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^OF-CALi iu/
EVERYDAY GREEK
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY
NEW YORK
THE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON
THE MARUZEN-KABUSHIK.I-KAISHA
TOKYO, OSAKA, KYOTO, FUKL'OKA, SENDAr
THE COMMERCIAL PRESS, LIMITED
SHANGHAI
EVERYDAY GREEK
GREEK WORDS IN ENGLISH, INCLUDING
SCIENTIFIC TERMS
By
HORACE ADDISON HOFFMAN
Professor Emeritus of Greek
Indiana University
< • . , ' : , . -• • • •• . f ' •
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
COPYRIGHT I9I9 BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PU B LI SHED J U LY Igip
TENTH IMPRESSION MARCH I935
COMPOSED AND PRINTED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS. U.S.A.
TA
ci PREFACE
This book has grown out of my own needs in giving a briet
course in the derivation of English words of Greek origin. I
have the hope that it will also be of service to many other
teachers in giving similar courses in colleges and high schools.
vj; believe also that many persons will find such a manual very
J helpful for private study and reference. Those who have
"^ studied Greek in the usual way will find the book helpful for
^ purposes of review and in the application of their knowledge
^ to the study of Greek words in English. Others can use the
5; book in private study as the means of acquiring in the shortest
and most direct way a sufficient knowledge of Greek to
^ enable them to trace the origin and feel the force of scientific
ITS °
£■• terms and other English words of Greek origin.
<sr The book is not intended to take the place of the English
^' dictionary or the Greek lexicon, but only to prepare the stu-
^ dent to make a more intelligent use of the dictionary.
One of the chief problems in preparing this manual has
been to decide just what to include in it and what to leave out,
so that it might contain neither too much nor too httle. I
ohave tried to strike a happy medium and to include only those
i ^things which are fundamental for the purposes of the book,
selecting my examples in such a way as to illustrate the differ-
ent types of words. I cannot expect to satisfy everyone by
my selections. No doubt many teachers and students will
find some things included which they consider superfluous,
and others will miss things which they would prefer to have
23621-50
A PREFACE
included. This will be especially true of the vocabulary
and the lists of words given for study. It will, however, be
easy for anyone to omit words and sections which he does not
care to study, and those who wish different examples from
those given can collect lists of words in which they, or their
students, are particularly interested. It is to be hoped,
indeed, that students who use this book will not confine
themselves to the words given in it, but that each one, after
mastering the fundamental principles and enough of the
examples to illustrate them, will seek to apply his knowledge
to the words of Greek derivation which belong to his own
special field of study.
It will be noticed that, in so far as scientific terms are
concerned, I have given a preponderance of medical terms.
There are three reasons for this. In the first place, I have
tried to make this work especially helpful to medical students ;
secondly, the medical terminology has to a considerable
extent been handed down to us from the ancient Greek physi-
cians and preserves more fully the true Greek forms and
meanings than that of most other sciences; thirdly, many of
these medical terms have come into general use and belong
to everyday language, not merely to the professional language
of the physician. Even new terms in medicine often very
soon become widely known and a part of the common language
of educated people. I believe, therefore, that the amount of
attention given to medical terms is justified, even if the user
of the book does not intend to study medicine.
I have tried to present the material in the most convenient
and practical form rather than in a scientific and exhaustive
form. The Greek scholar will think that I have not dug very
PREFACE vii
deep in my chapter on the formation of words, or in giving
the derivation of individual words. I feel, however, that I
have given quite as much as the ordinary student of this
book will be able to assimilate in the time which he can give
to the subject.
Classes using the book should study the first three divisions
— The Alphabet, Parts of Speech, and Word Formation^
in the order given in the text. The matter in these divisions
is arranged by topics and in what has seemed to me the best
order for study. I have not divided it into lessons of definite
length, and the teacher can, therefore, adapt the length of
the assignments to the nature of his class and the conditions
under which the work is given. The remainder of the book
consists of a collection of material to be used in the application
of the principles learned in the first three divisions. The
order in which this is taken is of no special importance. The
teacher can select from this material such portions as best
suit the needs of his class and the time at their disposal. He
may substitute other words and groups if he prefers.
It is a good exercise to have students collect words of Greek
origin from the studies in which they are most interested, such
as philosophy, botany, zoology, poUtics, etc. This will add
to their interest in the work, and the words so collected may be
made a basis of study in the class. Suitable passages of
EngHsh may be read in class and the words of Greek origin
picked out and analyzed. Such practical exercises can be
extended indefinitely and will be limited only by the time at
the disposal of the class. After a student has covered the
first three divisions of the book the application of the prin-
ciples to the analysis of words and groups of related words
viu PREFACE
will be the best means of fixing those principles in mind and of
making them useful to the student. Such exercises will
afford a constant review of the fundamental principles and
v^ocabulary.
The English index and key at the end of the book can be
used to find all the information given in the book about any
word.
Horace A. Hoffman
Bloomington, Indiana
February 17, 19 iq
CONTENTS
I. The Alphabet i
Historical Sketch; The Greek Alphabet of the Present Time;
English Pronunciation of Words of Greek Origin
II. Parts of Speech 13
Nouns; Verbs; Adjectives; Pronouns; Prepositions; Adverbs;
Conjunctions
III. Formation of Words 23
Definitions of Terms; Euphony; Vowel Changes; Some
Common Suffixes; Verbal Adjectives; Denominative Adjec-
tives; Denominative Verbs; Compound Words
IV. Word Groups for Study 42
V. Vocabulary 63
VI. Index and Key to Derivation . 95
IX
I. THE ALPHABET
(The Alpha-Beta: The A-B-C's)
Historical Sketch
1. The Greek alphabet is the parent of all modern Euro-
pean alphabets, including our own.
The ancient Greek alphabet was derived from the Phe-
nician alphabet. Modifications were made to some extent in
the forms of the letters, and still more in the sounds for which
they stood. The Phenician alphabet had no characters to
represent vowel sounds, and so some of the Phenician char-
acters which represented sounds not found in the Greek
language were used by the Greeks to represent vowel sounds.
2. Our knowledge of the ancient Greek alphabet is obtained
chiefly from inscriptions on such durable materials as stone,
bronze, and pottery. The oldest of the preserved inscriptions
date from about 600 B.C. As we come down to later times they
become more and more numerous. It is interesting to com-
pare these inscriptions and observe how the forms of the
letters, and sometimes their values, varied in different periods
and in different localities. Some of these variations are
especially interesting because we can find in them the origin
of differences which exist today in the European alphabets.
Our own alphabet comes from the Roman alphabet, which
originally was the Greek alphabet as found in the Chalcidian
Greek colonies in Southern Italy.
3. In ancient times the capital letters only were used in
both Greek and Latin. The capitals, therefore, represent the
original letters, and in studying the early history of the alpha-
bet we must confine ourselves to the capital letters. The
2 EVERYDAY GREEK
small letters, or lower case letters, as they are called in modern
printing, grew up in cursive, or rapid, writing on parchment
and papyrus. We find such cursive writing used for letters,
contracts, accounts, and other non-literary purposes as early
as 242 B.C. But for centuries after cursive writing had come
into use for non-literary documents the capitals alone were
still used in formal books and in inscriptions. Our oldest
manuscripts of the New Testament are written wholly in
capitals.
4. At the present time ancient Greek books are printed in
modern Greek type, just as ancient Latin books are printed
in modern Roman type, or, as we commonly call it, English
type. The alphabet, therefore, which we learn when we first
study Greek is the modern Greek alphabet, and the small
letters are for practical purposes of far more importance than
the capitals, since the capitals are used chiefly at the begin-
ning of proper names, and at the beginning of paragraphs.
5. Before we pass from the consideration of the original
capital letters it will be interesting to notice a few differences
between the capitals in the Greek and Roman alphabets as
they are used today, and to point out their origin. We find
that these differences go back to differences in the ancient
Greek alphabets used in different periods of time and in
different localities.
For example, the Greek Rho (P) lacks the tail found in
its Roman equivalent, R, and so it is the same in form as our
English P, which is represented in the Greek alphabet by the
character called Pi (H). But this Roman form of R is found
in many of the older Greek inscriptions, and regularly so in
the inscriptions of those Greek settlements in Italy from which
the Romans got their alphabet. The same is true of practi-
cally all the differences between the later Greek and Roman
THE ALPHABET 3
alphabets. The character X, which in the standard Greek
alphabet has the sound of kh, or German ch, was used in the
Greek settlements in Italy as equivalent to ks, which is its
sound in Latin and English. It is also found used in this
same way in many places in Greece proper, as in Laconia,
Euboea, and Boeotia. The character H in the older Greek
inscriptions has the same sound as in the Roman and EngUsh
alphabet, and E is used for both long and short e. The
Ionian Greeks, however, began very early to use this character,
H, to represent the long sound of e, and this was later adopted
at Athens, so that from about 400 B.C. this character, called
eta, became the common symbol for long e.
6. In writing with brush or pen there was a natural tend-
ency to round off the corners of the letters, so that many
letters which were originally angular became rounded, and
the Roman alphabet has more of these rounded forms than
the Greek. Thus the Greek Delta (>) became D. One form
of Gamma is <, which by rounding became C. One common
old form of Sigma is S, which by rounding became S, while
another form, made with four strokes instead of three (^),
was modified to 2.
The Greek Upsilon is found in ancient Greek inscriptions
in two forms, V and Y. The first form was adopted by the
Romans, and, eventually becoming rounded at the bottom,
gives us our U. At the time when the Romans first adopted
the Greek alphabet both the Greek Upsilon and the Roman u
( V) had the same sound, that of 00 in "boot." The Latin V
retained this sound, but by the time that the Romans began
to borrow Greek words in considerable numbers the sound of
the Greek Upsilon had changed to that of the French u and
the form Y had come into general use. Therefore whenever
the Romans adopted a Greek word which contained Y, since
4 EVERYDAY GREEK
they had no letter in their own alphabet to represent its
sound, they retained this character in spelling the word and
thereby added a new letter to the Roman alphabet, which
was used, however, only in Greek words containing it. This
is the origin of our English Y, and we have followed the fashion
of the Romans by continuing to write y for the Greek Upsilon
in words of Greek derivation, such as "psychic," "physics,"
"rhythm," and the like.
From the two forms of the Greek Upsilon, V and Y, we
have gotten four letters in our English alphabet, U, V, W
(double u), and Y.
7. The Greek Lambda (A) and the Roman L do not at
first sight seem very much alike, but when in old Greek inscrip-
tions we find Lambda turned upside down and the right limb
depressed and shortened, thus L., we at once recognize the
source of L.
An interesting thing which comes out in the examination of
old Greek inscriptions is the fact that the Roman alphabet and
our own, though derived from the Greek alphabet, have, to
some extent, retained older forms than are now found in the
Greek alphabet; older even than were found in the Greek
alphabet used at Athens in the time of Plato and Demos-
thenes, although in most cases where the two alphabets differ
both forms may be traced back to very ancient times.
In the letter Q the Roman alphabet and our own retain
the old Greek and Phenician Koppa (?) which most of the
Greeks discarded very early, except as a numeral, because it
was superfluous, having the same sound as K. In our F we
have the old Greek Digamma, which also was discarded in
very early times by the Ionian Greeks, including the Athenians.
In old Greek it had the sound of our w, but the Romans used
it as an equivalent of the eastern Phi (4>), ph.
THE ALPHABET 5
The Romans had dropped Z from their alphabet, but when
they began to take Greek words over into Latin they reinstated
it for use in spelHng Greek words which contained Zeta. This
explains how it came to be at the end of the Roman alphabet,
and consequently at the end of our own. How the Y came
to be the next to the last letter has already been explained
above.
Note. — Samples of Greek inscriptions and tables showing the different
•forms of the letters found in different periods and in different localities may be
seen conveniently in Roberts' Inlroduciion to Greek Epigraphy, published by
the Cambridge University Press.
The Greek Alphabet of the Present Time
8. The forms of the letters here given are those which are
now used in printing both ancient and modern Greek.
Characters
Names
Equivalents
A
a
alpha
a
as in father
B
^
beta
b
as in box
r
7
gamma
g
as in gun
A
h
delta
d
as in dog
E
e
epsilon
e
as in met
Z
r
zeta
2
as in zone
H
■n
eta
g
as in fete
e
theta
th
as in thin
I
I
iota
i
as in machine
K
K
kappa
k
as in keep
A
X
lambda
I
as in log
M
M
mu
m
as in man
N
V
nu
n
as in no
E
^
xi
X
as in ox
omicron
as in obey
n
TT
pi
p
as in pin
6 EVERYDAY GREEK
Characters Names Equivalents
P p rho r as in run
S as sigma 5 as in sun
T r tau t as in lop
T V upsilon u as in French u
^ <p phi ph as in physics
X X chi ch as in machen (German)
^ i/' psi /'^ as in ships
S2 0) omega o as in go
PRONUNCIATION
9. The pronunciation generally in use in American col-
leges is an attempt to approximate that used by the ancient
Athenians in the classical period. The pronunciation now
used in modern Greece differs greatly from this, is much more
difficult for English-speaking students, and obscures the rela-
tion between the Greek word and the English word, or words,
derived from it. In this book, therefore, the general usage
of American colleges is followed.
10. The consonants. — The consonants are, in general,
pronounced like the English equivalents given in the fore-
going table of the alphabet.
The following require special explanations:
7 is always pronounced like g in "go," except that before
K, 7, X, or s it has the sound of English ng, and is then repre-
sented in Latin and in English by n. Thus 0,776X05, messenger,
becomes in Latin angelus, and in English angel. Other illus-
trations are acfyiy^, sphinx; eyKOJ/jLtov, encomium; ^poyxio.,
bronchia; 7 is never pronounced like g in gin.
6 is pronounced like th in thin, not like th in this.
a is pronounced like s in sun, not like 5 in his.
X is pronounced like German ch in machen.
THE^PHABET 7
11. The vowels and diphthongs. — ;The vowels are pro-
nounced as follows:
a like a in father
€ like e in met
77 like a in tnale
I like e in me
X like / in pin
like in obey
V like French u, or German il
o) like in go
Theoretically the short vowels differ from the long in
quantity only, that is in the length of time the sound is dwelt
upon. This distinction is practically impossible for English-
speaking persons, and the sounds indicated in the above table
will answer our purposes.
12. Following is a table of the diphthongs and their
approximate pronunciation:
at like i in mine
€L like ei in eight
01 like oi in oil
av like 011 in out
ev like eu in feud
ov like 00 in boot
VL like tii in quit
Besides these there are the so-called improper diphthongs,
a, V, w, with the i written under a long open vowel. This t
is called iota subscript, and is silent, so that these improper
diphthongs are pronounced the same as d, 77, 00. The iota
subscript is omitted in English derivatives. \
13. Breathings. — Every vowel or diphthong at the begin-
ning of a word has either the rough breathing (') or the
^..oii ti^ breathing ('). The rough breathing is pronounced
"•al.
8 EVERYDAY GREEK
like the English h, the smooth breathing is not pronounced at
all and may be considered merely ornamental. The rough
breathing was also used with initial rho.
Examples: pbbov, rose.
14. Accents. — There are three marks of accent: the acute
('), the grave ('), and the circumflex Q. There are compli-
cated rules for determining which accent shall be used and
where it shall be placed, but all we need to know for our pur-
pose is that in pronouncing Greek words we accent the syllable
over which the accent is placed and make no distinction with
regard to the kind of accent mark used. The vowel which
has a circumflex over it is long.
15. Suggestions in pronunciation. — There are no silent
letters in Greek except the iota subscript. There is a syllable
for each vowel or diphthong. In trying to pronounce Greek
words, think not of the names of the Greek letters, but of the
corresponding English letters with the sounds indicated above.
16. Pronounce the words in the following list; also write
them out in Greek letters. Then transliterate these words,
that is, write them in the corresponding Roman, or English,
letters.
Learn the meanings of these words and tell what English
words you think are derived from them. I S\
(l>dr], song
■jroTa/xSs, river
avTos, self
apdpoiiros, human being, man
4>6^os, fear
686s, road, way
v'eKTap, nectar
fxerpov, measure y
cf)Ciipr], sound, voice
t6tos, place
v€Kp6s, dead body, corpse
To\iTr]s, citizen
'iyyekos, messenger
*T
8€air6Tr]s, master (of slaves)
Ypd0w, / write
(pikos, friend, lover
Itttos, horse^^
kTL(TTo\r}, letter '
i.-'
^ -^ THE
TTapabaaos, park
ALPHABET (
iSAcris, step, foundation
aKfji-f], highest point, prime
^ios, life
debs, a god, God
&pa, season, hour
(l)akay^, line of battle
a6\r]Tr]s, contestant
aarpov, star
(Sap OS, weight
xdp, hand
btvbpov, tree
epyov, work
a4>oupa, ball
(XTpaTTjyos, general
laTpos, healer, physician
avaTopi], dissection
peya, large, big, great
j3oTav7], grass, vegetation
piKpos, small
ripepa, day
eiprjui], peace
/cXtTTTco, / steal
diopa^, breast-plate, breast, chest
Kpariip, mixing bowl
ttoXls, city, state
Write the following words in Greek letters :
Analysis, genesis, skeleton, synthesis, parenthesis, sepsis,
diagnosis, idea, pathos, embryo (n), Philadelphia, Socrates.
TRANSLITEEATION
17. The first Greek words came into English through Latin
and retained the Latin spelling. Thus the custom was estab-
lished of spelling Greek words in English as they were spelled
in Latin, not merely using the Roman characters instead of
the Greek characters, but also making such changes in the
letters as the Romans made in order to represent the Greek
sounds by the letters and combinations of letters used to repre-
sent those sounds in Latin. Greek endings were also changed
to corresponding Latin endings. Furthermore, the Latin end-
ing is often dropped in English, or a familiar English ending
substituted. Thus "dramaticus" becomes dramatic, "poeta,"
poet, "philosophia," philosophy, "nauticus," nautical, "prac-
ticus," practical. The familiar English adjective ending -at is
itself from the Latin ending -alis in such words as "navalis,"
naval.
lo EVERYDAY GREEK
i8. For the reason already explained in section 6 the Greek
upsilon (T) was retained in Greek words taken over into Latin,
and this gives us our EngHsh Y, y. The Greek upsilon is
therefore represented by y when Greek words containing upsi-
lon are written in Latin or in English, unless the upsilon is part
of a diphthong, in which case it is transliterated as u. Thus
duaXvaLs is written analysis, but pavTiKos is"nauticus" in Latin,
nautical in English.
19. Most of the Greek consonants are transliterated by
the Latin or English equivalents given in the table of alpha-
bet (see p. 5).
K, however, is usually transliterated as c.
p at the beginning of a word always has the rough breath-
ing in Greek and becomes rh in Latin and in English. Thus
pr]ro)p becomes rhetor.
7 before k, 7, x, or ^ becomes n. Thus: a77eXo?, angelus,
angel; <T<l)Ly^, sphinx; eyKecpdXos, encephalus; iyxupl^iop,
enchiridion.
20. The largest number of changes occur in the case of the
diphthongs. These are indicated in the following table:
Greek at becomes in Latin ae
Greek et becomes in Latin i, occasionally e
Greek ol becomes in Latin oe
Greek ov becomes in Latin m
The older English followed the Latin spelling, but in the
simplified spelling of English in recent years ae and oe have
generally been shortened to e. Thus 4)aiv6pevov, formerly
spelled phaenomcnon, is now generally written phenomenon.
oUopofiia was formerly written oeconomy, but is now written
economy.
There is also a tendency in recent years in making new
scientific terms to retain the Greek spelling in some cases
THE ALPHABET ii
instead of using the JLatin spelling. In these instances k
is used for k, ou for ov, at for ai, ei for ei, and oi for ot.
However, in tracing the derivation of most English words
of Greek origin it is necessary to take into account the Latin
spelling of Greek words. This is especially true of the older
and better known words.
21. These peculiarities of transliteration may be summar-
ized as follows:
K = c, p = rh, v = y, ai — ae, €t = z, or e, oL = oe, ov = u.
22. The Greek endings were also usually changed to the
corresponding Latin endings. The most important instances
for our purpose are the change of -os in Greek nouns and
adjectives of the o-declension to the corresponding Latin
ending -us, and of the neuter ending -ou of the same declension
to the corresponding Latin ending -um.
Thus xopos is chorus in Latin and English; Kvpos is
Cyrus. In EngHsh, however, the ending may be dropped
altogether. Thus: nvdos, Latin myilius, English ?nyth.
Examples of neuters are: Movaelov, museum; aripvov,
sternum; yvp-vdaiov, gymnasium.
English Pronunciation of Words of Greek Origin
23. While Greek words are usually taken into English
in a Latinized form, they are pronounced as English words with
the usual English sounds of the letters. The Greek accent is
disregarded both in Latin and in English, but the Latin
accent is very commonly retained in EngUsh; always so in
proper names. It is, therefore, important to recall the rules
for the accent of Latin words, which are as follows:
Words of two syllables are always accented on the first
syllable. Words of more than two syllables are accented on
the next to the last syllable (penult), if that is long in quantity;
otherwise on the preceding syllable (antepenult).
12
EVERYDAY GREEK
24. The following points should also be noted in the Eng-
lish pronunciation of Greek derivatives:
K becomes c, which in Latin is pronounced like k, but in
English c is pronounced like ^ before e, i, and y. Likewise g
is pronounced like j before e, i, and y.
Examples: catalog, cycle, criticize, Cassandra, Cyrus, Cato,
Cicero, genesis, galaxy, geometry, trigonometry, Ganymede, George.
Greek x is transliterated as ch, but this ch is generally
pronounced like k.
Examples: anarchy, chromatic, architect, technical. "Arch-
bishop" and a few other similar words form an exception.
Greek \p, equivalent to ps, is very common at the beginning
of Greek words. Since we cannot easily pronounce ps at the
beginning of a word, we drop the p and pronounce the 5 only.
Examples: psalm, psychology, pseudonym.
The vowels are pronounced with the usual English sounds.
EXERCISE IN TRANSLITERATION AND PRONUNCIATION
25. Write the following words both in Greek and in their
Latinized English forms,
in English:
Pronounce them both in Greek and
Sai/cparrjs
'ttp68oTOS
Xopos
'Aptareldris
<I>Ot/577
ayyeXos
QovKv5idr]s
Kvpos
1 fxovaelov
'AttoXKwv
VToOeais
KpiTTipiov
'Adr]i/a
KplaLS
crepuov
'AcfipodLTrj
yeueais
bpaixa
Soc^o/v'Xrys
aKixi)
KXi/jLa^
EvpLiridrjs
(hbi]
yecofJLeTpia
,Al<TXV^OS
'■; X'-fJ'O.ipa
(fyCKodOc^La
UXaTcov
Bopeas
olKovoula
'EtUovpos
KOa/jLOS
ISaKTrjpia
EvKKeidrjS
ImOos
S-nuoKoaria
II. PARTS OF SPEECH
26. The parts of speech in Greek are the same as in EngHsh,
namely: nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, con-
junctions, and prepositions. The first four are inflected, that
is, they have different forms to indicate different cases, num-
bers, genders, persons, tenses, voices, and modes.
Greek is a highly inflected language, even more so than
Latin, and the number of forms is very great, especially in the
verbs. These different forms are produced mainly by differ-
ent endings, but to some extent by prefixes and other changes
in the stem.
For our purposes it is not necessary to learn the inflections,
but only such changes of forms as reappear in EngHsh words
derived from the Greek. These changes are such as belong
to word-formation, the process by which new stems and words
are formed from existing roots and stems. The study of
roots' and stems' is therefore important.
Nouns
27. The form in which we learn a Greek noun is the
nominative case singular number. This is the form given
first in dictionaries.
28. Declensions. — There are three declensions of Greek
nouns, the a-declension, the o-declension, and the consonant
declension, which are generally called the first, second, and
third declensions respectively.
29. The first, or a-declension. — In this declension the
stem ends in -a, often modified to 17. The nominative singular
' For definitions of these terms see sections 55 and 56.
13
14
EVERYDAY GREEK
of feminine nouns of this declension ends in a or rj. Masculine
nouns add s.
30. The following list of words will illustrate the a-
declension. These words and their meanings should be
learned. Words have been selected for the list which have
English derivatives, and these English derivatives will assist
in remembering the Greek words and their meanings.
cbpa, season, hour
cLK/jiri, highest point, prime, acme
0)617, song, ode
Idea, appearance, form, idea /"
IcTTopla, inquiry, information,
narrative, history
lj.r]xavT], cojitrivance, machine;
(English derivative, mechani-
cal)
(TxoKr), leisure, (school)
(/)ajfi7, voice, sound, (phonetic,
phonograph, telephone)
(T^aTpa, ball, sphere
SiaLTa, mode of life, (diet)
vyleLa, health, (hygiene)
KpLTTjs, judge, (critic)
Bopeas, north-wind, (boreal)
ToX'tTTjs, citizen, (political)
8eair6T7]s, master of slaves, despot
TTOLrjTrjs, maker, composer, poet
adXriTTis, contestant in games,
athlete
vTOKpLTr]s, actor, (hypocrite)
0tXocro0ta, love of wisdom, phi-
losophy
yevea, race, stock, family, (gene-
alogy)
31. The second declension, or o-declension. — The stem
ends in o. In the nom. sing, masculines and feminines add s,
neuters add v. There are very few feminines.
32.
LIST OF WORDS OF THE O-DECLENSION
iiyyeXos, messenger, fangel)
(x5tX06s, brother, (Philadelphia)
dvdpu)Tros, yuan, human being,
(anthropology)
apidfjLos, number, (arithmetic)
auXos, pipe, (hydraulic)
bpop.os, road, race-track, (hippo-
drome)
rfKios, sun, (heliograph, heUo-
trope)
debs, god, (theology, theism)
I'ttttos, horse, fhippodrome)
PARTS OF SPEECH
15
Koa/jLos, order, universe, world,
(cosmopolitan)
\idos, stone, (monolith, litho-
' graph)
ixvdos, story, (myth)
TVTTos, impress, type
voaos (fern.), disease, (nosology)
ypados (fern.), jaw, (progna-
thous)
656s, (fem.), way, journey, (exo-
dus)
ukrpov, measure, (meter, ther-
mometer)
(XKrJTTrpov, staff, scepter
b'evbpov, tree, (rhododendron)
dkarpov, theater
arepvov, breast, breast-bone,
(sternum)
fiovaelop, temple of the muses,
(museum)
bpyavov, instrument, organ
(jtapixaKov, drug, (pharmacy)
33. The third declension, or consonant declension. —
In this declension the stem ends in a consonant, or in one of
the close vowels, i, v. The genitive case in this declension adds
-OS to the stem and the stem may generally be found by drop-
ping this ending in the genitive. It is therefore usually
necessary to know the genitive case to find the stem of those
nouns whose stem ends in a consonant. Stems in t, or v,
if masculine or feminine, add sigma in the nominative singu-
lar and the stem can be found in such words by dropping this
sigma. A few stems in upsilon are neuter and have the
nominative singular like the stem.
The genitive singular of nouns in this declension is given in
the dictionaries and vocabularies. The nominative singular of
nouns of this declension has various endings which we learn in
learning the word as we find it in the dictionary or vocabulary.
34. SOME TYPICAL WORDS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
di7p, genitive aep-os, air; (aero-
naut)
8aifxo:v, 8al[xov-os, deity; (demon)
Sepfia, 8epiJ.aT-os, skin; (derma-
tology, pachyderm)
SpaiJLa, dpafxar-os, action, deed;
(drama, dramatic)
Kavuv, Kavbv-os, straight-edge,
rule, standard; (canon)
i6 EVERYDAY GREEK
K\ina^, KXi/xaK-os, ladder, stair- ylyas, ylyavr-os, giant; (gigan-
case; (climax) tic)
86yixa, 86y/j.aT-os, opinion, con- opvLs, 6pvLd-os, bird; (orni-
viction, decree; (dogma) thology)
Kparrjp, KpaTTJp-os, mixing-boivl, rjirap, ^Trar-os, liver; (hepatic)
bowl; (crater) <f>>^i^, ^XejS-os, vein; (phlebot-
Xapvy^, \apvyy-os, larynx omy)
TTvp, Trvp-b%,fire; (pyrotechnic) Opl^, rpLX-os, hair; (trichina,
pis, piv-bs, nose; (rhinology, trichoblast; found in many
rhinoceros) scientific terms)
0WS, (j)(jOT-6s, light; (photograph) irovs, Tro8-6s, foot; (tripod, anti-
xdp, x€tp-6s, hand; (chirog- podes, polypous)
raphy) TraTs, TraiS-os, child; (pedagogue,
ovs, d>r-6s, ear; (otology) pediatric)
35. Words -with stems ending in t, or v. — In these words the
genitive is often irregular, but the nominative is regular and
the stem is best found by dropping the nominative singular
ending -?. The genitive of this class of words is not given in
the vocabularies of this book.
36.
TToXt-s, town, city, state; (politi- yeveai-s, birth, origin, genesis
cal, necropolis) /Sdcrt-s, foundation, base, basis
bbvajxi-s, power, force; (dynamic, vav-s, ship; (nausea, nautical)
dynamite) avaXvaL-s, analysis
lxQv-s,fish; (ichthyology) avvOeai-s, synthesis
4>vaL-$, nature; (physical)
37. Neuter nouns in -oj. — A special and important class
of nouns in the consonant declension are the neuters with
nominative in -os. All masculine and feminine nouns ending
in -OS belong to the c-declension, but neuter nouns in -os
belong to the consonant declension. The latter originall_^
had stems ending in -es. The e of the stem is changed to
PARTS OF SPEECH 17
o in the nominative, accusative, and vocative. In the other
cases the final c of the stem is dropped before the case
ending so that the stem seems to end in e.
38. EXAMPLES OF NEUTER NOUNS IN -OS
ykvos, yeve((T)-os, race, kind; (homogeneous, heterogeneous)
Trados, ■!rade{a)-os, feeling, sufering, disease; (pathology)
/Sdpos, weight; (barometer)
avdos, flower; (anther, polyanthous, anthology)
ubos, appearance, form , kind; (kaleidoscope, spheroid = a</)atp(>-€t5i7s;
\pev8os, falsehood; (pseudonym, pseudo-science)
KpcLTos, power, rule; (democratic)
Verbs
39. The form of the verb given first in dictionaries is
usually the first person singular of the present indicative
active. Thus: ypa4>o), I write; dido: /jll, I give. Some English
dictionaries in referring to Greek verbs give the infinitive, and
for that reason it is well to know how the infinitive ends also.
40. The most common class of verbs are those whose first
form ends in -00, and whose present active infinitive ends in
-eiv. Thus: ypacpo), I write; ypacf)€U', to write. In many of
these the verb stem may be found by merely dropping the
ending -co, or -eiv. But in many other verbs the simple verb
stem has been modified in some way in the present so that it
is more or less disguised. Thus: Trpaaaco, I do, I accomplish.
Here the verb stem is not irpaaa, but Trpay, as seen in irpay-
IxaTLKos, English pragmatic. The stem is the important part
for us in tracing derivatives. Accordingly, in this book
whenever the simple verb stem cannot be found by merely
dropping the ending, the stem is placed after the verb in
parentheses. Thus: irpaaaoo {irpay), I do, accomplish. This
stem should be learned in learning the verb since it is essential
for our purpose to know the stem.
i8 EVERYDAY GREEK
41. Verbs in -co with infinitive in -av. —
7pd<^co, / write, dratv, paint Trpaaaoi (irpay), do, accomplish,
■ypa.cl>Hv, to ivrite, draw, paint; (pragmatic, practical)
(geography, photograph) 7t-7J'a;-cr/cw (t*"*^)) know; (ag-
\vo),Iloose nostic)
\v€Lv, to loose; (electrolysis) Kpivu) {kpl), judge, decide; (crisis,
Note. — In the rest of this list the critic)
infinitive is not given and the subject ^^^^^ (^^ ^^) /^/^g. (crypto-
"I" is omitted in the translation for the ^ v p vy, > \ j i-
sake of brevity. The same practice gram)
will hereafter generally be observed. ireTrTco (ireir) , digest; (dyspepsia,
5pcLco, do, act; (drama) pepsin)
TFotew, make, compose; (poet) refj-uo: {rep), cut; (microtome)
bpaw, see; (panorama) tvtttoo (tvt), strike; (type)
TpkiTw, turn; (tropic) ax'^^ui {axi-^), split; (schism)
4>kpw, bear, carry; (phosphorous, ariirw, rot, decay; (sepsis, septic)
semaphore) Ttlvoi (rev), stretch; (tone)
42. Verbs in -/xt. — Several important verbs end in -/xt in
the first person singular of the active indicative. The infini-
tive of these ends in -mt.
TL-dt]-p.L (de), infinitive TL-d'e-vat, put, place; (thesis, synthesis)
5t-5w-/xt {bo), infinitive bi-bb-vai, give; (dose, antidote)
l-aT-q-pL {ara), infinitive l-ara-vaL, stand; (static, system)
43. Deponent verbs. — In Greek there are many so-called
deponent verbs which have the forms of the middle or passive
voice, but are either active or intransitive in meaning. The
middle and passive voices have the same form in the present
tense. In the first person singular of the indicative they end
in -ojuat instead of -co. The infinitive ends in -ecrdai.
aladavopai (alad), aiadaveadat, perceive; (aesthetic, anesthetic)
yiyvopaL, for yL-yh-opat (yev), become, be born; (genesis, eugenic)
fXLp.k-opaL, imitate; (mimetic, mimeograph)
o-KeTTTO/iat {aKeir), look at, examine, consider; (skeptic, telescope)
PARTS OF SPEECH 19
44. Sometimes the active form has one meaning and the
middle or passive another.
(l)a'LVi>:(4)av), show; (hieTophant). <i)a'ivoiiaL, appear; (phenomenon)
A few deponent verbs omit the vowel or e before the endings.
bhva-jxaL {bvva), bvva-adai, be able, have poiver; (dynamic, dynasty)
45. There are also verbal roots which are not used in the
present tense, "But occur in other tenses. Nouns and adjec-
tives are often derived from such roots, and some of these
roots give us common English derivatives and are important
for our purposes. In these cases it will answer our purpose
to learn merely the root and its meaning.
Root 4>a'y, eat; (sarcophagus, ichthyophagous).
Root oTT, see; (optics, autopsy).
Adjectives
46. Adjectives have the same declensions as nouns. They
generally have different forms for different genders. Many
adjectives have the feminine in the a-declension and the
masculine and neuter in the o-declension.
EXAMPLES
Neuter
txLKpbv, small; (microscope, microtome)
<jo4)bv, wise; (sophomore, philosopher)
ixbvov, alone, single; (monotone, monogamy)
47. Some adjectives have the feminine in the a-declension
and the masculine and neuter in the consonant declension.
Others are declined wholly in the o-declension or in the conso-
nant declension, the masculine and feminine being alike in
form.
Masculine
Feminine
/JLLKpOS
IXLKpa
ao4>6s
cro4>r]
[XOUOS
yLOvrj
20 EVERYDAY GREEK
The differences in form which mark gender rarely appear
in English derivatives, and for our purposes it is sufficient in
most instances to learn merely the first form of the masculine
and its stem. In so far as the forms of adjectives are con-
cerned we can apply to them what we have already learned
about nouns.
EXAMPLES
lJLLKp6-s, small; (micro-scope, micro-cosm)
iJLOPo-s, alone, single; (mono-syllable, mono-gram)
iJLeya-s, fxeyaXrj, big, large; (mega-phone, megalo-mania)
iroXv-s, much, plur. many; (poly- theism, poly-technic)
ttSs, gen. iravT-Ss, neut. irdv, all; (pan-theism, panto-mime)
fxeXas, gen. iJ.e\av-os, black; (melan-choly, melan-urus)
6ijl6-s, same; (homo-geneous, homo-logous)
avro-s, self; (auto-graph, auto-matic)
apL(TTo-s, best; (aristo-cracy)
veo-s, new, young; (neo-Uthic, neo-phyte)
48. The article. — The Greek has an article corresponding
to the English definite article the. It is declined in full ii
each of the three genders. We need learn only the three forma
of the nominative singular, as follows: masc. 6, fem. 17, neut. to
These forms of the Greek article are used after nouns ii
Greek dictionaries as a convenient way of indicating th»!
gender of the nouns. Thus :
KpLTTjSf 6, indicates that Kpiriis is masculine.
656s, 17, indicates that 656s is feminine.
ykvo^, TO, indicates that ykvos is neuter.
Pronouns
49. The Greek personal pronouns do not appear in Englisl
derivatives, with the exception of eycb, /, which is found ii
egoism, egotism, egoistic, and egotistic.
PARTS OF SPEECH 2i
Prepositions
50. The Greek prepositions nearly all appear in English
words, some of them very frequently, and they are very
important for our purposes. They are not inflected. They
are very common as the first part of a compound word.
51. The following hst should be learned with the meanings
there given. The meanings given are chiefly those which the
prepositions have in compound words, since the Greek prepo-
sitions appear in English only as parts of compound words.
d/i0t, about, on both sides; (amphi-theater, amphibious)
di'd, up, throughout; (anatomy, anathema, analysis)
avTL, opposite, against; (antidote, anti-German)
a.Trb,from, away from; (apostasy, apology)
5td, through; (diameter, diaphragm)
(v, in, at; (enhydrous, energy, encaustic).
k, e^, out of; (eccentric, exodus).
cTTt, upon; (epidermis, epidemic, epitaph, epigram)
Kara, down; (cataract, catastrophe, cataclysm)
jjLtTo., after, differently; (metacarpus, metamorphose)
Trapa, by, beside; (parasite, paragraph)
irepL, around; (perimeter, pericarp)
■n-pb,for, before, forth; (prologue, prophet)
(Tvv, with, together; (synthesis, sympathy)
uTrep, above, over, ^ejow^/, (hypercritical, hyperbole, hypertrophy)
virb, under, Latin sub; (hypodermic, hypothesis)
Adverbs
52. The following adverbs appear in English words:
e^co, outside; (exoteric, exogen)
ecrco, within; (esoteric)
ivbov, within; (endogen)
d), well; (euphony, eugenic)
TTJXe, far; (telegraph, telepathy)
22 EVERYDAY GREEK
53. Inseparable particles. — There are a few prefixes which
are common in composition with other words, but which never
occur as separate words. They are as follows:
av-, a- are negative like un- in English, or in- in Latin.
av- is used before words beginning with a vowel, d- befdre
words beginning with a consonant. Thus: an-esthetic,
a-pathetic, an-odyne, a-septic.
dv(T- has the meaning ill, bad. It is the opposite of eu,
well, good.
Examples: dyspepsia, dysentery.
rjiJLL-, half; (hemisphere).
8l-, two, double; (diphthong, dimeter, dilemma).
koXKl-, beautiful; (calligraphy, calisthenics).
Conjunctions
53a. The Greek conjunctions do not appear in English
derivatives and we can disregard them.
III. FORMATION OF WORDS
54. New and longer words are formed very freely in Greek
from the shorter words, or rather, from their roots and stems.
Most of the longer words are made up of a number of distinct
parts each of which has its own special significance. Before
proceeding further with the process of word-building it is
necessary to learn the meaning of a few terms which we must
use repeatedly.
Definitions of Terms
55. Root. — A root is the fundamental part of a word, or a
group of related words. Longer sj£ms and words may be
derived from the root, but the root cannot itself be derived
from any more simple element existing in the language.
Thus in genesis, genetic, eugenic, hydrogen, endogen, etc.,
there is a common syllable gen which is the root, meaning
become, or he horn. The same root with the vowel e changed to
appears in other words, such as theogony, cosmogony,
gonophore.
The root the, put, or place, appears in each of the following
words: Thesis, theme, synthesis, antithesis, apothecary,
hypothetical, anathema.
56. Stem. — The stem is the part of a word which remains
the same in a group of forms arising from inflection. Roots
are often used as stems, but most stems consist of the root
lengthened out by something added to it or prefixed to it.
Thus in genesis, Greek yepeat^, the root is yev, but the
stem is yeueai. To this we add the case ending s in the nomina-
tive and get the form yeveaLs; the accusative case is yepeaiu.
23
24 EVERYDAY GREEK
57. Suffix. — A suffix is one or more syllables added to the
end of a root or stem to make a new stem. The suffixes do
not occur as separate words. They may be illustrated in
EngHsh by the syllable -er in such words as sing-er, work-er,
build-er; or by -ness in such words as ?me&i-ness, weari-we55,
idle-ness.
58. Prefix. — A prefix is one or more syllables placed before
a stem. Most of the prefixes are prepositions or adverbs,
which may occur as independent words, but there are some
prefixes which do not occur as separate words. (See section
53 above). We may illustrate the use of the prefix by the
following English words: ww-wise, m-human, aw/^'-Christian.
59. Verbal. — A verbal is a word derived from a verb-stem
or root. Words derived directly from roots are also called
primitives.
60. Denominative. — A denominative is a word derived
from the stem of a noun or an adjective.
61. Simple word. — A simple word is one formed from a
single root or stem.
62. Compound word. — A compound word is formed by
combining two or more stems.
Euphony
63. A great many changes are made in the spelling of
Greek words for the sake of euphony (Greek ev^ui^la, good
sound, from ev, good, and 4>cjOpr}, sound).
To explain these euphonic changes it is necessary first to
understand the classification of the Greek consonants.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS
64. Following are the classes of consonants:
(i). Mutes, or Stops. — These may best be given in the
form of a table.
FORMATION OF WORDS 25
Surds
Sonants
Aspirates
Labials,
IT
iS
Palatals,
K
7
X
Linguals,
T
5
d
In the surds the breath is stopped by the organs of speech,
and in the sonants the voice is stopped in the same way.
The aspirates consist of the surds followed by the aspirate
sound h.
(2). Liquids. — ^X, ju, v, p. These are so called from their
smooth, flowing sounds.
(3). Sibilant, a, s.
(4). Double consonants. f=dz, ^=ks, ^p=ps.
EUPHONIC CHANGES OF CONSONANTS
65. Before r a labial or palatal mute must be co-ordinate,
that is, in the same column with r in the above table. Thus
the root irpay, do, with the suffix -tlkos becomes not irpay-
TLKm, but irpaK-TLKos, practical. So ex-rcKos becomes h-TLKos,
hectic, and eTrtXry/S-riKos becomes eTrLKrjir-TLKo^, epileptic.
66. Before r a lingual mute becomes a. TrXar-rtKos
becomes wXaa-TLKos, plastic; (TxoXaS-rt/cos becomes axoKaa-
TLKos, scholastic.
67. Before p, a labial mute becomes p, a palatal mute
becomes 7, and a lingual mute becomes tr. ypa(f)-pa changes
to y pap-pa, from which we have the syllable gram in telegram,
program, grammar, etc.; Trapa8eiK-pa changes to Trapahay-pa,
paradigm; a64)id-pa changes to ff64>La-pa, sophism; irXar-pa
becomes -wKacr-pa, plasm.
68. Before a labial mute v becomes p. (xw-TradeLa, from
aw and irados, becomes avp-Tradna, sympathy. Compare
symphysis, symphony.
26 EVERYDAY GREEK
69. TT, |8, or (f)-^(T=\l/
K, 7, or x+o-=^
T, 5, or 6-{-a=a-, that is, a lingual mute is dropped
before sigma.
70. V is dropped before a. (xw-(XTT]ixa becomes av-aT-q/xa,
system, v is usually assimilated before ix and X. Thus
(Tvi'-'\a(3r] becomes (ruX-Xa/S?;, syllable; avp-fxeTpla, avix-fxeTpla,
symmetry.
71. Initial p is doubled when a short vowel comes before
it in the formation of a compound word. This double rho
(pp) comes into English as rrk.
Thus: peoo,flow, with the preposition Kara becomes Karap-
pico, flow down, whence Karappoos, a down-flowing, a running
down of mucus from the head, English catarrh.
71a. The only consonants which can stand at the end of a
Greek word are v, p, and s.
Vowel Changes
72. The vowel in a root or stem is often changed to some
other vowel. Such changes are found also in English words
not of Greek origin. Thus: Sing, sang, sung, song; sit, sat,
set, seat; tell, told, tale.
In Greek the most common change of this kind is the
change of e in a verbal root to when a noun or adjective is
formed from the same root. Thus: rpeirco, turn, Tpoirr], a
turning, solstice, tropic; rfKio-TpoTos, turning to the sun,
heliotrope {r}\LOTpbTnov)\ Tduccirep) , stretch, topos, stretch of the
string, tone.
Many other vowel changes occur in Greek stems, both in
the formation of tenses in the verbs and in the formation of
nouns and adjectives from verb stems.
FORMATION OF WORDS 27
73. A final short vowel is usually lengthened before a
suffix beginning with a consonant. Both c and a become 77.
Toie-O), TroLr]-Tr]s ; apdpo-co, apdpoi-(n^:'i(JT7]ixi{(TTa), ffv-arrj-na,
system.
74. A final vowel is usually dropped before a suffix begin-
ning with a vowel. iJiovaa, p.ov(j-iK6s:ve(j)po-s, vec^p-lris.
Some Common SuflEixes
75. Verbal Nouns. — The simplest and most common
suffixes by which nouns are formed from verb stems are -a
and -0, forming respectively noun stems of the a-declension and
the o-declension. The nominative case of these words ends
in -a, -77, -OS, -ov. An e in the verbal root is regularly changed
to 0. The meanings vary.
TrejuTTco, send, escort'. ironiv-ri, an escort, a procession (Eng. deriv.
pomp)
rpeircx), turn', t poir-i] , a turning, solstice, (tropic)
TpoTT-os, turn, manner, turn, or figure of speech, trope
Ttjivw (re/i), cut'.TOjx-ri, a cutting, a section
TOfx-os, section of a book, volume, tome
ava-Tkp.voi, cut up, dissect: ava-TO/jL-r], dissection, anatomy
Telvo) (rev), stretch', tov-os, a stretching, tension, tone
76. Agent nouns are made with the suffixes -ttjs, -T-rip, -rcop.
TToieco, make, compose: iroL7]-Tr]s, maker, composer, poet
pe, root meaning speak: pr]-Twp, speaker, orator, rhetor
KepavvvixL (/cepa; Kpa), mix:Kpa-Tr]p, mixer, mixing-bowl, crater
a&Kkct), contend in games: ol^Xtj-t^s, contestant, athlete
77. Action nouns are made with the suffixes -cri?, -aia, -pos.
Kplvoi (kpl), judge, decide: Kpl-acs, decision, crisis
ava-\vw, loosen up, separate: aua-Xv-ats, separation, analysis
vvv-Tidripi (de), put together :<jvv-6t-(jL%, a putting together, synthesis
irriTTO), rot, decay :(T7]\pLs (arjir-ais) , a rotting, sepsis
28 EVERYDAY GREEK
aladavo/xaL (alaO, aiade), perceive, feel:av-aLadr}-aLa, insensibility,
anesthesia
acpv^o) (acpvj), throb, beat:a(j)vy-ij,6s, throbbing, pulse. (Compare
sphygmo-graph)
^ap^api^co {^ap^apib), barbarize :/3ap/3apta--/i6s, barbarism
78. Result nouns are made with the suffix -juar. These
are neuter nouns of the consonant declension and drop the
r in the nominative case, which therefore ends in -jua.
TTotew, make, compose: irol-q-ixa, what is made, or composed, poem
8pa(j}, do, act'.8pa-fia, deed, action, drama
ypcKpoo, ivrite'.ypan-iJia (ypa^-^ta), what is written; in the plural
{y paixiiaTo) , writings, literature, letters (compare Latin litterae) .
From ypafifxa come grammar, and the syllable gram in such
words as monogram, epigram, diagram, program, telegram, etc.
avv-'uTTrjiiL ((TTo), set together: a v{v)-(TTr]-fia, what has been set together,
a system.
79. Denominative nouns are made with the suffix -Tr]'s
denoting the person concerned with.
TToXi-s, city, state: TToXi-TTjs, citizen. Hence Eng. political, politics
j^aO-s, ship:vav-T')]s, sailor. Hence syllable naut in argonaut, aero-
naut, nautical, nautilus
irarpia, family, clan, tribe: -Karpiw-T-qs, clansman, compatriot, (patriot)
80. Quality nouns are made from adjectives with the
suffix -la.
ao(f)6s, wise:ao(f)la, wisdom.
4)L\6ao(f)os, wisdom-loving: 4)L\oao(l)-la, love of wisdom, philosophy
TToXv-yafxos, much-married, polygamous: ToXv-yafi-ia, polygamy
81. Place nouns are made with the suffix -elov.
Movaa, Muse:iJ.ova-elov, temple of the Muses, museum.
MavaoAos, Mausolus:MavaoA-eLov, tomb of Mausolus, mausoleum
wbri, song:(b8-e'iov, place of song, music hall, odeum
FORMATION OF WORDS 29
Verbal Adjectives
82. It will be observed that some of the sufl&xes used to
form adjectives are the same as those used for forming nouns.
Adjectives and nouns were not always clearly distinguished
among the Greeks. The fact that they were declined alike,
and that adjectives were often used substantively, that is
as nouns, tended to obliterate the distinction between them.
Thus the adjective "good" in the masculine form with the
masculine article before it meant "the good man," in the fem-
inine form with the feminine article meant " the good woman,"
while the neuter meant "the good thing," or "whatever is
good," which practice we have carried over into English in
the expression "the good, the true, and the beautiful";
that is, "whatever is good, whatever is true, and whatever is
beautiful." Generally, however, in English when we place
the definite article before an adjective and use it substantively
we think of it as plural in a universal or collective sense.
When we say "the wise," "the rich," "the young," etc., we
mean "all who are wise," etc. The Greeks expressed this
by putting the adjective and its article in the plural number,
which they indicated by the ending. We cannot make such
a distinction in English since the form of the adjective is the
same in all genders and numbers.
The practical purpose of this note is to make it clear that
many of the forms given in this section, while fundamentally
adjectives, may also be used as nouns, and some of them
generally, appear in English as nouns rather than as adjec-
tives.
83. Adjectives equivalent to perfect passive participles are
made with the suffix -ros, neuter -top.
■pvTTToo {kpvcj)), hide, conceal: kpvtt-tos, hidden; English derivatives,
crypt, crypto-gram, crypto-gam
so EVERYDAY GREEK
SidcjOfjLL (So), give'.avTL-bo-Tov, antidote; av-'eK-bo-rov, anecdote •
e-KL-TlOriixL (9e), put upon, addieTL-de-Tou, epithet
aKkWco (aKeX-e), dry up'.aKeXe-ros, dried up'.cfKtKe-rbv (aco/JLo), a dried
up body^ a mummy, skeleton
(f)vo}, grow:(f)VT6v, something grown, a plant. Hence English -phyte
in such words as neophyte (a young plant), zoophyte, epiphyte
84. Verbal adjectives denoting relation, fitness, ability,
or inclination are made with the suffix -tlkos.
TTpaaaco (irpay), do, accomplishlTrpaK-TLKos, efficient, practical
aua-\v-o), analyze: aua-Xv-TLKos, analytic, analytical, analytics
aladavoixai (alad-e), perceive: aladyj-TLKos, able to perceive, aesthetic;
negative an-aesthetic
arjTTOj, rot, decay:ar]T-TLK6s, productive of decay, septic; negative
a-septic
85. Many compound adjectives with a verb stem in the
second part are made with the suffix -os. These are also used
as agent nouns, and it is in this sense chiefly that they give us
Enghsh derivatives.
An € in the verb stem is regularly changed to o.
4>oJs, genitive (^cor-6s, light; <^epco, bear, carry:
(t)wa-(l)6p-os, bearing light, light-bearer, phosphorus
7pd0co, write, draw, paint
*(t)WT-o-ypact)-os, light- painter, photographer
yafieoj (jaix), marry: ToKv-ya/jL-os, much married, polygamous
aarpov, star :\eyo:, speak, tell about:
aarpo-Xoy-os, one who tells about the stars, astronomer, astrologer
jStos, life:^LO-ypa4)-os, life-writer, biographer
pvdos, story, myth
lxvdo-X6y-os, story-teller; one who tells about the myths, mythologist
^Qiov, animal :*^o)o-X6y-os, zoologist
* Greek words marked by an asterisk (*) in this book are either assumed
forms, or modern forms, and are not found in Liddell and Scott's Greek-English
Lexicon. All such words given in this book are formed on the analogy of similar
words found in ancient Greek and from words actually found there. They
are given because they are the Greek equivalents of English words.
FORMATION OF WORDS 31
86. It may be noted in passing that from each of these
adjectives or agent nouns in -05 we may form an abstract
noun denoting the state, action, or process, by changing the
ending to -ia. (See section 80).
*0a;r-o-7pa0-os, photographer :*(j)WTO'Ypa(f)-la, photography
Tr6\v-yafj,-os, polygamous: iroXvyaiJ.- ia, polygamy
aarpo-Xoy-os, astrologer '.dar poKoj-la, astrology
/3to-7pa0-os, biographer :^Loypa(j)-la, biography
fjivdo-Xoy-os, mythologist:fjLvdo\oy-la, mythology
*fajo-Xo7-os, zoologist:* ^cooXoy-la, zoology
The ending -ta is changed to y in English. It is through
this class of words that we get in English the names of sciences
ending in -ology.
87. A common mistake is to derive these names of sciences
from, the noun X670S, word, or speech, \6yos is derived from
the same root as the last part of these compounds ending in
-Xoyla, and is brother to this ending, not its parent, -\oyia
does not occur in the Greek language as a separate word,
but only in such compounds as jxvdo-\oy[a, aaTpo-Xoyia, 6eo-
\oy'ia, etc., which always presuppose /xvdo-'Xoy-os, aarpo-Xoy-
os, deo-Xoy-os, etc. The -\6yos in the latter part of these and
similar words is not the noun X670S, speech, since it means not
speech, but speaker, or rather, one who speaks about, and obvi-
ously comes directly from the verb X6'7aj. The identity of form
is accidental and this has misled many. The situation is
made clear by comparing the similar compounds derived from
7pa</)co, write. In this case there is no noun ypa.(f)os to cause
confusion, and so every one says the latter part of these com-
pounds is from the verb 7pd0w. The change of e to in
the root \ey of Xe7co has also contributed to this confusion.
This change, however, is regular and very common. (See
sections 72 and 85).
32 EVERYDAY GREEK
What has just been said will be illustrated and made
clearer by the following examples:
*dLo-ypa<f)-os, biographer: ^Lo-ypact)-ia, biography
7€a>-7pd0-os, geographer :yecjj-ypa4)-ia, geography
4>o}a-<j)6p-os (0€pa)), light-bearer: (f)ooa-({)op-ia, a bringing of light
acrrpo-Xoy-os, astrologer: aaTpo-Xoy-ia, astrology
acTTpo-voix-os (vkfjLco), astronomer :acrTpo-von-ia, astronomy
deo-\6y-os (\eyco), theologian: deo-Xoy-ia, theology
Denominative Adjectives
88. The following sufiSxes are used to make adjectives
from nouns, or rather, from noun stems:
89. -to-s, belonging to, pertaining to. It appears in English
derivatives mostly in adjectives derived from proper names,
the Greek ending -tos being replaced in English by the Latin
sufhx -ian (-ianus).
"OXu;U7ro-s, Olympus :'0\viJLir- LOS, Olympian
KopLvOo-s, Corinth:Koplvd-Los, Corinthian
8ri\t-oiJ,aL, hurt, harm:br]\r]-Trip, one who hurts, or harms: drjX-q-Trjp-
los, hurtful, harmful, deleterious
90. -Ko-s, -LKo-s, denoting relation, fitness, resemblatice, and
corresponding to the ending -tlkos in verbals given above
(Sec. 84). ^ ^
TToXlTrjs, citizen: to\lt-lk6s, political
prjToip, orator: prjTop-iKos, rhetorical
(f>v(ns, nature: 4>v<n-Kbs, natural, physical
KapSia, heart: KapSia-Kos, relating to the heart, cardiac
91. The Greek endings -lkos and -tlkos are the source of
the common English endings -ic and -tic, the last syllable -os
being dropped in English. After the ending -ic, or -tic, in
English there is commonly added the ending -al, which is
from the Latin sufl&x -alis. Sometimes we have the English
FORMATION OF WORDS 33
word ending in -ic, sometimes in -ical, and in some cases we
can use either. We can say either poetic or poetical, tragic
or tragical. We say magnetic, eccentric, graphic, energetic,
enthusiastic. But we say practical, physical, rhetorical,
theological, etc. Sometimes the word occurs with both the
endings -ic and -ical, but the two forms have different mean-
ings, as politic and political.
92. The neuter plural forms of these adjectives were used
in Greek as names for arts and sciences. The neater plural
nominative and accusative in all Greek nouns and adjectives
ends in -a short.
4>v(nKa, matters pertaining to nature, the study of things belonging to
nature, natural science, physics
TTokiTLKa, things pertaining to the citizens, or to the state, politics
ridos, moral character :ridLKa, things pertaining to moral character,
ethics
In these and similar words the English usage imitates the
Greek plural by adding -s, the English plural ending. Hence
we have our names for sciences ending in -ics. A plural
adjective is, however, so foreign to our usage that we forget
that these words are plural, and, as a matter of fact, in our
use of them they are not plural.
We have also names of arts and sciences ending in -ic, such
as music, rhetoric, arithmetic, logic. These correspond to
the Greek practice of using the feminine singular of the adjec-
tives in agreement with the noun rix^r], art, or eiriaT-qiJir],
science. The noun was usually omitted in Greek. Thus:
/jLovacKT] (Texv'-i), musical (art), music
apid^x-qTiKri (rexv]), the art of counting or computation, arithmetic
The Greeks used either form. Aristotle has at times
ToXiTLKTi {rexvi}, iinaTrjiir]), political science, and at times
TToXirt/cd, politics, in the same sense.
L
34 EVERYDAY GREEK
93. -trts, making feminine adjectives. With the feminine
noun voaos, disease, understood these adjectives were used as
names of diseases.
vk4>pos, kidney'.vt<f)p-'LTLs (voaos), kidney disease, nephritis
In modern medicine the ending -itis signifies inflammation
^pbyxia, bronchial tubes :*^poyx-'irLs, bronchitis
apdpov, joint'.apdp-lTLs, inflammation of joint, arthritis
94. -rjs (stem -es) is used to make both compound adjec-
tives in which the latter part is from a verb stem and com-
pound adjectives in which the latter part is from a neuter noun
ending in -os (stem in -es. See section 38.).
ev-yev-rjs, (from ev, well, and yev, stem of yiyvo/jLai, be born), well-
born, noble. From this we have in English the proper name
Eugene, and, with a changed ending, eugenic and eugenics
oixo-yewqs (from 6/jl6-s, same, and 76^-0$, race, kind, genus), of the same
kind, homogeneous
aaTep-o-ei8r]s (from aarrjp, genitive aarep-os, star, and el8os, stem
eiSes, appearance, form), having the appearance or form of a
star, like a star, asteroid. This is the origin of our English
ending -oid, meaning like.
auOpcoTro-etdrjs having the appearance of a human being, anthropoid
a4)aLpo-eL8r]s, sphere-like, spheroid
7€co-et5i7s contracts to yeccdrjs, earth-like; (geode)
aira(XfjLw8r]s, spasmodic from crxaajuos, shows a similar ending.
Denominative Verbs
95. These are verbs derived from nouns or adjectives,
chiefly from nouns. The most important for our purpose are
those ending in -aco, -eco, -oco, -evco, -a^co, -tfco.
The only one of these endings appearing in verbs in English
is -ifco, from which comes our common verb ending -ize, some-
times changed to -ise. We have, however, in English many
nouns and adjectives derived from denominative verbs with
the other endings given above.
Sy^* Sy>^ FORMATION OF WORDS 35
96. The following will illustrate these words and the series
of derivatives which may come from each:
(a) Trelpa, trial, attempt, attack
TTctpa-oj, try, attack
TVHpa-rqs, one who attacks (ships), pirate
■KHpa-TLKos, piratical
{b) apidjibs, number
apLdfie-co, number, count, reckon
apidix-q-TLKos, arithmetical: apt^Ai 7?- Tt/c?) (rex^^), arithmetic
Koapios, order, adornment
Koapk-co, set in order, adorn
Kocrp-q-TLKos, suited for adorjiing, cosmetic
(c) veKpos, dead; dead body, corpse
veKpo-u, deaden
veKpu-ffLs, a deadening, necrosis
(TKkrjpos, hard
*(jKKr}p6-co, harden
(TK\r]pcc-(XLs, a hardening, sclerosis
*<jK\7]pu)-TLKbs, hard, sclerotic
vapKf], numbness
vapKo-o), benumb
vapKco-CLs, a benumbing, narcosis
vapKco-TLKos, narcotic
irvp, fire
TTvpb-oi, burn
TTvpw-aLs, burning, pyrosis
TTvov, pus
TTvo-oo, suppurate
TTvw-cns, suppiiration, pyosis
It will be observed from the foregoing illustrations that the
common ending -osis in medical terms comes from this group
of words, that is, from the nouns in -ais from verbs in -ooj.
36 EVERYDAY GREEK
(d) <t)6.piiaKov, drug
(pap/iaKev-o:, deal in drugs, administer a drug, poison
(pap/xaKev-TLKos, pharmaceutic
Trais, 7rat5-6s, child
TraL8ev-co, bring up a child, educate
xaiSev-TLKos, suited for education, educative, paedeutic (pae-
deutics)
irpo-Traidev-TLKSs, propaedeutic (propaedeutics)
(e) yv/jLvos, naked
yvfjLva^o: (yv/xvaS), exercise naked, exercise
yviJLvaa-Trjs, one who exercises, gymnast
yv/jLvacr-TiKos, gymnastic (gymnastics)
yvixvda-Lov, place for exercising, gymnasium
(/) (T0(f)6s, wise
<ro4>l^cjo, ao4>i^o/jLai {ao(})L8), act wise, pretend to be wise
(To4)La-Tr]s, sophist
aocpLCT-TLKos, sophistic
a6(f)L(j-fxa, sophism
aycov, a contest
ayoivi^op-aL {aywvib), contend
avT-aycovi^ofjLaL, contend against, antagonize
avT-ayoovLa-Tr]s, antagonist
cLPT-ayojvLCT-TLKos, antagonistic
avT-ayojvLa-iJLos, antagonism
/3apjSapos, barbarian
^apl3api^o), barbarize
)3ap/3apt(7-/x6s, barbarism
"EXKrjp, a Greek, a Hellene
'EWrju-LKos, Greek, Hellenic
'EXXTji^-tfco, Hellenize
'EW-qvL<7-Tr]s, Hellenist (a foreigner who adopted the Greek
language and customs)
'EWrjVLa-TLKos, Hellenistic
'FAXrjVia-fjLos, Hellenism
FORMATION OF WORDS 37
97. From this group of words we get our English suflfixes
-ize, -ism, -ist, -istic. These sufl&xes are now added to many
words which are not Greek. Thus* Americanize, American-
ism, civihze, ritualist, ritualistic.
Compound Words
98. Most of the English words derived from Greek are
compounds. This is especially true of scientific terms. The
principles upon which Greek compounds are formed are,
therefore, of especial importance.
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES
99. Compound nouns and adjectives are closely related in
form and in mode of formation and may best be considered
together.
100. Three things must be considered in treating of com-
pound nouns and adjectives:
I. The first member of the compound ;
II. the second, or last, member of the compound;
III. the meaning of the compound as a whole.
Most of these compounds contain only two words, that is,
two stems. If there are more than two stems which enter into
a compound, this arises from combining an additional word
with a word which is already a compound. When three
words are combined in a single compound word one of the
words is practically always a preposition, or adverbial prefix.
I. The first member. — If this is a noun or an adjective
the stem only is used. If the second member begins with a
consonant the first member usually ends in 0. Stems of the
o-declension are taken as the norm, or pattern, for the first
member of the compounds. A word of the a-declension
usually changes the final a of the stem to 0, and stems of the
consonant declension regularly add an 0.
2,lf>2R0
38 EVERYDAY GREEK
Thus appears as a sort of connecting link at the middle
of many compound nouns and adjectives. There are, how-
ever, some exceptions in which a noun of the a-declension
retains its final a, or changes it to 77.
If the second member of the compound begins with a
vowel, a vowel at the end of the first stem is usually dropped.
II. Second, or last, member. — If this begins with a short
vowel it is usually lengthened, both a and e becoming 77, while
becomes co.
The endings of the second member, which are the endings
of the compound word as a whole, vary, but are generally some
of the endings already given above for nouns and adjectives.
Compounds with a verb stem in the second part and with
the ending -os are very common. A verb stem is rarely used
in the first part.
III. Meaning of compound nouns and adjectives. — Com-
pound nouns and adjectives may be divided into three classes
with reference to their meanings, as follows:
(a) Objective compounds. — In these the first member
stands in the relation of object to the second, either direct or
indirect.
(TTpaTo-s, army; aycj, lead
<7TpaT-7}y-6s, army-leader, general; (strategy, strategic)
7ed (7^), earth, land; ypa4>-<jo, ivrite, write about, describe
yecx}-ypa<p-os, land-describer , geographer
aarpo-v, star; Xe7-co, speak, tell about
aarpo-Kdy-os, one ivho tells about the stars, astrologer
(&) Descriptive compounds. — In these the first member
describes the second and has the force of an adjective, or
adverb, modifying the second member.
firjTrjp, fxr]Tp-6s, mother; ttoXis, city
/LtTjrp-o-TToXts, mother-city, metropolis
FORMATION OF WORDS 39
Trjkejfar; aKeinoixaL {aKeir), look, see, spy out
T7jXe-cr/c6x-os, far-seeing, far-looker, telescope
an4>i-6kaTpov, double-theater, amphitheater
(c) Possessive compounds. — These are adjectives. The
tirst member modifies the second, and the whole compound
means having, or possessing, this modified object. They
may be iUustrated by English words like "bright-eyed,"
having bright eyes; "smooth-barked," having smooth bark, etc.
fxovb-Tovos, having a single tone, monotonous
Tpi-Tovs, Tpi-To8-os, three-footed, tripod
Traxv-8epjj,-os, thick-skinned, pachydermous, pachyderm
6fxo-jev-r]s, of the same kind, homogeneous
COMPOUND VERBS
101. Verbs are not compounded directly Vv'ith any part of
speech except prepositions. Verbs with prepositions are very
common. The preposition is simply placed at the begin-
ning of the verb without any change except that before a
verb beginning with a vowel the final vowel of a preposition
is usually omitted. If the verb begins with a vowel having
the rough breathing, the breathing combines with a preceding
surd mute and changes it to the corresponding aspirate mute.
jSaXXco i^aX), throw: Kara- ^aXKo), throw down (cataboUsm)
Tapa-^aXKcc, throw beside, place beside, compare (parable)
alpeco, take'.h-aLpk(ji (5td^-atpew), take apart, separate
Compare English diaeresis, h-alpe-ai^
a^-aipkw (dTTo-fatpeco), take away from (aphaeresis)
XajjL^avo} (Xa|8, Xr?i3), take, seize
avX-Xaid^avo) ((rw+Xa/x^dj'aj), take together
(TvK-Xa^-T], that part of a word taken together, or at one impulse in pro-
nunciation, a syllable
tTi-Xan^avco, seize upon:eir'L-\r]\pLs, a seizing upon, a fit, epilepsy
40 EVERYDAY GREEK
SECONDARY COMPOUNDS
102, The classes of compounds described above are what
may be termed primary compounds, those which are formed
at first hand directly from the constituent stems. From these
primary compounds other parts of speech may be formed by
changing the suffixes. These may be called secondary com-
pounds. Thus from any one of the compound adjectives
and agent nouns described above (see sections 85, 86) we may
form an abstract noun which is the name of the quahty, or
process, expressed in the adjective, or agent noun. See sec-
tion 100, III, (a).
(TTpaT-r]y-6s, general '.aTpaT-tjy-la, generalship, strategy
yeco-ypd(l)-os, geographer: 7eco-7pa0-ta, geography
a(TTpo-\6y-os, astrologer :a<TTpo-\oy-la, astrology
*^o}o-\6y-os, zoologist :*fwo-Xo7-ta, zoology
In these pairs of words the first word in each pair is a
primary compound and the second a secondary compound.
103. From these compound nouns and adjectives there are
also formed denominative verbs in -eco, -ocjo, -t^co.
In classical Greek the denominative verbs from such
compounds as are given above nearly all end in -eco, but in our
English equivalents we always use the ending -ize, the same
as if they ended in -tfco in Greek.
a.(TTpo-\6y-os, astrologer: dcr7po-Xo7-€co, astrologize, as if from a
Greek form aarpo-Xoy-i^o:
Notice that we cannot compound the noun aarpov and the
verb Xe7co directly into aarpo-Xeyo). Such combinations were
never made by the ancient Greeks. We must first form the inter-
mediate noun or adjective aarpo-Xoy-os with the e of the stem of
Xeyco changed to 0, and then make from this the denominative
x'erb in -eco, aarpo-Xoy-eo}. This is a secondary compound. All
FORMATION OF WORDS 41
Greek compound verbs in which one part is a noun stem, or an
adjective stem, are secondary compounds.
aaTpo-voji-os, astronomer :dcrrpo-i'o/x-ta, astronomy
aarpo-vofi-ecx}, rare form aarpo-voix-l^oi, astronomize
Note. — The words astrology and astronomy were both in use among the
ancient Greeks and meant substantially the same thing. They should really
both be translated astronomy. In later times, however, the name astrology
came to be used for the pseudo-science of telling the fortunes of men from the
stars, while the name astronomy has been retained for the true science of the
stars.
aarpo'von-os is from aarpo-v, star, and veixcj), deal out, distribute, arrange,
manage. It probably meant originally one who distributes or arranges the
stars, that is, one who studies their arrangement and tries to map it out and
describe it.
104. Further examples of secondary compounds:
venoi, distribute, manage: oIkos, house, estate, property
oIko-v6ix-os, manager of a house or property, oeconomist
oUo-vofi-ia, management of a house, or an estate, thrift, economy
olKo-vo/jL-eoo, mafiage property, exercise thrift, economize
i;5cop, water (stem in compounds generally v8po-) : (j)epco, carry
v8po-4)6p-os, water-carrier (hydrophore)
v5po-(j>op-e(jo, carry water. There is no corresponding verb in Eng-
lish. There are many of these secondary compound verbs in
Greek, but relatively few of them from which we have corre-
sponding verbs in English, although we have English deriva
tives from many nouns and adjectives from which such verb„
are formed in Greek.
IV. WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY
105. Explain the formation of these words and their
relation to one another in accordance with the principles
given above, pointing out the stem, sufi&xes, prefixes, and
other elements wliich enter into the formation of each. Give
the English words derived from these Greek words, and
explain the relations of form and meaning in each instance.
Use a large English dictionary for getting EngHsh deriva-
tives and their meanings. The Century Dictionary is best for
this purpose.
106.
yMdo-s, story, legend.
\ky-u), speak, tell, tell about.
fjLvd-LKos, iJ,v9o-\6y-os, fivdo-'Koy-la, /xvOo-Xoy-LKSs, nvdo-Xoy-ew.
107.
^iop4>i], form, shape. fj,op(j)6-co, nopcpu-cns, ij.op4>co-tik6s,
p.era-p.op4>br-(ji, p.eTa-iJ.6p(l)(j:-(ns , *fj,eTa.-iJLop(t)-os, *fXiTa-ixop(l>-LK6s,
a-/xop(/)-os, Tr6\v-iJLop(f)-os, Mop0-e6$ (morphine).
108.
Idaivofxai. (nav), rage, be mad, crazy, be inspired.
jjLap-ia, *{j.avLa-K6s, fidv-ris {soothsayer, prophet),
veKpo-ixavTela, *X'^i-p-o- p.a.vr€la.
109.
funos, imitator, mime.
pn/JL-LKOs, 7ravT-6-iJiitxos, /JLLfxe-ofxaL, fxifj.r]-aLS, fXLfxrj-TLKds.
IIO.
apdpo-v, joint; apdpb-00, apOpco-ats, aw-apdpco-aLS, di-dpdpu-ais,
apOp-lris.
A.2
I
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 43
III.
Ti-6r]-ni (de), put, place; Oe-cns, 6e-iJ,a(T), avv-dt-ais, avv-de-nKos,
avri-Oe-ffLS, avrt-de-TiKos, viro-de-aLS, viro-Oe-TLKos, Trap-kv-d^-ais,
*'irap-ev-de-TiK6s, ha-de-ais, *8La-de-TLK6s, fiera-de-aLS, kirl-de-TOV,
eTrl-9rj-fj.a(T), kiri-de-aLS, airo-dij-KT], ^L^Xio-drj-Kr}.
112.
larrj-fXL {cto), stand, set; ara-cns, ^eK-ara-aLS, e/c-ara-rt/cos,
ara-TLKOs, *vdpo-a-Ta-TLK6s, airo-aTa-ats, airo-dTa-T-qs , a v{v)-(jTT]-fj.a{T) ,
av-aTrj-jjiar-LKos, *av-aTr]-iiaT-i^(j}, Std-ora-ats, dia-ara-TLKos, 5id-
113-
(Txtfco (axtS), split; o-xto'-/xa(T), ax'-<^-l^<^'''-i-'ios, axi-cr-ros, *crxto-r6-
y\<j)a(70s, *axi-<^TO-y\(t>a(7ia, *ax'-<^Tb-KVTO%.
114.
7ed (old uncontracted form of 7^), earth, land; yeu-ypa(f)-os,
yeu-y pa<t)-la, *yeo)-'K6y-os,*yeco-\oy-la, yeoo-nerpris, yeco-iJ.eTp-ia, yecc-
lierp-iKOs, yeoj-8aL-aia {dal-co),. *yeoo-8aL-TLK6s, yewpyos (for 7eco-
epyos), yecopy-ia, yewpy-cKos.
115-
Taaaio (707), arrange, station; raK-TLKOs, raK-TLKo., avp-ra^LS,
avv-raK-TiKos.
116.
dpx-w, begin, take the lead, conunand, rule, govern; apx-v,
beginning, rule, government; iiv-apx-os, av-apx-la, iep-apx-v^ {lepo-s,
sacred, religious), iep-apx-io., TarpL-apx-V^i TraTpc-apx-i-o. (Trarptd,
tribe, clan, race, those descended from a common father, -jrarrjp,
genitive irarp-os) ; apxa-'^os, of the beginning, ancient; apxcuov,
ancient thing, antiquity; apxcua, archives; apxaio-Xoy-os, apxo.10-
\oy-ia, dpxa-i/c6s; reKTwv (reKTOv), carpenter, builder; apxt-re/CTwi',
apxL-TeKTOi'-LKOs, apx-ciyye\os, apx^-Tvirov, *apxi-^^o.aros. This
verbal stem at the beginning of a compound takes the forms dpx-,
dpxe-, dpxi-. Compare English arch-bishop, arche-type, archi-
tect.
44 EVERYDAY GREEK
117.
/SdXXco {^aX, /SXrj), throw, place. irapa-^akXcj, place beside,
compare. Tzapa-^oXi], comparison, parable. vivep-^aWw, throw
beyond, the mark, go to excess, exaggerate, virep-^ok-i), exaggeration,
hyperbole. 7rpo-/3aXXa), throw before one, propose. irpo-^X-n-fxa,
ivhat is throivn before one, a proposition, problem. Trpo-^X-q-fiar-
LKos, problematic. kfx-^aXXco, insert, inlay. €fj.-P:Xr]-p,a, thing
inserted, or inlaid, emBlem. ahu-^dX-ov, symbol. fxera-jSaXXo),
place differently, change, trails pose. ixera-^oX-i], change, transposi-
tion. ^uera-jSoX-tKos, metabolic. */iera-/3oXtfw, *fX€Ta-^oXL(T-fx6s,
metabolism.
KaTa-^aXXco, throw doivn, destroy. Kara-^oX-i], *KaTa-^oX-LKbs,
catabolic. *KaTa-^oXLa-nbs, catabolism. Contrasted terms are
anabolic, anabolism. - ,'■ . fy ^ / •
118.
Trdo-xco (7ra(9), suffer, feel, experience. -rraOos (xa0-es), feeling,
suffering, disease. iraO-rj-TiKOs, avfi-Tad-ris, aviJ.-Ta6-ei.a, avfi-irad-
ew, avfi-iradTj-TLKOs, a--ira6-r]s, a-7ra6-ei,a, *a-Tadr]-TLK6s, *Trado-X6y-os,
*ira6o-Xoy-la, -jrado-Xoy-LKos. Compare allopathy, homeopathy,
osteopathy, pathogenic, pathogenetic.
119.
(f)aivoj {4>av), show, reveal. (l)aiv-oiJ,ai, be shown, show itself,
appear. (paLv-o/xevov, that which is shown or appears, phenomenon.
0d-o-ts, appearance, phase, tju-^a-crts, a showing in or among,
emphasis, e/x-c^ar-t/cos, 4>av-ep6$, visible. *(j)av-ep6-yafx-os, phan-
erogamous, phanerogam.
(jiav-ra^oj {<pav-Tad), shoiv; middle and passive, appear, often
of assumed or unreal appearance. ({)avTaa-na, an appearance,
phantasm, phantom, ^av-raa-ta, imagination, fantasy, fancy.
<f)ai>Taa-TLK6s, fantastic. *^avTa<Tp.-ayopLa, phantasmagory. 5ia-
^av-T]s, showing through, transparent, diaphanous.
120.
Trpaaaix) (irpay), do, accomplish
irpaK-TLKos, able to accomplish, efficient, practical
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 4 5
Tpay-fiair), deed, thing; in the plural, affairs, business
irpay-fxaT-iKos, pertaining to things or affairs, pragmatic
Trpa^ts (for tt pay-aLs) , doing, practice, praxis
From the stem irpay-nar- we also have in English pragmatize, pragmatism,
and pragmatist, the Greek forms of which would be irpayfiaT-i^o}, wpaytxana-
1x6%, trpay fiaTLff-T-qs, but these do not occur in classical Greek. Chiropractic
would be xe'Po-i'paKTiKos, from x<'P) hand, and irpa/cn/cos.
121.
venco, deal out, distribute, arrange, manage; feed, pasture, {ykfioi and
its derivatives show a wide range of meanings in Greek)
veix-e-ais, a dealing out (of justice), divine retribution, righteous
indignation, nemesis
aarpo-von-os, one who studies the distribution of the stars, astronomer
atTTpo-voix-ia, astronomy
oiKos, house, estate, property
oiKo-vbu-os, manager of a house, estate, or property
olKo-vofx-la, management of house or property, good management .
thrift, economy
olKo-vop.-i.Kbs, fitted for management of property, economic; oUo-
vop-LKCL, economics
From the same stem we have in English economize and economist
ay pos, field, land
dypo-vbp-os, land-manager , superintendent of public lands
*aypo-voiJL-la, management of land, agronomy
* ay po-voix-LKos, ay po-vop.-LKa, agronomic, agronomics
vbp-os, custom, law
avTL-vop.-la, opposition to laiv, antinomy
vop-bs, pasture, district, nome
vopas, vopa8-os, roving about for pasture, nomad
vopab-LKbs, nomadic
4)'CKos, friend, lover. 4)Lkkw,love. Frefix <J)l\o-, loving
(j)L\b-ao<l)os, loving wisdom (crot^ta), lover of wisdom, philosopher
4>Lko-ao4>la, love of wisdom, philosophy
46 EVERYDAY GREEK
(j)L\o-ao4>-iK6s , philosophic
(f>L\-a.p6puiros, lover of mankind, philanthropist
4>L\-avd p(jiivla, love of mankind, philanthropy
*4>L\-avdp(j}T-LK6s, philanthropic
</)tX6-Xo7os (second part from the noun \6yos, word, speech, litera-
ture), loving words, speech, language and literature, a lover of
words, language and literature, philologist
<i)iko-\oy-ia, love of language and literature, philology
Observe that this differs from the other -ologies in the fact that the second
part is from the noun X670S, not from the verb \e7a;, and that the verbal element
is in the first part, 4>iKo- (from 4>iKkui), meaning loving, equivalent to a participle
of which X670S is the object, loving speech, loving literature.
If the second part of philology were directly from the verb Xeyco and had
a verbal force and the first part were the noun ^tXos, friend, it would mean
science of friends, or science of friendship. (See section 87).
"Philology" does not belong in the group of -ologies, but in the group of
words beginning with the verbal member 0tXo-.
tf>L\o-(j.adr]s, loving learning (iiados) , fond of learning, philomath
4>i\-LTTros,fo7td of horses {'iTnros), Philipp, Phillip
(f)L\6-dr]fjLos, loving the people (Stjixos), philodemic
On the same model we have philharmonic, fond of harmony or
music
123. To the group of words beginning with philo- corre-
sponds a group beginning with miso-, Jiating.
/uaos, TO, hatred, fjnaew, hate
ULa-avdpoiTTos, hating mankind, hater of mankind, misanthropic, mis-
anthrope
lxL(T-avdpu)-KLa, hatred of mankind, misanthropy
/jLLao-y vvrjs (yvvrj, woman), woman-hater , misogynist
ixiab-yvvos, hating women, misogynous
ULao-yvvla, hatred of women, misogyny
124.
Xe7co, say, speak, tell, tell about
debs, a god, God
deo-\6y-os, one who speaks about God, theologian
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 47
d€o-\oy-ia, speaking about the gods, or God; the science of divine
things, theology
deo-'Koy-LKos, theological
a(TTpo-\6y-os, one who tells about the stars, astronomer, astrologer
a.aTpo-\oy-la, the science of the stars, astronomy, astrology
affTpo-Xoy-LKos, astronomical, astrological
IJLvOos, story, legend, myth
lxv9o-\6y-os, story-teller; one who tells about the myths, mythologist
fjivdo-\oy-la, story-telling, mythology
Hvdo-Xoy-LKos, good at telling stories. English derivative mytho-
logical, with a different shade of meaning
({>v(jLs, nature
<f)V(n-o-'\6y-os, one who tells about nature, a natural philosopher
4>v(jL-o-\oy-[a, natural philosophy. English derivative physiology
ct)vaL-o-\oy-LK6s, physiological
(j)V(n-o-\oy-eco, discourse about nature, tell about natural phenomena.
The corresponding English verb is physiologize, as if from
0uo-toXo7tfw. The English derivatives of this group have a
much more restricted meaning than the corresponding Greek
words. See next section.
125. The words given in section 124 are all found in
ancient Greek authors and are interesting and important as
furnishing models for the modern names of sciences ending
in -ology. Other words of this form occur in ancient writers,
but these four groups will serve our purpose here.
The meanings of these words at first were not so technical
and specialized as these and similar words have now become.
For example, nvdoXoyos was simply a story-teller, and fxvdo-
\oyia, the act or process of telling stories, not mythology in the
modern sense of that term — the whole body of myths, or the
scientific study of the myths. Theology was probably the
first of these words to take a sense somewhat like that which
48 EVERYDAY GREEK
the word has today. Astrology was used as a synonym for
astronomy and may be considered the name of the science
such as it was in those times. Physiology was used to signify
natural science in general, not in the very restricted sense in
which we use the term now.
From the time of Aristotle, however, these words ending in
■\oyia came to be regarded more and more as names of sci-
ences, or systematic bodies of knowledge.
Many of the modern sciences with names ending in -ology
were entirely unknown to the ancients, but the names we have
given them are formed on the analogy of the similar names in
use in ancient times and would have been understood by an
ancient Greek.
126. If we take as a model the words already given, all we
have to do to form similar names for other sciences is to change
the first part of the word, to substitute the stem of some other
noun in the first part of the compound. In each instance we
may have in English as in Greek a group of four words — an
abstract noun as name of the science, an agent noun as name
of the person who studies the science, a verb, and an adjective.
In the evolution of these terms in Greek, however, the name of
the person or agent came first, and the abstract name of the
science was derived from this. Now we think of the name of
the science first and derive the other terms from this.
In English the name of the science ends in^ instead of the
Greek and Latin -da, and-rthe verb ends in -ize, while in Greek
it ends in -ecoj This difference is necessary since -ize, Greek
-t^co, is the only ending of a Greek verb takeu over into English,
and so, whatever the ending of the verb may be in Greek, if
we use a corresponding verb in English it must end in -ize
just the same as if the Greek verb ended in -t^co, as it sometimes
does, though not in this group of words. From Greek verbs
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 49
in -tfco are formed agent nouns in Harris which is the source of
our English ending -ist. The name of the agent, or scientist,
therefore, regularly ends in -ist in English, occasionally in
-er, while in Greek it ends in -os.
127. The following examples will serve as illustrations:
acTTpo-Xoy-os, astrologer *yeo:-\6y-os, geologist
aaTpo-Xoy-ia, astrology *yeo}-\oy-ia, geology
aarpo-Xoy-LKos, astrological *yeoo-\oy-LK6s, geological
aarpo-Xoy-eoj, astrologize *yew-\oy-€(j}, geologize
The following are given in Enghsh form only and in the
English order:
Biology, biologist, biological, (biologize)
Zoology, zoologist, zoological, (zoologize)
Physiology, physiologist, physiological, physiologize
Psychology, psychologist, psychological, psychologize
The verb in this class of words is not very common in
English. In many cases it is not in use at all. "Zoologize"
is not given in the Century Dictionary. "Biologize" is rare
and used in the sense of mesmerize. "Physiologize" is used
chiefly in the old Greek sense of speculate concerning nature.
128. All the additional knowledge needed for other words
of this type is to know what the first part of the compound
comes from. Following is a list of nouns so used. Give the
group of English words derived from each of these correspond-
ing to the groups given above.
ixvdpcjjTTos, man, mankind bkvhpov, tree
a'LTLov, cause Koyxv, shell-fish, shell
\pvxv, soul, mind ix6v-s,fish
iaros, iveb, tissue opvLs, opviO-o^, bird
vevpov, sinew, nerve 'iji^pvo-v, foetus, embryo
50 EVERYDAY GREEK
6 TcKos, reXe-os, end, purpose according to its origin; also
l3aKTripL0-v, a little staff, bac- root of a word
terium oh, (br-ds, ear
Tado^, the way a person is pis, ptv-bs, nose
a,&ected, feeling, suffering, dis- 6<i>da\p.bs, eye
ease yvvq, yvvaLK-os, woman
'irv/xos, tnie'.neut. 'irvixov, true aeia/jLos, earthquake
literal meaning of a ivord
129. From 'Kiyco, say, speak, come also the following words:
X670S, word, speech, reason, proportion, prose
\oyo-ypa4>-os, speech-writer, prose-writer, logographer
Xoyo-ypacfj-la, speech-ivriting, prose-ivriting, logography
Xoy-iKos, reasonable, rational, logical
Xoy-LKT], logic
ava-Xoyos, according to a fixed proportion, proportional, analogous
Xe^ts (for Xey-cTLs), a speaking, speech, word
Xe^L-Kov (jSl^XIov), word-book, lexicon
5ta-Xe7-o/xat, converse
Sia-XeK-TLKos, conversatiojial, dialectic
ha-XtK-Tos, conversation, style of speaking, dialect
bia-Xoyos, conversation, dialogue
■wpb-Xoyos, fore-word, prologue
kiri-Xoyos, after-speech, epilogue
tv-Xoy-ia, well-speaking, praise, eulogy; we also have eulogize,
eulogist, and eulogistic
130.
Xkyw, pick, gather
eK-XeK-TLKos, inclined to pick out or select, eclectic
(jvX-Xkyw {avv-\-Xkyw), gather together, collect
avX-Xoy-T], a collection (of poems, etc.), sylloge
eK-Xoy-i], a picking out, selection, eclogue
131.
Kparos, TO, might, power, rule'.Kparkw, exercise power, rule
Sfjuos, people, common people
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 51
t^qiio-K par-la, rule by the people, democracy
brjiio-KpaT-LKos, democratic; as a noun, democrat
In the same way we have from apiaros, best, aristocracy, aristocratic,
and aristocrat
From aiiTos, self, we get autocracy, autocratic, and autocrat
From TrXoOros, wealth, we get plutocracy, plutocratic, and plutocrat
From oxXos, crowd, mob, we get ochlocracy, etc. I once heard a dis-
tinguished scholar use very effectively the expressive word
cleptocratic, from KkeivT-qs, thief, although "cleptocratic" is
not in the English dictionary.
132.
boKeo) {8ok), think, seem, seem good, seem best
boy- iia^T)"^ what seems best, one's opinion or conviction of what is
right and good, dogma
The dogma of a governing body in state or church is its decree. A law,
ordinance or decree passed by the Athenian assembly began regularly with the
words eSo^e r^ /SouXg /cat toj 5riiJ,o}, "It seemed best to the senate and the popular
assembly," equivalent to our enacting clause: "Be it enacted by the senate and
general assembly." The decree itself was called a 56y^ia — what seemed best
to the governing body.
oo^a, opinion, reputation, honor, glory
8o^o-\oy-ia, the expression df glory to God, doxology, as in the well-
known doxology: "Glory (do^a) be to the Father, to the Son,
and to the Holy Ghost" •
Trapa-So^os, contrary to opinion or expectation, paradoxical; as a
noun, paradox
opdos, upright, straight, right
opdb-ho^os, having right opinion, orthodox
tTtpos, other (of two), dijfferent, wrong
erepo-do^os, of other opinion, of wrong opinion, heterodox
6pdo-8o^ia, orthodoxy. tTepo-bo^la, heterodoxy
133.
ay 00 {ay, reduplicated stem ay ay), lead
briix-aywy-bs, leader of the people (generally in a bad sense, one who
misleads the people), demagogue.
52 EVERYDAY GREEK
Sijfi-aycoy-la, demagogy
drf/jL-aycoy-LKos, demagogical
Tots, TaiS-os, child, boy
iraid-ayooy-os, boy-leader, pedagogue
TmS-aywy-La, pedagogy
Tai,8-ayoiy-iK6s, pedagogical
arparos, army
(XTpaT-rjy-os, army-leader, general
aTpaT-rjy-la, generalship, strategy
aTpar-rjy-LKos, strategic ' '
arpaT-rjy-eci}, be a general
cTTpaT-riyq-fia, an act of generalship, stratagem
134. vhoip, vbaT-os (stem in compounds takes the form
vbpo- before consonants, vbp- before vowels), water.
av\6s, pipe
vdp-avK-iKos, pertaining to water-pipes, hydraulic
Note. — oi;X6s is a pipe in the sense of a musical instrument. The term
" hydraulic " has probably come into scientific language from the Greek vSpavXis,
a sort of musical instrument with pipes made to sound by means of moving
water, a water organ, also called vSpav\i.K6p ipyavov. It was invented by
Ctesibius, a Greek who lived at Alexandria in Egypt. See Athenaeus 174.
iVrrj/it (era), set, stand
*v8po-(TTa-TLK6s, having to do with the standing of water, hydrostatic,
hydrostatics
4>o^kop.aL, fear
vbpo-4)6^-os, water-f ear ing:vSpo-(})o^-ia, fear of water, hydrophobia
v8pa, a water-snake, hydra
In Greek mythology the Lernaean Hydra was a monster with nine heads,
each of which when cut off was replaced by two. The monster was slain by
Hercules, who cut off the heads and cauterized the wounds so that they could
not sprout new heads.
The stem v8p- with the ending -ant, of Latin origin, gives
hydrant. With the sufl&x -ate we get hydrate.
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 53
There is a very large number of technical and scientific
terms beginning with hydro-, or hydr-. They can be found
in any large EngHsh dictionary.
135.
€p8co (kpy), work
h-epj-rts, at work, active
kv-kpy-€La, activity, energy
h-epy-eoj, be at work, be active
h-epy-q-TiKos, able to be at work, inclined to work, energetic
/jLeraXKov, a mine; later, a metal
pLtToKKovpybs {fxeraWo-epyos), mine-worker, metal-worker
fxeraWovpy-ia, mine-working, metal-working, metallurgy
xetpovpyos (xetp-o-epy-6s), hand-worker, surgeon
X^i-povpy-ia, hand-work, surgery, cliirurgery
Xtipovpy-LKos, surgical, chirurgical
a-epy-6s, contracted form apyos, not working, idle; hence argon
bpy-avov, thing to work with, tool, instrument, organ
From the word organ with the usual suffixes we form organic,
organize, organism, organist
Note.— The word opyavov had in Greek about the same range of meanings
as its English derivative organ. The musical instrument called a water-pipe
organ, v8pav\i.K6v opyavov, has already been referred to above (see section 134,
note). From this in course of time was evolved the church organ. The word
was also used by the ancients for an organ of the body, such as the eye.
epyov, work; (ergograph)
136. Changes in the meaning of words. — It must have
been observed already by the student of this book that in
many of the English words derived from Greek the meaning
of the English word corresponds only in part to that of the
Greek word from which it is derived, and that sometimes the
connection is rather remote. The meaning of words changes
with their use and with changing ideas and processes. The
history of words and their changes in meaning and application
54 EVERYDAY GREEK
is, to a large extent, a history of civilization, of the intellectual
and moral development of the people who used these words.
There are various ways in which the meanings of words
change. Sometimes the meaning is generalized and becomes
broader; sometimes it is specialized and restricted to a part
of what it originally covered. New ideas are usually expressed
by using old words in a new sense. Often the name is given
to a new discovery in a more or less arbitrary way. If the
name is made from a Greek word, or from two or more Greek
words, the namer tries to use Greek words which express some-
thing more or less characteristic of the thing he is naming.
Sometimes the name is based upon a misapprehension or
false conception, and while the name sticks the etymological
meaning becomes inappropriate when the facts are better
understood. The word, however, serves its purpose by taking
on a new meaning.
The Enghsh words of Greek origin may be divided his-
torically into two classes.
The first class includes those words which were used by the
ancient Greeks themselves in approximately the same sense
in which we now use them, and which have been in use more
or less continuously by scholars from ancient times to the
present. These constitute the basis of all our Greek terms
in English, and furnish the models upon which the later scien-
tific and philosophical terms have been formed. The words
of this first class have come into our language along with the
ideas which they express, both the thing designated and its
name being of Greek origin. Such words are poetry, drama,
epic, theater, history, philosophy, theology, mythology,
astronomy, mathematics, politics, democracy, physics, geome-
try, organ, energy, analysis, S5^nthesis, and many others.
These words, too, have changed in meaning with increasing
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 55
knowledge and changing ideas, but the change has been a
gradual growth.
The second cla^s consists of words introduced in modern
times as names of new inventions and discoveries, or new ideas
of any kind which required new names. Examples of such
words are telegraph, telephone, photograph, protoplasm,
phagocyte, microbe, and indeed most of our modern scientific
terms of G/eek origin.
Etymologically physics and physiology, both of which are
derived from the Greek word <^ucrts, nature, mean the same
thing, science of nature, or natural science in general. Both
these words were used in this general sense by Aristotle and
other ancient Greek writers, and apparently without any dis-
tinction in meaning. Each of these terms has now become
restricted to a special division of natural science.
On the other hand economy, which originally meant the
management of a house and its belongings, has been broadened
out to include much more. It had acquired much of this
broader meaning already in ancient times. The same may be
said of the related words, "economic," "economics," and
"economical."
Geometry was at first merely the measurement of land,
but it came very early to have a much broader meaning and
application.
On the whole, however, the instances in which a word has
been restricted in its meaning to a part of the ground originally
covered by it are much more numerous than those in which it
has become more general in its meaning, and this is especially
true of scientific terms.
In modern scientific terms Greek words are often used in a
specialized technical sense which was entirely unknown to the
ancient Greeks. Thus the Greek word /euros which meant a
56 EVERYDAY GREEK
bowl, vase, or jar, or anything shaped like them, has been
adopted in modern science to designate a cell, a thing of which
the ancient scientists had no knowledge. The word vevpov
used in scientific language to designate nerve had the meaning
sinew or tendon in ancient Greek. It was first used in the
modern sense of nerve by the physician Galen in the second
century after Christ. The Greek word rjXeKrpou meaning
amber, or an amber-colored metal, is used in modern science
to designate electricity. Many other similar illustrations
might be given but these will be sufficient here. There are
naturally no words for things hitherto unknown and the best
that can be done in making a new name for a new discovery
is to take an old word which designated something partially
like the new idea and give this old word a changed meaning.
137. The older generation of scientists were, for the most
part, also Greek scholars and made their scientific terms con-
form in the main to the genius and rules of the Greek language.
In recent years with the rapid growth of scientific discovery
and with intense specialization there has come into use a
flood of new scientific terms formed from Greek words, and it
was inevitable that some of these should be clumsily formed
and impossible of explanation in accordance with the principles
and usages of the Greek language. Still it is true of these
words that they may be understood and remembered much
better by knowing the Greek words from which they are
formed.
138. Scientific terms are now so numerous and for the
most part so highly technical that they cannot to any con-
siderable extent be included in a manual hke the present one,
but each student must specialize upon those which he needs
for his own special field of study. The general knowledge
given in this handbook should assist him greatly in learning
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY 57
'•■*.
the derivation and meaning of the special terms belonging to ^
his own specialty.
139. Attention may here be called to a class of words
spoken of by etymologists as corruptions. When a word of
classical origin came to be used not merely by scholars and
educated people, but also by the illiterate masses, changes
were brought about by mistaken or careless pronunciation, and
a word might change little by Httle until its original source
could scarcely be recognized. In such cases we can usually
find intermediate forms preserved in books of different dates
and places by means of which the later corrupted form can
be traced back to its original source.
Examples of such words are, bishop, from the Greek Ittl-
aKOTT-os, overseer; devil, from the Greek 6td/3oXos; surgeon,
from the Greek x^i-povpyos; priest, from irpea-^uTepos. The
intermediate forms may be seen in any large English dictionary
under the English words.
140. Metaphysics, [xeTo. <^i;(n/ca,, after physics. This term
was first applied in Roman times to a group of treatises which
came after the Physics (idera 0u(n/cd) in the collected works of
Aristotle. Later the origin of the title was forgotten and it
was supposed to describe the subject-matter of these treatises.
From Aristotle's works the term was transferred to other dis-
cussions of a similar character and finally became the name
for a branch of philosophy. Aristotle did not give this name
to his work, and the term has no special significance except as
it acquired it in later times.
141. Following are a few groups of English words of Greek
derivation arranged so far as practicable by departments of
thought and endeavor. None of the groups is complete,
and some of the words might with equal reason be placed in
other groups. The first word in each group will be suggestive
58
EVERYDAY GREEK
of the nature of the group. The plan has been to get typical
words in each group and to present both some common words
and some highly technical terms.
The student should use these words as material for prac-
tice in tracing derivations. It is hoped that with the help
of the principles and illustrations already given he may be
able to think out many of these derivations without looking up
the words in a dictionary. After trying what he can do
unaified he may resort to the index and vocabulary at the
■^lid ofthis book, and finally to some large English dictionary.
The Century Dictionary is one of the best for words of Greek
origin.
Additional words for study may be found in the index.
I. gymnastics
doxology
patriot
gymnasium
organ
hero
athlete
metronome
cosmopolitan
athletic
monopoly
acrobat
3. politics
emporium
trophy'
policy
epoch
political
ostracize
2. music
economic
melody
ethnic
4. mathematics
harmony
aristocracy
arithmetic
tone
autocracy
geometry
tune
oligarchy
trigonometry
monotone
monarchy
analytics
meter
tyranny
cone
chorus
despotism
cube
chord
dynasty
sphere
symphony
democracy
cylinder
antiphony
democratic
prism
anthem
plutocracy
pentagon
psalm
anarchy
polygon
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY
59
diameter
taxonomy
hypnotic
perimeter
protoplasm
ergograph
diagonal
cytoplasm
base
stigma
8. zoology
center
anther
ichthyology
hypotenuse
petal '
ornithology
parallel
calyx
^embryology
diagram
cryptogam
ehtomoleg'y' '
> problem
phanerogam
protozoon
axiom
spore
metaboKsm
theorem
endogen
xiphoid
scholium
exogen
azygos
angiosperm
entomostraca
5. physics
gymnosperm
malacostraca
dynamics
chlorophyl
aptera
mechanics
perianth
diptera
optics
parasite
ctenophora
acoustics
epiphyte
coelenterata
hydraulics
geotropism
arthropoda
hydrostatics
heHotropism
xiphosura
eccentric
.
notochord
electric
7. philosophy
coelomata
elastic
psychology
chaetognatha
telegraph
psychic
telegram
logic
9. poetry
telephone
ethics
poet
pneumatic
stoic
poem
electrolysis
skeptic
epic
magnetic
pragmatic
lyric
thermodynam-
scholastic
drama
ics
category
dramatic
stereopticon
idea
tragedy
ideal
tragic
6. botany
idealism
comedy
ecology
hypnosis
comic
6o
EVERYDAY GREEK
bucolic
idiom
eleemosynary
elegy
dialogue
apostasy
epigram
apology
prophet
idyl
comma
liturgy
theater'
colon
anthropomor-
scene
hyphen
phism
melodrama
dieresis
theism
'*' prologue'
synonym
atheism
episode
anonymous
pantheism
epilogue
pseudonym
J.
mystic
rhythm
sarcasm
idol
ode
/
idolatry
threnody
II. ecclesiastic
theology
strophe
Catholic
theosophy
antistrophe
Presbyterian
cemetery
dactyl
Methodist
epitaph
anapest
Episcopalian
cenotaph
Christ
angel
lo. rhetoric
apostle
hierarchy
theme
evangelist
demon
thesis
bishop
devil
topic
presbyter
epitome
deacon
12. physician
apothegm
cathedral
anatomy
emphasis
diocese
physiology
apostrophe
synagogue
neurology
metaphor
ascetic
hygiene
trope
hermit (eremite)
anodyne
phrase
priest
epidermis
paraphrase
monk
hypodermic
paragraph
heresy
symptom
parenthetic
heretic
diet
period
agnostic
nausea
graphic
schism
chronic
laconic
alms
anesthetic
WORD GROUPS FOR STUDY
6i
anaemia
phagocyte
clinic
epidemic
(should be
sphygmograph
osmosis
cytophag)
hemorrhage
ptomaine
sepsis
neurosis
antitoxin
antiseptic
neurotic
therapeutic
symphysis
neuritis
pediatry
synarthrosis
neurocyte
prophylaxis
synchondrosis
neuriatry
atrophy
cyst
cystectomy
hypertrophy
myelocyst
chondroid
microbe
poliomyelitis
hj^pochondriac
bacteria
gastritis
psychiatry
cytogenesis
pericardium
cytoblast
peritoneum
142. The following list contains some names of men and
women. Look up the Greek words in the vocabulary.
Alexander, from dXefo? and avrip
Bernice, BepevlK'r]=^epev'LKr], from (fjepw and vUi]
Catharine, or Catherine, from Kadapos
Christopher, Xpt.aTo4>6pos, Xptcrros, 0epa;
Cora, from Kopr], Kopa
Dorothea, Dorothy, from Scopov and Beds
Eugene, 'Evyei'rjs, from eu and yiyvo/jLaL {yev)
Eunice, from ev and vUt]
George, Tewpyios, from yecopyos
Georgia, Tecapyia, feminine of TeoopyLos
Helen, 'EXevrj, a prominent character in the Homeric poems
Homer, "O/xTjpos, reputed author of the Iliad and the Odyssey
Ida, "Ut] and "Ida, t8r] and Ua
Irene, from eipr]vr]
Iris, 'Ipts, tptj
Leon, Xecov
Margaret, /jLapyapiri)^
62 EVERYDAY GREEK
Melissa, neXiaaa
Myron, Mvpcov, name of a famous Greek sculptor
Nicholas, NuoXdos, from vIkt] and Xdos
Peter, Trerpos
Phoebe, Phebe, from (i>oL^os, feminine ^ol^-q
Philip, Phillip, ^iXittttos, from ^tXos and I'ttttos
Phyllis, from 4)vK\ov
Sophia, ao4>la
Stephen, Steven, from aTe4>avos
Theodore, from 9e6s and dcopov
Theophilus, from deos and (plXos
V. VOCABULARY
143. In this vocabulary if the stem of a verb is not obvious
it is added in parentheses after the verb. Greek words in
parentheses after other words in the vocabulary are intended
to suggest the derivation of the Greek word which they follow.
These words in parentheses may be found defined in their
proper places in the vocabulary.
Not all the meanings of the Greek words are given in this
vocabulary, but only those meanings which are helpful in
tracing the derivation of Enghsh words. Quite often it is
the rarer meaning of a Greek word which appears in its Eng-
lish derivative; especially so in scientific terms.
The meanings are given in such an order as to lead up to the
meanings of the English derivatives. Very often none of the
meanings of the Greek word are exactly the same as that of
its English derivative, or derivatives, and the meanings
given for Greek words in this vocabulary must not be taken
as definitions of the English derivative which is usually given
at the end of the list of meanings. To get the exact signifi-
cance of the English word as used at the present time the
English dictionary should be consulted. In the case of
medical and other scientific terms a special dictionary, such
as Stedman's Medical Dictionary, may be consulted.
A a-yvcoa-TLKos (yLyvojcTKO}): un-
ci- before consonants, ap- before <^^^^ ^o know, agnostic,
vowels. Negative prefix like *ay po-vo/jL-ia: management of
un- in English: not, without. land, agronomy.
0,77610;^: vessel, vase, jar. aypo-pofx-os: manager of land,
ayyeXos : messenger, angel. superintendent of lands,
63
64
EVERYDAY GREEK
aypos: field, land, country,
iiyoo (d7, 0,707, reduplicated
stem): lead,
aycov: contest, trial,
aycovia: struggle, anguish, agony.
aycjovi^oiJLaL {ayuPid) : contend,
struggle.
a8e\<t>6s, dSeXc^i?: brother, sister,
a-^vyos i^vyov) : without a yoke,
unyoked.
ar]p, gen. dep-os: air.
adXeui: contend for a prize in
feats of strength and skill,
especially in the public games.
ad\t]-T'i]%: contestant in the games,
athlete.
ad\ov'. prize in the games.
aWrjp : the clear upper air, aether.
aljua, gen. a'liiaT-os: blood,
aifxop-pay-ia, from alfjLa-[-pr]y-
vviii (pay) : bursting forth of
the blood, hemorrhage.
atvLyna, gen. alvlyixaT-os: dark
saying, riddle, enigma.
aivlaaoixai (amy) : speak in rid-
dles, hint.
a'ipe-aLs: a choosing, choice, sect,
heresy.
atpe-TLKos: sectarian, heretic.
alpkcjo, mid. alp'toixat.: take, mid.
choose.
aladavoixaL (ahd, aiaOe) : perceive.
aicfdri-ais'. perception.
aia6r]-TLK6s: able to perceive, good
at perceiving, aesthetic.
aiTLO-\oy-la (from atrtoi'+X€7a;) :
discussion of causes, aetiology.
oLTiov: cause, reason.
dKeo/xat: heal, cure.
aKixi] : point, highest point, prime,
acme.
cLKpo-^a-TTis, from aKpos-\- ^aivc>}
i^a): one who goes highest,
high-goer, acrobat.
aKpo%: highest, topmost.
aKova-TLKos: pertaining to hear-
ing, acoustic.
cLKovco: hear.
aXyeoo: feel pain, suffer, grieve.
0X705 (stem dX7€s) : pain, suffer-
ing.
dXe^w (dXe^, dXe^e): ward off.
aK\r]\oLv: of one another, to or
for one another.
aXXos: other, another.
a-nedva-Tos, verbal adjective of
fjLedvo) with neg. prefix: not
drunken; a-ixeduaros Xi0os, the
stone which prevents drunken-
ness, amethyst.
a/jLOL^T] : exchange, requital, recom-
pense.
a-jjiopcpos: formless, shapeless,
amorphous.
afx<f)l : about, on both sides.
aix^i-GeaTpov: double theater,
amphitheater.
ova', up; in composition some-
times back, again.
ava-^aWcJ (jSaX) : throw Up,
build Up.
ava-^oXij: what is thrown up, or
built up, a mound.
*dva-/3oXt/c6s : building up, con-
structive, anabolic.
VOCABULARY
65
*ava-^o\L<Tfx6s: upbuilding, con-
structive metabolism.
Note. — The last word is purely
modern and the meanings given for
the three preceding words have been
selected so as to lead" up to this modern
derivative, anabolism.
av-aiadrjala {aladavoixaC) : insensi-
bility, anesthesia.
*av-aLadr]-TLKbs: anesthetic.
av-aiaOr]-Tos: without sense or
feeling, insensate.
av-oKyri-ala: freedom from pain,
insensibility, analgesia.
ava-\oyos: according to pro-
portion, comparable, analo-
gous.
ava-\v-aLs: a loosing up, separa-
tion into parts, analysis.
ava-Xv-TLKos: pertaining to analy-
sis, analytic.
ava-Xvco: loosen up, dissolve,
analyze.
av-apxio.: absence of rule or
government, anarchy,
cLv-apxo% '. without rider or govern-
ment, anarchical.
ava-refxvo: {refj) : cut Up, dissect.
ava-TOfjL-r]: dissection, anatomy.
ave/xos: wind.
avefjLwvr]: wind flower, anemone.
avrip, gen. av8p-6s: man, male
human being.
avde/jLov (longer form of cii'^os):
flower.
avdos (audes) : flower, blossom.
apOpcoiros: man, mankind, hu-
man being (either male or
female).
avT-aywvl^oiiai: contend against,
antagonize.
*avT-aycovLaiJ.6s: antagonism.
cLPT-ayojuLCTTris: antagonist.
*dvT-aywPLcrTLi{6s: antagonistic.
avri: against, opposite.
avrl-de-ffLs: a putting opposite,
what is put opposite, antithesis.
avTi-OeriKos: put in opposition,
antithetic.
*a.vTi-vop.ia: opposition to law,
antinomy.
avT'i-4>wvos: sounding opposite,
or in response, responsive;
in neut. avrlcpwvov, responsive
singing, antiphony, anthem.
a.v-o)8vvos, -ov {obvvrj): without
pain, allaying pain; dvo^bwov
<<papnaKov> , a drug allevi-
ating pain, anodyne.
dj'-co/iaXta {avdo /jloXos) : uneven-
ness, irregularity, anomaly.
av-coixa\os (oAtaXos) : uneven, out
of level, anomalous.
a^icona: that which is demanded
as a basis for reasoning, that
which is assumed as self-
evident, axiom.
a^cov: axle, axis.
aopTT] (from aeipco, stem aep,
lift-up): aorta.
a-TraOeLa (Tciax^, iraO) : lack of
feeling, insensibility, apathy.
*a-Tra6r]TLK6s: without feeling or
sensibility; apathetic.
d-TTo: from, away from.
airo-driKr]: a place in which to
put things away, a store-house,
apothecary.
66
EVERYDAY GREEK
airoXoyeonaL: speak in one's de-
fense, defend one's self.
aTToXoyrjTLKos: inclined to defend
one's self, of the nature of a
defense, apologetic.
airoXoyla: defense by speech,
apology.
diro-aTa-aLS {^LaTrjiii, ara) : a
standing away from, ivith-
drawal, desertion, apostasy.
dTTo-o-Td-TTjs: one who deserts,
a run-away slave, an apostate.
dTTO-crroXos (aTro-crreXXco) : one
who is sent away on a mis-
sion, a messenger, envoy, am-
bassador; in the New Testa-
ment, a missionary , an apostle.
dTTO-o-Tpec^co : turn away from.
aTvo-<TTpo4)T]: a turning away,
that is, from all others to
address one specially, an
apostrophe.
aTro-4>6eyyoiJLaL: speak out plain-
ly and to the point.
a.ir6-(t>6eyna: a terse pointed
saying, an apophthegm.
a-TTTepos (TTepov) : without wings,
wingless,
apaxvrj : a spider,
apyos (contracted from a-epyos) :
not working, inactive, idle.
apdp-lTLs: inflammation of a
joint, arthritis.
apdpov. joint.
apdpoco : make a joint, unite by
means of a joint, articulate.
ap9pco-aLs : union by means of a
joint, arthrosis.
apidjjikoi: count, number, reckon
up.
apLO/jLTj-TLKos '. pertaining to count-
ing or reckoning, arithmetical.
apLdfxrjTLK'fi <.Tkxvt]'> '. art of
counting and reckoning, arith-
metic.
apid/jLos: number.
apiaros '. best.
apKTos : a bear, a constellation in
the northern heavens, the north.
Hence apKTLKos, northern, arc-
tic.
apfiovla: a fitting together, har-
mony.
aprripia: windpipe, artery.
dpx-d77eXos: chief messenger,
archangel.
dpxaTa (neut. plur. of dpxaTos) :
ancient things, antiquities,
archives.
dpxat/cos: old-fashioned, primi-
tive, archaic.
dpxa(.o-Xo7ta : account of ancient
things, archaeology.
dpxato-X67-os : one who tells about
ancient things, an antiquarian.
apxa'Los: belonging to the begin-
ning, ancient.
apxe-TVTTOv. first type, archetype
dpxi? : beginning, leadership, rule,
government.
*dpxt-i8Xao-ros: the initial sprout
or germ, archiblast.
apx^-'T^K-Tov-iKos : pertaining to the
master-builder, architectonic.
dpxt - reKTccv : master - builder,
architect.
VOCABULARY
67
apxw: begin, be first; lead, com-
mand, rule.
a-a^ecTTos {a^'evvvn.C) : unquench-
able; later, unburnable, as-
bestos.
a-adevris (adhos) : without strength,
weak, sick, asthenic.
a-aOeveLa: iveakness, sickness,
asthenia.
aad/j-a: shortness of breath, pant-
ing, difficulty in breathing,
asthma.
dcTKeco: exercise, train, discip-
line.
aaKrj-TLKos: suited for discip-
line, ascetic.
aaTepo-eiSrjs: having the for fn or
appearance of a star, asteroid.
a.aT7]p, gen. aarep-os: star.
aarpo-Xoy-ia: astronomy, as-
trology.
aaTpo-\6y-os: one who tells about
the stars, astronomer, astrolo-
ger.
aarpov (another form of aarrjp) :
star.
aarpo-vofji-la: arrangement and
distribution of the stars, as-
tronomy. See vkyLw.
aaTpo-vojj.-o'i: one ivho studies
the distribution or arrange-
ment of the stars, an astron-
omer.
ii-avXos (crvXao)) : safe from vio-
lence, inviolate; aavXav lepov:
an inviolable shrine, a refuge,
an asylum.
0.71X0%: steam, vapor
a-TOfjL-os (reiuLPui): uncut, indi-
visible; cLTopLov, an indivisible
particle, atom.
a.-Tpo4)ia (Tpk(f)co) : lack of nu-
trition, atrophy.
a-Tpo0os: without nourishment.
avd-ePTTjs {avT6s-\-evTr}s, doer):
self-doer, real author.
avOepTLKos: belonging to the real
author, authentic.
avXos : a pipe (a musical instru-
ment somewhat like a clari-
net).
*avTo-iJiaT-i.K6s: like an auto-
maton, automatic.
auTo-jua-ros (root fxa, desire,
wish, will) : self-willed, self-
impelled, acting of one's own
accord; neut. avTbp.aTov: a
thing which acts of its own
accord, an automaton.
avTos : self, himself, herself, itself.
avT-o\}/la: a seeing it one's self,
autopsy.
cKpalpeafi (aTro-f-atpeco) : a tak-
ing aivay, apheresis.
d^atpew: take away.
B
^aivoi (^a) : step, stand, walk, go.
^aKTTjpLov, plur. ^aKTTjpLa: a little
slajf, a little cane; bacterium,
bacteria.
jSdXXco (iSaX, /SXtj): throw, cast,
put.
^ap^api^oo: behave like a bar-
barian.
Pap^apianos: barbarism.
68
EVERYDAY GREEK
,3dp(3apos: barbarous, a barbari-
an.
/Sdpos: weight,
^opvs: heavy.
^apv-Tovos: heavy-toned, bary-
tone.
0aaLs i^alvui) : a stepping, stand-
ing, that on which anything
stands, pedestal, basis, base.
^L^XLo-drjKrj (tLOt^hl) : book-casc,
library.
^L^\iov: book; to. /St/3\ta: the
books, the Bible.
/Si'os: life, especially, course of
life, life history.
pXaaros: sprout, shoot, germ.
Bopeas: north wind, the north,
Boreas.
0oTavrj: grass, fodder, vegetation.
I3ovk6Klk6s: pertaining to cattle-
herdsmen, bucolic.
^ov-k6\os: cowherd, herdsman.
l3ovs (stem /Soy): cow, ox; in
plur., cattle.
^ov-Tvpov (rvpos): butter.
^paxMV. upper arm (between
shoulder and elbow).
jSpoYxta (plural) : hronchxaX tubes.
*^poyx-lTi.s: bronchitis.
^poyxos: ivindpipe, trachea.
ydXa, gen. yaXaKT-os : milk.
yaXa^ias: Milky Way, galaxy,
ya/xeco (ya/x) : marry,
yaarrjp, gen. yacxTp-os'. stomach,
belly.
yaarp-LKos: relating to the stom-
ach, gastric.
7€d, contracted form, 7^: earth,
land.
Note. — The old uncontracted form
yea. was generally used in the first
part of a compound word, the final -d
changing to -w, so that the stem as-
sumes the form yew-, as in yeu-ypa<j>ia.
yej'ed {ylyvonai) : race, stock,
family.
yepea-Xoyla: an account of one^s
pedigree, genealogy.
ykvi-aLs {ylyvo/jLai.) : becoming,
origin, creation, genesis.
yhos (stem yeves): race, kind,
genus (Latin equivalent).
ytpavLov: name of a plant, crane-
bill, geranium.
7epai'os: a crane.
7eco-7pd0-os: one who writes
about the earth, a geographer.
7€co-5at(rta {baioi) : a dividing of
land, geodesy.
*7eco-5ai-Tt/c6s: relating to geo-
desy, geodetic.
7ecb5rjs {yeco-\-dbo{): earth-like,
earthy; geode.
*yibi-\6y-os : one who tells about
the earth; hence *ye<j)-\oyia,
geology.
yeco-ixerpTjs: land-measurer, ge-
ometer.
yeco-ixerpia: measurement of land,
geometry.
yecc-p-eTp-LKos: geometrical.
yewpyla: tillage of land, farm-
ing, agriculture.
yewpyiKos: agricultural, georgic.
VOCABULARY
69
yecopyos (second part from root
kpy): one who works the
ground, a farmer.
yiyas, gen. yiyavr-os: giant.
yiy avT-LKos: like a giant, gigantic.
yiyvo/jLaL, syncopated from 71-
yev-ofxai (yev): become, come
into being, be born.
yi-yvdo-cTKoi {yvw) : know.
yXoJaaa, yXuTra: tongue, speech,
language.
yuados: the jaw.
ypuicT-TiKos {yLyvwaKO}) : able to
know, gnostic.
ypaniJLa, gen. ypafJifxaT-os: what
has been written, writing; plur.
ypanixara, writings, docu-
ments, literature.
y papinaT-LKr] < TexJ"?> : the art of
writing, grammar.
y pajxp-aT-LKos : pertaining to writ-
ing, skilled in writing, gram-
matical.
ypa(j)r]: drawing, painting, pic-
ture.
ypa(f)-iK6s: like a picture, graphic.
ypa(f)Cjo: draw, paint, write.
yvfjiva^co {yvpva6): from yvp.v6s:
exercise naked, exercise, train.
yvpLPacnov: a place for exercising
or training, a gymnasium.
yv{jivaa-Tr]s: one who exercises, a
trainer, gymnast.
yvpvacr-TLKos: pertaining to exer-
cising, or skilled in athletic
exercises, gymnastic.
yvp.p6s: naked.
yciovla: a corner, angle.
Saipcov: a god or goddess, a divine
being, a spirit; in Christian
writers, an evil spirit, demon.
Note. — The word Sat^wj' is of much
broader meaning than 6e6s and in-
cludes all sorts of supernatural beings.
It may be used to designate the gods
{oi deoL), but more often is used of
divine beings of lower rank than the
gods. The term is often used of the
spirit or genius which presides over
a person's life for either goodor evil.
A person with a good genius was
called tvbaljxuiv, one with an evil genius
SvaSai/jLuv, Or KaKoSaiiiuv.
5atw: divide.
dcLKpv and baKpvov: a tear; gen-
erally the plural is used for
tears, but sometimes the sing,
is used collectively in the
sense of tears.
baKpvppoia (^eco): a flowing of
tears, dacryrrhea.
dekvvpL (5et/c): show, point out.
bkvbpov. tree.
dtppa, gen. 8epp.aTos: skin, hide.
deairoT-qs: slave-master, despot.
Bevrepos: second.
8eco: bind, tie.
oriXe-onaf. hurt, harm.
87]\'q-Tr]pLos: harmful, noxious,
poisonous, deleterious.
brtp-aycoyiKos: like a demagogue,
demagogical.
8r] p.- ay (joy OS {8r]pos-]r-(iyuj): a
leader of the people, a dema-
gogue, often in a bad sense.
8r]po-KpaTla: rule by the people,
popular government, democ-
racy.
70
EVERYDAY GREEK
8r}no-KpaT-iK6s: democratic,
democrat.
drjiios: the people, the common
people. *
5t-: a prefix meaning two.
ha: tJnough, across; in com-
pounds sometimes apart.
5ta-/3dXXco: throw apart, set at
variance, especially by means
of false accusations, hence
slander, malign.
bia-^okiKos: devilish, diabolical.
5ta-j86X-os: slanderer, devil.
dLa-yLyvua-Kw : know things apart,
distinguish, discern, decide.
8La-yvo)-(XLs : a distinguishing and
deciding, diagnosis.
dta-yuvos (■yoovia) : through the
angles, diagonal.
bid-brifia (6eco) : ivhat is hound
across or around otie's head,
diadem.
dia-deais: arrangement, disposi-
tion, condition, diathesis.
*8Lad€Ti,K6s: relating to the dia-
thesis, diathetic.
diaipeaLs: separation, dieresis.
dL-aipeco: take apart, separate.
8iaLTa: mode of life, kind of food,
diet.
Statrdw: feed in a certain way,
diet.
8iai,Tr}-TLK6s: relating to food,
dietetic.
Sta/coj'os: servant, minister, dea-
con.
8La-\'t'yop.aL: talk back and forth,
argue, converse.
8ia-\eK-TLKri <TexJ'i7> : the art of
evolving truth by the method of
question and answer, dialectic.
Sta-Xefc-Ti/cos: of the nature of
conversation, skilled in argu-
ment, dialectical.
Std-XcKTos <7Xcocr(Ta> : conver-
sational language, dialect.
8ia.-\oyos : conversation, dialogue.
8LaixeTpos K.y pap.p.i]'> : the line
measuring through or across,
diameter.
8i.-apdp(joaLs: a joining apart,
connection by a movable joint,
diarthrosis.
8LappoLa(peco) : a flowing through,
diarrhea.
8ia-aTaaLs {'IffTrjixL) : a standing
apart, separation, diastasis.
8LaaTa-TLK6s: separative, relating
to diastasis, diastatic.
8LaaT7]-iJ.a: interval.
8ia-4>av-ijs {(palpu) : showing
through, transparent, dia-
phanous.
8La.-(j)payp.a {(f) paaaw , stem (ppay) :
a ivall through or across any-
thing, a partition, diaphragm.
8i.8a.aKU! (5t5ax) : teach.
8i-8o)-fjLL {80): give.
8'L-\r]fj.fj.a (Xa/z/3dj/co) : a double
assufuption, a double premiss,
a dilemma. See X^/xyua.
Stot/cecrts (5i-oi/ceaj) : housekeep-
ing, administration, jurisdic-
tion, diocese.
5t7rXoos: two-fold, double.
SiirXoco : double, fold.
VOCABULARY
71
5txXco-/ia: a folded document, a
letter of recommendation, di-
ploma.
8L<l)depa: a tanned hide, a piece
' of leather.
di-cjiOoyyos: having two sounds,
a diphthong.
bbyixa, gen. bbyixar-os (doKeco) :
what seems best to one, opinion,
conclusion; in the case of
those in authority a decree,
an ordinance, a dogma.
doyixaT-LKos: of the nature of a
decree or ordinance, dogmatic.
8oKecj} (5ok), generally used in the
third person singular as an
impersonal verb, 8ok€l: it
seems, it seems best.
86^a (5ok:6co): opinion, reputa-
tion, honor, glory.
8o^o-\oyla: an expression of
glory to God, doxology.
8pa.fxa, gen. Spa^tar-os {8paco) :
what is done or acted out, deed,
act, drama.
8pacr-TLK6s: active, elective, dras-
tic.
8paxi^ri '■ drachme, a weight, also
a coin; Eng. drachm.
Spaco: do, perform.
5p6/ios: a running, race, race-
course, race-track.
8pv-s'. a tree, an oak.
8 vva-jxai : be able, be powerful.
8vva-iJ.Ls: ability, power.
Swa-ffTela: lordship, domination,
dynasty.
8vvaaT7]s: lord, ruler, potentate.
8v(x-: a preiix meaning bad,
badly, with difficulty.
803 pou: gift.
E
ky-Ke(f)a\os {kv-\-Ke4>a\r]) : in the
head; as a noun, brain; neut.
eyK€cj)aKov: encephalon.
eyu: I.
'ey-x(i-pt8Lov (x^ip) : a hand-book ,
manual, enchiridion.
kdvLKos: relating to a nation,
national, ethnic.
Wvos: a tribe, nation.
eiSos (stem el8es) : appearance,
form, kind, species.
ei8v\\Lov (diminutive of el8os):
a little image, a short, highly
wrought descriptive poem on a
pastoral subject, an idyl.
e'i8coKov : an image, idol.
etScoXo-Xarpeta : idol-worship,
idolatry. Note that the Eng-
lish word drops out one syl-
lable.
HKwv: image, icon.
€lpi]vr}: peace; hence the proper
name, Irene.
els: into
eK, before a vowel, e^: out of.
eK-KevrpiKos (Kevrpov) : out of
center, eccentric.
tK-'Keyoo: pick out, select.
eK-XeKTLKos: inclined to select,
eclectic.
CK-X0717: a selection, eclogue.
72
EVERYDAY GREEK
eK-ara-ais {'l(tt7]ijll) : a standing
outside of the proper place, a
displacement, a being beside
one's self, ecstasy.
eK-(TTa-TLK6s: of the nature of
ecstasy, ecstatic.
h-TLKos (ex"^) • habitual, consti-
tutional, consumptive, hectic.
eKTOjjLr] {kK-Tkjivw) : a cutting out;
-ectomy in the latter part of
medical terms.
e/CTos : outside, without.
*eXaa-rLK6s, from eXawco (eXa)
drive: able to drive, as a bent
bow which drives the arrow
by returning to its original
form, elastic.
eXeyeiaKos: having the nature of
an elegy, elegiac.
eXeyeLov (eXeyos): an elegiac
couplet, in the plural, a poem
made up of such couplets,
an elegy.
eXe7os : a lament.
eXer] /jLoavpT] : pity, mercy, charity,
alms.
eXe(f)as, gen. eXecpavT-os: ele-
phant, ivory.
"EXXr]v: a Greek, a Hellene.
'EXXrjvi^o): speak Greek, imi-
tate the Greeks; in active
sense, make a Greek of one,
Hellenize,
'EXXrjv-iKos: Grecian, Hellenic.
'EXXr]VLafj,6s: imitation of the
Greeks, adoption of Greek lan-
guage and civilization, Hel-
lenism.
'EX\r]VLaTr]s: one not of Greek
race who uses the Greek lan-
guage, a Hellenist; in New
Testament, a Greek-Jew.
*'EXXijw(Tri/c6s: relating to Hel-
lenism and Hellenists, Hel-
lenistic.
efji-jSaXXo) (jSaX, iSXtj) : throw in,
put in, insert, inlay.
efx-^Xri/jLa: something inserted or
inlaid, an emblem.
tix^pvov: foetus, embryo.
efiTrXaarpov (TrXdacrco) : plaster,
salve.
eix-wbpiov: a trading place, port
of entry, emporium.
efXTopos (h-\- TTopos) : a traveling
merchant, importing merchant,
wholesale merchant.
ep.4>a(jL'i {kv-^4>a'ivco): a showing
of something in or among
other things so as to make it
stand out prominently, em-
phasis.
ep.<i)aTLKbs: with emphasis, em-
phatic.
kv. in, among.
tvbov: inside, within.
kvkpyeia (ez^-j-root kpy, work):
action, energy.
evepyeco: be in action.
hepyrj-TLKos: active, energetic.
ev-deos, contracted form, evdovs:
having the god in one's self,
possessed by a god, inspired,
frenzied.
evdovcna^co: be possessed by a
god, be inspired.
VOCABULARY
73
hdovaLaafios: inspiration, en-
thusiasm.
hdovaLaa-T-qs : one who is inspired,
enthusiast.
evdovaiaaTLKos : like an enthusiast,
enthusiastic.
evrepov: entrail, intestine.
ev-Toixov {ev-\-Tk^voi): that which
is cut into, insect.
e^-obos'. a way out, a going out,
exodus,
e^co: outside, without.
eir-eicr-bbLOV {odds, eta-odos, an
entrance, a coming in) : some-
thing which comes in besides,
or afterward, the part of a
Greek tragedy between two
choric songs, an episode.
eirl: upon, on, after, besides.
h.irl-'Y paixixa : what is written upon
a monument, an inscription in
verse, epigram.
'ein.-y pa4)ri : an inscription. This
is the more general term for
an inscription of any kind,
hence epigraphy, the study of
inscriptions.
hTi-de-Tov: what is put upon, or
added, an adjective, epithet.
eTi-drj-iia: something put on, a
lid, cover, poultice, epithem.
eiTLKos (eTTOs) : epic.
eTrL-Xafji(3av(X): seize upon, lay
hold of, attack.
eiriXrjipLs and evrtXiji/'ta: a seizure,
attack, fit, epilepsy.
eiri-Xoyos: after speech, con-
chiding speech, epilogue.
eTrl-ffKOTTos {aKkirTOjiaC) : one who
watches over, overseer, super-
intendent, bishop. Hence the
English word episcopal.
eirLcrTTiixT]: knowledge, science;
sometimes contrasted with
eTTL-aToXr] (eTrt-areXXaj:) a letter,
an epistle.
kirL-TidriiJLL: put upon, add.
kirL-Topi] {kiTL-TeixvcS) : a ciittns,
upon, an abridgement, epi-
tome, just as we say "a cut-
ting down."
eTTos, gen. e7re-os (from root e7r,
speak) : anything spoken, word,
speech; especially a line of
heroic hexameter; in the
plural, heroic verses, epic
poetry.
e-Koxh (er-exw): a holding on,
a waiting, the halting of a star,
a portion of time, an epoch.
epyov: ivork, deed, action.
ep8o: (ep7): work, do.
kpr]pla: an uninhabited place,
solitude, desert, wilderness.
ep'qni-T7]s: a man of the solitary
place, eremite, hermit.
kpvdpos: red.
ecrco: inside, within.
eTepo-5o^ia {86^a): wrong opin-
ion or belief, heterodoxy.
€T€p6-8o^os: having wrong opin-
ion, heterodox.
erepos: other of two, other than
good or rie,ht, wrong.
74
EVERYDAY GREEK
€rf'juo-Xo7[a : telling the true sense
of a word according to its
origin, giving the etyma of
words, etymology.
ervnov: the true sense of a word
according to its origin, the
root-meaning, root of a word.
eTVfj,os: true, real.
€v: well, good.
evajyeXl^ofjLaL (evayyeXos) : bring
good tidings, preach the gospel,
evangelize.
tvayy<c\Lov: good news, glad tid-
ings, the gospel.
evayyeXos: bringing good neivs;
one ivho brings good news,
an evangel.
euyevqs {ylyvo^iai) : well born,
noble.
evXoyla: a speaking well of one,
praise, eulogy.
exw (ex, (^ex, ex, <Txe) : have, hold,
hold oneself, keep oneself <so
and so>, be <so and so>.
^aw. live, be alive.
^vybv. a yoke.
^ui] : life.
^covT]: girdle, belt, zone.
^Qop: a living being, animal.
H
ijOiKos {rjdos): relating to moral
character, ethical; TjdLKa, eth-
ics.
^dos: character, moral character.
^XeKTpov: amber.
^Xlos : the sun.
r}KLo-T pbiTLOv : heliotrope, so called
because it turns to the sun.
rfKLO-Tpbizos (rpeTTCo) : turning to
the sun.
rjfxepa: day.
17 /it-: a prefix meaning half.
■qp.L-(X(i>aipLov (c^atpa) : a hemi-
sphere.
rjirap, gen. ^7rar-os: liver.
riiraT-LKos: of the liver, hepatic.
Tjpojs: ivarrior, hero.
^X'^' echo.
daXafxos: inner room, bed-cham-
ber.
6ea.-op.ai: see, observe, gaze upon.
dka-Tpov: a place for seeing, a
theater.
Q'e-pa {TiQ-qixC} : wliat is put down
for disctission, a proposition,
theme.
deo-Xoy-la: a telling about the
gods, or about God, theology,
6eo-\oy-LKbs : theological.
deo-\by-os: one who tells about
the gods, or God, a theologian.
debs: a god, God.
depa-n-ela : service, attendance, care
of the sick, treatment of disease,
therapy.
Oepairev-TiKos: relating to care of
the sick, or to medical treat-
ment, therapeutic.
dipairevb): serve, care for, give
medical treatment to.
Oeppbs: warm, hot.
VOCABULARY
75
deciipeoj : view, contemplate, specu-
late, philosophize.
de6:pr]-iJLa: that which is viewed
or contemplated; in mathe-
matics, a theorem.
deoiprj-TLKos: contemplative, spec-
ulative, theoretical.
dt<jip'ia\ a vieiv, a theory.
decopos: a spectator, sight-seer,
delegate to a religious festival,
or to the national games.
6pi^, gen. Tpix-os: hair.
dCipa^: breast- plate, part of the
body covered by the breast-plate,
chest, thorax.
I
lao/jLai: heal, cure.
iarpda: healing, medical treat-
ment.
larpLKos: relating to a physician,
or to medical treatment, cura-
tive, medical.
iarpos: a physician, or surgeon.
"I5a : a wooded hill. Mount Ida.
idea (from root ^5, see, appear):
appearance, form, image, men-
tal image, idea.
18los: one's own, private, person-
al, peculiar.
IbiO-avyKpaala {avyKepavvvpLL) :
one's own mixture, peculiar
temperament or habit, idiosyn-
crasy.
IdicoiJLa, gen. i5tco/iar-os : a peculi-
arity, especially a peculiarity
of speech, idiom.
iStwTTjs: a private person; one
who is unskilled, ignorant, or
stupid. Eng. deriv., idiot.
lep-apxv^ (o'PXw) : a ruler of
sacred things, high priest, hier-
arch.
lep-apx'ta: rule of a hierarch,
hierarchy.
Upos: sacred.
LTTTTos: a liorse.
IpLs: rainbow, halo; a flower,
the iris; the iris of the eye;
name of a goddess, Iris.
'Laos: equal.
'laTTjiJiL (crra) : stand, set up.
IdTopla'. inquiry, research,
knowledge gained by inquiry or
research, a written report of
such knowledge, narrative, his-
tory, story.
ioTos: loom, web.
IxOiis: fish.
K
Kadaipo: (Kadap) : cleanse, purify,
purge.
Kadapos: clean, pure.
Kadap-TLKos: cleansing, purga-
tive, cathartic.
Kadedpa: seat, chair, bishop's
chair; hence cathedral.
KadokLKos (/cara+oXos) : relating
to the whole, general, universal,
catholic.
Kaiw (kuv) : burn.
KaXKi-: form which the stem of
Kokos, beautiful, usually takes
at the beginning of a com-
pound.
76
EVERYDAY GREEK
KaX6s: beautiful, noble, good.
KoKv^, gen. Ka\vK-o^: seed-pod,
cup of a flower, calyx.
Kaucjpi straight rod, straight-edge,
rule, canon.
KapSla: heart.
KapSta-Kos: pertaining to the
heart, cardiac.
KapKLvos : a crab; a cancer.
Kapiros: fruit, grain, produce.
KapTTos: the wrisf , csiTpus.
KaTo,: down; in accordance with.
Kara-^aWco: throw down, over-
throw, destroy.
Kara-^oXr]: a throwing down.
*KaTa-^6\LK6s: tending to throw
down, destructive, catabolic.
*KaTa-^6XLafi6s : a throwing down,
catabolism.
Kara-Xkyo): pick out, enlist, en-
rol.
KaTa-\ri4'it (Kara-Xa/i/Sdvco): a
seizing, catalepsy.
Kara-Xoyos (Kara-XeYco) : a regis-
ter, a roll, list, catalog.
Kara-Xvais (/cara-Xyoj) : a loosing,
a dissolving, catalysis.
Kara-Xvu: dissolve, break up.
KaT-apaaacx) (apay) : dash doivn;
KaT-apaK-Trjs: down-dasher,
cataract.
Kara-p-pecc (peoi) : flow down.
KOLTappoos: flowing down; as a
noun, a running from the
head or nose, catarrh.
KaTa-<TTp€4>(jo: turn down, upset,
overthrow.
Kara-ffTpocf)!] : an overturning,
sudden reverse, catastrophe.
KaT-rjyopia: an accusation, de-
claration, predicate, category.
Kava-TLKos {Kalco, root Kav, burn) :
inclined to burn, caustic.
Kav-TT]p (Kalco) : a burner, a
branding iron.
icauTTjptdf CO : sear, cauterize.
Kav-rijpiov: a branding iron;
also a brand, cautery.
Kevos: empty.
KevTpov: a sharp point, a goad, a
puncture, the puncture made
by the stationary limb of the
compass in drawing a circle,
the center of a circle, center.
KepavvviXL {Kepa, Kpa) : mix.
Kepas, gen. Kepar-os: a horn.
Ke(f)a\7] : head.
KXa5os: a young shoot, a twig, a
branch.
KXaw. break.
KXeT-T7]s: a thief.
KXeTTO} (kXctt) : steal.
KXIfxa^, gen. /cXt/xa/c-os: a ladder,
a stair-case, climax.
kX'lvt}: couch, bed.
kXlvlkos: pertaining to a bed, or
beds; a physician who visits
the sick in their beds, clinical.
Koyxv : a shell-fish, a shell.
KolXos : hollow.
kolXocjo: make hollow, hollow out.
KoiXcc-fjia, gen. KotXco/zar-os: a
hollow, a cavity.
VOCABULARY
77
Koinaw. put to sleep; KOLn&ofiai:
go to sleep.
KOLfXTj-TTipLov: Sleeping place,
cemetery.
KoXeos: a sheath, a scabbard; in
Aristotle, the sheath or shard
of a beetle's wings.
KOfxr] : the hair of the head, espe-
cially of long hair.
Kofxii-Tr]s: a long-haired fellow;
a comet.
KOfxfxa {kotttw, strike, cut) : what
is cut of, a short clause. In
English the point used tomark
off a short clause, a comma.
KopT], Kopa: a girl, a maiden.
Kopivdios: Corinthian.
KopLvdos: Corinth.
KocrfjLeco : order, arrange, adoi %.
Koafxri-TLKos: suited for adorning,
cosmetic.
Koa/j.o-yopia {Koap-os and yiyvo-
/xai): birth or origin of the
universe, cosmogony.
KoafjLO-TroXlTrjs: a citizen of the
world, cosmopolite.
k6(tp.os: order, adornment; the
universe, the world.
KOTvKri'. a cup.
KOTv\y]bwv: anything cup-shaped.
In botany a cotyledon.
Kpa-aLS (Kepavuvpi): a mixing,
blending, combination, crasis,
Kpa-rrip: a mixer, mixing-bowl,
bowl, crater.
Kpdros: strength, power, rule.
Kpivia (kpl): separate, distin-
guish, decide, judge.
Kpl-(Tis: a decision, judgment,
decisive point, crisis.
KpL-TTjpcov: a means of judging,
a criterion.
Kpi-TTjs: a judge.
Kpi-TiKos: able to judge, critical;
as noun, a critic.
KpoKos: saffron. Hence Eng.
crocus.
KpvT-Tos: hidden, concealed;
KpvKTov. a crypt.
KpvTTco (Kpv(f>): hide, conceal.
KpvaToWos: ice; rock-crystal ,
crystal.
KTHs, gen. KTev-b$: a comb, a
rake, a cockle.
Kv0os: a cube, a die for playing
dice.
KVKXaiJLi.vos (kvkXos): cyclamen.
kvkXos: a circle, cycle.
Kv\Lv8pos: a roller, a cyUnder.
KvXlvdco: roll.
Kvvos-ovpa: a dog's tail, name of
a constellation, cynosure.
Kvpos: Cyrus.
KvaTLs: a bladder, a pouch; cyst.
KVTos: a hollow, a hollow thing,
a vase, a jar. In modern
science, a cell, cyte.
icvcov, gen. kvv-os: a dog.
KcoXov: a limb, a member; a mem-
ber of a sentence, a colon.
KconLKos: of the nature of a revel,
or of a comedy, comic.
KcojLtos: a revel, a band of revellers,
the ode sung by a band of
revellers, a comus.
78
EVERYDAY GREEK
Kcoju-qjSta (deiSo), sing, aotdds,
singer) : revel-song, comedy.
Kihvos'. a cone.
KaKoiv: a Laconian, or Lace-
daemonian, a Spartan.
AaKoiVLKos: Laconian, like a
Laconian, laconic.
XafxlSavcj (XajS, Xrj/S) : take, take
hold of, seize.
Xaos: people, men.
Xapvy^, gen. Xdpii77-os: upper
part of the windpipe, larynx;
also used loosely for throat.
Xarpela: service.
Xe7co: say, speak, tell.
Xe7co : pick, gather, count, reckon.
\HTovpyla (from Xetroj, of the
people, public, and root epy,
work); a working for the
people, public service, liturgy.
Xe^LKos, -6v (Xe^ts): relating to
words, or speech; Xe^iKov < jQt/3-
X'iov> : aword book, dictionary,
lexi:;on.
Xe^ts (Xe7aj): speech, word.
XevKos: white.
Xecoj', gen. Xeoj/T-os: lion; proper
name Leon.
X7]dapyla: drowsiness, lethargy.
Xr]9apyos {Xrjdr]) : forgetful,
drowsy, lethargic.
Xrjdrj: forgetfulness, lethe.
Xfj/jLiJia (XafjLJSavco) : what is taken,
or assumed, an assumption, a
premiss , lemma.. Cf.St-Xijju/ia.
Xldos: stone.
XoyLK6s{X6yos): reasonable, logi-
cal] XoyLKT] <.Texvr]> : the art
of reasoning, logic.
Xoyo-ypcKpos: a speech-writer,
logographer.
X670S (X€7aj): word, speech,
reason, account.
Xvpa: a lyre.
XvpiKos: relating to the lyre,
lyric, lyrical.
Xuco: loose, loosen, dissolve.
M
jxayLKos (Md7os) : belonging to
or suited to a Magi an, or
magician; magic, magical.
MayvrJTLs <Xidos> : the Magne-
sian stone, magnet.
Md7os: a Magian, a Persian
priest and wise man; a wizard,
a magician.
p.aOy]ixa {[xavdavco) : what is learnt,
a lesson, learning, knowledge,
especially mathematical knowl-
edge.
IxadriixaT-iKos: fond of learning,
concerned with learning,
mathematical; rd /xa^Tj/xa-
TLKa, mathematics.
fiaivoixaL (iJ.av) : rage, rave, be
mad, be crazy, be inspired.
liaXaKos: soft.
fxavdavo) (fiad, {j-ade) : learn, un-
derstand.
fxav-la (fxalvofxaL) : madness,
frenzy, insanity, mania.
ndv-Tcs: an inspired person, a
seer, a prophet.
VOCABULARY
79
napyaplTfjs: a pearl.
uaprvs, [xapTvp-os: a witness;
in ecclesiastical language, a
martyr.
M-avcruiKeLov: tomb of Mausolus,
mausoleum.
MaucrcoXos: Mausolus king of
Halicarnassus.
ueyas (stems fxeya and fxeyaKo) :
large, big, great.
MeSovaa: Medusa, a Gorgon
with snaky locks the sight of
whom turned people to stone.
lj.edo8os {fxeTCL and 656s) : a going
after, pursuit of knowledge,
process, method.
jieOho): be drunken.
fxeXas, p.e\av-os: black.
/jLekiaaa: a bee; hence proper
name Melissa.
^leXos: song, tune, music.
/jLeKudla (yueXos+uSco) : tune-
singing, melody.
fiea-evrepLOV <8ep/jia> (/j,eaos-\-
evTcpop) : mesentery.
Ij-kaos: in the middle, between,
middle, mid.
(jLera: with, among, after; in
composition often denoting
change like the Latin trans,
across (trans), differently.
yueTtt-jSaXXco: place differently,
change, transpose.
neTa^oKt]: a changing, change,
transition.
p.iTa^o\LK6<i: relating to change,
changeable; metabolic.
*/jL€Ta^o\iajj.6s: metabolism.
fiera-dea-ts {Tid-q/jLi.): a placing
across, transposition, meta-
thesis.
iJLeTaWov: a mwe; in late Greek,
a metal.
*lj.eTaX\ovpyia (epy) : mine-
working, metal-working, metal-
lurgy.
(jLeToWovpyos: one who works
mines, or metals, a miner;
metallurgist.
*neTa-ixop(})LK6s (iJ.op(j)T}) : of
changed form, metamorphic.
*fi€Ta-fxop(j)os: with changed
form, metamorphous.
ljL€Ta-iJ.op<i)6co: change the form
of, transform, metamorphose.
liera-iJ.6p(l)W(XL$ '. transformation,
metamorphosis.
HeTa-4>(tpw: carry across, trans-
fer.
/jL€Ta-ct>opa.: transference, espe-
cially of a word to a new
sense, metaphor.
perewpos: lifted up, on high, in
the heavens; fiereajpov, a heav-
enly body, meteor.
IJLerpov: measure.
(J^VTVP, gen. n7]Tp-6s: mother.
IJLr]Tp6iroKis: mother city, chief
city, metropolis.
fjLr]xapri: a contrivance, a ma-
chine.
pialvoi ((jLLav): defile, pollute.
liiacT-fjLa: pollution, miasma.
HLKp6% : small, little
pipkonai: imitate.
p'ip.ri-ai.%'. imitation, mimesis.
8o
EVERYDAY GREEK
iJLLiJLrj-TLKos: imitative, mimetic.
ijLifXLKos (fu/jLos) : like an imitator,
mimic.
ijiilJLos: an imitator , an imperson-
ator; also a mime, a little
dramatic composition depict-
ing scenes from every-day life.
jjLLa-avdpcoiros: hating mankind,
misanthropic.
(jLLaeco: hate.
/jLLao-y vv7]s: hating women; a
woman-hater, a misogynist.
Hiaoyvvla: hatred of women, mis-
ogyny.
Ijuaos: hate, hatred.
ixovaxos i/jLovos) : solitary; a soli-
tary man, monk.
Hovo-TTOiKia (TTcoXeco, sell) : a
lone-selling, exclusive sale,
monopoly.
liovos: alone, only; in com-
pounds, single, one.
ixovb-Tovos: of a single tone,
monotonous.
Mop(t)evs {nop^ri): the former,
maker of the forms and images
seen in sleep, the god of dreams,
Morpheus; hence morphine,
morphia.
lj.op(f)rj: form, shape.
fjLop(})6c>): give form to, form, shape.
pibp<i>waLs'. a forming, shaping,
morphosis.
Moma: goddess of song and
inspiration. Muse.
Mova-ttov: temple of the Muses,
a school of art and poetry,
a library, museum.
Ixovcr-LK-f] < rex^v^ • ^he art of the
Muses, music.
Hova-LKos: of or for the Muses,
musical.
nveXos: marrow, spinal cord,
brain.
fxvew (ixvoi): initiate into the
mysteries.
fxvOo-Xoykco : tell myths or legends.
jjLvOo-Xoyla: the telling of myths
or legends, mythology.
fxvOo-'Koyos (Xkyo)) : a teller of
legends, mythologist.
fjLvOos: a speech, tale, story,
legend, myth.
[xvKr]s, gen. iJ.vK7]T-os'. a mush-
room, fungus.
IxvaTrjpLOV (/xueoj, jxhoi): a secret
doctrine, mystery.
fivaTTjs: one who has been initi-
ated into the mysteries.
IxvGTLKos: secret, mystic.
livw: close the eyes, close the
mouth.
N
Natds, gen. Natd5-os {vaoi): a
river-nymph, a fountain-
ny^nph. Naiad.
vapK-rj: numbness.
vapKLaaos : narcissus, name of a
plant and its flower.
vapKocjo (vapKr]) : benumb.
vapKoj-ais: a benumbing, nar-
cosis.
vapKw-TiKos'. able to benumb,
benumbing, narcotic.
va.v%'. a ship.
VOCABULARY
8i
i'au(7ta, also written vaurta: ship
sickness, sea-sickness, nausea.
vav-T-qs: ship-man, seaman, sail-
or.
vavT-iKos: relating to sailors,
nautical.
vaoi: flow.
veKpo-fxavrela (/xdirts) : prophecy
by means of the dead, that is,
by calling up their spirits,
necromancy.
vcKpos: a dead body, a corpse;
also as an adjective, dead;
in plural, ol veKpoi, the dead.
ueKpSco : make dead, mortify.
veKpcio-aLs: a deadening, deadness,
necrosis.
veKTap: the drink of the gods,
nectar.
venearts (vk/jLu) : a dealing out of
what is due, righteous indig-
nation, divine wrath, divine
retribution, nemesis; personi-
fied as the goddess of retribu-
tion. Nemesis.
vkp-w {vefjL, vefxe) : deal out, dis-
tribute, arrange, manage; feed,
pasture.
vkos: new, young.
vevpov: sinew, tendon, cord; in
late writers, especially the
physician Galen, a nerve.
ve4)pXTLs: kidney disease, inflam-
mation of the kidneys, ne-
phritis.
pe4>p6s: the kidneys, a kidney.
viKri: victory.
vojiah-LKos: like the nomads,
nomadic.
vofxas, gen. vona5-os {vkfio}): a
herdsman, nomad.
vS/jLos (vkfxui) : what is dealt out
or established by custom or
legislation, custom, convention,
law.
vofjLos {vkixw): a pasture, a dis-
trict, a nome.
voaos: disease, sickness.
vvpLcjiri: a bride, a young woman,
a nymph.
vo)Tov: the back.
^L<l)o-ei6r]s (el8os): having the
form or appearance of a sword
(^l(j)os) , sword- shaped, xiphoid.
^i4>os: sword.
6, 17, to: definite article in its
three genders, the.
656s: road, way, journey, a
going.
68vvrj: pain.
oueco: dwell, live in, inhabit.
olKo-vofj.la {oLKos and veixui) : man-
agement of a house, estate, or
property; good management,
thrift, economy.
oIko-voixlk6s : skilled in financial
management, thrifty, econom-
ical.
oIko-v6ij.os : manager of a house,
or an estate, manager, adminis-
trator, business manager.
oLKos: house, home, estate, prop-
erty.
82
EVERYDAY GREEK
o'iao), future of verb (fjepoo: bear,
carry.
oXiyos: little, few.
oXos: whole, entire, all.
'OXv/JLTTLos: Olympian.
"OXv/jLiros: Olympus, Mount
Olympus, home of the gods.
d/jLoXos: even, level.
oido-yevijs (6pLos-\-yevos): of the
same race, of the same kind,
homogeneous.
ofiolos : of the same sort, like.
ofioLo-TradeLa: a being affected in
like manner, likeness of stiffer-
ing. Hence homeopathy.
bixbs: same.
ovofia, gen. duo/jLar-os; old form
generally used in second part
of a compound, 6pviJ,a: name.
Compare ap-chvvixos, anony-
mous.
o^vs: sharp, keen, acid; of
sounds, sharp, shrill; of mo-
tion, swift.
6w, root found in some tenses
of bpaoi'. see.
oTT-TLKos: pertaining to seeing
or sight, optical; b-wTLKa, things
belonging to vision, optics.
opdco {bpa, OTT, lb; an irregular
verb showing three entirely
different stems in its different
tenses): see.
opyavov (from root epy, work) :
a tool, an instrument, an organ,
bpdb-bo^os (bpdbs-\-8b^a) : of right
opinion, orthodox.
bpdbs: straight, upright, right.
optf CO (opos) : bound, limit.
bpi^oov <.kvk\os'> : the bounding
circle, horizon.
opvLs, gen. opvtO-os: bird, fowl,
opos: boundary, border, limit,
definition.
bp4)avbs: without parents, father-
less, orphan.
opxeoyuat: dance.
bpxwT'-Kos: suited for dancing,
relating to dancing, orchestic.
bpxwTpa: a dancing place, the
orchestra or dancing place in
a Greek theater.
baTeov: a bone.
barpaKi^oo (ocTTpaKov) : to banish
by votes written on potsherds,
ostracize.
barpaKLcr libs', ostracism.
ocrrpaKov: a potsherd, a*, clay
tablet used in voting; a shell.
oh pa : tail.
ovpov: urine.
ovs, gen. d)T-6s: ear.
60^aXju6s : eye.
oxXos: a crowd, a mob.
n
iraOrjTLKbs: able to feel, sensitive;
stiited to arouse feeling, pa-
thetic.
*7rado-\oyia: the science of dis-
eases, pathology.
irado-XoyLKbs: relating to telling
about diseases, concerned with
the science of diseases, patho-
logical, TraOoKoyLKii Krexvii^
was the ancient Greek term
for pathology.
VOCABULARY
83
iraBos (Trdcrx"): feeling, sufer-
ing, disease.
iraid-aywyia: the office of a irat-
daycoyos. Eng. deriv. peda-
gogy.
7rat5-a7aj76s {TroLS-i-ayw) : a boy-
leader, a trusty slave who
cared for a boy, took him to
school, and brought him home
after school was over. The
school teacher was called 5t5d-
aKoXos. The English word
pedagogue, derived from Trat-
Saywyos, has the meaning of
the Greek word 6t5dcr/caXos.
Traidev-TLKos: of or for teaching,
instructional, paedeutic.
TvaLdevb) {irais) : bring up a child,
train, teach.
irah, gen. 7rat5-6s : child, boy, girl.
YlaLo^u, also Uatav: Apollo as
god of healing. Paeon; a song
of thanksgiving, or triumph,
originally addressed to Apollo
as Paeon or god of healing, a
paean.
iraLcovLos: belonging to Paeon,
healing, medicinal; hence Trat-
cjvia, peony, supposed to be
medicinal in ancient times.
■jrav-cLKeLa: a cure-all, panacea.
-irav-aKTjs (dKco/iat) : all-healing.
*irav-6paiJLa (opdco) : a seeing of
all, panorama.
iravTo-ixLixos: an imitator of all,
an actor in a dumb-show.
Hence Eng. pantomime.
Trapd: beside, by the side of;
also beside in the sense of in
violation of, contrary to.
Trapa-jSdXXco: throw beside, placp
beside, compare.
irapa-l3o\rj: a placing beside, a
comparison, a parable; also
in mathematics a parabola.
irapaSeLffos: a park, paradise.
irapa-do^os: beside or contrary
to opinion, incredible, para-
doxical; irapaSo^ov, a para-
dox.
Trap-aX\r]\os {oKXtjXoli') : beside
one another, side by side,
parallel.
■Kapa-aLTos (atros, food): one
who eats at another's table, a
parasite.
7rapd-(/)paats: a telling beside, a
retelling in dijferetit form, a
paraphrase.
irap-ep-d€(jLs: a putting in beside,
an insertion, a parenthesis.
TrapevOeTLKos: parenthetic.
ttSs, gen. -rravT-os, neut. nom.
irdv. all, every.
iraax^ (7ra0, irade) : be acted
upon, be affected, suffer, feel,
experience.
Tcar-qp, gen. iraTp-6s: father.
Trarptd: a group of people de-
scended from a common father,
a clan, a tribe, a family, a
race.
TrarptdpxTjs: a ruler of a tribe,
or race, chief of the tribe, father
of the race, patriarch. In
ecclesiastical usage the bishop
of an important city or dis-
trict, as the patriarch of
Rome, of Antioch, etc.
84
EVERYDAY GREEK
TraTpiapx'i-o-'- the office of a patri-
arch, a patriarchy.
TrarptcoTTjs {iTaTpLo.) : a clans-
man, tribesman, countryman,
citizen; especially one who
was loyal to his clan, tribe, or
country, a patriot.
iraxv-depfxos : thick-skinned, pach-
ydermous;Traxv5epfxov<.^(Joov'>,
a pachyderm.
IT axis: thick.
iretpa: trial, attejnpt, attack.
TreLpaTrjs: one who attacks, a
pirate.
Tretpdw: try, attempt, attack.
irefxirw: send, escort.
wevTo.-'Ywvos (•ywvla) : having five
angles, pentagonal, pentagon.
irevTe: five, usually wevTa- at
the beginning of a compound
word.
irepi: around, about.
Tv^pl-lxeTpov: measure around,
circumference, perimeter.
wepl-oSos: a going around, a
circuit, a cycle of time, a
period; a well-rounded sen-
tence, a period.
irepi-aTv\ov (arvKos) : a row of
columns around a building or
court, a colonnade, a peristyle.
TrepL-TovaLov (reipcc): that which
is stretched around, the peri-
tonaeum.
Trepi-cfipaaLs: a talking around,
circumlocution, periphrasis.
ireaao) (Teir) : soften, cook, digest.
-4^*Xoj': leaf, petal.
7^€\^ls {irkaao)): cooking, diges-
tion.
TTITTTCO (ir€T, TTTCo) '. fall.
irXavris , gen. ir\avT]T-os: a wan-
derer, a wandering star, a
planet.
7rXdcr-^a (TXaaaco) : what is
formed or molded, a formation ;
plasm in protoplasm, etc.
TrXdcrcrw (TrXar): form, mold,
shape.
irXaa-TLKos: capable of being
molded, relating to molding,
plastic.
irXevpa: a rib, the ribs, the side
of a human being or animal.
irX-qyri: a stroke, a blow, a
plague.
lik-qdcopri: fullness, plethora.
irXtjOcopLKos: plethoric.
ttXoDtos: riches, wealth.
TTvevpa (TTj-ew) : wind, air, breath,
spirit.
TrvevfxaT-LKos: having to do with
wind or air, pneumatic.
■Kvevjxwv: the lungs.
TTveo} (irvev): breathe, blow.
TToteco: make, compose.
irolrj/jia: what is made, a work,
composition, poem.
TTotTyo-ts: creation, poetry, poesy.
TvoLt]Tr]s: maker, composer, poet.
TTokep-LKos: warlike, polemic.
TToXeyuos: war.
ttoXlos: gray.
TToXts: city, state.
TToXtTT/s: citizen.
VOCABULARY
8S
woKv-yafila: a being much mar-
ried, or having many wives,
polygamy.
iroXv-yaiJios {yaixecS): often mar-
ried, polygamous.
TToXv-'Ywvos (ycovia): having
many angles, polygonal.
TToX v-fxopcpos : having many forms,
polymorphous.
TToXvs: much, many.
TTOfxirii (TTe^uTTO)) : a sending, an
escort, parade, procession,
pomp.
Topos: way, passage, pore.
iroTa/JLOs: river.
Tovs, gen. TToo-os: foot.
irpay/xa, gen. TrpaypLar-os (irpaa-
aw) : that which has been done,
deed, act, fact, thing, matter,
afair, business.
•KpayixaTLKos: suited for affairs
or business, business-like, prac-
tical, having to do with matter of
fact, pragmatic, pragmatical.
TcpaKTLKos: fit for action, able to
accomplish, effective, practical.
TrpS^ts: a doing, transaction,
accomplishing.
Trpdcrcrco {irpay) : do, accomplish.
irpea^vTepos: elder; an elder,
presbyter.
TTplaixa: that which has been
saivn, prism.
xpico: saw, i.e., cut with a saw.
7rp6: before, for, forth.
7rpo-/3dXXco {^ak, ^Xrj) : throw
before, place before, put for-
ward, propose.
Tpo-pX-qiJLa: what is put for-
ward, or proposed, proposition,
problem.
Tpo-^XriiiaTLKos: like a problem,
problematic.
■jrpo-Xoyos: a speech before, a
fore-word, prologue.
xpo-7rai5eta : preparatory teach-
ing.
*Tpo-TraL8evTLK6s'. suited for pre-
paratory instruction, propae-
deutic. See iraLbevco.
IT poor-ay (jovLarrjs : first contestant,
chief contestant, protagonist.
Trpcoros: first.
Tpo-4>VTr)s {4>vi^''-) '■ one who speaks ,
for a god and interprets his
will, an interpreter, prophet;
also one who speaks forth, or
proclaims; later, one who fore-
tells, or predicts.
Trpo-cjyiiXaKTLKOs ((f)vXaacru>)'. able
to guard before, preventive,
prophylactic.
TTTepov: wing.
■KTwiia (ttixtco) : a fallen body,
corpse, carcass.
■Kvov : discharge from a sore, pus.
TTvbw. suppurate.
TrOp: fire.
TTvpaiiis, gen. irvpafJLld-os: fl pyra-
mid.
TTvpi] : a funeral fire, pyre.
irvpoco: burn, set on fire, inflame.
xupcoo-ts : a burning, pyrosis.
TvcoffLs (irvoco) : suppuration,
pyosis.
TTcoXcco : sell.
86
EVERYDAY GREEK
pevfxa: a flow, current, stream;
med. a discharge, rheum,
peco (pe, pev, pv) : flow.
p-qyvvfiL (priy, pay) : break.
Compare hemorrhage.
pr]-TO)p (from root pe, speak) :
a speaker, orator, rhetor.
Hence prjrop-iKos, rhetorical,
and prjTopLKT] <T6x^'^>, the
art of speaking, rhetoric.
pi.voKepccs (p'LS-\-Kepas, horn):
nose-horn, rhinoceros.
pis, gen. piv-os: nose.
poSov: a rose.
pvdpos (peco): flow, rhythm.
aapKa^o: (aapKaS): tear the flesh,
bile the lips in rage, speak hit-
in^ words.
(xapKaapos: mockery , sarcasia.
*aapKa(rTLK6s'. sarcastic.
<TapKo-(payos: flesh-eating, flesh-
eater, sarcophagus.
aap^, gen. capK-os: flesh.
aarvpos: a satyr. The satyrs
were imaginary creatures, half
man and half goat, which
formed the retinue of Diony-
sus the god of wine, who was
also called Bacchus.
creicrjuos: c shaking, an earth-
quake.
crcico: shake, quake.
ar}p.a: a sign.
arjTT-TLKos: productive of decay,
septic.
ar}Trco: make rotten; rot, decay.
aijtpLs: a rotting, decay, putre-
faction, sepsis.
adevos {(jQeves) : strength.
(tItos: grain, bread, food.
(TKCivdaXov: a trap, snare; scan-
dal.
aKeKerov: a dried-tip body, mum-
my, skeleton.
cr/ceXXw: make dry, dry up.
(jKeT-TLKos: inclined to look at
and examine, skeptical.
(XKeTTTopai {aKeiv) : look, look at,
examine, consider.
oK-qvi] : a tent, a booth; the tent or
building which formed the back-
ground in a Greek theater,
scene.
aKrJTT-Tpov: stafl, scepter.
(jKrjTVTO) (aKrjTr) : prop, prop one's
self, lean upon.
aK\r]p6s: hard, stiff.
*(rK\r]p6w. harden.
aKXrjpuiaLs: a hardening, sclero-
sis.
*aKXr]pcoTLK6s: hard, stiff, scler-
otic.
aKOirSs (aKeTTTopuL) : a looker,
look-out, watcher; the object
at which one looks, mark, aim,
scope.
aoffila: wisdom.
ao4>i^o), mid. cro(f)L^opaL: be wise,
act wise, be crafty, pretend to
be wise.
a6(j)Lcrpa: a sly trick, quibble,
fallacy, sophism.
VOCABULARY
87
(jo4>t(JTr]s'. a wise man, a pro-
fessor of wisdom, a pretender
to wisdom, a sophist.
aoc^ios: ivise.
airacr/jLos (crTraco) : a convulsion,
spasm.
(Tiraafjicodris (elSos) : like a spas in,
spasmodic.
uTrdco: draw, pull, wrench, con-
vulse.
cnreipco (crTrep) : scatter, sow.
(Tivkpixa, gen. (TTepfjLaT-os: what
is sown, seed.
aw'K'qu: the spleen.
(TTTopd {(TTreipco) : sowing, seed.
airopos: sowing, seed, spore.
ara-ffis (iVrrj^tt) : a standing,
state, condition.
ffTa-TLKos: causing to stand still,
standing still, static.
oreXXco (crreX) : send, despatch,
arepeos: solid.
cfTepvov. the breast, chest; in
modern medicine, breastbone,
sternum.
(XTk4>o.vos: a wreath, garland,
crown.
(TTLyiJ.a: a prick made with a
pointed instrument, puncture,
mark, brand, stigma.
o-ro/xaxos: throat, gullet; late
Greek, stomach.
arpaTrjykco: be a general, exer-
cise generalship.
orpaTrjytjfjLa: an act of general-
ship, a stratagem.
crTpar?j7ta: generalship, strategy.
arpaTTjyLKos : suited for a general,
strategic.
(TTpar-qyos {(TTpaT6s-\-ayco): an
army-leader, general.
(XTpaTos: army, camp.
(TTp(cl)co: turn.
arpocpr] : a turning; a portion of
a song sung during a turn or
evolution of the chorus, a
strophe, a stanza.
aTvXos: pillar, post, column.
(jvy-xovdpwcns {xovbpos) : a unit-
ing of cartilage, or by means of
cartilage, synchondrosis.
avKdw: strip of, carry of, plun-
der.
avX-Xafii] : what is taken together,
a syllable.
avX-Xan^apa: (Xa/3, X'7i8) : take
together.
avX-Xeyco: gather, collect.
avX-Xoyf]: a gathering together, a
collection, sylloge.
avWoyi^oiJiaL: collect or con-
clude from preinises, reason,
infer, conclude.
avWoyL(TiJ.6s: a conclusion from
premises, an argument from
premises, a syllogism.
crvp^oXov (/SdXXo)): what is put
together with something, a sign
or token by which something,
or some person, is recognized,
a token, sign, badge, symbol.
avfi-TadHa: a feeling with one, a
fellow-feeling, sympathy.
avp-iradeo}'. feel with one, sym-
pathize.
88
EVERYDAY GREEK
ovuTTad-qTLKbs'. able to feel with
one, sympathetic.
(jvix-irl-KTo: (tttw) : fall together
with, happen with, occur with.
avuTTOjfia: what occurs with
anything, a symptom.
crvn(f)vcrLs (^vo)): a growing to-
gether, symphysis.
avfj.(t>o}via {(fxjivi]): a sounding
with, a concord of sounds,
symphony.
avn(})oovos: sotfnding together, ac-
cordant, harmonious.
ahv: with, together with, together,
avv in compounds takes dif-
ferent forms, depending upon
the letter which follows it,
and so appears as cvv-, avK-,
(Tvn-, av-.
(Tw-ajwyrj (ayoi) : a bringing to-
gether, an assembly, a meeting,
a place of meeting, synagogue.
avv-apdpcoaLs: a joining together,
union by an immovable joint,
synarthrosis. See apdpcoaLs.
(jvv-8eap.os (Seco): that which
binds together, a band, bond;
a binding together, like avv-
*avv-bk(Tp.(ji(n%: a binding to-
gether, syndesmosis.
avv-6e-aLS {ridrifxC): a putting
together, synthesis.
cvv-de-TLKos {Tidrj/jLL) : able to put
together, constructive, synthetic.
<xvv-Io-t7]hl: set together, stand
together.
(TVV-080S {686s): a coming to-
gether, meeting, synod.
<TVP-TaKTiK6s (rdaerco) : /elating
to arranging together, having
to do with syntax, syntactical.
avv-ra^Ls: an arranging together ,
primarily of soldiers in an
army; in grammar, syntax.
(Tvv-TWr]fjLL: put together, con-
struct.
avpLj^, gen. avpiyy-os: a shep-
herd's pipe, Panspipe, syrinx;
a pipe, or tube. Eng. syringe.
(xv-aT-Qiia {(jvv-[(XTy]ixi): any-
thing set together, an organized
whole, system.
(rv(XTr]ixaTiK6s: systematic.
acpatpa: a ball, globe, sphere.
a4>aipo-a8i}^ (etSos): like a
sphere, spheroid.
<x4>lyyw: bind, tie.
(TipLyKTrjp: a binder, band, sphinc-
ter.
20t7^, gen. (r0i77-6s: the
Sphinx.
(j^vyp.o-ii8r]%'. like a pulse,
sphygmoid.
(r(pvyix6s: a throbbing, the beat-
ing of the heart, the pulse.
a(j)v^cc((T(t>vy): throb, beat, pul-
sate.
(jxni^o., gen. axwo-T-os (exco):
the way a thing holds itself,
form, figure, appearance, bear-
ing, character, plan, scheme.
o-xtf CO (o-xtS) : split, cleave.
ax'^ap-a: a cleft, split, division,
schism.
cxtcr/xar-tKos: like a schism,
schismatic.
VOCABUI.ARY
89
*(rxto"To-7Xcocro'ia: a congenital
fissure or cleft of the tongue.
*axi-crT6-KVTos : a split cell, schis-
tocyte.
axi-(rT6s: split, cleft, divided,
divisible; schist.
(TxoXdf CO (axoXad) : have leisure,
attend lectures of a philosopher,
devote one's self to learning.
axokacTTLKos: inclined to learn-
ing; a scholar, scholastic.
axoXi]: leisure; leisure spent in
learning, learned discussion,
lecture; the place of lectures
and discussions, school.
TaK-TLKos {jaaaoi) : able to ar-
range or draw up troops, re-
lating to the arrangement of
soldiers, "tactical; TaKTiKo.:
matters relatijig to the arrange-
ment of troops, tactics.
TCL^is: an arranging of troops,
battle array, arrangement,
order, arranging, taxis.
TCKxaco (ray) : arrange, put in
order, assign to a post.
Ta.(j>os: a grave, tomb.
rdvco (rev, to) : stretch.
TeKTcov: carpenter, builder, work-
man, craftsman.
reXos: end, completion, purpose.
T€fjLvoo (Tefx): cut.
Texv] '■ art, skill, craft, trade.
■nfXe: far, afar.
tWtjim (de): put, place.
Tltclv: a Titan.
Ttravi/cos: like a Titan, Titanic.
To/Jir] (refxvo:) : a cutting, a surgi-
cal operation; what is cut off,
a stump, a section.
To/xos: a cut, slice, section;
part of a book, volume, tome.
TovLKos (tovos) '. relating to ten-
sion, or tone, tonic.
TOVOS (reti^co): a stretching, ten-
sion, tone, tune.
TOVLKOS : of or for the bow; to^ikov
(t)apfjLaKov: poison for smearing
arrows; toxic, toxin.
To^ov: a bow.
TOTiKos: relating to a place, local,
topical.
TOTTos : place, position, part, pas-
sage in a book, topic.
TpayiKos : of a goat, or of goats;
tragic. See Tpayudla.
T pay OS', a goat.
Tpayiodia (from rpayos and
ael8<j}, sing, aoiobs, singer):
goat-song, tragedy. The
Greek tragedy grew out of the
old dithyrambic songs which
were sung by a chorus of
satyrs, or goat-like creatures,
and so could be called goat-
song. The name tragedy was
a survival from the early
times and was retained after
it was no longer appropriate
in its etymological sense.
The Greek tragedy of the
classical period was a very
serious composition and did
not have a chorus of goats or
satyrs, except in an after-
piece, or farce, which closed
the day's performances.
90
EVERYDAY GREEK
rpaxvs, fern, rpaxeia: rough.
17 Tpax^'io. <.apTr]pia'> : the
windpipe, trachea.
Tpeiroo: turn.
Tpe</)co: nourish, nurture,
rpi-i prefix meaning ///ree, being
the stem of rpels, three.
'^TpL-ywifo-fxerpia : triangle-meas-
urement, trigonometry.
rpi-ywvos: having three angles,
triangular; in tlie neuter, a
triangle.
rpt-TTous, gen. rpi-TroS-os: having
three feet, three-legged; a three-
legged stool, or table, a tripod.
TpoTOLOv (rpoTrr]) : a monument
or sign wliich marlced tiie
spot wliere tlie enemy was
routed, a trophy.
TpoTrr] (rpeTco): a turning; turn-
ing back of the sun, solstice,
tropic; a turning, or routing
of the enemy, rout, defeat.
Tpoiros: a turn, ivay, matiner;
a turn of speech, figure of
speech, trope.
TVTos (ryTTTco): a bloiv, impres-
sion of a blow, imprint, mark,
character, form, original form,
type.
TVTTO) (tvt): strike, beat.
Tvpavvo%: king, tyrant.
Tvpos: cheese.
'TaKLvdos : Hyacinthus, a legend-
ary youth beloved by the god
Apollo and accidentally slain
by him. The hyacinth, a
flower said to have sprung
from the blood of Hyacinthus.
vylaa: health.
vyieL-v6s: healthful, healthy, hy-
gienic; vyieivri <rexJ^ry>: the
art or science of health, hy-
giene.
vSarls, gen. v8aTL5-o$ (vScop): a
drop of water; in med. a
watery vesicle, a hydatid.
v8pa: a water-serpent, hydra.
vSpavXLKos (vSpavXis) : of water-
pipes; vdpavXiKov bpyavov: a
musical instrument with pipes
operated by the movement of
wsiiev , a water-organ, hydraulic
organ. Hence English hy-
draulic.
i55p-ai;Xts (v8<jop-{-av\6s, a pipe):
a musical instrument con-
sisting of pipes made to sound
by means of moving water, a
water-organ, same as vSpavXi-
Kov opyavov. See section 134.
*vbpo-(TTaTiKbs (^LaTrifjiL) : having
to do with standing water,
hydrostatic.
vdpo-<l>oPia: horror of water,
hydrophobia.
vbpo-4>6^os {(jio^eoidai) : having
a horror of water.
v8po-4>6pos (0epc<;) : a water-
carrier; hydrophore.
v8oip, gen. v8aT-os: water. In
compounds the stem usually
takes the form v8p- before
vowels and \}8po- before con-
sonants.
VOCABULARY
91
vniiv, gen. v/xev-os: a thin skin,
membrane; the hymen. "Tp.i]v,
Hymen, the god of mar-
riage. Hence vnevatos, wed-
ding-song, hymenaeus. Eng.
deriv. hymeneal.
vixvos'. a song of praise to gods
and heroes, a hymn.
viJiv-co8ia (deiSco) : hymn-singing,
hymnody.
uirep: over, above, beyond, be-
yond due measure.
uTrepiSaXXco: throw beyond, ex-
ceed; throw beyond the mark,
go to excess.
uTrep^oXr]: excess, exaggeration,
hyperbole, hyperbola.
*virep-Tpo(f)ia (rpecpco) : over-
nourishment, hypertrophy.
virvos: sleep.
inrvoon: put to sleep.
*inrvooaLs: a state of sleep, hyp-
nosis.
vTTVcjTLKos: causing sleep, hyp-
notic.
vTvb: under.
vir6-9eaLs {Tidrnjn): a placing
under, ivJiat is placed under,
a foundation, supposition, hy-
pothesis.
vTTO-OeTLKos: of the nature of a
hypothesis, hypothetical.
vTTOKpLTTjs: OH octor, pretender,
hypocrite.
VTTo-Teiuovaa (reti'w) : stretching
under, subtending, hypotenuse.
This form is the feminine
of the present participle of
vTTOTdvw and agrees with the
noun y pajjLixi] , a line. 17 invo-
Teivovaa ypafxpiri means liter-
ally '7//g line stretching under."
vTTo-rdvo} : stretch under, subtend.
*vTro-Tpo(})ia (rpe0co) : under-
nourishment, hypotrophy.
viro-x6v8pios: under the carti-
lage of the breastbone; neut.
xnroxovbpiov, the part of the
body immediately under or
below the cartilage of the breast-
bone.
v4)kv {vivo-{-h, one) : under one,
together; a sign for joining
two words into one, a hyphen.
0a7 (root of second aorist
4>aye'li>, to eat) : eat, devour'.
^aivbiJLevov {(palvofxaL) : what is
shown or appears, anything
manifest to the senses, phenom-
enon.
(l)alvcc (^av), mid. and pass.
4>aivoixai'. show, manifest; be
shown, show itself, appear.
4>aXay^, gen. 0dXa77-os: line
of battle, phalanx; also a
round piece of wood, a roller,
the bone between tivo joints of
the fingers and toes, plural pha-
langes.
*(l)avep6-yafxos: having visible
marriage, phanerogamous; a
phanerogam.
0ai'ep6s ((/)atj'co): shown, visible,
manifest.
92
EVERYDAY GREEK
(t>avTa.^w (lengthened form from
</)atvco) : make visible, make to
appear; mid. and pass. <j)av-
raf o/xat : become visible, appear,
take on an appearance, appear
like, assume the appearance
of. 4>avTa^w and its deriva-
tives often have in them the
suggestion of an unreal, or
deceptive, appearance unlike
4>a[voi which is used of real,
or actual, manifestations.
<t>avTa<Tla (^avraf co) : appear-
ance, imagination, fantasy,
fancy.
cf)avTa(TiJLa: that ivhich has ap-
peared, a phantasm, a phan-
tom.
*(j>avTaaiJ.ayopia: an assemblage
of phantasms, a phantasma-
gory.
4>apixaKi'i.a: the use of drugs,
pharmacy.
([)apfxaKev-TiK6s: relating to drugs
or pharmacy, pharmaceutic.
^apixaKtvw. drug, administer
drugs, deal in drugs.
4>apiiaKQv: a drug, medicine,
philter, poison.
(papfxaKo-Toda {-woLkw) : drug-
making, pharmacopeia.
(t)apvy^: the throat, the pharynx.
<^do-ts (for <pav-aLS from (j)aivoo,
stem (t>av) : appearance, phase.
0epa>: bear, carry, bring.
(t>r]fii {4)0.) : say, affirm.
(f)de'yyofxaL: utter a sound, speak
loud and clear.
006770s: a sound, voice.
4>L\-avdpoi3irla: love of human
beings, humanity, benevolence,
philanthropy.
(j)i.\-av6po)Tros: loving mankind,
benevolent, humane, philan-
thropic.
(j&tXew: love, be fond of, be a
friend to.
(jyiX-LTiros (ittttos) : loving horses,
fond of horses; Philip.
(f)L\6-8riijLos: loving the people.
(f)L\6-\oyos: loving speech or
ivords, fond of literature; a
student of language and litera-
ture, a philologue, philologist.
(t)L\o-}xadr]s (ixados, p.av9apu) :
fond of learning; a person who
is fond of learning, a philo-
math.
(/)tXos: friend, lover.
cl)L\o-ao<j)ia: love of wisdom, ■phi-
losophy.
(f)L\6-ao4>os: a lover of wisdom,
philosopher.
(pXeyw. burn, flame, blaze.
4>\e\l/, gen. (^Xe/3-6s: a vein.
cj)\6^, gen. (fAoy-os {(jAeyui): a
flame, blaze, phlox.
(f)o^eofj.aL: be afraid, fear.
4)6^0$ : fear, dread, terror.
4)01^0%, fem. 001/377 : pure, bright,
radiant; used as an epithet of
Apollo and his twin sister
Artemis, so that Apollo was
often called $ot/3os, Phoebus,
and Artemis ^oi^r], Phoebe.
4>payp.a (4) pacra-o}) : fence, screen,
defence.
VOCABULARY
93
(i)pb.^oi (<j>pa8) : show, tell, declare.
(f)pa(TLs : utterance, expression,
phrase, phraseology.
(^pacrcrw {(f>pa'y) : build a fence,
fence in, fortify.
(})vKa^Ls: a watching, guarding,
phylaxis.
4>vKa(xaw {(f)v\aK): guard, pro-
tect.
(f)vWov: a leaf.
(j}v\ov: a race, a tribe.
(jivaiKos: relating to nature, natu-
ral, physical.
4>vaLo\oyia : study of nature, nat-
ural philosophy, physiology.
(pvffLoXoyos ((})V(ns-^\ey(jo): one
who discourses about nature,
a natural philosopher, a physi-
ologist.
(f)vaLs ((^Lico): growing, what
grows, nature.
4)vt6v: that which has grown, a
plant, a tree.
(f)vca: grow,
(pccvrj: sound, voice,
(pojs, gen. (f)0}T-6s: light.
<j)cj)(T-<p6pos {4>epco) : light-bearing;
a light-bearer. Eng. deriv.
phosphorous.
xatTTj: hair, especiaWy long flow-
ing hair.
Xaos: chaos.
XapaKTTip (xapa<T<70)) : a mark,
impress, stamp, character.
xapAcro-co (xapafc): scratch, fur-
row, engrave.
xaa/JLa : a yawning, a chasm.
X€tp: hand.
*X^i-po-iJ.avTda (iiavrLs) : fortune-
telling from the hand, palmis-
try, chiromancy.
Xd-povpyia (epy, work) : a work-
ing with the hand, handicraft;
in medicine, operating with
the hand, surgery, chirurgery.
xecpovpyLKos: relating to surgery,
surgical, chirurgical.
xei-povpyos: a handworker, a
surgeon, chirurgeon.
xip-ai-po. : a she-goat; a fabulous
monster part lion, part goaf,
and part serpent; hence Eng-
lish chimera, and chimerical.
xXwpos : light green, green,
xoavr] (xeco) : a funnel,
xovhpos: groat, grit, lump;
gristle, cartilage.
xop^'f]' O' pi'l'j o, string made of
gtitfor a lyre or harp, a chord,
a cord.
xopos: a dancing place, a dance,
a band of dancers and singers,
a chorus, choir.
Xpic^Tos (xptw) * anointed; 6
XpLCFTos, the anointed one,
Christ.
xptw: anoint.
XpovLKos: relating to time; of
long duration, chronic.
xpopos : time.
Xpvaos: gold.
xpco^ia: color, chrome.
94
EVERYDAY GREEK
i/'dXXco: twang a bow string,
play a lyre, or harp.
xf/aX/xa: a tune played on the
harp, or lyre.
\pa\ij.6s : a song sung to the music
of the harp, a psalm.
\pev8os: a falsehood, lie.
^pvxf]'- breath, life, soul, spirit,
mind.
w8t] (contracted form of aoiSri
from detSoj, sing): song, ode.
(^Setov: place of song, music hall,
odeum.
di)deo) {(h9) : push, thrust, shove,
i^bv. egg.
(bpa: season, hour.
cbo-juos (oj^eco) : a pushing, thrust-
ing, shoving.
*c6o-jUco(ns: a pushing, osmosis.
.r
VI. INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION
144. The Greek words are intended to suggest the deriva-
tion of the English words which they follow. These Greek
words and the words related to them should be looked up in
the vocabulary by anyone who wishes to trace the derivation
of the English words. The numbers refer to sections in this
book.
acme, aK/xr]
acoustic, CLKOVaTLKOS
acrobat, aKpo^arris
acrobatic
aeronaut 34, 79, arjp, vaurrjs
aesthetic 43, 84, alady]TU(.bs
agnostic 41, a'^/vwaTiKos
agonize, a.'yuviaiji
agony, o.'yLovia
agronomy 121
alms, eXerinoavvr]
alphabet i
amethyst, an'tdvaros
amoeba, d/xot/3i7
amorphous 107
amphioxus, dju^t, o^us
amphitheater 51, 100, III {b)
anabolic 117, dva^okiKos
anabolism 117, ava^oKLa/jLos
anaemia (anemia), ai'-, al/xa
anaesthesia 77, avaiadrjaia
anaesthetic 53, 84
analgesia, avoK-yqaia
analogous 129, avoKoyos
analysis 77, avakvaL%
analytic, analytical 84
anarchy 116
anathema 51, dva, TiOrmi
anatomy 75, dvaTo/jir}
anecdote 83
anemometer iiveiJLos, jikTpov
anemone, dve/jLcovri
angel 10
angiosperm, dyyelou, airkpixa
anodyne 53
anomalous, dvo^jiakos
anomaly, dvwp.aK'ia
anonymous, av-, 6vv}j.a; see opo/xa
antagonism 96 (/)
antagonist 96 (/), avTayuuiarr]';
antagonistic 96 (/)
antagonize 96 (/), duraycj^i'l^o-
fxac
antarctic, clptI, apKTos
anthem, dvTi(})wvos
anther 38
anthophorous, avdos, 0epco
anthropoid 94
anthropology, audpuwos, Xeyco
anthropomorphism, avOpo^iros,
fxop(l)rj
antidote 42, 51, 83
antinomy 121
antistrophe, avrl, aTpo<t)i]
antithesis iii
antithetic iii
95
96
EVERYDAY GREEK
antitoxin, avH, to^lkos
apathetic 53, 118
apathy Ii8, airadeLa
apheresis loi
apology 51, aTToKoyla
apostasy 51, 112
apostate 112, aToaT&Tris
apostle, CLToaToXos
apostrophe, a-KocFTpoc^ii
apothecary 11 1
apothegm, aTr64>6eyixa
aptera, d-, irrepov
arachnida, apaxv]
archaeologist 116
archaeology 116
archaic 116
archangel 116
archetype 116
archiblast 116
architect 116
architectonic 116
archives 116
arctic, ap/cros
argon 135
argonaut 79
aristocracy 47, 131
aristocrat 131
aristocratic 131
arithmetic 32, 92, 96 {h)
artery, apTrjpia
arthritis 93, no
arthropoda, apdpov, irovs
arthrosis 73, no
article 48
asbestos, aa^earos
ascetic, aaKrirtKos
aseptic 53
aspirates 64 (i)
aster, darrjp
asteroid 94
asthenia, aadeveia
asthma, h.aOiia
astrologer 85, 86, 100, III (a),
102, 124
astrological 124
astrologize 103
astrology 86, 102, 103, 124
astronomer 121, 103 note
astronomize 103
astronomy 103, 121
asylum, acrvko^
atheism, a-, deos
athlete 76
atmosphere, dr/x6s, a^aipa
atom, oLToiJLos
atrophy, dTpo(^ta •
authentic, avdevTuos
autobiography, avros, /Sioj,
7pd0aj
autocracy 131
autocratic, avrbs, kpLtos
autograph 47
automatic, avro/jLarLKOs
automaton, avrop-aros
autopsy 45, avTO\pia
axiom, a^iwixa
azygos, a^vyos
barbarian 96 (/)
barbarism 77, 96 (/)
barbarize 77, 96 (/)
baritone (barytone), ^apvTovos
barometer, ^apos, ixerpov
base, basis 36
Bible, ^i^\Lov
bibliotheca in, ^ijSXiodrjKr]
biographer 85, 86
biography 86
biologize 127
biology, /3tos, Xctoj
bionomics, jSios, vofxos
bishop 139, eirlaKOTTOs
botany, ^OTavrj
brachiopod, fipax't-o^v, ttoDs
INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION
97
bronchia lo
bronchitis 93
bucohc, ^ovko\lk6s
butter, ^ovTvpov
cahsthenics 53, koXXl-, adkvos
calligraphy, /caXXt-, jpcKpco
calyx, KoXv^
canon 34
carcinoma, Kapdvos
cardiac 90
carpophore, Kapiros, 4>epo}
catabolic 117
catabolism 117
catalepsy, KardXr^i/'ts
catalog 51, KaToKoyos
cataract 51, Karapaaaoi
catarrh 71, Karappoos
catastrophe 51, KaraGTpo<l>r]
category, KaTrjyopla
cathedral, KadepSa
Catholic, KadoKiKos
caustic, KaVCTTLKOS
cauterize, KavT-qpLa^cc
cemetery, KOLp-rj-rripLov
cenotaph, Kevos, Ta4>os
center, Kevrpov
chaetognatha, x^'-'-''"^, yvados
chaos, xotos
chaotic
character, xoipo-XTtjp
characterize
chasm, x«.o-Ma
chirography 34, x^tp
chiromancy 108, x^<-poiJ-o.v7da
chirurgery 135
chirurgical 135
chlorophyll, x)^wpb$, 4)vX\ov
choanocyte, xoo-pt], kvtos
choir, xopos
chondrectomy, xo'^^pos, k, repvu
chondrotome, xov^po^, repvoo
chord, xopSr]
chorus 22
Christ, xpi^) xpi-f^Ths
chronic, xpovlkos
chronology, xpovcs, \k'yw
chronometer, xpofos, perpov
chrysanthemum, xP^<^os,avde,uov
cladophyl, Kkados, (f>vK\ov
cleptocratic 131
cleptomania, /cXeTrrrjs, navla
climax 34
clinic, kKlvlkos
coelenterata, kolXos, evrepor
coelomata, KoiXwpa
coleoptera, KoXeos, irrkpov
colon, KoiKov
comedy, Kcopudla
comet, KopTjTrjs
comic, KcopLKos
comma, Koppa
compound words 62, 98 ff.
cord,'xop§i7
Corinth 89
Corinthian 89
corruptions 139
cosmetic 96 (b)
cosmogony, Koapos, ylyvopai
cosmopolitan 32
cosmos, Kocrpos
cotyledon, KOTvKrjSwv
crasis, /cpdcrts
crater 76
crisis 41, 77
critic 30
critical 41
crocus, KpOKOS
crypt 83
cryptogam 83
cryptogram 41, 83
crystal, KprnraWos
ctenophore, Krets, <^epco
cube, KujSos
98
EVERYDAY GREEK
cyclamen, kvkXolijllvos
cycle, kvkXos
cylinder, kvKlvBpos
cynosure, Kvv6$-ovpa
Cyrus 22
cyst, cystis, kvctls
cystectomy, kvcftls, eKrefj-vo:
cyte, KVTos
cytoblast, kvtos, jSXao-ros
cytogenesis, kvtos, yeueaLS
cytoplasm, kvtos, TrXaa/xa
dacryrrhea, baKpvppoia
deacon, haKovos
deleterious, b-qKeopLai
demagogic 133
demagogue 133
demagogy 133
democracy 131
democrat 131
democratic 38, 131
demon 34
denominative 60
dermatology 34
despot, deairoTTjs
despotic
despotism
deuteroplasm, SevTepos, irXaGjia
devil 139, 5td/3oXos
diadem, biabriiia
diagonal, biaywvos
diagram, b<.a, ypacfxj}
dialect 129, biokk'yop.aL
dialectic 129
dialogue 129
diameter 51
diaphanous 119
diaphragm 51
diarrhea, biappoia
diarthrosis no
diastase 112
diastasis 112
diastatic 112
diastem 112
diathesis in
diathetic iii
didactic, StSdcrKco
dieresis loi
diet 30, blaiTa
dilemma 53, b'Ck-qixixa
diocese, Stouects
diosmosis, bia, ooa/jLos
diphtheria, 5t(/)^epa
diphthong 12, 53.
diploma, diirXcopa
diplomat
diplomatic
diptera, 8l~, -KTkpov
dogma 34, 132
dogmatic 132
dogmatism 132
dogmatist 132
dogmatize 132
dose 42
double consonants 64 (4)
doxology 132
drachm, 8paxpv
drama 34, 41, 78
drastic, bpaaTiKos
dryad, bpvs
dynamic 36, 44
dynamite, bmap^ts
dynamo (dynamo-electric ma-
chine), bvvapts
dynasty 44, bwaaTeia
dysentery 53, bus-, IvTepov
dyspepsia 41, 53
eccentric 51, eKKevrpiKos
echo, ^x'*^
eclectic 130
eclogue 130
ecology, oLKos, Xeyw
economic 121
INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION
99
economics 121
economist 121
economize 121
economy 20, 104, 121
ecstasy 112
ecstatic 112
-ectomy, €/ctoju^, kKreixvo)
egoism 49
egoistic 49
egotism 49
egotistic 49
elastic, tkaaTiKos
electric 136, ^XeKrpov
electrolysis 41
electro-magnet, riKtKTpov, Ma7-
elegiac, €Xe7etaK'6s
elegy, eKeytiov
elephant, eXe0as
emblem 117
embryo, lix^pvov
emphasis 119
emphatic 119
emporium, efj-wopLov
encaustic 51, h, KavcrriKos
encephalus 19, eyKecj^aXos
enchiridion 19, eyx^i-pi-^i-ov
encomium 10
endemic, ev, Srjuos
endocarp, ei'dov, KapTos
endogen 52
endosmosis, evBov, coap-coaLs
energetic 135
energy 51, 135
enhydrous 51, tv, vocop
enigma, aiviypa
enthusiasm, evdovaiaaiJios
enthusiast, kvdovaiaari]';
enthusiastic, h6ovai.aaTi.K6s
entomology, 'ivTop.ov, Xkyto
entomostraca, evropov, oarpaKov
ephemeral, ctti, -qpepa
epiblast, kiri, ^XaarSs
epic, klTLKOS
epidemic, kiri, drjpos
epidermis 51, eirl, bkpixa
epigram 51, 78, k-wly pap-p-a
epigrammatic, kivLy pap.par-iK6^
epigraphy, eirty pa4>'n
epileptic 65
epilepsy loi
epilogue 129, kTrlXoyos
epiphyte 83
Episcopalian, kirlaKoiros
episode, kireiabbLov
epistle, kinaToXr]
epitaph 51, eiri, rdijbos
epithem iii
epithesis iii
epithet 83, iii
epitome, kinTOj.ii]
epizoon, k-wi, ^Qov
epoch, kiroxv
ergograph 135, end
erythrocyte, epvdpos, kvtos
esophagus, o'iacc, (po-y
esoteric 52
ether, al6i]p
ethics 92, rjdLKos
ethnic, kdviKos
ethnology, Wvos, \eyco
Eugene 94
eugenic 43, 94
eulogist 129
eulogistic 129
eulogize 129
eulogy 129
-eum 81
euphony 52, 63
evangelical, ei;a77eXtoj'
evangelist
evangelize, evayyeXi^ofiai
exocarp, e^w, Kapiros
exodus 51, e^oSos
lOO
EVERYDAY GREEK
exogen 52, e^co, ylyvoixai
exoteric 52
exosmosis, e^, daixoiais
fancy 119
fantastic 119
fantasy 119
galaxy, yaXa^las
gastrectomy, yaarrip, eKTo/i-fj
gastric, yaarpLKos
gastrology, yaarrjp, Xeyu
genealogy 30, yeveaXoyia
genesis 36
genetic 43
geocentric, 7ea, Kevrpov
geode 94
geodesy 114
geodetic 114
geographer 100, III (a), 102,
114
geography 41, 102, 114
geologist 114
geology 114
geometer 114
geometric 114
geometry 114
George 114
Georgia 114
georgic 114
geotropism, yea, rpeTrco
geranium, yepavLov
gigantic 34 ^
glossary, yXibaaa
grammar, ypamxanKif
grammatical, ypafxixaTLKos
graphic, ypa4>iKb%
gymnasium 96 (e)
gymnast 96 (e)
gymnastic 96 (e)
gymnosperm, yvpvb%, airepfxa
harmony, ap/iovia
hectic 65
heliocentric, ^Xios, Kkvrpov
heliograph 32
heliotrope 72
Hellene 96 ( f)
Hellenic 96 (/)
Hellenism 96 (/)
Hellenist 96 (/)
Hellenistic 96 (/)
Hellenize 96 (/)
hematocytolysis, oXp,a, kvtos,
hematophyte, at/xa, 4>vrbv
hematorrhea, al/xa, pew
hemisphere 53
hemorrhage, aip.oppa.yla
hepatic 34
hepatica, rjiraTiKds
heresy loi
heretic, alperLKos
hermit (eremite), kp-qplr-qs
hero, rypojs
heroic, rjpcciKos
heterodox 132
heterodoxy 132
hierarch 116
hierarchy 116
hierophant 44
hippodrome 32
hippopotamus, ittttos, irorapo^
history 30, laropla
hodometer, 686s, p'trpov
holocaust, oXos, Katw
homogeneous 38, 47, 94, 100,
ni (c)
homonym, 6p6s, ovvpa, ovopa
horizon, 6pL^ccv
horoscope, d)pa, aKoiros
hyacinth, vauvdos
hydatid, vbarh
hydr-, i55c<;p
INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION
lOI
hydra 134
hydrangea, i;5cop, dyyeiov
hydrant 134
hydrate 134
hydraulic 134 and note
hydro- 134
hydrocyst, vdoop, Kvaris
hydrogen, vdcop, yiyvoiJLaL
hydromedusa, OSwp, MeSovaa
hydrometer, u5cop, ^itrpov
hydrophobia 134
hydrophore 104
hydrostatic 112, 134
hydrotomy, vhuip, re/ivco
hygiene 30, vyieLvos
hymenoptera, vfiiju, irrkpov
hymn, vp,vos
hymnody, vixv<^b'ia
hyperbole 51, 117
hypercritical 51
hypertrophy, virkp, Tpk<i»(ji
hyphen, v^ikv
hypnosis, virvoco
hypoblast, vtto, /SXaaros
hypochondriac, viroxovSpios
hypodermic 51, utto, depfia
hypotenuse, viroTelvovaa
hypothesis 51, iii
hypothetical 11 1
hypotrophy, viro, Tpe4>(a
-ic 90
-ical 91
ichthyology 36
ichthyohagous 45
iconoclast, dKcoi', kAolco
-ics 92
idea 30
idiom, idiojfxa
idiomatic
idiosyncrasy, idioavyKpaaia
idol, etSwXoj'
idolatry, elSuiKo-XaTpela
idyl, elSvWLOv
idyllic, ddvWiKds
Irene, eipijvr]
irenic, dprjvLKos
iris, Ipis
-ism 97
isotherm, tcros, depp.U
-ist 97
-istic 97
-itis 93
-ize 95, 97
kaleidoscope 38
labials 64 (i)
laconic, AaKcot'tK^s
larynx 34
lemma, \riiip.a
lethargy, X-qdapyia
leucocyte, XeuKos, /euros
lexicon 129
liquids 64 (i), (2)
lithograph 32
liturgy, XeLTovpyia
logic 92, 129
logical 129
logographer 129
logography 129
lyre, Xi;pa
lyric, Xupt/cos
magic, jjLayLKos
malacostraca, paXa/cis, ZarpaKov
mania 108
maniac 108
martyr, /laprvs
mausoleum 81
mechanic 30
megaphone 47
melancholy 47
melodrama, peXos, Spa/jia
I02
EVERYDAY GREEK
melody, fxe'Kcodla
mesentery^ fieaevrkpLov
mesoblast, fieaos, /SXao-ros
mesocarp, /xecros, Kapiros
Mesopotamia, ukaos, -Kora^ibs
metabolic 117
metabolism 117
metacarpus 51, Kapvos
metallurgy 135
metamorphic 107
metamorphose 51, 107
metamorphosis 107
metamorphous 107
metaphor, iJ.eTa4>opa
metaphysics 140, iieTa, 4>vaLKa
metathesis iii
meteor, /xerecopos
meter, fxerpou
method 32, nera, 686s
Methodist, method
metonymy, /xerd, oi^o/xa
metrical, ixerpov
metronome, fierpov, vkp.w
metropolis 100, III {b)
miasma, niaafia
miasmatic, juaapLaTiKos
microbe, p.LKp6s, /3ios
microscope 47
microtome 41, 47
mime 109
mimeograph, jut/xeo/iat, ypa(f)co
mimesis 109
mimetic 43, 109
mimic 109
misanthrope 123
misanthropic 123
misanthropy, fjnaecv, ixudpoinros
misogynism 123
misogynist 123
misogyny 123
monarch, n6vos, apxco, novap-
Xos
monarchy, idovapxla
monk, p.opax6s
monogram 78
monolith 32
monopoly, jxovo-KiSKla
monosyllable, p.6vos, avKkaQi]
monotone 46
monotonous 100, III (c)
Morpheus 107
morphine 107
morphosis 107
museum 22, 81
music 74, 92
mutes 64 (i)
mycetozoon, nmrjs, fwoj'
myelitis, fiveXos
myelocyst, jiveXos, kvcttls
myelocyte, juueXos, /euros
mystery, nvarripLov
mystic, ixvctlkos
myth 22, 124
mythic 106
mythological 106, 124
mythologist 85, 86
mythology 86, 106, 124
naiad, Nai'ds
narcissus, vapKLaaos
narcosis 96 (c)
narcotic 96 (c)
nausea, vavala
nautical 79
necromancy 108
necropolis, veKpos, it6\ls
necrosis 96 (c)
nectar, vkKrap
nemesis 121
neolithic 47
neophyte 47, 83
nephritis 74, 93
neuralgia, vevpov, ixXyos
neurasthenia. feOpoi/. aaBki'eia
INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION
103
neuraxon, vevpov, a^uv
neurocyte, vevpov, kvtos
neurology, vevpov, \eyo}
neuroma, vevpov
neuron 136
neurosis, vevpov
neurotic, vevpov
nomad 121
nomadic 121
nome 121
nosology 32
notochord, vcotov, xop^'h
nymph, vvficpr]
ochlocracy 131
ode, wdi]
odeum 81
old 94
oligarch, dXljos, apx(^
-ology 86, 87, 122, 125
Olympian 89
Olympus 89
oospore, wot-, cnropos
optical, OTTTLKOS
optician, otttuos
optics 45
orchestra, 6pxv<^Tpa
organ 32, 135 aiid note
organic 135
organism 135
organize 135
ornithology 34
orphan, 6p4>av6s
orthodox 132
orthodoxy 132
orthography, opOos, ypacfyw
orthoptera, 6p66s, Tnepov
-osis 96 (c)
osmosis, uafiooaLS
ostracize, oarpaKi^oo
otology 34, ovs, Xeyco
oxygen, o^vs, yiyvo/jLaL
pachyderm 34
pachydermous 100, III (c)
paedeutic 96 (d)
palatals 64 (i)
panacea, iravaKeLa
panorama 41
pantheism 47
pantograph 47
pantomime 109
paradigm 67
paradise, TrapdSetaos
paradox 132
paradoxical 132
paragraph 51
parallel, -KapdWriXos
paralysis, irapa, Xyco
paraphrase, Trapdc^pacrts
parasite 51, irapaaLTos
parenthesis iii
parenthetical iii
pathetic 118
pathological 118
pathology 38, 118
pathos 118
patriarch 116
patriarchy, -waTpiapxia
patriot 79
pedagogical 133
pedagogue 34, 133
pedagogy 133
pediatric 34
pediatry, Trats, larpela
pentagon, ■KevTo.ywvos
peony, iraioivios
pepsin 41
perianth, Trept, avdos
pericardium, irepl, Kapdia
pericarp 51, Trept, Kapiros
perimeter 51
period, TreptoSos
periodic, vreptoS-tKos
periphrasis, irepicfipacrLS
I04
EVERYDAY GREEK
perisarc, irepl, aap^
peristyle, irepicTTvXov
peritoneiun, irepLTovaLov
petal, TrkraXov
phagocyte, 4>ay, kvtos
phalanx, (f)aKay^
phanerogam 119
phantasm 119
phantasmagory 119
phantom 119
pharmaceutic 96 {d)
pharmacopeia, <{)apixaKOTroua
pharmacy 32
pharynx, cfiapvy^
phase 119
phenomenon 20, 44, 119
Philadelphia 32
philanthropic 122
philanthropist 122
philanthropy 122
philharmonic 122
Philip 122, ^tXlTTTTOS
philodemic 122
philologist 122
philology 122
philomath 122
philosopher 122
philosophy 80, 122
phlebotomy 34, (j)Ke\p, reixvo}
phlox, 0X6^
phonetic, (fxjjvq, (jicoveoo
phonograph, 4)ooi''fi, ypcKpui
phosphorous 85
photograph 34
photographer 85, 86
photography 86
photosphere, 0cos, acjyaipa
phyllophorous, (pvXKov, 4>kp(j>
phyllopoda, 4>vXkov, ttovs
phylum, (f)vXov
physical 36, 90
physician, <f>vaLK6s
physics 36, 92, 136
physiography, (t)vcns, ypacfxi}
physiological 124
physiologize 124
physiology 124, 136
-phyte 83
pirate 96 (a)
piratical 96 (a)
plague, ■Kk-qyi]
planet, TrXdi'Tjs
plasm 67
plaster, enivKaaTpov
plastic 66
plethora, ivXrjOwpr]
pleura, irXevpd
plutocracy 131
pneumatic, irueufxaTLKOi
pneumonia, irvev/jLCOP
poem 78
poet 30, 41, 73, 76
polemic, TroXe/^iKos
poliomyelitis, ttoXios, /xueXos
political 79, 90
politics 36, 79, 92
polyanthous 38
polygamous 80, 85, 86
polygamy 80, 86
polyglot, 7roXi's,7XcorTa = 7Xcocr(Ta
polygon, iroXvyuiPos
polymorphous 107
polypus 34
polytechnic, iroXvs, rexvrj
polytheism 47
pomp 75
pore, iropos
practical 65, 84, 120
practice 120
pragmatic 40, 41, 120
praxis 120
prefix 58
Presbyterian, irpea^vTepos
priest, 139, TT pea/3 urepos
INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION
105
prism, irplafia
problem 117
problematic 117
prognathous 32
prologue 51, 129
propaedeutic 96 (d)
prophet 51, 7rp6, (f)-i]i.d
prophylaxis, irpo, (pv'Kaa-ao)
protagonist, TrpUTayo:vLaTr]s
protoplasm, irpcoros, irXaana
protozoon, vrpcoros, fcpo^-
psalm, \pakiJ.6s
pseudonym 38
pseudopodia, \pev8os, ttovs
psychiatry, i^i'x^, larpeta
psychotherapy, ^vxv, O^paTreia
ptomaine, vrrco/xa
pyosis 96 (c)
pyramid, Tvpan'is ,
pyre, irvpri
pyrography, irvp, ypa(f)0) .
pyrosis 96 (c)
pyrotechnic 34
rhetor 19, 76
rhetoric 92
rhetorical 90
rhinoceros, ptPOKepus
rhinology 34
rhododendron, pbbov, btvbpov
rhythm, pvdjj-bs
rhythmical, pvdfjLLKos
root 55
sarcasm, aapKaaiiSs
sarcastic, aapKaariKos
sarcoma, aap^
sarcophagus 45, aap^, 4>ay
satyr, crarupos
scandal, aKavdaXov
scene, aKrjv-q
scenic, (XKrjviKds
scepter 32
scheme, axvi^o.
schism 41, 113
schismatic 113
schist 113
schistocyte 113
schistoglossia 113
scholar, crxoXi?, Latin schola-1
ris, scholar is
scholastic 66
scholium, crxoXtov from <rxoXii
school 30, axoXv
sclerosis 96 (c)
sclerotic 96 (c)
scope, (FKOTTOS
semaphore 41
sepsis 77
septic 84
sibilant 64 (3)
simple word 61
skeleton 83
skeptic 43
sonants 64 (i)
sophism 67, 96 (
sophist 96 (/)
sophistic 96 (/)
spasm, cnraa/jLOS
spasmodic 94
sphere, a(j>a1pa
spheroid 94
sphincter, ffcpLyKTrjp
sphinx, 0-017^
sphygmic, aipvyp-os
sphygmograph 77
spleen, airXrjv
sporadic, a-Koph., <TTopa8r]v, a-wo-
paSiKos
spore, airopos
static 42, 112
stem 56
stereoscope, (XTtptos, aKoiros
stereopticon, (rrepeos, ottlkos
io6
EVERYDAY GREEK
stereotype, arepeds, rinros
sternum 22
stigma, (XTiyfia
stomach, (XTOfxaxos
story, shortened form of history,
IffTopla
stratagem 133
strategic 133
strategy 100, III (a), 102, 133
strophe, aTpo4>r]
suffix 57
surds 64 (i)
surgeon 135, 139
surgery 135
surgical 135
syllable 70, loi
sylloge 130
symbol 117
symmetry, avp-ixeTpia, ovv-\-ij.kr-
pov
sympathetic 118
sympathize 118
sympathy 68, 118
symphony 68
symphysis 68
symptom, avp-TTTw/ia
symptomatic, avixTTTccjiaT-LKos
synagogue, avpaywyr)
synarthrosis no
synchondrosis, cvv, xov^pos
syndesmosis, avvbk(jpwaL%
synod, avvoSos
synonym, avp, 6vop.a
syntactical 115
syntax 115
synthesis 42, 77, in
synthetic in
syringe, ovpiy^
system 70, 73, 78, 112
systematic 112
systematize 112
tactical 115
tactics 115
taxonomy, rd^ty, vbpLos
technical, rexvLKos, Texvr}
telegram 78
telegraph 52
telephone, ryjXe, (f)wi'eoo
telescope 43, 100, III (b)
theater 32, dkarpov
theism 32, debs
theme in
theologian 124
theological 124
theology 124
theorem, decoprina
theoretical, OecopyjTLKos
theory, decopla
theosophy, Beds, aocpia
therapeutic, OepawevTiKos
therapy, depaireia
thermometer, depfxos, jxerpov
thesis III
thoracic, dojpaK-LKos, 601 pa^
thorax, Oupa^
-tic 84
titanic, TnavLKos
tome 75
tone 72, 75
tonic, TovLKos
topic, TOTTLKOS, rOTTOS
topography, tottos, 7pd0w
toxic, TO^LKOS
toxin, To^LKos
trachea, rpaxvs
tragedy, Tpaywdla
tragic, TpaytKos
trichina 34, dpi^
trichoblast 34, 6pl^, ^Xaaros
tricycle, rpt-, kvkXos
trigonometry, TpLy^vofxerpia
tripod, 34, 100, III (c)
INDEX AND KEY TO DERIVATION 107
trope 75 verbal 59
trophy, rpotraiov
tropic 41, 72, 75 xiphoid, ^t0oet5i7s
tune, Tovos xiphosura, ^i0os, ovpa
type 32, 41 ^ ^
typical, TDTTt/cos, tuttos zone, ^wvr\
tyrannical, rvpavv-iKos, rhpav- zoologist 85, 86, 102
vos zoologize 127
tyranny, Tvpavv-[$, rvpavpos zoology 86, 102
tyrant, Tvpavvo% zoophyte, ^Qov, 4>vt6v
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