxillus, Palus,) where let
us note Palus, i. e. The Pale, Pole, &c. which belongs to Palus, udis,
The Marsh, the spot full of Pehs, (n»//\os, Limus,) just as these words
do to Pudge iNIatter, under the form PD, and as Stick, Stake do to Sticky
Matter.— Pego, (Eng.) Puga, (Ital.) Penis, Bull's Pizzle, (Eng.)
aPex, aPic/s, (Lat.) where let us note the terms Pin, Penis, under the
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 287
form PN, and remember Pen, Penna, &c. The Pis in c/<sPis seems
to have the same force, which we see in these words, as likewise the
Pis in a«Pis, (Ao-ttjs,) The Venomous Serpent. We might ask, whether
the Pis in as?is, (Ao-Trts, Clypeus,) refers to the Shield, with a Rising,
or SticMng out in the middle Feather, with its parallels, Fcether, Veder,
Feder, (Sax. Belg. Germ.) has been referred to the Greek Ptcron, Ptao,
and Petomai, (JlTepov, Ylraw, Ylerofxai, Volo,) and this relation seems
unquestionable. If they should all belong to each other, the Feather,
as denoting the Sharp Pointed figure, is the original, and accordingly
Wachter has explained Fedc?' in one sense by "Telum Fod/caws." If
this had not been so manifest, we might have conceived, that VETomai,
(UeroiJLai, Volo,) was the original, and that it belonged to the idea
expressed by Petajo, (neraw, Pando, explico.) These notions however
are on some occasions so involved with each other, that they cannot
be separated — Feder in German means in one sense " Lamina ex chalybe."
The idea of Spreadifig I conceive to be derived from that of PuDo/we-
about, over; and the sense of the Sharp Pointed instrument from that
of PuDG?7?^ out, in, &c, so that these two ideas, different as they appear,
and as they are, on many occasions, become sometimes inseparably
blended with each other.— Foxos, {(Po^os, Cujus caput est acutum et
veluti turbinatum, verticem habens Fastigiatum,) means the Head, whose
form verges to a Sharp Point, or oPex, where let us note FAST/giinn,
" The top. Point, Peak, or height of a thing, the ridge of a house,"
and let us remember, that in the sense of a "Bottom, or depth, as of
" a Pit," we are brought to the original spot. Its adjacent terms
Vastus, and VASTiditwi belong to the same idea of Rising, or Sivellijig up.
Testucu, (Lat.) "A Shoot, or stalk of a tree," which brings us to
Fescue, (Eng.) with its acknowledged parallels IFaese, (Belg.) &c.
Festu, or Fetu, (Fr. G.) These terms express the shape, which has
the power of Sticking, or Vvsning, in its gentler sense. But in FiST//ca,
another form of pESTwca, The instrument for ramming piles into the
Ground, we are brought to thje spot, supposed in my hypothesis, under
the most violent action of Vxjsmng, or Beatw?^ upon its surface.
The adjacent terms Findo, Fioi, Tissum, " To Cleave, to rive, to slit.
288
B,F,P,V, W.J C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.} l,m,n,r.
" to chop," brings . us to the same spot. It is impossible not to note,
that Cleave, to Split, and Cleave, To Stick together, must be considered
as the same term, whatever may be the precise process, by which they
are connected. — The sense of the Hole, or Hollow is connected with the
Pudgy spot, among other modes, under the idea of the letting in matter,
as we express it, or ingulfing matter; and hence the German Kluft,
corresponding with Cleft, is explained, when combined with Grosse,
(^Gi^osse Klitft,^ "A Gulf, Abyss, Bottomless Pit, unfathomable
" depth, Kliiffe, Gulfs, Abysses." We see, that G«^ belongs to Kluft,
or Cleft, and if we do not take Fido, Tissus, in the more violent sense,
as in VisTuca, we see, how Fissz/s locus may belong to the Pudgy spot,
and bear the same meaning as Pit, and the Byssws in Ahyssus. In the
adjacent word YiSTula, " A Pipe, to carry water, A Hollow, oozing ulcer,"
w^e are directly brought to this idea ; where we cannot but note, that
in the Hollow to carry Water, or Foul oozy matter, we are brought to the
original idea of the Oozy, or Pudgy Spot. If we call this Spot the Spongy
Spot, we shall at once see, how the idea of the Hollow is attached to it ;
and our ordinary Lexicographers supply us with an interpretation, and
with a passage, which unequivocally decide on my hypothesis ; — " Fistm/o,
" To be Hollow, like a Sponge, or Pipe, — Te)Ya bibula, et pumicis vice
" FiSTi</a/?s." I observe in the same page of my Dictionary Fissm*,
Cloven, Tisrulatus, Spungy, Yisus, Trusting, Tixus, " Tixed, or Stuck up,"
and we now see, that they all convey the same fundamental idea, which
we may express by Cleave, as Cleaving to, or Sticlii7ig to, and Cloven,
or being in Hollows, or Clefts. In other words the same Pudge, Viscom*,
or Clammy matter, which under one point of view easily Cleaves, or
Sticks together, under another mode of considering it easily Cleaves, or is
Cleaved, is easily parted into Clefts, or Holloivs, is readily PushV, or
Parted into Hollows, interstices, Y\cuities, on account of its Spungy,
or FiSTulous nature, that is, " Ea materia Visco^a, quee vim habet
" Glutinandi, Tioendi, facile etiam tactui cedit, et in VACua insterstitia
" fit Fissa, vel separata, eo quod sit natura Yxcillanti, Fisrulosd, et
" Spongiosd, vel sit quasi sPoggos, (S7ro77os, Spongia.)" The Latin
Vatisco has the same sense with Fidi, Tissus, " To chink, chap, rive.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 289
'•' or Cleave,'' &c. and it means likewise "To fail, grow faint, or feeble,"
which brings us to the sense of Fatigo, Fatigmc.
Fiscina, denotes, as we have seen, what Sticks about, or together,
and this will remind us of Fuscina, The eel spear, what Sticks in, and
from hence we might pass to Fxscmum. The French Ficelle, Packthread,
directly belongs to Fichc/-, "To Pitch, drive, or thrust in. To Fix in
•' one place," and this union will shew us, how the Fis in Fiscc//a,
and FiSTWcfl, which appear most remote from each other, may contain
the same fundamental idea. As a substantive Fiche means "A Peg,
" to mark one's game t^'ith at tric-trac," and likewise " A Fish to count
" with at cards." The Fish, we shall own, is an extraordinary animal
to be adopted on this occasion, (^Delphinus in sylvis,^ and some would
be led to conjecture, that the French Fische, the Peg, became converted
into the animal, the Fish, among those nations, with whom such a sound
was familiar in expressing that animal. The Fish, Piscis with its
parallels, under the form "S denotes the animal living in Pash, Jf^itery
Matter, or in Watc/', Wassc?', &c. &c. The term Pig means in Welsh
" What terminates in a point, a pointed end, a Point ; a Pike ; a Beak,
" Bill, or Nib," &c. as Mr. Owen explains it in his Welsh Dictionary ;
and in the same leaf, in which this word occurs, I see ^igqw, " To Prick,
" to Prickle, to sting; to Pick; to Peck," — Pid, " A point; what tapers
" to a Point," PiDj/n, "A P/w//e," Viciatv, "To dart; to fly suddenly,"
PiccV/, " What is darted ; a dart ; a javelin,"— Pi c/o«, " A Pike staff,"—
Vicforc, "A PiTCH/br^-." — Pigwx, "A round heap, or tump; a cone;
" a turret ; a Beacon,'' where let us note the kindred term Beacon,
which we should from hence conclude to be derived from its Towering,
or Rising up form. Let us here mark too, from the interpretation of
" A round heap, or tump," how the terms, signifying the Pointed form,
which is able to Stick in, are inseparably connected with the idea of
the Lump of Matter, Sticking up, or out, and hence 1 have added this
notion, in my interpretation of the fundamental sense. In Galic Feachw^/
is " A Vicv^-Ax, Mattock," the adjacent terms to which in Mr. Shaw's
Dictionary are Feack/^, " They Put, set," Feacc, " a Tooth," pEAca///,
"To bow, bend," YE.\cham, "To behold, to trv," and YE..\CHadair,
O o
290 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,J, K,Q,S,T, X, Z.'^ l,m,n,r.
" A wizard, a Seer," from whence we shall understand, that the idea
of Seeing, Trying is derived from the metaphor of Stiching, or Routing
into the Dirt ; and this might be the sense of the Latin Specto, &c.
yet I have given it a different turn of meaning in another place. In
Italian Piccare, is "To Sting, Prick," and Picchio, "A Knock, blow,"
&c. to which kindred words belong Becca, "The Bill, nib of a bird,
" A He goat," BECcare, To Peck, as we have already seen ; — Becca-
Morti, A Grave Digger, BEccastrino, A Mattock, where we are brought
to the original idea. In French Biecc?', or BEche?- signifies To Dig,
Delve, &c. where the BC brings us to the Beak. Adjacent to BiEce/^
in Cotgrave's Dictionary are Bidet, " A little Nag, or curtail ; also a
" small Pistol." Bioe^ de culebute, Membre viril, and BicQiie, "a Goat,
" or as BicHE," says Cotgrave, who explains it by " A Hind ; the Female
" of a Stagge." The original idea otBioet, whatever be the intermediate
notion, by which the sense of a Nag is connected with it, seems to be
that of a Sticking in form. The French Critics might enquire whether
it relates to the form of the Tail, Curtail. The BiCQ?/e, or Biche, is
derived from the Sticking property of the Goat and Stag, and from the
Female of a Stag, we have the sense of a Female Dog or Bitch.
Becco/o, a BuTCHer, Bovcher, (Fr.) which we shall now see to be
derived from the idea of FECKing, if I may so say, or Cutting to pieces.
Buscare, To Search, is derived from the idea of Stickiiig, or Routing
into the Dirt, into Holes, as in Rimor, and hence we have Bucarc,
To Bore a Hole. — In the Latin Vxsrino, Fod?'o, Fod?co, we are brought
to the action of Sticking on its original spot.~I shall not enlarge the
collection of these words ; which particularly relate to Sticking with
a Pointed Instrument, as they every where occur; and as I have fully
detailed the principle, on which they are formed, by a sufficient number
of examples. If the original idea does not immediately appear, the adepts
in each Language, assisted by the history of facts in the formation of
words, must supply, what is omitted. An example of this sort occurs
in the name of a celebrated spot Piccadilly, which is derived likewise
from the Pointed Sharp Peak ; though unless the History of the term had
been known, all conjectures on its origin would have been vain and
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 291
unavailing. Ttiis spot is now understood to have been so called tVom
a Taylor, named Higgins, who began to build the street, and who
acquired a fortune by making Stiff", or Peaked Collars, which were then
called PiccADiLLiES, or Pickadilles. This fashionable Collar was so
well known in our University, that in the beginning of the seventeenth
Century, the use of it among our Scholars supplied an object of reprehen-
sion. Mr. Archdeacon Nares (^G/oss. on Shokspeare,^ has the following
observation on this point. " It seems there was an order made by the
" Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge, when the King was expected there
" in 1615, against wearing Pickadels, or Peccadilloes, as they were
" also called, to which allusion is made in these lines:
" But leave it, Scholar, leave it, and take it not in snuff,
" For he that wears no Pickadel, by law may wear a ruff."
(Cambr. Mag. Hawk. Ignoramus, p. 118.)
002
292
B, F,P,V, W.^ C, D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Terms, which signify To Pash, Push, Pat, Patter, Batter, Beat,
Sec. under that turn of meaning, when they relate to the idea of Dis-
persion, Separation, Agitation, Striking against, making an Impression,
or Impact upon, &c. with various degrees of force, derived from Vhsning,
Vvsuing, &c. amongst, about, up, into Pash, or Pudge Matter.
Pash, Push, Pat, Patter, Batter,
Beat, (Eng. &c. 8tc.)
Taio, quasi Pajo, Passo, Patosso, Vxiage,
&c. (Gr.) To Strike, Sprinkle, or Pash
over, about, &c.
■sPeiso, (Gr.) To Pash, or Sprinkle about.
PiTULOs, Paddle, (Eng.) Terms relating to
the Agitation of Pash matter.
Pedoo, PiDao, PiDax, Pegc, (Gr.) To spring
up, Scatter about; the Spring, or Fountain.
sPathc, sPathula, sPatula, (Gr. Lat.)
What spreads, or Pushes about.
PtUELOS, iPlTTLE, (Gr. Eng.)
Pat, PitoPat, Patter, palPno, pal-
PiTATE, (Eng. Lat.)
sPiT, sPouT, sPatter, sPgt, sPeck,
sPeckle, &c. &c. (Eng.)
Beat, Baste, Bat, Batter, Battery,
Battle, BATTLE-Dore, rfeBATE, cow-
Bat, &c. &,c. (Eng. &.C.)
Battre, Battere, Bat!/o, BACVLum,
Baktroh, &c. &c. 8ic. (Fr. Ital. Lat.^
Gr.)
&,c. &,c. &c.
In the former Article I considered the terms, which relate to Fusaing,
or Sticking in, as connected with the idea of Fixing, or Fastenzw^, and
with that of infixing, as belonging to the property of objects coming
to a Point, or able to ?//Fix. I shall now consider the action of Fusaing,
as connected with the idea of FAsning, in, on, about, &c. that is,
I shall consider in the present article such terms, as Pash, Push, Pat,
PATje/-, Batter, Beat, &c. &c. under that turn of meaning, when they
relate to the idea of Dispersion, Separation, Agitation, Striking against,
making an Impression, or Impact upon, &c. &c. with more or less
degrees of force and violence. All these terms were originally derived.
BOG. PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. ^93
as I conceive, from the action of PAsmiig, Pusniwo-, VxTTing, PAXXER^wg,
BATTERi??g, BEATing, amongst, about, up, into Pudge, or Pash Matter.
Among the terms, conveying this train of ideas, we must class the
following. — Pash, which the Etymologists have justly compared with
Palo, quasi Pajo, Fatusso, (Tlaica, Percutio, ferio, pulso. Alicubi et
pro subagito, item raptim comedo. Uaracra-w, Cum strepitu Palpito, &c.
Percutio,) to which we must add Paxagos, Fragor, &c. and let us here
mark the Pix in palPiTO. In the application Kai tuv Tav eirara^e,
we are brought to the original spot. — Passo, (Jlaa-a-w, Inspergo, con-
spergo,) adjacent to which is Paxeo, (Jlarew, Calco,) which brings us
to the terms for Walking on the Pudge, as Pad, Pes, Ped/s, Foox, &.c.
Pass, &c. produced on a former occasion. Next to Paxagc, (JluTwyt],^
I see in my Dictionary Paxaiko/, (YlaraiKoi, Patasci Dii Phcenicum
navigantium,) the Deities of the ?Asning Spot, or IVater. I see likewise,
in the same opening of my Dictionary, Pasko, (Flao-Koj,) belonging to
Pax/o/', both which terms are derived from the Pashy, Pudgy matter,
capable of impression. The succeeding term to Paio, is Paion, (flauoj/,
Apollo, Deus Medicinae, Medicus,) which means the personage who deals
in Pash, or Pudge matter, Mixtures, Decoctions, Embrocations, Plaisters,
&c. The cpiPASTA, (^ETriTratrros, OvBev ttottou eptara TvecpvKei (pap/maKoi'
aWo, NjKja, ovt ey-x^pia-rov, efxiv BoKei, out' ETrnraa-TOi',^ PisXA,
(Ylia-ra, Ovk rju aXe^tj/j.' ov^eu, ovre (ipoicrijjLOv, Ov xpi<rTou, ovre YIig'tov.
&c. Prometh. Vinct. ^J88C).) Dr. Blomfield has diligently collected under
the passage of ^schylus many medical expressions, among which we
have other terms belonging to our Elementary Character, The Poxa,
and the Porima, {Ylora, UoTifia,) The Pormis, or Pash preparations
of a Drug kind. The Etymologists acknowledge that under some process
an ancient word Pio, and the terms Piso, Piso*, Pisea, belong to each
other, (Uiw, ni<rw, Bibo, Ilio-os, Locus humidus et irriguus, hortus,
pratum. Hinc Uia-ea, Prata, loca irrigua.) In Pisos we have directly
the Pudge, or Pash Spot. The Medical terms emPIastron, (E/unrXaa-Tpov,
ab Ef^TrXacra-u), Illino, inspergo,) Plaister, &c. belong to Plash, sPlasli.
Pool, Palus, Pelos, (n^/Aos, Limus,) for a similiar reason. Homer has
decided on the derivation, which I have given of this name Pami,
ri94
B, F, P, V, W. I C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z . \ I, m, n, r.
(Jlaiuiv,') or at least he has proved, that such might naturally have been
Its origin by describing Paieon, or Vxieon, as the Passon, (Jlacraujv,^
The Sprinkler, or Pasher, (TwS' eiri Ylait](av o^vvr](paTa fpapfxuKa
riacro-w^.) The term P^an is probably derived from this source. I must
add, that in Homer the Pceones, the inhabitants of Pceonia, are recorded
with the Watery Spot, or River, which belonged to their country. (Ai/rap
Ylvpafx^fxo^ aye Datoi/as ayKvXoTO^ov^, TrjXoQev e^ AfxyhtDvo^^ aw' A^iou
kvpvpeovTo^, A^iov, ou KaWia-rov vdwp eTTiKidvarai Aitj.) Let US mark Odune-
Fata, (Ohvvnfpctra,') where the Fat has the same idea, as Passo, (nao-o-to.)
The succeeding word to this is OdimosV\s, (OSi/i/oo-Tras, Dolore con-
vulsus,) where the sPas, or Pas from (UTraw, ^Traa-w, Traho, vello,)
performs a different part with the same Radical idea of Agitation, and
I shall shew, that sPaso relates to the idea of Agitation, as connected with
the Pash Spot, Sucking, or Drawing in, &c. In the Peiso, of sYeiso,
(27rei/Sftj, ZTTCio-w, Guttatim Fundo,) we again see the idea annexed to
Passo, (llacro-w,) — Pitulos, (JIltu\o<s, Sonus, seu Strepitus, qualis prae-
sertim aquae remo percussae et oris pugno,) directly relates to an Impres-
sion, accompanied with Noise, on Pash Matter. To the same idea we
must refer Pedos, Pedow, and Pedaoqw, (n>/Sos, T\t]lov, Ligni species,
Palmula Rami ex eo ligno, quod Yltjlov, Remus ex eo preesertim ligno,
Y\f)la\iov, Gubernaculum seu clavus navis,) which are adjacent to the
kindred terms, PEoao, V'Enethmos, (Jlrilato, Salto, salio, scaturio, Y\r]hri6jxoi,
Saltus, Y\riZr}6^o^ (pXeftcDv, Venarum saltus aut percussus,) where in
Scaturio we see the true idea, and in the Beat?/?^ of the Pulse, we see
an Impression connected with Soft matter. The term PEoao is only
another form of Pidao, To Spring up, (Ylrjhaw, Ylilaw, Salio,) which
brings us at once to Pioao-, (Ylila^, Fons, scatebra, aqua saliens,) The
Pash matter of the Spring. — Paddle in English signifies 'To Stir up
' the JVater, or Mud, The Puddle,' &c. and it conveys the same idea,
which we have in the Greek term Pitulos, and Pedal^ow, (JlirvXa,
n>/8a\toi'.) The English word has been referred to such terms, as Pad,
PATouiLLer, (Fr.) Aquam manibus seu pedibus Agitare, which will
remind us of Patrouille, PAXRouiLLe/', "To tread in the Mud, or in
" a Muddy place," as likewise Patco, PAxasso, ijlarew, Calco, Uaraoria,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 29o
Percutio,) and sFhadozo, (S^aSa^w, Pedes agito, jacto.) The Paddle
Staff, The Instrument for removing the Mud, brings us likewise to the
original idea. The terms sPathc, and .sPatulo, &c. (^Tradt], Spatha.
Spatula, 1.7ra6a\iov, Spatula, ramus palmee, 1.7ra6aw, Licium inculco
Spatha, vel tudicula, STraraAaw, Lascivio, prodigo,) preserve their idea
of PADDLi//or amongst Pashy Matter, when they relate to a Scummer,
or Ladle, and to the " sPatula, which Chirurgeons use." — When the
terms are used as verbs sPathao, sPatalao, they signify To Pash,
Disperse, Scatter about, &c. The word Passo, (Jlaa-a-w, Superinjicio,
intexo, contexo,) is applied to an operation of Embroidering, &c. and
it conveys the same fundamental idea, which belongs to the term
expressing the operation of JFeaving. The form sP-T, &c. supplies us
with various words, which are derived from, or which unequivocally
express the idea of Pash matter, and which will be illustrated more fully
in another place, as sPit, sPout, sPittle, Pt//o, (YItvio,~) sPot, sPatter,
sPuTTER, sPade, sPud, sPot, sPeck, sPeckle, &c. &c. where the reader
if he pleases, may consider the letter s as added on the principle of
Onomatopoiia. — Pat, Pix-a-PAX, palFiTO, palPvrate, PAXxer, (The
Patter?//^, or FASuing of Rain,) at once exhibit their origin. — In
the expression ' To Pax the Hands,' the term is brought to its true
idea of making an Impression, or //wPacx on Soft Matter, but in
the song of our Children, the term is applied with singular propriety ;
as it is adopted to express the /wPacx which takes place in forming the
Pudge, or Paste Matter of a Cake, while the action is going forward,
which relates to the Hands. The reader must be reminded, that in this
song the action of Patt/'w^ the Hands accompanies the repetition of
the verses ; if perchance he should have forgotten those days, when
he was wont to listen to such strains, lulled, or delighted by the chaunt;
" Pax a Cake, Pax a Cake, Baker's man,— So I do Master, as fast as
" I can,— Prick it, and prick it, and mark it with T,— And so to the
" oven for Tommy and me." In a German Dictionary now before me
the phrase " Leimen oder mortel treten," is translated by "To mix,
" Beax, Pax, or Plash Mortar," where the two words belonging to our
Element are used in their original sense. Let us note the explanatory
296 B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
term imV xct, which I have purposely adopted in my present discussion,
as a kindred word, peculiarly applicable to this vein of enquiry. In
Pango, pePiGi, Factiwi, and its compounds iwPiNGo, ?*wPeg?, miFACTUin
we see unequivocally the original idea of a Mass, as of Pudge Matter,
together with the sense of Sfriking, Stick}/2g, &c. The term imP'nigo,
imPEoi, imVACTum means "To Hit, Dash, or Throw against," where
let us note Dash, which belongs for the same reason to the Dashing
about of Water, and the same Latin term means likewise " To Put, clap,
" or FASTe« upon," where we see, how the idea of Sticking, or of
attaching one thing to another, as in Figo, FAsren, is involved with that
of Sfriking. While I examine this word I cast my eyes on ?w«Pet«a,
" Violence, Force, — An assault, onset," where we have Peto, a kindred
term, still signifying to Push, or Pash. In the term m;?Pact, as it is
used in our Language, we at once see the idea of Striking, and of
Attachment. In the expressions imFEoit VuGnum in os, we have the
zwPact of one Soft substance upon another, though in an action of
Violence; as likewise the union of kindred terms: The two applications
of the verb will shew us, how in the idea of Fuonus, the sense of
Attachment or FAsrening cannot be separated from that of Striking,
or FASuing. The Mathematicians have likewise understood the true
idea of the term iniFAcr, when they apply it to the action of bodies
Yielding to each other in collision, as ' The ///jPact of Elastic Bodies.'
I'he Peg in the verb iniFEG/t has precisely the same sense as the English
Pash, and the phrase FuGnitm iniFEcit will exhibit the same union of
kindred terms, as that of Fist and Pash in the following words. " If
" I go to him, with my armed Fist I'll Pash him in the face," (Troilus
and Cressida.y
In modern Greek, Patzo« means a Box on the ear, or Smack on
the face, jaws, &c. tlar^o'^, " Die Ohrfeige, Maulscheller," as my Lexi-
cographer Weigel explains it ; where let us note the English Box, and
the German Feige, derived from the same source. In the same column
of Weigel's Dictionary I see Fatos, the Ground, and the soal of the
Shoe, FATcma, The Tread, Ylaros, Der Grund, Uara, Die Sohle,
Seliuhsohle, FATzanzes, YlaT^auT'^n?, " Eine Art von turkischem, Speise-
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 297
" wirth, Una sorte de oste, or Trattore, Turchesco," A Turkish Traiteur ;
the origin of which will be manifest from Pastitz?*, Ilaa-TtT^t, Die
Pastete, Pasticcio, Pasto, YIuo-to, Die Speise ; das Futter, Pastos, (Flao-Tos,
Die Gasterei, der Schmaus,) which denote Paste, Food, where we
mark kindred terms, and we must likewise note the German sPeise,
Putter. Some of these modern Greek words should be considered
perhaps as directly taken from the Italian, though others should be
considered as belonging to the general stock of Languages, to their own,
the Turkish, &c. It is not necessary to decide, how words are found
in a Language ; as my hypothesis is proved by the fact of their existence,
under the fundamental idea, which that hypothesis supposes. It is
curious, that in modern Greek PiTTAKO/wa, WnTaKWfxa, " Das quetschen
" des Kuchens, lo schiacciare la foccaccia," is applied to the action of
VxTTing in forming a Cake. John Florio explains Schiacciare by "To
" crush, to bruise, to Squeese, to Beat, to Batter, or make as flat as
" a Cake. Also to bedash with Dirt." (ist. Ed.) where let us note
the kindred terms Beat, Batter, and remember the substantive Batter ;
and let us mark again our Elementary character in Foccaccia. We see
how the Italian word directly relates to the forming of a Cake, and of
bedashing with Dirt. I shall shew, that the German Quetschen, "To
" Quash, Squash, Crack, or Bruise," as my Lexicographer explains it,
together with its kindred adjacent term in my Lexicon, Quatschen,
" To clash, in Dreck treten, dass es Quatschet, To Plash in the Mire,"
Kitchen, the English sQueese, Quash, sQuash, Cake, The Italian Schi-
acciare, all belong to each other, and to Quag Matter, Caco, &c. and
just for the same reason, as I suppose the terms Pat, Pash, Pudge,
Beat, Batter, &c. to be words of the same family.
The ancient Greek Pit«/os is used for VAsning the Fist on the face,
as likewise for the action of YAsning, or Clapping the Hands together,
(ntTi;Ao9, Strepitus oris Pugno percuss! ; — ntruAous ^iZovcra x^'po?.
Enrip. Troad. 1244.) " FI/TfAos, 1,va-Tpo(pt] Ttj^ ^eipo^, otc TriKpco^,"
(leg. forsan cum viris doctis ttukvco^,) " €7n(pept]rai." It is marvellous
to observe, how terms still adhere to their original sense. At the close
of the Hippolytus ?itu/os, (riiTi/Xos,) is applied to the ?Asuing, or
Pp
29S B,F,P,V,W.} C.D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X, Z.^ l,??i,n,r.
Gushing out of what we call Floods of Tears, (UoWwv ZuKpvtov ea-Tui
riiTi/Aos.) Professor Monk in his Edition of this Play has collected
various passages, in which the term is used ; and there is one application
ritruAos (pofSov, which will supply me with a fresh vein of observation.
The use of this term, as applied to Fear, will shew us the force of the
Elementary Character PT, FIT in the following words, PToeo, VTesso,
FTosso, (YlToeo), ISIetu consterno, terrefacio, exterreo ; obstupefacio,
attonitum reddo ; amore, cupiditate aliqua vehement! incendo ; etiam
lastitia eifero, Urtia-a-w, Proprie de ave, cum frigore metuve alas contrahit,
Metu contrahor. Exterrefacio Hrwa-crw, Perterreo, Trepido, expavesco,
metu perculsus concido; abscondo me prae metu; Timide mendicans
oberro, unde Urwxo?, Proprie timidus ; Mendicus, pauper, egenus.)
The Lexicographers have seen, that the IIT in these words, and some
others, as Pxmo, Pxairo, and PT^/o, (UTia-a-co, Tundo, Pinso; Decortico,
Uratpco, Sternuo, Sternuto, Utvw, Spuo,) have the sense of Commotion
and Agitation. (" In quibus omnibus est significatio Commotionis,
•' Agitationis, Ern.") In the Latin Pinso, Visi, which is adopted as
explanatory of Pt^o, (Jlricrcrw,^ we see a kindred term.
In Vtuo, (nri/o),) sPiT, we are directly brought to the idea of Pash
matter, and in the Ptuel, of Ptuel^xo, PTUELis?/io*, from which the
medical term Ptyeu's//? is taken, we have the form of Pitulos, {TiTveXi^w,
Saliva abundo, nTyeAtcr/zos, qu. die. Salivatio, Saliva abundantis fluxus,
ritTi/Aos.) In PxoiALeos, (rirotaAeos, Pavidus, timidus,) we have the
same form, as likewise its sense of Agitation, as in the expression
ritTi^Aos (pojiov. We have the same form moreover in Ptilos, and
PxiLo^iS, (rirtAos, cui ex ciliis pili periere, Lippus, YItlXuxti^, Pennarum
plumarumque annua mutatio ; Defluvium pilorum e palpebris callosis
et rubentibus, Lippitudo,) which might belong to Ftilon, {YlnXov, Penna,
Pluma,) The Feaxher, from which it might pass to the idea of Hairs,
of something Sticking out, as of a Bristly appearance ; yet the sense
of Defluvium would bring us more directly to the original idea; and if
Lippitudo had been explained by " Detluxio oculorum," the same idea
would have been preserved. Under this interpretation the fundamental
meaning appears as in the term Pxuelzswo*, nryeAio-yuos, relating to the
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 299
FIhxi/s SalivK. In Ptcw/, VErojnai, (Utijijil, UeTOfxai, Volo,) we have
the sense of Agitation, and we have seen, that some of the words
produced above relate to that species of trepidation in the motion of Birds,
called Fluttering. The Vreron, (Jlrepov, Ala, pluma,) is considered
as a Root by the Lexicographers ; though we should be inclined to refer
it directly to TETomai, (Jleroiuiat.^ Yet the Pter in Ptero//, (Ilrepov,^
will bring us to Feather, and this word might seem to connect itself
with terms, which signify to inTix, as relating to the property of objects
ending in a point. This appears to be the sense of PTERis, [Hrepi^,
Filix,) what has a Bristly, Prickly appearance. In the Language of
the obscure Poet, where Ptilon {YlriXov) is applied to the oars of vessels,
whitening, or being frothy, when struck by the surge, we are reminded
of the sense of Pitulo^, {UitvXo^, Sonus seu strepitus, qualis praesertim
aquae remo percussa?,) — AevKa (paivovcrai OrtAa {Lycophron 25. Tas
xrwTras, on vir' uutwv XevKaiverai ro vBwp ■jrXfjTTOjxevov. Joan. Tzetz.
ad loc.) — Whatever may be the precise idea annexed to these words ;
the succeeding term Vrerva, {YlTepva, Calx,) directly brings us to the
Spot, supposed in my hypothesis ; though I have suggested on another
occasion, that Pterna may possibly be Perna. In the same column
of my Dictionary I see VTaio, (nratw, Impingo, ofTendo, labor, Vacillor,)
which belongs to Pi/>To, Peso, &c. (riiTrTw, Uecru), Cado,) and which
unequivocally brings us to the action of Slipping on the Pudge, or Pash
matter of the Ground. Let us here note the kindred term imPingo,
or i?«pEG?', denoting the action of Striking, or ^wPact, as likewise
the term VACiL/or, which latter word I have compared with the form
Boggle. Now these terms for Striking, Falling, Praio, Peso, &c.
belong to such words as Pisea, (Tlia-ea,) Pash, &c. just as Slap, and Slip
belong to Slop; all which terms under the form SL bring us to Slime.
In the same opening of my Greek Vocabulary with these words, which
I have above examined, I see Ptusso, {UTua-a-w, Plico, complico,) which
is derived from the same species of Matter, by which the action expressed
by Pra/o is produced, when considered as in a state of greater con-
sistency, or in a more Lumpy form, such as is expressed by the term
Pudge.
P P 2
300
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
In the next opening of my Greek Vocabulary I see Puge, (Ylvyfj,
Clunes,) Pux, (III;^, Pugnus,) Vvidnos, {YlvKivo^i Densus,) Puoanxo,
{Viv^api^w, Salio, ut Ylo^api^o), Resilio, calcitro ; calce nates ferio,) Putho,
{V[v6o3, Putrefacio,) some of which bring us to Pudge Matter. The
term Pudar?'so, (Jlvlapi^w,) is justly considered as belonging to Pous,
PoDOs, (Jlovi, rio^os,) yet it is directly derived from the form PDR,
as in PoDARZO/?, {Ylo^apiov, Pediculus,) which we again see in Poder-c*,
[Ylohnpn'i.) In modern Greek Podari, {YloZapi,) is the familiar and
appropriate term for the Foot. The form PDR, though not on other
occasions directly connected with the Foot, furnishes a form for various
words, which belong to our Element, expressing Commotion, Agitation,
Dirt, &c. as Pother, or Pudder, Powder, Patter, Bother, Botherww,
sFoDRos, (Z^oSpos, Vehemens,) with some Celtic terms, which I have
before produced. In Galic TATHRum, or FoTHRaw is applied to the
Fluttering of the Soul, as I have observed in page 162, and the Greek
scholar cannot fail to remember, that Sappho in the most elegant of
her strains has applied the Greek PToeo, (Uroew,^ or, as it might have
been, PAToeo PiToeo, to the emotions of the Heart, under the feelings
of Love, when it is said "To Flutter, to Beat, to go Pit-a-Pat, or
" to palPnate.'' — To fj.oi 'fiav Kaphiau ev a-radecriu ETrroaa-ev, " 'Twas
" this deprived my soul of rest, And raised such tumults in my breast."
The idea of palYiTation, or Beat^w^ of the Heart, Arteries, &c. appears
again in the Greek sVuvzo, s^Hvxis, sVnvomos, (1.(pv^w, Salio, Pulso,
Mico, Palpito, Icpuyjuo?, Pulsus, 1(pv^is, Pulsus, micatio arteriarum,
cordis Palpitatio, Z^kyjuos, Motus cordis et arteriarum.)
Patsche in German is "A Pltddle, Mire, Mud," and the same word
" Eine Patsche, denotes likewise ' A Hand;' to which belongs the verb
Patschgw, "To Pat, or Plash in the Dirt," as my Lexicographer explains
it, "Einem mit der hande auf die Backcm, oder handeschlagen, dass
" es PATSc^e^ To Pat one, give him a Pat, with the Hand upon the
" Hand, or Cheek, so that it makes a clap," where my hypothesis,
on the union of Dirt and the Blow, is most unequivocally and fully
unfolded. To these terms belong the German Peitsche, " A Whip,
" or Scourge," PEiTscnew, To Whip, Scourge, and hence too we have
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 301
PETSchqft, or FETSchnff, or Virschnft, a Seal, ViTsc/iiren, To seal, from
the VATTing, or Impression on Plastick Matter. In speaking of Coins
we talk of Stamping, or Strikwg the impression, &c. We shall now
understand, why the two terms next to Pat in Skinner's Lexicon, relate
to coins, as Patacoo;?, and Fxrart, with their parallels Patacon, (Hispan.
and Lusitan.) Patache, (Span.) Patare, (Fr.) Perhaps the Pistole,
Pistolier, Pistoier, the coin, may belong to this idea, and does not .take
its origin from the City near Florence, Pistoil, as is commonly imagined.
An adjacent term to Patcsc/^cw in my German Dictionary is Pauke,
" A Kettle Drum," together with Paukcv?, "To Beat the Kettle, the
" Drum," which are derived from the action of Patt?;?^, or Beatz'/?^.
The term Peitche, &c. will remind us of the French Fouet, and
FouETTer, which is adjacent to the term of violence, YovDroyer, To
Storm, FouDRE, Thunder. In French too we have YvsTiger, which
will bring us to the Latin Fustis. In German Feige means, says
VN'achter, Verbei', and he refers it to the English Box, Alapa, and To
Box, Palma Percutere. In the same column of his Lexicon is Feig,
signifying " Paucms, Timidus, vilis, moribundus," which means the Vile
Pudge creature, in a relaxed state. In the preceding column we have
Fegc«, Purgare, which means ' To Stir up, about, the Pudge, so as to
' remove it,' corresponding with our word 'To Feigh a Pond.' The
term signifies ' To Sweep,'' in its most violent sense, as in the famous
description of Schiller of the Day of Judgment, " Und eine heulende
" Windsbraut Fegte von hinnen meer, himmel, und erde," ' And a
' howling wind storm Swept before it, The Seas, The Heavens and
' the Earth.' The Malay Language decides on the union of ideas
supposed in my hypothesis, just as we see the same fact in the German
Patsche, and Patsc^cw Mire, or Pudge, and Pattwo-, or Splashing.
Mr. Marsden explains the term ^j^ Piche by " Mire, Clay, Miry."
The preceding term to which is pAcua^, Pecho/?, and Yichah, " To
" break, break in pieces, break open, break up, to break out, burst,
"crack; to break off, discontinue; to dismiss, cashier, broken,
"smashed; wrecked; put to the rout," that is, To Pash about, to
pieces, &c. &c.
302
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Among the terms relating to Yxsning, we must refer the vulgar term
Piss with its parallels, Pisser, Pisciare, ("Fr, Ital.) &c. produced by the
Etymologists, who should have recorded likewise the Welsh Pis, which
means, as Mr. Owen explains it, " A Spout, that is Spouted ; a Piss,
" Urine, Piss" where let us mark the parallel term sPout, with its
parallels, Spuyte, Sputze, (Belg. Germ.) &c. &c. which belong to sPit,
Pt/<o, (riTuo),) from whence we get to sPot, — To sPot a thing all over,
which is To Pash, or Posh, if I may so say, any thing over with dirt, &c.
The adjacent terms to Pis in JSIr. Owen's Dictionary are Piser, " A Jug,
" Pitcher," what is made of Clay, or Pudge Matter, or the Hollow,
as of the Pit, and PisG, " Small blisters, bladders, or Pods, that is, the
^xjDGing out Stuff. I observe likewise Pistyll, "A Spout, and Pistyll-
iaiu, To Spout out, which brings us to Fistula, " A Pipe to carry water,
" A Hollow, oozing, ulcer," where we cannot separate the Holloiv from
the Oozing, or PAsniug. — To Fistula, as denoting the Hollow only belongs,
as the Etymologists understand, Pistol, The fire arms, Pistole, (Fr.) &c.
&c. The French Pistow, The sucker of a Pump, is the Hollow, attended
with the ^Asmng, The Pisse/-. In the same Language I see adjacent
to Pisser, and Pistow, The term Pisso/iere, A Water Spout.
We have seen, that Puddle has been referred by the Etymologists
to sPhadazo, (S^aSa^o), Pedes jacto, Palpito, de morientibus ;) which
will lead us to conclude that the terms in Greek, which bear a similar
form, and which relate to a violent action of destruction, belong to
the same source, as sPhazo, (S^a^w, Jugulo, Macto.) The term Pash
is applied to the most violent action of destruction in the following
example :
" Death came dryvyng after, and all to dust Pashed,
" Kings and Keysets Knyghtes and Popes."
{Warton's Eiig, Poet. Vol. I. p. 25.)
I shall shew for the same reason, that Macto belongs to Mash and Mud.
The well known word in Herodotus, which all our enquirers into the
resemblance of Languages have exhibited, ^loi-Pata, should be produced
in this place. This is a Scythian name for the Amazons, says this writer,
signifying Men-Killers, from yEor vir, and Pata, Ccedere. — We shall
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 303
now see, that Herodotus might have produced, as parallel terms to his
Scythian word, sPhazo, Paio, quasi Pajo, Paiso, and Pato^so, (S^a^w,
YluLw, riato-o), riaTao-o-w.) The ^or as denoting Man, belongs to a
great race of words, Heroc, Heros, Eeros, (Hpajs,) some of which
have been detailed by Wachter, (^Picef. xii,) and others, as likewise
more fully in the Etymologicon Universale, Vol. I. p. 1 148-9, &c- —
The author of the Mechanisme du Language, (Vol. II. p. 73.) has
joined in the cry of our Philologists, Wachter, &c. (though ' not like
' a hound that hunts,') and has produced with his predecessors some
of the terms above exhibited. — Under the form of Pash in English we
have a term for the Head, and it means, as I imagine. The Pasher,
or Striker. It is used in Shakspeare in the Winter's Tale, " Thou
" want'st a rough Pash, and the shoots, that I have, to be full like me.'"
Here the force of the passage consists in the application of the term
to a Horned animal. Mr. Malone at first supposed, that Plash was
the true reading, but he has since heard, as he says, that " Pash in
" Scotland signifies a Head.'' Dr. Jamieson acknowledges the word,
and has justly produced our expression "A mad Pash, a mad-brains,"
where Pash belongs to its more violent sense of Pash/??o-, as if by the
attack of a furious animal. The word Pash, as we shall now see, is
only another form of our familiar term Pate, which the Etymologists
derive from Tete, or Patina. In Scotch Put is "To Push with the
" Head, or Horns," which we call Butt. We see, that Put in this
sense directly coincides with the Latin Peto, Cornu PETere, from whence
we have the sense of PETulance, ?ETulantia, " Aptness to Butt, or
" gore, &c. PetuIcus, Apt to Butt, &c. — The words in the same column
with Pate, in Skinner are Patee, Cross PATee, Croix Patcc, Cross
Patowcc, which have been derived from Crux FxTula, and Patc////,
" Blatero, Garrulus," which latter word means the Pudge, vile fellow,
under some idea, whether it be that of PATTen'wg, or Pashing out
vile stuff, or the vile contemptible person in general. This will be
manifest, when we remember, that the term adjacent to PATe/m in the
French Dictionaries is Pate', Pasty, which directly denotes Pudge
Matter. — The adjacent term to Paio, or P.uo, Paiso, (Ilaiw,) in our
304 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.} l,m,n,r\
Greek Vocabularies is paiPnASSo, {YlaKpaa-a-w, Impetum facio tumultuor,)
where we have a similar term of Commotion, and it has been seen,
that it bears a relation to sPhazo, sPhadazo, &c. {1,<pa^w, 1.(paBa^w,
Pedes jacto, Palpito, &c.) \ei-^ava TlaKpaa-a-ovTa kui aa-Traipovra
(povoic-i, (Oppian. Cyn. ii. 2.')0.)
Mr. Malone in his remarks on the term Pash, as used in the Twelfth
Night, though he sees nothing of its relation to our familiar term Pate,
has yet produced the Eastern terms Basha, or Pacha, as kindred words,
Mr. Richardson explains the Persian Basha lib by "A Being, existing."
A Basha, governour of a province, &c. If the Basha signifies, ' The
' Being, or the Great Being,' it does not belong to the idea of the
Head, though I have shewn, that the terms for Being relate to the sense
conveyed by Food, Fat, &c. the Pudge Matter, or Matter, by which
things exist. The sense of our Element however is peculiarly con-
spicuous in the terms, adjacent to this Persian word. The term suc-
ceeding it is Pash ^b " Diffusing, scattering, spreading," The participle
of PASmWew ^<i^\i " To sprinkle, scatter, disperse, diffuse, pour out,
" dissipate," an adjacent word to which is Pashine, The Heel, and in
the preceding column we have Pashte, The Heel, where we are brought
to the spot supposed in my hypothesis. The preceding term but one
to this latter word is the Persian Bashane, <)oliilj "Fat Things, scattered,
" dispersed," where we have both senses of PuDoiw^ up, or out, and
PuDGiwg, or PASHWg about. Again we have as an adjacent term Bash-
iden, " To be, — To trample, tread upon, spurn," where the verb of
Being is brought to its original spot, whatever may be the idea, by
which it is connected with it. — The English BuTc^e/^ with its parallels
Boucher, Beccaro, or Beccaio, (Fr. Ital.) denotes the person, who Pulls,
or Tears to pieces. The Italian term belongs to the Beak, and signifies
To Peck.
I might here produce some terms, not already exhibited, which relate
to actions of Annoyance and Commotion, attended with more or less
violence, and which are all derived from the idea of PAsniwg about,
down, to pieces, To be in a Vxsued state, as originally connected with
the metaphor of Pxsaing about, into, &c. Pudge matter. Among these
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 303
terms we must class the following TcEDa/e, " To dawb, defile, pollute,
" or stain ; to contaminate. To Lay in the dust, to Beat down ; — To
" Tear, or rend, to disfigure," where we actually see the idea supposed
in my hypothesis ; an adjacent term to which is FoDio, To dig, or delve,
FoDzco, To Pierce, or bore, "To sting, vex, to grieve, to torture," where
we are brought to the same spot. — Fundo, Fudi, Yvsiim, " To Pour out, to
" spill, to shed, or let fly. — To difflise, spread, scatter, or extend. — To rout,
" discomfit, or vanquish. — To throw down, to lay along, to pour into,"
which is acknowledged to belong to the Fundus, or Low Ground, where
we see, how the forms FN, and FD pass into each other. — ?«Festo,
" To trouble, to vex, to plague, to ?;?Fest, to disquiet, to molest,"
where let us note the word ?7iFEST, and remember, that in English
under the same form pEsxer, we have the Foul ivound, or Pudge, in.
a state of disquiet. — FATig-o, " To Fatigue, weary, or tire. To vex,
" or trouble much," — Fatisco, Fess?/s, "To chink, gape, To be wrought
" out of heart, as land. To be weary, to tire," and here I have already
shewn, that the idea of chinks, in opposition to firmness and solidity,
is derived from Matter in a Pudge state. — Fash in Scotch is "To trouble ;
"to Vex; where let us note the kindred term Vex, Vexo, (Lat.)
" To disturb, to Mud, to toss up and down, " To Vex, trouble, harrass,
" cumber, or disquiet. — To tease, or molest," where we actually see
the idea of Pash?;/^ about Pudge, or Mud, " Vexat Ititulenta balnea
" turba." These words will be sufiicient to mark out the turn of
meaning, which is annexed to many of the terms, belonging to our
Elementary Character in various Languages, and wherever they are
to be found, such is the mode, in which their meaning should be in-
vestigated.— There is a term of Contention belonging to our Language,
Feud, which under some process and form must be referred to the
Ground. Feud, The quarrel, is referred by Skinner to the Saxon Fcehth,
and Fa, Hostis, et Had, conditio, the Belgic Feede, Veide, Feete, and
the German Fchd. Wachter under Fede inimicitia aperta, reminds us
of words, which I have before produced, as the term belonging to the
English word Fetr, and Feig, moribundus, &c. The next word in
Wachter is Fedc;-, "Telum Fodicans,'' and in another article "Penna;"
Qq
306 B,F,P,V,W.^ C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
where in Fooicatis we see the true idea. The Feude, Feudq/ tenure,
Fie, Fief appear under various forms, but we shall now see, that they
all relate in their original idea to arrangement about Land. These
words are commonly referred to f^ieh. Cattle, which brings us to the
same spot, and to Feed, Fat, &c. In the same opening of Wachter,
where the above word is found, I see Tegcii, Purgare, Mundare, before
produced, which he justly sees to relate to Pudge Watery Matter,
by deriving it from Wago!, Aqua, and Waschc/?, and I moreover see
Feige, Verber, and Feig, Moribundus, Timidus, &c. The corresponding
Dutch words are Veeg, A wipe, A gash, slash, Veegcw, To sweep,
wipe, Veeg, Fatal, Een Veeg teken, A Fatal sign, Hy is Veeg,
He gives signs of Death. Dr. Jamieson has justly seen, that the Scotch
term Fey, Fee, Fie, " Predestined, on the verge of Death," &c. belongs
to these words. The Dutch term, we see, contains the various senses,
which I have supposed to belong to this race of words. — We might
ask, whether the Latin Yatu?ji, Fate, did not belong to the idea here
unfolded.
BEAT, BATTER, &c. &c.
Among the terms under the form BT, &c. which signify ' To Beat,'
&c. with the instruments of Beat/wo-, &c. and the names of Buildings,
which are the objects of Attack, or from which an Attack is made,
we must class the following. Beat, with the parallels produced by the
Etymologists, Bcatan, (Sax.) Battre, (Fr.) Battere, (Ital.) Baedd,
(Welsh,) Batuo, (Lat.) Patctsso, (narao-o-w.) — Batter, (Eng.) Baste,
(Vulgar Eng.) To Beat, Battery, (Eng.) with its parallels Baterie,
(Fr.) Batteria, (Ital.) &c. &c. — Battle, with its parallels, Bataille,
BattagUa, (Fr, Ital.) &c.— BATTLE-Dore, the latter of which is justly
derived from Treo, (A. S.) Dera, (Fr. Th.) Arbor, a Tree, or piece
of wood. Battlements, (Eng.) Bastile, (Fr.) Bastion, (Fr.)— Battoow,
or Batune, with its parallels, Baston, Bastone, (Fr. Ital.) Baculus,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 307
Bakfro/i, Bakterin Bastos, {BaKTpovy BaKnipia, Bao-ros, Baculus.) —
Beetle, BAsxo^rt^o, &c. — Bat, (Eng.) with its parallels Bat, (Sax.) &c.
Brick-BAT, Ad feriendum. — Bate, deBxTE, with its parallels deBai,
deBatiu, (Fr. It.)— cowBat, with its parallels comBat, &c. &c. Bait,
as in B/iIl-BAiTing, The Hawk BAireth, " alas concutit," i. e. Beatc^^
with her wings. — Bout, (Eng.) To have a Bout with a person, Con-
tendere cum aliquo, to have a Beat^w^ inatch with any one, and hence
it signifies what the Latin term Fices does ; just as Coup in French
has the same double meaning ; says Skinner. — Bicker, (Eng.) which
has been referred to Bicre, (Welsh,) Conflictus, and Pickeer, Pike. —
Butt, which the Etymologists have compared with Butte, Bytte, (Sax.)
Botta, (Ital.) Ictus, Bouter, (Fr.) Buttare, (Ital.) &c. &c. which brings
us to the words for Bvsning, or Sticking before produced. — Box, which
the Etymologists have referred to Pux, (ITi/^,) Pochen, (Germ.) Per-
cutere, Fuycken, (Belg.) Trudere, Buquer, Bucquer, (Fr.) and to these
we should add the names for the Hand in other Languages, with the
terms, which seem directly to belong to them, relating to the action
of Beat/ho-, though some of them seem often to relate to the idea of
Vixing, YAsrening, or Griping, rather than that of inFixing, or making
an impression by Striking. Yet these ideas, we see, cannot in many
cases be separated from each other. I have already produced Fist,
and its parallels. In Pugn?/s, Pugno, (Lat.) Fight, &c. (Eng. Sax.)
Fechten, Fichte, (Germ. Belg.) BuKteuo, {UuKTevio, Pugilatu certo,) &c.
we see the action of Striking.
The term Beat is brought to its true sense of Batter?'/?o^, if I may
so say, against Batter, or Pudge matter, in the phrase "To Beat up
" a PuDDz'w^," and to the original spot, from whence this idea is derived,
when it is applied to the Ground, as ' To Beat the Ground with the
' Feet; — The Beaten road, or Path, Fia Battm/a, C/iemin Battu.'
In Chaucer the Millar of Trumpington is called a Market-BETer, which
Mr. Tyrwhitt imagines on a more attentive consideration of the phrase
" to be understood in a sense similar to that, in which the French
" phrases Batre /es rues and Battre de pavez are used; — Batre les rues,
" To revell, jet, or swagger up and down the streets a nights ;" — " Bateur
Q Q 2
308 B,F,P,V, W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.} l,m,ii,r.
" de pavez ; a jetter abroad in the streets. — A pavement Beater." See
Cotgrave.) In this sense Beat means To Pad about the Streets,
i. e. The Pudge. We use the term in a similar sense, when young
men are said to ' Beat the rounds,' and perhaps in the phrase ' To Beat
' up a person's quarters.' In the Greek ^Kvarmos, (Btirapfxa^, Saltatio
concinno gressu, seu ad sonum. Ex Bau), et Apfjio^w,') we are brought
to the same spot. In the expression 'The Pulse, or the Heart Beats.'
Batta di ciiore, Battata di pulso ; — Mon pouls Batte, &c. &c. we
perceive the idea of an impression connected with Soft Matter. The
French and English terms Beat, Battre, are used in their due sense,
when we talk of the Waves Beatwz^, or Dashing against the ship,
and when the French apply Battre to the churning of Milk. — In the
verb "To Batter," it is impossible not to see, that it is the verb, of
which Batter, The Pudge, or Pash mixture, is the substantive. In
Scotch Batter is used as a verb, though not under the idea of violence ;
but as signifying To he-Plaister, or be-sPATTER, as if with adhesive
matter, — " To Batter, To Paste, or cause one body to adhere to
" another, by means of a viscous substance," as Dr. Jamieson explains
it. In the vulgar term Baste, To Beat, it is impossible not to see,
that ' To Baste, or Beat, is the same as ' To Baste meat,' where we
again see the VAsning of Pudgy matter. — It is likewise impossible not
to acknowledge, that Bat, Baste and BATrer, belong to Pat, Patter,
ie-sPATTER, Pash, and we shall all agree, that Pash belongs to Pudge.
In the term Beetle, as in the French Bato?V, The Rammer, by which
the Ground is Beat, we are again brought to the same spot, as likewise
in the Latin Batillzu/z, The Spade, or Shovel. In German the Beetle,
or Rammer, is called " Tenne Batsche, or Patsche." The Beetle,
Scarabasus, is supposed to be so called, " quia scarabcei vesperi pree
" CEecitate incursantes facies nostras percutiunt instar Mallei^ Perhaps
the Batt, Vespertiiio, may belong to Bat, The Staff, for the same reason.
The next word in Skinner to these terms is a Beat of Flax, Lmifrangi-
bulum, from Beat, as he says. The Beadle, with its parallels, Bydel,
(Sax.) Petel, Butel, (Germ.) Bedeau, (Fr.) Bedello, Praeco, Nuntius,
is supposed to be derived either from Bid, Biddan, (Sax.) Rogare, or
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 309
from the Staff, which he carries, or from Paddwo- about. On the whole
I am inclined to the opinion of those, who suppose, that they are so
called from the Staves which they bear. The Bats, the Beetles, which
were intended probably to enforce their citations by Bloivs. They
are called in French " Sergens k Verge, a Masse d' Argent," and " Sergens
Battonniers." In our modern Language deBxTE is only applied to
the contest of words, but in our ancient Language it was used, as cowBat
is now, for the contest of Blows*.
* There is a passage in Shakspeare, in which </^Bate is introduced, on an occasion, con-
nected with the cowBats of Chivalry, whatever may be the precise sense, in which it is
applied :
" This child of fancy, that Armado hight,
" For interim to our studies, shall relate
" In high born words, the worth of many a Knight,
•' From tawny Spain, lost in the world's Debate."
{Love's Labour Lost, Act I. Scene 1.)
Without entangling ourselves in the observations of Dr. Warburton, or Mr. Tyrwhitt on the
origin of Chivalry and Romance, (about which they were in truth both equally ignorant, and
both equally assured,) I must observe, that Debate is the appropriate term for the conflicts
of Chivalry. On which account, the term has been impressed on the mind of the Poet,
whatever may be its direct application ; and it is on this account, that C/ii/d is here introduced,
in a direct, or latent allusion to its ancient sense of a Knight, as in C/ii/d Roiulattd, &c. In
Shelton's translation of Don Quixot, the word Debate occurs under its more original
meaning. In the ceremony of investing our heroe with the appendages of Knighthood, the
girl says, in girding on his sword, " God make you a fortunate Knight, and give you good
" successe in all your Debates." The precise meaning of the passage of Shakspeare is not
very manifest. It is an opinion, universally and justly conceived, that the Spaniards delighted
in the narrations and the feats of Chivalry, and therefore Uon Armado, the Child of Fancy, or
the Fantastic Knight, is properly introduced, as the narrator of these Romantic Stories. The
World's Debate may either mean the Crusades, the great contention in which the World was
engaged for a long period, as Dr. Warburton supposes, or it may mean in general the perilous
contentions and turbulence of the world, that wild scene of adventurous competitions of discord
and of danger, in opposition to the calm, peaceful scenes of retirement, which the King and his
Courtiers were now about to enjoy. We accordingly find, that the mind of the Poet is strongly
impressed with the distinction between that retreat of quiet, and the bustling world with all its
passions, its vices, and its temptations. Dumain talks in a preceding part of being mortified
to
310 B,F,P,V,W.J C,D,G,J, K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| hm,n,r.
The term Bid, which I have just produced, occurs in various
Languages, Buidan, (Goth.) Beodan, Biddan, (Sax.) geBieten, Bitteji,
(Germ.) &c. &c. By Junius Bidde is placed in two separate articles,
as signifying " Jubere," &c. and " OfFerre pretium," and Skinner has
three articles, in which he introduces " To Bid guests, hospites seu
" convivas vocare." — We shall agree, that these senses all belong to
each other, whatever may be the precise idea, from which they arise.
The primitive notion annexed to Bid seems to be that of a strong
Impression, or appeal made upon another, or Pressing and Urging, or
Fvsning another strongly, in order to obtain some purpose. Now this
idea seems to have been in the mind of the Etymologists, who have
derived this word in its strongest sense, from Bia, Bi\zomai, (Bia,
Bia^ofxai,) and Peto. We see, how Peto, To Push, brings Bid to the
sense of Beat, under the idea of making a strong Impression upon
another, somewhat under the same sense, as when we talk of " B^XTing
" a thing into a person's mind." The term Peto at once means to Beat,
and to Bid, "To throw at, to Pelf," i. e. To Beat, or Batter, as in
Brick-BAT, and "To intreat, to desire, &c. — To demand, or require,"
i. e. To Bid. The terms Urge, Urgeo, and Press, Premo, "To stick, &c.
" To thrust. To force, compel, &c. To importune, to be earnest with,
" to desire greatly," &c. &c. have similar applications of an action of
violence transferred to Earnest Desire, &c. Wachter explains BiTTen
to the World's Delights, which he throws on the IVorlls Slaves ; and the King, addressing the
companions of his retirement in the first speech of the Play exhibits the metaphorical imagery
of the World's Warfare in the most strong and lively colours :
" Therefore, brave Conquerors, — iox so you are,
" That war against your own affections,
" And the huge army of the World's desires."
It must be observed however, that the great Historian of our Language agrees, as it appears,
with the interpretation of Dr. Warburton. " By the command of the Sultan, the churches
" and fortifications of the Latin cities were demolished : a motive of avarice, or fear still opened
" the holy sepulchre to some devout and defenceless pilgrims ; and a mournful and solitary
" silence prevailed along the coast, which had so long resounded with the World's Debate."
(Gibbon's Hist. Vol. VL p. 120.)
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 311
by " PjiTcre, precibus flagitare, sive oratio tendat ad Deum, sive ad
" hominem," to which he refers Betcw, "adorantibus proprium." He
likewise refers these words to PExere. In the same column of Wachter,
where Bittcw occurs, we have Biss from Beisscw, Mordere, Pungere,
belonging to our word Bite and Bitter, Amarus, where we have a
similar sense of Sticki7ig into, as in Peto, morsu PEXcre. Robert Ains-
worth gives us, as the Latin expression for " To inveigh Bitterly against
" a person, " Dictis mordacibus aliquem lacessere," which might have
been " Dictis Mordacibus aliquem PETere," The terms Bitter, and
and PiKROS, (lltKrpos,) have precisely the same metaphor, as in Pickle. —
Before I quit the word Bite and Bit, I ought to observe, that in Norfolk
Bit is applied to the Instrument, which Bites the Ground, is Pushed
into, or Stuck into Pudgy Ground, in order to make Holes for the
procuring of Water. It is marvellous to observe, how words adhere
under some application to their original notion. — Beads, and Bead-RoII
are supposed to belong to Beade, the Prayer. This may be so ; yet
Bead might be attached to Pod, &c. and mean the Swelling out object.
A BEADs;na/i however certainly means " Orator, Precator," and is some-
times applied to those, who asTt charity of another, or depend upon
another for charity. Hence Nathan Bailey has the following explanations,
" Bede-Housc, or Hospital," and Bedeswc/?, " Alms men, who prayed
" for their benefactors and founders," which latter term is still retained
in our University. The name of the venerable Bede is supposed by
some to be derived from " his earnestness in Prayer.'' — The next word
to Beads in Skinner is Beagle, which some refer to Bugler ; Mugire ;
and others to Bigles, (Fr.) from Piccolo. The English Beagles may
directly belong to such terms as Beak, &c. the Pu?-suers, Pushers.
Bigle likewise signifies in French Squinting, which Menage derives from
Bioculus. Under this word he records the Latin Vmtus, which is sup-
posed to be derived from Peto. The German BETar//?, To Etg,
Mendicare, belongs to Bitten, or Beten, Petere, as Wachter supposes.
Some derives Bedlam, from Betteln, and others from Bethlehem, Beth-
Lechem Domus Panis. Our English word Beg must be referred to these
terms for Prayer, and does not belong to Bcgeren, (Germ.) Qua?rere,
which is a compound of Be and Geren.
313 B,F,P,V, W".} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
In the Welsh Dialect of the Celtic we have the following term
relating to the action of Beat/w^, &c. as Baezu, " To verberate, Beat,
" or thump ; to pound, or bruise," as Mr. Owen explains it, who
considers it, as another form of Maezu, which I shall shew to belong
to Mud, Mash, &c. where we see, how the forms MD, and BD, &c. &c.
pass into each other. To this word Baezu, we must refer an adjacent
term, in Mr. Owen's Dictionary, Baez, " A Boar." — Bys, A Finger. —
BusTaa/. "To Buffet about," adjacent to which we have Busxac,
" A steer, or young bullock," which Mr. Owen derives from Bu, a Kine,
and Tac, which he explains in another place by "That spreads, vanishes,
or is diffused." Adjacent to these terms is Bustyl, " Gall, bitterness,"
BusTLazf/, "To imbitter; to be surly." The idea of Bile, we know, is
always connected with Anger and Turbulence, O^vxo'^o'i, &c. &c. —
BiDo^i, " To poniard ; to stab." — Bicra, " To fight, or skirmish ; To
"Bicker." — Pastwn, "A long staff;" — Pastynu, "To Beat with
" a staff," to which the Latin terms Pastinzw/?, " A two forked tool," &c.
and Pasting, seem directly to belong. In the Galic, or Irish Dialect
of the Celtic, as unfolded in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, we have the following
words, — Bas, Bos, " The palm of the Hand," the next term to which
is Bas, Death, and in the same and preceding column we have, Bata,
" A Stick, Staff, Baton," Batail, " A Skirmish, Fight, and Bath,
" Slaughter, Death, Murder," which likewise signifies " The Sea," where
we are brought to the original idea of Pash Matter, whatever may be
the precise notion by which they are combined. — Bachul, "A Staff,
" crosier, crook," which assuredly belongs to the Latin ^xcvucm,
though as I have before shewn, it bears likewise another sense of the
Element. — Bida^, "A dirk, stilletto," the next word to which is Bid,
A Hedge, just as the Welsh Bidoo-?, To stab, belongs to Bid, "A Hedge,"
and Bioaw, a Twig. — Biach, "Membrum virile." — Baitin, "A little
" Stick." — Facht, " A BattZ/'w^-, or FiGHTiwo"," adjacent to which is
Vxcnaim, "Matter, cause, reason, motive," where in Matter we see
the original idea. In the same opening of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary,
I perceive Faiche, " A Field, green." — Bis, " A buffet. Box," an adjacent
word to which is Bith, "A wound," — Boo, "Deceit, fraud; a Bloiv,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 313
" Stroke, Box," the next word to which is Boc, " A he-goat, a Buck."
That the Boc, the Box, and the Buck are connected with the idea
conceived in my hypothesis, will be evident from a word in the next
column BoGflcA, "A marsh, moor. Bog, swamp." — I shall not produce
any more terms under the form BC, &c., which relate to BEAxiwg, &c.
as the fundamental idea is now fully understood, and as they are generally
referred by the Etymologists of the Language, in which they occur,
to some of the terms, already produced, as Bacchio, (Ital.) A Stick,
pole, ^xccmare, " To Beat," Bussare, BuTTaye, (Ital.) &c. &c. These
Italian words are accompanied by terms of Violence and Commotmn,
Confusion, &c. as ^kccante, a Bacchant, BAccawo, Noise, uproar,
tumult, which in French is Yxcarnie, " A great Noise, &c. BaccaAi/c,
" A Swaggerer, a furious swash buckler, &c. as John Florio explains it ;
and adjacent word to which in another of my Italian Dictionaries is
BAC«r<?, " To grow maggotty, or Rotten," where we are directly brought
to the idea of Filth, or Dirt.
Terms relating to Haste, Activity, Restlessness, &c. &c. as Fast,
To run Fast, Festino, Fidget, &c. &;c.
Among the terms of Commotion, which relate to Haste, Activity,
Restlessness, &c. and which are derived, as I imagine, from the Agitation
of Loose, Pash, or Pudge Matter, we must class the following :— Fast,
Citus, which expresses likewise another idea of this species of Matter,
that of FxSTEiiing, by one thing being attached or Sticking to another ;
unless we suppose that Fast, Citus, is derived from the idea of a con-
tinued action, as • To set Hard and Fast to a business:' — Festiwo, Fest^w,
conFESTim, (Lat.) to which Latin words Martinius has justly referred
the English, German and French Haste, Hasten, HATer, (where we see,
how the forms HS or "S and FS pass into each other,) and the terms
in the Teutonic and Greek Dialects, sPeed, and sVevdo, sPoudc, (STrei/Sw,
Studeo, Festino, Propero, Sttoi/S^;, Festinatio, &c.) with the acknowledged
R R
314
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,in,n,r.
parallels, Sped, Spedan, (Sax.) Spuden, (Germ.) Spoedeh, (Belg.) &c.
Fest, (Welsh,) which Mr. Owen explains by "Fast, Speedy, Hasty,
" or quick ; adroit, clever," Fest?'w, (Welsh,) " Of an active nature,
"Hasty,'" VESTiNiaw, (Welsh,) "To Festinate ; to Hasten,'' the ad-
jacent terms to which in Mr. Owen's Dictionary are Fes, " What
"penetrates; subtilty ; knowledge;" Fesu, "To penetrate, to pervade ;
" to have perception, or knowledge," from whence we shall be led to
conclude, that the prevailing idea for terms relating to Knowledge under
our Element FS, &c. is that of Motion, Activity of Mind ; and Fetan,
" A Budget, a Bag ; a saucy girl," where we have at once the Swelling
OM^ object, and the idea of Commotion: — Fw'd, (Welsh,) "An abrupt-
" ness ; a quick motion, or impulse," which Mr. Owen refers to Fw
" Volatility, or Quickness of motion ; — Fwdan, " Bustle, Hurry, flurry
" or agitation ." — Fwg, " What is Volatile, or light ; long, dry grass ;'
In the same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary I see Fust, " A flail
" a thresher," which brings us to the Latin Fust/'s, and FusTfa
" A Beat/wot, a Boxwg- Match." — Pystyl, (Welsh,) " A restless motion,'
which Mr. Owen refers to Ystyl, where we have the form "ST ; —
Pystylm, "To move about in a restless manner; to caper." Under
another form we have the original idea ; as Pistyll, " A Spout,'' Pistyll-
iaw, "To Spout out," which Mr. Owen refers to Pis, "A Spout, that
" is Spouted; a Piss; urine. Piss," where we see the genuine idea of
Pash matter. Ihe latter portion of the word he refers to Tyll, or Tw/l,
A Hole, a Pit, &c. The Fistula, of the Latins is surely only another
form of Pistyll, as I have before observed, and if the Welsh term should
be a compound, such we must consider the Latin ; yet on this point
there is some difficulty. Let us mark the explanatory word sPout,
w hich belongs to this race of words, and to sPit, sPittle, sPot, ^Patter,
be sPATTcr, sPeckle, &c. &c. — Fuss, Fizz, &c. produced on a former
occasion. Mr. Grose explains Fuss by "A confusion, a hurry, an
" unnecessary to do about trifles," and the succeeding articles in his
Classical Dictionary are Fussock, " A lazy fat woman. An old Fussock,
" a frowzy old woman;" — Fustian, Bombast Language. Red Fustian;
"port wine;" — Fusty Laggs, "A beastly, sluttish woman. — To Fuzz,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 315
" To shuffle cards minutely ; also, to change the Pack." — These words
will remind us of the terms, relating to Dirt, Fusty, (Eng.) Foust, Dirt,
FousTY, Dirty, (Exmore Dialect,) says the same author in his Glossary,
and Fuzzy. — Fidge, Fidget, and Fig are terms relating to Unquiet
Motions, and there is a common combination 'To Fiddle and Fidget
' up and down.' The expressions To Fid-Fad, Fiddle-Faddle, nearly
mean the same as To Puddle about, where we are brought to the
original metaphor. The word Fiddle, the Instrument, I explain on
another occasion, as relating to the Fides, The String, or Chord, whose
general use is that of Fixiw^, or Tying. The term Fickle, which the
Etymologists have justly compared with Poi kilos, (not/ci\os,) Ficol,
(Sax.) Fickcln, (Germ.) Ficken, (Bclg.) belongs to Boggle, Waggle,
Vacillo, (Lat.) where in the Bog we have the original idea. To Fig
a Horse means, I imagine, to put him in a Lively, Brisk, FiGoijig state.
A Fioary is supposed to be a corruption of Ykoary, which we should
at once assert to belong to Ykgus. Yet obvious, as this appears to be,
there is some difficulty on the point, which will be acknowledged by
those, who are aware of the Scotrh term Be-Garie, "To Variegate,
" to deck with divers colours."
The phrase * A Fig for you,' and ' To Fig,' Q' When Pistol lies,
" do this, and Fig me, like the bragging Spaniard,") is explained in the
last edition of Johnson's Dictionary by " To insult with Ficoes, or
" contemptuous Motions of the Fingers," which would lead us to suppose,
that the idea of Motion prevailed in the words Fig and Ficoe, as in the
sense of Fig, the ve^b. The term Fico is explained by "An act of
" contempt done with the Fingers, expressing A Fig for you." Here
the idea of Motion seems to be abandoned, yet in a quotation from John
Florio it again appears: Fico, "A Flirt with one's fingers, given in
" disgrace ; Fare la Fica, To bid a Fig for you." It is not doubted,
I believe, that this phrase belongs to the Spanish Higas dar, as the
Commentators on Shakspeare understand, and here an allusion to the
fruit called a Fig must surely be intended. Though Higo is the Fig,
and not Higa, which seems to belong to Figo, To Fix, The appendant
Amulet, yet Higas dar must have originally, I imagine, meant the same
R R 2
316 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,R,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
as HiGos dar. Johnson in a note on the passage of Shakspeare just
quoted says, that the insult consists in " putting the thumb between the
" fore and middle finger," which is no doubt meant to imitate the
Swelling Fig. Yet still I do not find explained the precise idea of this
insult, whether it means to say, that the person does not care a Fig
for another, which would be a natural source of contempt, where Figs
are plentiful, or, whether it has any other meaning. The Latins say
' Ficum Ficum dicere,' To call a Spade a Spade, that is, to call an
ordinary thing by its familiar ordinary name. This species of insult
is now, I believe, sometimes used to old men in order to express the
diminutive dimensions of the Membrum Virile. In Italian Fica is the
Pudetidum MiiUebre, as we learn from John Florio, and I must leave
others to decide, whether this sense belongs to the FiG-leaf or to
the Swelling form of the Fig. John Florio explains Ficaia by " A Shade,
" or arbor of Figge leaves ; a bower of Figge leaves. Also a discourse
" made of Figs, or rather of Women's Quainfs," and he explains
Yicarda by " One that loves Figs, also a lecherous woman." This
might lead the Commentators nn Shakspeare to enquire, whether
Charmian, in her wanton conversation, has not a double meaning, when
she says " I love long life better than Figs." (^Antony and Cleopatra,
Act I. Scene 2.) It must be distinctly understood, that the words in
Italian belonging to the Fica, whatever be their metaphorical application,
relate only to the fruit of the Fig, nor must they be confounded with
words, bearing a similar allusion, which are real English words, and which
have not an Italian origin. Phraseology, derived from the Spanish
and Italian Languages, was not uncommon in the time of Shakspeare.
In English Fig is applied in sensu ohscoeno, as belonging to the verb
of Motion ; which we learn from the following passage in Cotgrave,
(sub voce Danse.~) " De la panse vient la Danse, When the belly is
" full, the breech would be Figging, (for by this Danse is any lustful!,
" or sensuall motion understood.")
Wachter has the terms FicKe/?, Fricare, and Fick-Fack-cw, " Intri-
" care, turbare," to which he has produced as parallel Fyg-Fag, Confuse.
An adjacent term to these in Wachter is Fichte, Pinus, which he justly
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 317
refers to Pitch, Pix, where we see the species of Matter, supposed
in my hypothesis. — Feyk, (Scotch.) "This seems to signify that kind
" of restlessness, sometimes proceeding from nervous affection, which
" prevents one from keeping in one position ; otherwise called the
" Fidgets." This word Dr. Jamieson refers to the verb To Fvke,
" To be restless, to be constantly in a state of trivial motion, without
" change of place. — To be at trouble about any thing. S. synon. Fash,"
which term Fash he has justly compared with pACHer, (Fr.) The
terms Vessus and Fat/oo, must be added to this race of words. The
next term to Fash in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, is Fasse, Hair, which
is probably so called from the entangled state, in which it is often found.
Grose produces Fukes, as the Northern term for " Locks of Hair."
Dr. Jamieson is duly aware of the parallel terms belonging to Fyke,
as Fichen, Fricare, (Germ.) Fyka, Fika, (Is. Su. G.) Citato cursu ferri, &c.
and the Provincial term, produced by Grose, Pick, " To struggle, or
" Fight with the legs, as a cow in the tie, or a child in the cradle."
In Grose too we have Peek, " To walk about in perplexity," in the
same page with which, I find Feat, " Nasty tasted," and Feague,
" A Dirty Sluttish, idle person," where in Dirt we see the true idea.
In Scotch the combination Pike-Facks means " Minute pieces of work
" that cause a considerable degree of trouble to the agent, those especially
" which are occasioned by the Troublesome humour of another," which
Dr. Jamieson has justly compared with the German combination, before
produced from Wachter. The exclamation i'pECK/HS related originallv
perhaps to some embarrassment. In the same opening of our author's
Dictionary, where Pike occurs, I perceive Feckle, " To Puzzle, to
" perplex, to reduce to a non plus," which he has justly compared with
the terms of Commotion, Pickle, WiCEhian, VxciLhare, &c. &c. To
Feckle, and Puzzle means 'To Puddle, or be Muddled,' &c. To be
Fuddled means likewise to be Puddled, or Muddled. The Dutch say
" Bestooven van den wyn," i. e. be Dusted with Wine. — Fidder,
" A Multitude," and ViG-Malirie, " A Whim, a Maggot," appear in the
same opening of our author's Dictionary. I find in other places,
" To Fizz, or Fizz about, To make a great ado, to be in a Bustling state,"
318
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
which he has justly compared with other terms of a similar kind, as
Fysa, (Isl.) To instigate, Fysan, (A. S.) Festinare, Foesa, (Su. G.)
Agitare, &c. &c. and the Islandic Piasa, Niti ; and I find moreover
the term To Feeze about, " To move backwards and forwards within
" a small compass," which is applied in one sense to the action of the
Screw, and hence this writer has compared it with our term Vice.
I have shewn, that Vice, the Screw, belongs to the metaphor of
Squeezing, as by, in, amidst, Glutinous Pudge matter. The terms
preceding Fizz in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary are Fix-Fax, " Hurry,
" the middle of any business," and Fix-Fax, " The Tendon of the neck
" of Cattle," which he compares with the English Pax-Wax, and the
Dutch Pees, which mean the Pudge Swelling out substance. The
Dutch Pees likewise means a Pizzle, " A Bull's Pizzle," &c.
In Shakspeare Pheese occurs, as a strong term to express Trouble
and Annoyance. The Taming of the Shrew commences with these
words " I'll Pheese you in faith," and in Troilus and Cressida, Ajax
says, speaking of Achilles, " An he be proud with me, I'll Pheese his
" pride." Dr. Johnson thinks that "To Pheese is to Cond), or Curry,"
and Kersey, in his Dictionary, as Mr. Malone observes, say&, that "it is
" a sea term, and that it signifies, to separate a cable by untwisting
" the ends," and Dr. Johnson gives us a similar account of its original
meaning. " But whatever may have been the origin of the expression,"
says Mr. Malone, " it undoubtedly signified in our author's time. To
"Beat, knock, strike, or whip. Cole in his Latin Dictionary 1679
" renders it, Flagellare, Firgis ccedere, as he does ' To Feage,' of which
" the modern school-boy term 'To Fag,' is a corruption." The term
Fag, ' To Fag,' must certainly be added to these words, denoting some
Annoying action, as I have before illustrated. The sense of ' To Pheese,'
To Beat, or Strike, differs nothing from the term Pash, which Ajax
uses in the preceding speech to that, which I have just produced. "If
" I go to him, with my armed Fist, I'll Pash him o'er the face." Let
us here note again, that the Fest, under one idea is the member, which
is able to Pash. The sense, which Pheese has " To comb, or Curry,"
will bring us to another English term Fooaz, which Mr. Grose has
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c 319
explained by "To level the surface of a fleece of wool with the shears,"
where we unequivocally see the action of doing something with Fuzzy
matter, which brings us to Pudge matter. These terms will likewise
conduct us to the Greek and Latin Peiko, Peko, and Pecto, Pexi,
(UeiKw, rieKw.) The Latin term is brought to another sense of Pheese,
and joined with a kindred term in the well known combination l^UGiiis
Vectus, and again in Fusxi PEcxere. In one of its applications we
are directly brought to the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis, " PECxere,
" TeUurem," — VECtita Tellus, which in Ruhnkenius' Edition of Scheller's
Latin Dictionary is explained in Dutch by he-sVvT, that is be-sFAued,
sPaxxerV/, or Dug up. — Teicciih in Galic means " To be in a continual
" Bustle, to FiDGEX," as Mr. Shaw explains it. The next term is Feich,
Feixh, a Sinew, which brings us to the Scotch Fix-Fax, just produced.
In the same column of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary I find Feaxh, "A calm,
" tranquillity, a Bog," where in the sense of Bog we have the origin
of these terms, and in that of a Calm, or Soft state, we have another
idea, annexed to this species of matter. In the same column I see
too Feaxha/??, " Fur, Hair," which appears under another form Fexha ;
and which means, as I observed on a former occasion, The Fuzzy,-
Pudgy Stuff, or state. The names for a Bawd, (Scotch,) and for
a Hare, or Cat, Puss must be referred to the same idea. We have seen
Fasse, (Scotch,) " A Hair,''' and Fukes " Lockes of Hair/' Dr. Jamieson
should have produced the Saxon Feax, Caesaries, which under another
form is F^x. To Feax, the Hair, belongs the name Fair-Faj:, quasi
Fire- Fax, or, as it is in Saxon, Fyr-Feaxa, Ignicomus. The Saxon
FjEx means likewise Fueus, where we see the origin of Fvcus, and
we likewise see, how they belong to the Latin FjEX. The next words
to F^x in my Saxon Dictionary are Fag, Versicolor, variabilis. — Color,
and Fagcw, Fai7i, Laetus, YhGennian, I^atari. The term YjEGen, Fain,
means Laetus, Hilaris, YjEGcniau, Blandiri, and FjEGcr, Fair, Speciosus,
and we now see, that Fain, quasi Faj/z, or Fagm, and Fair, or Fagc/-
belong to the FiEx, Fuc//s, the Fine gay Datub. The term before
YjEGcn in my Saxon Dictionary is FyEGe, Moribundus, where the term
is a Metaphor from F^x, or Foul Matter, in its relaxed state. In
320 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.f l,m,n,r.
Mr. Shaw's Dictionary I see near to pEATHaw the terms relating to Mind,
Feas, Feath, " Learning, skill, knowledge," which appear from the
Welsh parallel terms to be derived from Activity of mind. I see more-
over in the same opening of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary Feighe, " A Warrior,
" champion, slaughterer," which brings us to Pug//o, Fight, &c.
The term Fit, denoting the paroxysms of a disorder, which is so
expressive of Agitation, Convulsion, &c. as of an object in a state of
Struggle, at once connects itself with these words. In the expression
Pit-a-Pat, we see Agitation, or Beat?;?"-, connected with the idea,
which is annexed to Pash, Patter, &c. Under Fitt of an ague,
Junius has produced the Teutonic Vits, Celcr, citus, as I before observed,
and under Fitt, Accommodare, which he cannot help seeing to belong
by some process to these words of Motion, he produces Viste, or Vite,
(Fr.) and Fitta, Q^irTu,^ an exhortation to Haste, among the Greeks.
The French Etymologists under Vite justly remind us of VEGe^?/s, where
the Veg has the same force, as the Vag in Vago, and Wag in English,
and they remind us likewise of a term, corresponding with our word
Whet, which belongs to the idea of Agitation in the act of Sharpening,
and which at once brings us to Wett, Wash, Wat^?-, The Pudge,
or Pash matter, supposed in my hypothesis. — Busy and Bustle, would
in sense directly connect themselves with this race of words, but there
is some difficulty in the matter, which should be unfolded. The Ety-
mologists refer Busy to Bysgian, Abysgean, (Sax.) Occupare, Be-Sich,
(Belg.) Occupatus, Bisogne, Besogner, (Fr.) Bisigare, (Ital.) It might
seem, from the form of the Belgic word, that the term Busy, or Busig,
Be-Sich, was a compound of the particle Be and Sich, Sig, &c. a separate
Radical. In my Danish Dictionary one of the terms for Business is
Sag, which means A Cause, Matter, affair, &c. where let us mark Cause,
a kindred term. Thus then the compound might be Be-Sag. I ought
to observe moreover, that Sich might be put for the Belgic Zich, one's
Self, which species of pronoun finds its way into expressions relating to
Busi7iess, ' As To be Stir Oneself in a matter.' My Danish Lexicographer
explains " Busy Body," by " Der som blander Sig i alle Sager " The
" person who blends, or engages Himself in all matters," where Sig,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 321
Himself, and Sagei^ affairs, are both used. I cannot satisfy myself on
the origin of these words. The Sogne in the French Beaogyie seems
a separate part, and to belong to Soin. The English term Dispatch,
which relates to Haste, is acknowledged to be derived from dePecher,
and emPechcr, which some of the French Etymologists have justly seen
to belong to exPedio, from which, we know, exPedition is derived;
where Ped is referred to the confinement of the Faet, as in Pidica.
Terms under the form sP-D, &c. as sPit, ^Patter, &c.
I shall in this place consider the terms, which appear under the form
sP-D, &c. and which I imagine to connect themselves directly with the
terms under the form PD, &c. I have produced on a former occasion
sPeed, and its parallels Sped, (Sax.) Spoeden, (Belg.) Spoude, Speudo,
(27royS>7, Proprie Festinatio, &c. 1.Trev^w, Studeo, valde cupio, Festino,
&c.) where the Peed, &c. has the same force from the same origin,
as the Fest in Fest?7?o, &c. &c. The true sense of the Saxon Sped,
Festinatio, may be understood from its application to Matter, or Suh-
stance, as we call it. Lye explains it by Substantia, though he joins
that sense with the interpretation of " Opes, victus, proventus." Yet
the genuine meaning of the word, as denoting Substantia, in its more
appropriate use, is so familiar, that the Grammatical term in Saxon
for what we call a Substantive is derived from this source, as " Nama
" Spediglice, Nomen Subsfantivum.'' In our application of the verb
Speed, ' Speed the Plough,' we are brought to the Ground, from which
it is derived. The terms directly adjacent to Sped in my Saxon
Dictionary arc Specca, A Speck, Macula, and Sped, FiTuita, and in
the preceding column I sec Sputqw, Spuere, Spathl, Spattle, Spittle,
SPAT/mw, Pitissare, and SpATlu?ig, Spumatio, Pituita, Speiiuan, (Goth.)
Spuere, in which words we are brought to the original idea of Pash
Matter. Let us here note kindred terms, under the more simple form,
S s
332 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
PiTuita, and Fixissare, and we may moreover observe, that in the Gothic
term Speiwan, the Latin Spuo, with the vulgar English term, signifying
To vomit, and their parallels Spywan, (Sax.) Spmven, (Belg.) &c. &c.
the second letter of the Radical does not appear. In the same opening
of my Saxon and Gothic Dictionary, I see the Gothic Sped^s^s, Ultimus,
which Lye has justly compared with the familiar terms in German
and Belgic, Spat, Spade, &c. Sero, Serus. When we do not exactly
understand the mode, by which the senses of words have passed into
each other, it is difficult to decide on the precise process, by which
a term bears a certain meaning. If Spat, &c. denoting Late had been
ascertained to have originally signified The Night, we should have
resorted perhaps to a line of Milton, in order to arrive at our primitive
idea. The " Goddess of Nocturnal Sport, the Dark veil'd Cottytto,"
is invoked, "When the dragon woom Of Stygian darkness Spetts her
" thickest gloom, And makes one blot of all the air;" where we see,
that the Darkness of Night is represented as a blot, or Spot of Spatter'd
Gloom. I have produced this passage for the purpose of shewing to
what extensive purposes this metaphor may be applied; yet I imagine,
that Spat, Late, belongs to the same species of Spatter Stuff, under
another turn of meaning ; namely, from the idea of a Relaxed, IVeakened
state, and that from hence it bears the sense of Serus, Tardus. The
parallel word to Spat denotes in one Teutonic Dialect Early, and is
there unequivocally connected with this species of Soft, Diluted Matter.
In Swedish Spad signifies, as Widegren explains it, "Tender, soft,
" Effeminate, Spada ar, Tender years, Alt sedan mina Spadastc, ar
" Ever since my earliest years," and the verb Spada, means " To Dilute,
" to make thin. To make weak," as the same writer explains it, " Spada
" up vin med vatten, — To dash wine with Water. Han talar alfvarsamt,
" men Spader i med skamt. His discourse is serious, but he seasons it
" with pleasant expressions," where in the explanatory word Season,
we are brought to Spices, which shews us, how 'To Spice any thing,'
may be "To Spatter any thing ;" — " Han skrifver Svenska, men Spader
" in Fransyska ord, He writes Swedish, but interlards it with French
" words," where we see the idea of be-SFATTERUig, and we hence too
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 323
understand, what it is to have a Smattering of Languages, where we
are actually brought to Matter itself. Let us mark the explanatory
word Dash, which I shall shew to belong to Bust for a similar reason.
In the same column of my Swedish Dictionary, I see the term Spaka,
" To Subdue, mortify," where we still see the idea of Softening. In
Belgic under the same form, as Spade, Late, we have Spade, a Spade,
and in the same opening of Egbert Buys' Dictionary I see Spat, A Speck,
Spot, Spatel, " A Spattle, Spatule, a slice to spread a plaster,"
and SpATTt'//, "To Spatter, to bedash," Spa-Water, Spa-IVater, —
Speater, "A mixt metal of Pewter and Brass, SpEcer^, Spice, Specht,
" A Speight, Wood Peckc/-, and Specz'c, Sort." Various as the
offices are, which these words perform, we shall now understand, how
they contain the same fundamental idea. We see, that SpEcie, Sort,
denotes Matter, and Spicer_j/, the Mixture of Matter, as in Speatc/-,
where let us note PEWTcr, which means the Mixture. The Speight
is the PECKer belonging to Spike, &c. which according to my hypothesis
is derived from Sticky Matter, and we now see, that the Spa is the
Water-Place, The Pash, or Spatter place. Here we perceive, that
the Spatula is unequivocally connected with the action of ^vxTTering,
and in the Spade we are brought to the same spot and action.
In Scotch Spait, Spate, Speat denotes " A Flood, an inundation.
'• Also used metaphorically for Fluency of Speech ^ as Dr. Jamieson ex-
plains it, and Ruddiman has derived it from the terms, which I am here
unfolding, Sptettan, Spcethian, Sec. Spumare, To Spit forth Frothy
Matter. In English we have a fFater Spout, Water falling in a Bodv,
&c. &c. and To Spout, which is " To pour out words with affected
" grandeur," says Johnson. To this might be referred our familiar term
Speak in Spceccan, but on this point there is some difficulty. In the
same column of my Saxon Dictionary with this word I see Spadl,
Sput///;?, or Spittle, as likewise Spad, a Spade, Spac, a Spoke, which
brings us to Spike, Pike, the Sticking in instruments, and Sp^c,
Framen. — ^Termes, Vimen, Sarmentum, The Intwining Twigs. With
respect to the word Speak, I nmst observe, that it only appears once
under that form in Saxon, but in the same Language we have likewise
s s 2
304 B,F,P,V,W.5 C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
the form Sprecan, and in all other Dialects of the Teutonic we have
the form SPRC, SFRK, &c. as Sprechen, (Germ.) &c. &c. This would
lead me to conclude, that Speak is a corruption, and should be considered
as quasi Spreak. The form Speak however is not without an Etymology,
as Wachter seems to suppose, since it may belong to Spout; yet I agree
with him, that Sprechen is the original form, and that it belongs to
Brechen, though he would have come nearer to the form of his word,
if he had referred it to the terms, with which it is directly connected
in the same leaf of his Lexicon, Sprengen, quasi, Spreggen, Spargere,
Spriessen, Germinare To Sprout out, Forth, &c. Springen quasi Spriggen,
Germinare, To Spring forth, Scaturire, Spritten, Spuere, To Spurt out,
just as Speccan, if that had been the true form, would have signified
To Spout out. In Scotch Spat is the Spawn of Oysters, where Dr.
Jamieson has justly recorded a term of a similar meaning Spad, (Su. G.)
" Jus, humor," but there is another word in Scotch under this form,
which directly brings us to the precise idea of the Pudge, or Pash
Matter, or Spot, supposed in my hypothesis. — Spout is explained by
Dr. Jamieson to be " A sort of Boggy Spring in Ground," to which,
as it seems, our author has discovered no parallel term, since no parallel
term is produced. While I examine Spat, hate, in my German Dictionary,
I perceive in the same leaf, where this word occurs, Spass, Pastime,
sport, &c. which belongs to the idea of Agitation conveyed by its adjacent
terms Spatel, A Spat, Spatule, &c. Spade, A Spade, as likewise
SpATzierew, To Walk abroad, which belongs to sYxTium, sVxTior, sY.vriari,
relating to Pass/??^, or ^xomiig about, or in the Pudge ^Pot; — Speck,
Bacow, Pork, SpECKfeige, A Great Fig, Speck Birne, Great melting
Pears, Speck?c^^, Fat, which relates to the Fvueing out substance;
and Speichcl, Spittle. I see too Speise Meat, Food, &c. which still
relates to the same idea. Let us mark the terms B\con, Fig, Food,
where the same fundamental notion prevails. Wachter understands,
that sPjec belongs to Bxcon by the addition of the sibilant.
In the same opening of Wachter, where Speck, &c. occurs, I cast
my eyes on sPass, Vxsser, a Sparrow, which he justly refers to that
Latin word, though he seems to doubt its relation to sPiza, (iTrt^a,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 325
Fringilla,) and on «Pecht, Picks ; where let us note, that all these words
refer to the idea of the Peckc/', or Tearer. In Sparrow and its parallels,
under that form, the second letter of the Radical has passed into R. —
My Lexicographer explains Spade by " A Spade, or Dibble,^'' where
let us note the term Dibble, which belongs to Dab and Dabble, just
as Spade does to Spatter and Spittle. In German the term signifies
" Ligo, gladius, and Hasta," and we know that in some of the modern
Languages its derivatives mean the sword, Spada, Espada, Espee, Epee,
(Ital. Span. Fr.) In the Spanish verb Espadar, " To break hemp, or
" flax v^^ith a swing staff," the term is brought to its original idea of
Vxsning to pieces. In English the Spade has passed into the Spud,
the Spit, &c. &c. and in German we have again the sharp pointed
instrument in Spitze, Spiess, &c. &c. I have already observed, what
is acknowledged, that the Greek Spathe, 'Liradr}, Spatha, Spathula, &c.
connects itself with the terms of Dispersion, Prodigality , &c. Spathoo,
Spatalao, (^iraQaw, Licium inculco, Spatha, vel tudicula texo. Profuse
insumo, Prodigo, &c. 1.TraTaXaw, Lascivio, delicior, &c.) I have noted,
that Spatula is used in its original idea, when it refers to spreading of
Salve, or Pash matter, but in the Language of the Poet, sPathc, (LTrad)],)
is applied to an oar, which Pashcs about Water, as in Pitulos, (UitvXo's,
Sonus, vel strepitus, velut aquce remo percuss^,) Qeivou I.Tradai-s,
{Lycophron. v. 23.) In examining these words in my Greek Vocabulary,
I cast my eyes on Spato.s, (STraros, Corium, Pellis,) and Spao, Spaso,
(STraw, aau), Traho, attraho, cxtraho, educo, vello, convello, Sugo,
Bibo.) The radical form of this verb is, I imagine, Spaso, and the
original idea is that of Drawing, or Sacking in, as belonging to Pash
Quag Matter. Perhaps Spatos, (STraro?,) means, what is Draivn,
or Pulled off. I shall shew, that Sugo and Suck are to be referred
to the Quag, &c. for a similar reason. This is the force of the Greek
Porizo, (rioTi^w,) and Poto, " To Suck, or Soak in," as R. Ainsworth
explains it. I cannot help shewing the course of the human mind in
the formation of such words by producing a Welsh term, now before
me, belonging to Sugo and Suck. Mr. Owen explains Sug by " An
" imbibing principle; a Suck, or Drawing; what is imbibed, Juice; sap,"
326 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.^ I,m,n,r.
and in the same column of his Dictionary I see a kindred term Suz,
" That pervades or sinks in, moisture, Juice, sap."
Thus it is, that Pas in sPaso, relating to Drawing, may belong
to such terms as Pash, or Watery, Matter, &c. — In the following passage
the Pas and Pot in the terms s?Ks-as, and Vor-isthenfas, (J-Traa-a^,
Uoricrdevra^,') are applied to the idea of Suching, or Drawing in, so
as To Imbibe, be Soaked, Steeped, &c. Zeno, the Stoic, though harsh
and crabbed among his acquaintance, when he was sober, became mild
and agreeable, when he had sucked in his wine, just as Lupines, which
of themselves are very bitter, become Sweet and pleasant ; when they
are Soaked and macerated. " Z^vcov o Kimevs, crKXnpo's wv Kai ttuw
" dvficoTiKOs iTpo'5 Tov^ 'yvuipifj.ovs, CTTt TrXeiov Tov oivov Y.TTa(ra^, rjdv^
" eyivero kul jneiXi^o^' Trpo? tou? Trvvdavofxevov^ ovv rov Tpoirov Tt]V
" Zia<popav, eXeje to avro TOis dep/jLOis 7rao-;\;eii/" Kai yap CKeivov^ irpiv
" Zia(ipa-)(^tivai TriKpoTarovi eivai, ttot laOevTa's Ze yXvKei^ Kai 7rpocrr]v-
" ecTTarovi.'" {Athen. Lib. IL c. 15.) In Mr. Shaw's Galic Dictionary,
we have Spad, " A Spade," and in the same column of his Dictionary
we have Spad, " A Clod, flat, dead," — Spaid, " A Clod,'' Spadal,
" A Paddle, a plough-staff," and Spad^w, " To knock in the head,
"knock down, to fell." In another place we have Speid, "A great
"river, flood; a being busy," which again brings us to Speed and
Speudo, (ZTreySw,) and to the idea of Pash Matter, and in the same page
of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary I see Spice, " A Spike, long nail," Speic, &c.
"A bar, spar, prop, stroke," SpocHmw, "To rob," Spocnaiw/, "To pro-
" voke, affront," Spiaeawz, " To mock, scoff," Spid, " Spite, malice," where
we see, that the English term Spite belongs to the same metaphor
of Spittw?^', Spatter^??^, Sticking in, over, &c. In Belgic Spyt is
" Spite, despite. Vexation," and Spytcw, "To Vex, displease, fret."
Under another form we have in Belgic Spottcw, or AcSpottcw, "To
" mock, to scoff," &c. Spittc//, "To cut with a sharp Spade, To Dig,"
" SpiTze«, " To empale," &c. In the preceding column of my Dutch
Dictionary to /;eSpoTTe/j!, we have ^cSpattc//, " To bedash, or be-
" Spattc/'." The Galic Spad, or Spaid, Dirt, brings us to the form
of the Greek Spodos, (SttoSos, Cinis.) We see, how the form Spod
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 327
connects itself with Speud, in Speudo, (STrei/Sw,) according to my
hypothesis, and how again this principle unites under the same race
the Speis in Speiso, (STrej/So, 27rei<rw,) To SpAXxer about, as Pash,
or Pudge matter.
The Sphodelos, or (zSphodelms, (Acrc^oSeAos, Asphodelus, Planta. —
King's Spear, or Asphodel,) is supposed to be derived from Spaxhe,
(I.Tradri,') which brings us to the form SpAXHULa. The Daffodil is
imagined to be a corruption of Asphodel, which becomes more cor-
rupted in the term Daffodown Dilhj. The term Spad^j:, (^L-rrahi^,
Termes, palmes,) is adjacent to Spaxhe, (S7ra6>/,) and seems to be con-
nected with that word ; though the Lexicographers derive it from Spao,
and Spad?"zo, (STraw, Traho, STraSi^w, Avello, detraho,) " quasi Avulsus
" k Palma Termes." The next word to Spadix in my Greek Vocabulary
is Spado/?, (^-rralodv, Eunuchus, cui testiculi sunt Avulsi,) which they
derive from a similar idea. The Greek Spado;?, (I.iradwu, Spado,) directly
belongs to the English Spay, or Spade, as the Etymologists understand,
who should have added likewise the Welsh Dyspaiz, An Eunuch,
Dyspazu, To Geld, and the Irish Spux, an Eunuch ; all which words
refer to the idea of Spouxing, (if I may so say,) Spudd/;?^-, or SpAoiwg.
The Latin Castrare, To Cut out. Geld, &c. belongs to Castrum, the
Ditch, from a similar metaphor of Cutting, or Casting out Dirt. Mr.
Owen refers Dyspaiz, &c. and Dypazu, To Yspaiz, " Being Emptied,
or Exhausted," and Yspazii, " To exhaust. To empty." In the same
column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary I see ?/sPas, Passw/^, which brings
us to the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis ; and in the same opening
I see ?/Spyz, a Jutting, or Run out, which Mr, Owen has justly referred
to Pyz, "A state of Running out, or a spread," the verb to which is
Pyzm, "To run out, to spread," and ySPYzaid, "Jetting; prickly;
" harsh ; sharp, repulsive, protected," all which words bring us to Spout,
(To Spout, or Jet out,) Spike, &c. But the original idea is une-
quivocal in the Irish Sput, which Mr. Shaw explains by "An Eunuch;
" hog wash, a word of contempt for bad drink, a Spout, and in the
corresponding verb, directly succeeding it, Svurani, "To Spout." In
the same column of Martinius, where Spado occurs, I see ^Paco, Canis,
328
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Persis. Justin. Lib. I. Hesych. 'Zttuku, Kvva, ;/ 1.(piy^, which the sPac,
and the sFigx, {^(piy^,) belong probably to the same idea, which we
have in Fix, To Seize, or Fastcw upon.
Terms relating to Noise, as Patter, Pitter-Patter, palPnafe, &c.
I shall here produce a few terms, appearing under our Element,
which relate to Noise, Sound, &c. and which are often connected with
the notion of Agitatioji, Commotion, Sec. Some of these terms un-
equivocally attach themselves to the train of ideas, which I have above
unfolded, and we shall at once acknowledge, that they relate to the
action of ^Asning about Pudge Matter. There are other terms, which
may seem to belong to other trains of ideas ; and the reader perhaps
will be inclined to consider, that some of these words have arisen from
the Elementary form B\ Those, who delight to imagine unproductive
Theories on the origin of Language, may suppose, if they please, that
some of these words are derived from the infantine sounds, Ba, Pa, &c.
To this hypothesis, or any other hypothesis of a similar kind, I can
have no objection; as it affords no impediment to any efficient modes,
by which the relations of words to each other may be discovered ;
though it supplies no facilities for their discovery, and opens into no
facts for their illustration. As we approach to these limits in our dis-
cussions on Language, where every thing may be conjectured, and
nothing can be ascertained; I shall forbear to interpose any opinion,
and I must leave the reader to form his own judgement on the relation
of these aequivocal terms to each other, and to the Race of words, which
appear under our Elementary form BC, BD, &c. Among these terms,
relating to Noise we must class the following Patter, Pitter-Patter,
Pat, Pad,. (Eng.) Fxreo, Patasso, Patagos, Pittulos, (narew, Calco,
UaTaa-a-o), Cum strepitu Palpito, vehementer Pa/pifo, Percutio, &c.
Jlarayos, Fragor, strepitus, UittvXo?, Sonus, seu Strepitus, qualis pra-
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 329
sertim aquae remo percussae,) &c. &c. in some of which we unquestion-
ably see the idea of Noise, as connected with Pudge, or Pash Matter.
In Pash we mark the idea of Noise, as attending that action, which
is likewise apparent in Pal-Yiio, P«/-Pitate, and Pit-a-Pat, and in
Beat and Batter, we still perceive the same meaning. — Pato?"s, (Fr.)
the origin of which, or the relation of which to other words will be
manifest by considering the adjacent terms in the French Dictionaries
PATt'ouiller, " To tread in the Mud,'' &c. Posaww, (Germ.) " A Sack-
" But, a sort of Trumpet," where let us mark the term But, in Sack-
But, having a similar force. — Buzz is supposed to be a word formed
from the sound. It is applied, we know, to the sound of the Bee,
and the name of this animal is to be found under various forms, in
which the Labial may be considered, as imparting to the word its
characteristic force, as Beo, Bi, Bye, (Sax. Dan. Belg.) Bien, (Germ.)
Aheille, (Fr.) Baedd, (Welsh,) Pecchia, aBEJa, (Span.) aPis, (Lat.)
&c. terms collected by the Etymologists, in some of which we have
the Elementary form BS. I cannot help observing, in this place, that
the Hyb in Hybla belongs to the Bee, or aPis, whether the BFy be
significant, or whether Hybla should be considered as agreeing in form
with the French AbeiUe. — Bat, (Lat.) the term in Plautus, is supposed
to be taken from the Sound, which term is adjacent in the Latin
Vocabularies to Batwo, To Beat, Battc/', BAriUuni, A Paddle staff, &c.
J^ATTologeo, BxTTxrizo, (BaTToXoyew, BaTTapi^oi, Balbutio, lingua titubo
et haesito, &c.) which are supposed to be derived from a personage
called Battos, (Button, Battus, princeps Cyreneeorum, Balbus et exili
voce prwditus.) Mr. Parkhurst derives the Greek Battos, (Barros,)
from the Hebrew i<£D2 BTA, To Utter, or speak rashly, foolishly, or
unadvisedly, efFutire. Let us here note the But and the Bus in Balbutio
and Balbus. I see in my Greek Vocabulary an adjacent term to these
Greek words, as BATrachos, (Barpaxo^, Rana,) which is supposed
likewise to be derived from the Noise. — Bauzo, Bazo, Bauko/co, Ba-
Bax, Ba-B\zo, Bu-Baktcs, Phasko, Be?n-BEx, Bom-Bux, Bex, Buas,
which is the succeeding word in my Greek Dictionary to Bu, The cry
of Infants, (Bav'(u), Latro, Baubor, Ba^w, Loquor, dico, BavKaXew, Sopio
Tt
330
B,F,P,V, W.J C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| hm,n,r.
caiitu, nutricum more, a Bau/3aw, Ba/3a^, Garrulus, Ba/Sa^w, idem quod
Bajufiaivci), Balbutio, BajSuKrv^, Loquax, Oatr/co), Dico, a <^aw, Beju/3;;^,
Turbo, Bofji^v^, Bombyx, B;?^, B?/;;^os, Tussis, Byas, Bubo, avis nocturna,
Bi/, Vox infantis Vhgicntis.^ The term Bt^io will remind us of the
verb in the line " Inque paludiferis Buxio, Biibit aquis. — Bezo, Beka,
The cry of Sheep, which is supposed to belong to the Imitative Ba,
to which is referred the Latin Balo, &c. (B>;^a>, Clamo B»; ut oves,
clamo. BrjKu, Oves,) which will remind us of Boe, Boao, Boeso, BosTReo,
(Hot), Clamor, Boaw, Borja-w, Clamo, Boa-Tpeto, Clamo, Voco.) — Vag/o,
(Lat.) which directly connects itself with Vago?', which I have proved
to belong to Wag, Bog, &c. — Bay as a Dog, Bough, Wough, Baugh,
Bawse, Exclamare, (Eng.) The Etymologists have referred Bay, to
Abbayer, Abbaiare, (Fr. Ital.) the Latin Baubo, and the Greek Bauzo,
(Bai/^ft),) and they have likewise observed, that the phrase " To keep
" at Bay," belongs to this idea of Barking. The term Beagles, for
Hounds, may be derived from the Noise. In Wachter's German Glossary
we have • Waschc//, Garrire, which is in the same column with
WASCHew, Lavare, Wase, Ccenum, where we are brought to the idea
of Pudge, or Pash matter, according to my hypothesis. Our Ety-
mologist refers this term for Chattering to the Greek words Y^SKe^n
and Baskc/m, (^aa-Keiv, Bao-Kcti/,) and reminds us of the German pATzen,
Nugari, which form brings us to the Put in eJ'FvTio.
^Egyptian terms signifying to Beat, Strike, Cut, Knoch, Bruise, «&;c.
In the ^Egyptian Language, there are various words signifying
' To Beat, Strike, Cut, Knock, Bruise' , &c. which ideas might be
expressed by the Latin Ccedo, a term comprehending various turns of
meaning, in actions of violence. Among these words we may class
the following, Besh-Bosh, which in Woide's ^Egyptian Lexicon is
explained by " Virgis Ccedere,'' where we see the term doubled, quasi
Beat-Beat, in order to express more strongly the idea, an artifice
rommon to various I^anguages, but particularly apparent in the -Egyptian.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTl^OM, &c. 331
The preceding term to this in Woide's Dictionary is Besh, Nudus, which
appears under the forms Bish, Bash, Bosh, Exuere. An adjacent
word to Besh, Nudus, is Bedji, Locusta, The great Stripper, or Borer
of Verdure, and the next term to Bash, Exuere, is Bashor, AAM7^^;^,
Vulpes, to which certainly belongs the Greek Bassara, (Bacra-apa,
Genus calceamenti, Baccha, Meretrix, Vulpes,^ signifying a Fox. But
the question is to decide, from what idea the -Egyptian word for a Fox
is derived; and on this I must observe, that a comparison of the ^Egyptian
words, which appear to be connected with this term for a Fox, and
the senses of the Greek word, will serve to illustrate each other. In
the same column of Woide's Dictionary I see Bakshar, Coriarius, which
if we conceive to mean the person, who Strips off the Skin, and if
we suppose, that the sense of the Fox is derived from the idea of the
Skin so Stripf off, the Exiivice, all will be intelligible: The Fox maj'
denote the Stripper, or Plunderer, and such is the idea of the English
Fox, the Vexer, Plaguer, Depredator. Many suppose, that the name
of the Bacchant, Bassara, and the title of Bacchus himself Bassarcws,
are taken from the Fox Skins, which were worn in celebrating his rites,
and hence we see, why the sense of a Shoe is annexed to the Greek
word as being made of Skin, or Leather, and how it coincides with
the Egyptian term for a person, dealing in Leather. The sense of
Meretrix seems to belong to that of the Disorderly, Loose, Bold Bacchant.
This is the idea adopted by Schneider, who explains it by " Ein Freches
" Weibsbild," and who supposes that this word is of Thracian origin,
and that it denoted the dress of the Thracian Bacchants, made of Fox
Skins. Martinius records under the word Bassaro, (^ua-trapa,^ the
Hebrew term for Flesh BSR "^^1, which plainly belongs to the idea
of Pash Matter, To Pash about, off, &c. whatever may be the precise
notion, from which that of Flesh is taken. Mr. Parkhurst explains
the general idea of the word to be that of Spreading out, Abroad,
and as a substantive it denotes what is Soft and Pliable. The Hebrew
term seems to be taken from the idea of Soft Matter. Martinius sup-
poses, that the Greek word in the sense of a Fox may belong to this
Hebrew term, as denoting a Carnivorous animal, or to the Hebrew
T T 2
33-2
B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
"IV2 BZR, Vindemiare, as the Injurer of Grapes. The Hebrew term,
relating to the Vintage, seems to be derived from the action of FASHmg,
or Pressing, and Mr. Parkhurst refers to it the name BASSARe?/^, as
a title of Bacchus. I see too in the Egyptian Language the terms
Bashour, Serra, Bac, Tlpieiv, vel Trpi^eiv, Dissecare, where we have still
the sense annexed to Ccedo; — Basnit, or Besnit, ^rarius, the BEAxer,
or Knocker ; — Bashom^, Utiyavov, Ruta, which is probably derived from
its Pungent quality, where let us mark ^EGanon, (Ylrjyavov,') from
FEGnumi, {Ut]yvufxi, Figo,) To Stick, Push, &c. — Bahci, Vacca ; —
Bacour, Stibium, produced on a former occasion ; — BAGjiw?', Vitrum ;
Bot, Far, in which three latter words we see the idea of Matter of
a Pudge, or Di7^f kind, though of a ditlerent form. The sense of the
^4)gyptian Bacour will be manifest in the parallel terms, Latin and
Greek Baccar, BAKKam, {BuKKapi^, Unguentum,) the Smear. In the
same column with Box, I see Boxo, Bellum, where we have the sense
of Beax, Fighx, &c. In the preceding page I see Big, Tessera, Bigi,
Naufragium, what is in a Broken, Baxxek'^^ state, in Pieces, Lumps, &c.
BoKi, Praignans, the Lumpish form, Rising, or Swelling up, to which
idea belong two terms in the same column Besh, Yicus Immaturae,
and Bix, Ramus palmee ; — Bax, Boux, Aboniinandum Bok, Servus,
Boki, Ancilla, what is Base, or Vile, and Bocer, Remi navis, the
PASHers about. I cannot help noting the next term to Bocer, which
appears under the Element BR, and which will unequivocally shew
us, how the Egyptian Language is altogether connected with the forms
of Speech most familiar to our knowledge. This term is Bor-Ber,
which under another form is Ber-Bor, Excutere, Ejicere, Projicere,
the next word to which is Ber-Ber, Calidus. These terms of Commotion
afford precisely the same compound as the Latin Ver-Bero, which is
pERio-FERio, all belonging to Bor-Boro5, (Bop/Sojoos, Coenum, Limus.)
I see moreover under our Element BC, &c. in Egyptian, Bex, Costa,
ialus, which probably belongs to Bed, the Surrounding Hollow ; — Beche,
Mia-do^, Merces, which perhaps is another form of the Greek Misxh-os,
and Baki, Urbs, which belongs to Yicus, and a race of words, which
1 shall explain on a future occasion. — The ^Egyptian K\snit, -^rarius, is
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 333
probably derived from the idea of BEATi«o^, or Reducing into form,
to pieces, &c. in the various operations of the Artist upon Metals, by
Moulding, Melting, &c. Under the sense of Melting, w^e have the
more original idea of the Element, as it relates to a Soft state of things.
To this Egyptian term we should probably refer the Greek Basanos,
BASANexo, (Ba<rai/o?, Lapis, quo probatur aurum. Lapis Lydius, Explo-
ratio, &c. Tormenta, &c. Bao-ai/t^o), Exploro, probo, Torqueo, Affligo,
&c.) which latter word perhaps ought to be explained by Contundo,
Ccedo, &c. quasi Excudendo, Tundendo, Fingendo, Prohando, &c. Metalla ;
Exinde Probo, Examino: — Contundo, Cwdo, Affligo, Torqueo, &c. as
likewise the Hebrew ^na BCAN, which Mr. Parkhurst explains by "To
" Try, Prove, Examine, as Metals^ In another sense Mr. Parkhurst
explains this Hebrew term by "A Place, or building for examining,
*' or spying, a Watch Tower," to which he refers the English terms
Beacon and Beckon. This relation I do not acknowledge, however
striking their resemblance may appear. The Mythologists might enquire,
whether these Fire-Toivers, about which we have heard so much, were
not often Smelting Houses. The English word Beckon surely belongs
to Beck, The Nod, Sign, or Mark with the Beak, and though the
parallel term to Beacon in Saxon does not afford any strong evidence
of its origit), yet the Dutch parallel terms Baak, " A Beacon, a Sea-Mark.
Een Fuur Baak, Fuur Tooren, A Fire Beacon, Fire-Tower must be noted.
Terms in Hebrew signifying 'To Pash, or Dash about, to pieces, &c.
* To Separate, Divide, Dissipate, Disperse, Break, or Knock to
' pieces,' &c. &c.
1 shall now produce the Hebrew words, which signify ' To Pash,
' or Dash about to pieces, &c. To Separate, Divide, Dissipate, Disperse,
' To Break, or Knock to pieces', &c. &c. This sense is particularly visible
in the Hebrew and its kindred Dialects. Among these Terms we must
class the following, 13 BD, " Separate, alone. It occurs not as a verb
334
B,F,P,V,\V.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.^ l,m,n,r.
" in Hebrew," says Mr. Parkhurst, " but in Arabic signifies To Separate^
" Disjoin,'' Hence, says our author, " The Arabs, roving in the Deserts
" of Asia and Africa, had their appellation, BEoaid, or, as the Europeans
" call them BEDOuifis, or BzDoweens.'' Mr. Parkhurst justly compares
this word with Vimmsy Wido?v, to which we must add Void, Vacmw*,
&c. discussed on a former occasion. Adjacent to this Hebrew word
1 see 22 BG, Meat, Food, which I have before produced, and which
Mr. Parkhurst has compared with the Greek Bagos, (60705, ) denoting
" A Piece, or fragment of bread, or Paste,"' where in Piece and Paste
we see kindred words, and which he conceives to signify in its original
idea, < To Spoil, Pluck, Break off,' &c. I see likewise as an adjacent
term ti'i^n "To Sti/>k as carrion, or dead animals in a state of Put-
'■' refaction, or the like," where in TuTrid we find a kindred word,
bearing the original idea. — K13 BDA, " To feign, or devise of himself
" alone," where by the term Alone Mr. Parkhurst seems to refer it to
the idea of Separation. If that be not the idea, perhaps the explanatory
terms Feig??, and deVisE, as derived from the Plastic materials of Mud,
which have been unfolded on a former occasion, exhibit the original
notion. — hl2 BDL, " To Divide, Separate, Distinguish," the succeeding
words to which are pl3 BDK, which, says Mr. Parkhurst, occurs not
as a verb in Hebrew, but as a Noun is " constantly used for a Breach,
"Rupture, Fissure, Chink:'— 112 BDR, "To Scatter, Disperse.— '2,
i<'2 BZ, BZA, To Spoil, Strip, "iT2 BZR, To Dispense, Dissipate,
p'2 BZK, " Occurs not, as a verb in Hebrew," says Mr. Parkhurst,
" but in Syriac signifies To Stroiv, Disperse, Break to pieces. As a N,
" in Heb. p*2," BZK, "A flash oi Lightning," adjacent to which word
we have pn3 BHK, which " occurs not as a V in Hebrew," says
our author, but in Chaldee and Syriac signifies "To Shine," the true
idea of which is unequivocally manifest in another sense of the word,
which is that of "a kind of Leprosy, or Leprous Spot on the skin;"
where we see Foul Spots, as of Dirt, Scattered, or Sprinkled over the
surface of the Body. I find adjacent to this term DHQ BHS, " Red
" marble, Porphyry, or some kind of beautiful stone," which means what
is Spotted, or Sprinkled over. 1 find near these words the term n22
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, Sec. 335
BKH, " To Ooze, to Ooze out as a liquor," where we see the original
idea of Pudge, or Pash Matter, capable of being Pash'd, or Sprinkled
about, from which idea, as T conceive, these terms signifying To Pash
about are derived. — On BS, To trample upon, tread under feet. — IDi
BSR, "To reject, cast off," and in Chaldee and Syriac, To Despise,
contemn, which is the sense of rn3 BZH, " To Despise, contemn, slight^
i;va BZG, "To Break, or cut off; the preceding term to which in
Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon are h)i2 BZL and p BZ. The former term
BZL occurs not as a verb in Hebrew, but in Arabic signifies "To Peel
" off the bark of a tree, or coats of an onion," though in Hebrew it
denotes the Onioit itself, " from its several coats, or integuments," where
the original idea of the word is that of Breaking, or Cutting off, &c.
The term p BZ denotes " Soft Mud, or Mire,'' where we are at once
brought to the original idea. — The adjacent terms to these are i?p3 BKG,
" To Separate contiguous, or adjoining parts, to Cleave, Split, Burst,
" or the like." In one sense as a noun DUp^ BKGH denotes " A Valley,
" or rather a Comb, or gill, a Break," between mountains, where we
come to the original idea of the Loiv, Hollow Spot, p3 " To Empty,
" Empty out. — A Bottle," to which Mr. Parkhurst has justly referred
Back, or Buck, A large Vessel, Bucket, Vaco, Yacuus, &c. Bucca,
BoucHE, where we have the same fundamental idea; — IVi BZR,
" To restrain, shut up," i. e. To Pudge up, to which sense of being shut
up, Mr. Parkhurst refers the Eastern term Bazar, The Covered Market
place, — " somewhat like our Exeter Change in London, but frequently
" much more extensive ;" — p^3 To be made Soft by moistening.'' Let
us mark the explanatory term Cleave, which relates, we know, to Sticky
Matter, and denotes Sticking together, yet contains the idea likewise
of Separating, Dividing. The next word to the term, signifying To
Cleave is "lp3 " To look, search, examine," which belongs to the idea
of Cleaving, just as the Latin word Rimari, To Search, belongs to Rima,
The Chink, or Cleft.— Dmi BSS/?, " To Tread, Trample," the next word
to which is "Itfl BSR, To Spread. — VriD BTL occurs not as a verb in
Hebrew, but in Arabic signifies "To separate, sever." — "in3 BTR,
" To divide asunder," the next word to which is n'7"T2 BDLC/?, which
336 B,F,P,V,W.| C, D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Mr. Parkhurst derives from blQ BDL, To Divide, and n"? LCA Smooth,
from its Smooth " Coats Spread with perfect regularity one over the
" other." These Hebrew^ Terms have their parallel words in the kindred
Dialects, Arabic, Syriac, &c. some of which have already been produced
on former occasions ; from whence we shall learn, how widely this
train of ideas is diffused in the Mechanism of Languages.
I shall now examine the Hebrew words under the form 3D PG, &c.
and shall not only note those, which belong to Separation, Dispersion, &c.
but those likewise, w^hich contain other senses of our Elementary
Character J2 PG signifies "To Fail, Faint,'' and a Fig, to which Mr.
Parkhurst refers Fag end : "1^2 " To Faint, lose one's strength and
" activity, and A Dead inactive Carcase,'' ID PD in Syriac means
To Fail, in Arabic To Die, To Destroy, and in Hebrew Destruction : —
112 PDR means in Hebrew Fat, but in Arabic it denotes "To Fail,
" or Faint through languor. This idea of Faintness, &c. is derived from
the Matter of Dirt in a Soft, Loose state, and hence it is applied to
Fat, and a Fig, The Soft Sivclling Substances. — 7JD PGL means " To
" Pollute, Defile," where we come to the original idea : — V^^ PGO and
tt'JD PGS signify ' To meet with.' The former word refers to an action
of Violence, and means To rush upon, and Mr. Parkhurst asks, whether
the English Fight be not derived from it : — ms PDH signifies " To
" Separate, Sever," and then To Rescue, or Redeem from evil; — To
Redeem, To Deliver from Death, and the term ;/lD PDO has the sense
of Delivering. As a noun PDN with Aram, as VxDx^-Aram, refers to
Mesopotamia, where Pad an is the Greek Pedon, (YleZov,^ and the
German and English Boden and Bottom, The Lotv Spot. — TD PZ relates
to " Solidity, Compactness, strength," and it means Gold from its Solidity,
where let us note com^Acrness, a kindred word, in both which terms
we see Matter in its Pudge state, as relating to a consistent Mass.
The next words to this are "ITD PZR, To Disperse, Dissipate, Scatter,
to which Mr. Parkhurst improperly refers Spargo, &c. — FID PC/?, To
expand. Spread out, dilate :~1U^ FChD, To be Agitated, Pant, Pal-
pitate:—'U^ YChZ, To overfloiv, as Water doth its banks; which Mr.
Parkhurst refers to Tusum, where we have the original idea of Pash,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 337
Watery Matter. DHi PC^M, where Mr. Parkhurst refers us to HSJ
NPCA in its sixth sense, which is that of Living Coals. In its fifth
sense, under the form n"'2 PICA, it denotes Ashes : — ins PC/zR, A Potter,
nnsi FChT means To Dig, and in Arabic " To Cut up— A Pit;' to
which our Author justly refers Pit, Fvtcus, Puits. In these words
we are brought to the original idea of Dirt, or Pudge Matter. — IDD
PTD means the Precious Stone called the Topaz, roTra^iov. Perhaps
the Paz in foPAz belongs to the Hebrew term, which brings us to the
Ground, from which, as we should imagine, the name of a Stone would
be derived.— "I££)D PTR means To open, " To let loose by opening;^ where
we see the idea of Dirt in a Loose state, and to this same idea we must
refer the Latin Patco :— tt'DD PTS, To Strike, Smite, Pound, the true
idea of which appears in its adjacent term 12 PK, To Dissolve, Disjoin,
Set Loose, Pulverize, or the like, which sense occurs in the Syriac and
Arabic. — " To run out, or be Diffused, as Waters," where we have
the idea both of Pudge and Pash Matter. This word expresses likewise
the Mineral substance, or Dirt substance, if I may so say, which is so
much used in the East, as a Pigment for the Eyes, called Stibium.
Mr. Parkhurst has referred to this word in this sense the Greek Fuko6',
($iyK09,) and Fucus, which mean the vile Daivb. — D2 PS, To Diminish,
To be Diminished, A Small parcel, or Particle, Chald. " A Piece, apart;'
where in Piece we have a kindred word : Mr. Parkhurst refers to it
Piece, nao-o-en' and Patch.— JD2 PSG, To Divide, Dissect.— HD^ PSC/j,
" To Pass, or Leap over by intervals. — The Passover;' to which Mr.
Parkhurst justly refers Pass, Passus, Passer, (Lat. Fr.) Pace, Pas,
(Eng. Fr.)— '7DQ PSL, " To Hew, chip out witli a tool."— There are four
terms in Hebrew under the form i^Q PG, or PO, in which wc might
enquire whether the U, the Gnain, should be considered as the ('onsonant
G, or a vowel, n;;D PGH, '*To swell with blowing, or Puffing, a Piper;'
We might here ask, if the Labial F in Puff has not been lost in the
form POH. The term hv^ POL means To Work, operate, &r. This
belongs to UoXeu), Plough, Ply, and Dj;2 PGM, To Smite, Agitate, &c.
" by turns, strike, or smite alternately, or repeatedly. — An Anvil,
" The Foot."— -|;;2 PGR, or POR, " To gape, open wide, as the mouth —
U u
338
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
" Baal-Peor" We might enquire, whether it should be Baal Peor, or
Baal Pegor.— nVD PZH, " To Let Loose, or open as the mouth, or Lips,''
where we unequivocally see the form PZ. — r\V2 PZT, " To Break with
" a Noise, to Crash, as the bones."— "7^2 PZL, " To take off the Bark, to
" decorticate, pill, or peel :'~-'0')i^ PZM, " To Break, or Burst openr~-V^^
PZG, " To wound, hurt."' — ")V2 PZR, " To press hard, urge ivith vehemence y
where we have the sense of Push, &c. — p2 PK, " To Totter, Stagger,
" stumble,'' where we have the sense of Bog, Boggle. — TpQ PKD, " To
" take notice, or care of, either by one's self, or by another appointed
" to do so. To Visit, Review, Oversee." This word seems to have
signified, in its original idea. To Poke, Push, &c. To Poke after any
thing, as we express it, in order to try, or examine it. It is used
sometimes in a sense of violence, for To Hurt, or Punish. In one sense
it means " To commit to, Deposite, or Lay up in a place," where it
appears simply to mean To Put, To Posi/e, or deposite, Pono, Fosui,
Positum. — ^p2 PKD, To Open, which we might express by. To Push
open.— i7p2 PKG, signifies in Chaldee, " T'o Rive, Cleave, Burst, Break.
In Hebrew it means the Cologuintidas, whose fruit, when ripe. Bursts
and throws it's liquor and seeds to a great distance." — HSi'a PSH, " Jb
" Spread, be diffused," to which Mr. Parkhurst refers Push and Yusum. —
ntt'D PSC/?, To tear in pieces.— IDi:;^ PST, " To Divest, strip off,~To strip
" off the Skin, to Jay," where we have the sense '7^2 of PZL.— ;?J:'2 PSG,
" To Pass, go forward , march," &c. where Mr. Parkhurst justly records
Pass, Pace, &c. and reminds us of riDD PSCh, To Pass over. — pITS,
" To Distend, open." — Itt'Si PSR, means in Chaldee, " To Expound,
" Explain, Interpret," and in Hebrew, An Exposition. n::'D, PST, occurs
not as a verb in Hebrew, but as a substantive it means Flax, Linen, which
Mr. Parkhurst is inclined to refer to Ott'a PST with a Teth instead of a Tau
for the final Consonant, signifying To Strip: PQ PT, " To Part, Dispart,
" Divide."— ^n^ PTA means " Sudden, Hasty.— The Hasty, Precipitate,
" Pass on (and) are punished," from which passage produced by Mr.
Parkhurst we should imagine, that the sense of Precipitate belongs to
the idea of PASsing on, which exists in V^^ PSG, &c.— nr\2 PTC^,
" To draw aside, withdraw, To entice, or seduce to evil," the original
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 339
idea of which seems to be that of Separating, or Taking away. Mr.
Parkhurst refers to this word ATraraw, &c. nn2 PTC/i, "To Open,
" or Loose, what was shut, or bound. It is applied to Opening the
Ground by Ploughing, and to this word Mr. Parkhurst refers Petoo,
(neraw,) Patco, Path, and with a qiicere Yxreor, Conjiteor. This may
be the origin of pATCOr, and if so, the Pat and Fat in Patco and pATeor
must be referred to the same source, — hT\^ PTL signifies " To Twist,
" wreath, intwist, intwine," the next word to which is \T\^ PTN,
" To Stir, move, disturb, make a commotion,'' in Arabic, but in Hebrew
it means a Serpent, and a Threshhold. The idea of what is Twisted
is generally derived from that of Matter in a state of Commotion. The
Serpent may perhaps be derived from the idea of being, or Crawling
on the Ground, and not from the sense of what is Tortuous, as in the
Arabic term. The sense of the Threshhold in the PTN at once brings
us to Pedon, {UeZov,) Boden, or Bottom.— VT^^ PTG, To Break in pieces ;
A Small Portion, or division of Time. The idea of what is Small brings
us to Petty, Pet, (Eng.) Pet^/, (Fr.) &c. &c.— "ins PTR, " To expound,
"■ explain, interpret, as Dreams," &c. To this Mr. Parkhurst refers
Patr^e, and Pataua, spots, where oracles were established, and Patera,
the Priests of Apollo, among the Gauls.
V C 2
SECT. V.
V, W.| C, D, &c.
C, D, &c.
GU, QU, &c.> ^ ,. .
^-W, ^fU, &c.
Terms, relating to Bog, Pudge, Pash, or Puddle matter, in its most '
Washy and IVatery State ; Water, &c. as Baister, Baiter, Bedu, Boda, j
VoDA, Oude, &c. (Celt. Phryg. Sclavon.) &c. Wash, Washes, Whet, j
Water, (Eng.) Wasser, (Teut.) &c. Udqr, (Yaw^,) &c. Woge, j
Vague, &c. (Germ Fr.) — Aowa, (Lat.) Asc, Esc, Uisge, &c. &c.
(Celt.) QwAG, QwASH, &c. or </Wag, jWash, &c. &c.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 341
In this Fifth Section I shall particularly consider the Race of
words, which appear in various Languages under the form V, W,\ C,
D, G, &c. In the discussion of these words I shall appear to depart
from the direct course of enquiry, which I had purposed to follow in
the general arrangement of the present Volume. We shall find, that
the form V, VV, \ C, D, G, &c. furnishes that state of our Elementary
Character B, F, P, \ C, D, G, &c. in which we readily pass into other
forms, where the Labials B, F, P, &c. are no longer found. These
new forms, which I shall find it necessary more particularly to consider
in this Section, are ''C, -"D, where a vowel-breathing only appears before
the order ^C, ^D, &c. or G, G W, QU, \ C, D, G, &c. where the Labials
have passed into an order of Consonants called Gutturals, which are otten
connected with the Labials. This process will be fully understood and
acknowledged. We have already seen, that the terms Bog, Pudge,
Pash, Pit, &c. &c. belong to a Race of words denoting the IVatery
Spot, or IFater as Boda, (Russ.) Bedu, (BeSy, vlwp, <Ppvye^,^ Wash,
WoGE, (Germ.) Water, Udor, {YBcop,) &c. &c. and from such terms
as w-Oge, tv-AsH, &c. we pass to the Latin Aqua, and the Celtic words
for Water, as Isc, Use, Ox, &c. &c. under the form ''C, &c. which
is to be found, containing this idea, through the whole compass of
Language. We see too how Wag, Waggle, VAGor, &c. belong to
BoG, Boggle. — We shall understand likewise, how iv-Ag, &c. may
be connected with the terms of Commotion under the form "C, ''G, &c.
as Ago, (Lat. and Gr. Ayw,) Aaifo, &c. and how such terms as ^^^-Eak,
w-Ax, &c. relating ta Soft, yielding. Plastic matter may belong to Eiko,
(EiKw, Cedo, Similis sum,) &c. as the Etymologists understand. In
considering the words, under these forms VC, WC, &c. it will be found,
that they are perpetually connected with terms, under the form G,\
C, D, &c. or as it appears in Welsh G\J,\ C, D, &c. and it will be
necessary for me to produce some of these terms, when they are
immediately connected with other words, which form the subject of my
discussion. We shall not wonder at this connection of the forms GC,
GWC, &c. VC, WC, when we consider a property in Letters, which
all Grammarians understand and acknowledge. It is allowed, that a
340 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
mixed enunciation of sound is to be found in the Human voice, which
consists of the Guttural and the Labial sounds united, and which in
Latin is represented by Q with the Labial letter U, united to it, and
on some occasions and in other Languages by GW, &c. &c. As the
sound of G predominates, we pass into a Race of words, in which
G and its cognate Letters appear, as the first Radical Consonant of
the word, and when the sound of G becomes weak, we pass into the
form VC and WC. The form VC, WC passes into that of BC, PC, &c.
as the Labial sound is stronger, and as this sound is weaker, the form
vC, ivQ passes into ^C, &c. The Latin terms Qui, Qiice, Quod, Qualis,
&c. appear in other Languages, represented by Who, J'Fhich, JVhat, &c.
or as Skinner observes under Which, " Antiquis Whilk, ab A. S. Hivilc,
" Dan. Hvilck, Teut. Welch, Welche, Belg. Welch, Welcke, Fr. Th.
" Vuelic, Quis, Quce, Qualis, q. d. Qualicus,'' and in Lye's Junius we
have the parallel Gothic term Cwileiks, and the Swedish Hwilken. In
Scotch Which is expressed by Quhilk and Who by Qivha. We here
see how the same original sound has been represented, under various
modes of enunciating it, by QU, QUH, CW, HW, HF, W, WH, VU,
&c. What is Guerre in French becomes War in English, and Gulielmns,
Guillaume becomes William in English, as my name Gualterus becomes
Walter, &c. &c. In Welsh the terms under the form GW, | C, G, &c.
perpetually appear under the forms WC, WG, &c. as Givez, Wez, Gweg,
Weg, Gweisgi, Weisgi, &c. &c. In Greek the Guttural Class G, &c.
and the Labial Class B, &c. are alike adopted to represent the initial
sound of terms, corresponding with the words, which are here described,
as sometimes appearing under the forms G W, ^ C; &c. for the same
reason, as it happens in other Languages, namely, because the mingled
sound sometimes assumes more strongly the Guttural sound, and some-
times the Labial. We may observe however, that in general the terms,
which in many Languages appear under the form VC, WC, are found
in Greek under the form *C, &c. beginning with a Vowel. The sound
of V, or W is sometimes attempted to be expressed in Greek by the
Vowels Ou, Ou, or H, and among the Grammarians by the mark of
an aspirate. The Greek H, we know, was first intended as an aspirate,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 343
and in our Alphabet we still adopt it for that purpose. — All this takes
place, under the present representation of the Greek l^anguage ; as the
Critics and Grammarians understand, who are aware likewise, that in
some Dialects, as in the ^olic, a peculiar letter existed for the purpose
of expressing this sound, which has been called a Digamma, or a double
Gamma, corresponding with the figure of our printed F. The figure Y
was itself, as we are told, adopted sometimes for that purpose, where
we have the Guttural representation, but the figure of the F has found
a place in our Alphabet, to express a Labial sound. From this ac-
knowledged connexion of Sounds in the Guttural and Labial Class it
has happened, that in the arrangement of the English Alphabet, the
B and C,— F and G, P and Q, and in that of the Greek B, T,— * and X
are placed adjacent to each other. The Critics have attempted, with
more success than thej' usually attain in such matters, to discover the
words, in which the JEolic Digamma existed ; and their observations
on this point assume an air of research, into the mysteries of Language,
which on all other occasions appears to be alike remote from their
powers and their purposes. Nothing however can be more superficial
and scanty than the materials, which they have collected on this subject,
and a few terms in Homer, which the necessity of some remedy to the
versification of that poet generally forces upon their attention, compose
the greater portion of their accumulated labours on a theme so abundant
and important. It has been seen that Esthes, Estia, Esperos, Eer, Xros,
Is, Oikos, Oinos, &c. &c. (Ea-Qi]^, Eo-Tta, Eo-Trepos, Hp, I^os, Is, Oiko^,
Oil/OS, &c.) belongs to Festis, Vesta, Fespera, Fer, Fiscus, Fis, Ficus,
Finiim, &c. &c. and moreover that Birgilios and Ourgilios, (BipyiAio^,
OupyiXioi,) are forms of FirgiUus, Nerhioi and Neroui, (N€,o/3to/,
Nepofoj,) of Nervii, &c. &c. The collection of words, which the whole
compass of the Greek and Latin Languages has supplied to the Critics,
from their views of the question, as under the influence of their Digamma
is extremely scanty, and of but little importance in the developement
ot Human Speech. Some of these words have been occasionally com-
pared with English terms, and resemblances have been discovered in
the course of the discussion, which may be considered, however bounded
344 B,F,P,V,W.^ C,D,G,J, K,Q,S,T, X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
they are, as laudable and well directed efforts. The Etymologist Wachter
however, in that part of his Glossary, in which he examines words
beginning with V and W, has been peculiarly successful in discovering
remote affinities, obscured by the changes, which I have above detailed.
We may observe in general, that this illustrious enquirer, though un-
furnished like his brethren with any principles of his art, has by the
force of good feeling, and by the abundance of well arranged materials,
exceeded all his fellow Labourers united. Critics and Etymologists, in
the same pursuit.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 345
Terms, under the form V, W,'^ C, D, &c. or ^C, ^D, &c. relating
to Bog, Pudge, or Pash matter in its Watery, Oozy state, or to Water
in general.
VODA, i-ODA, 6-EdU, 6-AlTER, 6-AlSTER,
&c. (Sclav. Phryg. Celt. &c.)
Whet, Wash, Washes, (Eng.) with their
parallels.
W.ET, VOED, W.CSCflW, &.C.
Water, WasseRj UdoRj &c. (Eng. Sax.
Dan. Germ. Gr.)
Woge, Vague, &c. (Germ. Fr.) Untlje.
Aqua, (Lat.)
Asc, Esc, Uisge, &c. (Celt.)
Ocean-OS, us, Oceuu, Aigein, (Gr. Lat.
Eng. Celt.) The Sea.
Ugros, Vdos, Udms, &c. (Gr. Lat.)
Ooze, (Eng.)
Osiers, Oisms, &c. (Eng. Gr. &c.)
The First Article will contain those words, under the form V, W, \
C, D, &c. and that of "C, *D, &c. which relate to Bog, Pudge, Pash,
or Puddle Matter in its more Washy, or Watery^ state, or which
relate to Water in general, or to that, which is Whet, Oozy, Moist,
Liquid, &c. Among these terms together with their kindred words,
we must class the following b-OG, />-Udge, p-Asu, j5-Uddle, pf-VrzE,
(Germ.) which my Lexicographer explains by "A Puddle, Lake,
" Slough, Bog, Plash, Quagmire, hollow Pit," &c. &c. A-Aister, 6-Aiter,
6-Edu, Z>-Oda, Voda, (Celt. Phryg. Sclavon.) denoting Aqua; Whet,
Wash, Water (Eng.) with their various parallels produced by the
Etymologists Wat, (Swed.) W^t, W^ta, (Sax.) Voed, Vaad, (Dan.)
W^tte, (Belg.) Lacus, Wmscuii, Wacsow, &c. (Sax.) Waschc?/,
(Teut. and Belg.) &c. — Washes, (Eng.) Marshy Land: — WvEter,
(Sax.) VV'asser, (Germ.) Udor, (Ydwp,') Wato, (Goth.) Watn, Uatn,
(Swed. Cim.) Fund, (Dan.) Oude, (Ruthen.) Voda, (Sclavon.) Woda,
(Pol.) &c. &c. The parallel terms to Wave, produced by the Ety-
mologists, are W^g, W^ge, (Sax.) Waeghe, (Belg.) Woge, or
Xx
346 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Wage, (Germ.) Vague, (Fr.) &c. which they justly connect with terms
of unsteady motion, belonging to the English Wag, as WAGiaw, (Sax.)
Bc'-Wegcw, (Germ.) &c. &c. In the same page of Wachter, where
Waschcw and Wasser occur, we have Wase, Coenum, Lutum, and
Wasen, Caespes, as in French we have Vase, Mud. — Wak, (Scotch,)
" Moist, WAxen/," where Dr. Jamieson has justly produced a great
race of words, which appear in various Languages, as JVack, (Teut.) id.
Wack, Wedca, Aer Humidus, A Wak Day, S. B. — Vaukve, &c. Vocht,
Weicken, Waecka, (Isl. Dutch, Germ. Swed. G. &c.) relating to
Moisture, &c. Waggle, (Scotch,) A Bog. — Weet, (Lye in Jun.) Pluere,
who justly refers us to Wet. In the preceding column to Weet we
have Weep, where the form WP appears, which will be considered
on another occasion. — Wet-Mo/', (Sax.) " Humidus Mons," — Wet-
Moore, " Hodie WED-More." Perhaps the name WniT-More may be
derived from this source.
Among the terms, denoting ' What is of a ?^'-Ash, ?^-Et nature,
' 2i^-ATER,' &c. or ' What belongs to that Element,' which appear
commonly under the form ""C, ''D, &c. are the following ; Aqhu, (Lat.)
with its parallels, in modern Languages, Acqua, (Ital.) &c.— Asc, Esc,
Use, UiSGE, UiSHG, OicHE, Eask, Easkong, &c. &c. Celtic terms for
Water; (See Lhuyd on the names of Rivers, annexed to Baxter's An-
tiquities ; — his Archccologia, and its Appendix sub voce Aqua, and Shaw's
Dictionary sub Water.) — Okeanos, Ogen, (p.Keavo^, Qytjv,} Oceanus,
(Gr. and Lat.) Eigion, (Ir. and Welsh.) The Ocean ;— Udor, (YBwp,)
before produced, Vdus, (Lat.) Vdos, (Y3o9, Aqua,) Vgros, (Yypo^.')
Hyger, or Eager, (Eng.) The current of a stream; Egor, (Sax.)
tEquor, (Lat.) The Sea.— Ichthi/s, ilx^^^>) I-^^g, (Ir.) /-Isii, p-Iscw,
p-OissoN, (Eng. Lat. Fr.)— tEst/zs, (Lat.) Yth, (Sax.) Unda;— Hyst,
^ST, (Sax.) " jEstus Maris."— Hyth, (Sax.) Unda, Fluctus, and hence
' Portus,' the Station of Vessels, by the Water side; to which the term
Hithe belongs, as in Queen s-Hitre, Lamb-HiTUE, or Lamb-ETU. —
Eddy, Idy, (Eng. Scotch,) Vortex, &c.— //-East, " The ?/-Easty Waves/'
(Shak.)-OozE, (Eng.)— Oases, The Inhabited, Fertile Spots of ^gypt,
made so by the Ooze of the Nile. Perhaps Oasis is Ooze-Ooze, in
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 347
order to express the idea more strongly, and the great Egyptian Goddess
of the Fertility of the Earth, his, or Is-Is has probably the same origin.
The name of the River Is-Is, &c. must be referred to the same idea.
The artifice of doubling a simple term in order to add force by the
composition is most familiar in the ^Egyptian Language. Bochart
imagines, that the term Oasis is of Arabic origin. Our great Bard has
brought us to the true derivation of Oasis by applying the term Ooze
to the Ground of ^gypt, fertilized by the Inundation of the Nile,
" The higher Nilus swells,
" The more it promises : as it ebbs, the seedsman
" Upon the Siime and Ooze scatters his grain,
" And shortly comes to Harvest."
Asis, or As-Is seems to be another form of Is-Is, and Oas-Is, (Ao-j?,
Coenum, sordes, Limosus.) — In the combination Acriio ev Aei/jLcovi, we
are brought to the Oozy Meadow. The terms Leimon, (Aei/jLuv,^ LiMwe,
{Ai/mvr],) belong to Limns, sLitne, Loom, for the same reason. To these
terms for Dirt, Asis, &c. we must refer Ase and Ado, (Act?;, Fastidium,
Nausea, Sordes, AZw, Satio,) To be Cloyed, or Clogged, as with Foul
matter. Under the same form we have Ado, (ASw,) cano, which brings us
to Aeido, (AetSft),) and Udo, {Yhw, Celebro, Cano,) which latter term
is next to Uoor, (Y^wjo.) Hence we learn, that these terms for Noise,
to which belong Hoot, Hrss, Whiz, &c. are derived from the Agitation
of Washy Matter. In German tv-Asciietj, means at once Lavare and
Garrire ; and let us remember, that in order to express contempt of idle
chatter we call it Wishy- Washy, Stiiff'. — The term Udder with its
parallels Uder, Euter, Uter, Outhar, (Sax. Belg. Germ. Lat. Gr. Ovdap,^
belong to the form Udor, (Y^wp,') and so does Oduro;««/, (OSi/|0Ojuat.)
The term Askos, (Ao-kos, Ufe?% Pellis,) is only another form derived
from the same sense, and in Ascites, (AcrK£T»;s, Species Aquw intercutis,
sive Hydropis,^ we are brought to the very idea. In Askco, (Ao-/cew,
Exerceo,) we have the sense of AGitation as derived from the idea of
this species of Matter; the peculiar idea annexed to which I shall more
particularly consider in a future page. — AVhey, Whisky, mean nothing
but Liquids, though applied to Liquids of such different kinds. In
X X 2
348 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.( l,m,n,r.
VsQU E-Baugh, or VisQVE-Beafha we have precisely the same compound
as in AQUA-Fitce. Whey in Scotch appears under the form Whig,
" A thin and sour liquid of the lacteous kind," says Dr. Jamieson ;
and from hence the Party term Whig, as opposed to To?y, is supposed
to be derived, expressing the poorer sort of Presbyterians in Scotland,
who were obliged to drink this species of liquor. There are however
other derivations, on which it is difficult to decide. The Toty is supposed
to be derived from a term, denoting the Bold and outrageous Robber,
or Plunderer, &c. The word Whig, &c. means likewise in Scotch,
" A small oblong roll, baked with butter and currants," which denotes
the Soft matter, Risitig, or Swellhig up. The English Wig is applied
likewise to a composition of Bread, and my German Lexicographer
explains Wecke, by " Wigs, round Wigs. Ein Butter Wecken, Roll
" Butters." The Wig belonging to the Head, means the Raised up,
Soft Covering. In the Perruque, or Perri-WiG, the PRQ, or PR
means, I believe, the Enclosure, as in Parh, &c.
In examining the term Wet in Skinner, I cast my eyes on Wheat,
with its parallels Hivcet, (Sax.) JVeitz, or JFeitzen, (Germ.) &c. which
has been referred to White, Albus. The term White with its kindred
words Hwit, (Sax.) Wit, (Belg.) Weiss, (Germ.) &c. &c. is taken
I imagine, from the colour of Water, hevKov vBwp. Lye has justly
observed, that the Welsh Gwenith, Triticum, belongs to Gwyti, Albus,
for the same reason that Wheat belongs to White. I see in the same
column with White in Skinner's Lexicon, terms belonging to it, as
WHiT-1/Oii', The White Inflammation, or Loiv, which means Flamma,
as Lye justly observes ; and it is not derived, as Skinner supposes, from
Wite, Dolor, and Loup, Lupus : — Whittle, A White garment : —
yV WIT- Sun day, which is probably to be referred to the White garments,
worn on that day by those, who were baptized; as it is commonly
supposed. In the same page of Wachter, where Waschc;?, Lavare,
occurs, we have Waschc?;, Garrire, which he compares with pASKem,
and BASKezw, Q^aa-Keiv, BacrKeii^, Dicere,) where we see, how the idea
of Noise is connected with the Agitation of Pashy, Washy Matter,
according to my hypothesis. Wachter justly compares Wase, iv-Kse,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 349
Coenum, with the Greek Asis, and under Wasen, Caespes, he properly
produces the French Gazon, and he might Ukewise have seen, that the
C^s in CcBspes, and the Gaz, in the Latin and French words, belong
to each other. Let us note the Pes, which is probably a distinct part,
with the same meaning, under the Radical form PS. In German Weide
means Pascuum, which is only another form of Wase, Coenum, Locus
Coenosus, et Humidus. The verb Weidcw means at once Pascere,
and Venari. I suppose, that Pasco and Feed belong to the Pudgy Spot,
and that the sense of Venari is derived from the idea of Agitation, or
Vmning into, about, &c. the same Pudge matter. The German AVeide
likewise means Salix, what grows in the Wet Spot, which brings us
to our words Withy and Wicker, with their parallels Vidda, Figre,
JFidia, JFiddy, (Dan. Swed. Scotch.) Hence we pass to the term
Oziers, which directly brings us to the Oozy ground ; though I do not
perceive, that this connection is understood by the Etymologists, who
refer us only to the parallel terms in other Languages, as Osier, Ozier,
(Fr.) Oisua, Oisus, {Oia-ua, Oia-vs Salix.) To these words belong Oison,
(^Oia-ou, Funis Nauticus,) derived from the Flexible Willow, Irea, Qrea,
Salix,) Itus, (Iti^s, Circumferentia et curvatura rotae, &c.) from the
same property of Flexibility. In German Weid is "Vinculum et
" Intestinum." The sense of Intestimun will bring us to a kindred
term, the Latin Viscws, eris, which directly connects itself with \\scus,
i, Glutinous, or Sticky matter. We should imagine, on considering
these terms for a Tye, Rope, Bond, &c. Weid, &c. as connected with
the Willow, that this idea is taken from the Flexible nature of that object.
Yet we must remember, that the idea of Flexibility, of Winding about,
or Attachment of one thing to another, may be taken from the general
sense of Yiscous, or Glutinous matter; as hentus, we know, means at
once Pliable, Flexible, &c. and Clammy, or Tough, as we express it.
When the same idea may be derived from different sources, we are
sometimes unable to decide on the peculiar turn of meaning, to which
a word should be referred. The Wicket Gate has nothing to do with
the substance of Wicker, but it is acknowledged to belong to Guichet,
where we have the form GC, and this Guichet has been referred to
350 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Hnis, Uscietto, Uscire, &c. &c. which will be examined in a future
page.
BC, BG, &c. V, WJ C, G, &c. C, ^G, &c,
J. ERMS denoting Unsteady, Desultory, Excited, Quick, Violenf
motions and actions, — Agitation, Commotion, 8cc. which connect them-
selves with Bog, Boggle, &c. Woge, Wage, Vague, &c. &c. terms
for Washt matter.
Waggle, (Scotch,) A Bog, Marsh.
Wag, Waggle, Waddle, be-WEcen,
Wachelm, &c. (Eng. Germ. &c.)
Vacillo, VACiLLflfe, &c. (Lat. Eng.)
Vagus, Vague, Vogue, &c. (Lat. Eng.
&c.)
Wake, Watch, Wait, WACKe/j. Sec. (Eng.
Germ. &c.)
Bi-Votjac, (Fr.) Quasi J3e-WATCH.
Vegghia, Veglia, Vigilo, Vigils, &c.
(It. Lat. Eng.)
ViGor, Vigco, &c. (Lat.)
Wig, Vig, Wageow?-, &c. (Germ. Sax.
Eng. &c.) The Active warrior.
Wage War, (Eng.)
Wode, Woden, Odin, &c. Furious, &c.
Weather, Whtsk, Whisp, &c. &c.
(Eng.)
Whet, Wetzen, &c. (Eng. Germ.) To Stir
up. Sharpen up.
Ox UNO, Oxus, Acer, Acutus, &c. (Gr. Lat.)
To Stir up. Sharpen up. Sharp, &,c.
Waste, Vasto, Vacuo, &c. 8cc. (Eng. Lat.
&c.)
I shall examine in this article, a race of words, which express
Unsteady, Desultory, Excited, Quick, Fiolent motions and actions,
under the form BC, BG, &c. V, W,} C, G, &c. as Wag, Waggle, &c.
and we shall readily acknowledge, that they would naturally connect
themselves with such terms as Bog, Boggle, &c. and the terms for
IVatery matter, before produced, as Wash, &c. (Eng.) Woge, Wage,
Vague, (Germ. Fr.) &c. &c. Let us note the explanatory word Quick ,
which, we see, comes to the same idea of an Unsteady Quaking motion
in the combination Quick-Sand, the Qwag Matter, and we now
perceive, how for a similar reason Quick, Quake and Qivag belong to
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 351
each other. We cannot but perceive too, how ^Wag, ^Uick, jUake,
may belong to Bog, Boggle, Wag and Waggle, and thus how the
form QW-G, and WG, VG, &c. may pass into each other. Among
the terms appearing under the forms BG, &c. VG, WG, denoting
Unsteady, Desultory, Quaking, Quick, Excited, Violent motions, as
connected with the idea here unfolded, we must class the following.
Bog, Boggle, Waggle, (Scotch,) " A Bog, a Marsh, S. B. Wuggle,"
Wag, Waggle, Wiggle, Waddle, (Eng.) with the parallel terms to
these words produced by the Etymologists, IFaeghen, IFaeghelen, (Belg.)
Be-Wegen, Wackelen, (Germ.) Vacillo, (Lat.) Vacillate, &c. (Eng.)
Ykgus, Vague, YxGabond, (Lat. Eng.) &c. from whence we have
Vogue, &c. the original idea of which words appears in Yagus Amnis. —
Wadel?* JFicelian, (Sax.) Sec. To Wag, the term of Motion, belong
we know, the words relating to Pleasantry, as Wag, Waggery,
Waggish, &c. From Waddle we pass to Wade, (Eng.) Vado, Vad?<w,
which brings us to the spot supposed in my hypothesis. — WiEGe?i,
(Germ.) " Movere, Vexare," where let us note the kindred Latin term
Vexo/'C. — WiEGE, (Germ.) Cunae, from the Rocking. — Wiegelw, (Germ.)
Movere. — Wattles of a Cock, which is acknowledged to belong to
these terms of Motion. — Fickle, (Eng.) which is justly referred to
FicoL, Versipellis, Inconstans, and Poikil-os, (UoikiXo^, Varius, Dubius,
Inconstans.) — Wake, Watch, (Eng.) with the various parallels, pro-
duced by the Etymologists, fi^acian, IFceccan, (Sax.) Waecken, IFachten,
(Belg.) JVccken, fFacliten, JVache, &c. (Germ.) Faagur, (Dan.) &c. &c.
Wait, Waits, (Eng.) To Watch, Lyricines, noctu excubias agentes,
where the Etymologists have produced terms, under the form GT, as
Guef, Gueter, Excubi^, Excubare, &c. &c. From this source is derived
the name of the chief among my brethren in the art of Etymology,
Wachter, which means The Wachtek. The French Military term
Bivouac, is acknowledged to be a Teutonic combination, quasi Be-
WxcHBii, To JBe- Watch. The Etymologist just quoted has explained
Wachtc/? and Wachter by Vigilare and Vigil; where let us mark
the kindred Latin terms Vigil and Vigilo, which some have justly
seen to belong to ViGor and Viceo, the simple forms. It has been seen
352
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
likewise, that Vioeo is connected with Vis, which brings us to Is, (Is,)
where the Labial breathing is not represented. The terms Vigco and
ViGor, from whence the words in Modern Languages are derived Vigor,
Vigeur, (Eng. and Fr.) &c. are acknowledged to belong to the idea of
Excited Motion. Martinius produces under Vigilo, the parallel Hun-
garian term YiGyazok. In French the sound of G is lost, as Teiller,
but in the Italian Vegghia, YEolia, it is preserved. I find in Wachter,
adjacent to Wachen, the following words JVachteJ, Coturnix, The Quail;
Wackc/?, Nutare, Titubare, VACiLLare, Wackel;?, To Waggle, and
Wacker, Vigil, Vigilans, which latter German word, in other senses,
means " Aptus, idoneus, — Venustus, acceptus, pulcher." These senses
our Etymologist refers to different sources ; though as we now see,
they belong to the same species of excellence, that of Lively Motion.
Hence have been derived the Italian Vago, which at once means
IVandering, and is applied likewise to a great variety of indescribable
excellencies, as VAGHEsxa, Vezzo, &c. &c. I see adjacent to the ItaUan
Vago in the Dictionaries of that Language, VAGELLare, To Wander,
Vagello, a Brass Pot, where we are brought to Vasello, and Vase,
the Vessel, as likewise Vajo, YAjezza, Yk3oi.ato, relating to what is
Black, and Vagello, Dyer's "Woad, Vajuole, The Small Pox, where
we see the idea of the Foul Die, Stain, or Mark, as of Dirt. Let us
note the explanatory term IVoad, which Junius has referred to Glas,
(Welsh,) IFad, (Sax.) Giiesde, Giiedde, (Fr.) Giiado, Gualdo, (Ital.
Span.) where if the GL represents the true form of these terms, as
in Glas, Glastum, &c. the term Woad must be referred to a different
order of words. Under the form Wad in Lye's Junius we have Wadd,
the Scotch term for Wedd, Pactum, and Wad, Wadding, which refer
to Pudge Matter in its more consistent and CowPact state, where let
us note co?«Pact and VkCTum kindred terms. Lye has moreover Wad,
a Northamptonshire term for a Path, or Boundary between two fields.
Mr. Grose explains Wad, as a Cumberland term for Black Lead, and
a Neighbourhood, in which latter sense it agrees with Yicus, and Yicinus.
It is impossible surely for us to doubt the connection of these words
Waggle, Watch, &c. with Bog and Boggle. But to remove all
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 353
our doubts I shall observe, that in the same page of Dr. Jamieson's
Dictionary, where Waik, To Watch, and Waigle, Weeggle, " To
" Waddle, to Waggle" occur, I see likewise the terms before quoted
Waggle, or Wuggle, " A Bog, a Marsh," which Dr. Jamieson faintly
observes to be " Allied perhaps to Teutonic Waggel-cw, Agitare, motitare,
" because Marshy ground shakes under one's tread." The same writer
adds, as if afraid to tread on such dangerous ground, " It can have
" no affinity, surely, to Isl. VEGA-fall, Sw. WAEG-fall, A Way destroyed
" by the overflowing of Rivers, so as to be rendered unfit for travelUng."
If we say, that these words Vega and Waeg, belong to Way, we arrive
at the same point ; as the Ways of earlier times were not Turnpike Roads,
but WAEG-ya//s.
In the same page with WECKe« in Wachter's Dictionary I see
Wecksel, Permutatio, W^edc/??, Ventum Excitare, Wedcw, Weidcw,
Runcare, which latter word brings us to the English verb To Weed,
To Rout up, where we see the idea of Commotion under another action,
I perceive likewise Weck, Panis oblongus, belonging to our word Wig,
A Cake, which means the Swelling, Soft Matter of Bread. We have
moreover Weg, Abeo, Motus Apage, Via, with the parallels in various
Languages IVag, (Eng.) IVeg, (Belg.) Vegur, (Isl.) &c. &c. Wegch, &c.
Movere, to which words Wachter has justly referred Via, Aouia, (Ayvta,)
Yicus, EEGeomai, {Hyeofxai, Duco,) Age/w, quasi YAOein, with the
JEoVic Digamma, (Ayw,) Ago, OicHomai, (Oixofxai, Abeo,) Waggow,
with its parallels, WAGew, (Germ.) contract, IVcen, Anglice Wain, Vogn,
(Dan.) Fagn, (Isl.) &c. &c. Aganna, (^Ayavpa, a/ia^a, Hesych.) &c.
VeJio, Yzxi, YECTum, (Lat.) Ochco, (Oxew, Veho, porto,) Wage, Libra,
WucHT, Pondus, which brings us to Weigh, with its parallels, IFcegan,
Vega, JVcagen, &c. &c. (Sax. Isl. Germ. &c. &c.) — Wage, Mare, Woge,
Fluctus, WiEGEj Cuna?. In Wachter Wage means at once Libra, and
Fluctus. Let us mark the explanatory term in Latin Apage, which
seems directly to coincide with our form Away. In one sense Wachter
has explained Weg by Tempus, as in the English Al-IVaics, says our
author, and Fram-^NiGis, (Goth.) Semper, &c. To these terms of
Motion belong Vices, Vicissitude, &c. &c. and the English term Week,
Yy
3bi B,F,P,V, W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Hebdomas, with its parallels Woche, (Germ.) Weche, (Swed.) IVehe,
(Belg.) &c. &c. produced by the Etymologists, where we perceive the
sense of Recurrence as referring to Times and Objects in a state of
Change, or Motion. Hence we see, how Wick, belonging to a Candle,
and as denoting Linamentum, belongs to the same species of Soft Matter,
from which I suppose the idea o^ Motion to be taken.
In the same page of Wachter with WiEcew, Motitare, VExare, we
have a word relating to Quick, Violent motion, as referred to Strength,
Whr, &c. as Wig, " Agilis, velox, celer ;" where he records YiGiir,
(Islandic,) YEoetus, Viceo, Okus, (Q.kv^,^ and Wegcw, Movere, under
the same relation, as AGilis belongs to Ago, and Wig, " Fortis strenuus,
" bellicosus," where he records the Welsh Gwas, Gwych, Vir fortis,
in which terms we see the form GW-C, and Wagc/z, Audere. To these
words we must add Wage, as ' To Wage War,' in Wachter Wicew,
Bellare, VfxGeour, or Yxoeour, produced by Lye in Junius, as denoting
Miles in Scotch, which some connect with the term Wages, Merces;
but Lye refers it to the Islandic Vega, Dimicare ; — WiGGcr, (Lye apud
Jun.) " Validus," &c. — Wig, or Vig, (Sax.) " Mavors, bellum, pugna, prje-
" lium ; WiGa, Miles, bellator, heros, Vicxor," (where let us note the Latin
ViCTor,) " Homo vir, prccsertim vero prcestantior aliquis," and hence
we have the Vic in such terms, as Mero-Yicus, Ludo-Yicus, corrupted
into Louis, Lewis, as others understand. The Mer and the Liid in these
words belong to Mcere, Magnus, corresponding with our word More
and Hlud, signifying and belonging to Loud, — WiGttW, (Goth, and Sax.)
" Bellum gerere." — The animals under the following names, as Vech,
(Germ.) Felis, The Weezc/, The YiTcnew, The Fox, The Vixew, Dog,
and perhaps Bitch, &c. mean ultimately the Vex?w^, Disturbing animals;
though I do not attempt to adjust the relation, which they bear to each
other, nor the precise idea, by which each of them is connected with
the different turns of meaning, conveying this fundamental sense of the
Element. We plainly perceive, that Alo-Pex, and Ful-Pes, (AAwtt;?^,)
belong to each other, and that they are compounds, in which the Ah
and Fill are the same, under the idea perhaps annexed to Fello, Pello,
(Lat.) Pull, (Eng.) &c. and that Pex and Pes are the same as Fox.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 355
The term Fox occurs in various Languages, as Fex, (Sax.) Fos, Vosch,
(Belg.) Fuchs, (Germ.) and it is derived by some with great probability
from the Islandic Foxa, Decipere, which Wachter has justly seen to
belong to such terms as Fahen, Capere, Dolo Capere, w^hich, as I have
before shewn, means 'To FASxew, or Seize upon;' and this perhaps
may be the idea of the word, without applying to its metaphorical sense.
Fox is used as a verb, "To Fox one," which means 'To Fuddle a
* person,' as we express it, where Fuddle belongs to the idea conveyed
by Muddle; and if we should say, that the verb means ' Turbare sensus,'
and that the substantive denotes the animal 'quod Tnrbat, VExa^,'
we cannot be very far from the idea. In the same column with Fuchs,
in Wachter I see Fuckc/?, " mercaturam exercere," which he refers to
the English Buy, the Gothic Bugjan, and the French BiGwer, and which
he derives from Vices, (" German! Fach, Cambri Ffaig,") as if signifying
Vjcare, Bicare. "Quid enim est permutare, nisi rem, pro re, Ficem
" pro Fice reddere." I have no great confidence in this derivation,
though I have no evidence before me respecting the original meaning
of these words, from which I am able to propose a better. The term
Weezel occurs in various Languages Wesle, (Sax.) Fcesel, (Dan.)
IViesel, (Germ.) &c. and if we should say, that it belongs ultimately
to the Latin Mustela, we cannot be far removed from the truth.
The Ear Wig is the animal, Waggiwo-, or Fluttering about the Ear.
The WiDGWo- is supposed to be the " Avis Pugnax,'^ from \YiGend.
The English Wight, Homo, creatura, belongs to Wig, Homo, as
likewise to Wid, ('Never a Wid,') — Whit, (Eng.) to the Saxon Wiht,
" Creatura, animal, Res," and the Gothic Waihts, &c. We might
think, that Ought directly belongs to these words, and if that should
be the case, we must refer Owe, To possess. Own, in Gothic Aign to
the same source. If we should say, that Aig?? and Echo, (E^w, Habeo,)
are to be referred to each other, we are but a step removed from the
same idea: I shall shew, that Echo, (E;^a),) To Hold, or Stick by, &c.
is derived from the same species of v-lscous Matter, not so much under
the idea of its motion, as its Tenacity. Lye in his Edition of Junius
has an article Whittle, which he explains by " Cultello resecare,"
Y Y 2
356 B,F,P,V, W.J C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.] l,m,n,r.
which he refers to Thwite. The term relates to the Instrument as well
as to the action of cutting into small Pieces, and it might belong to
WiHT, the small Piece. All these ideas coincide, if we remember,
that according to my hypothesis the terms for Motion above produced
are derived from the idea of Pieces of Dirt easy to be Stirred about ;
and thus under one view of the question, we may consider the union
of these senses to be the same as we see in Mico and Mica, a Piece
of Dirt, &c. which latter words, as I shew, belong to Mud. The term
WiTTAL, the foolish Fellow, as in Sir Joseph Wittal, might be a
diminutive of Wight, the Light despised personage ; yet the Etymologists
conceive it to be the " Maritus, qui scit uxorem meechari, nee tamen
" indignatur," and they derive it from Wittol, Sciens. Whether such
be the original notion of the vi'ord, I cannot decide, yet we must own,
that this origin is not improbable. Yet perhaps Wittal may be a
diminutive, denoting contempt, from Wit, and may mean the personage
of Little Wit, or understanding.
The term Weak, as we shall at once agree, is to be referred to this
Race of vi^ords. Wet, Wach, &c. as denoting the S'q/?, Mo?s/ substance,
easilv giving way to impressions, as being in a state of Dissolution, &c.
and the Etymologists have justly produced under Weak its parallels
IVac, IVcBc, (Sax.) ireeh, (Belg.) Weich, (Germ.) Feeg, (Dan.) and
the Greek Eiko, (Eckw, Similis sum, cedo, morem gero,) where we see
at once the idea of the Soft substance, equally ready to assume Forms,
Likenesses from its Plastic nature, and to Yield, or Give way. In Eike,
(Ejk>7, Temere,) we have the same Soft substance, in a state of Agitation,
Confusion, &c. The succeeding article in Junius to Weak, is Weaky,
Humidus, Madidus. We may consider the Latin Yici and Yictum,
belonging to Finco, under the idea of To Weakcw, or make Weak,
and in the sense, which Ago has in suh-\GO, To subdue, we see a similar
notion, but when it is applied to the Kneading, or Working up of Soft
Mudlike matter, " Sub-lccre farinam," we are brought to the original
idea. The German Weic^c;; means, " To soften, Weakc/?, mollify,
" to soak, steep, macerate," and Weight, means 'Make ffay. Clear
' the JVai/, — Cede.' In the same column of Junius with Weak, I see
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTl^OM, &c= 357
Wax, Cera, with its parallels Jfeax, (Sax.) IFachs, (Germ, and BeJg.)
Fax, (Isl.) &c. &c. and Wax, Crescere, with its parallels fVahsjan,
(Goth.) JVeaxan, (Sax.) IFachsen, (Germ.) Wassen, &c. the Greek
Auxe?« and AuxANeiw, {hv^eiv, hv^aveiv,) and the Latin Auoeo, to
which we must add our old word Eak, Eke, Eak out. Junius sees no
relation between these two senses of Wax, as a substantive and a verb,
though he refers the substantive to the words before us, signifying Soft.
It is curious to observe, how terms revert to their original application
in the Language of the Poet. Wax, To increase. To Swell out, is
combined in the following passage, with the Swelling Waves, "His
" pupil age Man-entered thus, he Waxed like the Sea.'' (Coriolanus,
Act II. Scene 2.) Here Wax is brought to Wash, Woge, WACHsaw,
&c. &c. To these terms of Increase we must add the German Wucher,
Usury, which means likewise " Fructus Terrce." The next word to
this in my German Dictionary is Wuchs, The Product. An adjacent
word in Wachter is Wucht, Pondus, belonging to Weight, &c. before
produced, where we are justly reminded of the Greek Aktho^, (A;^^os,
Pondus.) In the adjacent words to this term in the Greek Dictionaries,
we see the same origin ; as in Acwia, (^Ax^a, Gluma, acus, fumus,
fuligo, Spuma, sordes,) which denotes Dirt, and which under the sense
of Spuma, means Washy Dirt. In Acho.s, (A;)^os, Dolor;) belonging
to Ache, (Eng.) &c. we see the idea of Trouble, or YExation. In the
Latin Vexo we have a similar notion of Washy Matter, Stirred up,
or in a state of Agitation. The Greek Ochthco, (0;^^eft), Indignor,
Gravor,) has the sense of KciiTnomai, (^AxOo/uLai, Gravor,) and in
OcHTHo^, (0;^^o9, Ripa, Littus, Terra tumulus, collis, Labra ulcerum
prffitumida, Ox6ii, Littus, Ripa,) we have the Sivelling out Heap of Dirt,
connected with the Washy Spot, or Matter. The term Akte, (Akt*/,
Littus, Farina, Sambucus,) conveys the same idea, and in the sense of
Meal and the Elder, we have still the notion of the Soft, Pudge, Pith
stuff.
Wachter compares Axo, (A^w, Frango,) or as he might have said.
Ago and AGnumi, (A7W, Aywfxi, Frango,) with Wase, Gleba, and they
are assuredly taken from the Loose state of this species of Matter, and
358
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
in another place, the same Etymologist has referred Ago, (A7&J, Ago,
Agito,^ which brings us to the Latin Ago, A.GIT0, KQifation to such
terms of Commotion, as ivKo, Sec, which I shew to belong to a similar
idea. In the same column of my Greek Dictionary with Ago, [Aya),)
I see Agcho, (Ay;^^, Constringo,) which again belongs to the same
species of v-lscosus Matter, in its Tenacious state, and hence we pass
to Echo, Isko, Exco, Habeo, Exoixai, Prehendo, et Prehensum Teneo
Adhccreo, Conjunctus sum, &c. &c. Icrxt^, Teneo,) belonging to the
idea of Sticking to any thing, all which words, as we shall now see,
connect themselves with Ixos, or Iksos, (I^os, Viscum, Parens, Tenax.)
In the same column of my Dictionary with Ixos, (I^os,) I see 1-k.us,
(I^vs, Lumbus, Coxa,) and near Isko, (Icrxoo,^ I see Isk?s, (la-xi^,
Lumbus,) where we may observe, that these terms for the Loins with
their kindred words, Oxiis, Osphns, (O^ys, Lumbus, Oa-cpv^,^ are derived
from the same species of Matter, either in its Sivelling up, or Agitated
state. On such an occasion, we cannot separate these ideas. The
English word Hitch contains the same original notion, Hitch Buttocks ;
where we may observe, that this term Hitch seems at once to denote
Catching, Sticking to, ' The Door Hitches,' and * Sivelling, or Rising
' up,' with the idea of Motion, sometimes annexed to it, ' To give a
' person a Hitch, or a Lift, — To Hitch about, here and there,' in which
applications we have various properties belonging to v-lscous Matter.
The next word in my Dictionary to Osphus, {Oa-cpu?,) is Oscnecr, (Oa-xcu,
Scrotum,) which perhaps should be considered as conveying the same
idea as Askos, (Actkos, Uter,) the Swelling out Bag. The Uter is
another form of Water. The term AsKeo, (Ao-Kew, Colo, Meditor,)
relates to Aoitation, under another turn of meaning, as in Aaere,
Consilia, &c.
We have seen, that the Wicket Gate, the French Guichet and Huis,
the Italian Uscie^^o, Vscire, relates to the idea of what Issices out,
quod Ex-It, where let us note the terms Issue, Out, Ex, It, (Lat.)
which all belong to the idea of Oozy, or v-lscous matter. Oozing, Issuirtg,
Out, up, &c. — Stirred up, about, &c. or Sticking together, tip, Out, &c.
Hence we pass to the verbs of Being, Est, &c. IsTEmi, (la-rti^xi,^ Sec.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 359
about which I have said so much in a former Volume. (Etym. Univers.
272, 826, &c. &c.) I have shewn, that Terms denoting Existence,
are derived from the idea of " What is Placed. Set, Situated, Stands zip,"
&c. and this idea of Existence, I now connect with that of Consistency,
belonging to Ooze, v-l^cous Matter in a Consistent state. We cannot
but see, how the v-lscous state of Ooze Matter must be perpetually
passing into Ooze Matter, in its more Washy state, when it Iss?<es
forth, Out, &c. and it is in vain to attempt on many occasions at a
distinction, which should endeavour to separate the ideas of Ooze Matter,
when it Sticks Out, and when it Issues Out. These ideas are constantly
passing into each other, and cannot be separated in discussing this Race
of words. The verbs of Being, under the form "C, *D, are to be
found in various Languages, as I fully unfold, of which the Etymologists
are duly aware to a certain extent. The verb of Being in the past tense
Was belongs to the form Is, Est, (Eng. Lat.) as Wachter is awarC;
who refers iv-^sen, " Esse, Existere cum qualitate," to the Latin and
Greek, Esse and JLsesthai, where let us still mark the Ex, as likewise
the St in the explanatory words Existere. In the sense, which Wesc//
has of " Durare, Perseverance, manere in statu. Fieri," which Wachter
refers to Vest, Stabilis, belonging to our word Fast, we see Viscow.v
Matter, Sticking Out, up, together, in its more cowzPact state. In
Fer-WEsen, "To rot, consume, or moulder away," &c. we see the
passage of this species of matter to its more relaxed state. The next
word to WEse/i in my German Vocabulary is Weser, The River, which
means the Wasser, or Water.
The English verb Issue, and its parallels Issir, 'To Hoist up,'
Ex, Aus, (Germ.) Out, &c. unequivocally connect themselves under
one idea with terms of Stability, IsTEini, (la-Tnfxi,^ &c. yet in the
substantive Issue, we plainly see the idea of ^.vrery. Foul matter
Oozing Out, as the Issue of a Wound, and the verb Issue applied
to a Liquid has the same force. Hence we pass to a great Race of
words, which render the chain of relations compleat and perfect. From
Huis is derived the UsHcr of a School, &c. as the Etymologists allow. —
Nothing appears more improbable, on the first view, than that the
360 B,F,P,V,W.J C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. 5 I,m,n,r.
Usher of a School should be derived from a term signifying JFater ;
yet when we remember, that Usner relates to a Door Keeper, ' as the
•' UsHe?" of the black rod,' whose office it is to Usher those people in
and out, who pass or Issue in and out ; we at once see, how these
ideas become connected with each other. It is marvellous to observe,
how fertile the mind of the Poet is in forming these original combinations,
from the force of a powerful impression, and how fully the reader
understands, and feels from the same source the beauty of the combi-
nation, though they are both equally ignorant about the origin, from
which the terms have been derived. Our great Poet has combined Usher
with the idea of IVater, in the following passage, with exquisite propriety
and effect.
" Or Ushek'd with a Shower still."
The term Huis is acknowledged to be attached to OsTiiim, which brings
us to Os, the Mouth. These Latin words Os, Osriiati, we now see,
are applied in their primitive idea, when they relate to the Oozy Spot,
from which Water Issues, as Os Partus, Tiberis, Ulceris, OsTiuni,
Tiberinum, Fluminis, &c. The Latin Os, Ossis, and the Greek Osteo/?,
(Oo-Teov, Os,) are applied in their true sense, when they relate to the
Kernel, or the Pithy, Gummy matter of fruit. This idea is not remote
even in the opinion of the Etymologists, who refer Oze, or Ozey Ground
to the Saxon Ost, "Squamma; q. d. Solum Squammosum." Lye
explains Ost by "Nodus, Squama," an adjacent term to which is 0sT?"a,
OsTreum, OrsTcr, where we have a similar idea, and I perceive likewise
in the next column of his Dictionary, Oxer, An Otter, where we
directly see the W.\ter animal. In Oscillm?;? we have the VACiLhatirig,
or Waggu'w^ object. In Oscito, Orium, or Oc»/w, Ease, we have
a metaphor from Oozy Matter, in its Loose state. When we talk
of the Easy Flowing of a Garment, Curls, &c. we approach to the
original idea. In the combination Ociosus and v-Acuus, the same
fundamental idea prevails.
In the phrase, " To Wage Jf^ar," we see the idea of Agitation, as
in Wag ; and we must surely think that Wager, in its more strong sense,
as applied to an adventurous transaction, or to a Venture, as we express
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 361
it, approaches to the sense of Wage ; and thus some understand the
matter, who refer Wager to the Belgic Waeghen, Periclitari, magnum
" discrimen adire, rem fortunce permittere." Yet it is understood like-
wise, that Wager belongs to such terms, as Gagcr, Gage, denoting
the Pawn, or Pledge ; which we express by a kindred term Wages.
In the sense of a Bargain, or coiiiFact, the term cowPact, Pango,
peFioi, Vxctuin, will shew us, that we pass into the sense of Pudge
matter, in its more Consistent, or Fix«/ state, whereas in Wage, Wag,
we have the same species of Bog, or Pudge Matter, in its state of
Agitation. We see, how my hypothesis brings ideas together, which
appear most remote ; and how readily we slide from one notion to
the other. That the idea of the Pledge is by some process connected
with the species of matter, which I describe, will be manifest from
the Etymologists themselves, who allow, that Gager, the WAGer,
belongs to Vas, Vad/'s, which surely all agree to be connected by some
means with Vadw;w, The Pudge Spot. Vas, Vas?'*, the Vessc/ is nothing
but the Holloiv, as of the Pit, or Vat, as in Ta«-VAT. With Vas,
Vad/6', Wagc/', Gag^/', are justly compared the following words,
belonging to a co/wPact, as Wed, Vxcnus, where the Latin word ViGnus
supplies a kindred term, Wed, relating to a Marriage Contract, to which
belong Wedding, or Weden, Eedna, (Eeoi/a,) W^D-lock, where Lock
means what Locks, or confines, and does not belong to Lac, Munus,
as some suppose, IFedden, ffetten, (Belg. Germ.) Obligare conjungere
matrimonio, as Wachter explains the latter word, Boda, (Span.) Gwed,
(Welsh,) &c. The combination WAD-Set is produced by Lye, as in
use among the Scotch, which is right, and it belongs likewise to other
Teutonic Dialects. In Scotch Wad, Wed, &c. is a Pledge, and Wad,
Wed, "To Pledge, to Bet, to Wager," where let us note the term
Bet, another form of these words, as the Etymologists understand.
In the opening of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary to that, in which these
words occur, I see "To Waidge," "To Pledge,'' "To Wadge,"
"To shake in a threatening manner, to brandish," — "To Waigle,
" Weegle, To Waddle, to Waggle," and Waggle, " A Bog, Marsh,"
where we are brought to the original spot.
Z z
362 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ hin,n,r.
Wachter explains Wette, Wied, Weid, in the first sense by "Vin-
" culum, copula, ligamen," and he reminds us of the Danish Vidde,
the copula viminea, which brings us to Withy, and from hence we
pass -to Oziers. This may seem to create some slight embarrassment.
The sense of Binding might not be derived from the merfe general idea
of the Sticky, Pudge Matter, but from that of the Flexible plant, growing
in Pudge, Oozy spots. When ideas are so entangled, it is in some
cases altogether idle to attempt their separation. The next term to
Wed in Skinner is Wedge, with its parallels If'^egghe, JVigghe, Week,
(Sax. Germ.) &c. which belong to the idea of compressing, or Squeesing,
as in the qJVag, or in the Bog spot. Let us mark Squeese, which
belongs to Squash, Qiuag, for the same reason. The term Vice, The
Screw, has a similar idea to Wedge, and hence we see, how Vice,
the Screw, and Vice, Yvxium, The File thing, and Vice, the Form,
as from Plastic Matter, agree. The Was/>, Guespe, (Welsh,) VEspa,
seems to belong to these terms for Squeesing, or Nipping, either as
referred to the Nipped up form, or to its Nipping quality of Stinging.
The Wasp belongs to the words under the forms OS, CS, &c. The
Welsh Giud, is a "Twist, a Wind, or turn, and Givden, A Withe;
" a coil ; a ring," where Withe brings us to Vitta, Yirex, &c. The form
Wden in ^--Wden seems to coincide with Edna, (E§i/a,) and Wedding,
Wedin. I have before produced various words, belonging to Fast,
Fixed, under the form VD, &c, as Vest, (Germ.) Firmus, Fix^^s, Tenax,
Veste, Firmamentum, Arx, Propugnaculum, Domus, Vestcw, Figere
Stringere, &c. &c. — Vast, (Dutch,) &c. &c. The original idea of
which is to be found in the combination YxsT-Lymen, "To Glue,
" to Fastc// with Glue.'' Hence we have Vesta, EsTia, (Ecrrta,) and
to this source we should perhaps refer the names for a Dwelling, the
place of Security, or Hold, as House, Hut, &c. with their parallels,
among which is OiKOS, (OtKos,) where we are brought to the form
Wick, the receptacle, which I suppose to be derived from the Hollow
Recess of the Pudge, Sinking in Spot. We cannot separate the idea
of a Receptacle, the Holloiv, which Receives, or Confines, and the Matter,
of which it consists, which Yxsiens, or Confines too. If we should say
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 363
«
that the terms, denoting Security, a Receptacle, Hold, &c. and Con-
jinement, Compression, &c. are derived from the Hollow, Sinking Pudge,
Viscous VAsmess, Vat, or Fat, &c. we cannot be far from the idea.
To these terms for FAsrening in, PuDGw/g about, in, Sec. Covering round,
over, &c. we have the terms for Garments Vest, YESTimenfnm, Vest?"o,
&c. from whence we come to the Greek Esthcs, (Eo-^^/?.) In German
Wad means, Pignus, "Tela, Pannus; — Tegmen, Vest?7?/5," which
brings us to the form of Wad, Wadd^wo-. Lje has produced the com-
pound WoAD?we/, which has been derived from Vad, Textum, and Mai,
Mensuratum. The Mentum in Festimentiini and Firma-Mentuni, has
the same force ; and it belongs to Munio, Munimen, which latter word
is quasi Mun-Mun. In the idea of inYzsTing a Town we come to
its general sense. In Esthio, Estho, Edo, {Ecrdiw, EcrOw, EBto) Edo,
Es, Est, (Lat.) Eat, (Eng.) w-ith its parallels Etan, Itan, (Sax. Goth.)
Essen, (Germ.) &c. &c. some difficulty may perhaps occur. If they
relate to the idea of Consuming, we have the same sense as in Waste,
&c. and they belong to the Relaxed state of Ooze, or Pudge Matter.
If they are attached to Esca and Vesco/-, they belong rather to its
ViscoMS state, and to the idea of Rising, Swelling up, as in the terms
Fat, Feed, &c. The English term Weed, the Dress, appears to be
attached to Vest/s, &c. and it has only an accidental similarity to Weed,
The File Herb, which is perhaps derived from the idea of Agitation,-
" To Rout up, Waste," &c. This is a confusion, which frequently
takes place, and leads often into great errors. I see in the
same column of Wachter with Vestcw; the term Vetteu, Cognatus,
which he has justly compared with Wettc;?, Conjungere, and the Saxon
Min FcEDERA, Patruus meus. We cannot help noting, how the form
F(edera brings us to the Latin Foedus, Fiederw, which bears the same
fundamental idea. Wachter rejects the alliance of Vater, Pater, Father,
&c. with these words; yet it must be owned, that if strong evidence
did not connect these important terms Vater, &c. with a more general
idea, we should be inclined to this derivation. Wachter records likewise
the Ancient British word Ewythr, patruus ; which, as it is now written
in Welsh, appears under the form Givythyr, Surely these words bring
z z 2
364 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T, X, Z.^ l,m,n,r.
us to the Greek Ekuros, (E/cyjoos, Socer,) or Giu-^kvros, which is one
of the terms selected by the Critics on Homer, for the addition of their
Digamma, or as the Welsh would call it, Giv ; and to the Latin S-Ocer,
where the S represents the annexed Digamma. Whether the Welsh
term belongs to the German word is a point to be considered ; but we
shall surely not doubt, that the Greek, Latin and Welsh terms belong
to each other. The Welsh Lexicographers refer their term to the Greek
T/ieios, (Qeios, Patris vel matris, Frater, Avunculus, Patruus,) which
belongs to Tad, Dad, &c. and so perhaps Eivthyr may belong to Attn,
Attar, &c. other forms, expressing the same idea. In these coincidences
it is impossible to decide.
I have already examined various words under the form VD, VT, &c.
I have fully shewn that Vit« is derived from the Fat, Yiscous substance,
and I have just produced Vitta, Vitex, relating to Binding, Entivining,
as derived from the same species of matter, when considered as what
we call Tough. This is the origin of Yitruui, which belongs directly
to the form GDr, or GU-D;', as in the Welsh Gwydr, " Of glass ;
" of a glass colour, of a greenish blue colour;" the original idea annexed
to which will be manifest in an adjacent term Gwronez, ''Toughness,
" Tenacity, Viscidity, glutinousness." I see as adjacent terms in Mr.
Owen's Dictionary Gwyd, "Quality; disposition; passion; a prevailing
" bent, or inclination, Vice," where let us note Vice, and remember
\\Tiiim, which may be considered as directly coinciding with the Welsh
GwYD. I have supposed that the idea annexed to YiTium is that of
Foul, Vile, as derived from Foul matter, and we see the same idea of
what is Foul in Ymligo. In Ynellus, we have the sense of Yiscous
Matter, without that of Foulness. The terms, which belong to the
Welsh word for Vice, convey the same train of ideas, and by the
examination of these terms, we shall unequivocally understand, how
both forms GU-D, G-D, V-D, coincide with each other. Mr. Owen
refers Gwyd, to Gioy, (Giv,^ which he explains by " A fluid, or liquid ;
'• Water." He adds moreover the following observation, "This word,
" and Aiv, are in the composition of a great number of terms, which
" relate to Fluidity ; and especially the names of Rivers ; as Dyvrdon-fVy,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 365
" Ed-Wy,'' &c. &c. and the reader, who is disposed to form Theories
on the original germs of Language, may imagine, if he pleases, that
such sounds, as we may express by GW, SHJV represent the original
germ for words, denoting Oozy Washy, sQuash Matter, if I may so
say: — that from the portion G, arose the Terms under the form
■*G, *C, "^S, as Kctua, Ooze, Wash, and when combined with a vowel
breathing between them, SQ-aSn, GU-Sh, and that from the portion
JV, or the Labial form B, F, M, P, are formed such Terms, as Wave,
Avon, &c. and that to the combination of the T>ahial and G. S, &r. with
a vowel breathing inserted between them, belongs the form P-uDGe,
P-aS/i, B-oG, 8cc. To this theory, whether true or false, I can have
no objection, as it will not disturb the facts which I detail on the original
idea, relating to words, when they appear under the more familiar
forms, by which the business of Language is conducted. The sense
of the Welsh Gwyd, Quality and Vice, will be manifest from kindred
terms in the same opening of Mr. Owen's Dictionary, Gwst, which in
one article he explains by " A Humor ; a distemper; disease, or malady ;
" any humoral pain," and in another article by "Humid, moist, fluid."
We are brought to the Gvsmng Matter of Water, and to Gutta, Gusto,
(Lat.) &c. &c. We see moreover that the original idea is that of
Moisture, as my Hypothesis supposes; and that the idea of a Foul Humor,
or Moisture, as on the Ground, from whence it is applied to a Foul
state, as in Diseased Matter, is the preceding step, which brings us to
the sense of Humor in a metaphorical sense. When it denotes Quality,
disposition, passion, &c. Mr. Owen has referred Gwst, Humid to
WsT, which he explains by " A Thrust, Push, or drive ; a Gust ; the
hypocondria, the hip," and I see near to this word Gwth, IV^ynf,
"A squall of Wind," or as it might have been 'A Gust of Wind,'
where let us note the kindred term Gust. The sense of Wst, The Hip,
what Pushes forth, or Out, shews us the original idea annexed toOsphus,
(Oo-^i/s, Lumbus,) IsK-is, (la-xi^,) &c. In the same column with Gfvsf,
I see, Gwth, A Push, or Thrust, Gwrmatv, "To Push, to thrust,
" to press, or to Squeeze forward ; to obtrude," where we unequivocally
see, how the idea of Pushing, Squeezing, Pressing is connected wit!i.
366 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.} l,m,n,r.
the Moist, or Gwst, sQuash, or Qwag matter; just as I suppose under
the form PS, &c. that Push belongs to Pash, or Pudge Matter. We
hence unequivocally see, that YiTiuin denotes Foul Moisture, and hence
we have Excoquitur Vitium. Mr. Owen refers us under Gwth, to
Wth, which form brings us to Othco, (Odew, Trudo,) Ico, (Lat.) Hit,
(Eng.) &c. The next word to Wst in Mr. Owen's Dictionary is Wsw,
which he explains by " That abounds with impulse, or energy; an epithet
" for the Horse ; a steed," which shews us, how Eq?///«, and Aciua may
belong to each other, as alike signifying what Issues, or Spjings forth,
about, &c. The sense of Gwth, To Pash, thrust, &c. which under
another form is Gwasg, " A Pressure, a Squeeze, &c. brings us to
Squeeze, Quash, sQuash, Gash, Cut, with their various parallels,
through the whole compass of Language.
To the terms of Agitation, Violence, &c. produced above, as Vexo,
Wig, Vigo/-, YiGour, &c. &c. we must add the following, which pass
into a variety of ideas, as Waste, Vasto, with the parallels produced
by the Etymologists JFast, yer-JFasten, (Germ.) Woest, &c. (Belg.)
Gaster, Guaster, (Fr, Ital.) &c. where we have the form GS ; — Weidc/?,
Fenari, Capere, Arripere, says Wachter, with the parallels Waith,
(Scotch,) which Dr. Jamieson explains in one article by " The act of
" Hunting," and in another by " Wandering, Roaming," the relation
of which senses to each other our Lexicographer faintly perceives. —
VixiTHman, or WAiT?rta«, The Hunter, to which our Surname under
the same form belongs, Yeida, (Island.) &c. — Wode, (Old Eng.) Mad,
Furious, with its parallels produced by the Etymologists, Fods, (Goth.)
IFut, Widen, (Germ.) Uuotag, (A. Franc.) Odur, Oede, (Isl.) &c. &c.
Under the same form with Wut, Ferus, Wachter has Wut, Lignum,
Arbor, Sylva, and Sylvestris, which he has referred to the English Wood,
&c. and to various words, under this form, as likewise to the Welsh
Gwydd. From hence it should seem, that the original idea of the word
was that of Savage, JFild, and that it denoted the Wood, or Forest,
as growing in Wild places. We must remember however, that the term
for Wood appears under the form 'L, or 'LD, 'LG, &c. SL, as Ulc, Wald,
Wold, Aldos, Alsos, Xulon, (YA?;, AXcos, AAct-os, Sylva, HyAoi/,) Sylva,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 367
Ugninn, &c. which refer to a different idea. To the form Wuten, or
Uten directly belong, as I imagine, the Greek terms Odunc, and Odin,
(OZvvij, Dolor, D.^iv, Dolor parturientis.) To the form Oede belong
the Latin Auoeo, Avshn and Audax, which seems directly attached
to UuoTAG. Wachter has justly referred to Wode, Furiosus, the name
of the Northern Warrior, or Deity, Odin, Othin, Woden, Voden,
GoDEN, to which Deity, as all acknowledge, our term WEDNEsr/o^
belongs. This Lexicographer has moreover informed us, that Woo
in Gothic is Dcemoniacus, and that it belongs to our form God. We
may well imagine, that the names of many Deities were originally
derived from the idea of Violence, in the action of Destruction. Odin's
place of Abode is called Asgard, the Guarded spot, or Yard of the As^,
or Gods, where As means Deus. Wachter refers this word to Aisa,
(Ajo-a,) quasi aei ovcra, to Es-Us, Aisoi, (hicroi, 6eot, utto, Tvpptjvwv,')
EsAN, EsA, As^, &c. These terms for Deities relate to the same idea
of Force and Excitement, which according to my hypothesis is derived
from the Agitation of Washy, or Ooze Dirt. The words in the same
opening of Wachter serve to decide on this opinion, which are As,
Cadaver, Asche, Cinis, Pulvis, to which is referred the Greek Aza,
(A^a, Pulvis,) and Asche, Aaua. I perceive likewise Asche,
Fraxinus, which belongs to the same idea of Excitement, "Veteres
" Agitantur Orni," the old Ashes are kmtated; where in Ash, and
Aaito, we have kindred terms *.
* We might conjecture perhaps, that the Latin AssAmenta, or AxAtnenta, the ancient
term belonging to the Salian Priests, meant the Hi/mtts, Kites, &c. of the Asa;, or Gods.
These AssAnienta peculiarly related to Hercules, who corresponds with the Asa Odin.
I must assure my Reader, that I made this conjecture, before I discovered that the very combi-
nation AssAMEN, or AsiAMEN exists, as denoting the Asje-Men, the God-Men, or God-like
Beings, who accompanied the Asa Odin in his return to Scandinavia, " Verel. in Ind. As,
" Deus, Odinus, Thorus, &c. Asiamenn Dii, qui cum Odino in Scandiam revertebantur,
" Aski/ndur, divina; originis, ex origine Asarum sive Deorum." (Wachter sub voce Js.) Let
us mark the name Askyndur, to which perhaps AscAH-ius belongs. This Trojan name has
been referred to Ashkuenos, tha son of Gomer, which is still probably right ; and both these
words
S68 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.^ lm,7i,r.
The English preposition With is a term of Agitation, Contention, 8cc.
the original idea which appears in yVvin- Stand; Vs^vrn-say ; — To be
words may have the same meaning. The prophetess Cassandra is perhaps quasi Ass an dr A,
belonging to the Askyndur ; which, remote as it may appear at the first view, will be a little
accommodated to our conceptions, when we remember that in Greek she is called Alexandra,
which brings us to the Warrior Alexander, who in the East is called Iscander, or Scander. It is
allowed, that this name belonged to the East, long before they knew any thing about the Greek
Alexander. We shall be startled perhaps at the application of a Teutonic name to a Trojan
personage-, but our astonishment will subside, when we remember, that Pergam«/ is acknow-
ledged to be nothing but our word Bergham, in which Berg has the same meaning as in
Borough, Edin-BvROH, Att/e-BvRGH, or Borough, and Ham denotes what it does in
Noithig-HAM, and in the name of the Spot in which I am now writing these observations,
Harding-H Ayi. But we shall bring more closely together the Askyndur, and the Assan-
dra, or c-Assandra, to terms belonging to the Teutonic Odin, and to Troj/, when we learn
that Troy is supposed to be the Asgard of Odin. " Sedes Odini, unde in Europam profectus
" dicitur, ab Edda Islandorum vocatur Asgard, quod vulgo Trojam interpretantur." Wachter
sub voce Othinus. Having proceeded thus far we might ask, whether the name of the Town
Troij was not of the same origin as our word Thursdai/, which all acknowledge to be the Day of
Thor. Now Thor is supposed to be Odin himself, or his Son. Wachter observes, Thor,
vel TJiur, "Jupiter Saxonicus, Odini ex Friga filius," and Lye remarks under Tir, Tyr,
" Nomen Odini, vel principis saltern Asaritm." If this should be so then Troy and Asgard
would denote the City of Thor, one of the As*. I find under Tir in Lye the combination
j^isca-Tir, Hominum Princeps, where the ^sca denoting Man still means the Illustrious
Personage, and I moreover see a remark, which I had long since made in the margin of my
Saxon Dictionary, that the Trojan /;-Ec-ToR may be perhaps .S^sca-Tyr. These are at least
strange coincidences.
The Welsh Lexicographers compare a Deity in their System of Mythology with the
Teutonic Odin. The name Gwydien is applied to "A Spirit supposed to preside in the
" Air," &c. and Givydion denotes " A mythological personage, the son of Don, whose history
" is but little known ; a spirit supposed to preside in the air, or rather in the starry regions.
" Caer-Gtuydion, an epithet often used for the Galaxy. Probably he is the same as the Teu-
" tonic Woden." This Deity Gwydien relates to the idea of Commotion, and hence he has
been chosen to preside over the Gusts of Wind. In Welsh, as we have seen, GwTniaiv,
means " To push, to thrust, to press, or to Squeeze forward, to obtrude ;" where in Squeeze we
see a kindred term relating to Squash, or Qvvag Matter; and we have likewise in the same
Language Gv;TH-lVijni, "A squall of Wind;" Gwyc, sometimes written Wy"c, "Gallant,
"brave, gaudy, gay," which brings us to VzGetus, &c. — Gwyci, "The Wa.xy Scum of
" Honey," where we have the original idea of Viscc;/j- Matter; as in another term GwYDiiaad,
"A
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 369
Angry With, or Against, as in the Saxon With, Contra, in, ad versus ;
With gectjnde, "Contra naturam ; lrsian-W\Tvi, Irasci, indignari,
" excandescere in." The same idea appears in the German Wider,
Against, and in the old Law term " WiTner-nam, Vetitum namium,"
The term Wider, or Wiedeu means likewise Rursum, to which Wachter
has justly referred the Latin Iter//w, Itero; and he might have observed,
that the Latin Iterum more directly coincides with the German form
Wiederum. We might consider, whether Wider, iv-Id^k does not bring
us to the Greek Ater, (Arcp,) With-om^, Atar and Eithar, (Arap,
Eidap.) The same term Wider means ^nes, which belongs to Weather,
The Sheep, as the Etymologists understand. They see however no
relation between Weather, the animal ; and that object ot Violence,
or Agitation, relating to the Air, the Weather, where we have the
original idea, in its application to Water like matter. Wachter finds,
as he says, Ethr?s, (E^pi?,) among the Greeks for Ver-Vex, where let
us note the Vex, belonging to our Elementary Character, with the sense
of Vexo. Some have understood, that Ver in this word belongs to the
terms for Strength and Violence, as Vir, &c.
" A rendering Tough, or Viscid; a becoming Tough." Wachter supposes, that the Greek
AiDONwj (Aicwi-eu?,) belongs to Odin, which agrees, as he says, with the idea, that Odin is
supposed to reside in Valhalla, i. e. Jtula Mortuorum, and to entertain those, who are slain in
Battle. — Tlieir coincidence is certainly very striking; yet I must leave the Reader to consider,
whether it be not a coincidence of words, derived from different sources. The Anes, and
AiDONfw, {■Mti<:, Tartarus, Inferi, Pluto ; — Sepulchrum, AiSoii/eu?, Pluto, Orcus,) may be quasi
Vad, Vaidon, and belong to the Low, Hollow Spot, the Bottom, Boden. We haveseen,
that in Welsh Brz, or Vez is the Grave, and such is the sense of the Hebrew m BT. Under
the form 'TN, *DN, we have words denoting the Hollow of a Mine, Furnace, Vulcano; from
which, as it is acknowledged, jEtmi is derived. {Bochurt. Geogruph. Sac. Lib. Lc.28.) I suspect,
tiint a race of words is to be found, under the form 'TN, "DN, which relate to Artists and
operations, connected with Mines, Forges, &c. ; but whether they belong to the Elementary
character 'D/;, &.c. or DN, &,c. must be the subject of future consideration. I have often
thought, that Odin in one sense, and by some process, relates to an Artist of this kind. We
must remember that Mount Ida was famous for its Iron. The enquirer into the Mysteries of
the ancient world would do well to consider, whether the Language of the Gods, about which
Homer speaks, does not refer to the Language of the Asia- Men, or the As-Ki/nder, that is, to a
Teutonic Dialect.
3 A
370
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S/r,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Weather, Aer, as we shall all agree, must be referred to these terms
of Agitation, relating to Wet matter. The Etymologists have duly
produced the parallel words in other Languages, as JFeder, Wetter,
(Sax. Germ.) &c. and the Greek Aithek, (Aidtjp,) which is acknowledged
to belong to the Latin -^ther. Adjacent to the Scotch Weddyr,"
denoting Weather, we find in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary the verb
" To Wede, To Rage, to act furiously," which brings us to Wode.
I perceive likewise a term under a strange form IVedonypha, occurring
as a name for a Disease, which has been referred by Dr. Jamieson to
Wed-07i-fa, the On-fall, or Attach of the Weid, a fever peculiar to
puerperal Women. Though Weid, the Disorder, is the next article
in our author's Dictionary to Weid, Furious, he sees no affinity between
the terms, but tells us of a piece of information, which he has received,
in the following words. "I am informed, that Germ. IVeide, or IVeite,
" corresponds to Fr. Accable, as signifying that one is oppressed with
" disease." He has certainly been justly informed, that there are German
words, which signify something belonging to If'eigh, Weight, &c. the
corresponding terms to which are produced in the very same column
of his Dictionary, and which are duly referred to their German parallels.
The Saxon term Wedaw is explained by Lye " Infestare, insanire, furere,
" Mstuare,'' where the Latin tEstwo gives us the true sense in a parallel
word, and we likewise see the original idea in the following Saxon
sentence, "Tha Itha Weddq;?, Fluctus furebant," where in Itlia, we
have another kindred term. In German Weiscw means " Inculpare,"
which Wachter has justly referred to the Greek AiT?a, (Atrja, Crimen,
culpa.) In Scotch Wite has the same meaning " To blame, to accuse,"
as Dr. Jamieson explains it, who refers us to the parallel terms in other
Languages, to the Saxon Witan, &c. and to its use in old English by
Chaucer and Gower. In the expression " Wite yourself, if your wife
" be with bairn ;" which, says Dr. Jamieson, is " spoken when people's
" misfortunes come by their own blame." The application of these words
exactly corresponds to the use of the Greek AiT-iaomai, (Airiaofxai,
Causam attribuo, adsigno, Imputo, &c. — Criminor, accuso, culpo,) where
there is a mixture of the senses of Cause and Blame ; and the sentiment
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 371
conveyed by the Scotch proverb, agrees with the Greek idea in the phrase
AiTiaa-daL eavrov o-iy/i/3e/3»/KOTwi/. Under the substantive Wite, the
Islanic Vyt« is explained by " J^itii notare aliquem," by a foreign
Lexicographer, who duly understands its connection with the Latin
Vrx/o, If we should say, that Aixia, (Atrza,) or Y wTia denotes Foul
Matter, or Matter in general, and that AiTiaomai, (^AiTiaofxai,^ Vait-
iaomai, means Vix/o, Dare, Yiruperare, we come to the same point.
An English Lexicographer might explain the Greek Aitia, (Atrta, Causa,
ratio, occasio. Crimen, Culpa, Accusatio,) by ' Ground, Matter, Subject-
* Matter in general, but particularly of complaint, as of something Foul,
' File, Bad, to be imputed to any one,' where in Ground and Matter,
we are brought to the Dirt of the Earth, just as in German the same
Greek word might be translated by Grand, and Stoff, terms adopted
by Schneider, in his Lexicon, belonging to Ground and Stujf, in English,
or as in Greek it might be explained by Y\?;, Materia qu^cunque, which
the Scholiast on Pindar has employed, in a passage produced by Schneider.
Pindar says, that a person performing illustrious deeds affords an Airia,
(AtTia,) an Argument, Subject, or Matter for verses, where YXtj is
employed, as an explanatory word. The term Y\r] in Greek belongs
to lAys. The preceding word to Weather in Lye's Junius is Wkath,
Mollis, where we see the idea of Wash matter, under another property.
Lye produces the Saxon Hwith, Lenis aura, where we have the sense
of WEATHer in its gentler state of Agitation. The reader will now
understand, whence the terms in Greek for Agitation of various sorts
and degrees, under the form Aith, (At6,) are derived, as Aixnra, &c.
(^Aidpa,') aeris serenitas, (^Aidpew, Conturbo tempestate,) which the
Lexicographers do not refer to Aixher, (^Aidijp,^ Aixho, (^Ai6w, Uro,
Accendo,) Aithusso, (^Aidva-a-w, Splendeo, Suscito, Moveo, quatio,)
AiTHo, (Aj^o), Respiro,) AixHiops, (^Ai6io\}/; .-Ethiops, Fuscus,) which
is supposed to mean the Sun-burnt person. I have conjectured, in
another place, that AiTHuia, (^Aidvia, Mergus, Fulica,) belongs to
these terms, under the idea of Burning, just as Fulica belongs to
Fuligo. This is partly wrong perhaps, and partly right. The A\T\iuia,
(Ai^yja,) probably means the animal belonging to the ?^-Ash, or
3 A 2
373 B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
iv-Et spot, just as Fulica belongs to the Foul spot, and matter, as in
Fuligo.
The following terms denote Commotion, sometimes accompanied
with Noise, as Whisk, (Eng.) Scopula, with its parallels Hwiska, (Swed.)
Wisch, (Belg.) Wiske away, (Jun. Scotis est " Repente se alio prori-
" pere, atque ex oculis hominum amoliri,") Wisp, (Eng.) Cesticillus,
where let us remember the application of ' A Will of the Wisp,' in
which the term of Agitation is brought to its original spot, as denoting
the Vapour of the Wash spot. — Whizz, (Eng.) which brings us to
Hiss, &c. — Whist, (Eng.) the term of Attention, and the game which
demands attention. Hence we pass to Hist, Hush, &c. &c. Wachter
has produced Wist, Host, Schwude, as terms of excitement to Horses. —
Whispc;- with its parallels Hwisprian, (Sax.) JVisperen, JVispelen,
(German, &c.) In Susurro, pSithuros, (j^idvpo^,^ Ziito, (Ital.) we
have the form SS. — Whistle, with its parallels Hivistlan, fFistlan, (Sax.)
Suyselen, (Belg.) Fistulare, (Lat.) &c. &c. where let us note the use
of the Latin term FisTw/a, Fistw/o applied to Hollow, Spungy, Oozy
Matter, which brings us to the original idea, — Terra bibula et pumicis
vice VisTu/ans. — TiSTuIa, "A Hollow, Oozing ulcer," says R. Ainsworth,
Wheese, with its parallels Hwesa, (Su.) Hivesan, (Sax.) &c. where we
see the sense of Noise, with the idea of Oozing up, if I may so say.
Wet matter. Dr. Jamieson explains the Scotch "To Weese, Weeze,"
by "To Ooze, to distil gently," and he justly refers it to terms, relating
to Moisture, Vos, Humor, &c. (Isl.) all belonging to Wet, WATer.
— The next word to Whisk, Scopula, in Junius, is Wis?m« IFyndis,
a Scotch combination, which is equivalent, as he says, to Chaucer's
" Whisking blastes." Lye says, that Junius is wrong, and that Wis-
nand means Aridus, Marcescens, from whence we are brought to
Wither, which the Etymologists have derived from Weather, or
Wither, (Sax.) Contra. We cannot separate in the phrase Wisnand
Wyndis, the idea of Parching from that of Whisk?/?^ ; and the union
of these two words with the f Finds shews unequivocally their origin.
Dr. Jamieson explains Wisen, Wyssin, by " To Wither, to become
" dry and hard," and justly produces the parallel terms Wizzen, (Eng.)
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 373
WYS)i}ar, for ireos-ian, (Sax.) Tabescere, &c. and Wisna, Foer-WisnU)
(Su. Goth.) Dr. Jamieson has produced the form Wina in the same
sense, where the sound of s is lost, and let us note the combination
For-Weosn, &c. from which we have For-lVine in old English, as in
the Poems attributed to Rowley, " Thys ys alyche oure doome ; the great,
" the smalle, Moste Withe, and bee Fo;'-Wyned by deathis darte.
" QEclog. III. 35-6.) — Look in his glommed face, his sprighte there
" scanne, Howe woe-be-gone, how Withered, Fo?'-Wynd, deade."
The next term to Wisen in Dr. Jam ieson's Dictionary is Wishy-Washies,
" Bustling in discourse ; a cant term for being slow in coming to the
" point," where we are directly brought to Washy matter. I see as
adjacent articles; "To Whisk, To hurry away," &c. and Wiss,
" The Moisture, which exudes from Bark, in preparing it for tanning,"
where our author has justly referred us to Weese, before produced ;
and WiscH, Washed. In Welsh Gwystyn means " Flaccid, flabby ;
" WiTHERed; Humid,'' where in Humid we have the original idea.
I see in the same page of Mr. Owen's Dictionary, Gwyth, Wrath,
GvvYTH, "A channel; a drain; a gutter; a vein," where let us note
the parallel term Gutter, the Spot, through which the IFater Gushes ;
GwYSG, or Wysg, " A Tendency downwards, or to a level, as of a fluid;
" gravity ; a Stream, or Current,'' Gwys, " A Bottom ; a profundity.
" Low, deep, profound," where we have likewise the original idea.
The Welsh word Wysg will shew us, how JEciuus, Level, may belong-
to Aquu ; but whether it is under this precise idea, or whether the
Welsh and Latin words directly belong to each other must be considered
on another occasion.
We see, that the Saxon Weosn/ow is translated by Tabescere, and
Wesan is explained by Macerare, in Lye's Saxon Dictionary. I must
leave the reader to consider, whether the Greek words Fthino, Fthio,
Ftheo, Fthiso, Ftheiro, {<^6ivo), Corrumpo, Tabesco, ^diu), Corrumpo,
Macero, Tabesco, '^dia-w, 4>t^ew, Corrumpo, ^deipw, Corrumpo, Vitio,
Vexo, Vasto,) be not quasi Feth/'/w, Fethco, VzTmo, VETnisis, pETHEiro,
belonging to our Element FL, &c. Let us note, that Fethc/'/o is
explained by three words, attached to the same Elementary Character,
374 B,F,P,V, W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| hm,n,r.
ViTio, Vexo and Vasto. In Ffthin, or FETHiNopora, (^^divoirodpa,
Autumnus,) we have the season, where the fruit becomes Wizzen.
In Fetheiro perhaps we have the form Wither. Having proceeded
thus far we must surely pass to Fthoneo, and Fthano, Fthaso, (j^douew,
Invideo, ^davw, Prcevenio, Occupo. — Servit celeritati exprimendre, <bda(r(o,)
or Fethokco, Fethano, FExnaso. The term FxHONeo, (^'Pdovew,') is
only another form of Ftheino, (O^eti/w,) Fetheino, and it means. To
Waste, or Pi?ie away, through Etivy, " Invidus alterius Macrescit rebus
" opimis ;" The sense of Haste, attached to Fthano, {<^dav(a,) Fethano,
might belong to the idea of Agitation, as in Festino, Vite, Haste,
Hasten, Fast, Fasten. If we should say, that Fthano, or Fethano,
means ' To go Fast,' so as to Seize, or Fasten upon an object, before
others; (^dapei, YlpoTpex^i, -TrpoKaTaXafx^aveiy) we cannot be very far
from the idea, and we are probably directly connecting the term with
its kindred words. This term has much embarrassed me, and I once
sought for its origin in the ^Egyptian Language, by supposing, that
the p might possibly be a prefix. In this Language Ton signifies Surgere,
and with the article Yi-Tonf, means " Resurrectio," and I find, that
I have thus endeavoured to explain it in my Copy of Woide's Dictionary,
p. 107. " Tam subito et celeriter Siirgo, ut alicui aliqua in re Pree-
" veniam, ut prior aliquid faciani. Origo hujusce vocis niihi semper
" aquam ha^rere fecit." I now seem to satisfy myself, that I have
given the true origin, in referring it to the Radical PT.
To the terms expressing Agitation, Noise, Whisk, Whisper?/?o-, &c.
as relating to the Wet matter of the Elements, The Air, Winds,
Weather, &c. we must refer East, West, Vespera, Espero5, (Eo-ttcjoos,)
&c. which originally, I imagine, denoted the Winds, blowing in those
quarters of the Heavens. The Etymologists have duly referred East
to its parallels East, Oest, Ost, &c. (Sax. Belg. Germ.) Eos, (Hws,
Oriens,) Oster, Austr, (Swed. Isl.) &c. and the term West to its
parallels West, (Belg. Germ. Sax.) Wester, Fester, (Swed. Isl. Dan.)
Esperos, Hesperms, (Eo-Trejoos,) Vesper. Wachter derives these words
for the East, Ost, Osten, from VsTan, Surgere, and Martinius from
JEsTUSy by which we are still brought to the same idea, as all these
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTl^OM, &c. 375
words are derived from Ooze matter, Risi?ig, Swelling, or Issuing up,
Out, &c. Wachter has duly produced the words derived from the East
and West in the names of places, people, &c. as Austria, OsTARm7/e,
and in the compounds ^ksr-Dcele, West-DcbIc and Visi-Gofhs, &c.
This source should be considered in investigating the origin of our names,
as JFastel, Ifesfon, Aston, Sec. Wachter has noted the derivation of
those, who refer West to iVehen, Spirare, as signifying " Aura lenis,''
Sec. by observing, that West in composition sometimes relates to the
Wind, as G/mc^-- West, The favorable West, or Wind, "Favonius,"
and our Sailors, I believe, talk of a Wester, as referring to the JVind.
Wachter however derives the terms West, Wese, &c. from the Greek
Peson, (Uecroi/, Cecidi,) the place of Sun-set. We shall surely agree,
that the Vesper, Esperos, quasi Veser, (Ea-Trepo^,^ belong to Wester,
&c. and here the labial p has been added as in Whisper. We shall
then perhaps think, that Zephuros, (Ze(pvpo<s,^ quasi We-Zephur-os, or
We-Zphur, belongs to Vesper, &c. ESper-os, We-Sper-os. Thus then
Zephyr, ov We-Zphyr, is the Whisper?/?^ Wind, (WmsPEmng Zephyr.)
The Latin Auster assuredly belongs to these terms for a Wind, Austr,
&c. though it is applied to a different quarter. The Etymologists derive
Auster ab Haurienda aqua, and yet they cannot help recording some
kindred terms, as Aitho, (Ai^w,) JEstus, &c. Some might imagine
having proceeded so far, that Iberia belonged to Hesperia; which they
might conceive to denote the Western or Vesper part. The term Iberia
however brings us to the Ibeii, Celt-Iberi, &c. the name of a Celtic
tribe, from whence we should pass to the Abroi and Cymry. (Af3poi,
\Lifx(ipoi, ft)s Tii/es (pa<ri, Kt/ufxepLoi, Steph. Byzant.) All this however
would require much deliberation ; yet the Celtic Scholars might still
have before their view the idea, which I have here stated, as a possible
or probable origin, from which the name of that illustrious Tribe among
the Celts may have been derived. In deliberating on this point we ought
not to forget, that the Cirmnerii are supposed to live in Darkness, which
might allude to the l^*^e/-» situation of this tribe. Gibelin, (Vol. I. 250.)
has referred the name Europe to the term 21i! WRAB, (which cor-
responds with Erebus,) as denoting the West. This origin for the word
376 B, F,P,V,W.| C, D, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ^ l,m,n,r.
is probable, yet perhaps Europe may be considered as quasi EvROpe,
where the form EVR would bring us to IsER-m. All this I suggest
as matter of meditation for future enquiries. There are often strange
coincidences in words derived from different origins.
In the same leaf of Wachter with Ost, Oster, &c. Oriens, I see
OsTERN, Pascha, the season of Easter, which the Venerable Bede has
referred to the Saxon Goddess Eostra. Wachter rejects this idea, and
calls the Goddess Frivola Dea, about whom all antiquity is silent, " silet
" tota retro antiquitas." If the name however of the Goddess Astarte
belongs to this Deity, as some suppose ; antiquity has not been regardless
of her glory. Wachter adds another reason for doubting the opinion
of Bede, which, being admitted as a general principle, would be most
fatal and deluding in the researches of the Antiquary and Etymologist. It
is not probable, as he imagines, that pious Christians should adopt a
name for so sacred a matter drawn from a profane source ; yet in the
same breath he relaxes in his principle, ("quamvis hac ratio non valde
" stringat,") when he remembers, that the early Divines in the Saxon
Church, by an unaccountable piece of indulgence, (" nescio qua in-
" dulgentia,") permitted Pagan names to exist for the Days of the Week.
The Antiquary, who wishes to succeed in his researches, must proceed
on a principle directly opposite, and suppose, that all around him is of
Pagan origin, that is, derived and continued from the most ancient
periods. Dr. Jamieson has discovered this weak place in the most
illustrious of our brethren, and he has added some valuable researches,
relating to the Goddess, and to the Season. (Vid. sub voce Pays.^ He
supposes, that the Element *S, as I should express it, relates to Love,
God, the Sun, &c. AsTar-Hita, Amor venereus, Astuin, Amasius,
and that his is a Goddess corresponding with Astarte, &c. If Dr.
Jamieson .will consider the Latin Msrus, he will perceive at once the
original, and the metaphorical idea. In AsTar-HiTa, we have the Heat,
or JEsTus of Love, where kindred terms are combined. The As^,
The Gods, Ooin, &c. who is called As, are the MuTuantes, The Furious
bemgs, the Wode, Ode personages. In the Scotch Ettyn, the giant.
Dr. Jamieson will again see Odin, and in the phrase "To Eassin,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 377
" To desire the ISIale," he must decide whether it denotes the animal
JEsTitans, ' amore,' that goes to Heat, as we express it, or whether
it belongs, as he thinks, to Esne, The Male, another Odex, or creature
* viribus ^stmows.' The great Goddess Isis, IS-IS, is quasi ^st-JEst-
us, Ooze-Ooze, the Goddess of the Oas-Is, as I have before observed.
If Dr. Jamicson will examine the Article Pfitigsten in Wachter he will
find, that this great Etymologist, to whose industry we are all so much
indebted, has again entangled himself in the same toils. Yet I seem
to perceive on some occasions, that similar scruples have seized on those
who propagate, and those who explain words, and that attempts have
been made to soften down a Pagan term into a word of a similar sound,
formed from a more Christian source.
Waste, Vasto, Void, WiDo^t', &c.
The terms Waste and Vasto, produced above, demand a fuller
explanation. The Etymologists have detailed the parallels to Waste
and Vasto in various Languages, Wust, Wusten, (Germ.) IVoest,
Woesten, (Belg.) Ost, Uiiostan, (Apud Francos,) Alstoo, Ahtoun,
(kia-Tou), Aia-Tovv,) Giiastare, Guafer, or Gatcr, (Ital. and Fr.) Giiaso,
(Welsh,) Sec. 8cc. To these belong Vacuus, Vacuo and Void, where
in Vacuus we perceive more strongly the idea of Spungy, Bog Matter.
Waist, The Middle, means the Hollow, Void Spot, and as applied
to the part of the frame, we are brought to the Greek ^-AsTer, (Taa-Ttjp,
Venter, Uterus.) Let us mark the explanatory term \5tekiis, under
the form "TR v\ith Uter, and compare these words with Outhak,
(Ovdap,') Udder, Euter, (Eng. and Germ.) Usfcra, (Ya-repct, Vulva,
Uterus,) and g-AsTcr, (raa-Tup,) and wc shall see, that they all belong
to each other, and to the form Udor, (Y^wp,) ^^'-Ater, w-Assek, &c.
The er in Veuter would lead us to think, that it was quasi Vetter,
and that it was directly attached to these words. The idea of the Waste,
Void part of any thing, when considered as of some extent, as when
3B
378 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
we speak of a Desert, brings us to Ykstus, Vast, from whence we pass
to a kindred term Wide, with its parallels Wide, Weit, Wild, &c.
(Sax. Germ. Belg.) &c. In Welsh Gwag, or as it is sometimes written
Wag, means, as Mr. Owen explains it, " A Void, a Ykcuum,'' &c. &c.
We are brought to the original idea of Vastms in the following applica-
tion, "Turbidus hie Coeno YxsTAqiie voragine gurges ^studt, atque
" omnem Cocyto eructat arenam." (^Virg. JE.n. VI. 296-7.) We see
in JEsTuat the same fundamental idea, applied to another turn of meaning.
From the term Void we pass to Vuide, or Vide, (Fr.) Viioto, (Ital.)
Yix>uus, ViDO, in c/iViDO, (Lat.) Wido/^', with the parallels Widiva,
(Sax.) civeddiv, (Welsh,) Jfeduwe, IVitwe, (Belg. Germ.) Vesve, (Fr. G.)
B'nida, (Span.) Vedoua, (Ital.) &c. &c. produced by the Etymologists.
In aVoiD we at once see Void and Vito, where we cannot separate
the Pudge Hollow, and the Vile Pudge matter. From Vito we pass
to Yirium. In the phrase "Void the Room," produced by the Ety-
mologists, we see the Hollow, or Empty place ; but in the phrase ' To
* Void rheum, spittle,' we see Void directly applied to the WATery
Foul matter, from which I suppose it to be derived. Under a similar
form to Yicium, we have Vicia, The Vetch, or Fetch, which I have
shewn to belong to the idea of ' Small Pieces of Dirt.' In Wachter
we have Widujji, which is explained by " Vitalitium Fiduce," and some
derive it from WiTwe, Yimm; though this Etymologist supposes, that
it is the same word, as Widum, Dos, the portion given by the Husband
to the Wife ; and that it is derived from Wetten, Conjugare, which
belongs to M^edding, as is shewn on another occasion. In the same
column I see WiDuen, Dicare, which Wachter refers to Widum,
" Dos Ecclesiae." In German Waise and Waisen, mean Orphanus
and Orbari, which Wachter has justly referred to YiDUus, &c. He
has justly seen likewise the kindred words, under the form GT, QT,
as Guith, Qweddw, (Welsh,) and he has produced moreover the English
Quit, from whence we may pass without effort to Quiet, and Quietus,
belonging to the same species of Soft Matter. Wachter understands
likewise, as others have done, that Vido in di-Yioo belongs to this
race of words Ywmis, &c. and that such is the origin of the Etruscan
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 379
word luvare, div-lDE7e, to which the term of the Calendar Ions belongs.
The Greek loios, (iSios,) is produced as a kindred word, which would
lead us to consider, whether the terms for Unity under the form *S, &c.
as Eis, (Ets,) &c. should not be classed among the same race of words.
Wachter produces the term Idis, sometimes written Itis, which he
explains by " Mulier solitaria et a consortio utriusque sexus separata,
" quales olim erant foeminae Esaeorum." This is a mystic term of great
dignity in the ancient Teutonic Dialects, corresponding with the Beafa,
the Devotee, the Recluse, &c. and it is applied in its highest application
to Elizabeth, the Mother of John, to Anna the Prophetess, and to the
Virgin Mary. — We might enquire, whether that Mystic personage,
called Atys, " a consortio utriusque sexus castratione separatus," be
not a perverted application of this word. We might ask, whether the
Es^i were not to be referred to the idea of the Solitary. Wachter
imagines, that the German pronoun Jeder is another of these terms.
Wachter has justly referred to Wusxew, iv-\]?,Ten, the Greek Aistoz<//,
(^Kkttovv, Delere,) and Guastare, Guaster, or Gater, (Ital. Fr.) Luther
has applied the German Wust, with great force and propriety, to the
Chaotic state of the Earth, and our translators have used Void, for
the same object, as terms corresponding with each of the two Hebrew
words, employed on this occasion, which belong to a different Element,
" Und die Erde war Wust und leer. And the Earth was without form
" and Void." The term Chaos means the Qwag, the Wag, or Bog.
It is the Cage in the French " Mare-Coge," The Bog; so that Mare-
Cage is Mire, or Mere-Quag, or the Quag-Mire in a different order.
In Greek too the Chaotic state is called the Bog, or «Byss, " And
" darkness was upon the face of the Deep,"' or aByss, (A/Syo-o-oi/.) —
The adjacent word to Void in Skinner is Vogue, belonging to \xgus,
&c. which I have shewn to be derived from the Vagues, or fVaves ;
and in the same column I see Vouch, which this Lexicographer refers
to the Norman Voucher, affirmare, or rather "citare in advocationem
" seu Auxilium, a Lat adVocare.'' The term VoucHsafe is supposed
to signify, that the Superior, in granting a request to his Client, warrants,
or Vouches for the safety, or secure possession of the thing promised.
3 B 2
380 B,F,P,V, W.| C,D,J, K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
The terms Voice, Vox may belong to the Race of words denoting
the Mouth, produced on the former occasion, as Bucca, &c. yet Voco
may be a term of Excitement, signifying * To Stir up,' &c. as in Vexo,
&c. In the same opening of my Dictionary, where Yxcuus occurs,
I see Vacillo, which 1 have shewn to belong to Boggle, Vagms ; —
Vagina, which means the Yacuus locus. The Hollow for the Sword,
as in the phrase, " Ense ebur Vacm?«m," which is ' Ense YAGina Yacuo,'
though these words are sometimes combined in another manner, as
" Gladius YAGind Yacuus T — Y Accinum, "A Blackberry," &c. where
the Vac may perhaps belong to Bacca, and Yxnum, where we are
brought to the spot, supposed in my hypothesis. In Irish Faigin is
" A Sheath, Scabbard," and in the same opening of Mr. Shaw's
Dictionary I see Fahdb, " A fault, a Widow ;" — Fadh, A Mole,
FADH^aw, A Mole, Hillock, FACHaiw, A Puffing, and in another place
we have Fas, " Empty, YAcant, Hollow," Fas ?m h aon Oich, A Mush-
room, which means likewise " Growing, increase," and which I have
before derived from the idea of the Swelling out of Pudge Matter;
and I see likewise as adjacent words Fasoc/?, "A desert Wilderness,"
Fiswe, "A wheal, pimple, measle," with various other terms produced
on a former occasion. In other places I see YASuicham, " To destroy,
" to lay Waste ;" — Feadhb, " A Widow, a fault, defect." In the same
page of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary with the latter word, we have Feadhan,
"Wild, Savage." Fead, "Timber, Woods,'' YzADH-chua, "Venison,
" An extent of Country," which brings us to the Teutonic terms
produced on a former occasion, WEioen, Venari, Wut, Ferus, Lignum,
&c. and I see moreover VEADCtn, " A pipe, reed, flute, a spout, hollow
" place, through which the wind eddies," which brings us to FisTu/a,
FiDi, Tissum, Fead, Whist/c, or Shrill noise, Fead, A bulrush, an Island,
Fathom, which conducts us to the Vad«w, The Pudge, Wash spot,
supposed in my hypothesis.
The English Odd is justly referred by the Etymologists to Oed,
(Belg.) Oed, Od, (Germ.) Desertus, Yacuus; and Wachter has properly
referred the German Oede, Ost, &c. to tu-VsTE, &c. We shall now
be reminded of the Greek Oigo, {Oiyco, Aperio,) which connects itself
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 381
with the Og in Ogkos, (Oy/cos, Tumor, Moles, massa, strues, Gleba
terrae,) where we have the SweU'nig up of Soft Earth. Hence too
we have Oomos, (Oy^uos, Sulcus,) The Raised Furrow. All the Greek
words, with which these terms are surrounded, belong to the same idea,
OiDCO, OiD7ion, OiDiiia, Ozos, {OiEew, Tumeo, OiBvov, Tumor Terrae,
Oidna, Unda, fluctus, maris, .^stus, 0^09, Nodus arboris, Ramus,)
signifying To Sivell up, — The Swelling AV^ATtr, &c. Oiax, (Oia^,
proprie Clavus, Gubernaculum,) belonging to Echo, Ischo, (E^w, \cryja,)
which contain the idea expressed by Ixos, (I^os, Visciun,) or v-lscoiis
Matter, and Ozo, (O^w, Oleo, Foeteo,^ in Latin Ooor, &c. which belong
to the idea of the Foul smell, of the vapour, or exhalation, which Oozes,
or Issues from Ooze Matter. — Q\7.us, On.iiros, iOi^vs, yRrumna, Miseria,
OiXvpo's, ^rumnosus,) Ouune, (Olwn, Dolor,) Ouusso, (02yo-o-w,
Irascor,) derived from the idea of Agitation, or Disturbance, OnuRomai,
(OSvpofxai, Fleo,) To Weep, where we have the form Udor, (Y^wp,')
Water, and Odos, (OSos, Via,) The Fia, Way, Weg, &c. &c. —
In Greek Ozotheke, (0^odt]Kri,^ is Oletum, Cloaca, which brings us to
the true idea, and here let us mark Oletum and Oleo, which connect
themselves with Olea, Oil, &c. All these words ultimately belong to
Uligo, Ulva, (Lat.) Ilus, Elos, (lAv?, Limus, EAos, Palus.) The term
OiTOS, (OtTos, .^rumna, calamitas, &c.) denotes Calamity, Destruction,
and the metaphor, from which it is derived, will be manifest from terms
in the same column of Hederic's Vocabulary, Oisxro^, (Oia-rpos, OEstrus,
tabanus, asilus. Furor, insania, Irritatio, Cupiditas vehemens,) the
strongest term for Agitation, Irritation, &c. Oistos, (Oitrros, Sagitta,)
and Oisua, {Oia-va, Salix.) The origin of OisTros, (Oto-Tjoos,) from
Oozy, v-lscous Matter, will not surprize us, when we learn, that it is
used with Chrio, (^Xpiw, Ungo,) which actually signifies To Smear,
or Grease over, as with Sticky matter, and then To Stick into, " Xpiei
*' Tts av fxe rav raXaivav OicTTpo^.'' (^Prometh. 583.)
Wetzen in German is another term of Agitation, and means
" Acuere, instigare, incitare, acriter impellere," as Wachter explains it,
to which he has produced as parallels, Whet, (Eng.) Hwettia, Hwcessa,
(Swed.) Hwcttan (Sax.) &c. &c. It is impossible not to acknowledge
383 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Y,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
that Whet, the term of Excitement, belongs to the Wet, Watery
Matter. The term Wass means " Mucro, adjective Acutiis" and it is
referred by Wachter to Wetzcw ; yet he sees no relation between these
terms and the words for Water, though Wass occurs in the same
column of his Lexicon, with Wasser, Aqua, and Wase, " Coenum,
" Lutum." This Etymologist has however justly referred Wetzen and
Wass, &c. to a series of Greek and Latin words, denoting what is Sharp,
as Acer, Acutus, Acuo, &c. (Lat.) Ox//s, Oxiino, (O^f?, O^yi/w,) and
it is impossible, I think, for us to doubt, that the terms for What is
Whettcy/ up. Stirred up, or Excited, what is Sharpened up, — What is
Sharp, or Sharp-pointed, — What Cutts, &c. &c. belong to the idea
of Excitement, as existing in Ooze, Aquo, &c. ?i;-ET, w-Ash Matter,
in a state of Aoitation, as Hack, Hash, Hatchc^, Ax, Hough, &c. &c.
which I have examined in a former work, {Etym. Univers. Vol. L
p. 652, &c.) and which I there refer to the Ground in a state of
Agitation. I now differ in nothing from my conceptions detailed on
that occasion, but by supposing, that the Agitated Ground, or Dirt,
more particularly relates in its original idea, to Dirt in a Washi/, or
Oozy, iv-Et state, as in tv-As¥. Coenum, Lutum.
When we consider this idea of Washy Dirt, if I may so say, as
the original and prevailing notion ; it will shew us more distinctly and
unequivocally the state of the question. It will at once unfold to us,
how Races of words are connected, which under another point of view
do not exhibit such striking marks of affinity, and it will suggest to us,
on many occasions, whence that peculiar turn of meaning in certain
terms is derived, from which they have their force and spirit under their
various applications. We may observe in general, that terms denoting
the action of Sharpening up. Hacking, Cutting, are derived from the idea
of Wash, Slip-Slop Matter, easily Separated, Loosened into various
parts, Pashed about. Stirred up. Excited, Agitated, &c. The idea of
Cutting, of Sharp pointed Instruments, or of making an Impression
upon any thing by the action of Gashing, Cutting, Sticking is connected
through the whole compass of Language with that of Wash, v-\scous
Matter, at once easily Separated, or Stirred up, — Compressed, or Squeesed,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 383
and Compresshig, or Squeesing. The terms Gash and Squeese alike
belong to sQuash Matter, easily Squasfid, Gushing, or Gushed about,
if I may so say, and likewise having the power of Compression. The
action of Squeesing is generally for the purpose of Squashing, or Sepa-
rating. We see how the terms Stick, Sticky connect themselves with
the idea of Sticking together, to, out, in, into, &c. and I shew in another
place, that Pash, Push, Poke, Fix, inYix, belong to Pash, or Pudge
Matter. In Figo, inFix, we at once actually see the idea of Sticking
together, and of Sticking into, and we perceive, how from hence we
pass directly to Sharp Pointed Instruments able to Stick into. Where-
ever we direct our attention, we come to the same species of Matter,
producing the same train of ideas; whatever may be our mode of
representing the connection in particular cases, according as the terms
may seem to belong to the different qualities of that species of Matter,
conceived under different actions, and in different points of view. These
observations will fully shew us, how Hack, Hash, Hatchet, &c.
(English,) Acuo, (Lat.) with their kindred terms expressing the action
of Cutting, &c. belong to Ooze, Kaua, Wet, W\Ter, &c. &c. We
see how Cleave, To Divide, and to Stick, belongs to Slimy, Clammy
matter, under its two properties in different states of being easily
Separated, and of Sticking together ; and Sliver belongs to Slaver, Slip,
Slop matter, from its property of Slipping about, Parting, Separating,
&c. In Dutch and German the two words Slypen and Schleifen
respectively mean, as my Lexicographers explain them, "To Whet,
" to Sharpen, and to make Sharp," and "To Whet, grind, set an Edge,
" furbish, brighten, polish." The German word likewise means, "To
" drag, trail, or train," that is. To Slip about, and the Dutch phrase
Straat-Slyper means a lazy fellow, that goes up and down, or Slips
about the Streets. Both these terms occur in the same page of their
respective Dictionaries, with Slym and Schleim, corresponding to our
English Slime. Wachter has justly referred the German word Schleifen
to the Greek and Latin Glufo, (TXvcpw,) and Lcevo ; and he might have
added Lima, The File, Litno, To File off, Limpidus, &c. where we
cannot help seeing, how Limo connects itself with Limus, by some
384 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
process. The first passage under Limo, produced by R, Ainsworth^
is, " In arbores Exacuunt, himantque, cornua Elephanti," where we
may observe, that, according to my conceptions, Actio belongs to
w-Y/Tzen, w-Ash, ^^^-AsE, by the same, or a similar process to that,^
under which Limo, in the sense of Actio, is connected with Lhmis.
Again let us mark the Ex in Ex-Acwmw^, which I refer to the same
source, as Actio, and which we see co-operates with the force of Ac
in Actio in strengthening the idea. The Greek verb Askeo directly
belongs to this race of words, and we shall hence see, why it has some-
times been explained by Polio, (Ao-Kew, Colo, exerceo, percolo, meditor.
Polio.) The proper sense of Askein, Ao-kciv, is To Wet, Wetzen,
To Sharpen, Polish, or JFbtk any thing tip, and then To Practice, or
Perform any thing in a Worked up, elaborate state or manner. Hence
it is applied to Action, in its more excited and intensive state, that is,
to Practise and Exetxise, in opposition to any action done without
continued practise, — Siooi^e? et; HcrKtja-av, scl. Pocula, &c. — Ep/nii-
AcrKy](Ta^, E^i/s' AcKricra^, &c. Sec. Aa-Keiv Te-^vt]v, apernv, Xoyovs, Sec.
Aa-KrjTti^, Ad\t]T>i^, &c. When AsKeo is joined with ^Xuo, ''Xeo, &c.
(Hi/w, Heo), Scalpo, Polio, &c.) it meets with kindred words, (Kai tu
fjiev Aa-Ktja-as Kepao^oo's tjpape tektwi/.^ We shall agree, that Askeo,
(Ao-zcew,) To Whet up, is the verb belonging to Askos, (Ao-kos, Uter,)
and we have only to determine the precise idea, by which they are
connected. The original sense of Askos, (Ao-/cos, Pellis, Uter,) seems
to be that of Pellis, The Skiti, and next the Bottle made of a Skin.
The sense of the Skin is derived from the sense of Scalpo, To Scalp,
or Tear off: I shall shew% that Pellis, Peel, and Polio, belong to each
other for the same reason, and ultimately to Pelos, {UriXos, Limus.)
If the first sense annexed to Asko5, (Ao-ko?,) had been that of the Bottle,
or Bag, I should have imagined, that the original idea was To Swell,
or Rise, as in Jmpiilla, where the Pitl still ultimately belongs to Pelos,
(n^Aos.)
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 385
Wick, Wich, &c. belonging to the names of Towns.
I have found it necessary to introduce in various parts of my Work
the term Wick, Wich, &c. existing in the names of Towns, as in
ff^arWiCK, iVbrWicH, &c. and I have shewn, that this term reverts
to its genuine idea, when it is applied to Towns by the Wxrer side,
as BerWicK upon Tweed, IpsWicu, &c. I have compared w-Ich
with the OcHTH, Akt and Aig in the Greek terms Ochthos, Ochthe,
Arte, Aioialos (Ox^o^, Ripa, Littus, Terras tumulus, coUis, Labra
ulcerum preetumida, Ox6f], Littus, Ripa, Aktt], Littus, Sambucus, Farina,
AiytaXo^, Littus :) To these we might add Os, Ost/w?«, which are taken
in their original sense, when they denote "The Mouth, or Haven of
a River.'' To Wick belong likewise Fagus and Vicus. Wachter after
having explained Wik, or Wig by " Arx, turris, propugnaculum ; —
" Oppidum, Vicus, villa, multorum secura mansio; — Monasterium,"
produces as another sense of the word, " Sinus Maris vel fluminis,"
where we have the original idea of a Recess, or Hollow, or of Ooze,
Wash, or Pudge Matter. Whence it had the sense of a Town, as
connected with this idea, whether secondary, or original, I must leave
the reader to decide; as I have performed my duty by bringing the
word to its original Spot, according to my hypothesis. To determine
this connexion is equally the business of the Lexicographer, whose duty
it is to discover the intermediate idea, by which one sense is allied to
another. We may observe in general, that the sense of flolding, or
the Hold is derived from different modes of conceiving the same species
of Pudge Matter, either as being of a Viscous, Tenacious nature, able
to Hold; or as belonging to Holes and Hollows, capable of containing,
which sense of Holes or Hollows is attached to Pudge, Spungy matter,
separating into Y Acuities, into which people Sink, or as being in the
Lotv, Depressed, Hollow spot in point of situation. We must remember
too, that Towns were commonly placed by the water side, for the
advantages of Drink, FertiliUj, &c. and thus both from the original
3C
386 B,F,P,V,W.} C,D,G,K,J, Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Etymological idea, annexed to Yicus, Wich, Wick, &c. and likewise
from custom, such terms are more frequently found to be applied to
places by the IFater-Side, as in Ips-Wicu, Green-WicH, &c. I shall
shew, that the word Town, with its great race of parallels, belongs
to the Element TN, under a similar union of ideas, and that Holm in
the names of Towns, is attached to the Hole, Hollow, &c. by a similar
process. In the same opening of Wachter, where Hole, Cavitas, Holen,
Cavare, Holen, Capere, i. e. To Hold, Holle, Tartarus, or Hell, occur,
we find likewise Holm, "Locus aqua circumfluus," as this writer
explains it, who observes moreover, that it means in Anglo-Saxon,
" Insula Amnica, et planities herbida aquis circumfusa," though he sees
no relation between it, and the terms, with which it is surrounded.
Hence we have the name Stock-Ho/w, and hence, says Wachter,
is the name of XJlm on the Danube. Our familiar surname Holmes is
derived from this origin. In German Wick is equally common, as in
English, for the names of Towns, and to this, says Wachter, we must
refer the term Bnins-Yicmn, Bruns-WicK, Brunonis oppidum. If
Brun means the JFell in this name, the Wick will bear its more original
sense. In Baiti-WicK, Candle-WicK Ward, we have the Secured,
Separated Spots, or Divisions of a similar kind, and in the Dutch Wyk,
" A Retreat, refuge," and " A Ward, quarter, Parish," we have the
same term. The verb to this substantive is Wykcw, "To retreat, with-
" draw, depart, to give way," where we pass into the sense of Wzichen
and EiKei«, (Eikciv, Cedere.) We might here ask, whether the term,
which we hear for an Indian Village, Wig- JFam be not of Teutonic
origin ; where the Wig might belong to the words before us, and the
Wam might denote the same as Ham in our names for Towns, as
Notting-Ha/w, and the spot, where I am now writing these dis-
cussions, Harding-iiaw. The Welsh however affords probably the
original combination from Gwig and Gwam, similar to Jrick and Ham.
Among other senses of Wik, the Hold, is that, as we have seen, of
Monasterium, The Sacred, or Guarded Hold of the Cloisier, as it is
called. Wachter suggests, that if the word comes from IVeichen, Cedere,
then "Monasterium est secessus, nee hoc tantum, sed etiam asylum.
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE. BOTTOM, &c. 387
" et sacrum refugium." I wonder that this sense of a Sacred Hold,
or Sanctuary, as we should say, did not direct our Etymologist to the
German JFeilie, Sanctus, Sacer, under which he produces WiG-bed,
Altare ; and here we are told, that Wig signifies Templum. I ought to
note however the combination Jfei-IVasser, and the sense of IVeihen,
" Lustrare, mundare, purgare," from whence we might suppose, that
Jfei was quasi Wej, relating to WATfr, the great Cleanser, or Purifier.
Wachter compares the Greek Agios, (Ajlos, Sanctus,) with this German
word. I ought moreover to observe, that the form G denotes Fire,
from the same idea of Commotion, and we know, that Fire is another
great Purifier. I must add too, that in Aoion, (^Ajiov, Sanctuarium,)
we seem to be brought to the idea of the Sacred Hold, and in the Comic
application of the verb, we see the same idea, Taud' tiyt^eu ets a-uKTav
riva, (Arisfoph. Pint. 68 1 .) where the Priest is described as going round
the altars; and if he found any cakes left, says the Poet, "He secured
" them in the Sanctuary of his sack." Thus it is difficult to decide
on the precise idea annexed to the term Agios, (Aytos.) Under the
form Agg ATT in Greek we have Aggos, (A770S, Fas,^ which will
bring us to Agkos, (A7K0S, Vallis,) where we have the sense of iv-lv;.,
" Sinus, vel profundus locus." Wachter justly refers JVeihe to Weich,
Sanctus, as the original form, which means likewise " Mollis," and
" Civitas, multorum secura mansio." In Gothic Weiha, Weihs is
Sanctus, Sacer, IVehs, Weihs, Viciis, castellum, and in the preceding
column of Lye's Dictionary I see Wegs, motus, fluctuatio.
In Scotch Weik, or Week denotes "A Corner, or Angle." — The
" Weiks of the Month, The Week of the Ee," where Weik signifies
The Brinks of a Hollow, as in Ochthe, Akte, (PxQti, Aktij, Ripa,
Littus.) Dr. Jamieson has justly referred this word to Wik, (Su. Goth.)
Oegen Wik, and he adds, as follows. " Perhaps Hoek, Angulus, is
" radically the same. The terms, in different Languages, originally
" denoting any Angle or Corner, have been particularly applied to those
" formed by Water. A. S. IFick, the Curving Beach of a River ; Teut.
" fFijk, id. Su. G. JFik, Isl. Fih, a Bay of the Sea ; whence Pirates
" were called Viking-ur, because they generally lurked in places of this
3 c 2
388
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
" description." He moreover justly refers Wick in the names of Towns
to these words. Let us first mark the word Vihingur, from whence
perhaps the term Bucancer has been taken, yet this is not a decided
point, and I have referred it to a different origin in another place. Let
us mark the terms Bay and Beach, which convey precisely the same
idea as Wic. Dr. Jamieson is right in conjecturing, that Hoeck, the
Angle, is radically the same, as Weik, &c. but he has not seen, that the
Agg, or Ang, in Angle, is a kindred Radical form. Let us note the Oeg
in Oegen JVih, and we shall perhaps now be of opinion, that Oeg with
its kindred terms Eye, Oculus, &c. denotes the same as Hoeck, z^-Ik,
the HoUoiu. We shall now understand the force of the word Hecke,
as it is adopted in the Poems attributed to Rowley, in reference to a
Nook in a stream. {Roivleys Poems, Edit. Milles, p. 434.)
" Stronge ynn faithfullnesse, he trodde
Overr the Waterrs lyke a Godde,
Till he gaynde the distant Hecke."
Thenii the foiilke a brydge dydd make
Overr the streme uiiloe the Hecke."
My German Lexicographer under Ecke has the following explanation,
" Eine land Ecke, so sie in die see erstrecket, A point of Land, a cape,
" a promontory, a foreland. Ecken an den strovien, Corners, or Windings
" of Rivers." We here unequivocally see, that Rowley has applied
Hecke most accurately in its appropriate sense of something belonging
to the Banks of a Stream, whatever may be its precise turn of meaning,
as connected with the original idea. The interpretation of the German
word is directed to the sense, which Ecke has of what we call by a
kindred term, the Edge, Point, Extremity of any thing. When ideas
run into each other, it is impossible, or rather it is an idle attempt, to
disentangle them. I have shewn, that the sense of ' What is Shwpened
' up, — What is Sharp Pointed, of WuETring up, or of What is WHETxet^
' up,' is derived from that of Wet, or Wash Matter, in a state of Excite-
ment. Under another mode of considering the same Spot, the idea of
the Edge, or the Top, brings us still to the Hole, or Hollow of the Low
Wet, Pudge Spot, just as VASTigium signifies the Top, or Bottom,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 389
Height, or Depth of the Fossa ; as the Vaulted Roof relates to the Vault,
or Low Spot, as Lacunaria, belongs to the Lacuna, because the Con-
cavity, or a Hollow implies likewise Convexity, and as Angulus, the
containing Recess, supposes likewise the Salient Angle, as it is called,
or Projecting Point. Thus we see, how Hoek, the Recess, or Hollow
of Ooze Matter, the w-lcvi, the Bay, &c. the YiooKing in part, may
belong to the Edge, the Projecting Part, and how these ideas may be
sometimes so involved with each other, that we know not how to
separate them. Whatever mode we may adopt in conceiving the matter,
the fact of the Hook, Hank, Angle, dec. belonging to the Swelling
Ooze Matter, is unequivocal in the Greek Ogkos, or Onkos, (OyKos,
Tumor, Moles, Massa, strues, gleba terree. Uncus, &c. &c.) and Ogke,
or Onke, (OyKij, Angulus, seu Uncus, Magnitude, &c.)
Terms under the forms ^G, *K, &c. *GG, *GK, or ^NG, ^NK, &c.
denoting ' What Holds, Conjines, Constringes,' &c. as Hook, Hank,
&c. &c. &c.
The train of ideas, which I have above unfolded, and which I now
propose, as the last result of my researches on this Race of words, will
bring us to the terms under the form "G, ''GG, or ■'NG, "NC, which
express what Hooks or Hanks in. Holds, Conjines, Constringcs, Nips,
Pinches, Gripes, Grieves, Annoys, &c. These words, I imagine, are all
derived from Pudge, Bog Matter; or as we may represent such words,
when the vowel-breathing becomes weak p-VoGE, b-Oc, v-lscous,f-lxijig-
in. Oozy, ?t'-AsH«/ Matter, considered simply as Oozy, t'TscoMS, or Tenacious,
Matter, capable of admitting and making Impressions, or as Tenacious
Matter, in a Hole, Pit, w-Ick, &c. &c. in various states of Action,
Agitation, Commotion, &c. &c. We see how the form ^GG, as in Greek
rr, or FK, GR brings us to the form -"NG, 'NC, &c. Aggos, or Angos,
AcKai, or ANKai, (A770S, Vas quodlibct, ut dolium, Ajkui, Ulnae,)
and thus we understand, how Hook and Hank may belong to each
other. Among the words, under these two forms expressing the train
390 B,F,P,V, W.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
of ideas above unfolded, we must class the following. Hook, Hug,
Heck, \i\sp, Hatch, (The Catch of the Door,) Hitch, (To Hitch on,
To Hitch about, where we see at once Tenacity and Motmi,^ Hack,
Hough, Ax, &c. Pick-Ax, &c. Matf-OcK, the Mud-Ax, where we
perceive combined the two ideas of Sticking info, or Impression on an
object, and the Loosening, or Separation of Parts belonging to the action
of Gashing into a thing, when referred to Gash Matter, if I may so
say ; — Heck, Heckle, To fasten by means of a Hook, To Dress Flax,
by HACKing, Catching, or Twitching upon its surface. Hatch Eggs,
i. e. to Hack Eggs. — Echo, Isko, Ago, (E^w, lorx<^> Ayw, Duco,
Frango,) Ago, (Lat.) where we have terms expressing Tenacity,
and viscosity, and likewise Separation of Parts with Commotion,
w-AoGing, &c. — Agos, (A70S, Cubitus,) Ag-Osto5, (^Ayoa-ro^, Interior
pars manus, Vola,) Agka;/, AGKon, AGKoine, Agk-Ist/'o«, AoKa/e,
AgkuIc, AgguIc, AgkkIos, AgkIos, AgkIcuo, Ankoz, Ankos, ANKo/ne,
A^Kale, Ankm/c, ANG?i/e, AnkuIos, A^kIos, Ank/cwo, (^AyKai, Ulnae,
AyKwv, Cubitus, Quaelibet curvatura, AyKoivri, Ulna, AyKicrrpou,
Hamus, Uncm*, quilibet, AyKuXtj, Ulna, AyKuXrj, Jaculi genus, Cur-
vatura cubiti, Ayyi/Av, Lorum, AyKvXvs, Curvus, adlJNCus, A7KA0S,
pro A7K1/A0S, AyKXevu), Servo,) Aggo5, or Angos, (A770S, Vas
quodlibet,) Vv'here in t^-As, we have a word under the form VS, v-S ;
Agkos, or Ankos, (A7KOS, Vallis,) where we have the Low, and often
Watery Spot, or e^'-IcK : — AGKalpis, or ANKa/pfs, (^AyKuXTri?, Prae-
cipitium,) Ogke, or Onkc, (OyKri, Angulus, seu Uncus ;^ — Ogkos, or
Onkos, (O7/C0S, Tumor, Moles, massa, strues, gleba terrae, Vncus, Pondus,
Onus,) where in Gleba Terrce, we see the original idea of Consistent,
v-lscous Matter, or a Mass, or Lump of Dirt ; and let us note, how in
the form Ogk of Ogkos, denoting Pondus, we are brought to Weigh,
Weight, &c. and how under that of On, we come to the Latin Onms. —
AGKura, or A^Kura, {AyKupa,) Amcaora, ANcnor, (Lat. Eng.) EgchcIus,
or ENGCHe/;<s, {EyxeXvs, A^Guilla, An-Agkc, or An-Ankc, Ai/ayKt],
Necessitas,) where we mark the kindred Nee, quasi Anek in 'Nzcessitas,
O^ux, (Ovv'^,^ VNGuis, (Lat.) O^gIcs, (Fr.) which form "NGL brings
us to Nails, or Naiglc*; — Uncms, Ang-Ustws, which is the same form
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 391
as Ag-Osto5, (Ayoo-Tos,) A^Gidus, ANG?m, &c. &c. — Hank, HANKcr,
Hinge, Hand, Hent, (To Seize, Hold,) And, (The Conjunctive of
Coupling, or HANKing.') — Hound, Hunt, Handle, Ansa, Ensz's, Egchos,
Encho5, (£7^09, Hasta,) ENxea, (Ei^rea,) What a person Holds, or
what Holds him In, En folds him, What is On him. — To Haunt
a place. To frequent a place, as to appear Hank'd to it. — Ungo, An-
OiNT, &c. where we see the original idea of Sticky smear Matter ; and
we note in An with its kindred terms On, how these particles may be
derived from this species of Matter, quasi Ogg, 0/ig, On, &c. — Egkata,
or ENKflto, ENTcra, (EjKara, Evrepa, ENTrails, iNTestitws, Spl-
AGchnon, or Spl^A^scH7^on, (^irXa'yxvov , v-\scus,^ Spel-VNca, Antr,
on, um, (^Avrpov, Antrum,) Eggus, Aoc^i, or Engms, AncM, Echomenos,
(£77119, A7;(;i, Prope, E^ofxevo^, £771/9, Suid, Adhaerens, Conjunctus,
Vicinus,) Agos, Wng, (Welsh,) Near, -"Nigh, ■'NeighZ/ow;-, *Next,
NGS/i, ti'Ji " To be close to, confined by, or In. To Straiten, oppress,
" Squeeze," &c. says Mr. Parkhurst, NiGGarJ, (Eng.) of a Griping,
Atd, or Nature, where the breathing before the N is lost and inserted
between the two Consonants : — Isle, Island, InsuIu, " A Land Closed
" In, or Environed with the Sea," &c. as Robert Ainsworth explains it ;
Innis, (Celt.) "Nesos, (Nj/o-os,) &c. &c. where we are brought directly
to the original idea of Water, whatever we may think of the secondary
sense, which it may bear of an Enclosure. — These terms will be fully
sufficient for the purpose of shewing us, how such various forms, M'hich
appear in many cases so remote from each other, may all ultimately
be referred to the same form, and to the same fundamental idea.
The Terms Vidco, Wise, &c. &c. considered.
I have supposed on a former occasion, that such Terms as the
following are to be referred to the Plastic nature of Pudge, or y-IscoM«
Matter, under the idea of Form, Shape, &c. &c. ViDeo, with its parallels
(Lat.) EiDo, (£iSw,) loea, (Eng.) \x>ol, (Eng.) Eivolon, {EilwXov, Idolum,
392
B,F,P,V,W.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Simulacrum,) Indalma, (IvSaXfjia, Simulacrum, Species,) Isemi, (Ic/jjut,
Scio,) EiKO, (EiKw, Similis sum, Cedo,) which I have before compared
with the English Wkak, and the German Weiche, and in which we
unequivocally see the idea of Soft fielding Matter; — Phiz, (Eng.)
Visage, (Eng,) with its parallels Vis a Vis, (Fr.) Plso, Visaggio (Ital.)
&c. Yisard, (Eng.) Visiere, Visiera, &c. (Fr. Ital. &c. ;) — f/eViCE,
</eViSE, adVis^, &c. (Eng.) — Vice, The fantastic Figure of our ancient
Farces; — Wise, as in A^o-Wise, OMer- Wise, No Form, JFay, &c. —
Guise, (Eng. and Fr.) Giiisa, (Ital.) Guiscards, (Ital.) people dis-
Guised in Visards, &c. — Quiz, (Cant Word,) — Wise, Wit, Witty,
Wist, Wote, (Eng.) with their parallels in various Languages, JFis,
(Sax.) JVeise, IFissen, (Germ.) Wits, (Dan.) &c. &c. to which we
must add Witness, Witch, Wizzard, (Eng.) &c. Wnega, (Sax.)
Propheta. These words relate to the notion, which I have supposed ;
yet we shall see, how some of them are attached to words, which belong
to the idea of Agitation, Commotion, &c. These ideas are in many cases
inseparably involved with each other. I might state my hypothesis
by observing, that these Terms expressing Form, Appearance, Sight,
Knowledge, are derived from the Pliant, Plastic nature of Oozy, v-Iscous
matter, which is readily or easily moved. Stirred about, together, &c.
which quickly, or readily gives way, so as to receive, or admit of Form,
and hence it relates to that Quick, Pliant, or Ready Faculty of the Mind,
able to Form images to c^eVisE, Invent, &c. or to the Quick Powers
of the Imagination, as we express it. In the same manner we see, that
the term Imagination belongs to Image, which I shall shew to be
derived from the Plastic Matter of Mud. That the Greek words relating to
Sight are connected with the notion of Ooze Matter, under some process,
is evident from the following terms, which are directly attached to
these words, and which actually relate to this species of Matter, as Idos,
(iSos, Sudor,) and Idal?wos, (IdaXi/mo^, .^stuosus, sudorem ciens,
Speciosus.) I have shewn, that the Italian Guisa, Manner, connects
itself with Guizzare, To Swim, frisk, row, and Witz, in German, not
only means " Acumen ingenii," but likewise " Protinus, Ocius," as Wachter
explains it, who has referred it to the French Vite, and the German
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 393
WfiTzen, Incitare, to IVhet up, which directly brings us to Wet,
W\Tery Matter. Here let us note the Latin Ocius, and remember the
Greek Okws, (fl/cys, Citus.) Witch occurs in Skinner in the same page
with Wise, Wit, &c. and he justly considers among the terms
produced, W iseqAc/' to be quasi Wiis-SeggAer, the W\?,z-Sayer.
'J'he next word is Wish, in Saxon Wiscia/z, though it appears in other
Dialects under the form WN, as JViinschen, &c. Meric Casaubon derives
it from EucHo/wai, (Ei/;^ojuat,) and they alike refer to the idea of Rising,
or Swelling up, Agitation, &c. as with Desire, &c. In EucHowai,
(EvxojJLai, Precor, Glorior, jacto,) andAucneo, Aucnew, (Ai(;)^€ft), Glorior,
hvx^v, Cervix,) we have the same idea of Swelling up; but in Kvscnmos,
(Ai/;^juos, Siccitas ex -^stu vehementi ; — Squalor, Situs, Pcedor, Illuvies,^
we directly see the idea of Foul Ooze Matter. In German Wicker
is " Divinator," as Wachter explains it, who has seen, that it belongs
to Wicce, Saga, WiGLiaw, Hariolari, and the Latin Augur, quasi
Wager, and he records the barbarous Latin words Yeguis, Divinator,
and YEGiafura, Pretium indicincc. He explains WicHEL-i^oo^e, Virga
Divinatoria ; where I must note, tliat if I had seen this combination
alone, I should have supposed, that Wichel in this application had
belonged to Waggle, as the motion of the Rod is, I believe, a part of
its operation. Wachter explains Wigole Fugeles by Oscines aves ;
where let us note the Latin word Oscen, which may be derived from
Os and Cano, as the Etymologists imagine. We may consider however,
whether Oscen does not belong to WiTCHEN-c/fl/if. If it be really of
a Latin origin, I should rather think, that the Os and Aus in Oscen
and ^Mspicium belonged alike to Avis, and that the distinction between
the two consisted in Cano and Specio as alluding to observations, by
Singing, or Flying. The form Witchen, and the Infinitive form of
the verb belonging to Wise, Witch, &c. as Wissen, Wiccian, cannot
but remind us of the terms Baskaino, (^Baa-Kaiuw,) and Fascino;
and we shall be led to imagine, that they all belong to each other.
I have suggested however in other places different ideas ; yet I seem
to be most satisfied with the origin, which I have here exhibited, ll
is not often that I have occasion to make different conjectures on the
.3 i)
394 B,F,P,V,W.^ C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
source of the same word; yet I think, when we know that in Saxon, &c.
WicciAN, &c. means to he-ffitch, we cannot doubt, that the Fascin
in Fascino belongs to it. In Scotch WYss-/iFi/e means A Wise,
Witch IVife, or tVoman, where Dr. Jamieson has duly produced the
parallel terms belonging to this train of ideas, as Wissen Frauen,
(Germ.) &c. &c. — Vit, Vaet, (Isl.) Knowledge, A Witch. The form
Vaet will remind us of the Latin Y atcs, and the Hindoo Vedas, and to
the same source we should probably refer another Latin word VkTum.
These observations will sufficiently illustrate the relation, which the
Race of words, under the form B, F, P, V, W. \ C, D, G, K, Q, S, T, X, Z,
has with the Terms, which appear under different forms, when the
sound of the Labials B, F, P, V, W, becomes weak, or when it is con-
nected with the Guttural sound G, Q, &c. I shall examine in a separate
Part of my work the Race of words, where the other Labial M is the
first letter of the Radical, and a Letter in the order of Letters C, D, &c.
the second, in which Race the term Mud may be adopted as the leading-
term. The Races of words under the form '*C, "D, &c. which Ooze,
Aaua, &c. &c. may represent, and under that of SC, SD, SG, &c. where
the term Squash may be adopted as a representative term, will afford
us an abundant theme of future discussion. We at once see, how
separate and remote these forms appear to us under the first view ;
yet we have unequivocally understood, how connected they are on many
occasions, and how they pass into each other by a simple and easy process,
without confounding those characters of distinction, by which they
perform the part of separate and peculiar Radicals. I shall conclude
these discussions by an observation which I made, when I delineated
the first sketches of this Etymological System : — " As we advance
" forward in these speculations, we shall be enabled more fully to under-
'« stand and admire the secret workings of that productive, though
" controuling principle, which in the formation of Language still con-
" tinues to multiply, to mark and to separate those changing forms;
" as they pass with rapid progress through all their varieties of symbol,
" of sound and of meaning. Order and uniformity, those products of
" design and meditation, appear here to be prompted without thought,
BOG, PASH, PEAT, PUDDLE, PIT, BASE, BOTTOM, &c. 39ft
" and compleated without contrivance. Here only, as it should seem,
" the effect corresponds not with the cause ; nor does the end accord
" with the origin. We behold an ample and a stately fabric, fulfilling
"the most important purpose, and furnished with every convenience;
" by which that purpose can be promoted. We admire at once the
" beauty of the whole; and we may learn duly to appreciate the pro-
" portions and the symmetry of its parts. Still however we find in its
" formation no artist to devise, no rule to guide, and no plan to regulate.
" The agents in this extraordinary work appear not to co-operate in
" design ; nor are they conscious of the nature, the extent or the beauty
" of that fabric, which they are labouring with such activity and effect
" to raise and to compleat. All seems to be the fortunate product of
" unmeaning chance ; the successful effort of blind and brutish materials.
" But these are maxims, which are equally abhorrent from the Philosophy
" of Language, and the Laws of Nature. The Cause must correspond
" with the effect; and a system of arrangement must ever be referred
" to a principle of order. Apparent chance is invisible direction ; and
" the secret influence of some potent energy will be still found to pre-
" dominate in the work, inspiring the purpose and conducting to the
" end. — It is Mind, mingling with the mass, or rather pervading and
" directing its operations, which informs, disposes, and animates the
" whole."
Spiritus intus alit, totamque infusa per artus
Mens agitat molem ; et niagno se corpora iniscet.
3 D 2
fVords under the form
M. I C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.] I, m, n, r.
(That is, Words having the Labial M for the first Consonant, and
C, D, 8ic. for the second, with /, m, Sic. sometimes aimexed for the thiid,)
are to be referred, directly or remotely.
To the idea, represented by our familiar and expressive term,
MUD.
398
General View of the senses attached to tlie Elementary Character
M\ C, D, &c.
This Matter of Mud may be considered under various points of view,
belonging to its various states, and regarded either materially or meta-
phorically, as being in a IVatery, Moist, Mashy, Dissolved state, or
as Dirt, Filth, in general ; — The Earth, Ground, as What is Foul; as
being Soft, Swelling up, as being stirred up, as in a Mingled, Confused,
Embarrassed state, as affording Mashes, Messes, or Compositions ; as being
in a Broken, Minute, Mutilated state ; as being in a Mass, or Heap of
some Magnitude: as being in a state of Consistency, or in a Made up,
Regidated, Formed state ; as being of a Plastic nature, and capable of
being Kneaded up into Forms and Shapes, or as Matter supplying Form
and Existence. — When the Matter of Mud is considered, under these
points of view, we may conceive a Race of words to exist, such as the
following, which will serve to represent the various senses of this
Elementary Character MD ; MUD, Muck, To Mute : Matter ; Mother,
(The thick scum of Wine, &c. or The Foul Matter, and the Pro-
ducing Matter ;) Moat ; Mead; Meadow: — Moist: Mudao, (MuBaw,
nimio Madore vitior, putresco ;) Macies, Mut, (Heb.) Death : Musos,
(Mva-o^, Scelus;) What is aMiss; Miss- Deeds ;— Moss, Mvsn-room;—
MiTis:— Mash, sMash, Macero, Masso, (Macra-w, Subigo, pinso ;)
Macto :— Motion, Mix, Misceo, Mignuo, (Miyvvu)-.) Maze, oMaze,
Mad: Mute, Mutter, Mussito : Mess, Medicine :— Mite, Mikros,
(MiKjoos,) Mutilus,— Macula :— Mass, Magnitude :— Make ; What is
duly, or artificially Made up; — Mode, Moderate, Measure:—
Mechane, (Mtjxavv,^ Machinate; a Maker, ^Mith : The Making,
or Made, Matter, as Mother, Maid.
SECT. I.
M.| C, D, &c.
Terms relating to the Matter of MUD, To Dirt, Filth, the Ground,
Earth, To what is Moist, fVhet, &c. in Situation, Nature, &c. To
the MuDDV, Bog Spot; as Moat, Mead, Meadow, &c. — To what is
Soft, Tender, Swelling up, out, &c. as Moss, Musn-Room, &c. Mit/a,,
(fjat.) To what is Foul, f^ile. Bad, &c. in actions, persons, quahties, &c.
&c. as Musos, (Muo-os, Scehis, piaculuni, faciniis detestandum,) r/Miss,
Miss-deeds, (Eng.) &c. &c. Terms relating to Noise, and connected
\\'ith the idea of something Confused, Embarrassed, Impeded, or as it
were Mudded up, such as Mute, MuTTe/-, Mvssito, &c. (Eng. Lat.) &c.
Terms signifying What is Concealed, Hidden, Choaked zip, or AVhat
is, as it were, in a Mudded up state, as Hugger-Mv ggek, Mysxery,
&c. &c.
40()
M. J C, D, G, J, R, Q, S, T, X, Z. ( /, m, n, r.
The present Volume is destined to consider the Race of words, which
have any of the Labials B, F, M, P, V, W, for their first Consonant,
and the series of Consonants C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z for their
second, with any of the Consonants /, ?n, n, r, sometimes annexed to
any of this latter series of Consonants, as an organical addition. In
the former part of the Volume I examined those words, which have any
of the Labials, except M, for the first Consonant, and C, D, &c. for their
second. In the present portion of my Work, I shall consider those
words, which belong to the form M.| C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z,|
/, in, II, r, or which have the Labial M for their first Consonant, and
any of the Consonants C, D, G, &c. for their second, with an ad-
dition sometimes of one of the Consonants /, m, n, r, as an organical
adjunct, for the third. I must be here understood to mean, that the
Labial M, as I conceived of the other Labials in the former part of the
Volume, is the first Radical Letter of the word, and that it is not a prefix
derived from the construction of any Language. I say nothing of the
Consonant, which follows the second Elementary Consonant, C, D, G, &c.
as it will either be an organical addition, without signification ; or if
the word be a compound, it will be a part of another term, either
belonging to the same, or a different Elementary character. In v^hatever
part of the word the M.| C, D, &c, exists, as an Elementary Character,
that word will be examined; whether the M should begin the word,
as it commonly does ; or be found in any other place. I have stated
on a former occasion, that the Race of Words, appearing under the form
M.| C, D, G, &c. where the Labial M is the first Consonant, perpetually
connects itself with the Race of words, under the form B, F, P, V, W. (
C, D, G, &c. where one of the other Labials is the first Consonant ;
but I have likewise remarked, that these two forms should be discussed
in separate and distinct portions of our Work, not only because the
Words in both Classes are too abundant to be considered together,
but because the M may appear to be somewhat distinguished from the
other Labials, when it is placed as the first Consonant of a word.
(^Prelimin. Dissertation to Vol. I. of Etym. Univers. p. 18. and ]02.)
We must be still however most fully impressed with the idea, that
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 401
all the Labials are familiarly convertible into each other; and this fact
we shall most readily understand from the laws of change perpetually
adopted in the Welsh Dialect of the Celtic. In this Language the
Radical P, as it is called, has four initials, according to Mr. Richards,
" P, B, Mh, ?h, as Pen givr, A man's Head ; ei Ben, his Head ; iy Mhen,
" my Head ; ei Phen, her Head ;" where Pen, Ben, Mhen, Phen are
different forms for the same term, denoting the Head. Again the
Radical B is changed into V, or F, as some say, and M; and the Radical
M into F, or according to some into F. Thus Bara, Bread, become
Vara, or Fara, and Mara, and Mam, Mother, becomes Vam, or Fam ;
and thus the words under our Elementary Character MC, &c. would
be found under the forms FC, VC, &c. as Mach, or Mac, a Surety,
becomes Fach, or Vac, as Mr. Richards and Mr. Owen respectively
represent this word. Our Island Britain appears in Welsh under the
form Prydain and Mhrydain.
The sense, with which the Elementary Character M. \ C, D, G, &c.
is invested, will be at once unfolded by our familiar and expressive word
MUD ; which is felt and understood by all to denote the Matter of
Dirt, Filth, The Earth, Ground, in a Moist state. This is the funda-
mental, predominant and prevailing idea in the Race of words belonging
to the form M. | C, D, &c. It is of peculiar advantage to the Writer,
who adopts the English Language in displaying this Elementary Character,
that he possesses a term, such as MUD, which is so common in every
species of style, so comprehensive, and so intelligible to all; an advantage,
which he did not possess, when he unfolded the Elementary Character
under the other Labials B, F, &c.| C, D, &c. and I must add likev\ise,
that this is an advantage, which no other Language is able to supply.
The Elementary form M.j C, D, G, &c. will be unravelled, almost
through its various turns of meaning, when we place before us the
following words, which are annexed to it, MUD, Muck, To Mute,
Matter ; Mother, (The thick scum of Wine, &c. and the Parent,
The Fo«/ and the producing Matter ;) Moat, Me kooiv ; Moist; Mudoo,
(Mv^aw, nimio Madore vitior, putresco ;) — Musos, (Mi/cros, Scelus,)
What isaMiss, Miss-Deeds; Moss, MusHroo//*; Mit/s ; Mute; Mutter,
3 E
402 M.] C,D,G,J,K, Q, S,T,X,Y, Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Muss?7o: — Mash, «Mash, Macero, Masso, (Mao-o-w, Subigo, Pinso,)
Macto ; Mix, Motion, Misceo, Mionuo ; {Mi'yvvio,) Mess, Medicine ; —
Mite, Mikros, (MjK|OOs,) Mutilus ; — Macula ; Macies ; Mut, (Heb.)
Death ; Maze, aMaze, Mad ; — Mass, Magnz^«, &c. — Make ; Mechane,
(Mtj^avt],) Matter, Machinate, The Maker, sMith, &c. The Making,
or Made as Mother, Maid, &c.
We here see the various ideas, which we may conceive to be annexed
to the Matter of MUD, under various points of view, as belonging
to its various states, considered materially, or applied metaphorically,
as being in a Watery, Moist, Mashy, Dissolved State, or as Dirt, Filth
in general. The Earth, Ground, or what is Foul; as being Soft, Swelling
up ; as being in a Moved, Mingled, CoJijused, Embarrassed state, as affording
Messes, Mashes, or Compositions, &c. as being in a Broken, Minute,
Mutilated state ; as being in a Mass, or Heap of some Magnitude, as
being in a state of Consistency, or in a Made up. Regulated, Formed
state, as being of a Plastic nature, and capable of being Kjieaded up
into Forms, &c. and Shapes, or as Matter supplying Form and Existence.
I shall divide this part of my Work into three Sections. In the
First Section I shall consider those words, which relate more particu-
larly to the Ground, Dirt, Filth, &c. in a Moist state, or to the Matter
of MUD, Muck, and to the Muddy, Bog Spot ; to What is Moist, Wet,
&c. in Situation, Nature, &c. as Moat, Meadow, &c. &c. to What
is Soft, Tender, Swelling up, out, &c. as Moss, Mvsnroom, (Eng.) &c.
Mms, (Lat.) &c. to What is Foul, Vile, Bad, &c. in actions, persons,
qualities, &c. as Musos, (Mva-a, Scelus, piaculum, facinus detestandum,)
aMiss, Miss-Deec?s, &c. I shall then produce certain Terms relating
to Noise, which are connected with the idea of something Cofifused,
Embarrassed, Impeded, or as it were Mudded up, as Mute, Mutter,
MussiTo, &c. (Eng. Lat.) as likewise Terms, which denote What is
Concealed, Hidden, Choaked up, or ' What is as it were Mudded up,'
as Hugger Mugger, Mystery, &c. &c. In the Second Section I shall
consider that Race of words, which relate to the train of ideas conveyed
by Mix and Mash, as belonging to the Matter of MUD, when jumbled
together in a Confused Heap, or Mass, or as Mixed up into a Composition,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 403
or Mass, by design, and preparation, or as being in a Loose, Dissolved,
Broken, Minute state. Hence we have Terms, which denote, What
is Mixed, Mashed, or Made up, in the preparation of Food, and of
other Compositions, Drugs, Medicine, &c. as Mess, Medicine; and
likewise Terms, which relate to the sense of Mksmng, from actions of
Force and Violence, as Macto, &c. — To this source are to be referred
Terms, which express Pieces, or Particles of Matter, as of Dirt, or
Mud, in a Mashed, Minute, Loose, Broken State, or as being of a Little,
Minute, Vile kind, as Mviilus, Mvrilated, (Lat. Eng.) Mite, (Eng.)
MiKros, (MiK|Oo?.) We have moreover a Race of Terms, which express
' What is in a Broken State, or has a Broken, Diversified appearance,
' as Distinguished by Pieces, Patches, or Spots,' such as Mxcula, (Lat.)
&c. I shall here lastly consider those Terms, which relate to a Mashed,
or Mud like state, as of Destruction, Dissolution, Decay, Disorder,
Embarrassment, Confusion, in the Frame, or the Mind of Man, and
other animals, as Mux, (Heb.) Death, Mkcies, (Lat.) Consumption,
Mad, (Eng.) &c. &c. This Section will be divided into different
Articles, according to the various trains of ideas here unfolded. The
Third Section will contain that Race of words, which are derived from
the Matter of MUD ; when regarded as being in a Consistent state,
either as referring to the Mass, or Lump in general, or as relating to
a Mass of Plastic Matter, when it is duly Tempered, or when it is
Formed, or Made into Shape, Figure, &c. In the preceding Section
T considered Mattc?- in its Mashed, Dissolved, or Broken State, and
when I was employed in producing the Terms, which signified * What was
' Mixed, or Made up into a Composition, or Mass, by preparation, or
' design, as in the Dressing of Food,' I had occasion more particularly
to note those words, which referred to Compositions, in their Mish-Mash
state, as Messes, &c. This last Section will be divided into different
Articles ; in the first of which I shall consider those Terms, which relate
to the Matter of Mud, in a state of Consistency , as Being in, or as
Collected into a Mass, Lump, Heap, &c. or as Rising, Sivelling, or
Bulging np, out, from being in such a Mass, &c. &c. and hence Terms
expressing Quantity, Size, Bidk, Magnitude, Multitude, Abundance, &c.
3 E 2
404 M
} C,D,J, K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,7i,r.
either materially, or metaphorically, as Massa, Mass, &c. (Lat. Eng.)
MxGnus, MAJor, MxGnifudo, (Lat.) MAGnitude, (Eng.) Megos, (Meyas,)
&c. &c. — In the next Article those Terms will be considered, which
express ' What is in a duly Tempered, Composed, Formed, Regulated,
' Ordered, Restrained State, What is in a duly Made up, MEASured,
' MoDerate, or Temperate state,' as Mos, Modus, Modulor, (Lat.)
Measure, Moderate, &c. — In the Third Article I produce those Terms,
which relate to the idea of MxKing, Forming, Cotitriving, &c. &c. by
the Hands, or by the Mind, as Make, Made, Machine, Mechanics,
(Eng.) Mechane, (Mtj^avt],^ Machina, (Lat.) &c. &c. Among these
Terms I shall have occasion to produce the term Smith, the Former,
Shaper, &c. and this will lead me to consider the Race of words under
the form sMT, with the sound of s before the first Radical Labial, as
Smite, which will be discussed in a separate Part. — In the last Article
of this Section I shall consider the words, which relate to Existing
Beings, Generative Powers, &c. and which are derived, as I conceive,
from the Matter of Mud, under the idea of The Matter, or Substance,
The Formative, or Formed Matter, or Substance, The Creative,
Creating, or the C?'eated Substance, The Creature, — The Mak^'w^, or
Made Matter, such as Mother, Maid, &c. &c.
MUD, &c. &c. &c.
405
Terms, relating to the Matter of Mud, Muck, &c. either in its
Moist, or Dry state ; — to Marshy Ground, or to the Ground in general ;
To what is Foul, File, &c.
MUD, MoDEH, Stc. (Eng. Belg. &c.)
Mute, MutzV, (Eng. Fr.) Stercus liquidum
egerere.
Muck, &c. (Eng. &c.)
Moat, (Eng.) A Standing Pool.
Moss, (Scotch,) A Marshj or Boggy Spot.
Moss, (Eng.) Muscus, (Lat.)
Mizi, (Welsh,) A Pit, Pool.
Mead, Meadow, (Eng.)
MoT, (Phoenic.) Mud.
Mis-JiflOT, The name of ^gypt, the Land
of Mud.
Meag, Madhana, yihG-Uisque, &c. (Gal.)
The Earth, Meadow, A Lake.
Mist, (Germ.) Dung, Soil.
Mist, (Eng.) The Foul, Dark Vapour.
Mucus, Muceo, &c. (Lat.)
Musso, Mugo, MoucAoi'r, MucKewrfe/-,
&c. &c. (Gr. Old Lat. Fr. Eng. &c.)
MuGRE, Moco, &c. (Span.) Foul, Mucus,
&c.
Matter, MATER/a, Mother of Wine, &c.
(Eng. Lat.) Foul Mud stuff.
MADRez, (Welsh,) " Matter that is dissolved,
" What is generated by putrefaction, pus,
" or purulent Matter." &.c. &,c. &.c.
I shall produce in this First Section the Terms, which relate to
MUD, or to the Dirt, Filth, &c. on the Surface of the Ground in its
more JFef, Moist State, or to Dirt, Filth, The Earth, or Ground in
general, to What is Moist, IFet, &c. in Situation, Nature, &c. to the
Muddy, Bog Spot, or the Marshy Ground, as Moat, Meadow, &c. to
What is Soft, Tender, Stvelling up, out, &c. as Moss, Musaroo/w, (Eng.)
MiTis, (Lat.) to What is Foul, File, Bad, &c, in actions, persons,
qualities, Sec. as Musos, (Mko-os, Scelus, piaculum, facinus detestandum.)
In the present Article 1 shall detail those terms, which relate to Mud
in its more Moist state, to Dirt, Filth, The Earth, Ground in general, to
the Muddy Bog Spot, among which we must class the following: MUD
with its parallels produced by the Etymologists, as Modder, Modf.r,
406 M.} C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X, Z.^ l,m,ti,r.
Maede, (Belg.) MoToso, (Ital.) Coenosus, Mwydo, (Welsh,) Madescere,
MvDao, (Ml/Saw, Nimia uligine Vitior, nimio humore Putresco,) where
let us note the kindred Latin terms Madcsco, Madco. Wachter under
MoDER, Coenum, produces the Belgic Modder, the English Mud, the
Italian Mota, which means Mire, Mud, and the Welsh Mws, Fcetidus,
Putidus and Mv^av. — Mute, (Eng.) Stercus liquidum egerere, instar
avium, with the parallel term Mutir, Esmeutir, (Fr.) as produced and
explained by Skinner, Mizzey, (Eng.) A Quag-Mire. — Moat, (Eng.)
which is properly explained by Nathan Bailey to be " A standing Pool,
" or Pond; a Ditch encompassing a Mansion House, or Castle."
I produce this explanation, as I do not find the term recorded in Skinner,
and as I only see in Junius, Mored about, Fossa undiquaque munitus ;
yet Lye informs us, that Somner has seen its relation to Moite, (Fr.)
Humidus, &c. — Moss, (Scotch,) "A Marshy, or Boggy place," says
Dr. Jamieson, to which he has produced as parallel, Maase, Mossa,
(Su. G.) Mussa, (L. B.) Locus Uliginosus. It bears this sense of a
Morass in the North and in old English, and under the same form we
have Moss, "Viror saxis atque aliis rebus ex nimio humore innascens,"
with its various parallels Muscus, (Lat.) Meos, (Sax.) Mosa, (Isl.) Mousse,
(Fr.) Miisco, (Ital.) Moho, (Span.) which Skinner and Junius produce
as parallels ; though they do not understand the relation of these terms
to any other words, except that Junius records a term in Hesychius,
MusK05, (Mi/o-Kos,) which among other things is explained by Mwsma,
(Miaa-fxa, Inquinamentum.) The term Mixsma, (Miaa-fxa,^ is derived
by the Lexicographers from Mia'mo, {Miaivw, Inquino,) which may be
quasi Miaj^o, but if we do not conceive it under that point of view,
we shall still find, that these forms MS and MN perpetually pass into
each other.— Mizi, (Welsh,) " A Pit, or Pool in a River;" Miz, (Welsh,)
"An enclosed place or Pit;' — Migen, (Welsh,) " That Oozes; a Boggy
" place," &c. MiGYN, "A Bog, or Qwag," adjacent to which I see in
Mr. Owen's Dictionary Migwyn, " White Moss, which grows on Bogs."
In the same Language Moss is expressed by Mwsivg, Mwsitgyl. — Meag,
(Gal.) "The Earth." MAouajia, (Gal.) Meadows. MAGU-Uisque, (Gal.)
A Winter's lake. Mazka, (Russ.) which my German Lexicographer
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 407
explains by Tunche, denoting " The Parget, or Plaister of a Wall,"
and in the same column of my Russian Dictionary I see Maje, " Ich
" Schmiere," To Smear over a surface, and in the same Language
Mac/o is Oil, and Mac/?'o is "To Smear with Oil, Butter," &c. — Mokro
means " xVass," Wet, Moist, &c. which German word iVass corresponds
with our term Nasfy, and Motou has a similar meaning of Wet, &c.
belonging to Mota, Urine, the Foul MoisTure; the preceding word
to which latter term is Moxe, explained by Moos, (Germ.) or Moss.
Again in Russian Maide is Erz, The Ore of Metals ; and we may here
observe, that all the terms in this Language belonging to the Element
MD, &c. unequivocally exhibit the sense of the Elementary Character.
Mead, Meadow, (Eng.) Ttie Moist, Watery Spot, with its parallels
produced by the Etymologists Mcede, Med, (Sax.) Matte, (Germ.) &c.
which some have referred to Moiv, Metere, &c. and others have seen,
that it belongs to Madeo. Whether Moiu and Metere directly refer to
the Meadow will be considered on another occasion. The next word
to MEDO?i' in Skinner is Meds, Lumbrici terrestres, which he refers to
the German Madcw, Galbulae. The terms for Wonns either relate to
the animals, crawling in the Mud, or to the Vile, Little animals. We
shall at once acknowledge, that the term Lumbricus belongs to Limus.
Mot, (Mwt,) in the Phcenician Cosmogony of Sanconiathon, mean?
" Limus aut aquosce mixtionis Putredo," or Mud, and it is supposed
to be the origin of all things. One of the names of vEgypt is Mis-Ram,
or Masc/', that is, The Land of Mud. Jablonski produces, as the term
for IVater, Mos, Mou, (Mws, Mw, Aqua,) from which the name of Mose.s
is supposed to be derived. Mouth, (Mow^,) is one of the names of
Isis, which Plutarch supposes to signify a Moth. From hence Orpheus
had his Mises, (Mjo-/^?, Hymn. 41.) a Male and Female Deity, who
delights in Wheat-producing fields in company with the venerable
Mother his, by the streams of j^gypt, " H kul Trvpocpopoi^ TreBion
" eirayaWeai wyvois, Zi/j/ t>/ /jLtjTpc 6ea iJ.eXavrj<popw laiZi ae/jivt],
" AiyuTTTou vapa x^^f^cc,'' &c. In English Mother relates to the Foul
Matter as of Mud, — 'The Mother at the top of a Bottle,' and we
cannot but see, how by some process Mother, The Parent, must belong
408
M.J C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ( l,m,n,r.
to this idea. If our familiar name for the Earth had been Mud, Moder,
we might have thus addressed the Mud, or Moder, adopting kindred
terms,
" Common Mother, thou
" Whose womb unmeasurable, aud infinite breast,
" Teems and feeds all."
The term Mouth, or Muth, as Jablonski sometimes represents the
word, is the Prolific Ooze, — Mother, Moder, or Mud of yEgypt. This
writer justly observes, that Muth is only another form of Buto, the
name of Latona, among the ^Egyptians. I shall shew, that Latona
means the Lake; and we perceive, that the form Buto brings us to
Pudge, Bog, &c. &c. There is a celebrated city But»s, or Buto,
in which Latona was worshipped, and in the same city were worshipped
likewise Horus and Bubastis, corresponding to Apollo, and Diana. In
a vast Lake, near the temple of Latona at Butus, there was a floating
Island, on which was a magnificent Temple of Apollo. Every thing
in ^gypt, as we may well conceive, relates to Mud, to the Bog, Lake,
Ooze, &c. I have before conjectured in a former Work, that the name
of the Fertile Spots in ^gypt, where Water is supplied in its due state,
the Oasis, is quasi Ooze-Ooze, and such I have supposed to be the
origin of Is-Is, quasi Ooze-Ooze. It is a familiar artifice in this Lan-
guage to double the expressive syllable, in order to augment its force.
If the Goddess Isis however be an Hindostan Deity, this is not the
origin of her name. John Tzetzes has recorded the term Moseele,
(Mftjo->/Ae,) as the name of Neptune, among the ^Egyptians ; though
Jablonski doubts on the point, and observes that the El in this word
is Hebraic, as denoting God. On this question it is not easy for us to
decide. — In the doctrine of one Hindoo Sect, Mehtet is the first Created
Substance, as we learn from the Ayeen Akbery.
Muck, Mixen, Myxen, have been compared by the Etymologists
with various kindred terms, Meox, Myxen, (Sax.) Mog, (Dan.) Fimus,
Mok, (Swed.) Myky, (Island.) Fimus, Mucus, (Lat.) Muxa, (Mi;fa,)
Mucg, (Sax.) Acervus, JID MUG, Colliquescere, Computescere, though
I cannot see that they have supposed Muck to have any relation to Mud.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 409
In Scotch the term Mydden is a Dung-Hill. To these words should
have been added the German Mist, "Dung, Soil, Muck," which
Wachter compares with the Gothic Ma'ihst, The Belgic Meist, &c.
The preceding term to this in Wachter is Mist, Nebula, as in the English
and Belgic Dialects ; but it is most marvellous, that he sees no relation
between Mist, the Black Foul Cloud and Mist, the Foul Dirt. We
shall not wonder then, that he perceives no affinity between these words,
and the succeeding term to them in his Dictionary, Misrel, Viscus, which
brings us to our term Mistle-Toc; and which, as we now see, denotes
The Mist, (Germ.) Mud like. Glutinous substance. Let us mark how
Mist in Mistc/, and Vise in \isciis might have passed into each other.
Junius explains Myxen by Fimetum, and Muxy, as Lye says, is a
Devonshire word signifying, " Lutulentus, Sordidus, spurcus." Mr. Grose
has given us the term Mux, as denoting Dirt in the Exmore Dialect,
and I find in the same writer Misken, and " Mix-Hill,'' and Muck-
Midden : signifying A Dung-Hill ; Mizzy, "A Quagmire, North," and
MisTALL, "A Cow-House," which means a Mist, or Dung-Stall.
The terms, with which these words are surrounded in Mr. Grose's
Glossary, all bring us to the idea of Mud, as MucHson up to the Huckson,
Dirty up to the Knuckles; — MvcK-Shut, "The Dusk of the Evening,"
where we have the same idea of Darkness, as in Mist, Nebula; and
here let us mark the explanatory term Dusk, which belongs to Dust,
for the same reason : — " Moy, Muggy, also demure, perhaps close.
" North," where we mark the kindred term Muggy; — Moider, "To
" puzzle, perplex. North;" MoytherV, "Confounded, tired out. Glouc,"
which senses will remind us of some kindred Greek terms deduced from
the same metaphor, Mochthos, (Mox6o^, Labor,) Mothos, (Mo^o?,
Labor,) Mothoj:, (Mo6a^, Verna,) Mothow, (Modwu, Verna, Vilis,
nullius pretii, Turpis et servilis molestaque saltatio, Nugator, garrulus ;
fastuosus, superbus, arrogans,) Mogco, (^Moyew, Laboro, cum molestiis
conflictor, labore fessus sum,) Mogos, (M070?, Labor,) to which belong,
we know, Mogjs, (Moyts, ^Egre difficulter,) Mooilalos, (MoyiXaXo^,
qui aegre et difficulter loquitur, cui impedita est lingua, mutus,) which
latter term brings us to the sense of an adjacent word Moggos, (Moyyos,
3 F
410
M.| C, D,J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
Qui voce obtusa est,) and from which we shall not fail to note the
explanatory term Mvtus, Mute. These terms, belonging to the em-
barrassed voice, denote the Mudded up, Stopped up, speech. The next
term to MoYXHer't/, is Moys, " To Moys, to thrive ; spoken of crops
" and stock, also in general sense ; as ' He Muddles on, but does not
" Moys,' " where in the word Muddle we see the true metaphor, from
which these terms for Labour, Perplexity, Fatigue, &c. are derived.
The word Mors still belongs to the Swelling Mass of Mud, under
another turn of meaning. The succeeding terms in Mr. Gross are Moze,
"A Moss, that is, a Lake overgrown with Weeds, &c. North." Much,
or Mulch, "Straw, half rotten," Muck, "Moist, Wet. Lincolnshire,
" Elsewhere Muck signifies Dung, or Straw, laid to rot, which is usually
" very Moist, whence w^et as Muck." The term Muck comes to
the sense of Moist, accompanied with the idea of Filth, when people
are said to be in a 'Muck sweat.' — MvcKinger, or MucK/Wer, "A
" Handkerchief. North." — I find too in the same column Mosey,
" Mealy, A Mosey Apple. Glouc." and Mosker, "To Rot, A MosKERef/
" tooth, A rotten, or decayed tooth. North."
I might here produce the terms, which relate, to What is in a File,
Foul, Rotten, Corrupt, Spoiled state, as relating sometimes to the effect
of such things on the Taste, as Musty, (Eng.) or as a verb To Must,
which the Lexicographers have referred to Mos, Mosch, &c. (Belg.)
Moisir, (Fr.) Mucesco, (Lat.) and the Greek Muskos, (Mi/o-ko?,) which
Hesychius explains by MiAsnia, (Mmo-jua.) Must, MvsTum, is Foul,
Thick Muddy liquor. Skinner has Musty in another article, which he
explains by Subtristis, and which he refers to Mussig, (Germ.) Miistio,
(Span.) Marcidus, Moestus, (Lat.) quasi Misty.— Muzzo in Italian
means something " Between sweet and sour," as one of my Lexicogra-
phers explains it, though in John Florio we have Muzza, " A Baude,
"or Pander," and Muzzo, "A Bee-Baude, or apple-squire. Also a
" cod, or cod-fish. Also a whiting mop." In Irish Musoaw signifies
" To be Mouldy, Musty." I see too in the same column of Mr. Shaw's
Dictionary, Mus, Mas, "Pleasant, agreeable. Handsome." In the same
column with Mas, I see Math, Good, Fruit, and in the next column
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 411
Mead, "Encrease, bigness, bulk," which brings us to the Swelling
Mass, Rich Matter of Mud. That Mas, Math and Mead, belong to
some idea of this sort, will be evident from the words in the same leaf
of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary MASca//', a hump ; — Mas, which not only
means " Excellent, handsome," but likewise as Mr, Shaw explains it in
another article, "A Buttock, Thigh, breach," MAsdidh, "A Mxstiff,''
which signify what is ' Lumpish, Thick, Massy,' and I see likewise
MATHair, A Mother and Gore, which decides on the origin of these
words, from the Matter of ^Iud. — Mawk^sA is explained in N. Bailey
by "Sick at the Stomach," and he derives it from Maga, (Sax.) the
Maw. The term likewise means "What is of an hisipid taste." The
next word to this in our Author's Dictionary is Mawks, " A Hoyden,
" a dirty, nasty Slut, also Maggots," where in Maggots we have
another object belonging to Dirt, or Mud. Hence we have a Mawhin,
or Mawk-Av/?, a Scare-crow, What is of a Mawks Kind; and hence
the combination Moll Mawkin. T might here produce the French
MuGue^ "A Lily of the Valley. — A Lady's spark, or gallant," as it
is commonly explained. This seems very remote from the idea of the
Mawkin, yet such is the fundamental notion belonging to the word,
which originally related to 'What is Dressed in a Foul manner,' and
afterwards to ' W^hat is Dressed in a Fantastical, Fine manner.' Cotgrave
explains MuG;/e^ in one article, by the names of several plants, and in
another article by "A fond Wooer, or courter of Wenches ; an effeminate
" youngster, a Spruce Carpet knight ; also a curiously dressed bahie of
" Clouts.''
In the same opening of Cotgrave's Dictionary, (EJ. Hoivell, 1650,)
I see ^Ivcciueux, " Slimy, — Mustie, or Fustic,'' where let us note
Fustie under the form FS,— Muci/ag-e, Slime, &c. Mvcydan, " Slimie,
" mouldie, hoarie all the yeare long," where we mark again, how Mouldy
belongs to Mould; just as I suppose these words under the form MD
to belong to Mud, Muck, &c. I see likewise in the same and succeeding
leaf of Cotgrave MuGuette, A iV«/-MEG, where let us mark the Meg
in the English word, as a parallel term, which seems to denote the Mass,
or Swelling Lump. I see moreover Mvoof, " A Hoord, or secret heap
3 F 2
412 M
I C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
" of treasure," with various other words, relating to the Concealed Spot,
thing, &c. that is, the MuDoec? up Spot, or object, which will be con-
sidered in a future page. In Latin the Niit-M^G is Nux Moscna^a, where
we are brought to Musk, which seems to be derived from the strong
smell, as in the Welsh Mwsg, "The Muscm«, or Musk," which is
adjacent in Mr. Owen's Dictionary to Mws, " Of a strong scent, rank."
The term Mace must surely belong to the Meg in Nut-^iEG, with
its parallels in various Languages, produced by the Etymologists, as
Macer, Macis, (Lat.) Maker, (MuKep,^ Macis, (Fr. Ital.) Macas, (Span.)
In Arabic <uIjw-j Bes-Base means "Mace the flower, bark, or envelope
" of the Nuf-MEG," and in the same Language the j_^ Bes means,
among other things, " Moistening, Mixing, (especially meal or flour, and
" butter with toasted wheat.) — Sending into different parts (money,
" merchandise, sPice,") where we see the idea belonging to both Elements
MS, PS, of Mixing, MoisTe?iing as of Pudge Lumpy Matter. Perhaps
the Bes and the Mace may belong to each other, but on this I cannot
decide.
To the Latin and Greek Muc?<s, and Muxa, (Mv^a,) are acknow-
ledged to belong Muceo, Mucor, MuciLcg-o, Mucilage, &c. and
we find kindred terms, relating to the Nose, in the following words,
Mukter, (MvKTtjp, Nasus,) from which the Muc/^s flows, — Musso,
(Mi/o-crw, Emungo Nares,) the action of removing it, where let us note
ihe form MN, quasi MGG, in the Latin cMungo, anciently written
MuGo, and Moucho?'/-, The instrument by which it is removed, with
its parallel terms M.vcK.etter, or Mvcy^ender, which the Etymologists
have referred to Mouchoir, (Fr.) Moucadou, (Ling. Pict.) Mocadero,
(Span.) Moccaiuolo, (Ital.) Muccinium, pivofxaKrpov, Moncher, Moccarc,
(Fr. Ital.) Nares, vel Candelam Emungere. In Italian too we have
.sMoccoLare, and Moccolo, The snuff" of a Candle, which are acknow-
ledged to belong to Moccio, corresponding to Muc;^*. I see near to
Musso, (Mi/o-o-o),) in my Greek Vocabulary, the term Musos, [Mvaro<i,
Scelus, piaculum, &c.) The P^ile abomination. The Etymologists inform
us, that Festus has recorded the Camp term Muoer for Mucosas, and
Hesychius produces Mukojs, as signifying Mucky, or Foul, M1/K09, fxiapo%-
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 413
MuG?7, The Mullet, is supposed by the Etymologists to be derived from
Muc;/.9, because " suo Muco, vescitur," and in the Greek we have the
form Muxo//, Muxo5, (Mv^cou, Mi/^os, Piscis e Mugllum genere.) In
Greek again Mutm is the Nose of a Fish, w^ith its foul effusions, (Mvri^,
Nasus, peculiariter piscium, atramentum sepije.) In Italian Mocco/q;a,
the next word in my Vocabulary, to Moccio, signifying Muc2/5, is
A MusH-roo/;?, where let us note the simpler form in the English Mush,
with the parallels Moscheron, Moscherrno, (Fr. Ital.) and the Greek term
produced by the Etymologists, Mukcs, (MvKm, Fungus, Boletus, Fungus
Ellychnii, Morbus quidam oleje, Ensis manubrium, Membrum virile,)
words denoting the Spongy substance, growing in Spongy Muddy Spots.
In Spanish Moco is Muc?/s, the Snuff of a Candle, &c. and Mugrc,
Dirt, filth, nastiness, Mugr?c;?^o, " Greasy, dirty, filthy ;" the next word
to which is Mugro», " Spring, or shoot of a Vine," where we see the
idea of the Soft Substance. In English we have Mudgeon, or Murgeon,
to which belongs Cu/'-Mvdgeon , where the Cur is another term of
contempt. In the same column of my Greek Vocabulary, where Mukca,
(MuKti^,) occurs, I see Muke, [MuKt], Mugitus Boum,) Muke, (MvKt],
Theca gladii, occlusio, obstructio, a Myw, Fungus ellychnii ;) Mukow,
(^MuKwu, pars auris,) MuKXai, (MvkXui, Lineae nigrge in collo, dorso,
pedibusque asinorum.) The MuKj^ai are the Dark, Black, Mud like
Marks, the Spots, or Macule, and the idea of Noise, as in Mukc,
MuGif us, Moiu, Mew, &c. is attached to that of Dirt in an agitated,
confused, or embarrassed state. We shall now understand, that the
sense of Obstruction, Compression, Secrecy, Concealment in Muke, and
Muo, Muso, (MvKt], Mi/w, vau}, Proprie Premo, comprimo, comprimendo
claudo, occulto, teneo, Hinc conniveo, nicto, oculos claudo, labia com-
primo,) arises from the idea of being Mudded up, as I shall shew in
a future page. Mukow, (Mukwv, pars auris,) may mean that part, in
which the Dirt is.
In the Dialects of the Celtic among the terms for Ager in Lhuyd,
I find Maes, (Welsh,) Mes, (Arm.) Magh, Maxaire, (It.) Mr. Owen
explains Maes by " That is spacious, clear, or open ; an open region ;
"a plain, an open Field," and Maes-Dir means " Champaigne Land,"
414 M.\ C,D,G,K,J, Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
Mr. Shaw interprets Magh by " A Plain, level Country," — Meag,
" The Earth,'' before produced Magha?/-, " Plowed Land," Machaire,
"A Field, plain,"— Miodar, "Good Pasture," Madh, "A Plain, field."
In the same leaf of Mr. Shaw, where most of these words occur, I see
M\GH-Uisque, "A Winter's Lake," "MADHa?ia, Meadows," which
I have before exhibited ; where we are brought to the more original idea ;
" MAohdh, Soft ;" — MAGhach, MoiDhach, A Hare, which means the
animal, with the Soft Fur; Maide, "Wood, timber, a stick," that is,
Matter; — Macht, "A Wave, Surge;" MACH-diial, "A Sponge;"
Machqil, " A spot, stain, defect ;" which brings us to the Latin Macula.
I must leave some of the terms, which are adjacent to these words,
to be explained by the Celtic Scholar; who will, I am persuaded, find
no difficulty in referring them to the fundamental ideas, supposed in my
hypothesis ; when the original turn of meaning shall have been discovered.
The Welsh Maes not only signifies "An open field," but it means
likewise, as a particle, " Out, without, or outward ; outside." In Lhuyd's
Cornish Grammar, " Mez, Maz, (Bez,)" are placed for But; and he
observes in another part of his Grammer " Mez signifies properly an
" OpeJi field; but aVez is also the common word for IFifhout ; as is
" likewise Amez in the Armoric, Ymaes in the Southern Welsh, and
" Amuigh in the Irish." {Corn. Gram. p. 250.) This might lead us
on the first view to think, that Mais, (Fr.) and But belonged to the
Celtic Dialects, under the idea of IVithout. Yet in Spanish Mas signifies
both More and But ; the former of which senses directly brings us to
WxGnus, Mass, &c. The idea annexed to More, or that of Addition,
would certainly supply the sense of the particle But ; as in the Greek
nA);i/, from riAeos, Plenus, though it may equally be derived from the
idea of Without. — The particle But; as I have shewn in another place,
(127, &c.) appears to be of Teutonic, and not of Celtic origin; and
though it has the sense of JVithout, it is probably a compound, quasi
Be-Out, and not belonging to the Elementary form MD, BD.
The form Magms appears in Wachter's Glossary, as a portion be-
longing to the Welsh, French and German names of Towns, and he
produces the various opinions, about its origin and signification. It has
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 415
been referred to the Welsh Maes, the French Metz, terra, mensura,
and some imagine, that its proper sense was that of Vadum, or Trajectum,
which brings us to the more original idea of the Mud Spot. Some
observe, that the relation between Maes and Mag/is, is like that of Pais
and Pagus, and this will suggest to us, that the forms MG and PG
have passed into each other. It occurs in the names of Towns, as
NoviO'^li^Gus, Novum oppidum, which belongs to a name, with which
we are very familiar, though in appearance it seems far removed from
it, Nimeguen, or Neii-MzGen. Wachter has produced six instances of
the use of this word in the names of Towns, and among these, three of
them relate to a situation, near a Watery Spot, as Bodhwo-MAGus,
a spot near the Po, or Padus, RiTo-Magus, and Koto-MAGus, where the
Rito and Kofo are acknowledged to belong to the Welsh Rhyd, YAmim.
Bochart denies this original sense of Vadum, and refers Magiim, in the
names of Towns to the Phoenician Magon, \\V'0, Habitaculum, and hence,
we have, as he supposes, Baal-M.\Gon, &c. (Geograph. Sacr. p. 682.)
Mr. Parkhurst considers this Hebrew word, as belonging to the form
MN. Wachter refers to the Mag«5, the Celtic word for the God
Terminus, called CW-Mago/« from Cadw, Servare. — Baxter imagines,
that Mad-Rid, the Capital of Spain means Speciosus Trajectus ; on which
point the Spanish Etymologists would do well to consider, who will
perhaps find that Mad means the Town, and M.AV)-Rid is RiI-^Iag in
another order. In the same page of Baxter in which Matorituvi is,
where he produces the above derivation, I see MARO-MagMS,, quasi Maur-
Maes, Magnum oppidum, Long-Town, or Langtown.
The Druid MAGH-Jdraidh.
There is a compound of the Irish Magh, " A Plain, level country,"
which affords us a curious example of the Druid worship, and therefore
of ancient Mythology, in its widest extent. MAGH-Adraidh denotes,
says Mr. Shaw, " A Plain, or Field of Adoration, where an open
" temple, consisting of a circle of tall strait stone pillars, with a
" very large flat stone, called Cromleac, serving for altar, was
" constructed by the Druids for religious worship. These Druidical
416 M.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.( l,m,n,r.
" temples, whereof many are still existing in Ireland and Scotland,
" were built in the same manner with that, which was built by Moses,
" as it is described, Exod. xxiv. 4. consisting of twelve stone pillars as
" an altar. Whether the object of the Druidish worship was the true
" God, I cannot affirm. Several places in Ireland at this day bear these
" names. There is one in the county Clare, where the kings of the
" O'Brien race were inaugurated. Another, about four miles north of
" Corke, now called Beal atha, Magh- Jdhoir, from which the Valley
" called Gleann MAGu-Jdhoir derives its name." General Vallancey
is of opinion, that Magh denotes God, and that it cannot signify in this
place, " a level plain, or country," though it certainly bears sometimes
" such a meaning, because we find often the prefix Ard, High and Glan,
" a Valley, as Ard magh, Glan Magh." This reason will not be ad-
mitted, whatever the fact may be in the case before us. The term Magh
relates in its original sense to a Low, Flat Meadow situation, as the
Valley ; though it is afterwards applied to a Field, or Spot of Ground in
general ; and perhaps in the composition Ard-Magh, the term is
adopted in reference to its more sacred sense, in the combination Magh-
Adhoir. That Mag, Bag, &c. signifies Great, Illustrious, Maghus,
as a powerful Man, Deity, &c. is certain, yet it does not in the sense
of a Deity belong to the Mag?*, as General Vallancey imagines. This
writer moreover observes, that " Baal-Ath is mentioned in Scripture ;
" and there was a sacred fountain denominated from this god, and called
" Baal-Ath- Beer, (See Joshua ix. 8.) Hence Ad-ra, to Adore, i. e.
" to address Ad, or Mag, from Ra, Radh to address, to pray to ; from
" whence the Latin Oro, Adoro. And Baal Magon was the name of
" the city Moab. (Ezek. xxv. g.) It is therefore evident," as he is
pleased to add, " that Baal and Mag were the same ; and that Baal
" was the chief deity of the Irish will appear hereafter," (^An Essay
on the Celt. Language, p. 1 36.) The same writer has remarked likewise,
that many of these monuments in Ireland are called Baal-Ath-Magh-
Adair, which he thinks a Greek would have rendered by BaA M Ma-yo^
AScd/oos, Let us mark the combination Baal-Ath, Ba\ A^, and re-
member, that in Greek Bol-Ath^s actually exists as a name for the Sun,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 417
in a quotation recorded by Mr. Bryant, who supposes, that the Ath,
or Athis is the same as Atis, and Atish of Lydia, <I>oti^iKe? kui Jlupoi tov
Kpovov H\, Kai Br}\ Kai BoXuQtiv e-Kovofxa^ovcri. (^Bryant, Vol. I. p. 55.)
The Celtic Scholars might enquire, whether the familiar name Adair does
not belong to this mystic term, and it might be considered, whether
the place Endor, where witchcraft is practised, be not E/?-Ador ;
whatever may be the sense of the En. Mr. Bryant thinks, if I may
apply such a term to a personage, who has no powers for forming a
thought on such a subject, that En-Dor is En-Ador. The Fountain of
Light, the oracle of the God Ador. (Vol. I p. 59.) In the Druid
Mythology there is a Mystic personage called ^^Z-Adur, who is furnished
with a Divining- Staff, and this title has been referred by Mr. Davies to
the Hebrew AL-ADR "ITS '7X, The Glorious God. (On the Druids,
p. 528.) The Hebrew lli^ ADR means " To be, or become magnificent,
" pompous, illustrious, glorious," and is a parallel word to the Greek
Adk-os, (AS(Oos, Multus, abundans, magnus, &c.) as Mr. Parkhurst has
duly observed.
Matter with its parallels MATERj'a, MATERies, (Lat.) Matiere, (Fr.)
Materia, Matera, (Ital.) Madera, &c. belongs, as we shall all agree,
to the Foul Matter of Mud, Moder, &c. In Welsh Madru means
''To Dissolve; to become Matter, or Pus, to Putrefy, to rot; to
" generate Matter, to Fester,'' and in the same Language we have
various words under the form MTR, relating to the same idea, Matrox,
Madro/?, &c. In the application of Matter to the Foid, Moist effusion
from a Sore, or from a Rotten substance, we see the true idea. The
term Mother, The Mother of IVine, denotes the Foul Matter
of Wine. It cannot be doubted, that Mother, the Parent, belongs
to Mother, denoting Fuul Matter, and we shall now see, that the name
of the Parent is connected with the idea of Matter, or Materja/^,
existing, or causing existence. The Latin Mater in its metaphorical
sense, " A Maker, causer," and Matrix give us the original notion.
In Spanish Madre exhibits the various senses belonging to the word,
as denoting *' A Mother," &c. "Matrix, Womb," — "Bed of a River/'
3 G
*18 M
I C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.f /,
jfi, 7?, r.
" Sewer, Sink." Again in Welsh we have Mater, " What is produced;
" exigency, occasion, affair. Matter." In Russian Materia, is " Die
" Materie," &c. adjacent to which I see in my Russian and German
Dictionary, Matere, Sclav. Mutter. I perceive too as an adjacent
word Maxe, " Schwung, Bewegung," which denotes the desultory action
ot Swinging, flagging about, and which brings us to the true idea
conveyed by the word Mot?"o/?, &c. as derived from Mud. I shew in
another place, that ff^ag, fVaggle belong to Bog, Boggle. In Persian
Mader jjLo is " A Mothe7\" and Made, " A Woman, female," and in
the same column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, where these words are,
I see the Arabic Madi, Material ; MvDoet, " An article, point, subject,
" Matter, argument," and Maad, " Tender, Soft, (branch, plant,)
" Madd, Extending, prolonging," which will shew us, that the idea
ot Extension in Arabic under our Elementarv character MD, is derived
from that of Soft Matter. Hence is taken the name for the Arabic
Grammatical term Medda, denoting Extension. Mr. Richardson explains
■X* MD by " Extension, production, lengthening," and in three other
senses we have the different meanings, as a Grammatical term, " A
" Modus, or Measure," and " Giving camels water sprinkled with meal,"
where in the sense of a Mixture, or Mash of Meal and Water we see
the true idea. In the same column with this word I find the Arabic
MedaRjIjw^ "A circumference, a center, a place of turning, or returning,
" a boundary, or goal." The idea, from which this is taken, will be
manifest from a word, which Mr. Richardson marks as a Persian word,
j^A* Medy, " A boundary, term, period, goal, butt for archers. — A Place
" not inclosed with stones, (especially a Lake, or //W/,) The conduit
" through which water flows from a reservoir," where we see the
true idea of the Mud Spot. In Arabic jj^ Meder signifies " A Clod,
" a piece of dry clay (of which they build walls,)" and in the same
column 1 see Midraw, " Dirty (hands, clothes," &c.) In Persian <ioU
Mate, which is quasi Maje, denotes " Ferment, leaven, rennet. The root,
" origin, principle, essence, foundation. — Semen virile. — Measure, quan-
" tity. — A Woman ; any animal set apart for breeding," where the
original idea of the word is that of Moist Matter, or Matter in general.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 419
The English term Madder is acknowledged to belong to Mcedere, (Sax.)
Meed, Mee, (Belg.) Madera, (Ital.) Materia Tinctoria, that is, The
Foul Matter of the Die, or Daub.
Terms relating to * What is Moist- Liquid, fFater,' &c.
Among the terms, which more particularly relate to the Liquid state
of Mud, or to 'What is Moist,' to ' Liquid Matter ,' or 1Vatei\ in general;
we must class the following ; — Moist, (Eng.) the only parallel to which
produced by Skinner and Junius is Moite : The former however exhibits
the Latin MvsTum, as a term from which it may perhaps be derived,
and the latter reminds us of the term Mist. The explanation of Mxv>idus
does not appear in Skinner; and Junius sees no relation between them,
though it is adopted as an explanatory word. Skinner wonders at Meric
Casaubon, a Franco- Gall us ; because he derives it from the Latin
Huniidus, and understands not its relation to Moite ; and our English
Etymologist closes his remarks by observing " Sed Grecia et Syria solap
" sunt criticorum patriae." This may be indeed true, yet the observer
is himself lost in another part of the same labyrinth, and a victim of
the same delusions. MusT«/n, New Wine, denotes Wine in its thick
MuDDt/ state. — Madco, MAvidus, (Lat.) Madoo, (MaSaw, Lasvis, et
depilis sum, Madeo, &c. MaSo?, Laevis, glaber, depilis,) where the original
idea is that of being IV/ief, or Moist, and the secondary sense is that
of a Dejluxion, of the Hair, as the Latins express it, Deftuvium. Under
Madco Martinius reminds us of Muoao, (Mi/Saw, Nimio Madore vitior,
Putresco,) where we see the original idea of Foul, or MuD-like Moisture ;
and the Hebrew MTR "ILOQ MTR, pluvia, as likewise a Chaldec and Arabic
word, which he represents by the same characters, denoting Pluvia.
Mr. Parkhurst explains "IDD MTR, "To Shower down, cause to Rain."
The Arabic word, to which Martinius alludes, is probably Ju^ Meter,
which Mr. Richardson explains by Raining, and tlie preceding word
in this writer's Dictionary is Metk, which he explains by "A remainder
" of Dirty Water at the bottom of a cistern." — Mw\i>au', (Welsh.)
3 G 2
420
M.] C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ^ l,m,n,r.
"To Moisten, To soak, or to steep; To become Moist, or damp;"
where the sense of Steepivg will bring us to the Latin Macero. The
substantive Mwyd Mr. Owen explains by "That is swelled or puffed
" up ; that is Moistened, soaked, or steeped ;" the plural of which is
MwYD?ow, " The soft parts, crumbs, or Pith of any thing," which would
seem to bring us at once to Medulla ; yet here we must remember the
Greek form Muelon, (Mue\oi/,) which appears to belong to the Element
ML, denoting, as 1 shall shew, Mould. To Macero is attached,
as we know, Macer, which brings us to the English adjective Meagre,
with their parallels in various Languages acknowledged by Wachter,
Mager, (Germ. Belg. and Swed.) Mcegre, (Sax.) Maigre, (Fr.) Magro,
(Ital.) &c. &c. In Shakspeare we have " The Meagre Cloddy Earth,''
{King John, Act L Scene 3.) where we are brought to the original spot.
— JA'-Mas, (I/c/uas, Humor,) where the Ih, as 1 imagine, belongs to the
name of Water, as in Aqua, (Lat.) Ooze, (Eng.) Uisge, Oiche, &c.
(Celt.) &c. &c. {Etym. Un'wers. p. 8.56.) and the Mas to the words
before us. — oMichco, oMichle, (0/xt;^ew, Mingo, O/mix^ti, Nebula,
Caligo,) which latter word brings us to Mist, Mizzle, &c. and the
former to Mingo, MicTU7n, Meio, or Mejo, MAT;//a, jj^jjtX^ Miziden,
which Mr. Richardson explains by our vulgar term for Reddere urinam,
and we cannot but note, how in our English term, and in these words
the forms MS and PS pass into each other. — Maister, (Irish,) " Urine."
Maister, (Scotch.) " Urine, properly what is stale," on which Dr.
.Tamieson observes " Can this have any affinity to Moes, G. Maihst,
"a Dunghill, Belg. Mest, Dung, Mesten, to Dung?" In the same
column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, where the above Persian word
occurs, I see Miz, "A foreigner, a stranger, a guest," and "A Canal,
" aqueduct, spout, drain," in which latter sense we see the true idea;
and I must leave the Persian Scholar to decide how the first sense is
connected with it. ' I see likewise Mizek, " A Mix^wre, Mixe^," &c. —
" Mojar, (Span.) "To wet, to Moisten." — Mate/o/, (Fr.) is supposed
to be derived from the Mast of a Ship, which may be the case; and
I shall shew, that the Mast of a Ship belongs, under some process
or other, to Mass, The Lump ; yet perhaps Mate in Matelot may denote
MUD, &c. &o. &c. 4«1
Water, and Lot may signify People. In many Languages terms be-
longing to Laos, (Aaos, Populus,) are added to words in order to denote
People, or Abundance of People, a Plurality. In Galic Luchd means
" Folks, people," and Liichg Fairge, " Sea-men ;" and in Dutch Lieden
means People, from which it becomes an adjunct to the plural of
Pronouns //^, Gy, Zy,\ Lieden, We, Ye, They. In the Hindostanee
Dialects Log, or Lok denotes People, and is added to nouns in order
to express the plural, as Lerka, A Child, Lerka-Log, Children, Gora,
A Horse, Gora-Log, Horses, &c. (^Lehedeff's Gramm. p. 3.) In Hebrew
MG JD signifies "To Dissolve, Melt. To be Dissolved, Melted, as by
Water, &c. &c. and MGG, "To melt, or Dissolve very much, to make
" very Soft, as the Earth with rain," to which Mr. Parkhurst has
referred "Mug, Muggy, Muggis//, Damp, Moist;" though he has not
placed Moist in Italics, as he should have done among the kindred terms.
Terms relating to Soft, Tender, Sivelling out substances, objects, derived
from Mud Matter, as MusH-room, Moss, &c. &c.
We shall all agree, that no source can be imagined more obvious
and natural for those objects, which denote the Soft, Tender, Swelling
substance, object, &c. than that of the Soft Matter of Mud. Among
these terms wc may class the following, Moss, Mush/'007«, &c. which
I have before produced with their parallels, not only denoting the Sojt
substance, but as signifying, what is of a Fungus Spongy nature, growing
in Fungous, Spongy Groimd : Mus-lin, with its parallels Mousseline,
Mosellina, &c. (Fr. Ital.) In German Mussgen, or Muss-/c/w is Pap for
a little child. Adjacent to the French term MAissE-/?7;e, I see in Menage
the terms Mousse, Moss, and MovTorde, MusTard, which we shall all agree
to signify, 'What is of a MuD-like appearance,' and Moust, Musrum,
MosTO, (Lat. Ital.) which I suppose to be New Wine of a Thick, Muddy
quality. Some derive Musruni from Mosctios, (Moo-^os, Vitulus. N'itula,
juvenca, Ramulus tenellus, novellum germcn, &c, Odoris pretiosissimi
genus, Muscus, Tener, novellus,) quicquid est novellum, and Martinius
422 M.\ C, D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ /, //?, n,r.
intorms us, that in Hesychius Mous, (Mwi/s,) is the Earth, and that two
words, the Greek FIjjAos and the Hebrew lOn C/iMR at once signify
Mud and IVine. In the Greek terms Methm, and Methmo, (Medv,
Vinum, Temetum, Medvw, Ebrius sum,) if the substantive be the original,
it has the same sense as Mustm7«, and if the verb be the primitive, it
signifies 'To be in a Soft, Relaxed, Dissolved siate.' Adjacent to these
terms in my Greek Dictionary I see Meidgo, (Meidaw, MoUiter seu
leniter rideo,) where in the sense of MoUiter, Softly, we see the original
idea. Let us note Moschos, (Moo'xo'ii) expressing * What is Soft, Tender,'
applied alike to Plants and Animals ; and here the Lexicographers, finding
ideas apparently so opposite to each other, expressed by the same word,
have found it expedient to recur to some fundamental idea. Let us note
the sense of Musk, which this word Mosk-os bears, (Moo-^o?, Odoris
pretiosissimi genus,) with its parallels in various Languages, Muse, (Fr.)
Musco, (Ital.) Mosch, &c. (Belg.) produced by the Etymologists.
They should have brought forward the parallel Welsh word, from which
Language we might conjecture, that the original idea was that of a Foul,
Rank, Strotig Smell. In Welsh Mwsg is the " Moscus, or Musk;"
the preceding term to which in Mr. Owen's Dictionary is Mws, "Of
"a Strong scent; Rank." I see likewise, as adjacent terms, Mwsz^g,
Moss and Mtvstarz, Mustard; which he derives from Mws and Tarz,
" A state of breaking through ; issuing, or proceeding from," &c.
I should imagine, that the term ought to be considered, as a Teutonic
compound, and that the Ard in MvsT-Ard denotes Nature, &c. while
Must denotes Muddy. In Arabic and Persian cX«^ Misk, or Musk
means Musk, and from the Arabic the Spaniards have directly taken
their Al-Mizcle, though it probably already existed in the Celtic Dialects,
as in the Spanish Musco, which at once means Moss and Musk. If
Musk does not mean, what is of a Fou-l, Strong Smell, it is probably
so called from the MuD-like nature of the Substance itself, which our
Dispensatories describe to be " A Grumous substance like Clotted blood,"
&c. &c. The Nut-MEG, we know, is the "Nux Moschata ;" and there
are other words, drawn from the idea of the Smell, as the 'Muscat
' Pear, Grape,' &c. Muscadel, Muscadine, &c. (" QuafF'd off the
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 4€3
" Muscadine," Taming of Shrew,^ Moscadir?, Muscat, Muscatello, &c.
(Fr. and Ital.) Before I quit '^Iv5t-Ard I must note a similar combi-
nation applied in a Metaphorical sense to the mind, as ^ivs-Ard,
explained in N. Bailey by *• A dull, heavy, lazy fellow," which means
a Muddy fellow, or as we might say a MusTARD-like fellow; ("He
"a good IVit^ hang him, baboon! his Wit is as thick as Tewksbury
" Mustard," Henry IV. Part II.)
Maoth in Galic signifies " Tender, Soft,'' and Maothan, " A Twig,
" osier, bud ; a cartilage, gristle ; any thing Tender, Soft. — Mathgw,
" The sucker of a tree," and '^IpLomiiigham, " To Moisten, irrigate."
The sense of the Soft, Fleshy Matter will bring us to the Latin
Musculms, which means not only A Muscle of the Body, but likewise
" A shell Fish called a Muscle," and a little Mouse, where we have
still the idea of the Swelling out, or up substance. The Mus, (Mi;s,)
The Mouse, &c. has been always a term of endearment from its little
Soft, Plump form. We shall now more fully understand the source of the
Greek Moskos, (Moo-xo?, V^itulus, Hamulus tenellus, — Tener, novellus,)
What is Tender, Soft, The Animal, Twig, &c. In Welsh Mwyth
signifies "That is Smooth, Soft and puffed up; a fulness of humours;
" a fever." — Mwyth, " Puffed up, Soft, sleek, tender," Mwytho?/',
" To puff up, to make smooth ; to mollify ; to Soften ; to become puffed
" up ; to grow Soft ; to have a fever," and Mwythan, " Any Soft tender
" substance ; a tender shoot, a cartilage, a gristle." In the same Lan-
guage MAS^i' means " Wanton, sportive, fluttering, light, languishing,
" Soft,"' and MASivy, " Soft, Wanton, light," as Mr. Owen explains it,
where he has justly placed the original idea first. Again in Welsh, Maws
is " Smoothly g\k]\ng; pleasant, delightful," &c. &c. In Italian Mosc/o
is Soft, Flabby ; though in the more ancient Language it seems to have
referred to the Hard Lump. .John Florio explains Moscio by " Benum'd
" in such sort that one feeleth nothing, stiff with cold." In the same
column of Florio's Dictionary (Ed. i.) with this word I see Mosso
" Moved, Stirred, &c. — Also Mosse growing upon trees," which brings
Mot/ow and Moss to the same fundamental idea. The various terms
in Language, which relate to ' What is Mild, Good,' &c. under our
424 M.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T, X, Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Elementary Character MD, are all metaphorical applications from the
Soft Matter of Mud. Hence we have the Welsh Mad, denoting Good,
or Beneficent, which is sometimes written Vad. Mr. Owen explains
the word thus, " What proceeds, advances, or goes forward ;" where
we see the sense of MoTion, " A term for the reptile class of animals,"
i. e. animals, which crawl among Mud, "What is Good, or beneficial;
" a good, a benefit; a good turn." In the same opening of Mr. Owen's
Dictionary I see Madrw, "To Dissolve; to become Matter, or Pus;
as likewise Mazaw and Madz^«. Our author explains Mxzau by "To
" let go, to set at large, to loosen, to liberate; to dismiss; to quit, to
" leave, to forsake ; to forgive, to pardon, or to remit ;" where let us
note the explanatory terms Ee-Miss, and D/VMiss, which bring us
to a kindred term to this Welsh word the Latin Mitto, Misi, MissMm,
which, we now see, refers to the relaxing of Moist Matter. M.m>ivs
is explained by "Full time, fullness of time; season, or opportunity,"
which directs us to the Latin M\Turus ; Mature, from whence we pass
to MATutiniis. In the application Matura Poma, we see the original
idea of Soft Matter. In the phrase MiTm Poma, we likewise see the
origin of MiTis, Meek, Mild, and still more strongly in Mite solum,
just as we may now understand, that Mild and Melloiv belong to each
other and to Mould. It is idle to enquire, whether Meek be not
sometimes taken in a contemptuous sense, as the same source supplies
both notions. In Scotch "To Meis, Mese, Mease, is To Mvngate,
" to calm, or allay," as Dr. Jamieson explains it ; in the same column
of whose Dictionary I see "To Meise, To incorporate, to unite into one
" Mass ;"— Meis, " A Mess, Meat ;"— To Msis/e, " To waste impercep-
" tibly, to expend in a trifling manner," where we see the Mess in its
Soft state, and Meith, Might; Meith, A Mark, &c. belonging to Meta,
where we have the Mass, or Lump as something large, MxGnum, &c,
or as a Mark of Distinction, Boundary, &c. Again in Scotch we have
To Meik, " To Soften, to tame. To humble," which brings us more
directly to Meek, (Eng.) and which Dr. Jamieson refers to " Isl. Mykia,
" Su. G. Mocha, Mollire ; from Muik, Mollis." The origin, which
I have attributed to MATMrw*, and yikTutinus shews how Mat in these
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 425
words, and in the term adjacent to them in our Dictionaries Mxreria
has the same fundamental idea. In Spanish Madrugar is "To rise
" early in the morning," and Madurar, To Ripen, &c. We all remem-
ber that the Knight of La Mancha was fond of Hunting, and that he
was a Gran Madnigador. In the same column of my Spanish Dic-
tionary, where these words occur, I see MADRigal, " Madri^a/, u
*' Pastoral song," which means a Song sung in the Morning; A Reveil-
Mat'in, as some understand it, and Madre, A jNIother, Matrix, " Womb,
" Bed of a River, Sewer, Sink," in which latter senses we see the original
idea of the Mud Spot.
In Irish Muadh is " Soft, tender," as Mr. Shaw explains it, who
has placed the same form in different articles, under the senses of
"Noble, good," — "Middle, Midst," — "A Cloud," "An Image," and
hence Muadhow, " To form." I see in the same side of Mr. Shaw's
Dictionary MoxHa/-, "A Park, a high sea. Noise," — " A Tuft of trees,"
" A He cat." Our Element applied to Animals, as to the Cat, the Hare,
Moi-oheach, (Ir.) The Owl, as Mucha, (Irish,) Madge, (Eng.) expresses
The Soft, Pudgy covering. I see too Mota, ' A Mount, Mote,' where
we have the Lump of Mud, Moth, Male of any creature, Mothoc^,
" Fertile, fruitful, pregnant," '^loTuargham, " To feel, perceive, know,"
Muc, " Sow, hog. Pig," which either relates to its Swelling form, or to
its Routing in the Mud; Muc-M/mre, "A Whale;" Mvc-bhirach,
" A porpoise," where we have the Sivelling out animals, Mvc-ghaine,
" A Shelf, quick-sand," where we come to the Heap, or Mass of a
Mud spot, and Muc, " An instrument of war, whereby besiegers were
" secured in approaching a wall, like the Pluteus of the Romans," &c.
where we have still the Raised ?//> object, as the Mote, Mound, &c. It
might denote the Pig, as an instrument for attacking the Walls is called
The Ram, Aries. In Welsh Moc means Swine, or Pigs, Moc, " A Mock,
"Mimic," Moci, "To Wallow as Swine," &c. Moc, " Ready, quick,
" apt, early ;" M.oc-Nant, " A Swift brook, or Torrent," where the term
of Jgitation is brought to its original sense of Moist, or Jfcitery Matter.
As corresponding to the Irish Muc, The Raised Lump, or Shelf of Earth,
&c. we have M\c-Daifh, " A course of security ; a Dam, or Emhatik-
3 H
436 M.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S/r,X,Y,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
" 7)ient." In the sense of Mac, The Dam, we have the original idea,
but in that, which Mac bears of " Security, Suret}'," the secondary one
only is visible.
Terms, relating to What is File, Bad, in actions, persons and qualities ; —
Objects of abhorrence, objects reduced to a Low, Wretched state, as
Musos, (Myo-os, Scelus,) Miss, aMiss, ^hss-Deeds, 'M.^ciiant, (Fr.)
Miseo, (Mio-eo), Odi.) Miser, (Lat.) Misem6/e, &c.
Among the terms relating to * What is Vile, Bad, in actions, persons
and qualities, to Objects of abhorrence, objects reduced to a Loiu,
Wretched state, derived, as I imagine, from the idea of Dirt, or Mud,
we must class the following.— Musos, Musaros, Mvsattomai, (Mva-o's,
Scelus, piaculum, facinus detestandum, Mv(rapo<}, Detestandus, Mva-ur-
TOfxai, Fastidio, Aversor, odi, abominor,) which is in the same column
of my Greek Vocabulary with Musso, (Mva-aco, Emungo nares,) a term
belonging to a word for Filth, as Muxa, M-ucus, (Miv^a.) MvDazomai,
QAvla^onai, Abhorreo, aversor,) which is acknowledged to belong to
MuDao, (Ml/Saw, Nimio Madore vitior, Putresco,) relating to Foul Slime,
or Mud ; — Moichos, (Mot;^os, Mcechus, Adulter :) — Miseo, Misos, (Micreo),
Odi, Mtcro?, Odium.) In the same column of my Greek Vocabulary,
where this term occurs, I see, among other words, which will be ex-
plained in their due place, Misu, (Miaru, Succus in metallis concretus
in formam glebtC, vel pollinis ; unde inter Metallica numeratur,) where
we have the Lump as of Mud Matter, and in the next column I perceive
MiTMS, (Mtrys, Ostiis alvearium circumlitum quasi purgamentum cerje,
subatrum, graveolentum, vulneribus et ulceribus medens,) where we have
the same Matter, under a different turn of meaning. In ^Egyptian
Meste and Most denote Odisse and Odium : Mic, (Welsh,) " A Hoot,
" Spite, or Pique,"— Mig, (Welsh,) "A Hoot; Spite, Pique, or Malice,
"animosity," Miaiaw, (Welsh,) "To Hoot, to spite; to be piqued,"
which appear in the same columns of Mr. Owen's Dictionary, with Mizi,
", An enclosed place, or Pit,'' Mizi, "A Pit, or pool in a river," &c.
MiGen, "That oozes; a Boggy place; also a bad ulcer, with holes, or
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 427
"cavities in it," Migyn, "A Bog, a Qwag." — MicJnidhos, (Gal.) An
affront; Miorean, (Gal.) "Disdain, loathing," &c. &c. — Mock, (Eng.)
with its parallels, produced by the Etymologists Mocqiier, (Ft.) Moccio,
(Welsh,) MoKAomai, (McoKaofxai, Irrideo,) Moko«, (Mwko?, Fatuus,
Trrisor,) Mouk, (Chal. Sy.) Irridere, (Arab.) Stultus.— Mas, (Heb. D8!2,)
" To reject with contempt, or disgust, as vile and worthless, to despise,
" abhor," as Mr. Parkhurst explains it, who has seen that Miseo and
Muso« belong to it, (Mto-ew, Mwo-os.) In one sense, which this word
has "To crack, or peel off, as the diseased skin in an Elephantiasis,"
we see the true idea of Filth, and in the same page of Mr. Parkhurst
we have MG 2D, "To be dissolved, melted, as by water," and MGG
" To Melt, or Dissolve very much. To make very soft, as the Earth ivith
" rain,'' where we are brought directly to the sense of Mud. Mr.
Parkhurst has referred to this word the terms Mug, Muggy, Muggish,
which he explains by " Damp, Moist," without seeing, that Moist is
another of these words. — Meidcw, (Germ.) "To Avoid, shun," &c.
which Martinius derives from the Latin Mitto, and Wachter thinks,
that it may belong to the Latin Vito. In the sense of Void/??"- Rheum
we see, how Vito, Void, refer to the sense of Pudge Matter. The
term Mitto, " To send away," To Let loose, or slacken, — To cast,
throw, &c. belongs to the idea of Mud, in its various states of Looseness,
Agitation, &c. In the next page of Mr. Parkhurst to that, in which
the words above produced are found, we have IJD MGR, "To cast, or
" throw down," and in another sense it signifies "Subterraneous reposi-
" tories in which corn is thrown down," where we are brought to the
Loiv, Deep Recess in the Ground, as in the Greek Muc/?os, (Mvxo^,
Penetrale, intimus locus ; Recessus, &c. Sinus maris,) in which word
the sense of Sinus Maris points out the true idea. The German Meidc;-
has a meaning of this kind, when it signifies " Tegere, abscondere,
" occultare, facere ut lateat," where Wachter refers us to the ancient
French word Musser, Tegere, &c. the Welsh Mivd, Tectum et Laquear,
the German Kase-M-XTE, Tectum militare; — MiEoer, Pectorale, Mutz,
Mitra, Matte, Storea, &c. all which words relating to Covering are
derived from the idea of MvoDi?ig over. Let us mark Mitra, (Lat. and
3 H 2
438
M. > C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. \ I, in, n, r.
Gr. yiirpa^ where we have a kindred term. — Miss, (English.) To Miss
the Mark, To do aMiss, as Ukewise the particle denoting what is Bad,
as Mis-Decflf, Mis- Chief, Mis- Fortutie, &c. to which the Etymologists
have justly produced as parallels Mes, or Miss in various Languages,
(Fr. Th. Teut. Belg. and Fr. G.) In Welsh Meth is " A Fail, Miss,"
as Mr. Owen explains it, and the verb to this is Meth?^, "To Fail,
"to Miss; to become abortive; to Miscarry, to decay." — Mechow^,
Mesg/«7?, (Fr.) MESc/iino, (Ital.) In the same column of my French
Dictionary, where MEcaant is, I see MAzette, " A little horse, a sorry
" horse, a Bungler at play," where we have still the idea of what is File,
and Meche, " A Match, the JFick of a candle," where let us note
Match, a kindred term, and remember the Italian Meccia, the Spanish
Mecha, " Wick, twist of Cotton, &c. — Match, 8cc. — Bacon, with which
" Fowls and meat are larded," Muke, (MuKrj, Fungus Ellychnii,) all
which words mean the Soft Matter. The verb To Match, and the
substantive A Match, relate to the Adaptation, or Formation of the same
Plastic Soft MuD-like Matter. — Miser, Misereor, Mcestus ; relating to
persons in a Bad condition, in Mis-Fortiwe. — Mister, (Old Eng.) as in
' Mister Pi/grim, — Mister, Wight'' &c.
The combination Mister Pilgrim occurs in the Poems of Rowley,
" The Mister Pilgrim did for Halline shake," (^Balade of Charitie,^
and in the same Poem we have " The Mist Almes craver." Dean Milles
observes under " Mister Pilgrim," that " The word is explained by
" Johnson and others, as signifying Trade, or Occupation, and indeed
" Chaucer uses it in that sense, ' What Mistere me ye be v. 56 14.'
" But Dr. Johnson has not observed, that it also signifies Wcifif and
" Necessity. If that men had Mistere of thee," &c. &c. Dr. Jamieson
explains the Scotch Mister by " Want, Necessity," and he observes,
that Ruddiman refers it to MESTier, or as at present written, METtcr,
A trade, or Art. He subjoins that, though the French MEST?er, " is
" indeed used to signify Need or J font,'' yet that it seems more natural
" to deduce Mister from Su. G. Mista, Dan. Mister, To lose, to sustain
" the want, loss, or absence of any thing. Allied to these are Isl.
" Misser, A Loss, Misting, He who is deprived of his property. Aiem.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 429
" Mizzan, To Want, Belg. Missen." He explains Mister in another
article, by " Craft, art," where he reminds us of the opinion of Skinner
and Warton, who derive it from MusxERio??, {Mv(TT>]piov,) and Magister-
iiwi ; as likewise of the derivation of Menage, who refers Metier to
Ministcrium. This creates some difficulty ; yet surely the Mystery,
the Trade, belongs to the Mystery, the Secret, which I shew to denote
what is Mudded, or Stopt up ; but if we refer it to the notion of Need
in Mister, it belongs to the idea of the Mud, or Vile condition. I shall
shew, that 'MxGister MxGmis, &c. are attached to the notion of the
' Raised Mass, or Lump.' Wherever we direct our attention, we
come under different turns of meaning to the same Spot ; and the only
difficulty, which exists in some cases, is to discover the precise notion,
by which it is connected with that spot. The Latin Mitis and the
English Meek are taken from the metaphor of Mud Matter, either under
the idea of Soft Matter, or if they originally implied Contempt, under
that of Vile Matter, One sense of Mit?'s, we know, is that of Soft,
" pliant, flexible, easy to be Moulded," &c. where in the expression
Moulded, or Muddc^/, as it might have been from the turn of the
Metaphor, we see the original idea. Meek seems to hive been used
in old English in a contemptuous sense for the Poor, IVtetched creature.
The sense of the word Meek, as used by Shakspeare, will shew us,
that it was anciently taken in a contemptuous sense. Cleopatra thus
addresses Ceesar,
" O Caesar, what a wounding shame is this;
" That thou vouchsafing here to visit nie,
" Doing the honour of thy lordliness
" To one so Meek," &c.
On this Mr. Malone observes, Meek, I suppose, means " Tame, subdued
"by adversity." So in the parallel passage in Plutarch "Poor ivretch
" and caitiff creature, brought into this pitiful and miserable estate.
" Cleopatra in any other sense was not eminent for Meekness." A similar
sense occurs in another place of Shakspeare, which Mr. Malone has
produced in his Appendix.
" Feeble desire, all recreant, poor and Meek,
" Like to a bankrupt beggar, wails his case." (Rape of Lttcrece.)
430 M.| C,D,J, K, Q,S,T, X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
Monsieur Court de Gebelin in his collection of words belonging to
the American Languages, &c. has produced various terms, signifying
' What is Vile, Bad,' &c. and he bears witness to the universality of this
idea, under our Elementary Character, by observing as follows : " Mat,
'' Match signilie en tonte Langue Mauvais, funeste, ruine, mal, mort.
" En Heb. r>1D Mat, Mut, mort, ruine, destruction. — Virg. Matchee,
" prononce Matachi, en Algonque. Matchi ; en Abenagius M.vrsigheh,
" Mauvais. De la, ces derives : Matchee Towehtu, le Mechant : Matches,
" Eaenuut, les pecheurs : Num-MxTcuKS, oonganash, mes peches, Matta,
" privation," where our author might have noted the kindred French
term ^iEcnant. In the next page I see the following article " Mass
" est un mot primitif qui signifie Grand; il est devenu Mess, et en
" Virginie Miss," &c. where he might have reminded us of Mag71iis, &c.
In another Language we have " Movcuin Agouti, Long : du primitif
" Mag, Mough, Mug, Grand,'' Sec. &c. I might take this occasion
of recording other American words, under our Element, collected by the
same writer, as in the Greenland Language, " Maki- Pok, il leve, il eleve.
" Pr. Mag, Grand. — MAirsek, Lat. MAV>idus, mouille." Among the
Languages of (janada we have the terms " MAoaf, fortement, beaucoup,
" Prim, et Groenl. Mag, tout ce qui est grand, etendu," the next term
to which in the collection of our author is MACKfise, "Noir; Celte
" Macha, Meutrir; Francois Machure," where we have the idea of what
is Foul, Black, as in sMoke, (Eng.) Mwg, (Welsh,) &c. In the
Peruvian Language we have Macho, " Grand, vieux, age," du primitif
Mag, Grand; the next word to which is Mayo, fleuve; primitif Mai,
Mi, Eaux, and an adjacent term is Micuy, "Manger, diner: c'est du
" primitif Mac, MAcher," that is. To Mash, MASTica^e, &c. In the
Language of Chili Medda, is " Bouillie ; I'Oriental Med, Manger, forme de
"Et;" and I find likewise MAca;?e, " Massz^c ferree; du primitif Mac,
" Assommer, Meutrier," where we have still the sense of MAsning,
as in Matte, Tuer, in the Languages of the South Seas, Malays, and
Japan, to which Gebelin has justly referred C^ccA'-Mate, &c. Sec. In
the Language of Otaheite, New Zealand, and in other forms of Speech,
Mata denotes the Eyes, The Cou7ifenance, which is nothing but the
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 431
Make, form, appearance, &c. &c. These examples are sufficient to
shew us, through what an extent of the Globe the Elementary Character
MD, &c. has remained faithful to its original meaning, such as I have
detailed it.
Terms of Noise, as Mutter, Musso, &c. &c.
I might here produce the terms for Noise, which appear under the
Elementary form MD, MG, &c. When we come to such terms, we
may expect to find some embarrassment, by entangling ourselves with
other forms, and perhaps with another train of ideas, which may lead
us into idle disquisitions about the original Elements of Language. If
the Theorist should maintain, that the Infantine sounds, as they are
called, Ma, Pa, Ma-Ma, Pa-Pa, originally suggested the terms for Noise,
under the forms M% P\ MR, MD, MG, MS, &c. I must observe, that
I have neither any objection to this hypothesis, nor any predilection
for it, as I am entirely ignorant about the matter. I agree, that these
forms pass into each other, and that the Infantine sounds are connected
with other sounds ; but I maintain at the same time, that these forms
are not efficient for the great purposes of Language, until they have
been applied to the Mud, Mire of the Ground, &c. and that from this
idea they derive all their force in the great business of Human Speech.
But whatever might be the original source, or primary notion, the words
for Noise denote something Confused, Indistinct, Embarrassed, Impeded,
of a MuDDcd up, or of a Muddy, Muddled nature, as I choose to
express it, or as others may say, if they please, of a Babbling nature. —
Among the terms for Noise under the form MD, &c. we must class
the following ; to which I shall annex some words under other forms,
M", MR, &c. — Mutter, which the Etymologists explain by Murmurare,
where in Mur-Mur we see the M emplojed, and under which they
produce, either by way of reference, or interpretation, MuTio, Musso,
Muss?7o, Muzo, (Mv^w, Premo, comprimo, compressum teneo, Clausis
labris, sonitum literae M naribus emitto, Musso, Mussifo,} Muyten, (Belg.)
432 M.| C, D, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z.} l,m,n,r.
All these terms they suppose to be formed on the principle of Onovia-
topoeia, to which hypothesis I have likewise no objection. I must leave
the Theorist to reconcile this to the other hypothesis of Infantine sounds,
or to suppose both ideas, if he should so please. — We have seen, that
MuTus, Mute, &c. Moggos, (M0770S,) relate to the Suppressed Voice ;
and John Florio explains the Italian Bvzzicchiare by " To Whisper,
" to Buzz, to Mutter, in Hugger-MuGGER.'" — Mug?o, MuKaotnai,
MuKE, (MvKaofjiai, Mugio, Mvkt], Mugitus, MvKt], Theca gladii,
occlusio, obstructio,) belong to the Noise of a Cow, and the latter word
relates likewise to Obstruction. In English Moo and Metv denote the
Noise of a Cow and a Cat. — Among the terms for Mutz« in Lhuyd,
I find Myd, Myt, Muite, (Welsh, Arm. and Irish.) Mr. Owen explains
Mud by "Expressing by motion, or signs; Mute, dumb," where this
Lexicographer seems to refer the idea of Mute to that of Mot?o;?. In
another article Mud is explained by " A removal, a pass, a move, a change
" of residence ; What is moved, as goods, or furniture ; also a Mew,
" a term in falconry." The idea of Morion, Muto, belongs to Mud
in its loose state, easily stirred. Mr. Shaw explains Muite by Mute,
Dumb, where let us note Dumb, which I shall shew in another Volume
of my work to mean Dammed up. The preceding term to this in
Mr. Shaw's Dictionary is Mvisiall, A Curb, which might seem to belong
to the idea of Obstruction. We should perhaps be of opinion, that
Muzzle contains the same idea of Obstruction ; yet the Etymologists
appear justly to refer it to the terms for the Mouth, as Museau, Muso,
(Fr. Ital.) Rostrum, vultus, Musel, "Aremoricis Britannis Labrum,"
and Merric Casaubon derives it from the Greek Muo, (Mi;w.) Skinner
refers the Italian Muso, to the Saxon Muth, Os ; which the Etymologists
have justly produced as parallel to our word Mouth, together with the
terms in the Teutonic Dialects under the form MN, as Mund, (Germ. &c.)
and the Greek Mutho*, (Mw^os.) We should here ask, from what
notion the term Mouth is derived, and we might be inclined to think,
if it belongs to the Greek Mutho5, (My^os,) that it is taken from the idea
of Noise, or MuTrering ; yet I find among the parallel terms to Mouth,
in Skinner the Saxon Gc-Myth, Ostium tluminis, which brings us to the
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 433
Holloiv of Ifater, Mud, &c. and from hence to a Hollow in general.
In English, as we know. Mouth relates to the " Ostium tluminis,"
the Mouth of a River, and this appears to be the more probable idea.
I come however to the same point, when I say, that Mutter, &c.
belongs to the Mud Matter, or Spot. The Latin Os is derived from
OsTium, ivAsu, tvAT-er, &c. as I shew in another place. I ought
however to observe, that Mouth might have been derived from the
idea of MASTicafion, or Mash?/?jD^ ; yet it seems not to be directly con-
nected with such words.
In the same column of Skinner's Lexicon with Mouth, I see a term
of Noise, " To Mow, or Mew, To Mop and Mow, Faire le Moue,"' which
he refers to Moue, MuWeiv, MoifxvWeiv, Mvav, Motinvau. I likewise see
" A Motv of Hay," which means a Lump, or Heap of Hay. Before
I quit Muzzle and Mvseau, I should observe, that the name of the Nose
might be taken from the idea of Muc?^5, as in Muktc?', (MvKrrip,^ or
from that of Routing up the Mud, as referring to the S/iout of Animals.
The Muzzle might then be taken from the part tyed ; and when ideas
are so entangled with each other, we know not how they should be
unravelled, Cotgrave explains Mvseau by "The Muzzle, Snout, or
" Nose of a Beast." In Cotgrave Moue is " A Moe, or Mouth, an ill
"favoured extension, or thrusting out of the lips;" the next word to
which is Moued, Moue6 de gens, " A crowd, or thicke troope of people,"
where we come to the idea of the Heap, as it might be of Dirt. But
there are two words in the same opening of Cotgrave's Dictionary,
belonging to our Elementary Character, which directly connect Speech,
or Noise with the Lump of Dirt. I see Mot, "A Motto, a word,
"a speech, also the note winded by a huntsman on his borne; also
" a quip, cut, nip, frumpe, scofFe, jeast," and Mott^, "A clod, lumpe,
" round sodd, or turfe of Earth," &c, &c. I see likewise MoTreau,
" A Clod of congealed Moisture," and the terms for Moriou, as MoTe;/r,
*' A Mover," &c.— Mot?/; " A MoTiwe ; a Moving reason," &c. &c. together
with Mouaner, "To Mawle, yawle, or cry like a little child." There
is the same direct union in Persian, as in the French term. In Mr.
Richardson's Dictionary I see cJjj« Mize^, "Murmuring, MuTTering ;"
3 I
434 M.| C,D,G,J,K, Q,S,T,X,Z.} l,m,n,r.
the preceding term to which is cJfj^ Mizeh, " A Mixture, Mixe</,
" intangled, intricate things," and the two following terms, are ^^
Mishu, " A lentile, Pease, pulse," that is, Grain, Gritty, or Dirt-\\k.e
matter, and ^jojjc* Miziden, " To Piss," where we directly come to
the original notion of Foul, JFatery Matter.
Terms denoting Concealment , the Enclosed, Stopped up, Secret spot,
or state of things, as Hugger-^lu ggrk, &c. &c.
I produced in a former page a French term Mugo^, which, as Cotgrave
explains it, denotes "A Hoord, or Secret Heape of treasure," which
relates to the Hiding, or Secret Hole, Enclosure, &c. I shall exhibit
in this place other words, which refer to the same idea of Concealment,
to the Enclosed, Stopped up. Secret spot, or state of things, as in our
combination Hugger-^l\j gg^w, which directly brings us to the idea of
' What is MuDDCf^, or MvDuled up.' In Shakspeare it is brought to
its original spot, when it relates to a person being Mudded up, or Buried
in a secret manner, " We have done but greenly. In Hugger-^lu ggz^
" to enter him," (^Hamlet, Act IV. Scene 4.) and in a passage quoted by
Mr. Steevens from North's Plutarch, the phrase is applied in the same
manner, " Antonius thinking that his body should be honourably buried,
" and not in Hugger Mugger." The metaphorical purposes, to which
Mud may be applied, will be manifest from a passage, directly preceding
that, which I have quoted from Hamlet, where a word belonging to
Mud is adopted in order to express a disturbed state of the Public Mind ;
" The people Muddy'd, Thick and unwholesome in their thoughts." In
the same and preceding leaf of Cotgrave's Dictionary, from which MvGot
is taken, I see Muette, " The Chamber, or Lodge of a Lieutenant,
" or chief Raunger of a Forrest ; also a Hares neast ; the forme, or place,
" where she kindles," Muet, " Dumb," &c. Muche, or Musse ; "A Secret
" corner, privy hoord," &c. Musser, " To Hide, conceale, keep close, lay
" out of the way; also to lurke, showke, or squat in a corner." Muge,
MUD. &c. &c. &c. 4S5
(" The Sea fish called,) a Mullet," which is a simpler form of Muoi/.
MuE, " A change, or changing ; (hence) any casting of the coat, or skinne,
** as the MEwing of a Hawk, &c. — Also, a Hawkes Mue ; and a Mue,
" or Coope wherein fowle is fattened." The Mue, or Coope, is the
Inclosure ; but the Mewing of Hawks might originally relate to Change,
as belonging to Muto, which is derived from the Loose nature of Mud
Matter. The place called in London a Meuse, is the Inclosure for
Horses, though some say it was originally used for Hawkes. The Mue,
or Coop of a Hawk, might mean the place, where the Mue, or change
takes place. To the idea of Lurking in secret spots, the term Micher
in Shakspeare belongs, " Shall the blessed sun, (leg. Son,) of heaven
"prove a Micher and eat blackberries?" (^Henry IV. Part I. Act II.
Scene 4.) Mr. Grose explains Mooch by " To play the truant. Black-
" feerr^-MoocHiNG, to play the truant in order to gather Blackberries.
" Glouc." Skinner explains 'To Miche,' by " Latitare," which he
refers to Muser, (Fr.) Otiari ; the next word to which is A Michc/',
which he explains by " Avarus, Sordidus," and which he supposes to
be derived either from the Latin Miser, or the French Miche, " Mica panis,
" quia sc. omnes Micas mensa decidentes numerat." This latter idea
is a precious specimen of the performances of our art.
The Greek Muzo, Muo, Muso, Mvsrerion, (Mu^w, Proprie Premo,
Mvft), Mva-co, proprie Premo, comprimo, comprimendo occulto, teneo, &c.
Mv<rTt]piou, Arcanum, initiatio secreta, &c. &c.) to which belong, we
know, Mrsxer^, Mrsrics, Sec. &c. and Mvchos, (My^os, Penetrale,
intimus locus, recessus. Sinus Maris,) convey the same idea as Musse,
Musser, &c. &c. In the sense which Muchos (Mvxo^,^ bears of Sitius
maris, we see the original idea of the Mud, Low, Hollow, or JVatery
Cavity, as likewise in MvcHO-Pontion, {Muxottovtiou, Specus, ubi cavus
recessus, et Vbrago Ponti,) where Forage, The Quagmire, or Bog, brings
us to the original sense. We have before seen, that Muke, (MvKtj,)
means " Theca gladii, occlusio, obstructio," the enclosure of a sword,
obstruction, &c. The terms for Dumb, as Mvtus, (Lat.) Mute, (Eng.)
Muit, Mut, (Fr.) &c. the Greek Moggo*, (M0770S, Qui est voce
obtusa,) which brings us to Mooi-lalos, (MoyiXaXos, qui a-gre et diffi-
3 12
436 M.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.< l,m,n,r.
culter loquitur,) relate to an Obstruction in the voice. I see under Mut,
Dumb, in Cotgrave " Chiens Muts," which he explains by " A kind
" of white hounds, which never call on a change." I must leave the
French Etymologists to decide, whether their term Meut, or Emeute
for a pack of Dogs related originally to this species of Mute Dogs, or
to the idea o( Noise, which our Element likewise expresses, as in Mug?o,
MuTTer, &c. Menage refers it to Motws, under the idea of Commotion,
Noise, &c.
The German Meidcw is explained in Wachter by " Vitare, Fiigere,
" Tegere, Abscondere, occultare, facere iit lateat,'' which he refers to
the Saxon Mithen, the French Musser, the Welsh Mwd, Tectum, laquear,
the German KaseMxT^, " tectum militare," &c. MiEoer, Pectorale,
MuTZE, Mixra, Matte, Storea, &c. The Welsh Mwd is explained in
Mr. Owen's Dictionary by "An arch, a vaulted roof; a roof; a cieling ;"
the preceding and succeeding words to which are IsVwQwn, " A Jumble,
" a MixT«re," MwDraw, " Wash-brew, a sort of food, or gruel," &c.
where we are brought to the idea of Mash, Muo-like Matter, supposed
in my hypothesis. Let us mark the Latin term haqucar, which is
acknowledged to belong to Lacunar, Lacuna, " A Ditch wherein Water
" standeth, a Puddle, or dike, a furrow, or trench for a drain ; Any
"little hole, or Holloiu place, and Lacus, A Lake, or standing pool;
" a place full of water ; a deep ditch, a mere, a pool, A Vat, or Great
" Vessel," &c. where we unequivocally see, how these terms for the
Hole, or Hollow, under the form MD, may belong to the Mud spot,
as in the Greek Muchos, (Mvxo^, Siims Maris.) We are here to
consider, whether some of the terms for Vats, or Vessels, Measures, &c.
are not derived from this idea of the Holloiu. When I examine the
words which relate to ' What is Mov>erate, ^l^xsured,' &c. and which
I refer to the notion of the Soft Plastic Matter of INIud, able to be
formed into due, proper, definite, commodious Figures, I produce some
of the terms for Vessels, which I refer to this idea, as M^ASure, Modius,
&c. The terms for Vessels, which are not derived from hence, must
be referred to the idea of the Hollow, &c. and it is not always easy
to decide, to which notion they should be ascribed ; yet the sense of
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 437
the Hollow, Low spot, Ditch, &c. affords the great source, from which
terms for Vessels are derived. The original idea of the Vas, Vessel,
Vat, or Fat appears in its application to the Watery Hollow in the
Ground, called a Tan-VxT. In French Vase is a Vessc/, and likewise
" Slime and Mud," as I shew in a former page, (l l J ,) where I consider
the names of Cups, Vessels, &c. under the Elementary Character BC,
&c. It is marvellous to observe, how regular the operations of the
mind are in resorting to the same objects for the supply of words, which
have a similar meaning ; and it is from hence, that the subject of Lan-
guage becomes a theme, which is able to afford materials of enquiry
and discussion.
SECT. II.
M
^ C, D, &c.
TV^ORDS, which relate to the train of ideas conveyed by the terms Mix
and Mash, belonging to the Matter of MUD, as jumbled together
in a confused Heap, or Mass, or as Mixed up into a Compositio)i, or
^Iass, by design and preparation; or as being in a Loose, Dissolved,
Broken, Minute state. — Hence Terms relating to ' What is Mixed,
' Mashed, or Made up, in the preparation of Food, and other Compo-
' sitions, as of Drugs, Medicine,' &c. as Mess, Medicine, &c. Terms
signifying ' To Mash,' in its stronger sense, from actions of force, &c.
as Macto, &c. &c. — Terms expressing Pieces, or Particles of Matter,
as of Dirt, or Mud, &c. in a Mashed, Minute, Loose, Broken state,
of a Little, Minute, Vile, Inconsiderable kind, as Mut?7«5, Murilated,
(Lat. Eng.) Mite, (Eng.) Mik/os, (Mt/c/jo?,) &c. — What is in a Broken
state, or has a Broken, Diversified appearance, as distinguished by Pieces,
Patches, or Spots of Dirt, &c. as ^Ixcula, (Lat.) &c. — Terms relating
to a Mashed, or MuD-like state, as of Destruction , Dissolution, Decay,
Disorder, Embarrassment, Confusion, in the Frame, or the M?;?c?of Man,
and of other animals, as Mut, (Heb.) Death, Mac/cs, (Lat.) Consump-
tion, Mad, (Eng.) &c. &c.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 439
If we should endeavour to discoN-^r by a train of reasoning a priori,
from what source the idea of Mixing, or Mingling Mateiials would
be derived; we should all, 1 think, agree; that it would be naturally
taken from the great object perpetually before us, — The Matter of Mud,
jumbled together in confusion, or Mixed up, as in a Mass, Composition ,
Heap, &c. We should moreover agree, that the idea of * What is
* Mashed, or of Mashing,' would be likewise naturally derived from
Matter in a Mud state. This view of the question will shew us, how
the following terms under our Elementary Character MD belong to each
other, as MUD, with its parallels Muck, Meox, (Sax.) Mixew, (Eng.)
Mix, Mash, or sMash, Matter, Mass, &c. I shall in this Second
Section produce the terms, which represent the train of ideas expressed
by Mix and Mash. Though the senses conveyed by these terms are
often inseparably blended with each other; yet the terms themselves
may properly for the purposes of convenience be considered separately.
The words, belonging to the idea conveyed by Mash, may likewise
be discussed in separate parts ; in one of which may be considered the
terms, which denote, ' What is Mashed, Mixed, or Made up in the
* preparation of Food, and other compositions, as of Drugs, Medicine,'
&c. as Mess, MED/cme, &c. and in another part those terms, which
relate to the idea of Mash/w^, in its stronger sense, from actions of Force,
&c. as Macto, &c. I shall examine in another Article those terms,
which express Pieces, or Pai^ticles of Matter, as of Dirt, or Mud,
in a Mashed, Minute, Loose, Broken state, or as being of a Little,
Minute, Vile kind, as Mut/Vms, ^Ivrilated, (Lat. Eng.) Mite, (Eng.)
MiKros, (Mjk/jos.) — What is in a Broken state, or has a Broken, Diversi-
jied appearance, as Distinguished by Pieces, Patches, or Spots, as MacuIu,
(Lat.) &c. — I shall in another Article consider those Terms, which
relate to a Mashed, or MuD-like state, as of Destruction, Dissolution,
Decay, Disorder, Embarrassment, Confusion, in the Frame, or Mind
of Man, and of other Animals, as Mut, (Heb.) Death, Mxcies, (Lat.)
Consumption, Mad, (Eng.) &c. &c.
440 M.J C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,7i,r.
Mix with its parallels Misceo, Migwmo, (ML<yvvw,') &c. &c.
The term Mix occurs in a great variety of Languages; as in the Latin
Misceo, the Greek 'hlionuo, or MiG/mw?", Mixo, {Miyvvw, Miyvvfjn, Mt^w,)
the Italian Mischiare, Mescere, Mestare, Mescolare; the Spanish Mix-
turar, Mezclar, the French Meier, formerly written Meslcr, the German
Mischeii, the Belgic Mischen, Mischeleii, to which Junius has added
Misscliteluyn, Mistehiyn, Masteluyn, " Farrago, sive Commistio frumen-
" torum, ut Anglis Mish-Mash est Miyixa, seu Farrago," the Welsh
Mysgy produced by the same writer, the Armoric Misgu, and the Hebrew
Missech, which is recorded by Wachter. Mr. Owen explains the Welsh
Mysgy by " To Mix, to Mingle.'' In the same column of Mr. Owen's
Dictionary, where this word is, I see likewise Mysg, "The Midst,
" the Middle, Tn Mysg, ar Vysg, &c. Amongst," from whence we
see, that Midst, Middle, and its parallels Med/;<«, Meso^, (Mecros,) &c.
are derived from the idea of being Mixec? together. In the same opening
of Wachter's Lexicon, in which are Mitte, Mittel, Medm/w, I see
MiT, Cum, to which he has justly referred Mith, (Goth.) Mid, (Sax.)
Met, (Belg.) Meta, (Mera,) together with the English With. In
Greek likewise the sense of Met« is directly under the form of MiGa,
(M.Lya, Mistim, promiscue,) as a preposition, denoting aMiDST, as we
express it. In modern Greek it has two forms, Meta and Maz?', (Mera,
Ma^t,) which my German interpreter justly translates by Mit. Adjacent
to Mit in Wachter I see Mist, Stercus, and to Maz?, (Ma^t, zusammen.
^IiT einander,) belonging to MAZO/io, (Ma^wvw, Ich haufe zusammen,)
I Mix, or Jumble together, I see Mazo, (Ma^a, der Rasen, Cespo,
Cespite,) the Green Turf in the Meadoz^', Moist, or Mud spot. I see
in the same page of Mr. Owen's Dictionary the term MysoW^, "Yielding
" a stench," Myth, " That pervades ; that infects ; a MiAsma," where
we are brought to the original idea of Foul Matter. I see likewise
Mysz/w//, " To Gather Moss," and in the preceding page we have
MYsazrr, "That is of strong scent," and 'hlYsangii, "To trample.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 441
** or tread," which is a compound of Mys and Sangu, To tread. In
the combination of terms Mingle, Among, which bring us to Monger,
Fish-Monger, &c. we have the form MN, which in Greek would have
been expressed by Miggle, Mogg ; • and we actually find this union of
the n and G in the term Mign?/o, (Miywui,') &c.
In Irish MEAScaw signifies " To Mix, stir about, to move. Mingle,''
and in the same opening of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, where this word
occurs, I see Meag, the Earth, — MExsraighani, " To Temper," Meas,
MEAS?^r<?, MEAsa/re, "Just weight, ov Measure,'' MEAsardha, MEAnarfha,
" Temperate, frugal," from whence we learn, that such terms as Meas-
«7X', &c. ^loDeration are derived from the Mix?'//"-, or Tempering of
Soft, Plastic Matter. I see likewise MEATHaiw, " To fade, decay,
" wither;" and MEXTnaighani , "To grow Fat," which words, opposite
as they may appear in their senses, are derived from the same species
of Mud Matter, when considered in its Loose, Dissolved state, or in its
Swelling out state. Mr. Richards, under the Welsh Mysg?/, produces
from Dr. Davies, as parallel terms, the Hebrew pDD Masak, the Chaldee,
Syriac and Arabic 2'J2 Mazag, J<J?0 Misga, Mixtio ; and the Arabic
Mizig. Mr. Parkhurst interprets pDD MSK by " To Mix, to iw/e/Mix,"
to which he has referred the Latin Misceo, and its English derivatives ;
the preceding term to this Hebrew word in Mr. Parkhurst's lexicon
is HDD MSH, which in one sense he explains by "To Melt, Dissolve,
" as by Moisture, or Wet," and he refers to it the terms Moist and
Mist. Again in Hebrew JTD MZG signifies " To Mix, or Mingle,"
the preceding term to which is TD MZ, " To Consume, or to be Con-
" sumed," and an adjacent term is "ITD MZR, which relates to the idea
of a Corrupt, Putrid, or P///7/A'/?/ state of things, and from hence some
have supposed the term MAxaroth to be derived, as denoting a Poisonous,
Corrupt wind. In the same opening of Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon, I see
£3D MT, "To Slide, or Slip," £DDO M'lT, "To Slip, or fall all to
" pieces," where he has justly reminded us of the I^atin Muto, and its
derivatives Mutation, and the English Mud with some of its parallels
before produced. Mot, (Phoenician,) Modder, or Moeder, (Dutch,)
Mother, Mot her y.
3 K
44^ M.} C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
In Persian ^^jojj^I dMiziden, and ^;yvsr:^*l alslii^ten, are the familiar
terms, signifying "To Mix, Mingle," and in Arabic -Ij^ Mizay signifies
" A Mixture, any thing Mixed," which the Persians employ with
their auxiliary word ^Jyj Numoodun. In the -Egyptian Language
MouGT, or MouJT is Miscere, either original, or adopted from the Greek.
In the same column of my Coptic Lexicon, in which this word is found,
I see MouT, Clamare, Moucnew, '(^ea-ros, Calidus, Aqua calida, Moushi,
MousHT, Perambulare, Mout, Venae, Arteri^, Mot, Dorsum, where
we see terms denoting Agitation, Commotioji, Swelling up, Rising up, Sec.
In another place we have Moshi, TrepnraTeiv, in the same page with
which I perceive Mot, Collum, the Raised up object, Mout, Mori,
To be in a Relaxed Dissolved state, Mhot, forma lignea calceorum,
which means 'What treads on the Moit, " OSo?, via," a word which
occurs in the preceding page of my Lexicon, the Path, or Mud spot.
In the same page we have Must/'sos, a foreign word, as is supposed,
signifying Turbuletifus, in a MvTinous state. The Latin term Turbu-
lentus denotes in its first sense Muddy. The Coptic Scholars understand,
I imagine, that the true sense of Mou.cH-£m is "Aqua Calida;" where
the jE/«, or M denotes Water, in the Egyptian Language, as in most,
or in all other Languages. In the Russian Dialect of the Sclavonic
Maishc/o signifies To Mix, " Ich Mische," as my German Lexicographer
explains it, and in the same column of my Lexicon I see Maisho?/,
To Knead, "Ich Knafe," corresponding in sense with the Greek Masso,
Matto, (Mao-o-w, Marrw, Pinso, Subigo,) at once denoting To Mix
and Mash.
We have seen, among the parallel terms for Mix, the words MESLcr,
MESColare, where the / is attached to the MS, &c. and under this form
MSI various words appear, conveying the same idea, as Miscellus,
Miscellanea, (Lat.) Miscello/zcoms, &c. Meslin, Mastlin, (Eng.) Meteil,
(Fr.) h'CT^ MTL, and perhaps Metal, &c. &c. Skinner explains Maslin,
or MEsUn, by " Panis ex diversis Granis seu seminibus Cerealibus puta
" secali et tritico confectus," and he justly refers it to some of the above
terms under this form, and to the Belgic Mischteluyn, before exhibited.
Mastlin is produced by Junius, as a word in Chaucer for Orichalcum,
MUD, &c. &c. &c 443
" Stirropes gaye of gold Mastling," which he properly refers to Misceo,
&c. He observes, that Messing and Lefton are German words for
the same metal. In French we have Meteil, Maslin. In the Rime
of Sir Topas we find
'' They set liim first the swete win
" And mede eke in a Maseline."
Mr. Tyrwhitt explains Maselin by A Drinking cup, and thinks, that
it ought rather to be Mazerin. The reader will now understand, that
it is a Cup of the Maselin Metal. I suspect, that Metal, Metallow,
(MeraAAov,) is that, which is Mesle, Mashed, Mixed, Made, or
Formed, by Fusion, and by being brought into a Malleable state, and
that it has nothing to do with the Mera and AAAo? of the Greeks,
as they and their interpreters, alike skilled in the formation of Languages,
have imagined. I shall shew, that sMith is derived from a similar
idea, and the term sMclt, though belonging to the Elementary form
ML, conveys the same notion of Melting, &c. and still belongs to the
same origin of Dirt, or Mould. We all allow, that Mould expresses
at once Form and Dirt. In Hebrew we have the term '7tDQ MTL, on
which Mr. Parkhurst observes, that it occurs not as a verb in Hebrew,
but that in Arabic it signifies, " To hammer, forge, beat out, by ham-
" mering, as Smiths do. — A forged Bar." To this term he refers
Metal, Metall-on, um, (Gr. Lat. MeraWov.') In Arabic Jk« MTL
signifies " Hammering, flattening iron," the succeeding term to which
in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary is Metla, " Soft level Ground," &c. &c.
where we have the true idea. The term Mettle, Vigour, is acknow-
ledged to belong to Metal, and so is the term Medal, Medaglia, (Ital.)
&c. The English Meddle should be considered, I imagine, as belonging
to the form ML, and here we may observe, that it is sometimes difficult
to decide, when the order of Consonants C, D, &c. precedes the L,
whether the term should be considered as belonging to the form MC,
MD, &c. or ML. In the same opening of my Russian r>cxicon, in
which the terms just produced MAisc/m/o, and Maishou, To Mix and
To Knead, appear, I see Maidnom», which my Lexicographer explains
by " Kupfern, Messingen," Copper, or Messing, as likewise Maidk,
" Das Erz," Earth, or Ore of Metals.
3 K 2
M4 M.| C, D,G,J,K,Q,S,T, X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
It is impossible not to see, how the Meshes, or Mashes of a Net
are connected with Mix, Mash, &c. under the idea of that Entanglement,
when things are Blended, or Mixed, as in a Mish-Mash. Where we talk
of being in a Mess, or having made a pretty Mess of a business, we
see the entanglement of Mixed Matter. We may perceive under the
notion of the Insterstices, which we understand by the Mashes, or
Meshes of a Net, that the word belongs to the Entanglement of Soft,
Loose Matter, affording Vacuities, or easily Resolved into Parts, &c.
The Mazes of a Labyrinth, or which might be called the Mashes, or
Meshes of a Labyrinth, in which we are involved and entangled, convey
the same idea, and the word Maze Skinner acknowledges to belong
to Mase, Gurges, Vorago, The Mud spot, or Quag Mire. Though the
Mashcs of a Net occurs in Skinner, as an article next to Mash, Conterere,
and the Mash of a Horse, which latter he refers to the parallels for Mix,
he perceives no relation between the Mashes of a Net and Mash, nor
does it appear from these articles, that he considers Mash as the same
term. He produces however the parallels to the Mashes of a Net,
as Maches, Macles, (Fr.) Maschen eines netzes, (Germ.) " Interstitia,
" seu foramina inter fila retium, i. e. MaculcC retium." Though he
explains these terms by Macule, I do not understand, whether he
regards it as a kindred word, which we shall now perceive to be the
case. In Macule the original idea of Dirt, Filth, &c. is actually
preserved, and from hence, as we know, come Maculate, Immaculate, &c.
In Welsh Mjesg denotes "That is interwoven, or plaited ; any reticulated
" work; latice-work; wire- work ; MESH-work; a Mesh," as Mr. Owen
explains it, and Masgyl, "That covers; a Mesh; a pod, or shell."
In the same column with this latter word, I see Matog, a Mattock,
or Hoe, Math, " That is flat, spread out, or even," MxTnru, " To
" Trample, to Tread," — Mathrac, "A spreading down, or laying flat;
"a trampling down," and Mat; a Mat, Matras, A Matrass. The
Etymologists produce the parallels to Mat in various Languages, as
Meatte, (Sax.) Maatte, Matte, (Dan.) Natte, (Fr.) Matte biesen,
Juncus Aquaticus, Matta, (Span.) Virgultum, Mittah, (Heb.) Lectus,
Matta, (Lat.) The French Natte belongs to Net, Knit, &c. The
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 445
Welsh words might perhaps lead us to think, that the Mat signified
what was spread, yet it relates, I imagine, to the same idea as Mesh, &c.
and denotes the Entanglement of the Platted substance, as in the adjective
under the same form, Matted, The Matted Lock of Hair, &c. My
Spanish Lexicographer explains the word Matta, to which I imagine
the Etymologists allude, by "A small bush, shrub. — Sprig, blade. —
" Copse, or Coppice. Lock of Matted hair," where we unequivocally
see this idea, though it has nothing to do with the Mat: The Dutch
too in their phrases, " In de Mat zyn. To be in a pinch," — " lemand
" op het Mat vinden, To catch one in the fact," which signify what
we might call " To be in a Mess," convey the same notion. Again in
Welsh Maglu signifies " To connect intricately together ; to knit, or
" to Mesh; to intangle; to entrap, to ensnare," to which Magyl is the
substantive. In the same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary, where
Maglu occurs, 1 see Mkoad, " A Heap, a quantity ; a multitude,"
where in the Heap, or the Entangled, Mixed Mass, we see the true idea.
I find too in the same column Mng-Zu, "The fountain of blackness;
" an epithet for Hell, or the seat of darkness ;" where Mag relates to
the Foul Mud matter. Quag, Pit, &c. In the quotation produced by
Mr. Owen, the form of the word becomes Yag-Zu, where in Vag
we are brought to the words for the same idea, under the form BG, &c.
the Pudge, or Bog, Pit, Vadm///, &c. &c. The Mag-Z/<, or Yag-Zu
is the same as the Mystical personage, the son of Cerid-JVcn in the
Druid Mythology, oVag-Ddu, " Utter darhiess, or lilack accumulation,''
as Mr. Davies explains it, (^Rites of the Druids, 190.)
Terms denoting what is Mashed, Mixed, or Made up, as into a Compo-
sition, or Mass, when applied to Food and Medicine, and to objects
connected with Eating, as Mess, Meat, Masticate, &c. Medicine,
&c. &c.
I shall in this Article produce the terms, which denote ' What is
' Mashed, or Mixed together,' What is Made up, as into a composition.
446 M,
J C,D,G,J,K,aS,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
or Mass, in the application of this idea to Food and Medicine, &c. &c.
Among these terms we must class the following ; Mish-Mash, which
is sometimes used, I believe, to express, what we called a Hodge-VonoE.
The terms are again doubled in Miz-Maze, which R. Ainsworth in-
terprets in Latin by Labyrinthus, near to which article I find in this
Lexicographer's work, Mizzy, which he interprets by "Vorago, gurges
" Lutosus," where we directly come to the Muddy Pudge spot, or the
spot, which is all of a Mash, as we express it. — Mess, which the Ety-
mologists have referred to Mes, Messo, (Fr. Ital.) the Barbarous Latin
word Missus, which is considered to be quasi " Cibus Missus,'' and they
record likewise the Saxon and the Gothic Mes, Discus, Patina Myse, &c.
Mensa, Ferculum, The Spanish Mesa, Messa, Mensa, derived, as they
say, form the Latin Mensa, The Mensa, The Table, is quasi Messa,
signifying What holds the Mess, and Mensis, with its parallels Month,
&c. and Moon, is perhaps quasi Messis : The Month is derived from the
Moon, and the Moon may be that, which has the figure of the Mes, the
Dish, originally denoting the holder of the Mess. The Latin barbarous
form Missus has nothing to do with Mitto, though it might have been
adopted under this form, as a translation of Mess, from supposing, that
such was the origin of the word Mess. In our phrase To Mess up
any thing, we have the sense of Mix, and when we talk of being in
a Mess, we have nearly the idea annexed to Miz-Maze, and Mizzy. —
The term Meat denotes the Soft Mass, or Matter, for Food, or the
Mess, and has been justly compared by the Etymologists with Mete,
(Sax.) Mad, (Run. and Dan.) Muos, (Gl. Lips.) Moes, (Dan.) Esca,
Mes, Mets, (Fr.) Ferculum, just produced, Mats, (Goth.) Muas, Mas,
(Germ.) Moes, (Belg.) Olus, Mattmq, (Marri/a, Edulium,) Maza,
(Ma^a,) Maeth, Maethu, (Welsh,) Nutrimentum, Nutrio and Mess.
The Latin Mactea is referred to Mattuc, (Marrvf/.) The terms,
denoting Fat, belonging to our Elementary Character, have the same
idea, under a minute turn of difference in meaning, as denoting what
Pudges, or Swells out, from the Pudge, or Mud Matter. With these
terms. Meat &c. is inseparably connected. From the Greek Maza,
(Ma^a,) we pass to Masso, or Matto, (Macrcw, Muttw, Pinso, subigo.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 447
Maaa-io, Absterge,) To Knead and to Wipe, or Smear over; and in
the same column of my Dictionary I see MAsaoniai, (Maa-aofxai, Mando,
Voro,) and MASxa^', (Maa-ra^, Mandibula, vel os, Labrum superius,
et in eo enati pili, Esca, cibus, alimentum. Cicada,) which brings us to
MASTicate, Mast'ico, MASTicalorium, MASTicatoire, (Eng. Lat. Fr.)
MACHer, (Fr.) and to Mando, Manduco, where the form MN appears.
In Mastax, (Mao-ra^, Labrum superius et in eo enati pili,) the part
near the Mandible, or Masher, as the Mouth, Lips, &c. we are brought
to the Mustachio, or Mustaches, and the parallels in modern Lan-
guages, as the Etymologists understand, Mustache, Mustaccio, Mostacho,
(Fr. Ital. Span.)
The Maw, quasi Mag with its parallels Maga, Maeghe, Mage,
Magen, (Sax. Belg. Germ.) Magone, (Ital.) produced by the Etymolo-
gists, as likewise Mach in the Greek Stomachos, or Sfo77i-MACH-os,
(2ro/za;)^os,) and its parallels Stomachus, Stomach, &c. denote the MASHcr.
The succeeding word to MjEoen, Ventriculus, in Wachter is Magc/',
Tenuis, belonging to our word Meagre, where we again see a Mashc^,
Attenuated state of things. The Mouth, with its parallels Muth, (Sax.)
&c. might have the same meaning of the Masher, yet perhaps the true
idea appears, when we talk of the Mouth of a River, where we have
the IFhet Mud spot, or in other words, where Mash Matter supplies
the original idea under a different turn of meaning. To Mouth may
belong MuTH05, (My^os,) yet Muthos, (My^o?,) seems to connect itself
with terms of Noise, as Mutter, explained on another occasion. The
term Maxilla may belong to Mala, as the Etymologists suppose ; though
Mala, attached to the Element ML, contains the same idea of Reducing
tilings to a Mould state. Yet in MACHoire, MACiionner, (Fr.) we see
distinctly the Mashc/-, under our form MC. The term MACH07i7ier not
only means " To Chew with difficulty, but To Speak inarticulately."
The adjacent term to these words in a French Vocabulary brings us
to Dirt, or Mud, as MACuurer, which Cotgrave explains by " To black,
" smeare, Smutch, begrime, or disfigure," where let us note in sMutch
a parallel term. In the Greek sMoko, (II/ulcoxc}, Mando, Manduco,)
the s is added as in our word sMash ; the preceding term to which in
448 M.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
my Greek Dictionary is sM.o\>ix, (JE/ukoSi^, Vibex, livor ab ictu,) where
we have the sense of sMASuing, or Cutting, as by Beating, which we
see in Mast?'j;, {Maa-rt^, Flagellum.) The Hebrew substantive J^V^
MGH, denoting "The Bowels or inner parts of the animal body from
" their comparatively Lax, or Loose texture," as Mr. Parkhurst con-
jectures, is referred by this Lexicographer to the English Maw, who
observes, that in Arabic the cognate Root means "To be Lax, Loose"
&c. As a substantive, under a minute difference of form, the same
Hebrew word means "The small particles, or Grains of sand, which
" do not cohere, but are Loose from each other," where we are directly
brought to Mud Matter in a Mashed, or Broken state.
In Latin MATrmc^E pilae, are "Soap balls. Wash balls;" the suc-
ceeding word to which is Matm/o, w^here we have the utensil belonging
to IFatery matter. The French MiTowwer signifies 'To Mix up, as
' in a Mass, or a Soft composition,' under which idea the French
Etymologists refer it to Mixis, — " Un Potage Mixowwe, est un potage dont
" le pain est ramolli, et par consequent rendu plus doux ;" the next
article to which in Menage is Saint Mnouche, a man, who pretends
to be a Saint, and of a Delicate conscience ; where we have the idea
of something Nicely Made up, as in a Soft composition. We talk
both of a Spiced conscience, and a Tender Conscience. In the same
column of Menage is MiTKon, A Baker, which means the Mixer, or
MAKer up, of which word, says this Etymologist, the origin is unknown.
Some derive it from Mitre, because Bakers cover their heads with a paper
bonnet, made in the form of a Mitre. The Mitre, Mitra, Mirpa,
denotes, what binds, or confines any thing, as in a Mass. In the
preceding column of Menage, I see MiTon, " Onguent mixta,''
where it is seen, that MixTuiti supplies the original idea. In
old French MisTioymer was the form for To Mix, adjacent to which
in Cotgrave I see Mitom, "A great Cat," and MiTouJie, "Furred like
" a cat," &c. where in the sense of Furr we see the original idea.
The term Furr relates at once to the Fuzzy substance, and to Dirt,
as when we talk of a Furred Tea Kettle. Our word Madge is applied
to an Owl for the same reason, and we find that in the Gaelic MoioHeack
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 449
to a Hare. We shall now understand, why MASXRz/m in Latin means
" A Fur garment, which the men of Sardinia used," as R. Ainsworth
explains it ; adjacent to which I see in his Dictionary Mataro, " A Gallick
" javelin, or spear," which may simply mean Matter, Timber, or Wood,
MxTcohi, " A little wooden Mallet, or beetle," i. e. The Masher ; — Masto5,
" The Cock to a water pipe," which the Lexicographers derive from the
Greek Mastos, (Mao-ros,) and MASTic/^e, (MacrTtx'7)) the Gummy
substance, called Masticii, together with Materia, Matter, and Massa,
the Mass, or hump, where we unequivocally see the true idea. I find
likewise Maspetum, (Macnrerov, Laserpitii folium,) where the Mas and
the Pet have the same idea, relating to another Gum. Robert Ainsworth
explains Laserpitium by "An herb, the Gum whereof is called Laser:
" some call it MASTER-Wort." The Pit in Laserpitium seems to be the
Pet in Mas-Petw/w. The leaser belongs to the Celtic Lhys'iauyr, with
which the names of so many herbs begin in Welsh Language. In
the same column of Cotgrave, from which the above French words are
taken, I see MiTon, The Middle, and Mitaincs, "Mittaines, Winter
" gloves." Junius supposes, that these words belong to each other,
under the idea of " Dimidiafce, chirothecae," and thus the term is some-
times applied. Yet if the original idea is that of a Warm JVinter glove,
it might be derived from Mitoz<, relating to the Fur of the Cat. In
the phrase produced by Cotgrave, " lis ne se laissent prendre sans
" MiTAiNES. They will not be taken without Mittains ; viz. much
" preparation, or adoe," the term seems to be used for an instrument
of defence, more compleat, than that of a half glove ; and I think, that
in the Country, Mittains is applied to the Glove, which is used for
handling of thorns. Yet even here the idea of the Dimidiated, or
Imperfect Glove, might exist, as the Glove is without fingers, though
it is enclosed for the purpose of covering them. I see too in Cotgrave,
next to '^lixTionner, To Mish, mangle. Mash, &c. MisToudin, " A neat
"fellow, a spruce companion," and MiSTro/////e, "A foul great slut,
" a filthie draggle taile," in the latter of which words we have the
original idea of the Foul Matter, and in the former that of the Nicely
Made up composition, or Mixt«/'c.
3L
450 M.| C,D,J,K, Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
Macaroon occurs in the French Macaron, and the Italian Macarone,
and the Etymologists compare it with the term MAKARm, found in
Hesychius, MaKupia, ^pw/ma €K ^wfiou Kai a\(piTwv, and the modern
Greek term Makaronia, (MaKupwvLa.^ From the nice exquisite, or
heterogeneous composition of the Macaroon, have been derived the name
of the Beau, the Macaroni, and that of the medley burlesque, species
of verses called Macaronich, Macaronique. The Greek Mh.Gdalia,
(MwyZaXia, Pulpa mollior, ex pane, ad detergendas manus adhiberi solita,)
is acknowledged to belong to Masso, (Mao-o-o).) The aMYGDALON,
(^h.fxvy^a\ov , Amygdale,^ The Almond, is the Pulpy, Swelling substance,
used as Food. In the Lacedemonian word MouKeros, or MuKer05,
(Moy/o/joos, MvKnpo^, Amygdala, vox Laconica,) we have a simpler form.
The succeeding word in my Dictionary to this latter term, I find to be
MuKes, (Mi/Kj/s, Fungus,) where we see the Spongy, Swelling substance.
The term aMoxa, (A/xwra, Castanea,) again conveys a similar idea of
the Swelling substance. In MvTToton, {Muttwtou, Intritum ex altiis,
caseo, et ovo, &c.) we have a direct Mish-Mash, or Hodge-Podge.
While I 'examine this word irt my Greek Vocabulary, I see MvstHIo,
or MisTullo, [Mva-TiWw, Mlo-tvWw, in minutas partes seco,) where
we have the sense of Mash///o-, but in Musx/Ve, Musrillon, Musxrow,
{MvcTTiXt], Panis cochlearis modo excavatus, MucrriWov, Atticos vocasse
bucceas panis qucC cambus objicerentur, annotat. Schol. Aristoph.
Mva-rpou, Panis excavatus ad hauriendum jus, vel pulmentum,) we have
soft Matter in a Mass. I see as adjacent terms Murilon, {MvtiXou,
genus conchce,) and Musxfce^*, {MucrriKtjTo^, Piscis quidam, Mvsculus
dictus quibusdam,) which relate to the Sivelling form. In the sense
of Muscle, as referred to the Body, we have the Swelling Soft substance.
In my Greek Vocabulary I see adjacent to some of the terms produced
above, Misw, (Mto-y, Mysy, succus in Metallis concretus in formam
glebee, &c.) the Mass, and Mixws ; (Mirvs, ostiis alvearium circum-
litum quasi purgamentum cerce, subatrum, graveolens, &c.) the Foid
Smear. I have observed on a former occasion that the condiment of
Food called Musx-^n/, means ' What is of a MuD-like nature,' where
Ard means nature. The French Etjmologists derive it from Musxe^m
and Ardeo, which I cannot think to be correct.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 451
'MAGeiros, (Mayeipo?, Coquus,) the Cook, unites in his art the various
offices of the Masher, INIixer, Maker, &c. &c. In the same page of
my Greek Vocabulary with this word I see MAoetis, {Mayeu^, Pinsor,
Pistor,) MAGGoyJon, {Mayyavov, Veneficium, praestigije, Machinamentum,
Preestigiatorium, Seras vectis, pessulus, rcpagulum, Mayyavov vroXefxiKov,
BaHsta,) Magoa-, {Mayo^, Magus, sapiens apud Persas, Praestigiator,
Veneficus, Magicae artis peritus,) from whence we shall learn, that the
Mag?/s, the Practiser of Mag^c, belongs to the idea of the Mixer, or
MAKer of Mashes, Masses, Concoctions, Drugs. We see, that ISIag-
ganon, (Mayyavov,') relates to the MACHiaanientum, MACHiNa, the
MAchine, or thing Made of various kinds, the Bolf, &c. but when it
is applied to the warlike instrument, it signifies the MAsner in the most
violent application of this idea. The union of Sorcery and Cookery
in the Greek terms here produced will be manifest in the combination
of Athenwus MayeipiKus Mayyaveta's. We must refer to this idea of
the Mixer, Masheu, or Maker, the following terms relating to the
Art of Physic, and to Persons illustrious for the Art of Sorcery, Con-
coctions, Manual operations, or Inventions, &c. MEoeo/-, MeuIcus,
MEoicina, (Lat.) with the parallel Celtic words produced by Lhuyd
under these Latin terms, Medliig, Sec. (Welsh,) Medhek, (Corn, and
Arm.) &c. &c. Far-MAVion, (^apfxaKov,) the first part of which Far
belongs to Furao, (<Pvpaw, Misceo, Macero, Subigo,) which I shall shew
to belong to such terms as Bor-Bor-os, (Bopfiopo^, Coenum,) for the
same reason as these words belong to Mud. The Far-MAK, in Far-
Mak-ow, (J^apfxaKov,) is the same compound as Fo/'-Maggio, and Fro-
Mage, (Ital. and Fr.) — MACuaon : — MiTiiridates : — MEom : — Pm-MEDE,
Aga-MEDE, E/iu-Mede, Pala-MEDES, Arclii-MEOES, &c. The term
Magms is supposed to belong to the Persian Language, and so it does;
yet we perceive, that it is likewise a term familiar to various forms of
Speech, In Persian we have j_* Mugh, " One of the Magi, A Worship-
" per of Fire, an infidel, a pagan." He was supposed to be a Worshipper
of Fire, because all his Mixtures, and Concoctions, Chymical and
Medicinal were Made, or produced by the assistance of this great
operator. — The Mag«a- became a MAGician, as he and his reporters
3 I. 2
453 M
\ C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,v,r.
were ignorant, or foolish, and he became an Infidel and a Pagan, when
his rulers were inclined to another form of faction and superstition.
The Persian term means likewise a Christiaii MonTi, and a Tavern
Keeper; under both which significations it denotes an Infidel. The
Taverns are kept in Mohammedan Countries by men, who would be
called Infidels; as a Musselman does not publicly sell wine, though he
drinks it privately.
In Arabic ^y^^ Majun signifies, "Kneaded, Baked," and Majin,
" An Electuary, Medicine, confection," from which the Persians have
taken their ^j^«^ Majoon Gur, An Apothecary. It may here perhaps
be imagined by the Arabic Scholars, that Majun is formed from the
prefix M, and Ajun ^^ which signifies " Making up a Mass of Paste,
" Kneading." The Element JN, KN denotes, through the whole
compass of Language, what it does in the English Knead, which is
derived, as I shall shew, from the action of working up the Plastic matter
of the Dirt, or Cqen^/zw. Such may be the origin of the Arabic Majuns,
and if the M be a prefix, the word does not belong to the present
discussion. The terms Machine, Machina, or Mechane, (M>j;^aj/>;,)
might be a compound, in which both parts may be significant, and so
might the name of the Physician Machaon ; yet I think, that in Machine,
&c. the Mach only is expressive of the idea. In Greek Maison is the
name for a Cook, and for the Mask, which was worn by the Actor,
who personated the Cook, &c. It appears from Athenasus, that Maison,
among the ancients was the name of the Cook, who belonged to the
Country, in which he practised his art, and that they gave the quaint
name of the Grashopper to a Foreign Cook, probably from the succint
mode of tucking up his garments, (" "EkuXovv h'oi TraXaioi tov fxev
" "TToXiTLKOV M.a'yeipov Majcwi^a, tov he cktottiov TerTiya''^ Deipnosoph.
Lib. XIV. c. 22.) As I suppose, that Maison, {Maicrwv,) is derived
from the idea of Mxsmng, I am happy to observe, that in one instance
at least I do not much recede from the opinion of a Grecian Philosophical
Etymologist, on the origin of a word, belonging to his own Language.
Chrysippus derives the term Maison from MASasthai, (Macracrdai,')
to eat, or MASTicate, because Cooks were ignorant, and inclined to
31 UD, &c. &c, &c. 453
their Belly. Chrysippus gives this opinion from the estimation, in which
Cooks were held in his own times, and he knew nothing probably of
that state of Society, in the ancient world, when the Cook and his office
were regarded in a very different point of view. It appears, from the
ancient Comedies, that the Cooks were introduced, as men of pleasantry
and waggery, and hence their good things are called Maisonica. Mith-
ridates, we all know, was famous for his skill in Drugs, and if the
celebrated prescription, the Mithridathun, consisting of forty-five ingre-
dients, which formerly held so distinguished a place in our Dispensatories,
was derived from that Prince ; we shall all agree, that he well deserved
the name of the Mixer, or M'lngler. The Mashes, or Concoctions of
the Sorceress MEoea have been sung in every age, and PcW-Mede
is recorded, as bearing an equal rank with Circe and Medea ; Qiaip
Ekutu Baa-TrXtjTi, Kai ets reAos anjjiiv OTrtj^ei, (PapfxaKa Tavd' ep^oica
■^epeiova fxi]Te ti KipK>]^, MtjTi ti M>;Seia?, jU>/Te ^avdri^ Ylepijutrj^r]^.
Theoc. Idyll. 2814, &c.) Aga-MEDE, (^A.ya/jiridri,') is recorded in Homer,
as knowing all Drugs, which the Earth produces, (Hai/6>ji/ Ayapirihiv
H Toara (^appaKa tjdiu ocra Tpe<pei evpeia %dwi/, A. 739, &c.) EAa-Mede,
(EKoptidt],') is celebrated by the same Bard for her understanding, (BovXn
apia-revea-Kev aTravTwv,^ at the same time, that she is described as pre-
paring a Mess, or INIixture for the guests of Nestor, (Toicri Se rcvx^
KVKeiw evTrXoKafxo^ EKa/jLridtj,^ These words are supposed to be derived
from Medos, (M>;8os, cura, consilium,) which is not improbable; yet
in such a case the Skill of the Artist cannot be separated from the
Mixture, by which the skill is exhibited. I shall shew moreover,
that the words denoting Mind, Counsel, &c. belonging to our Element,
as Medos, &c. are derived from the metaphor of Agitation, Mndng,
or throwing ideas together, as in ' Agitare, Volverc, Coqucre, consilia.'
The Mason may mean the Artist, or Maker, and the Free-M\soN
is the Liberal, or Scientific Artist, so illustrious in the History of Man-
kind. If this should be the origin, the French Maisojst is the deriva-
tive.
434
M.J C,D,J, K,Q, S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
Terms belonging to Mash, when they relate to actions of Violence,
Pounding, Grinding, Knocking, Beating, &c. to pieces, Cutting,
Mincing, Killing, Slaying, &c. as Macto, (Lat.) Massacre, (Eng.)
&c. &c.
In this Article I shall examine those words, which relate to the
action of MAsniz/o- in its more general sense, for different purposes,
and with different degrees of violence ; and here will be found those
words, which relate to the idea of Stamping, Pounding, Grinding,
Knocking, Beating, Bruising, Cutting, Mincing, &c. Killing, Slaying,
&c. Among these terms we must class the following, Mash, sometimes
called ^Mash, which the Etymologists have justly compared with
Mascher, (Fr.) Masticare, (Lat.) Macare, Amaccare, (Ital.) Conterere,
Masaomai, and Masso, (Maa-ao/jLai, Mando, Macrcrco, Pinso,) and they
have likewise seen, that the Mash of a Horse may belong to Mix, &c. —
Macto, To kill, flay, &c. which brings us to MAcellum, MAcellarius,
&c. relating to the Butcher and his commodities. In Mactra, the
Kneading trough, we see the original idea, under another turn of
meaning, that of ^IxKing up MuD-like Matter. In the sense of Macto,
To augment, as they call it, and Mactm*, Macte, which is supposed
to be Magis auctus, we see the idea of Mak?';?^ up, as into a Mass,
or heap, as in ^Ixonus, MAJor, Mag/^. In Mac/c Amare, we have
the sense of M.KGnopere Amare. In Mactc^/, and its parallel Mattwc,
(Marrvr},^ we have the nicely Made up Food. — MAssocrc, (Fr. and
Eng.) which has been justly referred to Mactare, the Italian Mazzare,
Amazzare, and Mazza, Clavis, Fustis, the Mace, which has been duly
compared with the French Masse, Massue, the Spanish Maca, Maza,
and the Latin Massa. In the sense of the Mace, besides the quality
of MASHiz/o-, or Beating to pieces, we cannot separate the idea of the
Massy substance, the Mass, Lump, or Club form, by which it is
effected. — MAcear, (Span.) "To Beat, or drive with a Mallet, to hammer
"down," MAcnar, (Span.) "To Pound," MACHocar, or MACHMcar,
(Span.) "To Pound, or Break any thing into small pieces," MAce/a,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 455
(Span.) " Maul, Mallet," Mxcero, (Span.) " A Mace Bearer," Macho,
(Span.) " Sledge, or large hammer, used to forge Iron. — Block, on which
" a Smith's anvil is fixed," and it likewise means a " Male animal,"
which brings us to Mas, Mxscu/us, &c. and which shews us, that these ^
ideas are connected with each other, as referring to what is Massy,
or MAsning. — Mxjar, (Span.) "To Pound, or Break in a Mortar,
" to importune, to vex, to molest." In the Russian Language the verb
MouTCHOu has this metaphorical sense, as it signifies, according to
my Lexicographer in his German interpretation, " Ich Martere, quale,
" peinige," To plague, vex, torment, pain, &c. &c. — Mxjadero, (Span.)
" Pestle, an instrument, with which any thing is broken in a mortar,"
adjacent to which in my Spanish Dictionary, I see MAjada, a " Sheep-
" Cot, Sheep-fold," which means, I imagine, the confined Spot, Trodden
down by a rmmber of Sheep. Adjacent to Mac/w/-, "To Pound,"
I see in my Dictionary MAcerar, " To MAcem^e," &lc. just as MAcero,
(Lat.) connects itself with Macto.
From these words a celebrated Knight in Spain received his name,
" I remember to have read," says the Hero of La Mancha, after the
battle of the Windmills, " that a certain Knight, called Diego Perez
" de Vargas, having broken his sword in fight, tore off a ponderous
" branch, or limb from an Oak, and performed with it that day such
" achievements, and Pounded, or Mashed to pieces so many Moors,
" that he ever afterwards retained the surname of the Pounder, or
" the Masher ; — Machaco tantos Moros, que le quedo por sobrenombre
" Machuca." In this Language too Mato/-, signifies "To Kill, put
" to death, to murder. To worry, to vex, to molest," &c. In the
Malay Language the strongest idea, annexed to this Race of words,
appears under the phrase "To run Amuck," which is derived from the
Language, and the Malady of that people. Mr. Marsden explains jl*1
Amuk by " Engaging furiously in battle ; attacking with desperate
" resolution ; rushing, in a state of frenzy, to the commission of indis-
" criminate murder; running «Muck." In Malay, Maut cjy is Death,
which Mr. Marsden in his Malay Dictionary derives from the Arabic;
the next word to which is ^Ivring, "Stain, spot, soil," where we have
456 M.| C, D,G,J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
the true idea of Macz</«, Mud. Again in this Language i^y> ^Ivsuh
means " The Enemy, an hostile opponent, whatever commits ravages,
" (as beasts, birds and insects.") — Mat^ cl>U Dead, the next word to
which is Majo^, " Greedy, voracious. To devour greedily." — Metzcv,
(Germ.) is explained by Wachter, " Coedere, Scindere, Secure, Mutilare,
truncare, Jugulare ; — Metz, Metzer, Messer, Culter, jSIetz/cw, Jugulare,
Meuchel, Morder, Sicarius, Mezgoi, Mactare, which this Etymologist
has duly referred to some of the words, above produced, as likewise
to Maza, (Arab.) Matsen, (Belg.) the Sclavonic Messar, and the
Dalmatian Meszhar. Let us mark the kindred explanatory term
'MvTilore, To Mux/Va/e, and note, as others have done, that the Teutonic
Messer belongs directly to the MACHAiRflr, QAaxaipa,') of the Greeks,
The form MTL brings us to the Latin Mateola, A Mallet. In Italian
MAciuLLf/re, signifies, "To Mash flax," as my Lexicographer explains
it, and MAci/?«7-e is " To Grind, Minced — MovTure in French signifies
Grinding; and so, we know, does Moudre; but this we should consider,
as quasi Mouldre, as in Moulu, which is to be referred to Molo, (Lat.)
Molin, (Fr.) &c. under the form ML, expressing Mould. — Mouxow,
means in French a Rammer, the Masher, or Striker, and the animal
called a Wether Sheep, from whence the general name Mutton is taken.
The Etymologists derive Mutton, or Mouton, among other things, from
MuTO, MuTO/??'s, penis, and the God Mutonz/s, where we have the
same metaphor of the Striker, Pusher, and from the Teutonic Mvrzen,
truncare, because it is the " Aries castratus,'' where Muxze/z is only
another form of Metzc??, just exhibited. In our ancient English Laced
MuxxoN is a term for a Prostitute dressed out in a tawdy manner.
The Commentators on Shakspeare have been duly aware of this familiar
expression, and Mr. Malone has observed, that a Laced Muxxon was
in Shakspeare's time " so established a term for a courtezan, that a street
" in Clerkenwell, which was much frequented by women of the Town,
" was then called Mutton Lane." (^Fivo Gentlemen of Verona, "A lost
" Muxxon gave your letter to her a I/ace</-MuxxoN.") Tlie dressing
of the Sheep, as we now call it, seems to have made a considerable
impression on the minds of the people; and hence it is, that we have
MUD, &c &c. &c. 457
the ancient phrase Laced-MvTron ; and the comparison, which is now
famihar to our streets, " She looks like an old Ewe dressed Lamb-
fashion," in order to describe an old woman assuming the dress of a
young one.
As MouTOW is applied to the animal Rannning, or Striking with the
Head; so from hence it is, I imagine, thas MAZZ-Ard means the Head:
quasi MxsH-Ard, that which is of a MAsning-Ard, or Kind, that which
has the power of Striking, Beating, Knocking, &c. It is curious, that
from this Striking quality of the Head, as exhibited in ^lAzzard, the
same term is peculiarly adopted, when that part becomes the object
of the blow, or when it is Struck, or Beaten. We remember in Hamlet,
that the Skeleton of the Courtier is " Knocked about the Mazzard
with a sexton's spade," and in Othello we have " Let me go, Sir, or
" I'll Knock you o'er the Mazzard." It was from an obscure impression
of the original idea, which I have now exhibited, annexed to the word
MuzzARD, that it presented itself on this occasion to the mind of the
Poet, and by the same impression its force is felt and understood by
the Reader. The Poet however and the Reader were alike ignorant,
from whence the force of this word on such an occasion was derived. —
In Hebrew MZCh nVD signifies ' Frons, The Forehead, and Greaves,'
according to Taylor, who imagines, that the sense of Greaves refers
to the" Fore part of the Leg," defended by Plates of Brass. The sense
of the Forehead and Greaves relates probably to the part exposed to
Beating, or Battering, and an adjacent word TUf^ MZD, " A fortified
place, " a castle, bulwark," seems to have the same meaning, just as the
terms belonging to Beat, as Battery Bastion, &c. relate to the object,
from which, and to which the action of Beating proceeds and is directed.
But there is another adjacent word, which directly brings us to the
sense of the Element, HVD MZH, " To Squeeze, press, a Cake of
" unleavened bread," to which Mr. Parkhurst has very justly referred
the terms Mazos, Mastos, (Ma^os, Mao-ros,) Maza, (Ma^a,) Lat.
Maza, Massa, the English Mass ; as likewise Masso, " Maaa-w, To
" Knead," MASsaoniai, " Maa-aaoimai, To press with the teeth, to chew,
" champ,'' and Musso, " Mvaa-u), To compress, and to blow the nose,
3 M
458 M.J C,D,G,J,K,a,S,T, X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
*' in French, Moucner, Also to MASH," which our Etymologist closes
with the addition of doubt, a Qncere, (Qii P^
The preceding term to this in our author's Lexicon is MZA, "To
" find, meet with." — "To find, experience, feel," &c. with which he
should have compared the Greek Masso, MASfeiw, MAteo, and Ma/cwo,
(Matro-Wj Tango, QuEero, Maa-Tevco, Marew, MaTcvui, QutCro, perquiro,
vestigo,) as connected with Masso, (Mao-o-o), Pinso,) and he should
have observed moreover, that the idea of Search, Feeling, Enquiry
was derived from Feeling, or Routing into, about, loose or Plastic
Matter, on which an impression can be made. Meet belongs to a similar
idea of things Mixed as in a Heap, or Mass. Mr. Parkhurst should
likewise have referred his reader to the Hebrew tt'D MS, To feel. — To feel,
to search, examine, or know by feeling, "To feel about, grope, as in
" darkness," — ti'B'D MSS, " To grope, or feel about, again and again
" as in darkness," where lee us note the term Grope, which belongs
to the idea of Grubbing up the Ground. In the vulgar phrase, " To
" Grub into any business," we directly see the same metaphor. Another
adjacent word to these Hebrew terms is pD MK, " To be dissolved, to
'• rot, to pine, or waste away," to which Mr. Parkhurst has justly referred
Muck, Muceo, Mucor, Mucidus, whence English Mucicl, Mucidness,
Lat. and Eng. Mucus, Mucilage. The Greek terms eMArhon, MAxne^e*,
belonging to Manfhano, (Mavdavw, Disco, e/maOou, Ma6>/T^/s, Discipulus,)
must be leferred to the words above produced Mastcuo, Matcuo, &c.
(Mao-reyo), MaTevw, Quaero,) under the idea of Acquiring, or Learning
by Routing into, Groping about, &c. In Manthano, (Mavdavw,') the
words have passed into the form MN. In the Phoenissae, (v. 3fci.) we
have the due combination of these terms for Searching and Learning,
Tou eKTeOevra Traiha fxacTTeveiv fxadeiv. In the following passage,
occurring in the letters affixed to the works of Hippocrates, we have
the term Mast^mo, (Maa-revoo,) applied to Routing into the Dirt, by
mining, " Kpyvpiov Kai ^pu(riov MaarTeuoi/Te^, I'x^vti Kovecos kui -^tiynuTu
" epeufwvTe^.'' In iMao, ineMAsan, MaiMao, MaiMASso, (Maw, yueyuao-ai/,
Maifxaw, Maijuacra-u), V^ehementer cupio, Quxro, Vestigo, &c.) we have
a similar idea, and we come to the same point in Maieuo, or Majcuo,
MUD. &c. &c. &c. 459
(Obstetricem ago, pullos avium nutrio, Qutero, investigo;) though in
Ma/«, or MAja, (Mata, Obstetrix, Nutrix,) a kindred term, the Feeder,
we have the property jNIud Mattc?-, if I may so say, in its Matter?;?^
up state. While 1 examine some of these terms in my Greek Vocabulary,
I see in the same column, J/rt/MAZC?w, Q^laifxa^eiv, Palpitare, agitari.
salire, fluctuari,) MaiMAKTerion, (MaifjaKTtjpiwv, mensis, a quo hyems ■
incipit, quo Jovi Mai/jiaKTti sacrificabant Athenienses propter Mvrafionem,
et turbulientiam aeris, September,) MaiMAiLTes, (Mai/daKTi]^, Furore
percitus, furiosus, turbulentus, Jovis Epith.) MaiMxx, (Matjua^, tur-
bulentus, impetuosus,} where we see the idea of Mash Matter, in
its Mixed, Disturbed state, or of Mashm?o", Killing, &c. It were idle
to enquire, whether the terms, under the form MS, &c. do not arise
from the form M^, as that circumstance does not alter the relation of
the terms under the form MS.
The Greek terms MxTeii, Mata/os, M\TTabos, MATrulla, (Martiv,
Frustra, incassum, in vanum, temere, nequicquam, Marajos, Qui frustra
sit, Vanus, Inanis, Ineptus, futilis, mendax, falsus, MaTxaySos, Stultus,
fatuus MarpvWu, Lena,) which I see in the same opening of my
Vocabulary with Masso, (Macro-o),) &c. belong to the same Mash Matter,
and denote, ' What is in a Loose, Dissolved, Disturbed, Dissolute, or
' Foul state.' I see too Mat^ow, (Manof, Mensura,) A Measw/c, where
we have another idea belonging to the same species of Matter in its
Plastic, Pliant soft state. Mr. Parkhurst has justly compared the Greek
MA-ren, (Maniv,') with IDD MTh, To Slip, and nn MT, " To Fail, Die,"
all which terms signify to be in a Mashed, or Mud state. Other
adjacent terms are "JJ/D MGK, "To compress, squeeze, crush," IDD
MSR, To Mix, HDD MSH, To melt, or dissolve IV^ MGD, " To totter,
" stagger, slip," HI^D, which occurs not, says Mr. Parkhurst, as a verb
in Hebrew, " but in Arabic the cognate Root signifies. To be lax, loose,"
EOi/D MGT, "To be diminished, lessened, impaired, made few," — bpD
MGL, "To decline, deflect, go aside," &c. I see among these terms
1DD MSR, "To deliver from one to another, " from which Root, says
Mr. Parkhurst, " The Jews call their pretended tradition of the true
" reading of the Hebrew Scriptures Masso7'ah.'' I must leave the
3 M 2
460 M
I C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Hebrew Scholars to decide, how this sense is connected with the fun-
damental idea of the Element MS, if the word should belong to it.
Taylor explains the word by " Tradere, To Raise, or bring in a Ntimher
" of men for a military expedition," &c. from whence it should seem,
that the original idea was that of collecting as in a Mass, and from
hence, ' To Deliver out, as from a Heap.' We must remember however
the Latin Mitto, which is derived from Loose, JVatery MAxrer, Sending
forth its contents. The next word to pO MK, To be Dissolved, is 7pD
MKL, " A light rod, or twig," which seems to be derived from the
idea of a Loose, Lax, Limber state, as we express it, though Mr. Park-
hurst refers it to the Radical form KL. I see too among these Hebrew
words MGN, or MHN, \V1^, To remain, dwell, which Mr. Parkhurst
refers to Mevw, and MGR, or MHR "l^/D, relating to a Cave, but I am
unable to decide, to what Radical they should be referred. In Hebrew
^TID MC/?Z is " To drive, plunge in, or strike deeply." — To strike,
penetrate, or wound deeply, and the next word to it in Mr. Parkhurst's
Lexicon is " To break, break through," and in the same opening I see
'^T\D MCAA, " To strike, or clap the hands together, the next word to
which is nnD MC/zH, "To Wipe, wipe clean, or smooth, as a man
" IVipeth a dish, &c." — As a noun it denotes Fat, to which Mr. Park-
hurst has properly compared the Lat. and Eng. Muc?^5, ' whence Mucid,
' Mucilage, Mucilaginous.'' The sense of tliis Hebrew word agrees with
that of the Greek Masso, (Macro-w,) which means both to Knead,
and to Wipe. Again we have in Hebrew V^12 MSG, which occurs
as a Noun in Ezekiel, where Mr. Parkhurst gives it the idea of Wiping,
or Washing, and Schultens observes, that in Arabic it signifies " Mulcere
" tergendo, blanda manu pertergere, To stroke in tviping, to Wipe
" with a gentle hand,'' where we see the softest sense annexed to Mud,
Washy matter, but in the next word, occurring in Mr. Parkhurst, "plVD
MSK, relating to Comhiiig, carding, tearing, lacerating, we have the
stronger sense of Cutting, derived from the same species of Loose, Lax
matter. Let us mark, that Loose, Lax, Lacerate, belong to each other,
and to sLush Matter, for a similar reason. In the same opening of
Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon with these words, I see ICD MSK, To Draw
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 461
out, and an adjacent word is Htl'D MSH, " To draw out, or forth, to
" remove,'' which still relates to the ease of drawing out, about, &c.
Loose, Lax, Soft matter.
The next word to this in Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon decides on the
origin of these terms, and brings us to the original idea of MuD-like
matter. This word is ni^'D MSC/?, which signifies "To Smear, or rub
" over zvith some unctuous matter,'' and in Arabic ,^«^ MSH has a similar
idea. Mr. Parkhurst has justly referred the term Messiah, The Anointed,
to this Hebrew word : We know, that Christ is a translation of this term,
belonging to the same metaphor, XpicrTos, Unctus, Christus, a Xpiw,
Ungo. This word is directly adjacent to tTD MS, To Feel, To feel about,
grope, &c. above produced, and they belong to each other, just as
Masso, (Maa-a-w, Akstergo, Pinso,) To JVipe, or Smear over, &c. does
to Masso, MAsxewo, (Mao-o-w, Mao-reya), &c. Tango, Qucero,) To Feel,
Grope, &c. I have produced on a former occasion, another Hebrew
term adjacent to these words, '?t5D MTL, "To Hammer, forge, beat out
" by hammering," which Mr. Parkhurst compares with Metal, Metal/on,
(MeraAAoi/.) In the same column of our author's Lexicon, with this
word, I see MT^A XCDD Chald. which he explains by " 7b 7-each unto,
" come to, or upon," which might belong to the terms for Searching,
or Groping into, above produced. In the same column I see "fD MK,
" To decay, fall to decay, as a House." — To which our author has
referred MiKpo^, Doric Mikkos, small, Eng. Meek, "The Lat. Maceo,
" to be lean, Macies, whence Emaciate, &c. Also Lat. Macer, Macero,
" whence Eng. Macerate, French Maigre, whence Eng. Meager," which
are all kindred terms. The next word to this is "IDD MKR, which
Mr. Parkhurst explains by " To deliver, or give up to another. To
" sell," and to which he refers Merx, Mercury," &c. Surely this word
MKK TDD belongs to a term in the same leaf of our author's Dictionary
inO MC//R, "To Commute, exchange, or barter one thing for another,"
which cannot, I think, but be referred to the succeeding word £5D MT//,
" To slide, or slip," which Mr. Parkhurst justly compares with Muto,
and Mud. Let us mark a parallel term co/wMute, in the explanation
of our author; and let us again turn our attention to the Hebrew "IDC
463 M.| C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ^ l,m,n,r.
MSR, To deliver down, &c. which might seem to connect itself with
130 MKR, " To deliver, or give up." The two senses, which MSR
appears to have of Dlstnhution and Collection belong probably to the
same Matter of Mud in its ditTerent states of Looseness, and a Lump.
But perhaps the word does not relate to collection, but to that of Raising,
and such is the sense of Mitto, to which I have compared it, when
it means ' Sursum Mitto, To lift up, to set up, to Raise.' In Arabic
*jJ3Jc« MiTedit signifies, as Mr. Richardson explains it, " An instrument
" with which they beat clay floors to make them hard and smooth ;
" also one for driving piles into the ground ;" and in the same column
we have the Arabic MiK«a^, " A Mallet, a Hammer," &c. In the
preceding column I see Meish ^j^ (Arabic,) Mixing, and the Persian
Misiden ^^jju-xo "To If ash. To stroke, to sooth, To milk." In Persian
vju^ Musht signifies "The Hand, the palm, the fist; a blow with
'■ the clenched Fist. — A Hammer."
In the Welsh Dialect of the Celtic the term Maez means " A Buffet,
" a knocking about," and Maezm, " To Beat, strike, to thump, to bang,
" to buftet about." Mr. Richards has this word under the form Maeddm,
which according to Davies is more properly written ("rectius,") Baeddu,
and this latter form brings us to the English word Beat, &c. Mr.
Richards refers us with a Qucere, to the English sMite ; which is a
kindred term. The original idea of this Welsh word is that of Mash,
Moist ; as will be evident from the phrase produced by Mr. Owen
under it, which is that of Maezu poer, To foam at the mouth. In
Mr. Richard's Dictionary we have an article Maesa, " To fight in battle ;
" Also to go to stool," which latter sense brings us to Mute, Mud,
or Filth. The preceding term in his Dictionary is Maes, "A Field.
" So in Arm. Also a battle, a fight, because fought in a field." In
the sense of a Field we are again brought to the spot, supposed in
my hypothesis, and to Mead, Meadow, &c. In Irish Madh is " A plain,
" field," and MxDHana, " Meadows,'' as Mr. Shaw explains them, and
I find in the same column of his Dictionary, where these words occur,
Madhm, " A breach, battle, derout," which in two other articles Mr.
Shaw explains by " Any large round Mountain," where we see the idea
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 463
of the Mass, and " As much grain, or any thing comminated, as may
" be taken up between both tlie hands." It should seem, as if the form
of the Greek Medimw-os, (MeSiiui/os, Medimnus, Mensura aridorum
Attica, Modhis,^ belonged to this word. The Irish word appears to
belong to the idea of * What is in a Mash'd, Broken state,' and if this
should be so, and if these words belong to each other, the Medfm//
is not to be referred to the sense conveyed by the word Measure,
which at first seems probable. In the same column I see Mact^/w,
" To Slaughter, Butcher," which brings us unequivocally to the Latin
Macto, and in the same opening of the Dictionary I see Maid/zwu////,
" To tear, burst," and Maid/(«w, " To be broken in battle, to be routed."
I find in Mr. Shawns Dictionary, Mudha, "Dying, perdition;" — Mudh-
laim, "To Kill;" and in the same column I see MuGHa/w, "To Kill,
"destroy," and MuiGHa/w, "To fail, falter, fall, be defeated," The
term Madhw/, is brought to its original idea of Moist Matter in the
following application, Mad/z/m Sleihhe, "A sudden eruption of IVater
" from Mountains." An adjacent word to this is Maddar, " The Herb
" Madder," that is, the Daub, or Die. The Celtic Scholar will have no
difficulty on viewing the Irish terms, which appear in Mr. Shavvs
Dictionary, under the forms Much, Mud, as Much, sMoke, Much/zo',
" Dark, gloomy," Mud/c//*, " Dun coloured," Muoaw, A Mug, whicli
must be referred probably to the terms for Measures,
In Greek we have ^IxGoanon, (MayyavoVf Balista,) which denotes
an object, Mxsning, or Beating down Walls; which in old English
is called the Mangonel. The form MGG, or MNG brings us to Mangle,
which in Scotch is Magil; — MAcaoniai, MACHAira, (Maxo/uLcn, Pugno,
Maxuipa, Machtera, Gladius, culter,) which brings us to Mucro, the
Point of a Weapon, or the Weapon itself. We shall now sec, how
the Muc in Muc/-o, and yiucosus may belong to each other, as denoting
the Mashc'/-, or ('utter, and Mash, Watery Foul Matter. In Mattock,
the Instrument for cutting up the Mud ; we are brought to the spot
supposed in my hypothesis. Mr. Gro.se has Meag, or Meak., a Provincial
term for an instrument to Mow Pease. In Welsh Matog is " A Mat-
" TocK, a hoe," and in Irish Meas is "A Weapon, edge, or point. —
464 M.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| /, ?», w, r.
" A Pair of Sheers." Let us note the term Mow, and remember its
parallels Mawan, Mahen, (Sax. Germ.) Maegen, Maedew, (Belg.)
Meyer, (Dan.) Meto, Messrs, aMao, aMExos, (A^uaw, Meto, Afxtiro^,
Messis.) In Welsh Medi is To Reap, and in Cornish and Armoric,
we have Midzhi and Midi. In Scotch Maiden signifies, says Dr.
Jamieson, "An instrument for beheading, nearly of the same construc-
" tion with the Guillotine,'' which is derived from the idea of Motving,
or cutting off; as will be manifest from the succeeding word in this
writer's Dictionary, Maiden, "The name given to the last handful
" of corn, that is Cut doivn,'' or Mowed, as he might have said, "by
" the reapers on any particular farm." In the same column of our
author's Dictionary, we have Maid, " Tamed, applied to animals, trained
" for Sport," which he justly refers to Mate, " To kill," and Mait,
" Fatigued, or overpowered by weariness," or " Subdued by fatigue," —
this being one mean " employed for breaking animals." Maid does not
belong to Mait, because Horses are Subdued hy fatigue, but because both
these words signify BroAen in, or Broken doivn, &c. as by the process
employed in Taming, whatever in may be, by Fatigue, &c. &c. So slow
is the mind to embrace a general, or fundamental idea. I shall shew,
that Tame belongs to Temper, ' To Temper Mortar, Clay,' &c. just as
I conceive these words to be derived from the ^Ixsuing of Mud. I see
likewise in the same column Maid, A Maggot, The Mud animal,
MxiCHerand, Weak, feeble, &c. and Match, Marrow, the Soft substance.
To the Greek words above produced, we must add MistuI/o, (Mio-tvWio,
in parvas partes seu frusta concido,) which has already been produced —
Mast/xT, Mast?;ko, MAST/goo, (Maa-Ti^, Flagrum, tlagellum, scutica,
MacTTi^w, MacTTiyow, Flagris Caedo,) aMusso, (A^ycro-w, Rado unguibus,
vellico, lacero, discerpo, &c.) which mean to Cut, Ccedere. The term
?'Masso, (Ifxaa-a-o), Loris C<edo, verbero,) to which ?Mas, (I/ias, Lorum,)
belongs, would seem to have the same meaning of the Cutter, or
Masher, as likewise the term iMASTn/e, (l^aa-QXv, Scutica,) yet the
only doubt is, whether these words belong to the sense of the Masher,
Cutter, Beater, &c. or of the Mashed, as denoting heather, the substance,
-Macerated, or Softened by tanning. These ideas cannot be separated,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 465
when they coincide in the same object. My Lexicographer explains
Masthle, and Masthles, (Macr^Av, Ma<r^A»7s,) by " Lorum emolUtum ;
" corium, pellis, Homo mollis, et in improbitate exercitatus," where
we have the Macerated substance, and let us note the sense of Homo
Mollis, the Dissolute character, as we express it, or the personage
in a Dissolved state, which brings us to Machlos, (Ma;^\os, Libidinosus,
lascivus.) Many of these words occur in the same opening of my
Dictionary with Mxsaomai, MASTichao, MASxazo, &c. &c. (Maa-ao/jiai,
Maa-Tixau), Maa-Ta^ui, Mando, Manduco,) and Masso, (Macrcrw, Pinso,
subigo,) where we see the more original idea of Kneading, or MASHing
up a MuD-like substance. I see likewise in the same opening Mastr-
opeuo, (Maa-rpunrevu), Lenocinor, prostituo,) which inay belong to the
Latin MAST/<rZ>o, and MAST;«or, under the metaphor annexed to Masso,
(Macrtro).) In Hesychius we have Maa-rpoiro^, Aua-rpoTro^, Travoupyo^
anaTewv, Trpoaycoyo^, where the Mas seems to mean f^'ile, and the second
part is TpoTTo?, Mos. I see in the same opening of my Lexicon Mas-
tiche, (Maa-Tixfi, Mastiche, Mastix\) The Gum Mastich, which passes
through a variety of Languages, where we see the MuD-like substance,
and Maschale, (MacrxaM, Ala, Axilla, Armus,) where we have the
Arm denoting the Masher.
Before I quit the terms ^Mas, and zMasso, (I;ua?, Ijuacro-w,) I must
observe, that the substantive appears to be used in an active sense, as
denoting the Masher, when it is applied to the Ccestus ; and the verb
is certainly used by Hesiod to express the most violent and destructive
action of the power of Jupiter in the final subjugation of the most
tremendous of his enemies. Avrap CTrei drj pnv Sa/uLaa-e irKny^icnv IMAS2A2
Hpiire yviwdei^, (TTevaxt^^ Se yaia TreXwpt]. (^Deor. Gen. 85 7-8.) In
the same poem of Theocritus the z'Mas, (Ijuav,) is used for the Ccestus,
and aMusso, (A/.ii;o-cra),) for the Cuts inflicted, AAAaAous oXeKov
arrepeoi^ Qeivovre^ IMASIN, (Mutuo se vulnerabant duris caedentes
Ccestibus.^ — Hrot oy evOa kui evda irapKnafxevo^ Aio^ vio<s A/mcporepaia-iv
AMY2SEN ajUOi/Saois. (At ille hinc et inde instans Jovis filius Ambabus
manibus laniabat alternis. Theocrit. Idyll. XXH. 108. Q.'i-S.) The
personage recorded in this Poem, who " defied the son of Leda to the
3 N
466 M
> C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. 'j /, lu, n, r.
" combat of the Ceestus," must be considered as bearing a nom de guerre.
Amyous, where the Myc, is the MAsner. Tliere is a word, adopted
by Homer in his account of the Boxing Match, at the funeral of Patro-
clus, Chromados, (XpojuiaSo^, Strepitus seu stridor dentium, Maxillarum
et dentium coUisio,) which is apphed to the effect of the blows on the
Jaws ; where the Mad, or Mados may still be referred to the action
of Mxsmng, at once comprehending the Blows, and the Noise, Aeivo%
^e X(OOjuaSo9 76^1/0)^ yever, (Vehemens autem Crepitus Maxillarum
exortus est. i'. 688.) We know, that the form oMados, (O/iaSos,
Multitude, Tumultus, Strepitus, &c. &c.) exists in a separate state,
where the Mad has its due force. In Persian Musht e:.,jL^ is "The
" Hand, the palm, the fist; a blow with the clenched fist. — A Hammer,"
and MusHTze/?, ^j >j:,Ji^ is "A Boxer, a Wrestler."
There is a curious passage in Orpheus, where we find the term
Mechos, (M>j;!^os,) as a name connected with a story, in which aMuxw,
f AjUf^t?,) MAsaiwg', Tearing, Cutting, or haceration is performed ; of
whatever nature it mav be, or to whatever narrative it is to be referred.
It is described as a transaction very famous, or celebrated. M;;;(;oi»
Kui HpaK\t]0£ Trepicprj/jLov A/mu^iv. We may observe however, that
famous, as this Tearing is supposed to be, the Commentators appear
to know nothing of the name or the narrative, to which it refers. Some
read MtiXeiov r' HpuKXtjo^, as a name for Hercules, which they suppose
to be derived " a Malino caudice," from the stock of the Apple Tree,
with which he slew the Dragon in the Garden of the Hesperides. The
Tearing, which is here described, is supposed to relate to his combat
with the Titans, when they fought against Jupiter, We shall surely
think, that the term Meecho«, (M»;;)^os,) is a name derived from the
transaction of some species of Tearing, aMuxw, (A^u^j?,) in the tale,
whatever it might be. The action of Tearing, or Cutting to pieces
limbs, is one of the most celebrated transactions in Mythology, (H ra
jueA*; Tov OcripiZo's hiaa-KeZaa-eiv tw Tvcfycopi, &c.) We perceive, that
Hercules is concerned with this transaction of Tearing, and we cannot
but remember in our great Bard, " I could play Ercles rarely, or a part
" to Tear a Cat in." There is no form of ancient Superstition, which
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 467
has not remained among the practises of recent times, and more espe-
cially arc we to look for these reliques of the ancient world in scenical
representations. — Shakspeare, T know not for what reason, abounds
with these Mystic allusions ; though in the present case the allusion
is taken from some familiar and popular exhibition. Yet the popular
exhibition is derived from the same source, as the more concealed and
secret performances, which are lost in unfathomable antiquity. The
Religious Mysteries in the earlier periods of our Drama are continua-
tions, under different names, though with similar appendages, whenever
the story would permit, of those Mysteries, which contained the secret
Rites of Religion, in the Institutions of the ancient World.
Terms expressing Pieces, or Particles of Matter, as of DwY, Mud, &c.
in a Mashed, Minute, Loose, Broken state, or as being of a Little,
Minute, F?7eKind; such as MiKros, (Mtjcjoo?,) Mite, MvtHus, (Lat.)
'^Ivrilated, &c. — What is in a Broken state, or has a Broken, Diver-
sified appearance, as distinguished by Pieces, Patches, or Spots,
as Macula, a Spot, the Mesh of a Net, &c. &c.
I shall in this Article consider those terms, which express Pieces,
or Particles of Matter, as of Dirt, or Mud, &c. in a Mashed, Minute,
Loose, Broken state, or as being of a Little, Minute, Vile kind : —
What is in a Broken state, or has a Broken, Diversified appearance,
as Distinguished by Pieces, Patches, or Spots, &c. &c. Among these
Terms we must class the following, Mikkos, Mik/w, Mikkm/os, (Mikko's,
MiKpo^, Parvus, MtK/ci/Aos, Parvulus,) Meioo, quasi Me.ioo, (Meiow,)
Miskellos, Miskelo*, (M/o-K-eWos, Vile et nigrum vinum, Mt<rK€\o^,
Sordidus et Praeparcus, qui frustra etiam rejecta colligit,) Miskoa-,
(Mjo-kos, Pomorum putamina,) Mischo*, (Mio-;^os, Pediculus, per quern
folia fructusque arboribus adhjerent; Granum folio adhaerens ; — Instru-
mentum rusticuni vertendjp tcrrae ;) where in the sense of the Instrument
for Breaking the Ground up, or to Pieces, we see the original idea; —
3 N 2
468 M.| C, D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X.Z.^^ l,m,n,r.
MisTULLO, (Mio-ri/Wft), in parvas partes concido, in parva frusta disseco,)
MiTULLO*, (M/TfAAos, puerili tetati proximus,) Mitulos, (MiryAos,)
MuTiL?/*, (Lat.) MvTihkted, &c. ^Ivticus, (Lat.) Muxico, Arista, id est,
MuTzYa; — Mica, (Lat.) from which Mico is acknowledged to be derived:
Mite, (Eng.) with its parallels produced by the Etymologists, Mite, (Fr.)
Miider, Miite, (Dan. Belg.) Matlia, Mite, (Sax.) Mioas, (MtSa?, Ver-
miculus,) &c. &c. — Midge, (Eng.) with the parallels Mycg, Miigge,
Mucke, Myg, (Sax. Belg. Germ. Dan.) which have been referred to
the Latin Musca, which brings us to Muia, quasi Muja, (My/a,) Mouclie,
(Fr.) Musquito, &c. &c. The term MusQwe/, and its parallels Mousquet,
Moschetto, (Fr. Ital.) are supposed by some to be derived from the
Muscovites, while others think, that they are taken from the Noise of
a great Mouche, or Fly, or that of a Calf, or Bull, Moschos, (^Mocrxo^.)
They appear to be so called ; because, as we express it, we let Fly at
any thing with these instruments. A Musket is the name likewise
of a Small Hawk; and we might suppose, that the name of the Fly,
the Hawk, and the Instrument was derived from the idea annexed to
Mash in its active sense, of Stinging, Tearing, KnocMng to Pieces, &c.
yet in the names of the animals, the Fly and Hawk, the sense of Small,
or Minute, seems to be the true one, which cannot perhaps be separated
from the name of the Instrument, which ranks among Small arms,
" Tormentum bellicum Minus.'' When we have arrived however at
the true fundamental idea, and have only to decide, whether the word
be taken in its Passive, or Active sense; it might seem perhaps an
unnecessary task to adjust such a minute ditference. Skinner explains
Musket by "Parvus Accipiter Mas," and " Accipiter Fringillarius,
" Mas," where Fringillarius, belongs to Frango. Wachter derives
Meise, Nota Avicula, from Meios, (Metos, Parvus.)
In Scotch MyTwg-, as Dr. Jamieson explains it, is " A term to express
" Smallness of size. It seems to carry the idea of ' Contempt,' &c. —
" A fondling designation for a child, pron. q. Mitten, Ang.;" the next
terms to which in this Lexicon are Mittens, (Mittaines, Fr.) " Woollen
" gloves and jNIittle." Mittens, in England, at present, are understood
" to be gloves without fingers," and on another authority it is explained
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 469
to be "A very strong pair to hedge in," and To Mittle, "To hurt,
" or wound, by a fiill, bruise, or blow," which our author has referred
to the words belonging to MuTiLa^e, &c. The MiTTkines denote
' What is Defective,' either as being without fingers, by having no part
to cover them, or by being made without any distinction for the places
of fingers, though that part is enclosed. The French Mitaines is ex-
plained in Cotgrave by Jf^infer- Gloves, and there is a French proverb,
which shews them to be of such a make, that the fingers are defended,
as they must be in Hedging, lis ne se laissent prendre sans Mitaines.
" They will not be taken without Mitaines ; viz. much preparation,
" or adoe ;" the next word to which in Cotgrave is Mitan, " The
" Middest, or Middle of," and in the same column we have Mite,
" A Mite, the smallest of coynes; also, the little worme, called a Mite."
Mote, (Eng.) which the Etymologists have compared with Mot, (Sax.)
Atomus, Festuca, Mots, (Heb.) Gluma, Motos, (Moto?, Linamentum
carptum, quod vulneribus inditur.) — Moth, (Eng.) which has been
referred to Moth, (Sax.) Matte, (Germ.) &c. and ultimately to Muooo,
(Mvdaw, Uligine putresco.) In Scotch and Old English, we have the
forms Moch and Mought, for a Moth, and in Persian, which is a
Teutonic Dialect, <0L>^ Mite is a Moth. — Maggot, (Eng.) to which
the terms produced by the Etymologists, as parallel, are Maede, (Belg.)
Made, (Germ.) who refer us likewise to the French and Italian Mag-
aigne, and Magagna, Putredo. In Welsh Meis^^w, is "A Moth," &c.
and in the same Language Mad signifies, as Mr. Owen explains it,
" What proceeds, advances, or goes forward ; a term for the reptile
" class of animals ; What is good," &c. If Mad does not mean the
Little animal; it must denote the animal, which moves in the Mud.
The term denotes Good, &c. from the idea of Soft Matter. The
original idea of Mad will be manifest from a term in the same opening
of Mr. Owen's Dictionary, Madku, "To Dissolve; to become Matter,
" or Pus; to putrefy, to rot; to generate Matter; to fester." In the
same opening I see Mxcai, " That breeds, or that is generated ; a Maggot,
" a grub; a caterpillar." In Irish MAGairam, as explained by Mr. Shaw,
means "To creep, paw, finger, Mag, A Paw, Magow, A little paw,
470 M.} C,D,G,J, K,Q,S,T,X,Z.'^ l,m,n,r.
" a toad," which are derived from the idea of Grubbing amongst the
Mud. In the same opening of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, we have Magh,
" A plain, level country," and MADuana, Meadows, where we are
brought to the original Spot ; as likewise Maigqz'w, which is explained
by " A Toad, a little fat fellow," where we have the idea of the Little
Lump, Piece, or Mass of Matter, as in the term Mais, occurring in
the same opening, which Mr. Shaw explains by " A Lump, Heap."
The next term to this word is Mais, Meas, " An acorn," which still
belongs to the same notion of the Lump, whether as referring to its
figure, or to its quality of Swelling out by Fattenivg, " Meathct*,
" Fat, Fatness," in the same column with which I see Meid, " Bigness,
" Magnitude," and MEAsog-, " An acorn." In Hebrew MGT, or MHT
£OJ/D signifies "To be diminished, lessened, impaired, made few. To
" be of little worth, or value, to be esteemed at a low rate," as Mr.
Parkhurst explains it, who refers to this word vs^ith a Qucere Mote,
Mite, Moth. The preceding term to this is MGH n;/D, which in
Arabic signifies as a verb * To be Lax, Loose,' and in Hebrew, as a
substantive, denotes ' The small Pai^ticles, or Grains of Sand,' which
do not " cohere, but are Loose from each other," where we see the
original idea.
In German MvTzen signifies Truncare, and Wachter has justly
compared it with the Latin Mut?7ws, the Belgic Moetsen, the Italian
Mozzare, and the term of Violence, Metzc/z, " Caedere, scindere, secare,"
which brings us to Mash. The adjacent terms are Mutz, Scortum,
Mutz, " Dicterium foemininum, spurcitiem conceptu suo involvens."
MuTze, " Mitra, tegmen capitis," with the parallels Mutz, (Belg.)
Myssa, Mitur, (Scandis,) Almucia, (Lat. Bar.) " unde Gallis prioribus
" Aumusse,'" &c. to which we must add Mitra, (Gr. and Lat. Mirpa ;)
the English derivative Mitre; Mvrzen, Ornare. The term Mutz, or
as it is sometimes written Metze, Scortum, has been referred by
Wachter to a%eMuzT, " Languidus, exoletus, quales Hesychio vocantur
" MoTTues, — Mot, Prostibulum, MoT-huis, Lupanar, Italis Mozza,
" Muzza, Pudenda fceminina, Hispanis Moca, Muchacha ;" where the idea
seems to be that of something File, which Wachter understands to be
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 4?r
the sense of the term, when used as " Dicterium Foemininum, spurcitiem,
" involvens," and he compares it with the Leipsic Klunter-MvTz, for
" Sordida, et male compta," as hkewise with the Welsh Mws, Foetidus,
&€.— "Sorabis Mazu, Leno," Mazow^, "Sordidus, Spurcus, Lutosus.'^
The MuTZE, the Mitre, &c. Tegmen capitus, &c. has been taken
probably, as other words for covering or cloathing the person are,
from the idea of being Mudded up, or over, as it were. Thus in
German Tunch denotes at once Tunica, and Plaister, which will recall
to our remembrance the expression of a Coating of Clay, belonging to
Coat, the Garment, and I shall shew, that Cloatli belongs to Clod and
Clay for the same reason. The term Muxzew, Ornare, relates to the
Dress, and we know that Finery is connected with the idea of Daivhing.
over ; as in Fucus.
Among the terms, expressing " What is in a Broken state, or has
" a Broken, Diversified appearance, as distinguished by Pieces, Patches,
" or Spots, as of Dirt,'' Sec. we must class the following, Macula,
which R. Ains worth explains by "A Spot, or stain.— A natural Spot,
" or Mark.— A Mesh in a Net," where let us note the kindred term
Mesh, or Mash. To the form Macle Skinner has justly referred the
Heraldic term Mascle. An adjacent term is Mask, with its parallels
Masque, Masche, Maschera, (Fr. Belg. Ital.) which belongs to the Foul
Dauh, or Disguise; whether the idea of Spotted be annexed, or not.
In Welsh the notion of ' What is Foul, or Black,' is most evident in
this word, where we find Mwoivd, "A blind, a Mask," and Mwg,
" Smoke, Fume," and here let us note too the kindred word sMoke.
In the same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary, I see Mwcaw, " A cloud
" offrFog," Mwci, "Fog; a sprite, or goblin," and in another place
we have Muc, " A black, or gloom." The term sMoke, and its parallels
sMoca, &c. (Sax.) sMoock, (Belg.) sMucho, (Sjuyx^,) MoKy Jir,
Muggy JFeather belong all to Muck, or Mud Matter. MoTLey in
English is justly referred to Medly, Mesler, and Mix, where we have
still an arrangement of Matter, so Mixed, or Diversified, as to produce
f^ariety, or a MiscEhj.aneous appearance, as we express it. Martinius
under Macula refers us to the Mask, as likewise to Maglia, the Coat
472 M,
> C, D, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. \ I, VI, n, r.
of Mail, and to Measels, sometimes called Meslings, which the Ety-
mologists have referred to the same source, and they have recorded
likewise Maselen, (Belg.) Maasen, (Germ.) Maschelen, (Belg.) Macitlare,
Mesel, (Fr.) Magi, (Welsh,) &c. If the term Mr//*/ should be considered
as belonging to the form ML, it must be referred to Mould for a similar
reason. In Greek Muklo?, (MvKXat,') are explained by " Lineee nigrae
" in cello, dorso pedibusque asinorum," that is Macule. In Wachter
Mas, Maser, Masel, are explained by Macule, and he refers us to
MiAS, (Mia^, Qucevis impuritas,) and Miaiiw, (Mtaivw, PoUuo,) which
is quasi Miajwo. An adjacent term is Maske, Larva, and between
these terms I see Masca, " Saga, quae vivi hominis intestina exedit,"
which means the Larva, as denoting the Foul Visage, or Personage,
though Wachter derives it from MAsasthai, (Maaracrdai, Mandere,
Manducare,) which is not an improbable conjecture. The preceding
term to this in Wachter is Mas- Holder, " Acer Arbor, Cambris
" MAsan?," which he justly refers with others to "MacuIcb, venarum."
The Holder he considers to be Holt, Lignum. In Welsh Maglu,
as we have seen, means, as Mr. Owen explains it, " To connect in-
" tricately together; to knit, or to Mesh; to entangle; to entrap;
'' to ensnare," where we see the idea of Mixi/?^, so as to Entangle,
or Combine, rather than that of Diversity, or Variety. These notions
are inseparably connected with each other. The MixTwre, which gives
us the idea of Union under one mode of conceiving it, presents that
of Diversity, or What is Motley and Miscellaneous, under another.
In Scotch Dr. Jamieson explains Mizzled, by " Having different colours.
" The legs are said to be Mizzled, when partly discoloured by sitting
" too near the tire." This at first view, says our author, " rfiight
" seem merely a peculiar use of E. Measled, q. like one in the Measlcs.
■'But MizzLec? is a different term;" yet he considers it to be allied
to MisTL, (Sax.) varius, diversus, MASCHELen, (Teut.) from Masche,
Maschel, Macula, " A spot, or stain." The article in this writer's
Dictionary, preceding Mizzled, is Mixtie-Maxtie, in a state of con-
fusion, corresponding, as he allows, with the English Mish-Mash,
A Mingle. The succeeding terms to these are Moch, Mochy, Moist,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 4^3
Damp. — Thick, close, Misty; — Moch, A Heap. To Mochre, &c.
" To heap, to hoard. — To work in the dark," which brings us to
Hiigger-MuGGEB., and the Heap of Foul Mud.
Again in Welsh Magts means " What intricately connects, or
" constructs ; a knot ; a knot in knitting ; a Mesh ; What intangles ;
" a gin, or springe ; a web in the eye ; an issue in surgery ; A portion
" of Land,'' where we see what is called a Spot of Land. Mr. Richards
explains Magl, by "A Spot, or Mash," &c. and in one sense by "A
" portion, or quantity of Land," which term he refers to the Hebrew
"7110 MCAL, Machal, MACULaf?7. The next word to this in the
Dictionary of Mr. Richards is Magnel, " A Warlike engine, a battering
" Ram," where we are referred to Mangnel. Here we are brought to
that object, which Mashes, or Mangles. In Irish Machuil is " A spot,
" stain, defect." In French Mousche, or Mouche is a Fly, which
I suppose to be derived from the Little Piece of Dirt ; and I find in
Cotgrave's Dictionary, MovscHeter, "To Spot; to Poivder, or Diversijic
" with many Spots of sundrie, or the same, colours (especially black;)
" also to pinke, or cut with small cuts ; also, to tuft, or set thick with
" little tufts; also, to twinkle, or sparkle, as a starre." I could not
have devised an interpretation more adapted to my hypothesis. Let
us mark the term Powder, where we again see the idea of Spotting
connected with Dirt, and let us note the sense of Tivinkling, which
brings us to Mica and Mico. In the same Column of Cotgrave's
Dictionary, with this French word, I see Mousse, Moss, and Mousch-
eron, "A MusHroowe, or Toad stoole ; also a little Flie; a Gnat," &c.
where we actually find the sense of Spongy, Swelling Matter, belonging
to the Mud spot, connected with the Fly. Again in Cotgrave Mouch-
eron is explained by "A little Fly; a Gnat; also the little black Patch
" that's glued b}' Mastick, &c. on the faces of many, also the snuffe,
" or wicke of a candle," where we actually see Foul matter, the Snuft
of a candle, the Foul black mark, Patch, or Piece, and the little Fly,
connected with each other. Again let us note Patch, and remember
the applications of it to a Lump, a Mark, or Spot, and a Spot of Ground,
as when we talk of a Patch of Land. In the preceding column of
3 O
474 M,
I C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ^ l,m,n,r.
Cotgrave I find Mosaique, " Worke of small inlayed Pieces ; Mosaical
" worke," where we unequivocally see the sense of Piece, or Patch
work, and in the same column I find Motte, "A clod, lumpe, round
" sodd, or turfe of Earth," where we have directly the idea, supposed
in my hypothesis. In the same columns of Cotgrave, in which we have
Maches and Macle, relating to the Mashes of a Net ; I see Macheure,
" A black smutch, or smeare," &c. MACHURer, " To black, smeare,
" smutch," &c. Macule, "A Spot, blot, speck, speckle," &c. where
let us note the kindred term sMutch. I see too in the same columns
Machette, "The Owl, or MAV>G^-howIet ;" where this French word
and Madge, as applied to the Owl, refer to the Rough, or Deformed
appearance of this animal ; as likewise Macreau, " A Mackerell fish,"
and MACquignon ; where we are referred to MAQUERea?^, " A Makerell
" (fish,) also a (man) bawd." — MAQUERea^/a-, " Red scorches, or spots
" on the leggs of such as use to sit near the fire ;" where we see the
idea of the Spotted fish in the term Makerel, as likewise that of the
Foul, Vile character. Adjacent to this I see MAQuignon, "A Hucster,
" Broker, Horse courser, cousening Merchant," where we have still the
Personage, engaged in Foid dealings ; and in the explanatory term Broke?',
we see the sense more precisely, namely, that of the personage dealing
in Broken Stuff, or Matters of a Foul nature, or of File account.
The term Mackarel occurs in various Languages, as the Etymologists
understand, who have produced the French word Maquereau, the Danish
and German Makrell, Mackerel, 8cc. the Welsh Macerell, &c. with
other terms relating to the File personage, Mackler, (Germ.) Leno,
and the Greek Matrulle, (MarpvWfj, Lena,) &c. &c. In the Russian
Language, Mackerele is the name for this Fish; the preceding word
to which in my Dictionary is Makcw, " Ich tauche, tunke," To Dip,
Steep, &c. and in the same column I see Maxou, To Smear, and Mazka,
" Die Tunche," Plaister, Daub.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 475
Terms, relating to a Mashed, or MuD-like state, as of Desfructmi,
Dissolution, Decay, Disorder, Emharrassment , Confusion, &c. in
the Frame, or the Mi)ul of Man, and of other Animals, as Mut,
(Heb.j Death, MAcies, (Lat.) Consumption, Mad, (Eng.) &c.
I shall in this Article produce those terms, which express, 'What
' is in a state of Destruction, Dissolution, Decay, Disorder, Emharrass-
' mcnty Confusion,'' &c. as it relates to the Frame and Mind of Man,
and of other animals ; and which have been derived, as I imagine, from
the Matter of MUD, in a Resolved, Mashed state. I have produced
various terms, conveying similar ideas, in the progress of my enquiry ;
yet there are still other terms of this kind, which I have not exhibited,
and which must be detailed and compared with words expressing the
more general sense of the Element. — Among the terms, which convey
the train of ideas, which I propose to unfold in this Article, we must
class the following. — MAcies, (Lat.) Consumption, &c. eMxciation, &c.
belonging to MAcero, " To make soft by steeping, To Dissolve, or melt
" away. — To make one pine away, as with hunger," &c. &c. which
has been frequently produced in the course of these discussions. — MT
r\a (Hebrew,) "To Die; — A dead corpse, or carcase," where Mr.
Parkhurst has reminded us of the Phoenician word Mouth, Mov6,
recorded by Sanconiathon, answering to Death, or Pluto. In the
Phoenician Language, as the same ancient writer records. Mot, Mwt
is Mud, and if the Hebrew Lexicographers had been accustomed to
compare the terms in that Language with each other, as they are to
compare Hebrew terms with words in other Languages, most remote
from it ; Mr. Parkhurst would have told us, that this word T\^ MT,
"A corpse, &c. To Die," belonged to tOD WTh, "To Slip, ov fall
" asunder,'' which he has justly compared with the English Mud, &c.
and the Phoenician term Mot, which I have just produced, bearing the
same meaning. The terms Morior, Mors, &c. with corresponding words
in other Languages, under the form MR, must be referred to that
3 o 2
476 M.\ C,D, G,.T, K, Q,S,T, X, Z.| I,m,n,r.
form ; though if the Reader should imagine, that they all belong to
each other, and that they are derived from the simple form M*, I can
have no objection to the idea ; as the relation of the terms to each other,
under the forms MT, &c. MR, &c. which in general should be considered
as distinct, is not altered by that hypothesis. In the Syriac, Samaritan,
^thiopic, and Arabic, the Elementary form MT supplies words re-
lating to Death, which Castell has duly recorded under the Hebrew
word. — MuDHA, (Ir.) "Dying, perdition," MuDulaim, (Ir.) "To Kill,"
^Ivahahn, (Ir.) "lo Kill, destroy," where in the verb we come to
the violent action; both which terms I have before produced; — Muig-
ha7n, (Ir.) "To fail, falter, be defeated." — Mas, (Welsh,) which Mr.
Owen explains by "A going forward, a departure; swoon, a qualm,
"a fainting fit; Death; extacy." Mr. Owen represents Mas under
the form Vas, and we cannot but see, how this brings us to the terms
signifying 'What is in a state of Dissolution,' &c. (See page 7.) under
the form BD, &c. — Mate, (Eng.) The term of Chess, " C^cc^'-Mate,
"Rex Moriuus;" under which word Skinner produces the authority
of Salmasius for this term, who derives it from an ancient Latin word
Mattus, denoting the same as " Emollitus, subactus, MAceratus,'' from
whence, says he, is derived the expression " Fia Matta," signifying
" Via Humecta, et Lufosa,'' where we are directly brought to Mud,
according to my hypothesis. It is not necessary to enquire, from what
peculiar Language the CAcc^'-Mate is originally derived ; as the same
terms exist with the same meaning, through the whole compass of
Human Speech. Check signifies the Poiverful personage, the King,
the Robber, &c. the Router, the Subduer, the Sackc/', Cuttc;', ScAXTerer,
SnAKdr, &c. and the term MATE denotes Faint, Relaxed, Resolved,
Vanquished, Dead. When the Latins called the Game, Ludus Latrun-
culorum, or Latronum, they come to the same thing. — In this
column of Skinner, where Mate, or Check-MATE is, we have another
article Mate, or aMate, which he has justly referred to the term of
Chess, to the French MATer, or Matter, Vincere, subjugare, the German
Matt, Defessus, debilis, to which we must add Mude, (Germ.) the
Spanish Matar, and the Latin MACTare, Junius under Mate, or aMAte,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 47T
which he duly explains by " Miser, jerumnosus, defatigatus, labore
*' fractus," produces the parallel words in Islandic and Belgic Maat,
Mat, and he imagines, that the Mate is derived from the middle portion
of the Greek AaMatos, (Kajuaros, Labor.) I cannot decide, whether
the Matos in this word be significant, and derived from these terms ;
but I shall shew, that the Kam belongs to the Swamp. We cannot
help seeing, how Labor, the substantive, is attached to Labor, To sLip,
and I shall shew, that they belong to the terms sLime, Limus, for the
same reason.
The Persian term, to which the phrase Check-MxTE belongs, contains
the various senses, which I have unfolded. In this Language tijU, Mat
signifies, as Mr. Richardson explains it, "Astonished, aMazed, Con-
" founded, Perplexed, — Conquered, Subjected, Reduced to the last ex-
" tremity (especially at Chess,) receiving Shah-M\T, or C^ecA--MATE,
" ^JsJ cdU" Mat Krdn, ''To confound, &c. To give Check-MATE. A."
(i. e. In Arabic,) " Mata, He is Dead." In the opening of Mr. Richard-
son's Dictionary where this word occurs, we have various terms, con-
taining manifestly the sense, which I have attributed to the Element,
as Matyh, (Ar.) " Drinking Water," i. e. What is Moist, Mxrem,
(Pers.) Mourning, Maatcw, (Ar.) A Misfortune, An assembly of
Mourners, &c. i. e. being in a Mat state, if I may so say ; yet in one
.sense the Arabic word means " A Promiscuous Meet?w^," not of
Mourners only, but of Feasting, and in the same column I find Maata,
(Ar.) "The face, appearance," i. e. The Make, shape, form, and
" A place to which one comes, a rendezvous," that is, a place, where
people Meet. — Maad, (Ar.) "Tender, Soft." — Maaj, (Ar.) " Salsuginous,
" bitter, brackish, (Water.") — Madi, (Ar.) Materia/, Majj, " Slavering,
" (Old M^n, camel," &c.) Let us mark Shiver, which 1 imagine to belong
to Slip, Slop, and Slime, as I conceive these words, under the form
MD, &c. do to Mud. The word succeeding this Arabic term is the
Persian Maj _.U "The Moon," to which we should at once refer the
terms for a Month, in other Languages, under the form MS, &c. as
Mois, Mese, Mes, (Fr. Ital. Span.) This idea may appear on the
first glance remote from the sense of our Element ; nor should we be
478
M.J C,D,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.} l,m,n,r.
authorized to select a sense, which might suit this object, unless we
had some facts to direct our judgement. The next sense however of
this Persian term will unravel the mystery, and decide on the original
idea, attached to these words. The next sense of Maj, The Moon,
is "ABall of Paste boiled among Soup," where we see the fundamental
idea of the Element, and learn moreover, that the name of the Moon
is derived from the idea of the Mass, the Lump, Ball, Orb. We shall
not wonder, that the original designation of these Luminaries should
be drawn from such objects, when Philosophers, who are supposed to
have discovered the secrets of their nature, are obliged to revert to
the same metaphorical expressions, if so they should be called, as in
Mv^po<i, Ignita Massa, Ylerpo's, and BwAos, applied by Anaxagoras, &c.
to the Sun. To Bolos, BwXos, Gleba, Ager, Massa, Bolus, belongs
Ball, applied to the same object ; as Globe belongs to Gleba, Glebe,
the Clod. We should enquire, whether Mensis is not quasi Mesw;
and we should grant, I think, that Month with its parallel, belongs to
Mensis. Surely Month and Moon with its parallels Men, (Mnv, Mensis,)
Mene, (Mfiv>], Luna,) must be regarded as attached to each other,
as originally under the form MS, Mois, &c. Mese, &c. If Mensa
be quasi Mesa, and relates to the Mess set upon it, then Mensa and
Mensis, quasi Mesa,- Mesz's, would alike belong to the Mass. The
terms under the Elementary Character MN should be considered, before
our judgement can be decisively formed.
The terms Maze, aMaze, c??*sMat, Mad must be added to these
words, denoting a iVeahened, Etnbarrassed state. Shakspeare has, we
remember, the following combination, " My mind she has Mxred, and
" Amazed my sight." The terms ]SL\ze, and cjMaze, are justly referred
by the Etymologist, to Maze, the Labyrinth, which they properly refer
to Mase, Vorago, the Muddy Quag. Here we have another idea
added, namely, the Embarrassed state of Mud matter, in which we
Stick, and are lost, together with the Relaxed, Dissolved state. These
ideas cannot, in this case, be separated. — Mad occurs in various Lan-
guages, and the Etymologists have justly referred it to geMaad, geMced,
(Sax.) Matto, (Ital.) ^lAnaios M.\TTa6oi, (Mara^os, Vanus, &c. MarajSo?,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 479
Stultus,) already produced. Wachter under Matz, Vanus, futilis, inanis,
which he justly refers to the Greek MatuIos, (Mara^os,) produces
the Teutonic combination Matz-Fotze, Mataeologus, which he derives
from Y\zeiu, (J\>a'(^€iv, Loquor.) To this compound, Matz-Fotze,
should perhaps be directly referred the Greek Matta-J3os, (Marra/Sos.)
The preceding term to Matt, Defectivus, in Wachter is Matschcw,
or METSCHew, Metzc/?, occidere, " ut YxTScnen a Battc/z," where we
cannot but see, how these forms MT, ¥T, BT, have passed into each
other. We may add to these words for a Foul, Foolish state of mind,
or doing Foul, Vile things, Mokos, Mokco, (Mwkos, Fatuus, Irrisor, &c.
MuiKuw, Irrideo, deludo, ore inprimis distorto, subsanno,) to which
belongs Mock, &c. which means to reVile, as we express it, MAKKoaw,
(MuKKoav, Desipere.) The term dis^lxY has been justly referred by the
Etymologists to the Spanish DesM^^ar, "To dispirit, to frighten," of
which the substantive is DcsMkyo, explained in my Spanish Dictionary
by " Swoon, a fainting fit; decay of strength and vigor," which Skinner
derives from Dis and Majg/', signifying " To pound, to break in a mortar,"
or to Mash, though he rashly refers this term to the Latin Malleus,
which belongs to Mould, for the same reason.; as these words do to
Mud. Skinner produces moreover the French Esmoy, Emay, sEsmayer,
Curare, and adds as an origin for these latter terms, the Latin preposition
Ex, and the German Muhc, where we have a kindred word.
On the line of Macbeth, which I have before cited, " My mind
" she has Mated, and oM^Kzed my sight," Mr. Steevens has produced
the following passage, " Woman, Worse than Medusa, MatcM all our
" minds," from whence we shall understand, that Mzmisa, is a kindred
term, denoting the hMazc/', or aMATe/', if 1 may so say, of all beholders.
I have before produced the Spanish Majq/-, with other terms of a similar
kind, as Mat«/-, To Kill, from which ^Ikrador, The Murderer, comes,
and to which belongs the formidable personage in the game of Ombre.
I see in my Spanish Dictionary near to this word the term Mata,
" Small bush, shrub, Lock of Matted hair," where we see the entangled
Mass, as of Sticky Matter. Let us remember, that the personage,
who MatcM beholders, MEDWsa, had also her Mattw/ Hair. Language
480 M.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
assembles as many ideas in the same word, as the force of the impression
admits. Near to the Italian terms Matto, " Foohsh, Mad," &c. Matt-
accio, Mattomc, A Fool, Mata/-, To Mate in Chess, I see MATTere//o,
which not only signifies "A little Fool," but likewise "A Roller to
" thin Dough with," where we are brought to the original idea of Mud
Matter. In my German Lexicon, near to Mude, Weary, Tired,
I see MuDER, " A Woman's Bodice, or Stays," which may mean the
fatiguing encumbrance of the person, as in the term Stays, which
relates to Impeding, or Stopping. Adjacent to the German Matt,
" Faint, Infirm," &c. I see Matte, A Mexdow, a Mat, Matten,
" Curded, shorten, thickened milk," where we perceive the idea of the
Mud Spot, or Muo-like Matter^ and what is strewed upon the Dirt,
or Mud. The Mat however may denote what is Matted, or Platted.
In Scotch Mait, Mate, signifies " Fatigued, overpowered with weari-
" ness. — Confounded, overwhelmed with terror," &c. as Dr. Jamieson
explains it, who has duly collected some of the parallel words, containing
this idea. Muth means " Exhausted with fatigue," where Dr. Jamieson
has produced the proverbial combination, Myth and Mad, Mate and
Made, where both words convey the same idea, with a minute difference
in the turn of meaning. The preceding term to Mait in our author's
Dictionary is Maistc/-, Urine, which he duly refers to Mest, &c. Dung,
where we see the original notion.
MetJiu in Welsh is " To fail, to decay, to perish," — Methc/w,
" To fail," and Methlm, " To intangle, to insnare, to deceive," as
Mr. Richards explains it. Mr. Owen explains Methu, "To Fail; to
" Miss," &c. and Meth by " A fail. Miss," where let us note a parallel
term Miss. The form Methlu, explained in Mr. Owen by Embarrass,
M'hich is a very proper word on this occasion, brings us to our English
term Muddled, which at once refers to a JVeahend, and an Embarrassed
state, as in the phrases MuDOLE-headed fellow, — AH in a Muddle,
be-MuDDLED with drink, which under the form FD is Fuddled. We
adopt likewise the terms Muzzy and Maud/z//, applied to a certain
state of Intoxication, MaudZ/'w, drunk, &c. In the same opening of
Mr. Richards' Dictionary, from which Methlu is taken, I see Mewtd,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 481
*' sloth, lazziness, sluggishness," as likewise Migw, " Mire, Dirt," MiG-
nen, "A Quagmire." The Welsh Methz< will remind us of the Greek
terms for Drunkenness and IVine, Methz^o, Meth?/, (MeQuw, Ebrius
sum, Medv, Vinum,) which would seem to be derived from the effect
of Relaxing, or Embairassing the powers; yet the sense of Wine might
be taken from the idea of the MixT//re, or Concoction ; and 1 have
before observed, that Must, MusTum, relates to the Foul, thick, Mud-
like brewing. The term Mead is another word of this sort, and of
Welsh origin ; as in Medd, " Mead, drink made of honey and water
" boiled together, and spiced," and Meddz^ i, " To make one drunk,
" to be drunk," says Mr. Richards, which he refers to the Greek Methu,
Methuo, (Medu, Me^yft),) and moreover to the Hebrew Mathctc, "jr^O.
The term METHCglin, in Welsh MEDoyglyn, is another of these words ;
though Mr. Richards derives it from MEDDt/g, a Physician, and
Llynn, Drink. The Meddyg, or Mezyg, the Physician, is undoubtedly
the Mixer, belonging to M.Emcus, &c. and '^[ETueglin is the Mead
Drink. Mr. Owen seems to imagine, that the term Mead is derived
from its effect upon the mind, as he explains Mez, by " The origin
" of motion ; a centre, or middle point of motion; utterance; that is
" possessed, or enjoyed; that causes a turning; that causes intoxication;
" Mead." This explanation is very inartificial and incorrect. We see,
that the fundamental idea is that of Commotion, Mixiw^, Confounding,
Stirring about, &c. I have shewn, that the Center, or the Middle
means. What is in the Midst, or What is Mixed with any thing, and we
perceive how the kindred term Morion, (" The Middle point of Morion,"}
brings us to the true idea, which is that of being Mixed in a confused,
jumbled manner. — These terms for what is Sweet. — Mead, &c. Metii-
eg/in, Sec. made of Honey, and for Drunkenness, Medd//'/, &c, will
bring us to the name of the god of love among the Hindoos Madan, &c.
which Mr. Moor conceives to be derived from "a root, signifying both
"Sweetness and Intoxication: Honey is also called Mod, or Mud; so
" is Intoxication.'' (^Hindu Pantheon, p. 4-J9.) In a former page (H7,)
Mr. Moor observes "Sonnorat says, that the Hindus deified Ka>u/,
" (whom he calls Munmodcn, which is, I suppose, one of his names
3 P
483 M
I C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
" in the Carnatic") Mr. Moor will now, I trust, agree, that the
MoDEN in this word, is the term Mad an, whatever may be the Mim.
What the Man is I know not, yet the MN relates to Love, through
a great variety of Languages, and to this race of words belongs our
term MiNion.
I see adjacent to ihe Welsh words Mez, &c. the term Mezwl,
or Meddwl, which Mr. Owen explains by " To think ; to mind ; to
" intend; to suppose; or to imagine," where we have the same metaphor
of Mixing, ComMoTion, &c. as in Agitare, Volvere consilia, &c. &c.
In Monitor, we have a kindred term. — With respect to these words for
Liquor, they alike belong to the idea conveyed by Mash, however we
may conceive the origin, either as the Mash, the Concoction, or the
MASHcr, aMxrer, or Confounder of the understanding and the frame.
In Scotch Mask means. To Infuse, as To Mask tea. To Mask malt,
which Dr. Jamieson refers to terms signifying to Mix. In Homer
Meth2^o, (Me^yo),) is applied to the idea of abounding with greasy
MoisT?<re, MeSvova-av aXoicpn, where we have the original idea. In
Welsh MwDraw means " Wash brew a sort of food, or gruel, made
" by boiling water, thickened with a sour infusion of oatmeal, and
"sweetened to the taste," near which I find Mwczfw, "A Jumble,
" a MixTwre," which Mr. Owen justly refers to Mwc, "Hasty, Swift,
" Quick." Under one point of view we combine at once the idea of
the Mixed, Jumbled together state, and that of Quickness. I shall shew,
that Quick belongs to the Quag, as in ' Quick-Sand,' I see in the same
leaf of Mr. Owen's Dictionary a term before produced, Mwg, " Smoke,
" Fume," which means the ' Thick, Foul Matter,' and the form
Vig-Vag is produced under this word, as denoting " Confusedly, in a
" huddle." The Welsh Mwg is applied to the herb called Fumitory,
or Mug Wort. The Japan Moxa, is the Mug Wort, and it is used
as a Cautery, all over the East, in the Gout &c. This was once a
favourite nostrum in Europe, and we all remember Sir William Temple's
account of employing this remedy.
The next words to MwDra?^ The thick Gruel, are Mwmvl, " A round
" stack, cock, or Heap," Mwdyr, "That rises, or springs up;" — Mwz
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 483
"An Arch; a spring," which belongs to an adjacent word Mwd,
"An arch; a vaulted roof; a roof, a cieling," which belong to the
idea of Risiiig, or Swelling up, and in the sense of the Heap we see,
how this idea has been derived from the fundamental notion of the
Mass, or Lump. Again I see, in the same opening of Mr. Owen's
Dictionary, Musg, " A Ditficulty of Motion," Mus, " Constrained
"motion, a jerk," Mvsgyr, "That is Sluggish, or Slow." — Mvserell,
" That moves with labour ; that is helpless. — Having a difficulty of
" action ; slow, sluggish, drawling, hobbling, helpless," where we have
the idea of the same species of Mud Matter, in its clogging up state,
though still attended with some idea of motion. There are two Welsh
words. Madron, and MADROxt/ot^, which relate to a weakened state
of the understanding, and which are directly connected with Mud
Matter. These words are respectively explained in Mr. Richards'
Dictionary, by " One that hath a giddiness, or dizziness in the head,
" giddy, dizzy." — " Astonishment, dulness, drowsiness, swimming of
" the Head," where Mr. Richards has produced from Dr. Davies, the
Spanish word Mooorra, which my Lexicographer explains by " Drowsi-
" ness, or indisposition, which consists in a heaviness with sleep. —
" Flabby softness of the pulp of fruit," where in the sense of the Flabby
substance we approach to the original idea, which in the Welsh terms
is most unequivocal. Mr. Owen explains Madron by " Humors, watery
" Matter," Madroncz, "A dissolved state ; a Watery state." Madron-
datvd, "A ivatery Humor; swimming of the head; giddiness, Stupe-
" faction; Astonishment," and Madru, by "To Dissolve; to become
" Matter, or pus ; to putrefy, to rot ; to generate Matter, to fester."
In Mr. Shaw's Dictionary we have Meata, " Cowardly, fearful," Meath,
" Decay," MEATHa/w, " To Fade, decay, wither," where let us note
Fade, a kindred term under the form FD. The next word to this
is Meathq^, " Fat, Fatness," where we have the same species of Pudge
Matter, under another idea ; and let us note in Fat, another kindred
term, under the form FT. We shall now understand the origin of our
word Meacock, or Meac-CocA-, " Pusillanimus, delicatulus, efFeminatus,"
and that it is not quasi Mew-Cock, " Gallus cavea inclusus." The
3 p 2
484 M.\ C,D,G,J, K,Q, S,T, X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
term Mew, To be Mewed up, still however belongs to the idea of
being MvDved up, if I may so say, in a Hole, or Hollow. This word
with others of the same sort have been examined on a former occasion.
The terms, which 1 have produced in this Article, will sufficiently
unfold to us the turn of meaning, annexed to the Race of words, which
relate to a Relaxed, or Dissolved state of the Frame or Mi7id, as con-
nected with the metaphorical application of Mud Matter, in its Loose
and Watery state ; nor is it necessary to multiply examples, for the
purpose of illustrating a train of ideas, so natural, and so obvious.
SECT. III.
M
. > C, D, &c.
Terms, relating to the Matter of MUD, in a Consistent state, either
as a Mass, or Lump, in genera], &c. or as a Mass of Plastic Matter,
when it is duly Tempered, or when it is Formed, or Made into Shape,
Figure, &c. Terms denoting, ' What is Collected into, what Rises,
* Swells, or Bulges out in a Mass, Lump, Heap,' &c. as likewise those,
which express Quantity, Size, Bulk, Multitude, Abundance, either
materially, or metaphorically, as Massa, Mass, (Lat. Eng.) Magwm*, &c.
Magnitude, (Eng.) &c. &c. — Terms, denoting ' What is in a duly
* Tempered, Composed, Formed, Regulated, Ordered, Restrained state,'
What is in a duly Made up. Measured, Moderate, or Temperate state,
as Mos, MoD?/s, Modulor, (Lat.) Measure, Moderate, (Eng.) —
Terms, which relate to Making, Forming, Contriving, &c. by the
Hands, or by the Mind, as Make, Made, Machine, Mechanics,
(Eng.) Mechane, (M>/xai/>;,) Machina, (Lat.) (Words considered
under the forms sMT, with the s before the Labial M, as sMith, the
Former, sMite, &c. &c.) — Terms derived from the idea of the Matter^
or Substance, &c. The Formative, or Formed Matter Substance, &c.
The Making, or the Made Matter, as Mother, Maid, &c. &c.
186 M.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
The Third Section will contain that Race of Words, which is
derived tVoni the Matter of Mud, when considered as being in a
Consistent state, either as referring to the Mass, or Lianp in general,
or as relating to the Mass of Plastic Matter, when it is duly Tempered,
or when it is Formed, or Made into Shape, Figure. The consideration
of this train of ideas will resolve itself into various Parts or Articles ;
in the first of which I shall discuss those Terms, which relate to the
Matter of Mud, in a state of Consistency, as being in, or as collected
into a Mass, Lump, Heap, Sec. or as Rising, Sivelling, or Bulging
out, from being in such a Mass, and which from hence express Quantity,
Size, Bulk, Multitude, Abimdance, either materially, or metaphorically,
as Massa, Mass, (Lat. Eng.) Magwz<«, MAJor, MAonitudo, M\G?iitude,
(Eng.) Mega*, (Me7as,) &c. In the next Article, those Terms will be
considered, which express, ' What is in a duly Tempered, Composed,
' Formed, Regulated, Ordered, Restrained state,' What is in a duly
Made up, Measured, Moderate, or Temperate state, as Mos, Modw5,
MoDZ^/or, (Lat.) Mv-xsure, Moderate, (Eng.) &c. &c. In the third
Article I shall produce those Terms, which relate to Making, Forming,
Contriving, &c. by the Hands, or by the Mind, as Make, Made,
Machine, Mechanics, (Eng.) Mechane, (Miixavtj,^ Machina, (Lat.)
&c. &c. Among these Terms I shall have occasion to produce the
word Smith, or sMith, The Former, Shaper, &c. and this will lead
me to consider the Race of words, under the form sMT, with the sound
of s before the first Radical Labial, as Smite, belonging to our Ele-
mentary Character, MT, &c. which will be discussed in a separate
part. In the last Article I shall consider the words, which relate to
Existing Beings, Generative Poivers, &c. and which are derived, as
I conceive, from the Matter of Mud, under the idea of The Matter,
or Substance, the Formative, or Formed Matter, Substance, the Creative,
Creating, or Created Substance, the Creature; — The M.AKing, or Made
Matter, as Mother, Maid, &c.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 487
Terms, relating to Matter, as of MUD, &c. when considered as in
a state of Consistency, as being Collected into a Heap, as Rising,
Swelling, or Bulging out, as in a Mass, Lump, Heap, &c. and
hence. Terms expressing Quantity, Size, Bulk, Magnitude, Multi-
tude, Abundance, &c. &c. either directly, or metaphorically, as
Massa, Mass, &c. (Lat. Eng.) Massy, (Eng.) Magwms, MAJor,
(Lat.) MxGmtude, (Eng.) &c. &c. (Lat.) Mega^, (Gr. Me7as,)
&c. &c. &c.
I shall in this Article produce those terms, which relate to Matter,
as of MUD, &c, when considered in a state of Consistency , or as being
Collected together in a Heap ; or as Rising, Siuelling, or Bulging out,
as in a Mass, Lump, Heap, &c. &c. and which from hence express
Quantity, Size, Bulk, Magnitude, Multitude, Abundance, &c. &c. ap-
plied either in a material, or metaphorical manner. Among these terms
we must class the following, Mass, Massive, Massy, (Eng.) which
the Etymologists have justly referred to Massa, (Lat.) Masse, Massive,
Amasser, (Fr.) Massa, Massicia, Massivo, Amassare, (Ital.) &c. The
Mastiff Dog, with its parallels Mastin, Mestif, (Fr.) Masti?io, (Ital.)
the Massy, or Great Dog. Skinner derives it from Mastcw, (Germ.)
Saginare, a kindred word, which belongs to the Mast, the Acorn,
with its parallels, Mcest, (Sax.) Mast, (Belg. and Teut.) the Fattening
Food. The Mast, belonging to the Ship, with its parallels Mcest, Mast,
&c. (Sax. Belg. Germ.) Mas, Mast, (Fr.) is the Bulky, Swelling, or
Rising out object, just as Mast, Mastcaz, relate to animals Swelling
out by Fatness. — In Norfolk, A Plump Bird is sometimes said to be
as Fat as Mud, or as it might have been as Mast as Mud. I shew, that
Fat, and Pinguis, quasi Vigguis, belong to Pudge Matter. Skinner has
a Masty Fellow, pro Massy, and he produces a term from Suidas
oMastcs, (A^acrT>;?, Robustus,) and in the same column of his Lexicon
with these words we have Mast?'co^ "Tinctura Lutea, qua utuntur
" Pictores," which he considers to be quasi Massa Cotta, i. e. Massa
Cocta ; where we may observe, that if such a word exists with such
488 M.
j C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
a meaning, we must directly refer it to the colour of Mud, or Clay,
Color Luteus; — and likewise The Mass, and Master. The Mass,
Missa, " Sacramentum Eucharistise ritu Romano," with its parallels
Mcsste, (Sax.) Messe, (Fr.) Messe, (Germ.) &c. Skinner refers to
'' Populi Missio, seu Dimissio," and others to Remissio peccatorum.
If these terms have a Latin origin, they bear some idea belonging to
Mitto, Missu7n, yet they probably relate to the Mass, or Company of
People. In German Mess, is at once " Celebritas sacrae Eucharistije,
" Festum et Nundinae." The combinations Mic^ae/-MASS, Candle-MASS,
&c. might seem rather to relate to the Feast, than to the Mass, or
Eucharist, appropriate to these seasons; yet the ideas are so entangled,
that perhaps they cannot be separated, — Master, and Mistress in
English have various parallels Meister, Meester, (Teut. Belg.) Maistre,
Alaitre, (Fr.) Maestro, (Ital.) Magister, (Lat.) &c. and Wachter has
enumerated eleven Languages, or Dialects, in which such words occur.
Some have referred MEisTer, (Germ.) to Meist, " Pracipuus, Maximus,"
as Wachter explains it, where in MAxi?n«s, we have a kindred term.
Wachter has seen, that Meist belongs to Meizow, (Mei^wi/.) — Magnws,
^lAJor, MAX?Vrt«s, ^Ixonificusy Mag/s, Mas, Mascz^/ms, (Lat.) MAscu/iwe,
(Eng.) &c. ^Ixiestas, with its parallels Mkiesty, (Eng.) Majeste, (Fr.)
&c. &c. — The Greek Mego*, MEoale, Meizoti, MEoistos, (Meyas,
MeyaXt], Mei^wp, MeyicrTo^,^ Makvos, Masso/?, Mekos, MEKistos, {MaKpo^,
Longus, Maghus, Maa-a-wv, Longior, Major, M»/kos, Longitudo, Statura,
M>;Kja-Tos, Longissimus.)
In the same page of my Greek Vocabulary with Mekos, (M>7/cos,)
I see Mechh", (Mexpi, Usque ad,) which together with Mes/o, (Mea-cpa,
Usque ad,) seem to have originally signified Risiftg up, or Swelling up
to a certain point. Bulk, Size, &c. and Mekow, (Mijkwv, Papaver, —
Arenae quadam species in Metallis,) which means the Swelling out
plant ; as likewise Dirt, belonging to Ore, where we are brought to
the original idea. Others have understood, that MechW, (Me;^j[)i,)
belongs to MAKros, (Majcpos,) just as Achri, (A;^/?^,) belongs to Akros,
(^AKpos, Summus.) The particle Masz, (Maa-t,) occurs in Hesychius
for epi, and is justly referred to Masso??, (Macra-wv,^ as Mao-jSovTros
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 489
for EpiydovTTo^, The MucH-sounding. The original idea annexed to
Massow, (Mao-o-wi/, Major,') will be manifest from a term in Greek,
under a similar form Masso, (Mao-o-w, Subigo, Pinso,) which actually
means 'To Mash, Mix, work up, knead up; what is of a MuD-like
' nature.' While I examine this Greek word in my Vocabulary of that
Language, I cast my eyes on Mastos, which under another form is
Mazos, (Mao-Tos, Ma^os, Mamma,) the Swelling up, soft Matter,
which brings us to INlAza, where again we see unequivocally the Mass
of MuD-like Matter, (Ma^a, Maza, ofFa, Panis, Massa auri, vel argenti.)
To the. Latin MAJor belongs the term in Military Rank, under the
same form, as is understood, and the office of Mayor is expressed in
Latin by this term. Yet the same post of Dignity appears under the
form MR, as Maire, (Fr.) &c. and here we should have some difficulty
to decide from which form the term was derived ; as both forms may
be considered, as perfectly distinct, whatever may be supposed to afford
their common origin. To the form Megalos, (MeyaXo^,) belong our
ancient term Mickle, in Scotch Mekyl, Muckle, &c. and our Surname
Mitchell. Dr. Jamieson has justly referred the Scotch term to Mid,
&c. (Sax.) Mikil, (Alem. Isl.) Megil, (Dan.) Mikils, {Uses. G.) Gr.
MeyaXo^.
The English terms Much, Most, Might, May, Must, ought all
be referred to the Swelling Mass. The Etymologists have collected
the parallel terms to these words as follows, Much, (Eng.) Mucho,
(Span.) Myckcl, (Swed.) Miog, (Island.) In Junius Much precedes
Muck, and in the same column of his Lexicon I see " Muckre, and
" Kcfche pens," Mucker ers, and Mockeren from Chaucer, as denoting
" Corradcre atque accumulare nummos," which seem, as he says, to
have a great affinity with the Italian Mocchiare, Mncchlare, Amucch'mrc,
Accumulare Mocchio, Mucchio, Accumulatio, the present Italian forms,
which again appear in Macia, though he adds, that if any one should
wish to refer them to a Teutonic origin, he should not oppose the
derivation of these words from Muck. — The term Most is referred to
M^st, (Sax.) Meist, Meest, (Germ. Belg.) Meesf, Mast, (Dan. Swed.)
Maists, (Goth.) " superl. rou Maiza," (Goth.) " Major, quod Grjecis
3 Q
490 M.} C,D,J, K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
" Mei^Mv,'" to which we should add the Greek Mesto«, (Meo-ros, Plenus,
refertus, cumulatus.) — Might is referred to Mahts, (Goth.) Mihte, &c.
(Sax.) Macht, (Germ, and Belg.) Mad, (Dan.) Megit, (Run. and Dan.)
May has been referred to Magan, (Sax.) Mogen, (Germ, and Belg.)
&c. and Skinner directs us to Mought, which he compares with Mot,
(Sax.) Potest, Mocht, (Belg.) Ick, Ich, Mochte, (Belg. Germ.) Poteram,
Mogen, Mugen, (Germ. Belg.) Posse, Moefen, (Belg.) Debere. Must
has been compared with the German Mussen, The Belgic Moet, Most,.
and the Swedish Mashe, the Russian Mojwo, &c. In Russian Moj??o
means " Man kann, es ist Moo/icA," that is, a person May, Might,
&c. and in the same page of my Russian Dictionary, we have another
word under our Elementary Character, explained by Macht, Might,
where I see likewise MoG/Va, die Hugel, a Hillock, and MoKrota,
" Schleim," Slime. — Thus we see, that the Sclavonic form of speech
fully exhibits the sense of our Elementary character. When Must
relates to Thick Wine, and to Mouldiness, it has its original idea of
Mud Matter. How Must in a potential sense may relate to the opera-
tions of Matter, or its metaphorical application, will be seen from the
following quotation, under this word, in Johnson's Dictionary, where
Being, means Matter endowed with life, " Because the same self-existent
" being necessarily is what he is, 'tis evident that what he May be,
" or hath the power of being, he Must be." Let us here note May,
and observe the word Poiver, without forgetting, that the mood, in
which May, Must, Might, &c. are applied, is called the Potential
Mood. I shew that Votis, Vossum, belong to Pudge Matter, and
we remember, that the Pottc/' is said to have Power over the Clay.
The adjacent terms in Junius to Must are Must, Mustutn, MvsTard,
MvsTie, To Mute, Egerere Stercus, where we have the idea of that,
which is of a MuD-like nature, or consistency, what is Foul; and
Muster, Mutiny; in the first of which words we see the idea of
gathering into a Heap, or Mass, and in the latter that of being Mixed,
or Jumbled together in a disturbed Mass: Muster is compared with
the French Monstre, the Belgic Monster, the Italian MosTrare, and
the German and Belgic MusTe/v?, MuYSTere/? ; where the terms under
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 491
the form MN should be referred to a different Race of Words. The
sense of Mixing together, which is another idea belonging to the Mass,
has been considered on a former occasion ; and it is not always easy
to select those words, which I am desirous of detailing in this place,
as distinguished from the terms, which I have there examined ; because
the ideas are sometimes inseparably blended with each other. — The term
Meet refers to the Mixture in the Heap, or Mass, and so does the
term Moot, or Mot in Witena-ge-Mor, which means, as we know.
The MEETing of the Wise Men. The Moot House, Court, Men, Point,
Case refer to the Spot, the Personages and the subject, belonging
to a Meetw?^, assembled for the purpose of conducting business. The
adjective Meet, " aptus, idoneus," which brings us to Mate and Match,
belongs to the Mass of Matter, as considered in its Plastic, well
Tempered state, when the parts assimilate with each other. Meet,
the verb, is referred by the Etymologists to its parallels Metan, ge-Metan,
Maetan, &c. (Sax. Belg.) MxTeuein, MASTeuein, (Mareveiv, Macrreueiv,
Qucerere, Indagare.) I have shewn, that the Greek Meta, (Mera,)
with the parallel Teutonic words Mit, Mith, Mid, &c. refer to the
same idea of being Mixed, as in a Heap, &c. In the same opening
of Wachter Tsee Mist, Stercus, Mit, Cum, Inter, Apud, the term Mite,
" Strues mergitum turrita," where we are reminded of the Latin Meta,
and the Teutonic Mithan, Tegere, and the term Turrita, will suggest
to us the Greek Mossi</i, (Moa-a-w, Turris, propugnaculum.) In the
Greek terms oMas, oMados, r/MuD?', (Ojuas, O/^aSos, Multitudo, Tu-
multus, AjuySt, Simul, Cum,) we have the Tumultuous Mixtm/'^, and
so we have in the old English word Muss, a Scramble among Boys,
" When I cry'd Ho ! Like Boys unto a Muss, Kings would start forth,
" and cry, your will." {Antony and Cleopatra.) The Barley Moiv is,
I believe, not the part Mowed, but the Mite, the Mass, or Heap. The
Italian Massa is explained by John Florio, " A Mass, a heape, a store,
" &c. &c. — A Haie Mowe, or stacke. Also Paste," and I see, as an
adjacent term Maschio, "A Male, a Mankind, a Mxsculine; Also a
" keepe, or hold, or fort, or tower in the mid of a castle, a strong tower,
"or cittadell." In Scotch Mot signifies "A little hill, or eminence,
3 Q 2
•A92
M.J C,D,G,J,R,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,7i,r.
" a barrow, or tumulus," the preceding term to which in Dr. Jamiesor>'s
Dictionary is Mot, denoting the same as our verb May, and an adjacent
word is Moss, "A Marshy, or Boggy place." In Arabic jc-U Majj^
is " (A Man,} Conspicuous for honor, nobility, or glory," in the same
column with which I see Maajel, (Ar.) "A Pond, or Ditch," where
we are brought to the true idea, and Maj//o-, " Magm^, The Son of
" Japhet," which may denote the "Vir Mag?2?<s." The personage
Magoo-, the builder of the Wall of Tartary, is by some considered to
be the same as Prometheus ; and hence we might suppose, that the
Meth and Mag related to the Artist, who dealt in Mud, or Clay. The
Gog in Mag- Gog', and as a name, appearing in a separate state, ' Gog
' and Mag- Gog,' seems to be derived from the Quag, denoting
the Artist. In the same and the next column of Mr. Richardson's
Dictionary, are the Arabic terms Makh, "Adulterated gold, or silver;
" money of a base alloy; any thing similar; a perfidious man, a coward,
" a scoundrel," that is, the f^ilc Stuff, or Personage, and Maddc/, " An
" article, point, subject. Matter, argument," Madi, Material, where
in Matter we see the original idea. The Gog, as the name of an
Artist, would naturally be ascribed to the familiar word in Hebrew
Jlll/i! GS//, "To make," says Mr. Parkhurst, "out of pre-existent
" Matter, to form, fashion," in various ways. To Form from Clay,
To Cook meat, where we have a kindred term. This word belongs
to Quag, Squeeze, Squash, &c. — to Guise, Guisare, (Ital.) Guisar,
(Span.) To Cook meat, Guisado, (Span.) Ragoat, &c. &c. Jus, Juris,
Sauce, To adJusf, Just, Giusto, (Ital.) Just, what is duly made up,
or Formed.
The Spanish Language will serve to illustrate my Hypothesis on
the origin of some of the words produced above. In this Language
Mas signifies More, corresponding with Magis, the next terms to
which Spanish word in my Dictionary are Masa, Dough, Paste, &c.
Mortar, and Mass, and MAsar, To heap, to pile up. In the same
column with these terms, I see MascuUuo, MASculi?ie, MASTiks, Masts,
Masto, Trunk, or Stoek, &c. Mast/w, Mastj^, " A dog of the largest
" size," &c. — Macho, which not only signifies " A Male Atnmal \" but
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 493
likewise a "Pillar of Masonry to support a building;— Sledge, or large
" hammer," MAchar, To Pound, before produced ; in which words
we alike see the Mass and the Masher. In the same opening of my
Spanish Dictionary with these words, I see M&cizo, "Compact, close,
" solid," Mxoera, Timber, that is, Matter, or Substmice, and MAore,
Mother, Basis, Foundation, " Bed of a River, Sewer, Sink," where
we see the original idea, annexed to all these terms. In Welsh MAoat/
means, " A Heap, a quantity, a multitude ;" the preceding word to
which in Mr. Owen's Dictionary is Mag, "The act of rearing, bringing
"up, or educating; rearing, education; nurture;" in the same column
with which I see '^slhodan, "What generates fire; a combustible;
" tinder," &c. Magsm, "The Fountain of blackness; an epithet for hell,
" or the seat of darkness," which I have produced on another occasion.
In the next column of our author's Dictionary is MxGivyr, which he
supposes to be compounded of Mag and Givyr, and which he explains
by " What is raised up ; a structure ; a wall ; a building ; a house, in the
"dialect of Gwent ; also an inclosure, an inclosed plot of ground, or
" field." To this Welsh term belong the Greek Megarow, (Meyapov,
Domus, domicilium, asdes,) and the Latin, Macer^, "Any wall, or
" mound about a Ground." We see, that the Latin words MAC£R?a
and Macero, have a similar form, and we now understand, that they
belong to each other, under the ideas of Matter in a Mass, and in
a Mashc^/ state. The Etymologists inform us under Maceria, that
Macella, (Ma/ceAAa,) is a term of a similar meaning, — that Macella,
(MaKcWa,) in Greek is a Spade, — that Makel, '?pD in Hebrew is a
Staff, and that MACERia properly denotes a Fence made of a Heap of
Stones, where we come to the original spot of the Heap or Mass. The
Greek term for a Spade is, I believe, a compound quasi MAK-ATcZ/a,
where Mak denotes the Stirrer, or MasAct about of Mud. The Lexi-
cographers derive it from Kello, (KeAAw,) in which they are so far
right ; as the second part Kella may be considered as belonging to this
verb, because it is attached to another verb sKallo, (2/caAAa», Fodio,)
to Scale a surface, which they ought rather to have produced.
Whatever may be the origin of the Hebrew '7pD MKL, denoting
494 M.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.>j l,m,n,r.
" A light rod, or twig," as Mr. Parkhurst explains it, whether it belongs
to the Elementary form MK, denoting the Soft Substance, or to KL,
as this writer supposes ; we may observe, that the preceding term to it
in our author's Dictionary is pD MK, "To be Dissolved, to Rot," &c.
which he justly compares with the English Muck. The term adjacent
to Megarow, (Meyapov,^ in my Greek Vocabulary is MEGARa, (Mejapa,
Urbs Isthmo vicina versus Atticam,) where we should consider, whether
this term does not denote the Enclosure of the City. Bochart has
remarked, that MEGAra, sometimes corruptly called MAGo/icr, denoted
the City part of Carthage, and that it belongs to "lUD MAGwr, Habitatio,
from "nj GuR, or "IJ GR, Habitare. The Hebrew "IJ GR, To sojourn,
&c. belongs to another Hebrew term, which denotes an Enclosure,
13 CR, " A Circuit, &c. to Dance round in Circles,'' as Mr. Parkhurst
explains it, w^ho has referred to it the terms Chorus, Currus, &c. though
he has omitted his explanatory term Circuit, Circle, &c. Bochart has
compared the Phoenician term Jimp Rartha, Urbs, with the Celtic
term Caer, and hence he derives the name Carthage, {Geog. Sac. 682,
and 167.) The Welsh Caer Mr. Owen explains by "A Wall, or Mound
" for defence; the walls of a city; a castle, or fortress; a walled, or
" fortified town ; a city." The Element CR, GR, denotes the Hollow,
able to contain, — the Enclosure, &c. through the whole compass of
Language. To Caer belongs the Gwyr in Mag-Givyr, as I imagine,
and we should at once say, that the Phoenician Magar, and the Welsh
Magivyr was the same compound ; yet in the construction of the Hebrew
Dialects the M would be considered only as a prefix. Though this
form of construction be familiar in these Dialects, vet it would lead
us into a most false and confined view of the affinities of Language,
if this principle should be always regarded as operating.
The terms Many and Main must assuredly be referred to the form
MS, denoting the Multitude, or Mass. The Etymologists derive Main,
" With all his Might and Main,'" from Might, MtEGcw, Vis; and the
Main, or MAG??e in Charlemain, or Charle-M\Gne, is acknowledged
to belong to Magwws. In Main, the Sea, we have the M\Gna, Massa
aquarum. The Etymologists compare Many with the Saxon Manig, Sec.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 495
the Belgic Menig, the German Manch, the Danish Mange, &c. which
Skinner refers to the terms belonging to Mix and Mingle, or to Amongst,
as Menge, Mengen, geMengen, (Germ.) Miscere. Wachter at once
justly refers Mengen to MiGuue'in, (Mijweiv.^ A wortl under the
form MN, as Meiny, &c. occurs perpetually in old English, and relates
to the Retinue, Train, Company, Attendants, or Family, belonging to
a superior personage, a Master, &c. as in Lear, &c. tScc. " They summoned
" up their Meiny," (Act II. Scene 4.) We should here at once say,
that Meiny in this sense is nothing but the Many, the Mass, or Multi-
tude of Attendants ; yet we shall find, that these terms are involved
with others, denoting the House, and we have seen, that the name .of
the House may be derived from that of the Rising up Mass, with relation
to its structure, as well as from the Mass, or the number of Persons
contained in it. We shall find moreover, that the name of the House
seems sometimes to be connected with the Spot of Land, in which
it is situated. When ideas are so entangled, which all belong to the
same fundamental notion, it is in vain to attempt a separation. I shall
bring the facts, relating to these words, before the reader, and shall
shew, how they all conduct us to the origin supposed in my hypothesis,
whatever may be the precise process, by which the ideas pass into each
other. Mr. Steevens refers Meiny in Lear to the French Meswc, a
House, Mesnie, a Family. The forms for this word in old French are
various, as MzsGnie, Mesnie, Mesnage, &c. the former of which
Cotgrave explains "A Meynie, family, household; or household Ser-
" vants," which occur in the same page of his Dictionary with MEsler,
" To Mingle, Mix," &c. To MEs^ager, "To husband, to use thriftly,"
&c. now written Menager, belongs our term Manage, as likewise the
name of a celebrated Etymologist, Menage.
We are informed moreover by the Artist, bearing this name, that
ISlEsyiuge originally denoted the Divelling of a Family, and by Duchat,
that in old French MxiGnee is a Family or House. The terms Menage,
or Menagerie are now applied to a Collection of Wild Beasts. Mr.
Tyrwhitt in his Glossary to Chaucer explains Meinie by " Household
" Attendants.— An army. Hurle- IVaynes Meyne. — La MzsGnie de
496 M.^ C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ^ l,m,n,r.
" Helleguin." I have already shewn, that Masch?o denotes in Italian
MASculine, and moreover " A strong tower, or citadel," &c. and that
it connects itself with an adjacent word Massa, a Mass, or Heap ; near
which 1 likewise find in Florio's Dictionary MA.Sfiada, " A company,
" crew, knot, rout, huddle, or cluster of knaves, or thieves," Mxssantie
" All manner of houshold stutFe, or implements," and MASsaro, MASsaio,
" A groome, or houshold servant, a husbandman," &c. &c. where we
see the House affairs, and a company connected with the Mass. Cotgrave
explains the French Mets by "A Mess, course, or service of Meat ;
" also a house, or tenement," and hence C^ef-METS, " The principall
" Mannor-House of a succession, or familie." I find in the same
column of his Dictionary, MExa^er, " A Farmer, or Husbandmen," &c.
^IzTayerie, "A Farme, also the revenues thereof," and ^l^Trreur, "A
" Chapman for Farmes ; one that bids readily, or roundly for a Farme,
" which is to be let," from which interpretation, we might suppose,
that these words belonged to the verb Mettre, " To put, set, lay ;
" place, pitch, plant, situate, ground," &c. under the idea of Putting,
or otiering money for a Farm, just as het relates to the Loosing it,
if I may so say, or Lettiiig it go, at a certain price. We see in the
explanatory term Ground, how Mettrc may belong to Mud. In the
two senses of !Mets, A Mess and a House, we see unequivocally the
House, connected with the Mass, Mixxz^re, &c. whatever may be the
precise process, by which they are related. In the same opening of
Cotgrave, in which Mets occurs, I find INIeze, " An untilled waste,
" or champion, wherein many severall mens cattell run," Mex, "A Plow
" Land, and Tenement thereto belonging," where we are referred to
Mas, which means at once Mas de navire, the Mast of a Ship, and
Mas de terre, " An Oxe gang, plow land, or hide of land, containing
" about twenty acres ; (and having a House belonging to it,") where we
unequivocally see, how the Mast of a Ship by some process is connected
with the Ground. To the French Mets, &c. must surely be referred
the English Messuage. While I examine this word in Skinner's Law
Vocabulary, 1 cast my eyes on jSlES/mo-ene, and MEsnage, " Frugalis
" et prudens familiae administratio," where he justly refers us to Manage.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 497
He explains Mesuage by, " Domus, item partes et adjuncta domus,
" so. Fundi in ejusdem usum deputati," and refers us to the form Mease,
which he compares with the French Maison, or the ancient form
Meix.
We should surely imagine, that to the form Maison, the Work,
is directly attached the name of the Artist, the Mason, (Eng.)
Macon, Masson, (Fr.) Huet refers Masson to Mas, an old word for
Maison, but others derive Masson from Machina, We now see, how
these ideas may coincide, and that Masso;^, the Artist, or Masow, and
Maisow, the work, connected by some process with the Mass, present
to our view this original sense of the Mass, as referring to the formation
of a Work of Art, or ^Ikcmnery, contrived by a Mak^/', or Artist.
Menage derives Maison from Mansio, and this relation too may be
just ; yet we shall not thoroughly understand how far the direct con-
nection of the two forms extends, till the form MN shall be diligently
unfolded. The terms in Menage preceding Ma-isou are Maisiercs,
" Muraille seche," which he has justly referred to Macer/a!, and Mats,
which he derives from Mag?5, and if this should be the precise idea,
we see, how in all these terms Mais contains the same fundamental
notion of the Mass. We should have our attention awake to the form
MSN, as denoting the Mason, the Artist, which we know is so en-
grafted into the English Dialect of the Teutonic, that it has passed
into the most familiar of our names. — I cannot help thinking, but
that M^cEN-ct5, a name among the Tuscans, a race of Artists, is the
Mason, and thus C, Cilnius Mcecenas, Eqtics, might be brought down
from its elevation, and be represented by Sir C. Mason, Knight. This
may create a smile, but it will not affect the truth or the probability
of the conjecture. The Enquirer into Language will do well, to consider,
whether the " Dites MyceNjE," be not the City, made Rich, or Flourish-
ing, by its Arts, and its Artists, its works and its Masons.
The preceding article to Mease in Skinner is Mean seu INIesn
Lord, 0- e.) " Dominus aliquis qui vasallos seu beneficiarios sua sub
" ditione habet, sed tamen in supcrioris domini clientela est." This
word has been referred to Mainsne, (Fr.) Natu major, to Medius, (Lat.)
3 R
498 M.\ C,D,G,.7,K, Q,S,T,X, Z.] l,m,n,r.
and to Mean, (Eng.) The Mesn, or Mean, may signify the person,
who has himself a Meiny, or Retinue of Vassals, and is himself in a
Meiny, to a superior Lord. — Let us mark the interpretation from Cotgrave,
before given of Chef-METS, "The principal Mannor House," &c. which
will suggest to us, that probably Mannor, Manoir, (Fr.) belong to
these words. The word Mannor hss been translated by Manerium,
and the terms Mansum, Mansio, and Mansion House, have been
adopted in the explanation of those words. This brings us to the Latin
Maiieo, and various words, under the form MN, which cannot be
understood without a particular investigation. — We are embarrassed with
another difficulty in considering De-Meanes, or £)e-MESNE Land, which
would seem to signify the Lands of the Mesne, Farm, or Mannor, about
a House ; yet the form Dcmeanes brings us to Domains, from whence
we pass to Dominus. There is still another doubt, which may possess
us in the investigation of these words, and we shall scarcely find such
an entanglement of ideas, through the whole course of our discussions,
as we find in the consideration of these few terms. The next word
in Skinner to Demesne is Demise, which he refers to Deniittere, or
Dimittere. If this Law term was taken from the Roman Code, nothing
more is to be said ; yet if it belonged to our Feudal Language, the term
f/e-Mise might relate to the disposal of the MisE, the establishment of
the House, Farm, &c. and we must remember, that the term ^t'-MisE
signifies " A Letting, or making over of Lands, Tenements, &c. by
" Lease, or Will." From the more familiar custom of de-^l\sivg by
Will, or at the time of a person's Death, the term dfe-MiSE has been
applied to denote Death. The term r/t?-MiSE however might still belong-
to De-Mitto, through the medium of the French, and then it would
bear the same sense as Let, To Loose. Thus £)e-MissioN in French,
is " A humbling, casting, or Lc/^iwo- downe ; also, a De-MisE, Letting,
" or De-MisiNG," as Cotgrave explains it.
Mais in Irish is "A Lump, Heap," and Maiscoo?-, A Lump, between
W'hich words in Mr. Shaw's Lexicon I see Mais, Meas, " An Acorn,"
and the terms succeeding are Maise, " An ornament, bloom, beauty,
" grace," which means the nice, plump, swelling object, and Maise,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 499
*' Food, victuals." All the words, under the form MD, &c. relating to
Food, Fatness, Increase, &c. belong to the idea of the SwelUng out
Mass of Mud Matter, just as 1 shew on another occasion, that Food,
Feed, Fat, &c. belong to Pudge, and we shall now see, how these
words may have passed into each other. Among such words we must
place the following, Meith, (Ir.) " Fat, Corpulent," in the same column
with which in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, I perceive Meis, " Bad, wicked,"
that is, the Vile Mud Matter; from whence we see the origin of the
terms for Fatness. In Welsh, Maeth means " Cherishment, nurture,
" nourishment ; fosterage," to which word our term Meat, with its
parallels, has been referred. I have already supposed the term Meat to
belong to Mash Matter, which under one idea is the Swelling Mass,
nor can we separate from it its quality of making Massy, or Feeding.
Maeth under another form is Vaeth, which brings us to the form Feed,
Fat, VoEDew, (Germ.) &c. &c. Again we have in Irish Meid, Mead,
" Bigness, MxGnittide,'' MeatAas, " Fat, Fatness," the preceding term
to which is MEXTaaim, "To Fade, decay, wither;" where we understand,
how my hypothesis reconciles these two senses of Fading and Fatness,
apparently so remote from each other ; and we cannot but note the
same relation between the explanatory terms Fade and Fat; — Meas,
"Fruit, particularly acorns," Measoo-, "An acorn," MEASg-^or^, "An
" orchard," the preceding word to which is Meas^o/w, To Mix. I have
already produced the English Mast, The Acorn, with its parallels
Mcest, Mast, Hasten, Saginare, &c. In Irish MAioaiw is " A Toad,
" a little Fat fellow," the next term to which is MkiGhisdir, " A
" MASTer," and I see as two adjacent words Maigwc, Great, Ms-iGneas,
" A Field." Again in Irish Math is Fruit, and in another article,
" Good," and in the same page I see MATHam, " To meliorate, manure,"
Mead, " Increase, bigness, bulk," the origin of all which appears in
an adjacent word Math air, which is explained in one Article by Mother,
and in another by Gore, that is, Foid Matter, or Mother, as we express
it in another sense, and I perceive moreover MATHAiR-t//s^e, "A
" reservoir of Water, source of Water," where we are directly brought
to the Watery MUD Spot. In the same page I see the term MEiDi/,
3 R 2
500
M.J C,D,G,J, K,Q,S,T,X, Z.'^ I,m,n,r.
A Medlar, which has parallels in different Languages, as Mied, (Sax.)
Mesplc, Nesple, &c. (Fr.) Ncspola, (Ital.) Mespil-on, um, (Gr. Me<r-
TTiXovy Lat.) &c. These words are probably derived from the Foul,
or Rotten state, in which this fruit is eaten, and our vulgar word for
the fruit, to which Shakspeare alludes, is derived from the same source.
The people, called the Massagetce are, according to the opinion of
some writers, connected with Massa, the Mass ; as they are supposed
to signify the Massy GetcB, if I may so saj', the Great Getce, because
Massa, in the Scythian Language, signifies ' What is Heavy, Great,' &c.
(Jsidor. Origbi. 9.) The women of the Massagetce were famous for
contending with their future husbands in single Combat, as Bochart
has remarked, (^Geog. Sac. p. 190.) in the same column of whose work,
I find an account of the Amazons ; which suggested to me, that perhaps
the Maz in aMAZo//, might be of the same origin, as the Mass in
Massagetce, and that the aMazon, or oMaz-Zotz might mean the Massy
Stout, or ^Ixicul'me Woman, The Gune, or Zen, (Gr. Ywt], Persian.)
Yet on this point there is much to be considered. Other compounds
of places and of people under the form MS and GT, or CT, &c. are
likewise to be found. There is a mountain called Masiciitos, {MacriKVTo^,)
which Bochart derives from a Phoenician, or Hebrew term Mesucot,
denoting the Narrow Straits; where the SC is probably the Radical,
and the M is a prefix, (Geog. Sac. p. 362.) There is besides a Saxon
combination, recorded in Lye's Dictionary, ^AGE-Scetas, which he
explains by " Magi incolje. Magescetce, alias Masegetce. Incolas sc.
" Radnoricc et oppidorum vicinorum in agro Radnoriensi. Opinatur enim
" Camdenus, veterem Radnoriam fuisse Magos antiquorum." The term
almost directly adjacent to this article in Lye is Mage, Potens, which
I should conceive to be the meaning of the Mage in MAGZ-ScBtas,
as denoting the Mighty People, Set, or Settled on a certain place;
and if this conjecture should be right, as well as the opinion before given
of the origin of the MASsagefce, the first part of these two compositions
will bear the same meaning of 'What is Massy, Mighty,' &c. The
whole compound may be the same, with the Massa and Mage coin-
ciding, and Get(s coinciding with Setas. In the same opening of my Saxon
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 501
Lexicon, where M^gen and jVL-egn occur, denoting " Main, Robur,
" vis, potentia," I see Mjeg, Vir, Homo, M^gth, " Provincia, Natio,
" Gens," which latter word probably refers to the number of People,
situated in a certain spot. I see moreover M^d, " A Mead, Pratum,"
where we are brought to the original idea, whatever may be the process,
by which these words are connected. The M^gth, Provincia, may
refer to the Spot of Ground, or to the Mass, or Number of People
on that Spot.
Terms, expressing ' What is in a duly Tempered, Composed, Formed,
* Regulated, Ordered, Restrained, state. — What is in a duly Made
' up, Measured, or Moderate state ;' which are derived from the
idea of the Plastic Matter of Mud, capable of being Tempered,
Moulded, Composed, or Made up in due form, state, manner, &c.
either as referred to Material objects, or applied metaphorically to
the affections of the mind, as Measure, Moderate, Mode, Mod-
ulate, (Eng.) Modz«, M.ox)ulor, (Lat.) &c.
There are various terms, belonging to the Elementary Character
MD, &c. which express ' What is in a duly Tempered, Composed,
' Formed, Regulated, Ordered, Restrained state. — What is in a duly
' Made up, ^luxsured, or 'M.ovterate state,' either as referred to Material
objects, or as applied in a metaphorical sense, to the affections of the
Mind, &c. This Race of words is derived, as I imagine, from the idea
of the Plastic Matter of Mud, capable of being Tempered, Moulded,
Composed, Made up, &c. &c. in a due form, shape, manner, &c. &c.
just as T'empei-ate, Temperance, &c. belong to the action of Tempering
clay, &c. Among these terms we must class the following : Mos,
Modws, Modulor, (Lat.) Mode, Mood, (Eng.) Meet, Aptus, Match,
Mate, ^qualis. Conveniens, (Eng.) Modulate, Model, &c. (Eng.)
MoDcro/-, ^loDeratus, (Lat.) with the parallels in various Languages,
yionerate, &c. (Eng.) ^lomcus, Movestus, (Lat.) Modest, (Eng.) &c.
Met/'Jos, (Merpto?, Modum non excedens, Mediocris, Modicus.)—MEDi-
503
M.| C,D,J, K,Q, S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
ocris, (Lat.) if it be derived directly from Medius, belongs to the same
fundamental idea, under a different turn of meaning, though in such
cases this minute difference cannot be adjusted. — MzTior, (Lat.) Metrco,
(MfTpew, Metior, Moderor, &c.) Metro;?, (Merpov, Mensura, Tempera-
mentum. Modus, Mensura in carmine ;) from whence Metre is derived :
Mete, Measure, (Eng.) Mensura, (Lat.) where we have the form
MN, with the parallels, or derivatives Messen, (Germ.) Milan, (Goth.)
Metan, Mecten, Mceta, (Sax. Belg. Swed.) Mesure, Misiira, (Fr. Ital.)
the Hebrew Mad, Madad, produced by Wachter, &c. The Hebrew
word, to which Wachter alludes, is probably ID MD, "To Measure
'' in length and breadth," to which Mr. Parkhurst has referred some
of the terms produced above. With this Hebrew word the Lexico-
graphers have compared the Arabic j^^ Medd, "Extension, production,
"lengthening;" which in another sense with a minute difference of
sound, becomes Mud, "A Mod?/*, a MEAs?/re." It denotes moreover
Sicelling out of Water ; and it supplies the name of the Grammatical
mark called Medda. In the same page of Willmet's Arabic Dictionary,
where this word occurs, I see ^j« MDR, which belongs likewise, as
he says, to the Chaldee and Syriac, and which he explains by " Luto
" obduxit." Mr. Richardson explains it by " A Clod, a piece of dry Clay,
" &c. — A Distension of the belly, hypochondria. — Moving, Agitating,
" as wind, the cloud," where we see different senses of our Elementary
Character, as Mud, M.\JTation, ^lotion, Sec. To the above words we
must add the names for particular Measures, either in Length, or
Capacity ; yet here I ought to observe, that when we find terms, relating
to Capacity/ ; we should consider, whether they are not to be referred
to the Low Muddy Spot, as denoting the Hole, HoUmv, &c.— aMussis,
Modems, (Lat.) Metz, (Germ.) Mensura, Liquidi et aridi, Metz, (Germ.)
Terra Mensurata, Mut, (Germ.) Mensura frumentaria, MEmmnos, (Mth-
ifjLvo^, Medimnus, Modius.}
In the Celtic Dialects we have the following words : Muoaw, (Gal.)
which means a Mug;— Miosur, (Gal.) A Measure, Meas, (Gal.)
" Measure, a rod to Measure Graves:" MEAsaire, (Gal.) "Just Weight,
"or Measure," MExsardha; "Temperate, frugal," — Meascw, (Gal.)
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 603
'• To esteem, think, or suppose," as Mr. Shaw explains them, where
we find other words of a similar kind. In this Language we have
Mos, " A Manner, Fashion," and in the same opening of my Dictionary,
where this word occurs, I find Mosan, " Rough trash," &c. Mota,
" A Mount, Mote," where we see Dirt under another idea, — Meidyr,
(Welsh,) " A Measure, rule, or limit ; also a lane, or road," IVlEiDRae^,
" To reduce to Measure, rule, or limit; to Mete," MEiDRa?^'/, " Belong-
" ing to Measure," &c.— Mwys, (Welsh,) "That has capacity, or
" that comprehends ; that has latitude of import, a pun ; also a kind
" of covered basket, pannier, or hamper; also the quantity contained
" in such vessel." Under McTior in Lhuyd, we find the parallel terms
thus represented, Mesyro, (Welsh,) Miisura, (Arm.) Mens, Misar, (Ir.)
In Irish Madhm denotes, according to Mr. Shaw, "As .much grain,
" or any thing comminated, as can be taken up between both the hands,"
which I have before produced, and which we should imagine to belong
to the Greek Medimwos, (Me^i/mvoi,') whatever may be the original idea.
We shall find however a Saxon term under the same form, affording
a probable origin of this Greek term. Mr. Shaw has explained the same
word Madhm in two separate articles by " Any large round Mountain,"
and "A breach, battle, derout," where we see Matter in a Mass,
and in a Dispersed state ; but whatever may be the precise idea, by
which these terms are connected with the original notion ; the funda-
mental sense will be manifest in the adjacent word Madh«/?«, Meadows.
In Scotch Myth is "To Measure, to Mete," and in another sense
it means " To mark, to observe." In Russian Moda is explained in my
Dictionary by "Die Mode," the next word to which is Modele, " Ein
" Modell, Muster." Let us note the term Muster, " The sample,
" Pattern, or Modc/," as likewise the term Model, (Eng.) Modelle,
Modello, &c. where we directly see the idea of Formation, as relating
to Plastic Matter. I find in Skinner near this English word Model,
the term of Architecture Modi/ion, with its parallels Modillon, Modiglione,
(Fr. Ital.) which he refers to Mooiolus, belonging to Modus, and
MoDcr;/, with its parallels Moderne, Moderno, (Fr. Ital.) and the
barbarous Latin word Modernus, which he derives from Modus, " ut
504 M.| C, D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
" Sempiternus, a Semper," as he observes. The adverb Modo, relates
to J'ime Past, or Compleated, in the same way, as Apri signifies Modo,
belonging to Aprios, Par, Perfectus, as Perfectiim Tempus, the Compleated
Time, means the Past Time, and as Just, in English, the term of regu-
lation, or adjustment, is employed, when we talk of any thing, that
has happened 'Just now.' If the term MoDe?'w signifies the Modo
Factum, Perfectum, it is scarcely an idea removed from the use of
Mode, when we say, that such a thing is according to the Mode, a la
Mode, Womsh.
In the sense of Mode, "Way, manner, fashion, or garb," as
N. Bailey explains it, we see Matter in its Plastic state, but in that
of Mood, " Mind, Humour, temper, disposition," Mood, Anger, Moodt,
Angry, as the same writer explains them ; we still have a similar idea
of the JJ^ay, or Manner, as referred to the Form, or Nature of Plastic
Matter, though here we see likewise peeping out the more original
notion of Matter in a Mud Moist state, Swelling out. Easily Moved,
&c. We cannot but note the explanatory words Temper and Humour,
the former of which, we know, is applied to the Tempering of Dirt,
Clay, &c. and the latter word Humour actually denotes Dirt in a
iFatery state, or as we may express it by words under our form MD,
the Matter of Mud in a Moist state, which I conceive to be the
precise idea, to which Mood is particularly attached. The Etymologists
have duly produced the parallel terms to Mood, as Mod, &c. (Sax.)
Muth, (Germ.) ge-Muth, ge-Moed, Moed, (Belg. Run. Dan. &c. &c.)
The term Mood will shew us, how the various senses of our Elementary
Character MD pass into each other ; for which different turns of meaning
different words have been applied. In the following passages from
Shakspeare, " When Fortune in her shift and change of Mood, — As
" soon Moved to be Moody, and as soon Moody to be Moved,'' we
note the sense of Mutation, Muto, MoTwn, &c. &c. — In Moody-Moc?,
we see how Mad may be a kindred word ; and in the sentiment,
" Albeit unused to the Melting Mood," we cannot but understand,
how closely the term presses on the idea annexed to Moist; but in
the metaphorical imagery of another passage we have Mood brought
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 505
in direct combination with the original idea of MUD, " I am now, Sir,
" Muddy'd in fortune's Mood, and smell somewhat strong of her
" strong displeasure." {AWs Well, 8cc. Act IV. Scene 2.) The term
Mood has here appeared so extraordinary, that Dr. Warburton reads
Moat for Mood, which change he was likewise induced to adopt from
the speech, which succeeds this, where the same personage is said to
" have fallen into the unclean fish-pond of her displeasure." The
commentators have produced a passage from Othello, where we find
" You are but now cast in his Mood, a punishment more in policy,
" than in malice." We cannot, I think, here doubt, that the strong
impression on the mind of the Poet, respecting the peculiar force of the
term Mood, which induced him to connect it with the imagery relating
to Mud and the Fish-Pond, suggested to him likewise in the passage
of Othello, the word Cast, an appropriate term for an operation on
a Muddy Pofid. That Shakspeare knew this appropriate sense will be
manifest from the following passage, " His filth within being Cast, he
" would appear a pond as deep as hell." (^Measure for Measure, Act III.
Scene 1.)
Skinner has placed the English Meet, in the three senses of Con-
venire, MetzW, and Aptus, in three separate Articles ; yet he has seen,
how Meet, Aptus, Idoneus, may belong to either of the other words,
and he has reminded us of the German Mass, the Measure, g-eMASs,
Masscw, &c. &c. We shall now understand, that the terms for Price,
Pay, JFagcs, Reward, &c. as Meed, (Eng.) and its parallels produced
by the Etymologists Med, Mede, (Sax.) Miedon, (Dan.) Miede, or Miethe,
(Germ.) Mizdo, (Goth.) Misthos, (Mto-^os,) &c. denote what is the
Meet, Fit, Due, Proper Price belonging to any thing. In Persian j^
Muz</ is "A reward, premium, salary, wages, price," which under
another form is tjyn Muzshde. Adjacent to the Saxon Med, Meed,
Merces, Praemium, I see Mzi>€mne, Med?oc/7«, Dignus, MEDeww, Con-
veniens, Dignus, Mzoenmess, Dignitas, Meritum, where let us note the
form Medemn, which will remind us of the Greek Medimn-o«, (Me?//uj/o9,
Medimnus,) M.RV)emung, MoDerafio, Temperatio, MEDuian, MEoiare,
Moverari, &c. in the same column with which latter word I see Medes^
3 S
506
M.| C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
Wcel, " Gurges quidam, Mede- JFcege, Nomen Saxonicum fluvii apud
" Cantianos insignis ; Britannis MAD-Uog, i. e. Pulcher fluctiis, hodie
•' Medway," and Medew, a Meadow, Pratum, where we are brought
to the original notion of the IFatcry, MUD Spot.
Terms, which relate to the idea of Mak?/?^, Forming, Contriving, &c.
by the hands, or by the mind, derived from the Plastic nature of
Mud ; as Make, Made, Machine, Mechanics, Mechane, {Mtjxavri,)
Machina, &c. &c.
I shall in this Article produce the terms, under the Elementary
Character MC, MD, &c. which relate to the idea of MAK?;?g, Forming,
Contriving, &c. by the hands, or by the mind, and which I conceive
to be derived from the Matter of Mud, capable from its Plastic nature
of Make, Shape, Figure, &c. or of being Made up, or Formed into
Shape, Figure, &c. by Kneading, Miy^ing it together, by tVorhing,
or Stirring it up, about, together, &c. We see through the whole
compass of Language, from the most familiar examples, that the Opera-
tions, Emotions, or IVorkings of the Mind belong to the metaphor of
Stirring up. Agitating, as Dirt, &c. such as ' Consilia, Fersare, Agitare,
' Revolvere, Kimari, Scrutari, Struere, et Moliri aliquid,' &c. &c. in which
examples all the verbs are likewise applied to the Agitation of Dirt,
under some process, by Excitement, Rolling amongst, &c. Fersare,
Terram, &c. &c: Our great Bard, in the Language of ridicule, has
enumerated the metaphorical applications of Form and Motion to the
exertions of Mind. Holofernes thus answers to the compliments of
Sir Nathaniel on his alliterative verses. "This is a gift that I have,
" simple, simple ; a foolish, extravagant spirit, full of Forms, Figures,
" Shapes, Objects, Ideas, Apprehensions, Motions, Revolutions." Among
the terms, belonging to our Elementary Character MC, &c. which relate
to Forming, Shaping, Contriving, &c. &c. we must class the following,
Make, Made, to which the Etymologists have produced, as parallel,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 507
Macan, (Sax.) Maeheti, Mahen, Machen, (Germ.) Mager, (Dan.)
Mechos, MECHflwe, MECHowaowa?, (M>;xos> Artificium, Muchinatio,
consilium, commentum, dolus, ars, M»;x«»";j Machina, &c. &c. M>?x«-
vaonai, Machimr, Molior, Struo, Agito,) MACH?Ha, M\cm?Jor, (Lat.)
&c. &c. To these Latin and Greek words belong, we know, various
terms in modern Languages, Machine, Machination, Mechanics, &c. &c.
Let us note in the explanatory terms to the Greek verb those words,
which I have before produced, and which are acknowledged to relate
to the Agitation of the Ground, Moliri terram, Struere acervum, &c.
In Scotch, Mak is "Manner, Fashion," which brings us to the
sense of the Latin Mos and Modus. In this Language, To Mak, &c.
is "To compose poetry," and Makar is applied to a Poet, the Maker
of verses; just as Poet, lloiiiTr]^, belongs to Uoiew. MAKedoni is "Shape,
"Form." — To Make to, "To approximate in some degree to a certain
" point." — MAKint, "Confident, possessing assurance." — MxKintlt/, " With
"ease, confidently," — Makly, "Evenly, equally," Mak, or Maik, "A
" Match, Mate, or equal," where in Match, Mate, we have parallel
terms. We have seen, how the words, signifying what is Easy, Suit-
able, Fitting to, Convenient for. Even, Equal, at once direct us to the
Pliant, Soft, Plastic, Yielding matter of Mud, and we now see, how
they belong to Make, relating to Foi^m, as in the terms, derived from
Form, Conformable, Cotformity, &c. The Etymologists have duly pro-
duced the parallel terms to Match and Mate, as Maca, geMaca, (Sax.)
Maet, (Belg.) Mag, (Germ.) &c. &c. In Scotch Maik, Make, Mayock,
signify " A Match, Mate, or Equal," says Dr. Jamieson. The words
Mate, Match occur in the same column of Skinner's Dictionary with
Mate, aMate, Vincere, subjugare, which means, as I shew in another
place, To reduce into, or to be in a Soft, Dissolved state. Match,
denoting the Lighter of a Candle, &c. means the Soft substance, of
which that object was originally composed. The word zMago, the
iMAGe, the Form, or Make, has parallel terms in the Celtic Dialects,
^Maish, (Arm.) Muadh, (Ir.) (Lhuyd sub voce.) Under Forma I find
in Lhuyd the Welsh Modh, Math, the Armoric z'Mash, the Irish Miadh,
MoDH, Mr. Shaw has placed Muadh in six different articles, where
3 s 2
508 M,
\ C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
we have the various senses of " A Cloud. — An Image. — Middle, Midst.
" Noble, good. — Soft, tender," which relate to 'What is Foul, or Thick,
' to the MixTwre, and to Soft, well tempered, or Plastic Matter.'
We have likewise the verb MuADHrt/w, "To form, shape," and I see
as an adjacent word Mos, " A Manner, Fashion," I see too MuADHffzVe,
" A Rogue," where 1 must leave the Adepts in this Language to decide
on the peculiar idea annexed to it. As the Noble personage is the well
Tempered Mild personage, so the Rogue may be the basely Pliafif, or
Conformable personage, or he may be the Vile Creature. From Imago
has been derived, as we know, the term Imaginor, To Imagine, Imagi-
nation, &c. relating to an operation of the mind.
Among the terms belonging to Mental operations, we may class
iMAGine, the verb, To Muse, from whence aMusE is taken, which the
Etymologists have referred to Muser, (Fr.) Miiysen, (Dutch,) Mussare,
Mussitare, and the Latin Mitginari, Musinari ; — the substantive, the
Muse, Mousa, (Movara,) the Goddess ; from which, we know, is taken
Mousikos, (Moi/o-tKos, Musicus,) Music, &c. — MEoitor, (Lat.) " To Med-
" ifate, Muse, think upon, or forecast," as R. Ainsworth explains it,
where let us note the term Fore- Cas^ and remember, that in our phrases
' To Ca^t a thing over in your mind,' we come to the idea of Agitation.
We know too, that Cast is applied to the Cast of the countenance,
and that Cast is used to express the operation of throwing Dirt out
of a Pond, &c. It will now be understood, that Med in MEoicina
and Med/Vo/' have the same meaning, and that they both convey the
idea of Mixi7ig, MAKing, Working up, about, &c. — Medos, MEDomai,
Met«'s, MEriao, (Mj/Sos, Cura, consilium, Mtjdofxai, Curam gero, delibero,
Cogito, MEvitor Molior, Strtio, M>na, Consilium, Mtjriaw, Consilia
Agito, delibero, molior, rem quampiam Machinor,) which relates to
Thoughts, Schemes, Machinations, &c. &c. Junius explains Mete in
three articles, as used in Chaucer, by " Imaginari, Somniare," — Mete
by " Metwco, MoDulatio,'' and Mete, " Fit, convenient," belonging to
Meet, what Matches, I have shewn, that Meet, To come together,
means To be Mixed together, or as we might say, to be Made up, or
to be Put together into one Mass. Thus we see, bow the ideas slide
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 609
into each other. — Muscr/'^n/ Dr. Jamieson explains by "Mvsiug, Dream-
" ing," which he has referred to " Fr. Musardie, id. Musard, a dreaming,
" dumpish fellow, from Muser, or as Sibb. conjectures, Teut. Muys-en,
" abdita magno silentio inquirere ; supposed to allude to the caution
*' of a cat, when watching for Mice, from Mays, a Mouse."" This is
a precious mode indeed of conceiving the relations of Language. The
Mvsard under one interpretation may be justly explained by A Muzzy,
Muddy Fellow. In Welsh MEismn signifies "To Invent, to Devise,"
where we are referred to Mais, and MEisiwr is " A Deviser, or Inventer,"
the next word to which in Mr. Owen's Dictionary is MEisxyr, "A
" Master," which would lead us to conclude, that Master with its
parallels Meister, (Germ.) &c. Magz's/c/', &c. relates to the idea of
the Makc;-, the Inventor, Artist, &c. as in ' Master of his trade,^
' A Master of Arts,' &c. Yet I have supposed, that Islxotster belongs
to Magmms, under the idea of the Great, or Illustrious personage. When
ideas are so connected with each other, we are confounded in our
choice. The Greek MESTor, (Mtja-rwp, Consiliarius, Consultor, Peritus,)
is referred to MEDO/nai, (M>;8o|Uat,) and Masto/', (MaaTwp, Qujesitor,
Inquisitor,) to Mao, (Maw, Queero, investigo,) from whence we pass
to Masso, (Macro-w, Tango, Quaero, Subigo, Penso,) which directly
brings us to the Kneading of MuD-like Matter. The Greek Medo,
(MeSw, Impero, Imperium teneo, euro,) relates to Power, as over Plastic
Matter, just as the Potter is said to have ' Poiver over the Clay.'
I shew in another place, that Potcws and PoTTcr belong to each other,
and to Pudge Matter for the same reason. In Welsh Medw signifies
" That is able to accomplish ; or to be perfect ; the mind," in the same
column with which in Mr. Owen's Dictionary I see MEDr«, "To ac-
" complish, to effect; to do; to exert skill ; to be able; to know how;
" to take aim, to aim at, to hit the Mark, to shoot the Mark," and in
the same opening I see Med, " That is extended ; that is Made com-
" plete, full, perfect, or Mature," where let us note the word ^l^Ture,
which we now see may be derived from the idea of ' What is Made
' up.' — I have connected the term Mat«/'ms with the words, denoting
What is Soft, or Melloiv; and when ideas arc so entangled with each
other, it is in vain for us to attempt a separation.
510 M.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.( l,m,n,r.
Mr. Owen explains Mezu, represented by some under the form
Meddu, which is referred to the Greek Medo, (MeSw,) "To have in
" Power, to have command of; to be able ; to possess." Mr. Owen
refers Mezu, to Mez, which he explains by " Being made to turn round ;
"■ circling, turning round ; causing to turn ; intoxicating ; intoxicated ;
" drunk," where we see the idea of Agitation, and where we might
justly adopt in the explanation of the word, the term Muddled, To
be in a Muddled state. In the same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary
I see Mez?/'/, " To cause to turn round ; to turn round ; to intoxicate; to
"get drunk," and in another article Mez2/'/ is explained by "Thought;
" Mind; intention," in which word, or words the same metaphor is ap-
plied under two ideas, which we may express by the kindred terms
Muzzy and Mus/'wg-. In some minds To Muse, To Meditate, and To be
Muzzy, or 'To be Muddled,' convey ideas, which are indissolubly con-
nected with each other. In the Russian Dialect of the Sclavonic, Metchte
signifies " Eine falsche vorstellung, oder Einbildung, ein schattenwerk,
" die Phantasie," A false conception of things, mere zMaginatiow, idle
Fancies, Whim, &c. Let us here note the explanatory German term
Einbildung, which signifies, as my Lexicographer explains it, " Imagi-
" NATION, Conceit, Fancy," &c. and which belongs to Bild, "An Image,
"likeness, efiigies," and Bilden, "To form, frame," &c. corresponding
with our term Build. In the same column of my Dictionary with
the above Russian term I see Meto2<, " Ich kehre, fege," To Scour,
Sweep, Sec. and Metso?/, "Ich werfe, schmeisse, schwinge," To throw,
cast, fling, &c. both which terms relate to the Casting, or throwing
out, off, or about Dirt, or Mud. One of the explanatory terms, scAMeisse
is a kindred word, belonging to our word sMiTe. My Lexicographer
explains the German word by *' To «Mit(?, strike, or beat. Throw,
" Cast,'' &c. and it is applied in its original sense, when it denotes,
" To blot, foul," &c. where the writer has added the grossest of our
terms relating to this idea, " Die fliegen haben den spiegel uber und
" uber voU beSchmeisset, The flies have sMitten, or Fouled the looking
" glass all over with their Dung.'' — Under the same form of our
Elementary Character «MT with the sound of s preceding the Labial
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 511
M, we have the Formative Artist called the sMith, from which the
familiar name through the Teutonic Dialects has been derived. The
term Smith has been justly referred by the Etymologists to Smith, (Sax.)
Smed, Smid, (Belg.)
1 have supposed, that Mason, with its parallels Macon, Masson, &c.
denotes the Maker, that the Tuscan name MjECEJms bears probably
the same idea of the Mason, and that the Divifes Mycen^ is the Spot,
enriched by Arts and Artists, Masons, or Makers. The Free-MASom
is a combination, which expresses the Liberal, or Scientific Builder,
Architect, Artist, &c. In considering the origin of MESSENm, and
Messing, in the Peloponnese and in Sicily, the idea here unfolded should
be present to our minds. Potter in his Grecian Antiquities has produced
a quotation from Statius, in which Pyhs and Messene are said to have
supplied Battering Engines to Achilles, for the reduction of Troy, and
though Potter properly expresses his doubts on this matter; yet the
passage may serve to shew us, that some traditions prevailed respecting
their proficiency in Arts. I have produced on a former occasion various
words, which relate to Artists in ditierent employments, and I have
supposed, that these words denote the MAKers, MAsners, or Mixers,
such as Magos, (Ma7os,) the MAciciaw, Med2CM5, with its parallels
Med///o-j (Welsh,) &c. Machaon, MAceiros, Maison, (Ma'yeipo<i, Mai-
(Tiav, Coquus,) MiTHridates, MEoea, Peri, Eha, Aga\MEDE, {UepiimriSr],
E(ca/i»/S»/, Aya/mri^)],) Pala-MEDCS, Archi-MEDcs, some of which are
acknowledged to belong to Medos, (M>jSo?, Consilium.) — The name
of the illustrious personage Prometlieus is supposed to be derived from
Met?'s, (M>/Tt?,) which exhibits to us a kindred term ; yet we shall now
understand that the Meth in Pro-^lu'va-eus bears rather a material than
a metaphorical sense, and refers to the Matter of Mud, or Clay, in the
formation of iM.\Ges. I have supposed, that Far-MAKOW, (J^apjjiuKov,^
is a compound of Mak, relating to the Concoction, MixT//re, or ]V[ED/c7we,
and that the Far belongs to Furao, or Fiiro, {<^vpaw, ^vpw, Misceo.)
Perhaps the Pro in Pro-METH-eus may belong to this word Fnro,
(OfiOft),) which is an appropriate term attached to the occupation of such
an Artist ; as the ordinary Greek Vocabularies will teach us, where the
51S
M.| C,D,J, K,Q,S,T,X, Z.| l,m,r,,r.
passage from Hesiod is produced, in which Jupiter orders Vulcan to
form Pandora by kneading up Earth with Water, Taiav uSet ^vpeiv.
The Far belongs to the Greek Bor-Bor-os, (Bopj3opo^,^ where we have
the original idea, the Latin Paro, the Welsh Peri, " To cause, to effect ;
" to make, to do," &c. and to the word, Priz, Mould, Earth, Prizaur,
A Potter, which have fallen under my consideration on another occasion,
(^Prelim. Dissert, to Etym. Univers. p. isg.)
Pro-MzTH-eus is supposed by some to be the same with Magog,
where in Mag we again see our Elementary form ; and this personage
according to one vein of tradition is considered as the Builder of the
Wall of Tartary. The Gog" in Mag- Gog- exists in a separate state, as
in Gog and Mag-Gog, and may belong to the Quag for the same reason.
In Welsh Gosgez signifies " Figure, shape, or form." In the doctrines
of Mythology, the Maker and the Forming Matter cannot be distin-
guished from each other. Hence, as w€ have seen. Mot, or Mud is
the Forming Deity, or First principle in the Creation, according to the
Cosmogony of the Phcenicians. Bochart thus explains the doctrine of
Sanconiathon, {Geog. Sac. Lib. II. Chap. 2.) " In ipso operis exordio
" legas statim initio rerum fuisse vrvorjv aepo^ ^o^wSoi/s tenebrosi aeris
" spiritum, quern appellat Xaos Epe/Swde^. Sequitur ex conversione
" spiritus cum Chao emersisse Mwt, Mot; id est, Limuin aut aquosce
" mixtionis Putredinem. Kat ck t>/s auTov (ry/UTrAofo/s tov Tri^ei/yuaTos
" eyevsTO Mcot' Tovto rti/es <pacnv iXvv, oi Se vBaTwBovs jui^ews (rt]\j/-iv.
" Kai e/c TauTt)^ eyevero iracra anropa KTiarews, kul yeieai^ oXuyp. Et
" hinc factum est omne creaturarum seminium et omnium generatio."
We have seen, that the names of -^gypt Mis-Kam, and Mxsar, denote
the Land of Mud, and that Movd, Mouth, is one of the names of Isis.
Plutarch imagines, that Mouth signifies Mother, which under one idea
is just; as the term Mother expresses the Forming Matter, as of Mud,
from which beings are Made. I shew, that all the names for Existing
Beings, Persons, &c. under our Elementary Character MD, denote
Matter, what is Made, exists, or is : I have before observed, that
the name of Is-Is is quasi Ooze-Ooze, and that Mouth denotes the
Prolific Ooze, or MUD. Jablonski justly imagines, that Mouth is only
MUD. &c. &c. &c. 5ia
another form of Buto, a name of Latona, which brings us to the torins
Bog, Pudge, &c. (Panth. Mgypt. Vol. II. p. 115.) Latona, as I before
suggested, is the Personage belonging to the Lake. The Philosophic
Mystic, when he explains the Theology of the ^Egyptians, (Jamblichtis
de Myst. Sect. vii. Cap. 2.) is alike entangled and confounded in his
notions, amidst all his definitions and distinctions, when he attempts
to explain, how the sages of ^Egypt conceived the difference between
the Symbol and the Sentiment — The Creative Principle, and the Creating
Power, — The Formative Matter of MUD, and the Forming Artist, or
Maker. In the Cosmogony of one Sect of Hindoo Philosophers MEaret
" is the first Created Substance." (^Ayeen Akbery, Vol. II. p. 453.)
To the Deity Mot, Mouth, or rather to the Matter of Mud, under
some idea of the Maid, Mother, the Plastic, or Formative Principle,
What is Made, or able to Make, should be referred the Grecian Maia,
or MAJa, The Mother of Mercury, who perhaps should himself be
considered as quasi Macur, The Maker. Whatever may be the origin
of the word, in which there is some difficulty, this Deity is assuredly
regarded as the Maker, the Former of the Frame, or Limbs, Manners.
Mind, &c. "Qui feros cultus hominum recentum Voce formasti catus
" et decoree More palaestrae." We should remember too, that Mercury
and Maia belong to a family, which is celebrated for its formative powers
in Clay or Mud, as being the Grandson, and the Daughter of Atlas,
the Brother of Pro-METueiis. In the Druid Mythology, we find a
Mystic Personage called Math, "A mighty Operator with the Magic
" wand, who at the time of the Deluge set the Elements at large,"
according to the account of Mr. Davies, (^Mythology of the Druids,
p. 541.) who has very justly described this personage on another
occasion, to have been " The Universal genius of Nature, which dis-
" criminated all things according to their various kinds, or species, —
" the same perhaps as the Meth of the Egyptians, and the M>;tj9,"
Metw, "of the Orphic Bards, which was of all kinds, and the author
" of all things.'' (^Celtic Researches, p. 285.) There is another person-
age among the Druids of the same family called Amathaon, which
term Mr. Davies has derived from Math, " Kind, species," and Honi,
3T
514 M
I C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. \ I, m, n, r.
" to discriminate," The Met/*, (M>;Tts,) of the Greek Theologues
belonging to Mot, &c. &c. has been accommodated to the form of the
term Met?*, (M>/Tts, Consilium,) in that Language relating to Skill
and Contrivance, for the purpose of expressing an Intelligent Principle,
able to Devise, Form, Make. Hence the Greeks have the combination
METie/a Zeus, (Mj/rtera Zei/s,) The Great Creative, or Contriving Power.
In Saxon a similar metaphor has been adopted, and we find a Poetical
term in that Language Meoto^/, or Metoc?, denoting Dens, which Lye
has justly referred to Meto//, " Invenire, Pingere, Met//-?," To Form,
Shape, Represent, — To Mete out in due proportions, — ^To Create, or
Make. In Orpheus Mises, (Mto->js, Hymn. 7.) is the companion of
the venerable Mother his, The Egyptian Mouth. In Sanconiathon,
Vulcan is called Jupiter Mich?'os, which means Jupiter the sMith, or
MAKer. Bochart justly translates the word by ^Ikcmnator, and refers
to the Hebrew TIO MCAI, M^KCuina, (Canaan, Lib. II. Cap. 2.)
To these terms Math, Mot, &c. belong the well known Deities
of the Eastern world, Budda and Amida. If the modern Greeks
were required to write the name of the Eastern Budda, it might
appear under the form MBudda, and such a term as Budda in
Welsh would be represented under some circumstances by Mudda ;
and Math might become Vath, or Fath. In general we may say,
that in the Welsh Language the Labials B, F, P, V, M, according
to certain laws are changeable into each other at the beginning
of words. Jablonski has rightly conjectured, as we have seen, that
Mouth and Buto are only different forms of each other. The Persian
Mithra, — The Deity of the Zend-Avesta, 0?'-Muzd, The Enchantress,
Ar-Mioa, The Knight, ^-Mad/s ; The Spirits, As-^loneus and Modu,
should perhaps be likewise referred to these Mystic names. The Orphic
Priest, or Poet Mijsceus may be derived from the Deity, Mot, &c. in
whose rites he might be employed, or he belongs to the same Race of
words, containing the metaphorical allusion, which exists in Mousa,
(Moi/o-a,) The Muse, that extraordinary quality, or personage, who
after passing from a state of Matter into a metaphorical form, becomes
again embodied in a Material, or Immortal shape, with more extensive
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 515
relations, and more elevated powers. — The name of Amadis is acknow-
ledged in the Romance to be a Sacred name, " Darioleta took ink and
" parchment, and wrote upon it. This is Amadis son of a King. It was
" the name of her Saint, and oi great reverence in that country." The
Deity, worshipped all over the East called Budda, is acknowledged to
be represented under the various forms of Fo, Fo-He, Fo-Hi, or Fod,
PooTA, Pot, Poti, Buddha, Booda, Butta, Bud, Wud, Amita,
Amida, Omeeto, &c. &c. The Deity Budda is supposed to be the
same as the Teutonic WoDcn, or Or>en, and the Greek Mercury, which
idea may seem to strengthen my conjecture, that Mercury may be quasi
MACwr. The Eastern Budda, as well as the Classical Deity Mercury, is
acknowledged to be the son of Maya, by the Hindoos, Chinese, Greeks,
&c. &c. She is called in Sancrit Maha-Maya, The Great Mother, or
as expressed by kindred terms Mag?^ Matc^, which brings us directly
to the common Mother of all, the Mot, Mouth of the Phoenicians
and ^Egyptians, the original Matter of Mud. The Hindoo Budda
is brought to the spot, supposed in my hypothesis, when his followers
talk of him under the name of Buddha, Narayana, or Buddha dwelling
in the Waters, (^Faber on the Cabiri, 2. 95.)
I shall now examine some of the words, which are more particularly
connected with the term Smith. This term sMith, as we have seen, must
be referred to our Elementary Character MD, and it belongs to such
words, as Mash, Mix, Make, &c. as relating to the Artist, who works with
Metals in their Soft Mash state, either Liquid, or Plastic, by Melting,
MASuijig, or Mixing, or by MAsmng, Beating, Forging, or Makz";?^
them into shape, in their Malleable, or MxsMeahle state, if I may so say.
The Etymologists have duly recorded the parallel terms to Smith, as
Schmid, (Germ.) Smithian, Schmieden, Smeden, &c. (Sax. Germ.
Belg.) Cudere, geSmitte, (Fr. Th.) Metallum, which some refer to
Smite, and others to Mms, who are alike right, as producing kindred
words. We have seen, that a parallel term to Smite, as Schmeissen,
relates to Dawbing and Striking, or Dabbing, as we express it. In the
term Smooth, and its parallels Smcethe, (Sax.) Smcethian, Complanare,
^un\)igh, which the Etymologists compare with Mados, (MaSos, Lasvis,
3 T 2
516 M.J C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ^ l,m,n,r.
Glaber,) belonging to Madoo, (MaSaw, Lcevis et depilis sum, Madeo,)
we see the idea of bringing any thing to a Soft state, by Mash?'»^, if
I may so say. Beating, Knocking, Pressing, &c. and in the Greek word
bearing the sense of Madco, we actually find the idea of Mash, Moist,
Mud Matter. The German Schmiedcw belonging to ScrtMiDT, the
Smith, is explained in my Dictionary by "To tbrge, coin, set up, invent,
" fabricate, devise, counterfeit," and the corresponding Dutch word is
explained in Sewel's Dictionary by " To forge, MAcmnate.'' In Greek
Mvoros, (Mvhpo^, Candens ferri Massa, Massa lapidea ignita, globus
candens, rudis,) actually denotes a Mass of Matter in its Malleable
state, and '^Ivdro- Ktupos, (MvBpoKTVTro^, Qui ferrum candens malleo
fundit,) is the sMith, who sMites, or Beats it : The adjacent term to
this in the Greek Vocabularies Muoao, (MySaw, Nimio MxDore vitior,)
will again bring us to the spot from whence these words are derived,
as I have just shewn from another source.
We see how geSMiTTE means Metallum, and such I conceive to
be the force of the Met in Metc/Z-o??, um, (MeraWov,^ which word
has nothing to do with the terms Mera and AAAos, as the simple
Greeks, and their still simpler interpreters imagine. In the Hebrew
Language /CDD MTL, which cannot be supposed by any race of Inter-
preters, to be compounded of two Greek words, denotes a Forged Bar,
and in Arabic, says Mr. Parkhurst, it means, as a verb, " To Hammer,
" Forge, Beat out by Hammering, as sMiths do iron," to which our
author has justly referred Metal and its kindred words. The Welsh
and Irish have likewise the terms Mettel, and Miotal, Metal, which
the Lexicographers of the former claim as their own, and which they
derive from Med, "That is extended, that is Made complete, full,
" perfect, or Mature,'' where in Made and ^IxTiire, we have kindred
terms, and Tel, " That is even, regulated and compact," &c. as Mr. Owen
explains them. I have already produced the term Maslin, as relating
to a MiXTwre of ditFerent grains, in Makz'//^ of Bread, and Mastlin,
as denoting What is Made up, or Formed, under the idea of a Mixec/
Metal, as Brass, Orichalcum, &c. In Persian Mis ^^^ denotes " Brass,
" Copper," an adjacent word to which in my Dictionary is Miziden,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 517
" To taste, suck, sip," &c, where in Suck we see the idea of Moist,
or MASH-like Matter. In Arabic Meta ^Ulo signifies the Met«/s of
"Brass, Lead, Iron," and it likewise means "Merchandise, goods,
" Furniture, clothes, effects, utensils," where it signifies simply Matter,
and the same word Muta, denotes " Whatever is thrown up in vomiting,"
where it means Foul Matter.
I suspect that the personage, so famous for his skill, in the formation
of Metals, Brass, &c. the Phoenician Ca^/-Mus, is a compound of
Cad, bearing the same meaning as Cast, Cudo, &c. and of Mix, Make,
Meto/, under the idea of the Worker of METals, or the ME'rallurgisf,
in various processes, the Caster of MetuIs, the sMith, &c. Sec. The
same personage is celebrated as the Inventor of Letters, or Characters,
and hence we might almost consider him as a Letter- Founder. Among
the old Chymists Cadinia, (KaSfxia, KaB/uLeia, Lapis yErosus, medica-
mentum Metallicum,) is used for " A stone, out of which Brass is tried ;
" Brass Ore ; also a sort of stone, called Lapis Calaminaris," as N. Bailey-
explains it, where perhaps Cad-Meia is quasi Cad-MEJa. The term
Misey, as the same writer says, is "A Mineral, or rather an efflorescence
of the Chalcites, of a golden colour, a sort of Vitriol made by burning
" the stones called Cadmia, with the wood of pines." The Misey may
remind us of the Greek Misu, Mlo-v, Misy, Succus in Meto//?* concretus
in formam gleb^, vel pollinis, unde inter METal/ica numeratur. I suspect
that Castor is the Caster of Metals, and that the occupation of himself,
his brother and family is that of Miners, and Smelters of Ore, &c. The
story of these brothers, dying and reviving daily, alludes, I conceive,
to their descent into the Mines, and their ascent from the same spot
by turns. By some Cad-Mus is supposed to be the Archi-Mxceiros,
(^Apxif^ayeipo^, Praefectus sive Magister Coquorum,) where we are
brought to the same point of the Concoctor, or Mixer. His wife Hei-
MioNE relates, as I suspect, to the Mine, and the Her is JEr in u^ris,
or Ore, Brass, &c. This will not appear so improbable, when we re-
member, that FIermio?ie was likewise the name of a town in Argolis,
where there was a famous temple of Ceres, the patroness of Workers
in Metals, and a descent to Hell, which brings us directly to the Mine.
518 M.} C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. I l,m,n,r.
In the Celtic Dialects the Elementary Characters ^R, and MN, relate
to the Brass Ore and a Mine. In Welsh, and in Irish, Mwn and Mem
denote Ore and a Mine, and in the former Language Mwn, Evyz, is
a Brass Mine; where the Welsh scholars must consider, whether the
Vyz in Evyz, or Ev-Yyz be significant, as belonging to this Race of
words, now before us. The Evyz is sometimes written Efydd, and
Mr. Owen under Evyz, refers us, as to another word or form corres-
ponding with it Myz. I imagine, that the Fydd, Vyz and Myz are
significant, and so is the Ev likewise. Perhaps in Bis-Muth we have
both forms for the names of MExa/s. Among the terms for yEs in
Lhuyd, I see Uva and Evidh, or as I conceive it, jEw-Vidh. The Island
Euhcea was famous for its Brass, and we now see, that Euboea is nothing
but Uva, the spot where Brass was found. I suspect, that Midos
denotes the sMith, or some Artist connected with the working of MetoIs.
This will appear strange to those, who have heard only of this personage,
under the adventure of his Asinine ears : Yet a little consideration
will somewhat reconcile us to this idea. According to some he was
the son of Cyhele, or Ceres, the protectress of Artists ; — he is connected
with the Sage Silenus ; — he is supposed to have found a great treasure,
and to be immensely rich ; — he turns every thing, that he touches, into
the precious Metal of Gold ; — he builds a Town called Ancyra ; — he is
supposed to have found out the Anchor, and he is recorded as the In-
ventor of Lead. This last piece of information occurs in an article of
Hyginus, denominated Qiiis quid invenerit, abounding with a world of
information. The term aMATHZ/s, a City of Cyprus, so fertile in MExa/*,
Foecundam Amathunta MExa///, must be referred to this Race of words,
now before us. The term Cyprus belongs to Copper, Cahiri, &c. &c.
Terms, belonging to the form sMD, with the sound of s preceding
the Labial, as sMith, sMooth, sMite, sMut, &c. &c. &c.
I shall in this Article consider those words, which appear under
the form sMD, with the sound of s preceding the Labial, and which
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 519
are to be referred, as I imagine, to the Elementary form MD. The
sound s is supposed on many occasions to express Dispersion, as of
Loose, Soft, Pash, or Pudge Matter, as in Spatter, Sputter, &c. which
are terms belonging to the very words Pash, Pudge, under the form
PS, Such may have been the cause, why the s has been added to the
form MD, which expresses the same species of Matter, MUD, &c. we
know, that in colloquial Language Mash becomes sMash, Quash, sQuash,
&c. &c. We have seen the terms ^Mith, sMooth, sMite, with their
parallels Smith, Sined, Schmid, &c. (Sax. Belg. Germ.) Smcede, Smii-
dighen, Mulcere, MoUire, &c. (Sax. Belg. &c.) Sniiiten, Schmeissen, &c.
which relate to Soft Matter, as I have before shewn, in a Mash, Mud state.
In Welsh cSmwyth is " Soft, or Smooth, to the feel; easy; quiet ; agree-
" able; comfortable." The term Smite denotes St rilmig, just as the verb
To Pash is derived from Pash, or Pudge Matter. In German Schmeissen
signifies ' To Daub over with Filth, as well as to Dab, or to Strike.'
Let us mark, how Daub and Dab belong to each other for the same
reason. In the sense of Smiting, as denoting Contagion, we again
see the idea of Foul Matter, and though Skinner places it in a separate
article from Smite, he justly refers it in this sense to such terms as
Smitten, Smetten, Smette, &c. &c. (Sax. Belg. &c.) Corrumpere,
inficere, Maculare, and Schmeissen, Concacare, where in M.xcula we have
the simpler form. In the same column of Skinner with these words
I see Smut, which he refers to Be-Smifan, (Sax.) Inquinare, Smette,
Macula, (Belg.) Schmitzen, Schmutzen, (Germ.) Denigrare, Foedare, &c.
In Mr. Shaw's Irish and Galic Dictionary we have the following words,
Smistow, To Smite, Smooo/?, Dirt, Smut, SMuoaw, To Spit, Smug,
denoting the Mucins of the Nose and Spittle, SuuiGeadh, Filth, Dirt,
Smuid, Vapour, Smoke, Smuais, " In Pieces, Broken in shivers," which
brings us to Smash, with other words, under the same form, which
the Celtic Scholars must refer to the fundamental idea here unfolded.
Smoke is referred to Smoca, Smooch, &c. (Sax. Belg.) under both
which words is recorded the Greek Smuko, (^ixvx(a, Proprie de igne
latente sine flam ma ct paulatim rem consumente. Unde attero, velut
lenta tabe consumo;) — Smother, which has been referred to Smorod,
520
M.J C,D,G,J,K, Q,S,T,X,Z.| l,m,n,r.
Smooren, (Sax. Belg.) Smug, To Smuckle, or Smug, under which
the Etymologists record Smicre, (Sax.) Elegans, "unde nostrum
" Smiicker,'' Schmuclen, Smucken, (Germ. Belg.) Ornare, Smycher,
Orno, Smecho, (^fxfjxu}, Sapone illino, Purgo, abstergo,) Schmeicheln ,
(Germ.) Smeecken, Snieeckehn, (Belg.) Blandiri, Mulcere, &c. Smock,
Indusium, Smoc, (Sax.) The terms for Ornament, Cleanness, Smug, &c.
are derived from the idea of Smearing over, off, &c. Junius under Smug,
records likewise the Sclavonic Ssmukowati, Ornare, and Smao, Smeo,
(^fxaw, l./new,') where the second consonant does not appear. — Smutch
and Smottred, Labes, Contaminatus, detailed in Junius, are different
forms of Smut. I see among these terms in Lye's Junius Smuggle
Goods, which Lye refers to Smokkelen, Smuyken, (Belg.) Clanculum
aliquid agere, which words signify ' To do anything in a SMOTHERec? up
' manner, in a Hugger Mugger way, as we express it.' — The Smock,
sometimes called Smicket, belongs to the terms, signifying What is
Smart, Clean, or Smug. Anciently this part of the Dress was in Women
more particularly visible, so that great pains were bestowed upon its
bleaching ; and its whiteness made so strong an impression on the mind,
that it has given a name to a White Flower. We all remember, that
among the attendants of Spring are the " LadySuocKS all silver Jf^hife,"
and that in this season, and the succeeding one, "Maidens bleach their
" summer Smocks." Chaucer describes the Fayre yonge luife of the
Carpenter in the following manner:
White was lier Smok; and browded all before,
" And eke behind on hire colere aboute
" Of cole black silk within and eke withoute."
Our great Bard has again alluded to the extreme and even pale IVhite-
ness of this part of the Dress in the most touching and affecting of
his images, "O ill starr'd Wench! Pale as thy Smock! When we
" shall meet at compt. This look of thine will hurl my soul from heav'n,
" And fiends will catch at it."
Under sMoke Junius has produced the Welsh Mwg, the simpler
form, and we remember our terms Muggy Weather, Moky Air, Sec.
Li Welsh Myg signifies, according to Mr. Owen, "Being of great space.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 521
" or grand, reverential, respectable ; honoured ; holy ; solemn ; glorious,"
the origin of which might be difficult to discover, if we did not see
as adjacent terms MYGowd, "A rising of Smoke, steam, or vapour;
" sutFocation," M\Gdarthiad, "A Throwing out vapor; a fumigating;
" a burning of incense," where we see, that the sense of Holi/ is derived
from the Smoke of Incense. Mr. Owen does not seem to understand
this, as he derives Myg from My-Yg. We see in the Greek sMucho,
(2//y;^ft),) the various senses of MAcero, " Quam lentis penitus MAceror
" ignibus," as likewise of Smoke and Smother. The words directly
adjacent to this Greek term in our Vocabularies are Smodix, (S/iwSt^,
vibex, livor ab ictu,) which the Etymologists produce under Smite,
and Smocho, (^wx^uj, Mando, Manduco,) which brings us to MAsao?wa?,
(Ma<raojj.ai,^ ^ixsTicate, and Mash, &c. The terms ^MoDia* and
Mast/x-, (S/xft)St^, Mjuao-Tt^,) we now see, belong to each other. In
sMATTcr and shlxTTzmng, we are brought to the idea of Thin, Vile
Posh Matter, nor do they differ in sense, or origin from Spatter,
Sputter, &c. &c. The term before this in Skinner is Smatch and Smack,
to which he justly refers Smatter; as they all convey the same idea. To
Smatch, or Smack, is as it were, 'To make a Smash?wo- Noise,' as if em-
ployed about Smash-Matter. Skinner has Smack in two articles, in one
of which we have the parallel terms Schmdchen, Smaechen, (Germ. Belg.)
Gustare, Sapere, Smcck, Smceg, (Sax. Dan.) Sapor, Gustus, and in the
other we have the sense of Basiuni pressum, to which he refers Schmatz,
Schmutz, (Germ.) I shall shew, that Kiss and its parallels, which Bruce
in his translations of Solomon's Song found to pass through so many
Languages, and the Latin explanatory term, here adopted. Gusto, belong to
Quash, SquasJi, Quag, for the same reason, and I shall shew likewise, that
Sapio, Sapor, &c. belong to Soop, Sup, Sap, Sop, and finally to Swamp.
My German Lexicographer explains Schmutz, "A Smack, Smacking, or
** resounding Kiss," and Schmatzcvz, by " To Smack, make a noise with
" the meat in chewing it, or with the Lips in Kissing." That my idea
is just respecting the connexion of the terms for Kissing and SniacM??g
with Squash and Smash Matter, if I may so express it, will be manifest
from our vulgar phrase, when we talk of * Kissing and Slopping,'
3 U
522 M.] C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.f l,m,n,r.
In the same opening of my German Dictionary with these words
I see ScHMAuss, " A Wassel, Feast, Banquet," which means the act of
Smacking, or Eating; and Schmasche, " A Drest Lamb-skin, Soft and
"■ Supple," where the sense of Soft brings us to the original idea, and
ScHMACH/ig-, "Lean, MEAoer, thin," &c. Schmac/z, "Reproach, Igno-
" miny," &c. where in MEAOer we have a kindred term denoting a
" Mash'd, MACERa/e^ state," and the sense of Reproach, &c. brings
us to the original idea of Kile, Foul Mud Matter. The substantive
ScHMAUSER is explained by " A Wasseller, lover of feasting, or titbits,"
and ScHMAusERisc/?, by " Given to feasting and sharking," the sense
of Sharking brings us to the following terms, Smous, Smoutch,
Smoutcher, Smush. Mr. Grose explains Smous in his Classical Diction-
ary by "A German Jew," which alludes, I imagine, to the German
sense of ScHMAUse/', Sharking; — To Smush, by "To Snatch, or seize
" suddenly," adjacent to which I see Smouch, " Dried leaves of the
" Ash-tree, used by the Smugglers, for adulterating the black, or bohea
" tea." In the next opening of my German Dictionary I see Schme-
icueln, To flatter, &c. Schmeisscw, " To Smite, To Blot, Foul," &c.
Schmidt, A Smith, Schmiedc/z, To Forge, &c. ScHMUcKew, To adorn,
Smug up, &c. seine sache Schmuckc;/, " To colour, cloak, palliate,
" Dawb, imbellish your doings," and Schmutz, " Smut, Dirt, Nastiness,"
where we cannot doubt that all these words belong to each other.
I observe likewise ScHuiEcen, " To shrink, cockle, or wringle," Das
ScHMiEoe;/, The Cringing, submitting, &c. which means to be in a
Smitten down, Mashed, Depressed, Vile state. Wachter compares
the term with Mikkos, (M^kkos, Parvus.)
Hence in Scotch Smaik is " Small, puny. — A Silly mean fellow,
'' a minion," as Dr. Jamieson explains it, in the same opening of whose
Dictionary I see To Smad, "To stain, to discolour," which same idea
is expressed under the forms Smit, Smot, &c. To Smaicher, "To eat
" in a clandestine manner something, especially, that is agreeable to
" the palate," where we have still the sense of what is pleasant to the
Smack, or taste, though the idea of Noise is not so prevalent. Smash,
" To break to pieces," SMAicHer, " A fondling term addressed to a
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 523
"Child," — Smatchet, "An appellation given to a child, expressive of
" contempt and displeasure," — "perhaps," says our writer, "from Small
" and Chit," who sees no relation between this term and the preceding
word Smash ; though it signifies ' To make Small,' or " To Break to
" pieces ;" — Shatter, " To be busily engaged about trivial matters,"
or as he might have said Smash matters ; and we say in English, that
a person has a Smatter/ho- of any subject; — Smachry, "Trash; a
" hodge-podge, or farrago, of whatever kind," SMEDDum, "The powder,
" or finest part of ground Malt," — Smeeth, Smooth, Smeek, Smoke.
In the next opening of this writer's Dictionary, I see Smy, " Pitiful
" fellow," where a second consonant is wanting; — Smiddy, A Smith's
"Workshop, SMiTxne, " A numerous collection of Small individuals,"
SMOOTrikiti, "Tiny and active; a fondling epithet," and in the succeeding
page I see Smoulter, "To eat often, although little at a time, Smottrit,
Besmeared, To Smite, or Smudge, "To laugh in one's sleeve," which
he has justlj' referred to the German Schmutzc/z, " Subridere, blande et
" placide ridere," where Wachter has reminded us of MEiomso, (MetSia^oj,)
and Dr. Jamieson of the simpler form in Swedish Mysa ; — " Smugly,
" Amorous, sly, being at the same time well dressed," where we may
observe, that when the sense of Sly, or something Concealed is annexed
to these words, we see likewise the idea of the Smother///^, Smuggl?*/?^,
if I may so say, or covering daub. The origin of the German
ScHMUTsew, in the interpretation of which Wachter has justly adopted
the terms Blande and Placide, or as he might have said, MolUter, is
unequivocal from the next word in his Lexicon Schmutz, " Pinguedo,
" Refer ad Smitzc/?, Ungere, Sordes, Vide Schmitz, Macula.'' Widegren
has interpreted the Swedish Mysa, by "To sMite, to contract the face
" with pleasure," in the same opening of whose Dictionary I see Must,
" Substance, Pith, quintessence. Item Moisture, Juice, Sap," and in
the next opening I see Madd, " Snow trod loose, and mixed with Dirt,"
and Maka, To Muck, — I shall here close my observations on this race
of words, as I trust, that their origin is now most unequivocally detailed,
and their fundamental idea developed, without a possibility of future
doubt, or error on the subject.
3 u 2
534
M.| CD, G,J, K,Q, S,T,X, Z.| l,m,n,r.
Terms, relating to Existing Beings, Generative, or Producing Powers^
&c. which are derived from the Matter of MUD, as denoting the
Formative, or Foi^med Substance, the Making, or Made Matter,
such as Mother, Maid, &c. &c.
I shall in the present Article consider those words, under our Ele-
mentary Character MD, which relate to Existing Beings, Generative,
or Producing Powers, &c. &c. as Mother, Maid, &c. and which
originally denoted, as I imagine. Substance, or Matter, as of MUD.
The words for Being express, as I conceive, the Matter, by which
things Are, or Exist, that is, the Formative, or the Formed Substance,
the Making, or Made Matter. In English the term Mother at once
denotes the Being and the Foul Muddy substance, as of JFine, &c.
and we cannot doubt, that it is the same word under different appli-
cations, though Skinner has placed the term in three separate articles,
as denoting Mater, — Hysterica Passio, (which he derives from Matrix,^
and Fcex. In Spanish we have various senses of the Elementary
Character MD, annexed to Madre, as ' Mother, Matron, Matrix,
* Womb, Basis, Foundation, Bed of a River, Sewer, Sink,' where in the
three latter senses we are brought to the original idea of the MUD Spot.
In the same column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, in which Mader
and Mazer jjUjjlo Mother, occur, I see the Persian Made, "A Woman,
" a female," Madine, " A female in general," and the Arabic Maddet,
" An article, point, subject. Matter," &c. and Madi, Material. The
term Maye in Persian ^l, means " A Woman ; any animal set apart
" for breeding," &c. it means too ' Measure, Semen Virile, Ferment,
' Leaven, rennet,' &c. where we see the original idea of Moist Matter.
The First Being, or Protoplast Adam is acknowledged to belong to
a term denoting a Likeness, Image, and Earth, or Mould, and this is
the precise relation, which I suppose the words under the Elementary
form MD, denoting Being, to bear to those, which express Make,
^Mago, Mud, &c. &c. Let us mark the term Protoplast, belonging.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 525
we know, to Plaaso, {YWacrarui, Fingo, FiguU more formo, formo,) which
is the appropriate term for Mak/w^-, or Forming with Mud, or Clay.
I shall shew, that Plasso, (nXao-crw,) and Pelos, (n>;Aos, Limus,) belong
to each other, just as I suppose the relation to take place in Make and
Mud.
NVachter explains '^Ikcnen in different articles by " Facere, parare ;
*' Formare, fabricare ; — Componere, compingere ; Aptare, Concinnare ;
and in another article by " Parere, Gignere.'' He seems to refer them
to different sources, yet he directs us, in one of these articles to the
term Mag, per omnes significatus, as if he considered it as a fundamental
term. Under the sense of Componere and Compingere, he produces
the Greek Pegc//?, and PAoe//?, Ylnyeiv, Ylayeiv, and justly tells us, that
P and M are letters of the same organ, and therefore commutable into
each other. This is all right, and thus we see, how the two forms
MD, PD belong to each other; yet though this great Etymologist has
advanced so far, he dares not venture, as we see, to pass from Peg to
Mach, until he has produced the form Pag, that the vowel a may be
secured, as the record of the affinity. The next term to MAcne// in
his Glossary is Macht, belonging to our word Might, which he explains
by " Potentia agendi, alias vis, virtus, Potestas," — " Potentia existendi,
" alias possibilitas," and which I have before referred to Plastic Matter,
just as we talk of the Potter having Power over the Clay. I shew in
another place, that the forms Y-orestas, VoTentia belong to the Potter,
who has to do with Pudge substances. Wachter explains Mag by
Nafura, Parens, Filius, Conjunctus, Cognatus, Conjiix, Piier, Famulus,
Par, similis, cequalis, which latter sense brings us to Mate, Match, Meet,
Commodus, &c. and the next term to this^ is Magd, "Virgo, Puella,
"Foemella; — Ancilla, Famula, Ministra." The term Mag in another
article is explained by Papaver, which he justly refers to Meko/?, and
Mekos, (MnKwv, Papaver, Mi/ko?, Magnitudo,) and I must add, that the
words preceding the terms Mag and Machcw, are ^IjRSTen, Sagino,
belonging to a Mast, Sagina, and Machal«/w, " Acervus mergitum," all
which terms for the Rising, or SivelUng up substance, belong to the
Swelling Mass, as of MUD.
526 M
I C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. \ I, rn, w, ;•.
The term Mother occurs under the form MDR, MTR, through a
variety of Languages, Mother, Meder, &c. (Sax.) Mutter, (Germ.)
Moder, (Dan. and Swed.) Moeder, (Dutch,) Madre, (Span. Ital.)
Mader, (Pers.) Matree, (Sanscrit,) &c. &c. In the French Mere the
second consonant does not appear. We should agree, I think, that
Pater and Mater contain the same fundamental idea, and that they
belong to each other ; though different forms have been adopted in order
to express the different relations, under which these Beings are placed.
Having proceeded so far, we should be inclined perhaps to extend our
affinities, and to suppose, that Father, Pater, Mother, &c. belonged to
the Labial sounds Pa-Pa, Ma-Ma, which, as the Theorists on Language
have truly told us, pervade the whole compass of Human Speech,
in expressing the relations of Father and Mother, the names of Being,
&c. &c. Our Theorists have moreover told us, that these names for
Father and Mother, under the Labial form, were supplied by the
hifantine sounds, produced by the motion of the Lips. To this Theory
I have no objection; as it disturbs no facts, which may be discovered
in our investigation of Languages, though it contributes nothing to our
assistance ; nor, as far as I remember, have our Theorists been able to
produce a single discovery on the relation of words to each other, from
the possession of this precious secret. Whether the Theory be true
or not, all that relates to it may be detailed and exhausted almost within
the compass of the same sentence. The power of discovering the
relation of words to each other with effect, does not commence, till
we have arrived at the stage, in which we recognise their connection
with the Earth, and whatever may have been the process, before the
Elementary Characters have received this impression, that primary and
original process, if such there be, does not disturb those facts, which
alone become visible, when the secondary process has commenced.
Whatever may be the relation of the original Germ, as some Theorists,
I think, call it, of Mater to Pa and Ma, and of Mud to Pa, Ma;
the affinity of Mater and Mother to Mother, F»x, and Mud, is not
disturbed or affected. In short, I have no objection to a Theory, which
should suppose, that the Labial sound M, P, supplied, or contributed
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 527
to supply the germ for the words, under the various Elementary forms
Ms P% ^M, T, ^M\ ^P\ M, P,^ M, P, &c. C, D, &c. L, N, R,' as this
Theory does not disturb the facts, which may be discovered respecting the
relations of words to each other, under these different and distinct forms.
The various parallels to Maid, collected by our Etymologists are
Mccden, Mcegden, &c. (Sax.) Maecht, &c. (Belg.) Magd, (Germ.)
Magath, (Goth.) Magad, (Fr. Th.) Maer, Mey, (Run. Dan.) &c. &c.
The preceding term to this in Junius is Maich, Mach, which Lye
produces as the Scotch term for Gencr, to which he has referred Mag,
(Svved.) Mcegy Mag, (Sax.) Parens, cognatus gener, filius, Mage,
Magur, Magus, (Al. Isl. Goth.) In Ray's Provincial terms "My
" Meaugh," signifies " My Wife's brother, or Sister's Husband." Dr.
Jamieson has duly produced under Maich, the parallel terms in various
Languages. In the Sclavonic Dialects, Matere is a Mother, and in
the column of my Russian Dictionary, in which this word occurs, I see
Materia, Matter. In the Russian Language Mouje is a Man, and
in the same column of my Lexicon, where this term is, I see Mouka,
Das Mehl, Meal, where we directly come to the species of Matter,
supposed in my hypothesis. In Spanish Mozo, is " A Bachelor, a man
" unmarried," and Moza, "A Girl, a young woman," and Mvcuacho,
Boyish, 8cc. I see in the same column of my Spanish Dictionary with
these words Mucho, Much, which I suppose to be derived from a
similar idea of a Lump, or Heap of Matter, and Mvcilago, "Muciiage,
" a slimy, or viscous body," where we are directly brought to the idea
supposed in my hypothesis of Slimy Matter, or MUD. In the Cornish
Dialect Moz plur. Muzi, Mahtheid is Virgo, as we find in Lhuyd
under this Latin word. In the Norfolk Dialect, Mawther denotes
a young Female, Girl, or Maid, but oftentimes under some idea of
depreciating the object, as the awkward Lumpish Girl, where we see
the original idea. — Mawther is a term used in our ancient writers,
as Mr. Nares in his Glossary of Shakspeare has duly observed. — Miskin-
Fro is produced by Skinner, which he derives from the French Mcschine,
belonging to Maeghd, (Belg.) and Frouwe, Mulier. The Mishin is the
Magd^c//, the Diminutive of Magd, Maid. Our term applied to a young
528 M.| C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ^j I,m,ii,r.
Female, Miss is supposed by some to belong to Maid, while others
consider it as a diminutive from Mistress, which is probably the fact,
I have shewn, that MASxer and Mistrcss denote the Superior, belong
to the Swelling Mass. In German too Magdlein is a diminutive of
the same term Magd, and to this we should at once refer the names
Madelin, Maud/in, and even Magdalen, if we did not know, that the
latter was a Scripture name. The Scripture Magdalen is supposed to
be derived from the name of a place ; the radical of which belongs to
the form GDL. The term Maud and Matilda belong to these names
for a Maid, and Skinner has derived the latter from Maecht, (Belg.)
Virgo, and Helde, or Hilde, Heroina. The term Madge is applied to
an old Woman, for the same reason, as it is to the Owl, and the
Pudendum muUehre. The Mat in MxTVulla, (MarpvWa, Lena,) might
denote the Female, or it may mean. What is File, Bad. The Trulla
may recall to our remembrance the word Trull, and Meric Casaubon
derives our term from the Greek word, yet I cannot suppose any con-
nexion between them.
To these words for Being, as relating to Producing, Breeding, &c.
we must class the following Maia, quasi Majct, (Mam, Obstetrix, Nutrix,
Appellatio honesta Mxrronce cujusvis getate provectioris. — Filia Atlantis,)
Maieuo, quasi MAJe;/o, (Maievw, Obstetricem ago,) MiD-fFife, (Eng.)
the personage employed in Producing, which has nothing to do with
Midst and Middle, as some conjecture. In Irish Maidhcoo-, is
" A Mid- /:F//e," the next term to which in Mr. Shaw is MMOKDean,
" A Maid, Virgin." The term May, Mains, quasi INIaj, Majw5, is
the Producing jSIonth. Our English Etymologists do not exhibit this
word for a Month, as considering it to be palpably derived from the Latin,
and therefore giving themselves no further trouble on the question. Yet
Lye under May, in his Edition of Junius, as a term in Gawin Douglas
for Virgo, Ancilla, details various words with the same meaning under
this form, as Mai, May, (N. S.) Moe, (Dan.) Mey, (Isl.) Mawi, (Goth.)*.
" The origin ascribed to this Race of words for Being, which supposes, that Maid relates
to 'What is Formed or Made,' will shew us, how Shakspeare and his interpreters may be
reconciled,
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 529
We now see, that May, (Scotch,) &c. the Maid, and May, the
Month, contain the same fundamental idea. The connexion of May,
Mai-ws, (Lat.) the Month, with Maia, the Mother of Mercury will
be understood, when we learn, that the Romans sacrificed to that Goddess
on the Ides of this Month. The May-Po/c is supposed to be the Pole,
about which they danced in the month of May, which is perfectly right ;
yet perhaps the term May in this combination should be conceived
as alluding to its original sense, such as it bears in the term May, the
Month, so that May-Po/c would signify the Pole of Generation, as it
is acknowledged to have represented the Phallus. Let us here note,
that the Phallus is the Palus, Pole, or Pale. Skinner has, I think,
well explained May Pole by " Arbor Genialis.'' Some have told us,
that Maia denotes the Earth ; — that for this reason they offered to her
a Pregnant Sow, a victim consecrated to the Earth; and that they
addressed her in their Sacrifices by the name of the Great Mother, or
in Latin M&Gna Mater. (Court de Gcbelin, Vol. IV. p. 64.) We have
seen, that in Sanscrit Maia is the Mother of Buddha, or Mercury,
and in the same Language the name of JFbman belongs to our Elementary
Character MD, &c. under various forms, expressing Females of a different
sort. In the Ayeen Ahhery, (Vol. II. p. 453.) they are described as
reconciled, though the latter are in the fact wrong, by introducing an unnecessary alteration.
Ferdinand says to Miranda, — " My prime request, Which I do last pronounce, is, O you
" wonder. If you be Maid, or no ?" This question has appeared so blunt and improper, that
the fourth Folio reads, "If you be Made or no," and Warburton coincides with the idea. The
true reading is Maid, yet it is not spoken in the sense used at present of Virgin, in contra-
distinction to not being a Virgin, but in its original idea of a Female Creature, or if I might so
say, a Created or Ma d e Female, i. e. a Female M a d e, as other Earthly Females are, of Mortal
Mould or Matter, in opposition to an Immaterial Being, an Angel, Goddess, &c. whicli
Ferdinand on the first view supposes Miranda to be, " Most sure, the Goddess, on which these
" airs attend." The commentators have produced the following passages, which illustrate my
idea, "Nor Goddess I, nor Angel, but the Maid and Daughter of a woody nymph." — "She
" resembled rather an Angel than a Creature." Now I imagine, that Maid sounded to the
ears of Shakspeare in the sense of a Female, with as much of the idea annexed to it, which
belongs to its kindred term Made, as the substantive Creature bears of the sense annexed to
the participle Created, which signifies, as we know, Formed, or Made.
3 X
530 M.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X, Z.^ l,m,n,r.
follows, MoKDHA, " one who, in her youth, betrays signs of wantonness,
" but flies from the embraces of her husband. This happens from
" eight to eighteen years. Muddheya is modest, and has a great
" affection for her husband, and never mentions his name in anger.
♦' This state lasts to the age of thirty-two years." Again we have the
term Muddhee, " She who, after suffering a little trouble gives up her
"affection for him," (p. 455.)
I have supposed, that the original idea annexed to Maia and its
kindred terms was that of Matter, as connected with its Plastic Nature,
capable of Make, of being Made, of Mak?;?^, &c. which brings us to
the sense of Form, Shape, &c. It is curious, that this original idea
is to be found in the Mythological birth of Maia, who belongs to the
Family of Prometheus, the great Artist in Forming Clay into Shape,
where the kindred Meth exhibits the same notion, and in the attributes
and accidents annexed to the History of her Son. His office, as I have
already observed, was to Form the rude condition and nature of un-
cultivated man into decent and becoming habits, attitudes and fashions
by the Exercises of the Palcestra ; and his statues are particularly con-
nected with the idea of Form, and Figure, as relating to their Elegance,
Grace, &c. The Latin proverb. Ex quovis Ligno nonjit Mercurius, relates
to the familiar appearance of excellency and grace in the statues of this
God, and our great Poets have described him under this strong and uni-
versal impression. We all remember in Shakspeare "A station like the
" Herald Mercury, New lighted on a heaven kissing hill;" and Milton in
alluding to his Form describes him as the son of Maia. " Like Maia'«
" Son he stood." But in order to decide at once on the original idea
annexed to the term Maia, we must be informed, that in Sanscrit the
term MAva may be considered, not only as applied to the Mother of
Buddha, or Mercury, but as denoting likewise Form, Appearance, &c.
Mr. Marsden in his Malay Dictionary produces Maya, as a Sanscrit
term, signifying " Visual illusion ; Shade, phantom, apparition," " Orang
" Muda baik paras seperti, Maya surga,'' " A youth whose beautiful
" features gave him the appearance of a heavenly phantom." This
quotation is extremely curious, as we see from hence, that Maia, both
MUD. &c. &c. &c. 531
in the mind of an English and a Malay bard, is connected with the idea
of the beautiful Figure of a blooming Youth.
The sense of Maya for an Illusion perpetually occurs in the Sanscrit
Language. I cannot refrain from producing a sublime passage, in which
this sense is to be found. The Deity under the incarnation of Creeshna,
is thus addressed, " O supreme Lord ! how can Man, who is the prey
" of Maya, (^Delusion,^ praise thee properly ? Blinded by the passions,
" he spends the precious moments of existence in their service," &c.
(^Maurices Anc. Hist, of Hindostan, II. p. 38C).) The ancient opinion,
that the ]NL\terial World is ideal, has been received likewise among
the Brahmins, and it is curious, that this state of iMAGmary Matter,
or of Matter, which exists only in Forms, Appearances, or iMAoes
is called in Sanscrit Maya. Mr, Moor in his Hindoo Pantheon under
Narayana, (72-3,) has well described this opinion, which has been so
widely extended in the ancient and modern world ; and he observes,
that " this illusive operation of the Deity," by which things exist only
as they are perceived, is called by the Hindu Philosophers " Maya, or
•* Deception." This writer tells us in another place, that the Goddess
Lakshmi, as mother of Kama-Deva by Krishna, is called, as he expresses
it, by "The perplexitig appellation of Maya." I hope, that this in-
genious and able writer will no longer consider the appellation as
perplexing, when he remembers, that Maya, in this application, is the
Maia of the Greeks, the Goddess of the Earth, whom they consider as
the Magna Mater, the Great Mother. Our author himself informs
us, that " the followers of Vishnu esteem Lakshmi, as the Mother of
" the world, and then call her Ada MAYa," and Sir William Jones in
his hymn to this Goddess addresses her as "The world's great Mother."
(^Hind. Panfh. p. 132-6.) The Profound Brahmins, and their English
Disciples, not understanding this original idea, annexed to Maya, but
considering only the secondary sense of Illusion, and regarding it, as
the primitive idea, have been alike perplexed in their interpretation of
this term, "The Indian Maya," says Sir William Jones, "or, as the
" word is explained by some Hindu scholars, the first incliiiation of the
" Godhead to diversify himself; such is their phrase, ' by creating worlds,'
3X2
533
M.} C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z.^ l,m,n,r.
" is feigned to be the Mother o^ universal Nature, and of all the inferior
" Gods ; as a Kashmirian informed me, when 1 asked him, why Kama,
" or Love, was represented as her son. But the word Maya, or
" Delusion, has a more subtle, or recondite sense in the Vedanti philo-
" sophy ; where it signifies the System of Perceptions, whether of
" secondary or primary qualities, which the Deity was believed, by
" Epicharmus, Plato, and many truly pious people, to raise by his
" omnipresent spirit in the mind of his creatures, but which had not,
" in their opinion, any existence independent of mind." (Jones, As. Res.
Vol. I. p. 221. quoted in the Hindu Panth. p. 447.) In Sanscrit
MATRee is a Mother, as the term is represented by Mr. Wilkins, and
in the Cosmogony of one Hindoo Sect, as 1 have before observed,
Mehtc/ is " the first created substance,'' (Ayeen AJchery, Vol. II. p. 414.)
Mr. Moor will now understand the origin of a Sanscrit word, recorded
by Paolino, Medhra, The JVomb, as of Bhavaiii, which literally means
Mag/za Venz<s, i. e. Magna Mulier, or Mater, (Hind. Panth. p. 385.)
" The word Medhra," (says Mr. Moor,) " is new to me, and is,
"I suppose, a term, used in Malabar; similar to Yoni." The term
Medhra means, we see, the MATR-i.r, as of the Mater, Mother,
METRee, &c. and we may likewise observe, that the Yoni is the
c-Unnus.
Under MAcnew, " Parere, Gignere," Wachter observes, " Franci inde
" formarunt Naturae et genitalium vocabula," and he explains gi^lxvLti
A-i-MAHT, gi-MA.nTim, gcM^CHTE, by Pudenda, Virilia, Testiculis,
Partes genital es. We shall hence understand the origin of the following
terms, MEDm, MEzea, (Mj/8os, Cura, consilium, in pi. Mt^lea, Consilia,
Pudenda, Me^ea, Genitalia in bestiis,) Muto, MvTonis, (Lat.) Veretrum,
MuTTON?'«5, ium, (Lat.) 7rpo(3a(rKaviov, " solent enim contra fascina res
" turpes e collo pueris suspend!." — Mvrunus, (Lat.) Priapus, Muttos,
Mutcs, (MfTTOs, TO yvvaiKetov MvTt}^' 6 Trpo? ra A(ppoSi(ria eK\e\v-
/jiej/os,) Mutros, (MwTjOos, rwaiKetov aiSoiov.) These words are produced
by Martinius, who refers them to Musos, (Myo-o9,) which is a probable
conjecture ; just as Pudendum belongs to Pudet, Putidus, &c. and
ultimately, as I shew, to Pudge Matter, If this should be so, Muto
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 533
belongs to the fundamental idea of our Element, under a minute dif-
ference in the turn of meaning. I suspect, that Ganytnedes, {Yavvixiihr]'s,)
is a compound of Giine, {Tvviu) and MEoea, (M^7?ea,) quasi ' Pudendum
' muliebre, vel naturam muliebrem habens, efFeminatus, Cinaedus,' and
the Mcos in Andro-^l^os, (^l^v^pofxeo'i,') has probably the same source.
Both these words occur in the famous verses of Empedocles, on the
Divine Nature, preserved by Ammonius, where the Epithet to Medea,
M»;oea, is Aa^vrnvTu, Villosa, which will remind us of our vulgar term
Madge, which is at once applied to the Owl, and the Pudendum
Muliehre, ' ex Hirsuta forma.' The Maj in MAJa/is Porcus, the Cas-
tratus Porcus, seems to be attached to these words, and to mean the
animal deprived of that, which belongs to the Partes Genitales. Thus
the Maj in this word, and the Mai in Maius, quasi Majz/5, the Gene-
rating Month, will contain the same idea. In the ^Egyptian Language
Mici is Parere, Meg, Nasci, Parere, et Meci, Obstetricatio, which latter
sense brings us to the Greek Maicuo, or Majcmo, QAaieuw.) Again in
^Egyptian Mac is Pullus, item Moo-;^os, Vitulus. — Item Gigni, Nasci,
and Mac Nout means Deipard. We cannot doubt, that the Greek
MoscHOS, (Moo-;!(os,) and the Egyptian Mac belong directly to each
other. I have supposed in another place, that Mosc/?os, (Moo-;)j;ov,)
relates to Soft, Swelling matter, which brings us to the original idea.
In the same column of my Egyptian Dictionary with Mici, I see Meet,
Med/?/s, and Mesh, Multitudo, the former of which brings us to Mix,
and the latter to Much, Mass, &c. I see too Mitoo«/, Via, Mit,
Apium, derived probably from the Moist situation, in which it grows ;
MiSHi, Verberare, which brings us to MAsrigoo, (^Mua-nyow,^ ^Mite, &c.
To Mash, Cut, Beat, Sec. the next word to which to MKah, Labor,
dolor, where we have the same idea, ' id quod Contundit, MAcera/,'
as in MoKTHOs, (Mox^o?.)
In the Celtic Dialects the train of ideas, which I am here unfolding,
is fully manifest. We have seen, that in Cornish Muz, pi. Muzi,
MAHTHeif/ is Virgo. The Scotch Maich, A Son in Law, is compared
. by Dr. Jamieson with the Gaelic Mac, A Son, Mac«/«^, A Youth,
a Lad, and Macwc, A Tribe. — Hence is derived, we know, the familiar
534 M.J C,D,G,J,K, Q,S,T, X, Z.} l,m,n,r.
prefix in Scotch names, 'hixc-Pherson, MAc-Intosh, &c. In Shaw's
Dictionary we have Mac, A Son, MAcra, " Young men, a band of
" young men ; Males," Mac-Mic, A Grandson, MAcaini, " To bear,
"carry, to fondle;" Maca, "The Like, Equal," which directs us to
Match, Mate, (Eng.) the Scotch Maik, &c. — MACH/(7g-, "The womb,"
Mathx ; — MACH^«a/, A Sponge, Macht, " A Wave, or Surge," where
we are brought to the original idea. The Galic Maca, Like, will direct
the Celtic Scholar to the Welsh MegIs, "As, — Like As," &c. In the
same page of Mr. Owen's Dictionary with this word I see MEoidyz,
" One who nourishes, or brings up," and the next term is JSIegw,
Bellows, which denotes the object Swelling up, out, &c. Both these
words are referred by Mr. Owen to Mag, and he should have referred
likewise the term Meg, "That is uttered; an expression," to the same
idea of Bf^ijiging out, Producing forth, &c. though he considers the term
as a compound of ]\Iy and Eg. Another adjacent word is MEoai,
A Glow-worm, referred by this Lexicographer to the same word Mag,
which supplies us with full evidence in favour of my hypothesis. Mag
signifies, as explained by Mr. Owen, " The act of rearing, bringing up,
" or educating," &c. the next word to which is MAOad, " A Heap,
" a quantity, a multitude," that is, A Mass. Magz< means "To bring
"forward, to bring up, to rear; to instruct, to nurse; to breed," and
in the same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary, we see a word derived
from this source, relating to a Building, as something Reared up, or
Raised. This word affords the origin of a Greek term, which we should
have little conceived to be connected with words, relating to the Powers
of generation. This word is Magwyr, which Mr. Owen derives from
Mag and Gwyr, and which he explains by " What is raised up ;
" a structure, a wall; a building; a House, in the Dialect of Gwent" &c.
and we shall not doubt, that the Greek Megarow, (Meyapov, Domus,
iEdes,) belongs to this word. In Welsh MACwy means "A Youth,"
which Mr. Owen derives from Mag, directly connected with Magac?,
A Heap, &c. and thus we see, how the terms for Being are connected
with a Mass of Matter, according to the hypothesis, which I am
here labouring to establish.
MUD, &c. &c. &c. 535
In the same column of Mr. Owen's Dictionary, in which MA.ctvy,
A Youth, occurs, I see MAca?", " That breeds, or that is generated,
" a Maggott, or grub; a caterpillar," which Mr. Owen refers to Mag.
In the same opening of Mr. Owen's Dictionary, where these words are
found, I see likewise the following, Madrcs, " Matter that is
" dissolved ; what is generated by Putrefaction, Pus, or Purulent
" Matter," &c. Madr?/, " To dissolve, to become Matter, or Pus,
"to Putrefy; to rot, to generate Matter, to fester," where let us
mark Putr^s and Pus. Here the Welsh scholars will at once acknow-
ledge, that the words under these forms MC, MD, MT, and PC, PS,
FT would pass into each other, as their Grammarians tell us, that the
Radical M passes into V,—B into V, M, and P into B, Mh, F in the
variations of the same word. When we treat of the Radical forms
B, F, &c.^ C, D, &c. and M\ C, D, &c. these facts should be ever
deeply impressed on our minds, and should appear in their full force
at the commencement and at the conclusion of our discussions. I see
likewise in the same opening of Mr, Owen's Dictionary Madrwi/,
" a Newt, or Eft," under which word Mr. Owen has produced a passage
singularly applicable to the purpose of these discussions, where we find
enumerated various of those vile animals, which are engendered in the
Slime or Mud, " Yz oezwn mewn cors halog-vront yn mysg amwyd,
" MEDKwyod, llyfain, nadrez, gwiberod, a fryved gwenwynig, I was
" in a filthy and corrupt Bog among Grubs, Neivts, Frogs, Snakes,
" Vipers and Venemous Insects." Near to this word we have Madron,
Humors; Watery Matter, Madroni, "To form a watery Humour;
"to make dizzy, or giddy; to stupefy; to become dizzy," from
whence we shall again learn, how the term Mad may belong to this
Race of words. We shall mark, how the form Madron brings us to
that of the Latin Matrona, the Matron. Thus then we see how
Mxcivi/, the Youth, or Mac, the Son, is connected with the Maggot,
and MuDrnvy, the Newt, &c. We shall agree, that from the Son to
the Daughter, or the Maid, we pass without doubt or difficulty. We
know, that Mother is at once the Parent, the Mater, and the Foul
Matter of Liquor ; and we have seen, that the Spanish Madre com-
536 M.J C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. I l,m,n,r.
prehends the various senses of the Mother, the Parent, the Matron,
the Matrix, A Bed of a River, a Sewer, and a Sinh. We perceive
from these Welsh words, how the terms for Being are connected with
those for Vile aJiimals, and the Generating or Generated Foul Matter
of Dirt or Mud. This is the precise fact, so unequivocally displayed in
these words, which my hypothesis supposes, and thus we perceive, that
wherever we turn our eyes, we are perpetually brought to the same
Spot, to which the mind is still fixed, as if by some invisible spell,
controuling all its powers, and impressing all its principles in the for-
mation of Language.
The Terms, which T have produced in this Article, relating to the
Generative Powers, and the Generated, or Existing Beings, &c. under
various denominations, will fully illustrate the train of ideas, which
I have proposed to unfold for the confirmation of my hypothesis, and
will shew us, that the most dignified of our terms for the most illustrious,
or amiable objects are formed from the same materials, which supply
names for the Vilest animals, and the most disgusting appearances. The
principles, and the productions both of Language and of Life are to
be found in the great storehouse of the Earth, from which all their
forms arise, with such infinite variety, and such unexhausted abundance.
The least and the greatest, the most humble and the most noble, among
the Productions of Nature, are all fed and fostered, generated and
exhibited from the same spot, — the common origin of the vilest
Reptile, which crawls under our feet, and of the creature Man, in the
pride of his being, with the boasted privileges of his Reason and his
I/anguage.
" Common MOTHER Thou!
" Whose womb unmeasurable and infinite breast
" Teems and feeds all; whose self same mettle,
" Whereof thy proud Child, arrogant Man, is puff'd,
" Engenders the black Toad, and Adder blue,
" The gilded Newt, and eyeless venom'd worm,
'' With all the abhorred births below crisp heav'n.
Whereon Hyperion's quickening fire doth shine."
INDEX I.
Abaft 43.
Abate 58.
Abessie, (old Eng.) 38.
Abide 204.
Abode 204.
About 127.
Abyss 13.
Acutus, (Lat.) 382.
Adonis 'J 5.
Advise 107.
vEstus, (Lat.) 346.
AfFatim, (Lat.) 225.
AfFocare, (Ital.) 137-
Affogare, (Ital.) 137.
Aft 43.
After 43, 272.
Aign, (Goth.) 355.
Alveolus, (Lat.) 17.
Alveus, (Lat.) 17.
Amadis 101.
Amate 476.
Amathus, (Lat.) 105.
Amaze 478-9.
Amazon 500.
Ambush 126.
Anchora, (Lat.) 390.
Angustus, (Lat.) 390.
Anoint 391.
Anstoss, (Germ.) 273.
.-Eor-Pata, (Scythian) 302.
Apage, (Lat.) 353.
Apex, (Lat.) 286.
Apis, (Lat.) 170, 329.
Apt 272.
Aptus, (Lat.) 274.
Apud, (Lat.) 275.
Aqua, (Lat.) 346.
Arbustum, (Lat.) 125.
Arbutus, (Lat.) 125.
Archimedes 511.
Ard, (Eng. term.) 49.
Ariovistus, (Lat.) 266.
Arquebuse 62, 155.
Assamenta, (Lat.) 367.
Audeo, (Lat.) 367.
Avoid 39, 378.
Auster, (Lat.) 375.
Austria 375.
Ax 382.
Atia^^wv 21.
A/Bi/crTos 13.
Ayafj-ri^r] 451, 511.
Ayavva 353.
A7709 385, 390.
A77i/X;j 390.
A710S 387.
3 Y
AyKai 390.
AyKaXvK 390.
AyKKTTpov 390.
A7/C0V 385.
AyKvXt) 390.
Ay Kvpa 390.
AyKwv 390
Ay via 31, 353.
A7X' 391.
Ay^b) 358.
Ayvvfxi 357.
A7a), (Frango) 357.
A7W 353, 390.
A^w 347.
Aeilo) 3411 .
AiyiaKoi 385.
AiQrtp 370.
A«9<o>//371.
AiOpa 371.
Aidpeu) 371.
Ai9via3'J\.
Aidvacjw 371.
Aidu, 371.
Auxoi 367.
AiTia 371.
AiTiao/ua« 371 .
AKTri 357, 385.
AWa 131.
538
INDEX I.
AXwwti^, Alopex,'354, be-
longs to Ftilpes : The
y^lo and the f-^ul are
derived from the Saxon
Galu, Calvus, Glaber,
depilis, &c. Galuiv, Cal-
vus, and Galma, Alo-
pecia, morbus, in quo
decidunt comae. Galuw
belongs to Callow (the
Callow Brood) — Calvus
and Glaber.
A/naaTt]s 487-
Afiaio 464.
AfXTTWTtS 69.
A/iti/YoaXoi/ 450.
A/xvSi 491.
Afivacro) 464, 5.
Am0c 127.
Aixwra 450.
Avaynri SQO.
A^w 357.
Atttoiuoi 273.
Atttw 272.
A<Tr] 347.
Atrts 347.
AcTKew 347, 358, 384.
Ao-Kos 347, 358, 384.
Aff7ra^o//ai 27O.
AcTTTt^ 272.
Ao'CpodeXo^ 327.
At€(0 369.
Au^ai/w 357.
Avfew 357.
Au^eo) 393.
A(^a/c>; 182.
AxOos 357.
A^TO 357.
Axos 357.
B.
Bacca, (Lat.) 124.
Baccar, (Lat.) 124.
Bacchant 313.
Bach, (Germ.) 45, 68, 73.
Bachelor 175.
Bacchus 158.
Bacino, (Ital.) 112.
Back, (Eng. Germ.) 45,
73, 153, 154.
Backe, (Germ.) 73, 153.
Backen, (Germ.) 59, 73.
Bacon 73, 136.
Baculum, (Lat.) 157, 307.
Bad 38.
Badge 135.
Badger 135.
Baeotia 78.
Baetis 75.
Bag 134.
Bagascia, (Ital.) 134.
Bagasse, (Fr.) 134.
Bagatelle 154.
Baggage 134.
Baiae Gj.
Baiser, (Fr.) 207.
Baisser, (Fr.) 39.
Bait 219, 307.
Baize 60, 220.
Bak, (Dutch) 11 6.
Bake 59.
Bakeren, (Germ.) 60.
Bakster 59.
Balast 154.
Bas, (Wei.) 48.
Bas, (Fr.) 38.
Base 11, 26, 38.
Base, (Fr.) 58.
Bash 38.
Basha or Pasha 304.
Bashful 38.
Basiare, (Lat.) 207.
Bask 146.
Bason 14.
Bassin, (Fr.) 14, 113.
Bassinoire, (Fr.) 113.
Basso, (Ital.) 38.
Basta, (Ital.) 222.
Baste 122.
Baste, (to sew) 226.
Baster, (Fr.) 222.
Bastile 306.
Baston (Fr.) 306.
Bat 168, 307.
Bat, (Increase) 221.
Bat, (Lat.) 329.
Batavia 80.
Batch 58.
Batch -Cake 58.
Bate (in Falconry) 58.
Bateau, (Fr.) 68, 11 6.
Batello, (Ital.) 68.
Batful, (old Eng.) 220.
Bath 60, 66.
Bath -Stove 66
Bathe 60, 66.
Bathyllus, (Lat.) 174.
Batiola, (Lat.) 114.
Batoir, (Fr.) 308.
Batten 168, 220.
Batter (sub. verb) 50, 161,
221.
Battery 307.
Battle 306.
Battle (relating to food)
221.
Battle-Dore 306.
Battlements 306.
Battlings 220.
INDEX I.
539
Battoon 306.
Battre, (Fr.) 306.
Batuo, (Lat.) 306', 329.
Bauch, (Germ.) 113, \66.
Bawd 39.
Bawdy 39.
Bawsin, (old Eng.) 16"/,
193.
Bay 149, 123, 130, 330,
355.
Bay-Windovv 149, 150.
Bayard 123.
Baxar, (Span.) 39.
Baxea, (Lat.) 27.
Baxter 39.
Baz, (Wei.) 66.
Bazar 335.
Beach 68.
Beacon 286, 333.
Beadle 308.
Bead-RoU 311.
Beads 311.
Beadsman 238.
Beagle 311.
Beak 285.
Beaker 112.
Beat 306.
Beatus, (Lat.) 222.
Becajo, (Ital.) l63.
Bech, (Germ.) 63.
Beck 285.
Beckon, (Germ. &c.) 112.
Becqucr, (Fr.) 283.
Bed (of a River, &c.) 13,
20, 112.
Bed-Rid 20.
Bedd, (Germ.) 20.
Bedd-Reise, (Germ.) 20.
Bedeau, (Fr.) 308.
Bedlam 311.
Bee 170.
Beech 153.
Beesom 13.
Beestings 64.
Beetle 308.
Beg 311.
Beghino, (Ital.) 182.
Beguines, (Nuns) 182,
196.
Beissen, (Germ.) 6g.
Beizen, (Germ.) 69.
Bete 69.
Betel Nut 82.
Beth Eden 76.
Bethesda 7^.
Beto, (old Latin) 31.
Bett, (Germ.) 20.
Bettlen, (Germ.) 311.
Betty, (Cant term) 134,5.
Beuchen, (Germ.) 68.
Beugen, (Germ.) 148.
Bezonian 195.
Bezzle 38, I96.
Biccaro, (Ital.) 165.
Bichiere, (Ital.) 112.
Bicken, (Germ.) 285.
Bicker (Sc.) 112.
Bicker 307.
Bid 238.310.
Bidet, (Fr.) 290.
Big 194, 196.
Biggin 182.
Bight, (Nautical term) 1 96.
Bigles, (Fr.) 311.
Bigot 196, 7.
Biguer, (Fr.) 353.
Bison 196.
Bisono, (Span.) 195.
Bisson 167, 193.
Bistonia 80.
3 Y 2
Bit 185.
Bit, (Instrument) 311.
Bitch 290.
Bite 185.
Bitten, (Germ.) 311.
Bitter 186, 286
Bittern 186.
Bitts, (Nautical term) 186.
Bitumen 82.
Bivouac 351.
Boadicea 192, 201.
Boast 194.
Boat 68, 116.
Bocca, (Ital.) 206.
Bock, (Germ.) 159.
Boden, (Germ.) 13.
Body 167, 205.
Bog 31, 56,66, &C.-&C.
Bogen, (Germ.) 148.
Boggarde, (Sc) 198.
Boggle 31, 57.
Boggle-Bo 194, 198.
Bohemia 73.
Boire, (Fr.) 70.
Bois, (Fr.) 125.
Boisson, (Fr.) 70.
Boisterous 194, 205.
Boite, (Fr.) 115.
Bokc 19, 167, 205.
Bombasin, (Fr.) 133.
Bombast 133.
Boo 194.
Book 153.
Boot 116.
Boote 144.
Booth 204.
Bos (Lat.) 194, 231.
Boscage, (Span.) 205.
Biise, (Germ.) 38.
Bosnia 81.
540
INDEX I.
Bosom 14, 115.
Bosphorus 80.
Bosquet (Fr.) 123.
Boss 120, 1.
Bosse, (Fr.) 120, 1, 3.
Boston 81.
Bot, (Germ.) 11 6'.
Bot, (Sc.) 128.
Botany 124.
Botch 6\, 115, 121.
Botham, (old Eng.) 123.
Bother 300.
Botte, (Fr.) 115.
Bottle 114.
Bottom 11, 12, 13, 115.
Botts 115.
Botulus, (Lat.) 6o.
Boucan, (Fr.) l65, 6.
Bouche, (Fr.) 2o6.
Boucher, (Fr.) l65.
Boucht, (Sc.) 152.
Boucon, (Fr.) JO.
Bonder, (Fr.) 6o.
Boudin, (Fr.) 6o.
Bouge, (of Court) 134.
Bouge, (Fr.) 32, 154.
Bouge (out) 115.
Bougee 32.
Bouger, (Fr.) 32.
Bough 148.
Bougli-vvough 330.
Bougran, (Fr.) 133,
Bout, (Fr.) 127.
Bout, (Sc.) 127.
Bout 307.
Bouteille, (Fr.) 114.
Boutcr, (Fr.) 144, 285.
Boutonj (Fr.) 123.
Bow 148.
Bow-Window 149.
Bowk 116.
Bowke, (old Eng.) 167.
Box 115, 307.
Boy 171.
Brebis, (Fr.) 231.
Brown Bess, (Cant term)
-155.
Bubo 330.
Bucca, (Lat.) 206.
Buccaneer 165, 6, 388.
Perhaps the origin of
the Buccaneer is the
Biscai/eneer, a people
originally employed, as
it is said, in the whale
fishery.
Buccea, (Lat.) 206.
Buccina, (Lat.) 206.
Buch, (Germ.) 153.
Bucher, (Fr.) l64.
Bucht, (Germ.) 152.
Buck 62, 153, 159.
Bucket 116, 132.
Buckle 132.
Buckler 132, 152.
Buckram 133.
Bucks, (Germ.) 115.
Bud 123, 132.
Budge, (sub.) 32.
Budge, (verb) 32, 132.
Budget 132,4.
Bug, (Germ.) 149.
Bug 194,7, 8.
Bug-bear I94, 6.
Bugden 81.
Buglehorn 192.
Bumpkin 175.
Buoy 171.
Busch, (Germ.) 115, 125.
Buschel (Germ.) 115.
Bush, (Sc.) 146.
Bush 125.
Busk and Bown, (old Eng.)
100.
Busk, (Sc.) 146.
Buskin 207.
Buss 207.
Bussen, (Germ.) 144.
Bust 100.
Bustard 126.
Buste, (Fr.) 100.
Bustum, (Lat.) 100.
Busy 100, 320.
But, (particle) 127, 8, 9..
Butcher, 164, 290.
Bute, (Fr.) 127.
Butel, (Germ.) 308.
Buteo, (Lat.) 126.
Butt 114, 126, 285, 307.
Butt, (Fish) 114, 126.
Butter 59.
Butter-Bump 186.
Butterfly 126.
Buttery 126.
Buttocks 127.
Button 123.
Buttress 127.
Butts, (marks for Archers)
127.
Butty 127, 144.
Butyrum, (Lat.) 59.
Butz, (Germ.) 142.
Buxom 149.
Buxton 81.
Buxus, (Lat.) 115, 125.
Buzz 329.
Buzzard I26.
By as 40.
Bygan, (Sax.) 151.
Byse, (Tribe) 47.
INDEX I.
541
Ba/3a^a) 329, 330.
BafiaKTtli 329, 330.
Bay aioi 194.
liayapov 6o.
Mayoi 59, 19s-
Bayvpi^w 2'/ J.
lHaotiv 3 1 .
BaSi^a, 31, 277.
BuSk 171.
BaSos 3 1 .
Ba^uj 329.
Ba0/u(9 13.
Ba9fx(K 13.
Baeiw 13.
Bm^iy/x.;!;, (Baeot.) 42.
Bati;w 31, 277-
Baiov 125.
Bajoy 38.
BatTtov 39.
Ba/c>jXoy 157, 175-
BaKtcoi' 112.
BaKKavov 157.
BaK/caps 124, 157.
BaKoa 58.
Ba/coias 57.
HaKov 57.
BaKTi]pia 157.
Ba/cT^joy 307.
Bayu/^atrto 329, 330.
Batra 38.
Bao-ai'oy 284, 333.
Bao-iXeyv 40, I76.
Bao-is 27, 38.
BaaKuivw 284, 393.
Bo(7/cw 31, 330.
Baaaa 38.
Baffo-ajoa 27, 33 1 .
Baacrapew 331.
Bacrra^w 154.
Baarov 27.
BaraXos 174.
Barapt^o) 329.
BaTiOK)] 114.
Baxos 125.
BaxpaT^os 174, 329-
BaxToXoYeo) 174, 329.
BaxTor 174, 329.
Baxxi/X;/ 174.
Bav^w 174, 329.
Bay/caXew 174, 329.
BavKuXiov 112.
B^ew 42, 135.
Be^y68, 71.
BeKKe<Te\r]V(K I'/ 6.
BeKKCK 59, 176-
Be/cvXor 235.
Bri^U) 330.
BtjKa 330.
B.?f 329.
Brjcxcra 38.
BtjTap/uo^ 308.
Bt/3a^(£) 275.
BcKia 182.
Bioxoy 234.
Bori 194, 330.
Bo>70ew 144, 194.
BorjOo^ 194.
Bo^jQos- 13.
BoOvvos 13.
Bom/3os 133.
Bojufiu^ 133, 329.
B«<TWD 215, 231.
Boarpew 1 94, 330.
BoTav^ 124, 264.
Boxov 23 1 .
BoTpvi 124.
Boii'yatos' 177j 194-
BovKoXo^ 176', 192, 235.
BouTrats 17^'
Boi/s 194, 231.
Bovatj 42.
Boyx^a, (Mod. Gr.) 226.
Bovrvpov 59.
Bi/as 329, 330.
Bv^w 226.
Bi/0(os 18.
Bv9os 13, 66.
By/cayiy 206.
Bucrjoj 124.
Bycro-os 13, 133.
Bvw 226.
Cage, (Fr.) 379.
Cambridge, (origin of the
term. See Index II.)
88.
Chaos 379.
Charlemain 494.
Charon 87.
Clam, (Sax.) 284.
Clavus, (Lat.) 27 1.
Cleave 383.
Combat 307.
Compituin, (Lat.) 31, 225.
Cranbourn Alley 87.
Cross Patch 53.
Curmudgeon 413.
Cuspis, (Lat.) 286.
Kl/SoDTO^ 116.
KoXv/ifiaa) 77'
KoXvjufiijdpa 77-
Kopi) 174.
Kpyjt')/ 17.
KpoKOTrevXoi 94-
Kpovvoi 87.
D.
Daffodil 327.
Debate 307 .
542
INDEX I.
De-Mean, or Mesn Land
498.
Demise 498.
Despatch 321.
Device 107.
Devise, (in Law) 107.
Dismay 4/'8, 9.
Divido, (Lat.) 378.
Dolabra, (Lat.) I09.
Dolo, (Lat.) 109.
Dolus, (L^t.) 109.
Dull, (Wei.) 109.
Dungeon of wit, (Scotch
phrase) 72.
Dyspair, (Wei.) 327.
Aia^Tra^ 270.
E.
Earwig 355.
Ease 360.
East 374.
Eat 363.
Ecke, (Germ.) 388.
Eddy 346.
Eden, (Garden of, &c.) 76.
Edo. (Lat.) 363.
Eel-Pout 114.
EfFutio, (Lat.) 330.
Elbow 149, 152.
Elis 83.
Ellenbogen, (Germ.) 149.
Embezzle 58, 123.
Embossed 121.
Embost 121.
Ensis, (Lat.) 391.
Epee, (Fr.) 325.
Esaei, (Essenes) 379.
Esca, (Lat.) 21 6.
Espices, (Fr.) 105.
E'yyyj 391-
Ey Kara 391 •
JLy-^eXvi 390.
Eyy^oi 391 •
ESva 1 ..
^ 5 280,361.
EiSw 391.
Et^toXoi' 391 •
EiK)] 356.
EtKU) 106, 392.
EKafxtior] 511.
EKvpo^ 364.
Efxl3aTev(t) 276.
EfjifBaTT} 276.
EjUTra^o/xai 17 1, 270.
EjUTra^ 171-
E/^TTty 27 1.
EfMirXao'Tpov 293.
Evrea 391-
El/re joa 391 •
ETTiTracTTos 293.
EcTOm 363.
E(Teiw363.
Eff-irepo^ 374, 5.
EaTia 12, 36*2.
Ev^ojuat 393.
E^o) 358, 390.
Hyeo/tai 353.
Hojs 374.
F.
Facione, (Ital.) 98.
Facetus, (Lat.) 99.
Fach, (Germ.) 150.
Facher, (Fr.) 317.
Facies, (Lat.) 98.
Facio, (Lat.) 98-9.
Facon, (Fr.) 98.
Fade 15, 40.
Fade, (Fr.) 40.
Fadem, (Germ.) 16.
Fadeii, (Germ.) 16.
Faden-Nass, (Germ.) l6.
Fsex, (Lat.) 39.
Fag 39.
Fag (at school) 39.
Fag-end 269.
Fag, (verb.) 26"9.
Fage 275.
Fagen, (Germ.) 301.
Faggot 139, 281.
Fagus, (Lat.) 153.
Paid, (Ir.) 102.
Faire, (Fr.) Qg.
Fair-fase 31 9.
Faith 278.
Fang 278.
Fangle ^7-
Fascia, (Lat.) 139, 281.
Fascino, (Lat.) 284, 393.
Fasciiium, (Lat.) 251, 284.
Fascis, (Lat.) 139, 281,
Fash, (Sc.) 317.
Fass, (Germ.) 111.
Fast 265, 313.
Fasten 98.
Fastidium, (Lat.) 219.
Fastigium, (Lat.) 15, 21 9.
Fat 111 214.
Fat, (Fr.) 53, 4.
Fatal, (Fr.) 54.
Fate 52.
Fateor, (Lat.) 103.
Fathom 16.
Fatigo, (Lat.) 305.
Fatigue, (Eng. Fr.) 54.
Fatisco, (Lat.) 288, 305.
Fatras, (Fr.) 54.
Fatua, (Lat.) 226.
Fatum, (Lat.) 52, 21 9.
Fatuus, (Lat.) 226.
Faucet, (Fr.) 215.
Faust, (Germ.) 2/8.
Faustus, (Lat.) 21 7.
Faux, (Lat.) 20, 13/, 219.
Fax, (Lat.) 2 19.
Fazzatoia, (Ital.) 99.
Fazzuole, (Ital.) 99.
Feat (Provinc.) 142.
Feath, (Ir.) 102.
Feather 287, 299-
Feax, (Sax.) 31 9.
Feaze 281.
Feccia, (Ital.) 99.
Fechten, (Germ.) 278.
Feckins 141.
Fecks 141.
Feder, (Germ.) 278, 305.
Feed 214.
Fegen, (Germ.) 142.
Feg-feur, (Germ.) 142.
Feig, (Germ.) 50, 14 2, 184,
301.
Feige, (Germ.) 142.
Feigh, (a Pond) 50, 141.
301.
Feigh, (Sc.) 138.
Feign dJ.
Feist, (Germ.) 135, 214.
Feit, (Provinc.) 142.
Felis, (Lat.) 180, 1.
Fesse, (Fr.) 250.
Fester, 39, 305.
Fcstino, (Lat.) 313.
Festivus, (Lat.) 217.
Festuca, (Lat.) 287.
Fetch, 183, 268.
Fetive, (old Eng.) %.
Fetlock 28.
Fetter 281.
Fettle, (old Eng.) 141.
INDEX 1.
543
Fetz, (Germ.) 185.
Pitts 185.
Fcucht, (Germ.) 71-
Fix 98, 259, 265.
Feud 305.
Fix-fax, (Sc.) 318.
Feodum, (Lat.) 139.
Fiz-gig 135.
Few 184.
Fizz 314.
Fey 50, 141.
Fizzle 230.
Feyk, (Sc.)317.
Focus, (Lat.) 19, 137, 230.
Fi, (Fr. Ital.) 135.
Pod, (Ir.) 102.
Ficelle, (Fr.) 282.
Fodder 214.
Fickeln, (Germ.) 315.
Fodio, (Lat.) 305.
Fickle 315.
Foecundus, (Lat.) 21 7.
Fico, (Ital.) 315.
Foedus, (Lat.) 39, 2 1 8, 279,
Fictor, (Lat.) 97.
297-
Fid-fad 315.
Foeteo, (Lat.) 39, 217.
Fiddle-faddle 39, 315.
Foetidus, (Lat.) 39.
Fidelia, (Lat.) 279.
Foetus, (Lat.) 21 7.
Fides, (Lat.) 104, 278, 9.
Fog 230.
Fidget 315.
Fogna, (Ital.) 138.
Fief 306.
Foi, (Fr.) 278.
Fig 135, 315.
Poison, (Sc.) 224.
To Fig, (phrase) 315.
Poison, (Eng.) 222.
Fight 278.
Foist 135.
Figo, (Lat.) 63, 98, 263.
Foist, (Fr.) 230.
Figulus, (Lat.) 98.
Pood 214.
Figuro, (Lat.) 98.
Foot 26.
Findo, (Lat.) 287.
Foot-pad 28.
Finger 278.
Footing (to pay) 248.
Fingo, (Lat.) 97, 98, 106.
Pormaggio, (Ital.) 451.
Piscina, (Lat.) 289.
Formica, (Lat.) 6'5.
Fish 289, ^-16.
Por-wine 373.
Fissus, (Lat.) 288.
Fossa, (Lat.) 15, 18.
Fist, 278.
Foster 21 7.
Fistula, (Lat.) 314, 288.
Foudre, (Fr.) 161.
Fit 273, 320.
Povco, (Lat.) 217.
Fit, (old Eng.) 185.
Fouetter, (Fr.) l6'2.
Pitched 26*5.
Four (various terms for) 37.
Fitchew 354.
Poutra 225.
Fitchow 265.
Fox 355.
Fitters 185.
Promagc, (Fr.) 45 1 .
Fitto, (Ital.) 263.
Puchs, (Germ.) 355.
544
INDEX I.
Fucina, (Ital.) 98.
Fucken, (Germ.) 355.
Fud, (Sc.) 249.
Fuddle 317.
Fuder, (Germ.) 215.
Fudge Sg.
Fugen, (Germ.) 2/'6.
Fugio, (Lat.) 39, 138,
Fugo, (Lat.) 3(), 138.
Fundo, (Lat.) 229, 305.
Fuscina, (Lat.) 289.
Fuscus, (Lat.) 18, 63.
Fusee 135.
Fuss 314.
Fuss, (Germ.) 26.
Fust 135.
Fuste, (Fr.) 135.
Fustian 133.
Fusty 135.
Fute-AIe, (Sc.) 248.
Futter, (Germ.) 215.
Futtocks 135.
Futuo, (Lat.) 247.
Fuzelly 135.
Fuzz 133.
Fuzz-Ball 135.
Fuzzy 133.
Fy 17.
Gager, (Fr.) 280.
Galli, (Priests of Cybele)
86.
Garden 76.
Gash 383.
Glad 213.
Grabatus, (Lat.) 20.
Granta 87.
Gron 87.
Guater, (Fr.) 377.
Guichet, (Fr.) 349.
Guisa, (Ital.) I09.
Guise, (Fr.) 109, 392.
Guiscards 109.
Gvvern, (Wei.) 87.
Gwyd, (Wel.j 365.
Taa-Ttjp 377.
H.
Hack 382.
Halli-But 114.
Hand 39 1.
Handle 391.
Hank 39 1.
Harque-buse 62, 155.
Hash 382.
Haste 313.
Hatch 390.
Hatchet 382.
Haunt 391.
Hebes, (Lat.) 226.
Heck,(oldEng.)388,390.
Helvetii 25.
Helvoetsluys 25.
Hent, (oldEng.) 39 1.
Hesperus 374.
Hibiscus, (Lat.) 283.
Hinge 391.
Hippocrene 87-
Hiss 347.
Hist 372.
Hitch 358, 390.
Hithe 346.
Hocus-Pocus 197.
Hodge-Podge 62.
Holborn 87.
Holm, (Germ.) 386.
Holmes, (Surname) 386.
Hook 390.
Hoot 347.
Hough 382,
Hound 391.
Hug 390.
Hugger-mugger 434.
Huis, (Fr,) 359.
Hunt 391.
Hush 372.
Hybla 329.
Hyger, (old Eng.) 346.
Hygledy-Pygledy 197.
Hyth, (Sax.) 346.
L
Iberia 375.
Idis, (Germ.) 379.
Idol 109, 391.
Iduo, (Lat.) 379.
Idy, (Sc.) 346.
Ifeck 142.
Imago, (Lat.) 507.
Imbecillus, (Lat.) 176.
Impact 296.
Impingo, (Lat.) 296.
Impostume 122.
Infest 305.
Infesto, (Lat.) 305.
Insula, (Lat.) 391,
Invest 267.
Isis 88, 347.
Isle 391.
Issue 359.
Iterum, (Lat.) 369.
I/3to-/coy 283.
IcaXinos 108.
Uea 106.
Ueo, 109, 379-
1^0? 108, 392.
iKfxa^ 420,
Iyua9 464, 5.
Ifxa<x9\ri 464.
INDEX I.
547
Ifiaaaw 4b4.
Ii'oaXjLia 108, 392.
1^09 368.
Ifftjiui 392.
Icr^^i? 3b5.
lo-xc 358, 390.
Jrea 349-
Itui 349.
IxOvi 34 b".
K.
Kiss 209.
Kluft, (Germ.) 288.
XOwf 76.
\pofiaooi 460.
L.
Laced-Mutton, 456.
Lacuna, (Lat.) 17.
Lacunar, (Lat.) 436".
Latus, (Lat.) 212.
Lamb-Hithe, or Latnb-
Eth 346.
Laquear, (Lat.) 17, 436.
Laserpitium, (Lat.) 449-
Lewis, (Louis) 354.
Limn 99.
LS, (Elementary Charac-
ter) 24.
Luclovicus 354.
Aeifiwu 00.
Ai/jii/17 65.
Anraprji 214.
Anrapoi 212.
AiTror 212.
M.
Macan, (Sax.) 507.
Macaron, (Fr.) 450.
Macaronic, (verses) 450.
Macaroon 450.
Macear, (Span.) 454.
Mace 412, 454.
Macellum, (Lat.) 454.
Macer, (Lat.) 4 20.
Maceria, (Lat.) 493.
Macero, (Lat.) 420, 475.
Maceta, (Span.) 454.
Macliaon 511.
Machar, (Span.) 454.
Machen, (Germ.) 507, 532.
Macher, (Fr.) 447.
Maches, (Fr.) 444.
Macliina, (Lat.) 452, 507.
Machine 451, 507.
Macho, (Span.) 455.
Machoire, (Fr.) 447.
Macht, (Germ.) 525.
Macies, (Lat.) 461, 475.
Mackarel 474.
Maclo, (Riiss.) 407.
Macon, (Fr.) 497.
Mactea, (Lat.) 446, 454.
Macto, (Lat.) 454.
Mactra, (Lat.) 454.
Mactus, (Lat.) 454.
Macula, (Lat.) 444, 471.
Mad 478.
Madder 41 9.
Made 506.
Madeo, (Lat.) 406, 41 9.
Madera, (Ital.) 419.
Mado;c, (The Owl) 425,
448, 528.
Madidus, (Lat.) 41 9.
Madrigal 425.
Madrugar, (Span.) 425.
Mag, ((ierni.) 507.
Magd, (Germ.) 527.
3Z
Magdalen 528.
Mage, (Germ.) 447.
Mager, (Germ. &c.) 420,
447.
Magic 451.
Magician 511.
Magis, (Lat.) 488.
Magister, (Lat.) 509.
Magnus, (Lat.) 454, 488.
Magona, (Ital.) 447.
Magus, (Lat.) 451.
Mahen, (Germ.) 464.
Majar, (Span.) 455.
Maia 513, 528.
Maid 528, &c.
Maiden, (Sc.) An instru-
ment like the Guillotine,
464.
Majcstas, (Lat.) 488.
Maignee, (Fr.) 495.
Maigre, (Fr.) 420.
Major, (Lat.) 454, 489.
Maison, (Fr.) 453, 497.
Maisseline, (Fr.) 421.
Mak, (Sc.) 507.
Make 506.
Maker, (Sc.) 98.
Mando, (Lat.) 447.
Manduco, (Lat.) 447.
Mangonel I, (old Eng.) 463.
Mas, (Lat.) 455, 488.
Mascher, (Fr.) 454.
Masculus, (Lat.) 455.
Maseline, (old Eng.) 443.
Mash 454.
Mask 471.
Maslin 516.
Mason, (Fr.) 453, 497,
511.
Mass 487.
548
INDEX I.
Mass, (of the Roman Ca-
tholics) 488.
Massa, (Lat.) 457.
Massacre, (Eng. Fr.) 454.
Massagetae 500.
Massive 487-
Massorah, (Heb.) 459.
Massy 487.
Mast of a Ship 487, 499-
Mast, (Fat) 487,
Master 488, 509-
Masticare, (Lat.) 454.
Masticate 447.
Mastich 449.
Mastiff 487.
Mastruca, (Lat.) 449.
Masturbo, (Lat.) 465.
Mat 444.
Matar, (Span.) 455.
Match 491, 501, 507.
Mate 491, 501, 507.
Mate, (Check-Mate) 476.
Mated 478.
Matelot, (Fr.) 420.
Mater, (Lat.) 417.
Materia, (Lat.) 41 7.
Matilda 528.
Matrix, (Lat.) 417.
Matta, (Lat.) 444.
Matte, (Fr.) 444.
Matted 445.
Matter 417, &c. &c. &c.
Mattock 463.
Mattrass 444.
Matula, (Lat.) 420, 448.
Maturus, (Lat.) 424.
Matutinus, (Lat.) 424.
Matz, (Germ.) 479.
Matz-fotze, (Germ.) 479.
Maud 528.
MaudHndrunk480. Some
think, that this arises
from the tristful figure
of Mary Magdalene in
the old Tapestry.
Maw 447.
Mawkin 411.
Mawkish 411.
Mawther, (Provinc.) 527.
Maxilla, (Lat.) 447.
Maximus, (Lat.) 488.
May 489, 528.
May-Pole 529.
Mayor 489.
Maze 444, 478.
Mazka, (Russ.) 406.
Mazzard 457.
Mazzare, (Ital.) 454.
Meacock 483.
Mead 407, 481.
Meadow 407.
Meagre 420.
Mean or Mesn, (Lord) 497.
Measles 472.
Measure 502.
Meat 446.
Mechanics 507-
Med, (Sax.) 505.
Meddle 443.
Medea 451, 433, 511.
Medemne, (Sax.) 505.
Medeor, (Lat.) 451.
Mcdicina, (Lat.) 451,
Medicus, (Lat.) 440,451,
511.
Mediocris, (Lat.) ."iOl.
Meditor, (Lat.) 500.
Medusa 479.
Meed 50.5.
Meek 424, 429. ,
Meer 65.
Meet 491, 501, 505.
Megara 494.
Meiden, (Germ.) 427.
Meiny, (old Eng.) 495.
Meist, (Germ.) 489.
Meister, (Germ.) 509.
Menage, (Proper name)
495.
Mensa, (Lat.) 446, 478.
Mense, (Eng.) 435.
Mensis, (Lat) 446, 478.
Mensura, (Lat.) 502.
Mes, (Fr.) 446.
Meshes 444.
Meslin 442.
Mesnage, (Fr.) 495.
Mesopotamia 21 .
Mess 444, 446.
Messer, (Germ.) 456.
Messiah 461.
Messenia, 511.
Messina 511.
Messis, (Lat.) 464.
Messuage 4()6.
Metal 443, 51 6.
Metairie, (Fr.) 496.
Mete 508.
Meteil, (Fr.) 442.
Methu, (Wei.) 481.
Metior, (Lat.) 502.
Meto, (Lat.) 464.
Metre 502.
Mets, (Fr.) 496.
Mettle 443.
Metz, (Germ.) 456, 470.
Metzen, (Germ.) 456.
Mew 433.
Mica, (Lat.) 46S.
Micher 435.
INDEX I.
549
Mickle 489,
Middle 440.
Midge 4b'8.
Midst 440.
Miede, (Germ.) 505.
Might 489.
Mingo, (Lat.) 420.
Miscellaneous 442, 471.
Miscellus, (Lat.) 442.
Mi.<:ceo, (Lat.) 440,
Miser, (Lat.) 428.
Misey 51/.
Mish-Mash 440.
Misram (a name for Egypt)
40J'.
Miss 428.
Miss, (Sub.) 528.
Missus, (Barb. Lat.) 446.
Mist 409, 420.
Mist, (Germ.) 440.
Mister, (old Eng.) 428.
Mister, (Sc.) 428.
Mistle-toe 409.
Mistress 488.
Misty 410.
Mit, (Germ.) 275, 440.
Mitaines, (Fr.) 449.
Mitan, (Fr.) 449.
Mitchell, (Surname) 489.
Mithridates 451, 511.
Mitis, (Lat.) 429.
Mitonner, (Fr.) 448.
Mitra, (Lat.) 427, 448.
Mitre 448, 47 1,
Mittens 468.
Mitto, (Lat.) 427.
Mix 440, &c. &c.
Mixen 408.
Miz-Maze 446.
Mizzy 406, 446.
Mizraim 81.
Moat 406.
Moccolo, (Ital.) 412.
Mock 427.
Mocquer, (Fr.) 427,
Mode 501.
Model 501.
Moder, (Belg.) 295.
Moderate 501.
Modern 503.
Modest 501.
Modestus, (Lat.) 501.
Modicus, (Lat.) 501.
Modilion, (Fr.) 503.
Modo, (Lat.) 504.
Modulor, (Lat.) 501.
Modus, (Lat.) 501.
Moestus, (Lat.) 410.
Moidheach, (Ir.) 425.
Mois, (P'r.) 477.
Moisir, (Fr.) 410.
Moist 419.
Moite, (Fr.) 406.
Month 446, 478.
Moo 432.
Mooch, (Provinc.) 435.
Mood 501, 504.
Moody 504,
Moot-House 491,
Mop and Mow 433.
Mos, (Lat.) 501.
Moscadin, (Fr.) 422.
Moss 406, 421.
Moss, (Sc.) 406.
Most 489.
Mote 469.
Moth 469.
Mother 235, 407, 4 1 7, &c.
Motley 471.
Mouche, (Fr.) 468.
3 z 2
Mouchoir, (Fr.) 412.
Moue, (Fr.) 433.
Mousche, (Fr.) 473.
Mouscheter, (Fr.) 473.
Mouse 423.
Mousse, (Fr.) 406.
Moutard, (Fr.) 421.
Mouth 432.
Mouton, (Fr.) 456.
Mouture, (Fr.) 456.
Mow 433, 464.
Moxa, (Japan herb) 482.
Moy, (North dial.) 409,
Moys 410.
Moyther, (GIouc.) 409.
Muceo, (Lat.) 412.
Much 489.
Mucid 458.
Mucilage 411.
Mucilago, (Lat.) 412.
Muck 408.
To run Amuck,
(Malay phrase) 455.
Muck slut 409.
Mucketter 412.
Mucor, (Lat.) 412.
Mucosus, (Lat.) 463.
Mucqueux, (Fr.) 411.
Mucro, (Lat.) 463.
Mucus, (Lat.) 408, 412,
426.
Mud 405, &c. &c. &c.
Mudgeon 413.
Muct, (Fr.) 436,
Mug, seems to be taken
from its Lumpy, Swell-
ing form ; as when we
talk of a ' Pot bellied
man,' and as in the well
known joke of Augustus
550
INDEX I.
comparing Horace to
the Sextariolus.
Mug-wort 482.
Muggy 471.
Mugil, (Lat.) 413.
Mugio, (Lat.) 432.
Muguet, (Fr.) 411.
Mil it, (Fr.) 435.
Mus, (Lat.) 423.
Musard 509.
Musardry, (Sc.) 509.
Muse, (Fr.) 422.
Musca, (Lat.) 468.
Muscadel 422.
Muscadine 422.
Musculus, (Lat.) 423.
Muse 508.
Museau, (Fr.) 433.
Muser, (Fr.) 508.
Mushroom 413, 421.
Music 508.
Musk 412, 422.
Musket 468.
Muslin 421.
Mussito, (Lat.) 431.
Musso, (Lat.) 431.
Must 410, 489.
Mustachio 447-
Mustard 421.
Muster 490.
Mustela, (Lat.) 355.
Mustum, (Lat.) 410,419,
&c.
Musty 410.
Mute 406, 432, 435.
Mutiny 490.
Mutilate 456.
Mutilus, (Lat.) 456, 467.
Mutir, (Fr.) 406.
Muto, (Lat.) 456, 532.
Mutter 431.
Mutter, (Germ.) 526.
Mutton 456.
Mutunus, (Lat.) 532.
Mutus, (Lat.) 435.
Mux, (Exm. dial.) 409.
Muzzle 432.
Muzzo, (Ital.) 410.
Mycenae, (Lat.) 497.
Mystery 429, 435.
Mayyavou 45 1.
MaySa\ia 450.
Mayeipoi 451, 511.
MaYew 451.
Mayos 451, 511.
MaSau) 4\g.
MaSoi 419, 515-
Ma^a 446.
Ma^t, (Mod. Gr.) 440.
Ma^09 457.
MaOrjTii^ 458.
Mata 458, 513, 528. .
Maievw 458, 528.
Maifia^eiv 459.
Mai/uaKTimiov 459-
Maj/ua/cTJjs 459-
Maifxa^ 459.
^laifiaacyw 458.
Mainaw 458.
Malawi' 452.
MaKapia 450.
^laKapwvta 450.
MaKeWa 493.
MoKpos 488.
MavOavu) 458.
MaaOXt] 465.
MacTTreTov 44Q.
Maaaaofiat 447, 4^i, 457-
Uaaam 446, 509.
yiacrawv 489-
MaffTa^ 44'J.
Mao-Teuw 458.
MacTTi^ft) 464.
MacTTi'yotij 464.
MadTii 448, 464, 521.
MatTTi^ti 449, 465.
Matrroj 449, 457, 489.
^laa-rpiDTrevw 46*5.
Mao-Tft)/} 509.
Macr-xaKr] 46b.
Marato? 459, 479.
Mar*;!' 459.
MoTtOI' 459.
MoT^i/XXa 459, 528.
MaTTa/3os 459, 479.
MaxTiyj; 446.
Ma')(aipa 456, 463.
Ma^ottiv 451 .
Ma^^o? 465.
Ma-^ofiat 463.
Mao) 458, 509.
M67aXos 489.
Meyapov 493.
Meya^ 488.
MeStfivos 463, 503-5.
Me^to 509.
Me^ea 532.
MeOv 422, 481.
Medvw 422, 481.
Mei^aw 422.
Meil^wv 488.
Meiow 467.
MeXaiva Q4.
MeXos 104.
Meo-o? 440.
Mera 440.
MfraXXoi' 443, 51 6.
Merpio^ 501.
Merpov 502.
Mexpi 488.
INDEX I.
551
M>;doiuat 508.
Mrjw 308, 532.
M»7<7Tft)/9 509.
MtjTiaw 508.
M>7T(9 508, 514.
Mijy(avaoixai bO'J.
Mtixavtj 425, 507.
MtjxcK 488, 507.
yiiaivw 406.
Mtacr/xa 406.
i/Iiyvvto 440.
MiK/coy 467.
Mt/fjoos 461, 467.
MtAA-yXos 4b J.
Miaeio 426.
Mio-»;s407, 514.
M.O-0OS 505.
Mtcr/ceXXos 46"7-
MiffKos 467.
Mio-TuXXo) 467.
M«ri/ 426, 450, 517.
MiTyXoj 4G8.
M«Ti/XXos 468.
MiTw 426.
M0770S 409, 432.
Mo76(o 409.
Moyis 409.
M070S 409.
Mo0a^ 409.
MoOoi 409.
Mo0a)v 409.
Mo«;(o? 426.
Moo-xoy 421, 533.
MoToy 469.
M.ovKr]pcK 450.
Moi/o-a 508.
Mox^os 409.
Mv^aco 406, 19, 26", 5UJ.
Mi/o^oKTUTros- 5 16".
Mi/^/oos 516.
Mi/^o) 431.
Mi/0oy 432, 447.
MvKtj 413, 428, 432,
MvKr]^ 413, 450.
MvKXai 413, 471.
MvKTrip 412.
Mwwi/ 413.
MyXXw 433.
Mv^a 408, 412.
Mi/^o)!/ 413.
Mvp/xr]^ 65.
Mi/cra/J09 426.
Mu/TKog 406.
Mvao9 426.
Mi/ao-tw 412, 4 16.
Mv(TT>]ptov 429, 435.
Myo-TiXXo) 450.
MucrTi(f>;Tos' 450.
Mi;<rTiX>? 450.
MvTtXov 450.
MvTis 413.
Ml/TTOJTOl' 450v
Mvxoy 427, 435.
MwKaofiai 427.
Moj/cafti 479.
Mftjfcoy 479.
Mojy, (vel Mto) 407.
MwT, (Phenician) 407.
N.
Neptunus, (Lat.) 22.
New Fangle Q^.
Niggard 391.
Nitor, (Lat.) 214.
Nonny 248.
Novensiles, (The nine
Muses) 86.
Nutmeg 412, 422.
Nti<T09 391.
O.
Oases 346.
Obadiah 42.
Obed 42.
Obedio, (Lat.) 39, 41.
Obeir, (Fr.) 41.
Obesus, (Lat.) 226.
Obex, (Lat.) 227.
Obey 41.
Ocean 346.
Odd 380.
Oed, (Germ.) 380.
Oft 229.
Oft, (Germ.) 229.
Often 229.
Ooze 346.
Opacus, (Lat.) 228.
Opes, (Lat.) 225.
Oppido, (Lat.) 225.
Oppidum, (Lat.) 225.
Ops, (Lat.) 225.
Optimus, (Lat.) 225.
Opto, (Lat.) 226.
Opus, (Lat.) 226.
Os, (Lat.) 360, 433.
Oscillum, (Lat.) 3Co.
Oscito, (Lat.) 360.
Osten, (Germ.) 3/4^
Ostium, (Lat.) 36o.
Otium, (Lat.) 360.
Ought 355.
Oxford 88.
Oyster 360.
Ozicrs 349.
07^>; 390.
O7/C09 381. ■
Oy fioi 381.
05os 381.
OSvv>i 3G7, 381.
553
INDEX I.
OcvnjtpaTo^ '2Q4.
( idvpo/xai 381.
^y(o9r,Kr| 381.
0^os381.
(.)^(o 381.
0«7a. 380.
OiSew38l.
()<c»>a 381.
Oi^vs 381.
OlKOi 362.
<)ii/o9 281.
0«s 231.
(),(Tov 349.
Oio-Toy 381.
OlCTT^OS 381 .
(Wi/a 349, 381.
OtTos 381 .
()iT^o;uai 353.
OMaj 491.
Oixtxeay 420.
0/ucxX»j 420.
Oi,0,?X6ytt. I89.
Oi/i;^ 390.
O^ys 358, 382.
OTraoeo) 43.
Ottw^u] 43.
()7r.7^eaj 43, 272.
Owil^onai 43, 272.
(.JTTJKOS 43.
Otis 43, 272.
Omade 229-
Ottktw 43, 229, 272.
OffTeov 360. [43.
Oi/irts, (A name of Diana)
O(T0w 358,365.
Offj^ea 358.
Oi/0a,o 347, 377.
Oycoi 353.
Ox^eo) 357.
Oxe^; 385.
0x^0? 357, 385.
QSw 367.
QKeavos 340.
QXevj; 149.
Pace 29.
Paciscor, (Lat.) 259.
Pack 134.
Pack, (away) 30.
Package 134.
Packings I47.
Pad 28, 294.
Paddan Aram 21, "jfG.
Padde, (Germ.) 29.
Paddle 28, 136, 294.
Paddock 29, 136.
Padlock 29.
Pad-nag 136.
Padus 13.
Paean 293.
Paedor, (Lat.) 39.
Paese, (Ital.) 12.
Psetilus, (Lat.) 184.
Paetus, (Lat.) 184.
Pagan 12, 68.
Page, (Eng. Fr.) 29.
Pageant 30.
Pagina, (Lat.) 68.
Pagus, (Lat.) 12, 6*8,385.
Paint 98.
Pais, (Fr.) 12.
Paistre, (Fr.) 214.
Palamedes 511.
Pali-Bothra 82.
Palpito, (Lat.) 295.
Palus, (Lat.) 27 1.
Pango, (Lat.) 98, 228,
264.
Partridge 178.
Parvus, (Lat.) 184.
Pas, (Fr.) 30.
Pas, (Wei.) 30.
Pascha, 29.
Pasco, (Lat.) 21 6.
Pash 6d, 293, 302, 329.
Pash, (The head) 303.
Pass 29.
Passage 29, 30.
Passer, (Lat.) 251, 324.
Passim, (Lat.) 30.
Passion, (Fr. Eng.) 104.
Pasta, (Ital. Span.) 61.
Pasta grossa, (Ital.) 53.
Paste 61.
Pastern 28.
Pastillus, (Lat.) 61.
Pastinaca, (Lat. Ital. Span.)
61.
Pastinade, (Fr.) 61.
Pastnip 61.
Pasturon, (Fr.) 28.
Pat 274, 295, 328.
Pat a cake 295.
Patacchiare, (Ital.) 53.
Patacoon 301.
Pataraeus, (Apollo) 85.
Patart 301.
Pataude, (Fr.) 123, 171.
Patch 53, 61, 190.
Pate, (Fr.) 61.
Patee, (Fr.) 61.
Patera, (Lat.) 113, 339.
Path 29.
Pathetic, (Eng. Fr.) 104.
Patina, (Lat.) 113.
Patiner, (Fr.) 28.
Patior, (Lat.) 104.
Patmos 82.
Patoir, (Fr.) 329.
INDEX I.
558
Patouiller, (Fr.) 294.
Patrol 31.
Patron, (Fr.) 99, 100.
Patrouille, (Fr.) 31.
Patrouiller, (Fr.)31, 294.
Patsche, (Germ.) 300.
Pattal, (Ital.) 28.
Patte, (Fr.) 28.
Patter 161, 295,300,328.
Pattern d9-
Pattin 28, 100.
Pattin, (Fr.) 28.
Pattuma, (Ital.) 57.
Paucus, (Lat.) 184.
Pauke, (Gernri.) 301.
Pause 105.
Pausilypum 85.
Paw 28.
Pawkey I47.
Pax, (Lat.) 259.
Pax- wax 318.
Pay 262.
Payer, (Fr.) 262.
Pazzo, (Ital.) 53, I90.
Peace 259.
Peak 285, 28/.
Peasant 12.
Pease 183.
Peat 11, 213.
Pecco, (Lat.) 183.
Peck, (Germ.) 63.
Peck 60, 285.
Pecten, (Lat.) 134.
Pecto, (Lat.) 319.
Pectus, (Lat.) I87.
Peculium, (Lat.) 232.
Pecunia, (Lat.) 231.
Pecus, (Lat.) 231.
Pediculus, (Lat.) 114.
Pedlar 31.
Pedo, (Lat.) 42.
Pego 286.
Peindre, (Fr.) 98.
Pejor, (Lat.) 39.
Peitsche, (Germ.) 300.
Pentolajo, (Ital.) 97.
Perdix, (Gr. Lat.) 179.
Perdrix, (Fr.) 179.
Perna, (Lat.) 299.
Perruque 348.
Pes, (Lat.) 26.
Pessimus, (Lat.) 39.
Pest 39, I87.
Pester I87.
Pestis, (Lat.) I87.
Pet 184.
Pet, (To take) I87.
Petard, (Eng. Fr.) I87.
Petit, (Fr.) 184.
Peto, (Lat.) 238, 259, 285,
310.
Petronel, (Fr.) I87.
Petticoat 184.
Pettitoes 184.
Pettrel, (Fr.) I87.
Petty 184.
Pettyfogger 184.
Pea, (Fr.) 184.
Pew I87.
Pewit I87.
Pewter I87.
Pezzo, (Ital.) 184.
Pfad, (Germ.) 29.
Pfuscher, (Germ.) 16.
Pfutze, (Germ.) 66, 345.
Pfutz-nass, (Germ.) 16.
Pfuy, (Germ.) 16, 39.
Phallus 529.
Pliasis 81.
Pheasant 81, 188.
Pheese 318.
Phiz 107, 392.
Phocis 78.
Pica, (In printing) I89.
(In Medicine) 1 90.
Piccadilly 29O.
Picher, (Fr.) 113.
Pick-Ax I87.
Pickle 286.
Pickle, (Sc.) I89.
Picture 98.
Pictus, (Lat.) 51.
Picus, (Lat.) I89.
Piddle 39, 64.
Pie, (The Service Book)
190.
Pie, (Fr.) 188.
Pie 61.
Pie, (Span.) 26.
Piebald I90.
Piece 12, 184.
Piece, (Fr.) 184.
Pied 108.
Pied, (Fr.) 26.
Pieter, (Fr.) 26.
Pietiner, (Fr.) 26.
Pieton, (Fr.) 26.
Pietre, (Fr.) 27.
Piety 184.
Pig 136, 215.
Pig, (of Lead) 215.
Pig, (Sc ) 97.
Pige, (old Lat.) 52.
Pige, (Sax.) 171, 1/8.
Pigella, (Lat.) 52.
Pigeon 178, I87.
Pigeone, (Ital.) 1/8.
Piger, (Lat.) 51.
Pight 260.
Pightel I89.
55i
INDEX I.
l^ignero, (Lat.) 51.
Pigney 143.
Pigsney I78.
Pike 285.
Piiigo, (Lat.) 98.
Pinguis, (Lat.) 226.
Pinso, (Lat.) 60.
Piqiier, (Fr.) 261, 263.
Pis, (Fr.) 39, 52.
Pisa 83.
Piscis, (Lat.) 289, •'^46.
Pismire 65.
Pisoii 81.
Pisser, (Fr.) 52, 64, 382.
Pistachio Nuts 172.
Piste, (Fr.) 27.
Pistol 185, 302.
Pistole, (Fr.) 301.
Piston, (Fr.) 302.
Pistor, (Lat.) 60.
Pit 18, 57, 66, 151.
Pit (of a Play-house, of St.
Mary's Church, Cam-
bridge, &c.) 19.
Pitaud, (Fr.) 52.
Pitch, (verb, sub.) 61, 63,
106, 260.
Pitcher 61, 111, 1 13.
Pitch-fork 260.
Pith 62.
Piton, (Fr.) 52.
Pitt, (verb) 261.
Pittance, (Eng. Fr.) 52.
Pittaro, (Ital.) 113.
Pituita, (Lat.) 63.
Pituile, (Fr.) 52, 184.
Pity 51, 184.
Pius, (Lat.) 51.
Pix, (Lat.) 63.
Plash 143.
Poach 27.
Poached Eggs 62, 122,
208.
Poacher 27.
Poc, (Wei.) 209.
Pocard 62, 122.
Poche, (Fr.)62, 122, 134.
Pocher, (Fr.) 62, 122.
Pock 62, 122,
Pocken, (Germ.) 122.
Pocket 62, 122.
Pocket, (of Wool) 134.
Poculum, (Lat.) 110, 113.
Pod 62.
Podex, (Lat.) 250.
Podge 62, &c. &c. See
Pudge.
Podium, (Lat.) I87.
Poesy 62.
Poet 98.
Poi, (Ital.) 42.
Poignant, (Eng. Fr.) 2S6.
Poignard, (Eng. Fr) 286.
Poison, (Eng. Fr.) 69,346.
Poix, (Fr.) 63.
Poke 134, 259, 285.
Pono, (Lat.) 260.
Posco, (Lat.) 259, 285.
Pose 263.
Posset 62.
Possible, (Fr.) 101.
Possum, (La(.) 101.
Post 42.
Post, (Lat.) 272, 275.
Posterior 42.
Postis, (Lat.) 260.
Posture, (Fr.) 1 13.
Pot 113.
Pot, (Sc.) 57.
, Potage, (Fr.) 62, 1 13.
Poteau, (Fr.) 113.
Potelet, (Fr.) 113.
Poten, (Wei.) 168, 253.
Potence, (Fr.) 114.
Potestas, (Lat.) 101.
Pother, 161, 300.
Pothon, (Wei.) 169.
Potier, (Fr.) 97.
Potis, (Lat.) 101.
Pottage 62.
Potter g6.
Pottle 97.
Potzen, (Germ.) 143.
Pouch 97, 134.
Poudre, (Fr.) 97.
Pousser, (Fr.) 285.
Pout 60.
Pouvoir, (Fr.) 101.
Powder 1 8, 300.
Power 101.
Pox 62, 122. .
Praefiscine, (Lat.) 284.
Prseputium, (Lat.) 250.
Professor 104.
Profcsu, (Wei.) 103.
Profwyd, (Wei.) 103.
Prometheus 101,511,512.
Propago, (Lat.) 264.
Prophet 103.
Pshaw 39.
Puceau, (Fr.) 171.
Pucelle, (Fr.) 40, 171.
Pucker 135, 228.
Puckfeist 135, 230.
Puck-Harry, (Sc.) 197.
Pudda, (The Ganges) 84.
Pudder 136.
Pudding 60.
Puddle 66, 345.
Pudendum, (Lat.) 247-
INDEX I.
555
Pudet, (Lat.) 39.
Pudge, (or Podge) passim.
Why chosen to repre-
sent the sense of Mud
under the Elementary
Character PD, 6, 56,
66, 345, &c. &c.
Pudor, (Lat.) 17.
Pues, (Span.) 42.
Pug 171, 194, 197-
Pug-dog 194.
Pugno, (Lat.) 278.
Pugnus, (Lat.) 278, .307.
Puis, (Fr.) 42, 272.
Puissance, (Fr.) 101.
Puke 205.
Pulpitum, (Lat.) 31, 225.
Punchinello 143.
Push, (verb, sub.) 1 2 1 , 259.
Pusio, (Lat.) 171.
Pustule 121.
Pussel, (Old Eng.) 40.
Put 63, 259, 280.
Put, (a queer fellow) 264.
Put, (Sc.) 303.
Puta, (Lat.) 250.
Putamen, (Lat.) 143.
Putco, (Lat.) 39.
Puteoli 83.
Puteus, (Lat.) 17, 57, 66'.
Putilla, (Lat.) 250.
Puto, (Lat.) 143.
Putrid 39.
Putridus, (Lat.) 39.
Puttock 136.
Putty 63, 260.
Putus, (Lat.) 171, 184,
250.
Putzig, (Germ.) 143.
Puzzel, (Old Eng.) 40.
Puzzle 263.
Pyghtel 261.
Python 84.
Uayoi 180, 228.
Tlawevw 1 71 •
UaK 171.
Hai(paaeTa> 304.
Uatw 293, 303.
Tlatm' 293.
Oaf 27.
Has 270.
riacTKU 104.
riaaaaXevo) 27 1 .
YlaaaaXoi 286.
Ylaaaw 6l, 293.
Ilaa^w 216.
UaTayrj 203.
UaTayw 328.
YlaTaaaw 29, 293, 306.
Ua-rew 28, 328.
Uar^oi, (Mod. Gr.) 296.
IlaTotKOi 293.
naT09 29.
rTaTTaXoy 28.
Yluvw 105, 259.
riaj^i/;; 228.
Uaxvi 166/228.
Yleotov 1 1 .
UeSov 11, 26.
Ile^a 26.
UeiOw 104, 278.
UeiKw 134, 319.
neirTw 209.
Ylepifxricri 451, 511.
Oeffffos 183.
Heaaw 183, 208.
Ilerao) 287.
lUro^ai 287, 299.
Tleropa, {Mol) 37.
rierpov 183.
4 A
TleTpwfxa 85.
UevKrj 63.
Urjyr] 68.
Yiriyvv/ui 259-
ITjj'y'"^"' 180, 288.
n^j^aXtov 294.
Uri^aco 69, 294.
n^V 294.
YlrjX<K 3 1 .
Ylriffffco 183.
n»;Tiia 63.
IlrjTTw 63.
Tltjy^vi 278.
rija^o) 270.
nie^u} 270.
UiKpos 1 86, 286, 311.
Ylivw 69.
Uios 226.
rhorr/? 226,
UiTTTw 163, 260, 299.
Il«(7ea 69.
Ylicrov 183.
n«o-os 12, 83, 293.
YlKTcra 163.
ntffTei/o) 163.
Ylia-TK 104, 278.
n<(TT09 293.
Utarpa 172.
IljTawa 163.
HiTavaTtji 163.
ritTraw 163, 260.
riiTTaKioi) lb3.
njTi;\os 28, 69, 163, 294,
297.
UlTVVt] 163.
ritTfjooi' 163.
UtTVi 163.
11(0* 293.
no9(K7i.
556
INDEX 1.
Uoia 70.
Tlojett. 98.
HotKiXoi 122, 188, 313.
VloKOi 134.
riocreiSwi/ 22.
UoaOt, 178.
Yloadia 178.
UoffK 177, 235.
IloTafiOi 13, 69, 70.
YioTrjpiov 113.
rioTj^ft. 18, 69, 226', 323.
IloTtjuos 293.
YloTflO^ 70.
UoTi'to'i 253.
UOTOV 293.
How 26.
n(06(Tj8w 104.
njoo/^aToi/ 23 1 .
Ylpo(prjTri^ 103.
Uraipw 298.
riTatft) 299.
nrejora 28, 299.
Urepov 299.
nT»,Mt 299.
IlTIJCT-O-tt) 298.
IlTtXol' 298, 9.
riTtcrcrw 298.
riroeo) 298, 300.
IlToiaXeos 298.
nTO(O0os 124.
[iTi/eXj^o, 298.
nrv^ 228.
Ilri/a-<T(o 228, 9.
Utvw 64, 296, 298.
Ylrwxw 298.
11^7;? 249.
TltryfJit] 278.
nu^apt^u) lb"l, 300.
VlvO/xrjV 13.
nu0w 39, 64.
UvKa 16'9, 228.
riy/ci/os 228.
YlvKTeutv 278, 307.
ITt/dai/O/uat 64.
n^^ 278.
Uvlii 115,
riyoy 64.
UvTia 6"4.
110)70)1' 228.
<^aya> 21 6.
«J>ao9 137, 230.
^aiKaaioi' 27-
<I)a«oy 18, 63.
$aKeX\o9 281.
4>a)Cf; 182.
$a/ctoXos 281.
^ap/uaKOv 451.
<I>a(r>7Xo9 1 78.
Oao-zco) 329, 330.
$ao"/cttiXioi' 178.
<^aaaa, {(^arra) I78.
<I>aT«'>7 17, 19-
^aTvwixara 17-
•I'ai'ffis' 137.
^av<jKw 1.37.
^£770? 137, 230.
<i>ei^0Mai 104, 5.
Oej^w 105.
$61/70) 39, 137.
<I>»j7os 153.
(^9avw 374.
$0ej/oo) 373.
<I)0£i'o) 373.
<t>0oi/€O) 374.
4>jTi/s 124.
<l>tTi/o) 124.
$o«Tao) 26, 31.
i^o^oi 287.
'I>u/cos 18.
$DO-a 121.
(^vffaw 121.
^fcrts 123.
^vreuw 264.
<I)i/Toi/ 124.
4>o)^es 136.
4)ft)^o. 136.
•l>o)/ca£»';; 136.
*o)s 137, 177, 230.
<l>o)y, (vir) 255.
^lOvpoi 372.
Q
Quag 351.
Quake no, 351.
Quatiior, (Lat.) 37.
Quick no, 350, 354.
Quiz 109, 392.
Sabrina 7Q,
Sambre, (River) 79.
Scamander 79-
Schleifen, (Germ.) 383.
Sclimid, (Germ.) 519.
Schmucken, (Germ.) 520.
Schmutzen, (Germ.) 51 9.
Severn 79.
Simois 79-
Smack 521.
Smash 584.
Smatter 521.
Smintheus 80.
Smite 519.
Smith 519.
Smock 520.
Smoke 471, 519.
Smooth 519.
Smug 520.
Smut 519.
Smutch 520.
INDEX 1.
557
Smutz, (Germ.) 621.
Socer, (Lat.) 364.
Spa-water 323.
Spada, (Ital.) 325.
Spade 229, 323, 325.
Spade, (Germ.) 325.
Sparrow 251.
Spass, (Germ.) 324.
Spat, (Germ.) 322.
Spatior, (Lat.) 29.
Spatter 64, 161, 323.
Spattle, or Spatule, 323.
Spatula, (Lat.) 295.
Spatzieren, (Germ.) 29.
Spay 251.
Speak 323, 324.
Specie 106.
Specimen 105.
Specio, (Lat.) 105.
Speck 188.
Speckle 188.
Specto, (Lat.) 105.
Spectrum, (Lat.) 105.
Specus, (Lat.) 105.
Sped, (Sax.) 321.
Speed 313, 321.
Speise, (Germ.) 324.
Spelunca, (Lat.) 391.
Spes, (Lat.) 105.
Speyen, (Germ.) 64.
Sphinx 2/0.
Spica, (Lat.) 105.
Spice 105, 106.
Spider 229, 283.
Spissus, (Lat.) 228.
Spit 64.
Spoke 323.
Sponsus, (Lat.) 177-
Spot 188.
Spouse 177-
Spout 323.
Sprecken, (Germ.) 324.
Spuden (Germ.) 314.
Spuo, (Lat.) 64.
Spuren, (Germ.) 105.
Sputter 64, 161.
Sputum, (Lat.) 64.
Sputzeii, (Germ.) 64.
Squeese 383.
Stipadium, (Lat.) 20.
Stomach 447-
Stomachus, (Lat.) 447-
SufFoco, (Lat.) 137.
Susurro, (Lat.) 372.
Sa/BvTToy 251.
SfcaXXo) 493.
I.fxaw 520.
^/u€(o 520.
S/u'/x'" 520.
I./uvx"' 471, 519, 521.
^HwS,^ 448, 521.
S/Jioj^w 447.
27ra^«^ 327.
'S.Traciov 251, 327.
27ra0aw 64, 229, 325.
^Tradr, 229, 295.
STraraXaw 325.
^TraToy 325.
STracu 325.
STrei/co) 321 .
STrei/oft) 313.
27rt^.7S 228.
^■KiXa 324.
Stti^o. 228.
^Trt9afxti lO.
"S.irXayxyov 391-
STTcyyos 62.
27roSo9 488.
StOiUo^o? 447"
20a^a^a) 295, 302.
4 A 2
^<pa(^w 302.
2<jf)a(ceXXoy 281.
'EtpuKo^ 281.
lipiyyo) 270, 278.
2017^ 270.
20.5es 280.
20o^pos 161, 300.
20i''y(iio9 300.
Icpv^w 300.
^vfjifiifia^w 276.
Tamar, (River) ^f).
Tamassus 101.
Tan-vat 112.
Teneo,( Lat.) 268.
Thames 78.
Thebes 78.
Tibur 79-
Tiro, (Lat.) 196.
Town "^6.
Traffic 44.
Trio, (Lat.) 196.
Troop 161.
Turbot 126,
Teaaapei 37-
TjooTre^a 26.
TpiTTouy 26.
Tvupoyepuiv 20.
Geo-TTi? 104.
Ovufipt^ 7.9'
U, V.
Vacca, (Lat.) 194.
Vaccinum, (Lat.) 280.
Vacillo, (Lat.) 267, 351.
Vacuus, (Lat.) 267, 377.
558
INDEX I.
Vades, (Lat.) 279.
Vado, (Lat.) 15, 31, 351.
Vadmn, (Lat.) 15, 351.
Vagabond 31, 351.
Vagina, (Lat.) 267, 380.
Vagio, (Lat.) 267, 330.
Vago, (Lat.) 267.
Vague 3 1 .
Vagus, (Lat.) 31.
Valet, (Eng. Fr.) 41.
Varlet 40.
Vas, (Lat.) 111.
Vas, (vadis) 364.
Vasajo, (Ital.) HI.
Vase, (Fr.) 57, 111.
V^aso, (Ital.) 111.
Vasoo Deva, (Sanscrit,
The Goddess of the
Earth) 12.
Vassal 40, 112.
Vassalage 40.
Vast, (Belg.) 267.
. Vasto, (Lat.) 366, 377.
Vat 111.
Vates, (Lat.) 102.
Vavasour, (Fr.) 41.
Udder 347, 377.
Vectigal, (Lat.) 154.
Vectis, (Lat.) 154.
Vegetus, (Lat.) 354.
Veho, (Lat.) 154, 353.
Vervex, (Lat.) 231.
Vescor, (Lat.) 21 6, 234.
A'espa, (Lat.) 362.
Vespera, (Lat.) 374.
Vest 363.
Vest, (Germ.) 265.
Vesta, (Lat.) 12.
Vestio, (Lat.) 267.
Vestibulum, (Lat.) 27.
Vestigium, (Lat.) 27.
Vestis, (Lat.) 267.
Vessel 111.
Vessica, (Lat.) 121.
Veterinary 154.
Veternus, (Lat.) 40.
Veto, (Lat.) 39.
Vetus, (Lat.) 40.
Vex 305.
Vexo, (Lat.) 357.
Via, (Lat.) 31, 353.
Vice 106, 280, 1, 364.
Vices, (Lat.) 353.
Vicia, (Lat.) 182. .
Victuals 216,
Victus, (Lat.) 216.
Vicus, (Lat.) 12,385.
Video, (Lat.) 106, 108,
391.
Viduus, (Lat.) 378.
Vier, (Germ.) 37.
Vietus, (Lat.) 40.
Vigeo, (Lat.) 352.
Vigilo, (Lat.) 351.
Vigor, (Lat.) 352.
Vine 281.
Vinum, (Lat.) 281.
Vis a vis, (Fr.) 392.
Visage, (Eng. Fr.) I06,
392.
Visard 107, 392.
Viscus, (Lat.) 216, 358.
Vita, (Lat.) 234.
Vitellus, (Lat.) 232, 364.
Vitex, (Lat.) 362.
Vitiligo, (Lat.) 182.
Vitis, (Lat.) 281.
Vito, (Lat.) 39, 378.
Vitrum, (Lat.) 39, 364.
Vitta, (Lat.) 281, 362.
Vitulus, (Lat.) 232,
Vitupero, (Lat.) 3g.
Vivo, (Lat.) 216, 234.
Vixen 354.
Vizier 155.
Uncus, (Lat.) 390.
Unguis, (Lat.) 390.
Ungo, (Lat.) 391.
Vogd, (Germ.) 2l6.
Vogue 379.
Voice 206, 380.
Void 377.
Voix, (Fr.) 206.
Vorago, (Lat.) 58.
Voro, (Lat.) 58,
Votum, (Lat.) 103.
Vouchsafe 3jg.
Vox, (Lat.) 206, 380-
Voyage 32.
Voye, (Fr.) 31.
Usher 359.
Usque-Bagh 234.
Uter, (Lat.) 347.
Uterus, (Lat.) 377.
Vulpes, (Lat.) 354.
Yypos 346.
Y^os 346.
YSoo 347.
Ycwp 71 ) 345.
YXti 371.
Yarrepa 3J7'
w.
Waclis, (Germ . Belg.) 357.
Wachten, (Germ.) 351.
Waddle 15, 31,269, 351.
Wade 15, 351.
Wadset 280, 36 1.
Wag 31, 351.
INDEX I.
559
Wage, (verb) 280.
Wage war 354, 36o.
Wager 280, 36o.
Wages 280.
Waggle 3 1 .
Wait 351.
Waitman 366.
Waits, (Lyricines) 351.
Wake 351.
Was 359.
Wascheii, (Germ .) 71,345.
Wase, (Germ.) 348.
Wash 71.
Wasp 362.
Wass, (Germ.) 382.
Wasser, (Germ.) 'J I.
Waste 366, 377.
Watch 351.
Water 7 1 .
Wattles 351.
Wave, (verb) 31.
Wave, (sub.) 345.
Wax, (sub.) 345.
Wax, (verb) 357.
Way 31, 381, 353, (line
20, where for ffag read
fVay.)
Weak 356.
Weather 370.
Week, (Germ.) 362.
Wed 280.
Wedan, (Sax.) 370.
Wedding 36 1.
Wedge 280, 362.
Wedlock 280.
Weed, (Dress) 363.
Weed, (Herb) 353.
Week 353.
Weezel 354-5.
Weg, (Germ.) 31, 353.
Weich, (Germ.) 356.
Weide, (Germ.) 349.
Weight 357.
Weihe, (Germ.) 387.
Weik, (Sc.) 387.
Wcisc, (Germ.) 109,392.
Weisen, (Germ.) 370.
Wei-wasser, (Germ.) 387.
Well to pass 29, 30.
West 374,
Wet 71.
Wether 231.
Wette, (Germ.) 362.
Wetten, (Germ.) 280.
Wetzen, (Germ.) 381.
Weyden, (Germ.) 214.
Wharton 'j6.
Wheat 348.
Wheese 372.
Whet 345, 381,
Whey 347.
Whig, (Sc.) 348.
Whisk 372.
Whisper 372.
Whisperen, (Germ.) 372.
Whist 372.
Whistle 372.
Whit 355.
Whit-Sunday 348.
White 348.
Whitlow 348.
Whittle 355.
Whizz 347, 372.
Wich, or Wick (in names
of Towns) 12, 385-6.
Wichel-roote, (Germ.)393.
Wick (of a candle) 354.
Wicker, (Germ.) 393.
Wicker 349.
Wicket 349.
Wide 378.
Wider, (Germ.) 36^.
Widging 355.
Widow 378. ,
Widum, (Germ.) 378.
Wiege, (Germ.) 353.
Wig 348.
Wig, (Germ.) 354.
Wig, (Sax.) 354.
Wight 355.
Wig-wam 386.
Wik, (Germ.) 385.
Wine 381.
Wise, (termination in .Ad-
verbs) 109, 392.
Wise, (Adject.) 392.
Wiseaker 393.
Wish 393.
Wishy-Washies,(Sc.).J7.J.
Whisky 347.
Wisp 372.
Wissen, (Germ.) 109.
Wist 109.
Wit 109, 392.
Witch 392.
Wite, (Sc.) 370.
With, (Prepos.) 368.
Witega, (Sax.) 392.
Witenagemot, ((ierin.)
491.
Wither 40, 372.
Withy 281, 349, 362.
Wittal 356.
Witwe, (Germ.) 378.
Wizzen 372.
Woad 352.
Woadmel l\6li.
Wochc, (Germ.) 354.
Wod, (Germ.) 367.
Wode 366.
560
INDEX I.
Woge, (Germ.) 345.
Wood 366.
Woodpecker I89.
Wst, (Welsh) 365.
Wunschen, (Germ.) 392.
Wust, (Germ.) 377.
W^yss-wife, (Sc.) 394.
te((>Tv^ofj.ai 282.
E:ew384.
;i/(u 384.
Yeast 346.
2.e(pupoi 375.
INDEX II.
A BARis, the Druid, travelled into
Greece, and perhaps to Athens 240.
Acadeniia, a word of Celtic origin 242.
Acheron, the Grun or Fen 87.
^schylus, the Prometheus of quoted,
271.
Alma Mater, applied to the University
of Cambridge, and to Ceres 89, 241.
Amadis, the name of a Deity, 515.
Amei'ica, Collection of words in some
of its Languages, 430.
Arabic words, under BC, &.c. signifying
the Ground, Foot, &c. 33. A Ser-
vant 41, &c. &c. &c.
Aristophanes, the passage in the Achar-
ncnses, containing the Persian words,
examined 223.
Armorial Bearings 95.
Ascanius, a Teutonic name, belonging
to the Askyndur, the Kind or Race
of the Asa', or Gods 367.
Asgard, the City of the Gods, and the
Seat of Odin, supposed to be Troy
368 n.
B.
Bacchus, compared with the Scythian
Bagge, 201.
BC, &c. the Elementary Character.
[Sect. I.] expresses the Ground, Low
Spot, &c. Pudge Spot, the Base,
Bottom, &c. 1 1 . — The Feet, motion
on the Ground, Pass, &c. 26. — What
\sFoul, File, Base, Bad 38.— [S. II.]
Bog or Pudge Matter, Pudge like
matter 56. — The Boo, Watery Spot,
Water 65. — Pudge Matter, con-
sidered as Plastic Matter, admitting
Forms, Shapes, &c. 96. — Names of
Vessels, &c. 110. [Sect. III.] What
Rises, Swells, Bogs out, as Botch,
Boss, &c. — What Cleanses or re-
moves Pudge matter, as Feigh, what
makes Fine, by dawbing, &c. 140. —
What Bows or Bends out, in, &c.
148. — The Bulk of the Frame,
Bauch, (Germ.) the Belly 166'.—
Young Persons or animals, of a Litmpij
Form, Boy 169. — What is Small,
Minute, as derived from Little Lumps
or Pieces of Dirt, Petty, &c. 182. —
What Swells out, as relating to Com-
motion. Objects of Terror, &c. Bug-
Bear, &c. 191.— What is Fat, as
with Food, &c. — What is Plenteous,
Abunda?it, Beatus 210. Existing
563
INDEX II.
animals, &c. Beast 231. Life, Vita
234. — Actio et Partes generandi,
VvTuo 2 46'.— [Sect. IV.] What Fixes,
holds Fast, as derived from Sticky
Matter, &c. 257. What Sticks in
or inFixes 285. — What Pashes,
Pushes, Beats, &c. 292, 3o6. —
Haste, as going Fast 313. — Terms
under the form sP-D, as aPit, .vPat-
ter, &c. Terms of Noise, Patter,
&c. 328. .Egyptian Terms, signi-
fying To Beat, &c. 231. — Hebrew
Terms, signifying To Pash about,
&.C. To Separate, &c. 233. [Sect. V.]
Terms under the Form V, W,}
C, D, &c. *C, ^D, &c. Whet, Wash,
Water, Aaua, &c. 345. — Wag,
W'aggle, &c. 350. Waste, Vasto,
&c. 377.— Wick, Wich, &c. 385.
Hook, Hank, &c. from the idea of
Viscous Matter 389. — Vioeo, Wise,
g--UiSE from Plastic matter 39 1.
Boadicea, compared with the Bov^eia
of Lycophron 202.
Bnchart, quoted 75, &c. &c. &c. the
name of that great Enquirer, whence
derived 75.
Bryant, (Mr.) the popularity, which
this writer's System of Mythology
once possessed, a disgrace to our
national good sense and learning 83.
Budda, the Eastern Deity, coincides
with the Budd of the Welsh Bards,
201, 515.
Cadmus, A worker in Metals, 517-
Cambridge, name of, whence derived,
doubtful 88. The Institution of this
spot, as a place of Learning, lost in
the most unfathomable antiquity 89.
Story of Cuntaber, founding it, or
making important changes in it, not
improbable, 240.
Centaur 93 .
Ceres, or Cerid-Wen, in the Mythology
of the Druids, the Goddess of Arts
and Education. Had an establish-
ment at Oxford, long bffore the
foundation of that University by
Alfred 89. — The Eleusinian Ceres,
when her statue came to Cambridge,
returned probably to the same spot,
where she was formerly worshipped
241. — Caldron of 245.
Cerid-Wen, the Goddess Ceres of the
Druids 86. — Vide Ceres.
Ceto, one of the Parents of the Gor-
gons 94.
Charon, the personage of the Gron,
or Fen 87.
Codex Nazarceus, or Liber Adami, pro-
perly the Shaster o/'Adam 246,
Corybantes 89.
Culdees 246.
Curetes 89.
D.
Digamma, iEolic 343.
DN, Elementarv Character, supplies
the names of Rivers, Towns, &c. 76-
Druids, Mythology of, &c. 84, 5, 89,
93,4,5,201,239,246. The Magh-
Adraidh 415, 445.
E.
Easter, referred to the Saxon Goddess
East r a 375.
Eden, the Garden of, whence derived
76.
INDEX II.
563
Egi/pfian King. Story about his se-
cluding infants for the purpose of
learning the primitive Language 59.
Terms, signifying To Beat, &c.
330, 9.
Euripides, YIitvXo'; 297.
Europe, the name of, whence derived,
375.
F.
Fire, Horse of. Muse of, 93.
G.
Gashing, Cutting, Terms for, connected
with the idea of Watery Matter,
easily separated, 382.
Gipseij words A'J, &c. &c.
Gog, Magog, name of Hills near Cam-
bridge 242. Said to be the Builders
of the Wall of Tartary, 492, 512.
Gorgon, name of, whence derived. The
Talisrhanic figure of the Druids, &c.
94, 5.
Greeks adapt words to their own Lan-
guage, on some supposed Etymology,
59-
GRN, the Element, denotes the Fen,
Marsh, Watery Ground, or Gron
87.
H.
Hebrew ivords, under the Elementary
Character BC, &c. general collection
of 333, 9. chiefly signifying To Pash
or Dash about, to pieces. — To Sepa-
rate, Divide, Dissipate, &c. A'jf, 8,
&c. &c. Under MD 441, 458, 9,
460, 1.
Hecate, the Ceidio, or Ked of the Druids
Hector, a Teutonic compound 368. n.
Hindoo Philosophy respecting the Ima-
ginary matter of the Universe 53 1, 2.
Hippo-Crene, the Water Gron 87.
Hyperboreans, Their affinity with the
Greeks, 240.
L
Ida, Mount, famous for its Iron 3G8. n.
Johnson Dr. Story of a Scotch Lady,
calling him a Dungeon of Wit 'J'J.
Isis. The Egyptian Goddess, and the
River, quasi Ooze-Ooze 347. — The
Goddess named Mouth 407-
L.
Labials, use of in Language, supposed
to be derived from the Infantine
sounds, Ma, Pa 283, 4, 431. Con-
nexion of these sounds with the
Earth 233. — Supply the terms for
Being, as Am, Be, (Eng.) &c, &c.
236.
Lakes, Artificial, Floating Islands, &c.
75. — Marshy Spots selected, as places
for Religious purposes 241. Cam-
bridge and Oxford chosen for this
reason 87. Lake of Butus 408.
Languages formed, though with ap-
parent chance, under the influence
of an invisible direction 3g5.
M.
Maia, the Mother of Mercury 513,
529.
Malay Language. Terms for Water
in that Language 72. quotation from
a Malay Poet 539.
May-Pole, the representation of the
Phallus 529.
4B
564
INDEX II.
MD, the Elementary Character, ex-
presses Mud, [Sect. I.] The Matter
of Mud, the Marshy Spot, the Moat,
&c. 405.— What is Moist, &c. PTater
419. — What is Soft, Swelling out,
MusH-rooOT, Moss, &c. — What is
Vile, Bad, oraMiss, &c. 426. Terms
of Noise, as Mutter, &c. 434.
What is Stopped up. Concealed, &c.
Hugger-MvcGER 434. [Sect. II.]
What is Mixed, as into a Mass 440.
What is Mashed, Mixed, &c. ap-
phed to Food, Meat^ or a Mess, &c.
or to Medicines 445.— Terms signi-
fying ToM ASH, Beat, as with violence,
to Kill, Slay, &c. as Macto, Mas-
sacre 454. — What is in a Mashed,
Mutilated, Broken state. What is
Minute, Little, as Mite, &c. What
is Broken into Patches or Spots, as
Macula 467. — What is in a Mashed,
Macerated, Broken, Weakened, De-
stroyed state, INlAc/eA', &c. Mad, &c.
475. [Sect. III.] Terms relating to
the Matter of Mud in a Consistent
state, as in a Mass, or as what has
MAGnitifde 487. — What is duly Tem-
pered, Regulated, or Made up, as
Meaa'm/Tj Mode, Moderate, &c.
501. — Terms, which relate to the
idea of Mak/»^, from the Plastic
nature of Mud, as Mare, Mechanics,
&,o. 506. — Terms, belonging to the
form aMD, with the sound of a" pre-
ceding the Labial, as *Mith, &c.
518. — Terms, relating to Existing
Beings, denoting the MAKi»g- or
Made Matter, as Mother, Maid
524.
Mercury 513, 530.
Midas, An Artist 518.
Milton, quoted, " Usher' d with a shower
" still" 360.
Mithra 514.
Mot, Mod or Mud, in the Phoenician
Cosmogony, the origin of all things
407, 512.
Muses, the Nine, are the nine Damsels,
in Druid Mythology, watching over
the Caldron of Ceridwen 86, 93.
Mystics, an illustrious Society of, still
existing, to which the writer has the
honor of belonging, go.
O.
Odin, remarks on 367. n.
Ogham. Mysterious writing of the
Druids, adopted in taking Degrees,
&c. at Cambridge 241,
OrpJieus. The proper name M»?;^os
defended 466.
Ossian, quotation from the original
Galic, 162, 300.
Oxford. The Ford of Ox, or Water
88. Foundation of, lost in the most
unfathomable antiquity 89
Pegasus 92.
Perseus 94. (See Creuzer's Mythology,
IV. p. 247.)
Persian words, under BC, &c. signi-
fying the Foot 35. — What is Bad,
Base 34, 45, 6. for Boy 171, 2.
passim. The Persian words in the
Acharnenses of Aristophanes 223.
Peruvian Language. Terms for /^/^er,
&c. 72.
Pheryllt, Order of Druid Priests 88.
INDEX II.
565
Prometheus 512, 530.
Pytliagoras, a name derived from the
Welsh 289. Schools of, in Cam-
bridge 239. Might have visited that
spot 242.
Pytlioa, (Welsh,) System of the Uni-
verse 239, 243.
O.
•^
^U, the mingled sounds of the Gut-
tural G and Labials, explained 341.
R.
Rowley quoted. Bawsin 195. Pyghte
261. Forw'me 372. Hecke 388.
Mister Pilgrim 428.
Sanscrit words, relating to the Ground,
&c. 22, 5. to what is Base 47, &c.
Scott, Sir Walter. His curious story
from an ancient scarce book about
Virgil, performing the part of a Con-
jurer 91.
Shakspeare, quoted or illustrated. Pass-
age 30. n. Pucelle, or Puzzel 40.
Pitchy-Night, Mantle 63. Fice,
the Fool of the ancient Moralities
1 07 . n . Embossed 121. Buy IVindows
150. BookVb'J,. Bawd 181. Pickle
I89. Bezonian I95. Bisson 195,
233. Boggle-Bo 199. n. Foutra
225. Pitch and Pay, Pay 261, 281.
Pash 304. The tvorld's debate 309.
n. F/if 315-6". Pheese 318. Ooze
of the Nile 347. f'f'axed like the
Sea 315. The Meagre cloddy Earth
420. Wit as thick as Tewkshnry
Mustard 423. Meek 429. Hugger-
Mugger 434. Laced-Mutton 456.
Mazzard4b'J. 3Iated, Amazed 4^ 9.
Muss 491. Maid 528. n.
Silenus, A Druid Priest, 245,
T.
TM, TV, the Elementary Character,
supplies the names for Rivers 78.
u,v.
Verbs of Being, Is, Was, &c. whence
derived 359-
Vice, the Character of the ancient
Moralities 107.
Universities of Cambridge and Oxford.
The institution of these spots, as
places of Learning, lost in the most
unfathomable antiquity 89, 239.
Virgil, considered by the Welsh Writ-
ers as a Pheryllt, an order of Druid
Priests 89. Origin of his name 90.
Story about Virgil, as a Conjurer
working in Metals 91. His sixth
Eclogue contains a Python, or System
of Cosmogony 243.
W.
Wachter, quoted passim. His pre-
eminence, as an Etymologist 344.
A strange misconception of this
illustrious Enquirer, noted 3'j6.
Wells-Nine, near Cambridge, corres-
pond with the V.vveaKpovvo<;, near
Athens 240.
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