The European population of the United States. The Huxley memorial lecture for 1908

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THE EUROPEAN POPULATION OF
THE UNITED STATES.

THE HUXLEY MEMORIAL LECTURE FOR 1908.

BY

WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY,

Profttsor of Economics in Harvard Univertity.

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THE EUKOPEAN POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

Tlic Hiu-ley Memorial Lecture for 1908.

BY WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY, Ph.D., Professor of Economics in Harvard

University.

THE population of Europe may, in a rough way, be divided into an East and a West.
The contrast between the two may be best illustrated perhaps in geological terms.
Every where these populations have been laid down originally in more or less
distinct strata. In the Balkan States and Austria-Hungary this stratification is
recent and still distinct ; while in Western Europe the several layers have become
metamorphosed by the fusing heat of nationality and the pressure of civilization.
But in both instances these populations are what the geologist would term
sedimentary. In attempting a description of the racial problems of the United
States, your attention is invited to an entirely distinct formation which, in
continuation of our geological figure, may best be characterized by the term eruptive.
We have to do not with the slow processes of growth by deposit or accretion : but
with violent and volcanic dislocation. We are called upon to traverse a lava field
of population, suddenly cast forth from Europe and spread indiscriminately over a
new continent. In Europe the populations have grown up from the soil. They are
still imbedded in it, a part of it. They are the product of their immediate
environments; dark in the southern half, blonde at the north, stunted where the
conditions are harsh, well developed where the land is fat. Even as between city
and country, conditions have been so long settled that one may trace the results in
the physical traits of the inhabitants. It was my endeavour in the Races of
Europe to describe these conditions in detail. But in America the people, one may
almost say, have dropped from the sky. They are in the land but not yet an integral
part of it. The population product is artificial and exotic. It is as yet unrelated
to its physical environment. A human phenomenon unique in the history of the
world is the result.

In the description of these conditions, two great difficulties are at once
encountered. One is the recency of the phenomenon ; the other the paucity of
precise physical data. As the first immigration to America on a large scale is
scarcely more than half a century old, and in its more startling and violent aspects
has lasted only half a generation, time enough has not as yet elapsed to permit a work
ing out of Nature's laws. What evidences have we as to the effect of the new
environment upon the transplanted peoples ? It is amusing to read in the older

331874

222 ; „• \y:tkL!Al\r Z. . RIPLEY. — The European Population of the United States.

Obooks on ethnology, and even in the files of this learned body, of the undoubted
effect of the American climate upon Europeans in tending to produce the black
wiry hair, the bronze skin and the aquiline features of the American Indian. Such
conclusions are, of course, now understood to be a product, not of climate but of
vivid imagination, somewhat over-excited, perhaps, by Buckle's History of
Civilization. Time is needed, not only to show the effect of the physical
environment, but also to demonstrate the laws of inheritance which are certain to
emerge from so heterogeneous a mix-up of all the nations of the earth. Almost

\everything in fact lies in the womb of the future. We must be content at this
time, rather to indulge in speculation and prophecy, than to revel in the more
positive delights of somatological statistics. This is the field in which a great
generalizing intellect like Huxley's would have been at its best.

The second difficulty in the study of racial conditions in the United States is
the lack of precise physical data. This may be ascribed in large measure to the
overwhelming insistency and importance of other allied concerns. This ethnic
phenomenon, tremendous and important as it is for pure science, is for the moment
overshadowed by other social and political ones. The attention of students is
compelled by the urgency of the problems presented by the affairs of men, rather
than by their physical persons. Questions of living wages, of overcrowding of
population in the great cities, of public health, of moral chaos, of political
demoralization, are demanding immediate solution at the hands of science. And
then again, in the purely anthropological field, there are the other inviting paths of
study afforded by the presence of the negro and the disappearance of the aboriginal
Indians. Both of these should be of absorbing interest to specialists, the former
unfortunately, much neglected ; but the latter, the study of the Indian, of immediate
concern because whatever is to be done must be done at once. The day will indeed
come when science will awake to the opportunities presented by the ethnic compo
sition of the present white population of the United States ; but that day is not yet
here. And then, finally, it should be borne in mind by way of excuse for the rather
vague and general character of this address, that the United States lacks certain
institutions, which have greatly facilitated the anthropological study of Europe.
We have no great standing armies to be recruited year by year from all sorts and
conditions of men. All military service is voluntary and for hire. The only data
of this sort comes to us from the time of the Civil War. Moreover, still another
supply of material is rendered difficult of approach by reason of the attitude of our
people toward anything savoring of government paternalism. An attempt at a
physical census of the school children of Xew York, like Virchow's great investiga
tion in Germany, would probably lead to a violent outbreak of yellow journalism
concerning the property rights of the individual in his offspring — an uproar which
might even disturb the courts and the legislatures. Private initiative with the
exercise of the greatest tact and diplomacy must alone be relied upon. For instance,
a difficult and yet inviting field of study for the physical anthropologist is afforded
by our mountaineers in Kentucky and Tennessee. A Simon-pure Anglo-Saxon

WILLIAM X. II n 'LKV. — The Eim*pmn Population of tlie Unite! Mutes.

stock is here isolated over a large area. Anticipating some years ago a vacation
trip into tln-sc wilds, I took counsel as to modes of approach for physical measure
ments upon this rather inflammable human material, wherein Mood revenge and the
<-l;tn fi-iid are still customary. This population has always enjoyed the proud
distinction of being the tallest in the United States. By enlisting rivalry in a
wholesale contest over the relative tallness of the men of Tennessee or Kentucky, I
was told that one might, indeed, hope to fill one's saddle bags with statistics with
out endangering one's life in the attempt.

ITALY

*20 1830 1840 1850 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 lull)

[In the figures at the siile five "OV'have been omtttei: thus 1,3 = 1,300,000.]
IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATKS, 1820-11)07.

Judged solely from the standpoint of numbers the phenomenon of American
immigration is stupendous. We have become so accustomed to it in the United
States that we often lose sight of its numerical magnitude. About 25,000,000
people have come to the United States from all over Europe since 1820. This is
about equal to the entire population of the United Kingdom only 50 years ago, at the
time of our Civil War. It is, again, more than the population of all Italy in the
time of Garibaldi. Otherwise stated, this army of.men would populate, as it stands
to-day, all that most densely settled section of the United States north of
Maryland and east of the Great Lakes ; all New England, New York, New Jersey,
and Pennsylvania in fact. This horde of immigrants has mainly come since the

a 2

224 WILLIAM Z. RIFLE Y. — The European Population of the United States.

Irish potato famine of the middle of the last century. The rapid increase year by
year is shown by the accompanying diagram. It has taken the form, not of a steady
growth but of an intermittent flow. First came the people of the British Isles after
the downfall of Napoleon, from 2,000 in 1815 to 35,000 in 1819. Thereafter the
numbers are about 75,000 yearly until the Irish famine, when 368,000 immigrants
from the British Isles landed in 1852. To the English succeeded the Germans,
largely moved at first by the political events of 1848. By 1854, 1,500,000 Teutons,
mainly from northern Germany, had settled in America. So many were there, that
ambitious plans for the foundation of a German state in the new country were
actually set on foot. \ The later German immigrants were recruited largely from
the Rhine Provinces and have settled further to the north-west in Wisconsin and
Iowa; the earliest wave having come from northern Germany to Ohio, Indiana,
Illinois and Missouri. | The Swedes began to come after the Civil War. Their
immigration culminated in 1882 with the influx of about 50,000 in that year.
More recent still are the Italians, beginning with a modest 20,000 in 1876, rising to
over 200,000 arrivals in 1888 and constituting an army of 300,000 in the single
year of 1907 ; and accompanying the Italian, has come the great horde of Slavs,
Huns and Jews. Wave has followed wave, each higher than the last ; the ebb and
flow being dependent upon economic conditions in large measure. It is the last
great wave shown by our diagram which has most alarmed us in America. This
gathered force on the revival of prosperity about 1897 ; but it did not assume full
measure until 1900. Since that year, over 6,000,000 people have landed on our
shores, one quarter of all the total immigration since the beginning. The new
comers of these eight years alone would repopulate all the five older New
England states as they stand to-day ; or if properly disseminated over the newer
parts of the country, they would serve to populate no less than 19 states of the
Union as they stand. The new comers of the last eight years cojuld, if suitably seated,
elect 38 out of the present 92 Senators of the United States. Do you wonder
that thoughtful political students stand somewhat aghast ? In the last of these eight
years — 1907 — there were 1,250,000 arrivals ; sufficient to entirely populate both New
Hampshire and Maine, two of our oldest states with an aggregate territory approxi
mately equal to Ireland and Wales. The arrivals of this one year would found a
state with more inhabitants than any 21 of our other existing commonwealths.
Fortunately, the commercial depression of 1908 has for the moment put a stop to
this inflow. Some considerable emigration back to Europe has in fact ensued.
But this can be nothing more than a breathing space. On the resumption of
prosperity the tide will rise higher than before. Each immigrant, staying or
returning, will influence his friends, his entire village ; and so it will be until an
economic equilibrium has been finally established between one continent where
labour is dearer than land, and the other where land is worth more than
labour.

It is not alone the rapid increase in our immigration which merits attention. It
is also the radical change in its character, in the source from whence it comes.

WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY. — The European Population of the United States. 225

Whereas until about 20 years ago our immigrants were drawn from the Anglo-
Saxon or Teutonic populations of north-western Europe ; they have swarmed over
here in rapidly growing proportions since that time from Mediterranean. Slavic and
Oriental sources. A quarter of a century ago, two-thirds of our immigration was
truly Teutonic or Anglo-Saxon in origin. At the present time less than one-sixth
comes from this source. The British Isles, Germany, Scandinavia and Canada
unitedly sent us 90 per cent, of our immigrants in the decade to 1870 ; 82'8 per
cent, in 1870-80; 75'6 per cent, in 1880-90 ; and only 41'8 per cent, in 1890-1900.
Since then, the proportion has been very much smaller still. Germany used to
contribute one-third of our new-comers. In 1907 it sent barely one-seventh. On
the other hand. Russia, Austria-Hungary and Italy, which produced about one per
cent, of the total in 1860-70, jointly contributed 501 per cent, in 1890-1900. The
growth of this contingent is graphically shown by the preceding diagram. I have
been at some pains to reclassify the immigration for 1907, in conformity with the
racial groupings of the Races of Europe, disregarding that is to say, mere linguistic
affiliations and dividing on the basis of physical types. The total of about
1,250,000 arrivals was distributed as follows : —

330,000 Mediterranean Race ... ... one-quarter.

194,000 Alpine „ one-sixth.

330,000 Slavic „ one-quarter.

194,000 Teutonic „ one-sixth.

146,000 Jewish (mainly Russian) ... ... one-eighth.

In this year, 330,000 South Italians take the place of the 250,000 Germans who
came in 1882 when the Teutonic immigration was at its flood. One and one-half
million Italians have come since 1900 ; over 1,000,000 Russians ; and .1,500,000
natives of Austria-Hungary. We have even tapped the political sinks of Europe^
and are now drawing large numbers of Greeks, Armenians and Syrians. No people
is too mean or lowly to seek an asylum on our shores.

The net result of this immigration has been to produce a congeries of human
beings, unparalleled for ethnic diversity anywhere else on the face of the earth.
The most complex populations of Europe, such as those of the British Isles,
Northern France, or even the Balkan States seem ethnically pure by contrast. In
some of these places the soothing hand of time has softened the racial contrasts.
Of course, there are certain water holes like Gibraltar, Singapore or Hong Kong to
which every type of human animal is attracted ; and a notably mongrel population
is the result. But for ethnic diversity on a large scale, the United States is
certainly unique. Our people have been diverse in origin from the start to a
greater degree than is ordinarily supposed. | Virginia and New England, to be sure,
were for a long time Anglo-Saxon undefiled ;|but in the other colonies there was
much intermixture, such as the German in Pennsylvania, the Swedish along the
Delaware, the Dutch in New York, and the Scotch Highland and Huguenot in
the Carolinas. \ Little centres of foreign inoculation in the early days are
discoverable everywhere. On a vacation trip recently in the extreme north-eastern

226 WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY. — The European Population of the United States.

corner of ^Pennsylvania, my wife and a friend remarked the frequency of French
names of persons, and then of villages, of French physical types and of French
cookery. On inquiry it turned out that many settlements had been made by
French, who emigrated after the battle of Waterloo. iMany such colonies could be
named, were there time, such as the yljutch along the Lake shore of western
Michigan, the Germans in Texas, and the Swiss villages in Wisconsin, fWme of
them recent but constituting long established and permanent elements in the
population. Concerning New York city, Father Jognes states that the Director-
General told him of 18 languages spoken there in 1644. For the entire thirteen
colonies at the time of the Revolution, we have it on good authority that one-fifth
of the population could not speak English, and that one-half at least was not
Anglo-Saxon by descent. Upon such a stock, it is little wonder that the grafting
of these 25,000,000 immigrants should produce an extraordinary human product.
For over half a century more than one-seventh of our aggregate population lias
been of actually foreign birth. This proportion of actual foreigners of all sorts
varies greatly as between the different states. In Minnesota and New York, for
example, at the present time, the foreign born, as we denote them statistically,
constitute about one-quarter of the whole; in Massachusetts, the proportion is
about one-third and occasionally, as in North Dakota in 1890, it approaches
one-half (42 per cent.). It is in the cities, of course, where this proportion of actual
foreigners rises highest. In New York city there are over 2,000,000 people born in
Europe who have come there hoping to better their lots in life. Boston has an even
higher proportion of actual foreigners ; but the relatively larger numbers of English-
speaking ones, such as the Irish, renders the phenomenon less striking. Nevertheless,
within a few blocks, in the foreign colony, there are no less than 25 distinct
nationalities. In this entire district, once the fashionable quarter of Boston, out of
28,000 inhabitants, only 1,500 in 1895 had parents born in the United States.

The full measure of our ethnic diversity is revealed only when one aggregates
the actually foreign born with their children born in America — totalising, as we
call it, the foreign born and the native born of foreign parentage. This group thus
includes only the first generation of American descent. Oftentimes even the
second generation may remain ethnically as undefiled as the first ; but our positive
Statistical data carries us no further. This group of foreign born and their
children constitutes to-day upwards of one-third of our total population ; and, by
excluding the negroes, it equals almost one-half (46 per cent.) of' the white
population. This is for the country as a whole. Considered by states or cities,
the proportion is of course much higher. Baltimore, one of our purest American
cities, had 40 per cent, of foreigners with their children in 1900. In Boston the
proportion leaps to TO per cent., in New York to 80 per cent., and reaches a
maximum in Milwaukee with 86 per cent, thus constituted. Picture to yourselves
if you please, an English city of the size of Edinburgh with only about one?
person in eight English by descent, by only a modest two generations ! To this
condition must be added the probability that not over one-half of that remnant of

WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY. — The European Population of the Unite I Mates. 227

u rear guard can trace its descent on American soil as far back as the third
generation. Were we to eliminate these foreigners and their children from our
city populations, it has been estimated that Chicago, with to-day a population <>!'
over 2,000,000, would dwindle to a city of not much over 100,000 inhabitants.

One may select great industries practically given over to foreigners. Over
90 per cent, of the tailors of New York city are Jews, mainly Russian and Polish.
In Massachusetts, the centre of our staple cotton manufacture, out of 98,000
employees one finds that only 3,900, or about 4 per cent., are native born
Americans, and most of those are of Irish or Scotch-Irish descent two generations
back. All of our day labour, once Irish, is now Italian ; our fruit vendors once
Italian, are now becoming Greek; and our coal mines once manned by peoples from
the British Isles are now worked by Hungarians, Poles, Slavaks or Finns. A
special study of the linguistic conditions in Chicago well illustrates our racial
heterogeneity. Among the people of that great city, — the third in size in the
United States, — fourteen languages are spoken by groups of not less than 10,000
persons each. Newspapers are regularly published in ten languages ; and church
services are conducted in twenty different tongues. Measured by the size of its
foreign linguistic colonies, Chicago is the second Bohemian city in the world, the
third Swedish, the fourth Polish, and the fifth German (New York being the
fourth). 1 know of one large factory in Chicago employing 4,200 hands,
representing 24 distinct nationalities. Rules of the establishment are regularly
printed in eight languages. In one block in New York where friends of mine are
engaged in college settlement work there are 1,400 people of 20 distinct
nationalities. There are more than two-thirds as many native born Irish in
Boston as in the capital city, Dublin. With their children, mainly of pure Irish
blood, they make Boston indubitably the leading Irish city in the world. New
York is a larger Italian city to-day than Rome, having 500,000 Italian colonists.
It contains no less than 800,000 Jews, mainly from Russia. Thus it is easily the
foremost Jewish city in the world. Pittsburg, the centre of our iron and steel
industry is another tower of Babel. It is said to contain more of that out-of-the-
way people, the Servians, than the capital of that country itself.

Such being the ethnic diversity of our population, the primary and fundamen
tal physical question, is as to whether these racial groups are to coalesce to form
ultimately a more or less uniform American type ; or whether they are to continue
their separate existences within the confines of one political unit. Will the progress
of time bring about intermixture of these diverse types; or will they remain
separate, distinct and perhaps discordant elements for an indefinite period, like the
warring nationalities of Austria-Hungary and the Balkan States. We may perhaps
best seek an answer, by a serial discussion, first, of those factors which tend to
favour intermixture; and thereafter of those forces which operate to prevent it.

The extreme mobility of our American population, ever on the increase, is
evidently a solvent force from which powerful results may well be expected in the
course of time. This is rendered peculiarly patent by the usual concomitant, that

228 WILLIAM Z. EIPLEY. — The European Population of the United States.

this mobility is largely confined to the male sex. The census of 1900 showed that
nearly one-quarter of our native-born whites were then living in other states than
those of their birth. Kansas and Oklahoma are probably the most extreme
examples of such colonization. Almost their entire population has been trans
planted, often many times, moving by stages from state to state. The last census
showed that only 53 per cent, of the population of the former state were natives of
Kansas. An analysis of the membership of its state legislature some years ago,
revealed that only 9 per cent, were born within the confines of the state. Even
in the staid commonwealth of Iowa, only about one-third of the American-born
population was native to the state. This restlessness has always been charac
teristic of our original stock. Even our farmers, in other countries more or less
yoked to the soil, are still on the move, travelling first westward, and now southerly,
seeking new outlets for their activities. And from this rural class also is drawn
the steady inflow to the great cities and industrial centres, which is so much a
feature of our time. Thus has rural New England been depopulated, leaving almost
whole counties in which the inhabitants to-day number less than in 1800. In this
process during the ten years prior to 1890, the little state of Vermont parted with
more than one-half of her population by emigration. Maine sent forth one-third.
And other states as far south as Virginia and Ohio, parted with almost as many.
It lias been estimated even of the city of Boston, an industrial centre of over
half-a-million inhabitants, that the old, native-born Bostonians of twenty years
ago number less than 64,000. At first our immigrants do not feel the full measure
of this restlessness, The great inflowing streams of human beings at New York,
Boston and Philadelphia, like rivers reaching the ocean, tend to deposit their
sediment at once on touching our shores. At the outset these immigrants are
immobile elements, congesting the slums of the great cities. But with the men
particularly, with the exception of the Jews perhaps, the end is not there. As
among the Italians, Greeks, and Scandinavians, they are apt to return to the
fatherland after a while ; and then to come back again, this time with a wider
appreciation of their opportunities ; so that when they return, they scatter far
more widely. Instead of bunching near the steamship landing stages, they range
afield. With their children this mobility may become even more marked. Cheap
railroad fares, the demand for harvest labour in the west, the contract labour on
railways and irrigation works, all tend to stimulate this movement. It was this
mobility of our older Anglo-Saxon population which kept the nation unified over
a vast and .highly varied area ; and it will be such mobility, engendered by the
exigencies of our changing economic life, which will help to stir up and mix
together the various ingredients of our population.

A second influence, making for racial intermixture is the ever-present inequal
ity of the sexes among these foreigners. This is most apparent when they first
arrive, about 70 per cent, of them being males. Few nationalities now-a-days bring
whole families, as did the Anglo-Saxon and German people a generation ago. The
Bohemians, indeed, seem to do so ; as well as many of those immigrants practically

WILLIAM Z. HIFLEY. — The European Population of the United States. 229 \

driven out from Europe by political persecution. Thus, in 1905, Kussia sent 50,<>00
women folk, — more than came from England, Sweden, and Germany combined ; and
Austria-Hungary sent 78,000, or thrice the number of women contributed by
England, Ireland, and Germany. But of the main body, the large majority are men.
This vanguard of males tends generally to be followed by more women later, after
an initial period of trial and exploration. Thus, among the Italians the proportion
of men to women once six to one, has now fallen to about three to one. Having
established themselves in America, what are these men to do for wives ? In all
classes, matrimony, early or late, is man's natural estate. They may write home or
go home and find brides among their own people, or they may seek their wives in
America. This probably, the majority of them do ; and, of course, most of these
naturally prefer to marry within their own colony of fellow countrymen. But
suppose, in the first place, this colony is predominantly men, or constitutes a small out
post, isolated among a population alien or semi-alien to them. An odd consequence
of the ambition to rise of these foreign-born men, tending inevitably to break down
racial barriers, is that they covet an American-born wife. The woman always is
the conservative element in society, and tends to cling to the old ways long after
they have been discarded by the men. The result is, that in intermixture of various
peoples, it is more commonly the man who marries up in the social scale. Being
the active agent, he inclines to choose from a social station higher than his
own. There were about 15,000,000 people in 1900 born in the United States of
foreign-born parents, wholly or in part. About 5,000,000 of these had one parent
foreign-born and one native-born ; that is to say with one parent drawn from the
second generation of the immigrant stream. And in two-thirds of these mixed
marriages, it was the father who was foreign-born, the mother being native-bom. This
law I have verified by many concrete examples and by some additional statistical
data. It is the same law, which, contrary to general belief, leads most of the
infrequent marriages across the colour line to take the form of a negro husbind and
a white wife. For certain states as in Michigan, the registration statistics are
reliable, and here again show that over two-thirds of the mixed marriages have
foreign-born grooms and native-born brides. At the United Hebrew Charities in
Xew York City, many thousand cases of destitution among foreign-born women
arise from the desertion of the wife, with her old-fashioned European ways, by the
husband who has out-distanced her in adaptation to the new life. This law is well
borne out in the growing intermarriage between the Irish and the Italians. The
Irish, from their longer residence in America, are obviously of a higher social
grade. The ambitious young Italian fruit vendor or the Jewish merchant who has
" made good," being denied a wife among his own people, there being too few to go
around, then wooes and wins an Hibernian bride. Religion in this instance is no bar,
both being Catholics. In a similar fashion, in New England where Germans are
scarce and Irish abound, it is the German man who usually marries up into an Irish
family. The same thing seems to be true even in New York, where the German
colony is very large. When intermarriage between the two people occurs, six times

230 WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY. — The European Population of the United States.

out of seven it is the Irish woman who bears the children. In this connection, the
important role played in ethnic intermixture by the Irish women deserves mention.
One reason is surely her relative abundance. Thus in our Boston foreign colony
with every other nationality largely represented by men, there is a surplus of 1,500
Irish females. But a second reason also, is the superior adaptability and comradeship
of the Irish woman, together with her democratic ways and lack of spirit of caste.
Irish, or Irish- American womanhood bids fair to be a potent physical mediator
between the other peoples of the earth. One may picture this process going further,
especially in those parts of the country where the more ambitious native-born males
have emigrated to the West or to the large cities. The incoming foreigners, steadily
working upward in the economic and social scale, and the stranded, downward
trending American families, perhaps themselves of Irish or Scotch-Irish descent,
may in time meet on an even plane.

The subtle effects of change of environment, religious, linguistic, political and
social is another powerful influence in breaking down ethnic barriers. The spirit
of the new surroundings in fact is so different as to prove too powerfully dis
integrating an influence. In the moral and religious fields this is plainly noticeable,
and often pathetic in its results. The religious bonds are often entirely snapped.
This is discernible among the Jews everywhere. As one observer put it to me,
" Religion is supplanted by socialism and the yellow journal." Large numbers,
notably of the young men, break loose entirely and become agnostics or free
thinkers. The Bohemians are notorious in this regard. This is accompanied by a
breakdown of patriarchal authority in the family ; and with it, in the close
contacts of city life, the barriers of religion against intermarriage visibly weaken.
Differences of language are also less powerful dividing influences than one would
think, especially in the great cities. One not infrequently hears of bride and
groom not being on speaking terms with one another. And one of my friends tells
me of a pathetic instance of a Czech-German marriage, in which the man painfully
acquired some knowledge of German but in later life forgot it almost entirely ; so
that in the end the two old people were driven to the use of signs for daily inter
course.

Despite the best efforts of parents to keep alive an acquaintance with the
mother tongue, it tends to disappear in the second generation. To be sure at the
present time, no less than about one in every sixteen of our entire population,
according to the Census of 1900, cannot even speak the English language. Such
ignorance of English of course tends more strongly to persist in isolated rural
communities. The Pennsylvania Dutch who still after over 200 years of residence
in America can say " Ich habe mein Haus ge-painted and ^-whitewashed " are a
case in point. It is averred that in some of the Polish colonies in Texas, even the
negroes speak Polish ; as Swedish is used in Minnesota and the Dakotas, German
in the long-standing Swiss colonies in Wisconsin, and French among the French-
Canadians in New England. On Cape Cod in Massachusetts, many rural schools
have a separate room for the non-English speaking pupils. But the desire, and

WILLIAM Z. KIPLEY. — TJie European Population of the United States. 231

even the economic necessity, of learning English is overwhelming in its potency.
In the transitional period of acquiring English, the dependence of the parents upon
tin- children entirely reverses the customary relationship. Even the young children,
having learned English in the public schools, are indispensable go-betweens for all
intercourse with the public. As a result they relegate the parents to a subordinate
position before the world. Census enumerators and college settlement workers
agree in citing instances where the old people are commanded to " Shut up," and
not interfere in official conversations ; or in the familiar admonition " not to speak
until spoken to." The decadence of family authority and coherence due to this
cause is indubitable. Thus it comes about that already in the second generation
the barriers of language and religion against ethnic intermixture are everywhere
breaking down. The English tongue readily comes into service ; but unfortunately
in respect of religion, the traditional props and safeguards are knocked from under,
without as yet, in too many instances, suitable substitutes of any sort being
provided. From this fact arises the insistence of the problem of criminality among
the descendants of our foreign-born. This is a topic of vital importance, but some
what foreign to the particular subject in hand.

Among the influences tending to hinder ethnic intermixture there remains to
be mentioned, the effect of concentration or segregation of the immigrants in
compact colonies, which remain to all intents and purposes as truly outposts of the
mother civilization as were Carthage, or Treve.s. This phenomenon of concentration
of our foreign-born, not only in the large cities but in the north-eastern quarter of
the United States, has become increasingly noticeable with the descending scale of
nationality among the more recent immigrants. The Teutonic peoples have
scattered widely, taking up land in the West and thus populating the wilderness.
But the Mediterranean, Slavic and Oriental people heap up in the great cities ;
and with the exception of Chicago, seldom penetrate far inland. Literally four-
fifths of all our foreign- born citizens now abide in the twelve principal cities of the
country, and these are mainly in the East. We thought it a menace that in 1800,
40 per cent, of our immigrants were to be found in the North Atlantic states ; but
in the decade to 1900, four-iifths of the new-comers settled there; the result being
that in the latter year, not 40 but actually 80 per cent, of the foreign-born of the
United States resided in this already densely populated area. Four-fifths of the
foreign-born of New York State, and two-thirds of those in Illinois are now packed
into the large towns. To be sure this phenomenon of urban congestion is not
confined to the foreigner. Within a 19-mile radius of the City Hall in New York,
dwells 51 per cent, of the population of the great state of New York together with
58 per cent, of the population of the adjoining state of New Jersey. But its
results are more serious among the foreign-born, heaped up as they are in the slums
and purlieus. On the other hand, in the middle and far West, the proportion of
actual foreign-born has been steadily declining since 1890. Cities like Cincinnati
or Milwaukee, once largely German, have now become Americanized. In the
second and third generations, not recruited as actively as before by constant

232 WILLIAM Z. EIPLEY. — The European Population of the United States.

arrivals, the parent stock has become visibly diluted. And in the rural north-west,
as the older Scandinavians die off, their places are being supplied by their American-
born descendants ; but with admixture of raw recruits from the old countries to a
lesser degree than before.

This phenomenon of concentration obviously tends to perpetuate the survival
of racial stocks in purity. In a dense colony of 10,000 or 50,000 Italians or Eussian
Jews, there need be little contact with other nationalities. The English lano-ua<'-e

O o O

may intrude and the old-established religion may lose its potency ; but as far as
physical contacts are concerned, the colony may be self-sufficient. Professor Buck
found in the Czech colony in Chicago that while 48,000 children had both parents
Bohemian, there were only 799 who had only one parent of that nationality. Had
there been only a small colony, the number of mixed marriages would have greatly
increased. Thus the Irish in New York, according to the Census of 1885, almost
overwhelmingly took Irish brides to wife ; but in Baltimore at the same time,
where the Irish colony was small, about one in eight married native-born wives.
Such facts illustrate the force of the influences to be overcome in the process of
racial intermixture. Call it what you please, " consciousness of kind," or " race
instinct," there will always be, as among animals, a disposition of distinct types to
keep separate and apart. Among men, however, this seldom assumes concrete
form in respect of physical type ; although in The Races of Europe I have sought
to demonstrate its results among the Basques and the Jews. Marriage elsewhere
appears to be rather a matter of social concern. There is no physical antipathy
between different peoples. Oftentimes the attraction of a contrasted physical type
is freely acknowledged. The barrier to intermarriage between ethnic groups is
more often based upon differences in economic status. The Italian " Dago " is
looked down upon by the Irish ; as in turn the Irishman used to be characterized
by the Americans as a " Mick," or a " Paddy." Any such social distinctions
constitute serious handicaps in the matrimonial race ; but on the other hand, as
they are in consequence largely artificial, they tend to disappear with the demon
stration of economic and social efficiency.

Heretofore, our attention has been directed to a discussion of the influences
making for or against a physical merger of these divers peoples. It may now be
proper to inquire how much of this intermixture there really is. Does it afford
evidence of tendencies at work, which may in time achieve momentous results ?
The first cursory view of the field would lead one to deny that the phenomenon was
yet of importance. The potency of the forces tending to restrict intermarriage
seems too great. But on the other hand, from such concrete statistical data as are
obtainable, it appears as if a fair beginning had already been made, considering the
recency of the phenomenon. The general data from the Federal Census are valueless
in this connection. Although they indicate much intermarriage of the foreign-born
with the native-born of foreign parentage, the overwhelming preponderance of this
is, of course, confined to the same ethnic group. The immigrant Kussian Jew, or
young Italian, is merely mating with another of the same people, born in America

WILLIAM Z. KIPLEY. — The European Population of the United States. 233

of parents who were direct immigrants. The bride in such a case is as truly Jewish
or Italian by blood as the groom, although her social status and economic condition
may be appreciably higher. But evidence of true intermixture across ethnic lines
is not entirely lacking. No less than 50,000 persons are enumerated in the Federal
Census as being of mixed Irish and German parentage, for example ; and of these,
13,400 were from New York State alone. German-English intermarriages are about
as frequent, numbering 47,600. Irish and French-Canadian marriages numbered
12,300, according to the same authority. Three times out of live, it is the French-
Canadian man who aspires to an Irish bride. In the north-west the Irish and
Swedes are said to be evincing a growing fondness for one another. For the newer
nationalities, the numbers are, of course, smaller.

Some idea of the prevalence of mixed marriages is afforded by the specialized
census data of 1900. Take one nationality, the Italians for example. There were
484,207, in all, in the United States. Of these nearly one-half or 218,810 had both
parents Italian. Marriages of Italian mothers and American-born fathers produced
2,747 ; while, conformably to the law already set forth, no less than 23,076, had
Italian fathers and native-born mothers. There still remained 12,523 with Italian
fathers and mothers of some other non- American nationality, and 3,911 with Italian
mothers and fathers neither American or Italian born. Thus of the 484,000 Italian
contingent, nearly one-tenth proved to be of mixed descent. For the City of Boston,
special inquiry showed that 236 Italians in a colony of 7,900 were of mixed
parentage, with predominantly Irish tendencies.

Mixed marriages are, of course, relatively infrequent ; but at all events as in
these cases, constitute a beginning. Sometimes they occur oftener, especially in the
great centres of population where all are herded together in close order. Thus in a
census made in New York of the oldest part of the city south of Wall and Pine
Streets to the Battery by the Federation of Churches, out of 307 families completely
canvassed, it appeared that 49 were characterized by mixed marriages. This
proportion of one in six is certainly too high for an average ; but it is nearly
equalled by the rather unreliable data afforded by the mortality statistics of Old New
York for 1906, showing the parentage of descendants. This gave a proportion of one
to eight as of mixed descent. How many of those called mixed were only offspring
of unions of first and second generations of the same people is not, however, made
clear. Some good authorities such as Dr. Maurice Fischberg, do not hesitate to
affirm that even for the Jews as a people, there is far more intermarriage with the
Gentile population, than is commonly supposed. In Boston, the most frequent
form of intermarriage perhaps is between the Jewish men and Irish or Irisli-
American women.

A few general observations upon the subject of racial intermixture may now be
permitted. Is the result likely to be a superior or an inferior type ? Will the future
American two hundred years hence, be better or worse, as a physical being, because
of his mongrel origin ? The greatest confusion of thinking is permitted upon this
topic. Evidence to support both sides of the argument is to be had for the seeking.

234 WILLIAM Z. EIPLEY. — The European Population of the United States.

For the continent of Europe, it is indubitable that the highly mixed populations of
/ the British Isles, of Northern France, of the valley of the Po and of southern
I Germany, are superior in many ways to those of outlying or inaccessible regions
where greater purity of type prevails. But the mere statement of these facts
carries proof of the partial weakness of the reasoning. Why should not the people
of the British Isles, the Isle de France and of the Po valley be the best in Europe ?
Have they not enjoyed every advantage which a salubrity of climate and fertility of
soil can afford ? Was it not, indeed, the very existence of these advantages which
rendered these garden spots of the earth, Meccas of pilgrimage ? Viewed in a still
larger way, is it not indeed the very beneficence of Nature in these regards, which
has induced or permitted a higher evolution of the human" species in Europe, than
in any of the other continents. The races certainly began even. Why are the
results for Europe as a whole so superior to-day ? Alfred Eussel Wallace, I am
sure, would have been ready with a cogent reason. What right have we to
dissociate these concomitantly operative influences of race and environment, and
ascribe the superiority of physical type to the effect of intermixture alone ? Yet on
the other hand, does not the whole evolutionary hypothesis compel us to accept
some such favourable conclusion ? What leads to the survival of the fittest, unless
there be the opportunity for variation of type, from which effective choice may
result. And yet most students of biology agree, I take it, in the belief that the
crossing of types must not be too violently extreme. Nature proceeds in her work
by short and easy stages. At this point, the opportunity for the students of
heredity like Galton, Pearson and their fellow workers appears. What, for instance,
is the order of transmission of physical traits as between the two parents in any
union ? We have seen how unevenly assorted much of the intermixture in the
United States tends to be. If as between the Irish and the Italians who are
palpably evincing a tendency to mate together, it is commonly the Italian male who
seeks the Irish wife ; and if, as Pearson avers, inheritance in a line through the same
sex is pre-potent over inheritance from the other sex ; what interesting possibilities
of hereditary physical differences may result.

An interesting query suggested by the results of scientific breeding and the
study of inheritance among lower forms of animal life is this ; what chance is
there that out of this forcible dislocation and abnormal intermixture of all the
peoples of the civilized world, there may emerge a physical type tending to revert
to an ancestral one, older than any of the present European varieties ? The law
seems to be well supported elsewhere, that crossing between highly evolved
varieties or types, tends to cause reversion to the original stock ; and the greater
the divergence between the crossed varieties, the more powerful does the
reversionary tendency become. Most of us are familiar witli the illustrations ;
such as the reversion among sheep to the primary dark type ; and the emergence
of the old wild blue-rock pigeon from blending of the fan-tail and pouter
varieties. The same law is borne out in the vegetable world, the facts being well
known to fruit growers and horticulturists. The more recently acquired character-

WILLIAM Z. HIPLKY. — Ttit Eurojwan Population of tlie United States. 235

istics, especially those which are less fundamentally useful, are slouched off; aud
the ancestral features common to all varieties, emerge from dormancy into
l>n>minenee. Issue need not l>e raised, as set forth by l>r. G. A. Reid, whether the
result of cross-breeding is always in favour of reversion, and never of progression ;
but interesting possibilities linked up with this law may be suggested. All
students of natural science have accepted the primary ami proven tenets of the
evolutionary hypothesis — or rather let us say, of the law of evolution. And all
alike acknowledge the subjection of the human species to the operation of the
same great laws applicable to all other forms of life. It would have been
profoundly suggestive to have heard from Huxley on a theme like this. We are
familiar in certain isolated spots in Europe, the Dordogrie in France for example,
with the persistence of certain physical types without change from prehistoric
times. The modern peasant is the proven direct descendant of the man of the
stone age and the mammoth. But here is another mode of access to that primitive
type, or even an older, running back to a time before the separation of European
varieties of men began. Thus, to be more specific, there can be little doubt that
the primitive type of European was brunet, probably with black eyes and hair and
a swarthy skin. Teutonic blondness is certainly an acquired trait, not very recent
judged by historic standards, to be sure, but as certainly not old, measured by
evolutionary time. What chance is there that in the unions of rufous Irish
and dark Italian types, a reversion in favour of brunetness may result. Were it
not for the inflammatory character of the controversy in a gathering of anthropolo
gists, over the relative primitiveness of the dolichocephalous aud brachycephalic
types in Europe, I might be tempted to go further and speculate as to the bearing
of American racial intermixture upon this much-mooted question.

A relatively unimportant, yet theoretically very interesting detail of the
subject of racial intermixture is suggested in Westermarck's brilliant History of
Human Marriage. It is a well-known statistical law, almost the world over, that
there are more boys than girls born into the world. The normal ratio of births is
about 105 males to 100 females. Students have long sought the reasons for this
irregularity ; but nothing has yet been proven conclusively. Westermarck brings
together much evidence to show that this proportion of the sexes at birth is
affected by the amount of in-breeding in any social group, crossing of different
stocks tending to increase the percentage of female births. Thus, among the
French half-breeds and mulattos in America, among mixed Jewish marriages, and
in South and Central America, female births may at times even overset the
difference and actually preponderate over the male births. The interest of this
topic lies in the fact that it is unique among social phenomena in being, so far as
we know, independent of the human will. It is the expression of what may truly
be denominated natural law. Westermarck's general biological reasoning is that
inasmuch as the rate of increase of any animal community is dependent upon the
number of productive females, a sort of accommodation takes place in each case
between the potential rate of increase of the group and its means of subsistence,

236 WILLIAM Z. EIPLEY. — The European Population of the United States.

or chance of survival. More females at birth is the response of Nature to
an increasingly favourable environment, or condition. In-and-in-breeding is
undoubtedly injurious to the welfare of any species. As such, according to
Westermarck, it is accompanied by a decline in the proportion of females born.
This is the expression of Nature's disapproval of the practice ; while intermixture
tends, contrariwise, to produce a relative increase of the female sex. Certain it is
that an imposing array of evidence can be marshalled to give colour to the
hypothesis. My suggestion at this point is that, here in the racial intermixture
just now beginning in the United States, and sure to assume tremendous
proportions in the course of time, will be afforded an opportunity to study man in
his relation to a great natural law, in a way never before rendered possible.
Statistical material is at present too meagre, and vague ; but one may confidently
look forward to such an improvement in this regard, that an inviting field of
research will be exposed to view.

The significance of the rapidly increasing immigration from Europe in recent
years, is vastly enhanced by other influences in the United States. A powerful
process of social selection is apparently at work among us. Eacial heterogeneity,
due to the direct influx of foreigners in large mimbers, is aggravated by their
relatively high rate of reproduction after arrival ; and in many instances by their
surprisingly sustained tenacity of life, greatly exceeding that of the native-born
American. Eelative submergence of the domestic Anglo-Saxon stock is strongly
indicated for the future. " Eace suicide," marked by a low and declining birth rate,
as is well known, is a world- wide social phenomenon of the present day. Nor is
it by any means confined solely to the so-called upper classes. It is so notably a
characteristic of democratic communities, that it may be regarded as almost
a direct concomitant of equality of opportunity among men. To this tendency,
the United States is no exception ; in fact, together with the Australian common
wealths, it affords one of the most striking illustrations of present-day social
forces. Owing to the absence of reliable data, it is impossible to state what the
actual birthrate of the United States as a whole may be. But for certain
commonwealths the statistical information is ample and accurate. From this
evidence it appears that, for those communities at least to which the European
immigrant resorts in largest numbers, the birth rate is almost the lowest in the
world. France and Ireland, alone among the great nations of the earth, stand
lower in the scale. This relativity is shown by the following table, giving the
number of births in each case per thousand of population : —

Birth Rate (approximate).

Hungary ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 40

Austria ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• 37

Germany ... ... ... ... ... ••• ••• 36

Italy 35

Holland 33

WILLIAM X. I'II-LEY. — The European Population of the United Stales. 237

England ; Scotland ; *i
N. it-way ; Denmark J
Australia; Sweden ... ... ... ... ... 27

Massachusetts; Michigan ... ... ... ... 25

Connecticut; Rhode Island ... ... ... ... 24

Ireland 23

France ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

New Hampshire ... ... ... ... ... ... 20(?)

This crude birth rate, of course, is subject to several technical corrections ;
and should not be taken at its full face value. Moreover, it may be unfair
to generalize for the entire rural West and South, from the data for densely
populated communities. And yet, as has been observed, it is in our thickly settled
eastern states that the newer type of immigrant tends to settle. Consequently, it
is the birth rate in these states, as compared with that of the new comer, upon
which racial survival will ultimately depend.

The birth rate in the United States in the days of its Anglo-Saxon youth was
one of the highest in the world. The best of authority traces the beginning of its
decline to the first appearance, about 1850, of immigration on a large scale. Our
ureat philosopher, Benjamin Franklin, estimated six children to a normal American
family in his day. The average at the present time is slightly above two. For
1900, it is calculated that there are only about three-fourths as many children to
potential mothers in America as there were forty years ago. For Massachusetts,
were the old rate of the middle of the century sustained, there would be 15,000
more births yearly than now occur. In the course of a century the proportion of
our entire population, consisting of children under the age of ten, has fallen from
one-third to one-quarter. This, for the whole United States, is equivalent to the
loss of about 7,000,000 children. So alarming has this phenomenon of the falling
birth rate become in the Australian colonies, that in New South AVales a special
governmental commission has voluminously reported upon the subject. It is
estimated that there has been a decline of about one-third in the fruitfulness of
the people in 15 years. New Zealand even complains of the lack of children to
fill her schools. The facts concerning the stagnation, nay even the retrogression of
the population of France, are too well known to need description. But in these
other countries, the problem is relatively simple, as compared with our own.
Their populations are homogeneous, and ethnically at least, are all subject to these
social tendencies to the same degree. With us, the danger lies in the fact that this
low and declining birth rate is primarily confined to the Anglo-Saxon contingent.
The immigrant European horde, until recently at least, has continued to reproduce
upon our soil with well sustained energy.

Baldly stated, the birth rate among the foreign-born in Massachusetts is about
three limes that of the native-born. Childless marriages are one-third less frequent.
This somewhat exaggerates the contrast, because of differing conditions as to age
.and sex in the two classes. The difference, nevertheless, is very great. Kuczynski

b

2o8 WILLIAM Z. EIPLEY. — The European Population of the United States.

has made detailed investigations as to the relative fecundity of different racial
groups. The fruitfulness of English-Canadian women in Massachusetts is twice
that of the Massachusetts-horn ; of the Germans and Scandinavians it is two-and-
a-half times as great ; of the French-Canadians it is thrice ; and of the Portuguese
four times. Even among the Irish, who are characterized now-a-days everywhere
by a low birth rate, the fruitfulness of the women is fifty per cent, greater than for
the Massachusetts native-born. The reasons for this relatively low fecundity of
the domestic stock are, of course, much the same as in Australia and in France.
But with us, it is as well the "poor white " among the New England hills or in the
southern states as the town dweller, who appears content with few children or
none. The foreign immigrant marries early and children continue to come until
much later in life than among the native-born. It may make all the difference
between an increasing or declining population whether the average age of marriage
is 20 years or 29 years. The contrast between the Anglo-Saxon stock and its
rivals for supremacy may be stated in another way. Whereas only about one-
ninth of the married women among the French-Canadians, Irish and Germans are
childless ; the proportion among the American-born and the English-Canadians is
as high as one in five. A century ago about two per cent, of barren marriages was
the rule. Is it any wonder that serious students contemplate the racial future of
Anglo-Saxon America with some concern ? They have witnessed the passing of
the American Indian aud the buffalo. And now they query as to how long the
Anglo-Saxon may be able to survive.

On the other hand, evidence is not lacking to show that in the second
generation of these immigrant peoples, a sharp and considerable, nay, in some cases,
a truly alarming decrease in fruitfulness occurs. The crucial time among all our
new comers from Europe has always been this second generation. The old
customary ties and usages have been abruptly sundered ; and new associations,
restraints and responsibilities have not yet been formed. Particularly is this true
of the forces of family discipline and religion, as has already been observed.
Until the coming of the Hun, the Italian and the Slav, at least, it has been among
the second generation of foreigners in America, rather than among the raw
immigrants, that criminality has been most prevalent. And it is now becoming
evident that it is this second generation in which the influence of democracy and
of novel opportunity makes itself apparent in the sharp decline of fecundity. In
some communities, the Irish- Americans have a lower birth rate even than the
native-born. Dr. Engelmann on the basis of a large practice has shown that
among the St. Louis Germans, the proportion of barren marriages is almost
unprecedentedly high. Corroborative, although technically inconclusive, evidence
from the Pvegistration Reports of the State of Michigan appears in the following
suggestive table showing the nativity of parents and the number of children per
marriage annually in each class.

WILLIAM Z. KIPLKY. — The European Population df tat United l-j

German father ; American-born mother ... 2'5 children.
Ainorican-born father, German mother 2'3 „

Grnn:in father, German mother ... ... 0' „

American-born father, American-born mother 1'8 „

I have been at some pains to secure personal information concerning the foreign
colonies in some of our large cities, notably New York. Dr. Maurice Finhberg for
the .lews, ami Dr. Antonio Stella for the Italians, both notable authorities, confirm
the foregoing statements. Among the Italians particularly, the conditions are
positively alarming. Peculiar social conditions influencing the birth rate, and the
terrific mortality induced by overcrowding, unsauitation and the unaccustomed
rigors of the climate, make it doubtful whether the Italian colony in Xew York
will even be physically self-sustaining. Thus it appears that forces are at work
which may check the relatively higher rate of reproduction of the immigrants, and
perhaps reduce it more nearly to the Anglo-Saxon level.

The vitality of these immigrants is surprisingly high in some instances ;
particularly where they attain an open-air rural life. The birth rate stands high ;
and the mortality remains low. Such are the ideal conditions for rapid
reproduction of the species. On the other hand, where overcrowded in the slums
of great cities, ignorant and poverty-stricken, the infant mortality is very high,
largely oll'setting, it may be, the high birth rate. The mortality rate among the
Italians in Xew York, for instance, is said to be twice as high as in Italy. Yet
some of these immigrants, such as the Scandinavians, are peculiarly hardy and
enduring. Perhaps the most striking instance is that of the Jews, both Russian
and Polish. According to the Census of 1890, their death rate was only one-half
that of the native-born American. For three of the most crowded wards in New
York City, the death rate of the Irish was 36 per 1,000 ; for the Germans, 22 ; for
natives of the United States, 45 ; while for the Jews it was only 17 per 1,000.
By actuarial computation, at these relative rates, starting at birth with two groups
of 1,000 Jews and Americans respectively, the chances would be that the first half
of the Americans would die within 47 years ; while for the Jews this would not
occur until the lapse of 71 years. Social selection at that rate would be bound to
produce very positive results in a century or two.

At the outset, confession was made that it was too early as yet to draw
positive conclusions as to the probable outcome of this great ethnic struggle for
dominance and survival. The great heat and sweat of it is yet to come.
Wherever the Anglo-Saxon has fared forth into new lands, his supremacy in his
chosen field, whatever that may be, has been manfully upheld. India was never
contemplated as a centre for settlement; but Anglo-Saxon law, order and
civilization has prevailed. In Australia, where Nature has offered inducements
for actual colonization, the Anglo-Saxon line is apparently assured of physical
ascendancy. But the great domain of Canada — greater than one can conceive who
has not traversed its north-western empire — is subject to the same physical danger
which confronts us in the United States — actual physical submergence of the

240 'V^itLJAM iZ:4l&PLEY. — The European Population of tJte United States.

English stock by a flood of continental European peop^s. And yet, after all, is
the word " danger " well considered for use in this connection ? What are the
English people, after all, but a highly evolved product of racial blending ? To be
sure, all the later crosses, the Saxons, Danes and Normans, have been of allied
Teutonic origin at least. Yet encompassing these racial phenomena witli the wide*,
sweeping vision of him in whose honour this address is rendered, dare we deny an
ultimate unity of origin to all the peoples of Europe ? Our feeble attempts at
ethnic analysis cannot at the best reach further back than to secondary origins.
And the primary physical brotherhood of all branches of the white race, nay, I
will go even farther, and say of all the races of men, must be admitted on faith —
not on the faith of dogma, but on the faith of scientific probability. It is only in
their degree of physical and mental evolution that the races of men are different.
rYou have your " white man's burden " to bear in India ; we have ours to bear with
the American negro and the Eilipinos. But an even greater responsibility with us
and with your Canadian fellow-citizens is that of the " Anglo-Saxon's burden " : —
to so nourish, uplift and inspire all these immigrant peoples of Europe, that in due
course of time, even if the physical stock be inundated by the engulfing
flood, the torch of Anglo-Saxon civilization and ideals, borne by our fathers from
England to America, shall yet burn as bright and clear in the New World, as your
fires have continued to illuminate the Old.

[Reprinted from the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. XXXYI1I,

Ju> i/- December, 1908. J

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