Full text of "Everyman : his life, work, and books"

A. i* OUpnttgng

* V

EVERYMAN

OCTOBER 1 8 APRIL 1 1
1912-13

EVERYMAN

HIS LIFE, WORK, & BOOKS
VOLUME ONE

LONDON : PUBLISHED BY
J. M. DENT & SONS, LIMITED

MCMXIII

HAZELL, WATSON & VINEY, LD.,

PRINTERS,

4-8, KIRBY STREET, HATTON GARDEN,
LONDON, E.G.

LIST OF CONTENTS

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

A Hundred Years Ago.

do Segur
Alsace, The Problem of.

(Kntrancc into Moscow.) By Count
By Henri Liohtenberger

American Election,_The Lesson of the. By Hector Macpheraon

of ...

47
Ml

134
140
115

Angel!, Norman, Biographical Sketch

,, The Omissions of. By Cecil Chesterton ...
On the Balkan Crisis. By H. H. O'Farroll,

F.R.G.S. 371

Anglo-Gorman Relations, How to Improve. By Prof. Rudolf

Eucken 551

Apollonius of Tyana. By J. C. Squire

Arbitration as a Substitute for War 358

Austen, Jane. By Augustus Ralli 218

Awakening in New England, An. By Vida D. Scudder . 742

Balfour, Mr. A. J., as a Philosopher and Thinker

Balkan, Crisis, Mr. Norman Angell on the. By H. H. O'Farrell 371

Balzac, The Best of

212

Selections from 339

Balzac and Scott. By George Saintsbury 22

Bastille, Life in a London. Part I. By Thomas Holmes ... 682

Part II. ... 714

Part III. ... 743

Part IV. ... 781

Bennett, Arnold, Literary Confessions of 28

Benson, Monsignor. By E. Hermann 110

Benson, Robert Hugh, as I Know Him. By Raymond Blathwayt 364

Bergson, the French Philosopher. By Henri Maze!

652

Bjornson in English. "A Gauntlet." By Norman W. Duthie 784

Books, The Burden of, and How to Bear it. By F. T. Dalton 459

Books, The Gold in. By Dr. William Barry 58

Boy and his Mother, The. By Gilbert Thomas 495

Brain Degenerating? Is the Human. By Hubert Bland ... 807

Browne, Sir Thomas. By E. Hermann 684

Burns, Was, a Modern Dante? 460

Cadis of London, The. By M. Hamilton 403

Campbell, R. J. By E. Hermann 180

Canada and the Empire. By John A. Cooper 678

Carlyle, Jupiter. By Norman Maclean 336, 366

Chalmers, Dr., as Social Reformer. By Hector Macpherson . . 811

Charles II., The Truth About. By Cecil Chesterton 77

Chesterton. G. K. : An Appreciation 172

"G. K. C." as a Heretic. By Charles Sarolea 560

Child, The Problem of the. By Hector Maepherson 550

Church and Social Problems, The. By Hector Macpheraon 614

Churches, The Future of the. By Rev. R. J. Campbell ... 9

Churches, What's Wrong with the? By W. Forbes Gray, 211. 2-12

Citizen, The Call of the. By Lady Frances Balfour ..". ... 719

Civil Servants as Slaves of the State. By P. C. Moore 232

Commons in Duress, The 203

Conrad, Joseph, The Art of. By Richard Curie 176

Constantinople for Christendom. By Rev. Percy Dearmer ... 199

Cooking Threatened, French Supremacy in 46

Sarolea 521

Correspondence

Angell, Mr. Nornian, The Omissions of 181, 208

Anglo-German Relations 630,728,764,792, 829

Army, The, and Unemployment 732

Bar, The Girl Behind the ' 698

Bennett, Arnold, A Protest by 92

Reply to 93

Bible, The Value of 474,508,536,573,668, 734

Calvinist, The Modern, and Progress 665

Carlyle's "Gospel of Work" 378

Chesterton, G. K., and Bernard Shaw 380

G. K. C. as a Heretic 665

Children and Music Halls 631

Churches, The Future of the 02,94,127, 157

Church, The, and Social Problems 735

Citizen, The Call of the 794

Classics, How to Save the 128

Constantinople and Christendom 272.309, 341

Cross, The, and the Crescent 474

Daughter, The, at Home 537

Defence, The World's 210

Divorce, The Problem of 248

Dowry Question, The, and French Marriages, 504, 538, 572,

600,

Education, An Eton 470,

A Roman Catholic 560,

,, In Defence of the Board of

Miners and

National 732,

Educational Reform 730. 765,

Edwin-Drood Controversy, The

England and Germany

Enterprise in Business

Esperanto

Eugenist, The Case for the

EVERYMAN, Message of

Feminism in Literature

German, The Neglect of

Germany and Religion

Government Schools, Why, are Unpopular
Half-Timerdom, The Glorious Freedom of

251,

797,

210,

63, 94, 128, 148,

631
536
574
60 1
599
792
830
310
158
830
826
308
160
250
246
158
535
602
796

Correspondence (continued)
Historical Novels

Holland, Reading in

Ibsen and Democracy

Income Tax, A Progre*siv.
Industrial Unrest
Irish History, The Fact* of
Joan of Arc, The Trial of

King's Mirror, Tin'

Lamb and Burns

Land Reform

Largely Emotional

Literature, The Practical Teaching of
Macpheraon, Mr., on G. B. S.
Masefield, J., The Poetry of

Mill Girl, The

Miners and Education

Moth and Rust

Napoleon as a Socialist

Newman, The Real

Nietzsche, Shaw, and Oscar Wilde

Novel, The Tyranny of, and Bible Reading

Paganism and Christianity

Patriotism, The Ethical Foundations of

Peace and War

Peasant Proprietorship and the Testamentary Law

Peasant, The Chance of the

Persia, The Strangling of .

Pius X., Pope

Pleasure, The Cult of

Poland, The Partition of

Poverty, War Against ...

Progress and Christianity

Protestant Protest, A

Protestantism, Scotland's Debt to

Redmond, John

Refugees, The

Roman Catholic Protest, A

Ruskin on War

Ruskin, Prof. Saintaburv on

Schoolmaster, The Sad Lot of

Servile State, The ,

Shaw, Bernard, and Religious Reforms ...

,, ,, G. K. Chesterton and

Shop Girl, The

Single Tax, The, . Shaw, Belloc, and G. K. Chesterton

... 530,

1 1. 1 l*,:t.

ne,

412,
71)-.
341,

567,

868,

896,

5'J!I,
310,

MB,

,, ., and Land Nationalisation

Social Conditions? Is Religion responsible for

Socialism, The Collapse of 248,

The Life and Death of

Student Teachers, A Chance for

Superman, The

Swiss, The Moral Progress of 535,602,

Teachers, Should, Become Civil Servants'; 504,

Turk, A Hungarian Plea for the

Unemployment and Over Population

Wells, H. G

Wells, Mr., and the Labour Revolt ... 603,

Wesley's Journal

Westward Ho! 156,181,210,270,

Wilde, Oscar

Women's Movement, An Appeal to

Woman Suffrage, The Government and

Work, Out of

World Ugly, The

Countries of the World: An Attempt in Human Geography.
By Charles Sarolea.

I. Russia ..

II. Belgium

III. Germany

IV. Switzerland

V. The Kingdom of Poland .
VI. The Argentine Republic .

VII. Holland

VIII. China

IX. Spain

X. Roumania

Countries of the World. By Constance de la Cour.

XI. Denmark

Cross and the Crescent, The. By Dr. Percy Dearmer

Decay of Our Nation, and Imperialist Policy, The. By H.

Mayers Hyndman 427

Deck, Men of the Lower. By A Naval Officer ... 117

Democracy and Diplomacy. By Hector Macpherson .

Demos the Drunken Giant. By Dr. William Barry ... 83

Disraeli, The Paradox of .'. 231

Divorce, The Problem of. By Hector Macpherson ... 166

Dome, Under the Great

Dostoieffsky, Feodor. By J. A. T. Lloyd 401

,, and the Religion of Human Suffering

Doyle's, Sir A. C., "Refugees" 51

Drama, Sex and the. By Arthur Owen Orrett 815

Early English History, New Light on

East, A New Power Arising in the ... 120

l-i

J7I
7G8

m
m

503

Bfl

246
766
598

210

IN
N

538
537

410

438
156
634
573
271
734
181
342
702
128
181
438

tea

633
343
664
380
668
377
409
410
271
341
378
273
828

160

377
668
160
272
157
273
635
701
800

360
394

-C.G
M

581

391

I.VDEX

\ lire**, and a Gr t I'" N

Van

Educational Reform. By I'rof. John Adams

I'rof. J. J. Kindlny
Kdura [tosium:

Introduction. By the Editor
I. Bv A. C. Benson
II By W. H. D. Rouse

III. By Oacar Browning

'iinlisation of ...

n I > rood" Controversy, The. By Liddell Geddie
Empire. A Motto of. By Sir Sidney Lee ...

rise in Business. An Omission in the Socialist Argument

\ Pic* for

Eton, Education. An. By Mgr. R. H. Benson

A Hi-ply to Mgr. Benson, By an Eton

l!".lolf. By E. Hermann

Eugenist, Tho Case Against the. By Hector Macpherson
EVERYMAN. Tho Message of . oc

625
MB

in
41
112
530
190
697
744
750
328

404

406
556
198

...... ..

Message of. By the Editor

359

Fabre, Henri, The Insects' Homer. By Prof. J. Arthur Thomson 213
Fawci-tt, Mrs. Henry. \n Appreciation of. By Mrs. H. M.

Swanwick ........................

FitzGerald, Edward, and his Times. By Augustus Ralli
Ford House. By Dorothy Eyro ............ J

France, Anatole.' A Visit to. By Mrs. John Lane ......

French Novel. A Notable. By Sir George Douglas ... ...

French President Tho New. Monsieur Raymond Poincare.

By "C. 8." ........................

French Renascence, The. By Charles Sarolea .........

Galsworthy, John. Character Sketch of. By E. Hermann ...
Gaskell, Mrs.. Tho Womon of. By Margaret Hamilton
German Emperor. The. By Charles Sarolea ...... 56,

German, The Neglect of .....................

Germany and England. By Prof. Hans Delbruck

.. England, and. By Sir John Brunner .........

A" Reply to Sir John Brunner by

G. F. Foulston ... ..." ...............

Germany, Our Relations with ..................

Gibbon's Autobiography .....................

Goltz, von der, A Question put to Field-Marshal .........

Gooseberry-Fool. The. By "W. R. T." ...........

Gore, Bishop. By E. Hermann ...............

524
239
689

428
78

455

207

780
174
72
11
45
108

168
252
399
138
433
149
716
788
751

718
753
783

Hakluyt's Voyages. By A. G. Peskett 184

Happiness, The Philosophy of. By Mrs. Havelock Ellis ... 790

Hobby Horse, The Master of Laurence Sterne. By W. R. T. 201

Hugo. Victor. By E. Hermann 748

Hyde Park The People's Forum 340

Hyndman, Henry Mayors. By "C. C." 333

Ibsen, Henrik 520

Imprisonment, A Few Facts Concerning. By Thomas Holmes

528, 552
Imprisonment, Facts and Suggestions Concerning. By Thomas

Holmes 647

Industrial Unrest. By Emile Vandervelde 169

Girondists, The Trial of. By Henri Maze!

"Great Adventure, The." at the Kingsway Theatre
Greek Drama, The. By Prof. J. S. Phillimore:

I. ^schylus

II. Sophocles

III. Euripides

J. Arthur

By Hector Macpherson
Insects' Homer, The Henri Fabre. By Prof.

Thomson

Irish Character, The Making of

Irish Mystic, An: "JE" and Agricultural Co-operation
Islam, The Influence of, upon Christendom. By Dr. Percy

Dearmer

James, Henry, Wit and Wisdom of

Jona of Arc, The Trial of. By Henri Maze!
"John Bull's Other Island," at the Kingsway Theatre.
Hermann

By E.

390

213

467

487

423

46
532

654

King Edward in his True Colours. By Sydney Whitman ... 381

Knights Templars, The Trial of. By Henri Maze] 302

Knox's, John, Influence on Scottish Education. By Lord

'trie 156

Kropotkin's "Fields, Factories and Workshops." By Hector

Miu-pherson 38

Labour Revolt The. By H. G. Wells 519

Land Monopoly 137

Land Reform, 'EVERYMAN'S Referendum on 3fi2

Lang, Andres, The Trustworthiness of. By A. Blyth Webster 121

"Largely Emotional." By Dr. William Barry ..." 114

I/ettors to Living Authors. I. To Anthony Hope, Esq.

By ' .ille 468

Life at High Pressure 297

Life, The Origin of. By Alfred Russel Wallace, O.M 5

Literary TV. Our 33 303

Literary Notes. By "X. Y. Z." 267. 305, 334, 367, 400, 432!

465, 491. Mi 1 ,. r>:,H. 5!K), (;*>. 655, 690, 715. 752, 782, 822

Literature. The Practical Teaching of. By "Sigma." 529

Living Wage, The 488

i HiL-tilln. Life in a. By Thomas Holmes. 682, 714. 743, 781

London's Saturday Night 627

The Bishop of. By E. Hermann 76

London, Tho Night Side of 498

'iiiok, Maurice l-

Main Currents of Modern Thought. By Rudolf Eucken ... 596

Masefiold's Portrait, Mr. By Ernest Rhvs 300

The Poetry of. By Gilbert Thomas 188

Masque of Learning, Tho fti"

piece for the Week

I. Balzac's "Old Goriot " By J. Middleton Murry 431

II. Rousseau's "Emile." By Charles Sarolea 466

III. Balzac's "Cousin Pons." By Henri Mazol 500

IV. Motley's "Rise of the Dutch Republic" 527

V. Maeterlinck's "Blue Bird." By Florence G. Fidler 559
VI. Ruskin's "The Crown of Wild Olive." By Prof.

G. Saintsbury 591

VIL-Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass." Part I. By

Ernest Rhys 623

VIII. Walt Whitman's "Leaves of Grass." Part II. By

Ernest Rhys (i.">i;

IX. Mrs. Gaskell's "Sylvia's Lovers." By John K.

Prothero 691

X. Thomas Carlyle's "Sartor Resartus. " By Hector

Macpherson 721

XL Huxley's "Lay Sermons" 758

XII. William Law's "Serious Call." By Hugh Sinclair 785

XIII. Thackeray's "Vanity Fair." By John K. Prothero 820

Meredith and Carlyle. By W. R, Thomson 238

Meredith, George, in his Letters. By Darrel Figgis 26

Morrick, Leonard. By M. Hamilton 335

Moliere and Mr. Shaw. By Ernest Rhys

Montaigne, Our Portrait of 396

Montaigne and Nietzsche. By Charles Sarolea 814

Montenegro and its Ruler ... 20

Montessori Method, The ... .'. 369

More, Sir Thomas, The Picture of. By E. R 236

Moscow

Entrance into Moscow. By Count de Segur
The Burning of Moscow. ,,

The Retreat from Moscow. ,, ,, 177

Moth and Rust. By Dora Owen 113

A Reply to. By Wilfred A. Nathan 170

Mother, My. By Peter Altenberg 52

Napoleon as a Socialist. By Charles Sarolea 264, 218

Newman, Cardinal, A Defence of. By W. S. Lilly 658

Newman, The Real. By A. Houtin 53

Nietzsche, The Confessions of. By Henri Lichtenberger ... 139

,, Montaigne and. By Charles Sarolea 814

Zarathustra, on Reading and Writing 85

Notes, of the Week, 1, 37, 69, 101, 133, 165, 197, 229, 261, 293,

325, 357, 389, 421, 453, 485, 517, 549, 581, 613, 645, 677, 70S,

741, 774,

Novel, The Tyranny of the. By Canon Barry

Now, The Eternal. By Edmund G. Gardner

806
337
458

137
615

81,

Octopus, The London

Out of Work. By Dr. Percy Dearmer

Pagan and Christian Ideals. By Hector Macpherson 688

Parkman, Francis, as the National Historian of Canada ... 154
Patriotism, The Ethical Foundations of. By Charles Sarolea 244

Peace, Why I Believe in. By Norman Angell 13, 39

Peace with America, The Centenary of. By Hector Macpherson 326
Peasant, The Chance of the. By G. K. Chesterton

,, ,. ,, A Rejoinder

Pepys, Samuel, The Dream of

Pepys's, Mr., Portrait of. By Ernest Rhys

Pius X. By Abbe Houtin '

Pleasure, The Cult of. By Hector Macpherson
Poetry

Appeal, An. By Annie Matheson

Arcady, In. By Eric Lyall

Bermondsey, From. By Thomas Burke

Christmas, '1912. By R'iccardo Stephens

Craftsman, The. By E. R.

Day and Night in London. By William A. Page

Eve. By "Syned."

Fair Assurance, The. By Max Plowman

Fantasy. (Translation from Gerard de Nerval.)

Flowers of the Earth. By Darrell Figgis

Hat, Her. (From Jules Lemaitre.)

Hospital Nurse, The

Invasion, The. By Ella E. Walters

Kinship. By Thomas Moult

Masefiol.l, John, Two Poems by : The Harp, and Dead Calm

Memoriam, In. By Lewis Wharton

Meredith, To George. By H. B. Binns

Moments. By George S. Astina

Night. By Josef Eichendorff, Freiherr von ...

Owls, The. (From Baudelaire.)

Pagan's Testament. A. By Thomas Moult ...

Paasen-By. By Eric Lyall

Peace. By Herbert Baxter

Poetry, The Tribunal of. By J. S. Phillimore

Prison. By Lady Margaret Sackville

Progress. By E. G. Buckeridge

Sea, The. By Isidore G. Ascher

Sea Spray. By A. E. Stirling

Strophe (with Translation). By Graf Adolf Friedrich von
Sohack

Suffragist, The Answer of Lady Margaret Sackvillo

Sultana's Head, The. Francois Coppee. Translated by
R. B. Townshend .. 660

116
111

106

436

338
592
720
363
118
552
725
817
626

33
528
583
654
242
146
187

10
269
148
459
108
502
696
183
682
297
200
392

206

INDEX

Poetry (continued)

Through Gates of Sleep. By Winifred Holmaen
To Some Birds Singing on a Mild Morning in Midwinter.
By Gilbert Thomas ..................

Two Dawiio, The. By Carlton Howell .........

Winter Thoughts Dartmoor Gaol ............

Wood. The. By RoginaUi Peirson ............

World's Defence, The. A Reply to Liuly Margaret Sack-
vine. By "C. W." ... " ...............

PoiiK-are, Raymond. Monsieur, The Now French President.
By C. S .........................

'e, Monsieur, as a Man of Lrtto-s. By ("hurli^ Sarnlra
Polar Exploration, Tin- I'n -> 'lit Position of. By Sir Err

Sharklcton, O.V.0 ...................... 71

Portraits and Character Sketches. Portraits by W. H. Caffyn

1. Angcll, Norman, Biographical Sketch of .........

Portrait of ..... ._ .........

2. Benson, Robert Hugh, As I Know Him. By Raymond

Blathwayt .....................

Bonson, Moiis., Robert Hugh, Portrait of .........

3. Bergson, The French Philosopher. By Henri Ma gel ...

Henri, Portrait of ...............

4. Browne, Sir Thomas ..................

Portrait of ............

5. Bums, Was. a Mod. in Dante? ............

: ' |; ' ;
7K'J

-Hi:!

140

6. Chesterton, G. K., An Appreciation

,, ,, Portrait of

7. Dosioieffski and the Religion of Human Suffering

Feodor

8. Euckcn, Rudolph. By E. Hermann

,, Portrait of

i). Fawcett, Mrs. Henry, An Appreciation of. By Mrs.

H. M. Swanwick

Fawcett, Mrs. Henry, LL.D., Portrait of

Id. France, Anatolo, A Visit to. By Mrs. John Lane
,, Portrait of ...

11. Galsworthy, John. By E. Hermann

,, ,, Portrait of

12. Gore, Bishop. By E. Hermann

Portrait of

By E. Hermann

Portrait of

13. Hugo, Victor.

14. Ibsen, Henrik

172
173
588
568
556
557

524
525
428

Portrait of 429

780
773
716
717
748
749
620

Portrait of 621

205
43
42
300
301
396
397
236
237
106
107

15. MaoCai-thy, Miss Lilian as Viola in "Twelfth Night "

16. Maeterlinck, Maurice. Portrait by Will Rothenstein ...

,, Character Sketch

17. Maseficld's, Mr., Portrait. By Ernest Rhys

M.iM-field. John, Portrait of

18. Montaigne, Our Portrait of

Portrait of

19. More, Sir Thomas. By E. R

,, ,, Portrait of

20. Pepys's, Mr., Portrait. By Ernest Rhys

Pepys, Mr., Portrait of

21. Pomcare, Mons., as a Man of Letters. By Charles

Sarolea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 492

Poincare, Mons., Raymond. Portrait of ... ... 493

22. Rodin, Augusts, Character Sketch of. By Henri Mazel 74

. Portrait of. By Will Rothenstein ... 75

23. Rousseau, Jean Jacques. By E. Hermann 818

,, Portrait of 805

24. Swedenborg, The Savant and the Seer. By J. Howard

Spaldirag 330

Swedenborg, Emanuel 331

25. Wallace, Alfred Russel. Portrait by Will Rothenstein 7

,, ,, A Note on 8

Poor, The Housing of the. By Hector Maepherson 422

Poverty, War Against. By Mrs. Sydney Webb, D.Litt 109,
A Rejoinder. By Mrs. Sydney

Webb, D.Litt

Preachers of To-day, Great. By E. Hermann

I. The Bishop of London

136
329

II. Monsignor Benson

III. Bishop Gore

IV. Rev. R. J. Campbell ..
"Pretenders," The (of Henrik

Theatre, By C. B. Purdom
Protestantism, Scotland's Debt to. By Hector Maepherson
Putumayo Atrocities, The

Ibsen), at the Haymarket

Railways, The Nationalisation of. By Hector Macpherson ...
Redmond, Mr. John. A Misunderstanding. By Prof. T. M.

Kettle

Reviews

Angell, Norman. "Peace Theories and the Balkan War"
Audoux, Marguerite. " Valserine," and Other Stories
Armstrong, Robert Cornell. "Just Before the Dawn" . .
Balfour, Lady Frances. "Life of Dr. MacGregor "

Barker, J. Ellis. "Modern Germany"

Barrett, Prof. Sir W. F. "Swedenborg, The Savant and

the Seer"

Belloc, Hilaire. "The Servile State"

Benson, A. C. "The Beauty of Life" (a Day Book)

"Along the Road" ...
Berger, Francesco. "Reminiscences and Impressions and

Anecdotes"

Books of the Week, 222, 256, 318, 352, 384, 416, 446, 480,
512, 544, 577, 604, 642, 673, 704, 736, 770, 800.

Christmas Books for the Bairns

Gift Books

Conrad. Joseph. "'Twixt Land and Sea"

A. "Mightier than the Sword"

76
110
149
181

621
220
563

230
533

371
344
509
597
254

316

88
595

672

810

832
280
274
338
fiO

(. -<,i,i iniied) i

Crockett, S. R. " Sweetheart* at II

K. If.
Daviil.-<,n, \. (1. "Victor Hugo, his I. if' nn.1 VV..ii;

D.'IM

Changed tin- 'World, I

"Th l.nM \V,,rl.l "
Fall*, J. C. Kwal.l. "Tlim< Vi-ant in m Dert."

Translated by Elizabeth F,ec

Figgis, Darrelf Essay*

France, Anatole. "Bee, The Princewi of the Dwarf*" ...

Gardner, Edmund 1 1. "l>ant<- and the Mystic*"

Gift Books ... 192,

Gordon, Rev. and linn. Ariliur. "Life ,! 1'rofewor

Charteris"

Grotton, H. II. "A M<l> rn History of tbo Engluh

People" Vol. I ...

Harden, Maximilian. "Word Portrait! " and "Monarch

and Men"

Hardenburg, W. G. "The Putumayo: The Devil'*

Paradise"

Harrison, E. J. "The Fighting Spirit of Japan"
Hawkesworth, C. E. M. " The Last Century in Europe "
Hill, C. Chatterton. "The Philosophy of Nietzsche"
Horton, Robert F., D.D. "Great Issues" ...
Hudson, W. H. "The Story of the Renaissance"

Hunt, B. "Folk-Tales of Breffny "

Innes, A. D. "A History of the British Nation "

"lona Books, The"

Jeudwino, J. W. "The First Twelve Centuries of Britinh

Story"

Kerr, Caroline V. "The Bayreuth Letters of Richard

Wagner"

Kettle, Prof. "The Day's Burden"

Kirtlin, Ernest J. B. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight"

Kitchin, George. "Sir Roger L'Estrango "

Lang, Andrew. "Shakespeare, Bacon, and the Great

Unknown"

Lang, Mrs. Andres. " Men, Women and Minxes "
Legge, E. "King Edward in His True Colours." 1!

by Sidney Whitman

Leighton, Gerald. "The Greatest Life"

Littlewood, S. R. "The Story of Santa Clans

A Great Russian Realist Feodor

' The Lee Shore "

'The. Rule of Faith A

Lloyd, J. A. T.

Doetoieffsky "
Macaulay, Rose.
Magazines of the Month
Mansfield, Katherine. "In a German Pension." ...

Mason, A. E. W. "The Turnstile "

"Mightier than the Sword." By Alphonse Courlander
Miles, Clement A. "Christmas in Ritual and Tradition
Milne, James. "John Jonathan and Company " ...

O'Brien, Mrs. Wm. "Unseen Friends"

Paget, Bishop. Biography
Paterson, Rev. W. P., D.D.

Scottish Theologian"

Petre, Maud. "The Life of George Tyrell "

Ferris, Herbert. "Germany and the German Emperor " ...
Phillimore, J. S. (translator). "Apollonius of Tyana "

"Q." "Hocken and Huncken "

Reynolds, Stephen. "Men of the Lower Deck " ..
"Rifleman, A." "The Struggle for Bread "

Rolland, Remain. "Life of Michaelangelo "

Rose, J. H. "The Personality of Napoleon"

Shaw, Charlotte. "Selected Passages from the Works of

Bernard Shaw "

Shuster, W. Morgan. "The Strangling of Persia "

Sneath, E., Hershey, Ph.D. "Wordsworth, Poet of Nature

and Poet of M"an "

Snowden, Philip, M.P. "The Living Wage"

Strindberg, August. "The Inferno"

Stubbs, C. W. "Cambridge and its Story " ...

Sudermann, Herman. "Plays"

Szasz, Elsa de. "The Temple on the Hill'

Thomas, Edward. "George Borrow: The Man and II, s

Books "

Toynbee, Mrs. Paget. "Lettres de Mme. du Deffand a

Horace Walpole "

Treves, Sir Frederick. "The Land that is Desolate"
Wace, Henry, D.D. "Some Questions of the Day "

Wallace, Sir D. Mackenzie. "Russia"

Waugh, Rosa. "Life of Benjamin Waugh "

Way, Herbert W. L. "Round the World for Gold "

Webb. Sydney and Beatrice. "The Story of the King's

Highway"

Wells, G. H. "Marriage"

Whitman, Sidney. "German Memories"
Whyte, Alexander, D.D. "Jacob Behmen "

"Santa Teresa "

Wilson, Philip. "The Beginning of Modern Ireland"
Worsley, F. W., M.A., B.D. "The Theology of the Church

of England "

Wyndham, Hon. Mrs. Hugh. "The Correspondence of

Sarah Spencer, Lady Lyttelton " ...
Zwemer, Samuel M., D.D. "The Moslem Christ "
Rodin, Auguste. By Henri Mazel ...
Russian Church, The Future of. By Dr. Percy Dearmer
Russian's View of Russia, A
Rutherford, Mark. By Hugh Sinclair

Scott. Captain Robert Falcon, A British Hero ...

Scott and Balzac. By George Saintsbury

Sex and the Drama. By Arthur Owen Orrett

Shaw Georgo Bernard." as the Champion of Capitalism. An

Open Letter on the New Copyright Bill. By Charles S
Shaw. G. IS., "tl " of 2 31 '

497

597
542

479

479
lit

.11 2

.112
541

SHI
r.iu

12;

575
192
118
60
315
179
592
tit

717
122
252
703
346
116
.-,11
90
255

256
314

478
188
351
382
3M
444

316

90
889

437
373
:47

476

12!

254

-.14

167
670

540

r-irt

499

520

raa

550

815

Vlll

1 \DEX

The Victim. 15.

Father Handler's Elixir. **- *'">

PAGE

lphi.iiw I):unli>t ... 49

Tramping Afloat. J* . aim 4 14"

\ Russian Gkbman. By A. Chekov . ......... 178

The Btara. B> A!|>li"i!>..> l>:m.l.t

211

I anil Shall).

' >><! Skrteli. ll\ II. H.n Wilson 241

268
307

'Xi'l

49C
5G5

692
724
75C

Should Lloyd George Imitate Npnlet>n By Emile Vandervelde 586
Should Lloyd George Imitate Napoleon? A Reply. By Hilairo
Belloo ........................... 71

lly Alph<>n-i> Dauili-t
Nostalgia. Jiy 1',-tor Alteuberg ....... ...

>f Galilee. li.v It.-in'i liu/.in
I'll l.mlni-. By .).<:" li.ii-low

Ckrpenter. Hy William II"' (
Our l..!y"it Juggler. By Anatoli- Ft
The

Spirits' Mass', li -

<f Dread. By Honri Lavedan ...........

-ili!.'.' li\ Allan Snlli\an ......

.If M,lll|>:i

i;i' Head. By Francois Copper
La Bret..- ; ' 'iriet ......

Old Bell-Ringer. By W. Korolenko .........

I'.y Bi-iitrici- Marshall ............

Th lief that Loot His Charaetn. A Cautionary Tale.
II. It. W."

Slums, The Problem of the. By Hector Macpherson
South Pole, The Conquest of the. By W. Forbee Gray

518
327

Silhouettes "245:299,332,363,430,491,534,562,587,693, 761

Socialism. The Alleged Collapse of. By Bernard Shaw .. 231, 263

Socialism, The Collapse of. By G. K. Chesterton
SociaJist, A Salute to the Last. By G. K. Chesterton
Spiritual Interpretation of Nature, The. By Hector Macpherson
I In- .Servile. Bv Hilalre Belloc ............

Laurence, The Master of the Hobby Horse. By W. R. T.
Stevenson, R. L., The Beloved Vagabond. By W. R. T. ...

Street that Never Sleeps, The. By Margaret Hamilton
Strikers and the Public, The. By Rowland Kenney ......

Strindberg, Three Volumes by. By Richard Curie ......

Student Teachers, A Chanee for the .........

Swendenborg : The Savant and the Seer. By J. Howard
Spalding ..................... 330,

Syndicalism ...........................

Synge, J. M. By G. M. Brophy

167
296
368
202
201
144
306
295
364
171

370
102

Taxation and Social Reform. By Hector Macpherson 454

Theologian. A Scottish. By W. R. Thomson 747

Tolstoy's "War and Peace." By Charles Sarolea 16

"Twelfth Night" at the Savoy Theatre. By C. B. Purdom 204

Twentieth Oimiry, Epistle to the. Bv I'M. Saiutebury
Twentieth Century, The. A Reply By A. S. N.-ill .

Ugly, The World. By Dr. Percy Dearmer

Unity, A High Churchman's Project of. By Prof. W. I'.

r^on, D.D.

Unseen Literary Friends

Vagabond, Tlir IVlnv.,1 |R. ].. S, IH W. K. T. ...

Waiting. By Peter Alteuberg

War, The Futility of. By Nunrian Angell

War, Who is Responsible for the?

Waterloo, The Battle of. Part I. By Hilaire Belloc

Week, Echoes of the

Wells, H. G. By Richard Curie

Welsh Clouds. By Dorothy Eyre

233
332

679

592
144

142
2

809
434

31 M
747
105
821
646

Wesley, John, Journal of. By Principal WliMe HI,

West, Mrs. George Coruwallis. "The Bill' 1

West or East? By Austin Harrison

"Westward Hoi'" and "Refugees" Controversy, The. By

George Saintsbury 308

"Westward Ho!" By Monsignor R. H. Benson 103

"Westward Ho I " A Reply to Monsignor Benson. By Rolr

Candlish 17:,

" Westward Ho ! " Again. A Rejoinder. By Monsignor Benson 20(1

Why is Living Cheaper in France than in England? 392

Why the Turk Must Go. By a Member of the Diplomatic

Service 426

Wilde, Oscar, Recollections of. By Henri Mazel 14

Wilson, President Woodrow. By A. F. Whyte, M.P 135

Women at Work

I.-The Shop Girl 582

II. The Girl Behind the Bar 616

III.-The Chorus Girl 648

IV. The Mill Girl 680

V. The Nurse 712

VI. The Typist 778

VII. The Journalist 812

Women's Movement, An Appeal to the. By Dr. Win. Barry 145
Women's Page

1. Concerning the Human Child. By Evelyn Burke ... 683

2. The Conference Ha-bit. By Evelyn Burke 72(1

3. The Labour Member's Wife. By Edith J. Macrosty ... 786
Women's Suffrage, The Present Position of. By Mrs. Henry

Fawoett, LL.D 523

Working Classes, The Abolition of

Part I. The Work that Must be Done. By L. G. Chiiw/a

Money 775

Part II. The Path to Freedom. By L. G. Chiozza Money 810

INDEX OF AUTHORS

ADAMS, Professor John
ALTENBEBG, Peter
AXGELL, Norman
ASCHER, Isidore G. (poem)
AvriNs, George 8. (poem)

53,82, 307
13,39, 142

719

FOCSTON, G. F.
FRANCI, Anatole

PAGE

... 168

436, 496

.. 458

BALFOUR, Lady Frances ............

BARLOW, Jane ..................

BARKY, Dr. William ...... 58,83,114,145,

BAXTER, Herbert (poem) ............

BAZIS, Rene ..................

BELLOC, Hilaire ......... 202,710,

BENSON, A. C ...................

Mgr. R. H ....... 103,200,828,874,

BINNH, H.B. (poem) ...............

BLAND, Hubert ..................

BLATHWAYT Raymond ............

BROPHY, G.M ............. ......

BROWNING, OBoar ...............

BRONHKB, Sir John ...... .........

BCCKEBIDOE, E. G. (poem) ...... ......

BCRKK, Evelyn ............ C83,

,, Thomas (poem) ............

CAMPBELL, Rev. R. J. ......... ...

CANDLISH, Robert ..............

C. C ......................

CHEKOO, A ...................

CHESTERTON, Cecil ............ 77,

COOPER, John A ...............

COPPEE, Francois ... ............

C. 8. .............. 28,

COBLE, Richard ......... 176,904,

C. W ......................

DALLON, F. T ...................

DACDET, Alphonso ......... ... 211,

DEABMEK, Dr. Percy ... 199,891,423,499,615,
Dz LA COCB, Constance ............

DELBRCOK, Professor Hans ............

DIPLOMATIC SEBVICE, A Member of the ......

DOUGLAS, Sir George ...............

DCTHIE, Norman W ............. 784,

EDITOR, The ............... 40,

EICHKSDOBFF, Joseph, Freiherr von ......

E _ ................ 118 (poem),

EUCKEN, Professor Rudolt ............

Em, Dorothy ............... 689,

FAWCETT, Mrs. Henry, LI, D .......... 528

FIDLIB, Florence G ................ 669

Fioois, Darrell ......... 83(poem), 26

FINDLAV, Professor J. . 1 ............ 745

GARDNER, Edmund G.

GEDDIE, Liddell ISO

GIBBON, Perceval 18

GRAY, W. Forbes 214, 242, 327

GUTHBIE, Lord 166

NATHAN, Wilfred A.
NEILL, A. S. '...
NIETZSCHE

170
332

O'FAKRELL, H. H.

OHBETT, Arthur Owen
OWEN, Dora

PAGE
.. 871
.. 816
.. 118

337

696
889
809

404
10
807
304
8
112
108
297
726
720

9
175
3S3
178
115
296
678
660

864

459

268
679
776
45
426
78
831

369
148
236

747

HAMILTON, Margaret 174, 808, 885, 403, 582, 616,
648, 680, 712, 778,

812
646

818
824
784
781
79
402
789
427

395
533
724

428
565
897
628
266
658
401
693

597

811
786
756
146
406
838
628
788
468
610
232
242
481

HERMANN, E. 78, 110, 149, 180, 556, 654,
716, 748,
H. H W

684,
780,

HOLMDEN, Winifred (poem)
HOLMES, Thomas 528, 552, 647, 682, 714,

748i
53,

HOWELL, Carlton (poem)

KENXEY, Rowland
KETTLE, Professor T. M

LAVEDAN, Henri
LEE, Sir Sidney
LEMAITRE, Jules (poem)
LICHTENBIROER. Professor Henri
LILLY W 6

189;

LLOYD, J. A. T.
LYALL, Erie (poems)

MACLEAN, NORMAN 336,
MACPHERSOK, Hector
88, 70, 134, 166, 198, 220, 230, 82, 368
429, 454, 485, 518, 550, 614, 688,
MACBOSTY, Edith J
MARSHALL, Beatrice ...

503',

366,

390,
721,

MASEFIELD, John (poems)

MAZEL, Henri 14, 74, 802, 500, 682, 668,

MONEY, Chiozza, L. G

776,

MOULT, Thomas (poems)
MURHY, J. Middleton...

108,

PAGE, Win. A. (poem) ... .........

PATEHSON, Prof. W. P., D.D ..........

PEIRSON, Reginald (poem) ............

PESKETT, A. G ...................

PUILLIMORE, Prof. J. 8. 183 (poemi, 718, 758,
PLOWMAN, Max (poem) ............

PROTHERO, John K ............. 694,

PURDOM, C. B ................ all,

852
661
861
184
783
817
820
624

RALLI, Augustus
REYNOLDS, Stephen
RHYS, Ernest ...
ROUSE, W. H. D.

218,

289
147

89. 106, 800, 623, 656
41

SACKVILLK, Lady Margaret (poems) ... 78, 682

SAINTSBCRY, Professor George 22, 233, 80?, 591
SAROLEA, Dr. Charles

16, 56, 72, 207, 244, 264, 298, 360, 394, 424, 456,

466, 489, 492, 521, 554, 660, 584, 618, 650, 686, 814

SCHACK, Graf Adolf Frieflrich von (poem) ... 206

SCUDDEB, Vida D 742

SEGUH, Count de 47, 85, 177

SHACKLETUN, Sir Ernest, C.V.0 71

SHAW, Bernard ... 281, 263

"SIGMA" 529

SINCLAIR, Hugh 762, 785

SPALDING, J. Howard 880

SQUIRE, J. C 703

STEPHENS, Riccardo (poem) ... 868

STIRLING, A.E. ... 392

SULLIVAN, Allan 893

SWANWICK, Mrs. H. M 534

" SYNED " (poem) 728

THEUBIIT, Andre 463, 692

THOMAS, Gilbert 566 (poem), 495

THOMSON, Professor J. Arthur 318

W. R 238, 747

VANDEBVELDE, Emile 169, 586

WALLACE, Alfred Russel, O M.
WALTERS, Ella E. (poem) ..
WEBB, Mre. Sydney, D.Litt
WEBSTEB, A Blyth ...

WELLS H. G

WHARTON, Lewis (poem)
WHITMAN, Sydney
WHYTE, Principal A. ...
A. F., M.P. ...
WILSON, H. Hay
W. H. T.

109,

84,

201,

654
186
121
519
187
381
105
186
341
433

EVERVMAN, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 13, 1912.

EVERYMAN

No. I. Vol.1.

His Life, Work, and Books.

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 18, 1912.

One Penny.

HISTORY i\ THE MAKING

Notes of the Week ..
WHO is RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
THE MESSAGE OF " EVERYMAK " ,

CHAXCE OF THE PEASANT
By I,. K. Chesterton . . ,

ORIGIN 01 LIFE

By Alfred Russel Wallace, O.M. .
PORTRAIT OF ALFRED RUSSEL

WALLACE, O.M., LI..D., D.C L ,

F.R.S. By Will Rothenstein
A NOTE ON ALFRED RVSSEL

WALLACE

J. M. SYNGE. By G. M. Brophy .
THE FUTURE OF THE CHURCHES

By the Rev. R. J. Campbell . .
To GEORGE MEREDITH. A Sonnet

By H. B. Binns ....
THE NEGLECT OF GERMAN

PAGE
1

CONTENTS

10
11

ON THE

ORIGIN OF
LIFE

DR. ALFRED
RUSSEL WALLACE

O.M.

WHY 1 li/-;i.ii x i r. i'i

By Norman Angell
RECOLLECTION^ ,,i ( i ,M : \\-,, ,,,

I !y I lent i Mazel . . . .
TOLSTOY'S "\V.\i; \M> i-i.vi."-

By Charles S;u . . ,

THE VICTIM. A Short Story

By i'erceval Gibbon . , .
SCOTT AND BALZAC -

By George Saintsbury . , ,

Gl OKI, K Ml 1(1 |>mi IS I<[. I i TrrR <;

By Barrel Figgis . . . j
LITERARY Co- ,i i>

BENNETT .....
A PC-EM BY DARKK.L FIGGIS . .
LITERARY COMPETITION . , ,
ANNOUNCEMENTS .....

11
If.
18
2?
26

33
31

HISTORY IN THE MAKING

NOTES OF THE WEEK

UP to the time of going .to press there has been
no actual declaration of war against Turkey
by the Balkan Confederacy, but there seems
no possibility of ihope that it can be long delayed. It
is understood that the allied Balkan States will present
a simultaneous ultimatum immediately, and this can
only mean a declaration of war by the allied peoples.
Meanwhile, the Montenegrin armies are so far com-
pletely victorious, and are marching on Scutari, which
will soon be Invested on all sides. Now that war
has come at last, it takes some effort of imagina-
tion to grasp the grim reality that confronts us.
It is not like the war against Italy, a war under-
taken for the annexation of a sandy waste on African
shores. This is a National war, a Holy war, a war of
Liberation; it is a war of Passion, of Revenge, in
which Bulgaria, Montenegro, Servia and Greece are
paying off the score of centuries of oppression.

One question forces itself upon us : Will it be possible
to circumscribe the area of hostilities? Considering
that Austria has solemnly declared that she has
"vital interests " in the Balkans, and that in
the semi-oflicial journal Rossiya, of St. Petersburg,
is published an article in which it is declared that
"Russia's sympathies and pity are with the Balkan
States"; and remembering that all the other great
Powers have also, to say the least, very important
interests to defend, and remembering that all those
interests are conflicting, it is difficult to see how they
can remain detached observers.

One little gleam of hope, however, comes from
Vienna, for it is stated that Austin-Hungary will not
take any active part, even though the Allies should
interfere with the Sanjak of N'ovibazar.

It is true that a Viennese paper tells us that the
Monarchy will have to see that at the end of the war
its way to the South is not interfered with. This seems

to point to the fact that the concert of E.urope is yet in
existence; but whether this is for the good of tin- 'sm;. II
States who are thus fighting for their freedom 1,
difficult to decide.

One thing is certain, namely, ,that the slntit*' quo will
never be restored; whether Turkey is beaten or \ ic-
torious, whether Europe interferes or not, there will IK
an end to the direct rule of Turkcv, in Soul'i-Eristcrn
Europe especially. We shall hear" ivo more of Mace-
donian atrocities. One tangible and enormous result
will be achieved, the emancipation of the Macedonian
people, the complete autonomy of that sorely tried
nationality.

The Peace Treaty between Turkey and Italv \\a>
~ signed at Ouchy on Tuesday, thus bringing to an end
a dreary war, which was nothing but an unprovoked
aggression on the part of Italy, and which, wr hope,
may remain unique in modern history. This fact will,
of course, leave Turkey's hands free to deal with her
four small but gallant foes. At the same time it makes
the task of the great Powers extremely difli.-nlt, and
brings the danger of a European conflagration nearer.
The concert is already feeling the consequences of its
somewhat shamefaced connivance in Italv's ;,

The Government have carried their closure resolu-
tions with substantial majorities, and against Mr.
Sandy's amendment to limit the legislative power of
the Irish Parliament to a certain number of subjects,
such as education, agriculture, maintenance of hos-
pitals and charitable institutions, municipal institu-
tions, etc., they had the large majority of 104.

Those who look for statesmanship in relation to Irish
Home Rule will find it more often outside than inside
the House of Commons, with its overheated atmosphere
of party interest; and thus, while the faction fight pro-
ceeds at Westminster, sagacious counsels are finding
good advocates in Lord Dunravi-n and Lord Macdon-
nell, who plead for a truce to party warfare in order that
the Irish question may be reviewed and solved in cool-
ness and reason.

EVERYMAN

-> the plea come too late? We hope and believe
I.iti'. Are tin' obstacles insurmount-
In appearance they may be; but obstacles as
nountod by that same group of loval and
pain: .v hen they suniinoiifd the Land Con-

. and laid I!R- foundation of the
nl Purchase Act of IQOJ. Everyone remem-
'oldly the idea of that Conference was at first
'inn its promoters were dismissed as adven-
- and told ti> read Irish history if they wished to
know wii; their Conference must fail. In the lace i>t
all, \\-\t\ ji- I and curried tile problem of Irish land

to a I. .-lint;- -oUnio'.i. Such a Conierence conducted by
just such men is the need ot to-day, for the Irish ques-
tion has ripened rapidly in the new and more tern]
climate iif opinion which now surrounds it.

An incident in the House of ( 'ominous on Tuesday
night revealed in a Hash the burning question of our
l' nii\ A I pent in sedate discussion of Clause 2 of

the Home Rule Hill, a legal member rose on the motion
for adjournment to cross-examine Mr. Lloyd George
on the operations of his Land Inquiry Committee. In
an instant the House was ablaze with the fiery passions
that raged round the famous Budget of 1909. Wild
words- sped from side to side; and when the Chancellor
of the Exchequer rose to reply, the uproar reached its
height. With the merits of the particular point in
dispute we are not concerned, but we point to the inci-
dent as a shadow of coming events.

\\ i \\ilcon.r the announcement that the agreement
between the Post Ollice and the Marconi Company-
respecting the chain of British Wireless Telegraph
Stations round the world is to be investigated by a
Select Committee of the House of Commons, for only
by. this means can the ugly rumours of corruption be
brought to light and killed.

The attempt on Mr. Roosevelt's life by a fanatic (or
lunatic ?)" has caused great anxiety throughout America,
and no less, we are quite sure, in England; for however
we may disagree with the policy for which he stands,
we cannot bur admire the immense pluc': and personality
of the man. He has brought fresh life into American
politics, which they sadly needed, and we are glad that
so far there is no fear of danger to his life. Mr.
Roosevelt's strenuous determination to go on with the
programme of the evening, and to make a speech of an
hour's length, no doubt has somewhat complicated the
work of the surgeons, who at present do not intend to
probe for the bullet; still there seems to be no fear but
that he will make a complete recovery. President
'laft's message is indeed significant. He says:

"This assault, following on the shooting at Mayor
G.ivnor, t\\o \ears ago, and the assassination of three
out of the last nine Presidents elected by our people, is
an event which must cause solemn reflecting by all
Americans upon the conditions which make it possible
that such dastardly deeds may occur in a country
affording to its citizens such complete advantages of

ivil lilje.MV.''

What iias happened in the Balkans has made a good
deal of financial history, and at one moment it threat-
ened to make .1 great deal more history, for the finan-
cial fabric was dangerously near a crisis of the first
magnitude. Capital, as we all know, is highly sensi-
tive; the faintest rumbling in the political atmosphere
Vow the fact is, that within the past
month' o; two en a gambling mania on the

Continental Bourses, and stocks and shares, as is usual
In sin 'i c':-ciimstances, vver,- lifted up to an excep-
tionally, high price, regardless of merit. It seemed like
on im erred pvramid, a hu- nit-lure of specula-

tion raised on a flimsy foundation. What was til
suit? Sanity momentarily returned, and in
desperation speenlatovs jettisoned stocks, regardless of.
consequences. Had not influential bodies, the Paris
Bourse, the Berlin Bourse, and many big ten
adopted strenuous s in allay the panic', it is-

certain that there would have been a crisis. Let us
suppose that there hail no! been abnormal speculation
then the financial fabric would have .shivered
alarmingly, because of the chance of all Europe being;
involved in a war. But with a war involving the whole
of Kuropc the financial fabric will almost certainly
crumble to
finani < .

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE WAR?

IT would be amusing, if the subject were not so tra>.'ii\
to read the commentary of. British journalists on the
recent events in the Balkans. With a toi'diing unan-
imity thev express their, amazement at the failure of
European diplomacy. They, do j)4rt - secm to realise that
European diplomacy has never seriously meant to suc-
ceed, and has been nothing but a cloak to hide the selfish
and unscrupulous designs of the diplomats themselves.
Or the journalists express their indignation against the
rash and unwarranted aggression of the Balkan nations.
They seem entirely to forget that those nations have
been for generations the all too patient victims of
oppression.

A journalist must be cither naively ignorant or shame-
lessly impudent thus to lay the responsibility of the war
on the shoulders of the people of the Balkans. For that
war is the inevitable outcome of the cynical and
mischievous policy pursued for thirty years by the so-
called "Concert of Europe.'' The Great Powers of
Europe have handed over the Christian nations to the
tender mercies of the Turk. They have refused to insist
on the most elementary reforms, although by the
Treaty of Berlin of 1878 they had solemnly pledged
themselves to see a complete change in the administra-
tion carried out and to put an end for ever to Turkish
misgovernment.

And not only have the Cireai Powers not insisted on
the promised reforms being carried out, but they have
themselves been the chief obstacle t* the reali'-ation of
reform, and to the normal development of those
beautiful and unhappy countries. Anyone who has
travelled in the Balkans will be ed'ficd in a few weeks
on the meaning of international political morality.
When the st-cret history of the Balkan States conns to
be written, it will reveal a lamentable record of dark con-
spiracy and Machiavellian intrigue.

Germany supported through thick and thin Abdul
Hamid, "Abdul the damned.'" She lent him money
to squander amongst his favourites. She reorga-
nised his troops to crush his subjects. She
propped his (ottering throne. When. William II. started
on his pilgrimage to the Holy Lam) he .stopped in Con-
stantinople on his way to Jerusalem, and gave many
tokens of his friendship to a tyrant whose' hands were
reeking with the blood of fifty thousand Armenians.

And Austria has done worse than Germany. Again
and again she has stirred up the Balkan rulers against
their people. She has utilised the late King Milan as a
pawn in her own sordid game. The nations of the
Balkans have often been blamed for their fratricidal
quarrels. But we, forget that it is generally Austria
that has fomented those quarrels. Even as she used the
vendetta of the Obrenovitch against the Karageorge-
vitch, thus being ultiiii -ponsible for the ghastly

butchery of Belgrade, even ,M> has Austria played off
Bulgaria against Servia. Five ;: o, whilst I was

studying polhical conditions ii, the Peninsula, Servia

OotOBER IS,

EVERYMAN

and Bulgaria had made up their minds to settle their
old feuds and to conclude an alliance. Hut Austria
opposed her veto, and declared that if such an alliance
were concluded, Servian goods would not be allowed
across the Danube.

One other illustration of Austrian policy may be
given. It is typical of many. For years Servia has
wanted to build a railway to provide a market for her
agricultural produce. Austria has persistently pre-
vented that railway being built. Until this day Servia
is without an outlet on the Adriatic. She is shut in on
every side, and is completely at the mercy of her mighty
neighbour. As King Peter told the writer of these
lines, in the course of an audience: "Nous dcvons
passer par les fourches caudines de 1'Autriche " ("We
must pass under the caudine forks of Austria ").

A truce, therefore, to our hypocritical lamentations !
Let us not add insult to injury ! Let us refrain from
blaming the victims of our own greed and ambition.
The score that is being settled is a very old one, and it
will have to be settled once for all. Europe is reaping
in blood a harvest which she has sown in iniquity. And
all that Christian blood is on the head, not only of the
Christian statesmen, but of the rulers of those Great
Powers who have only used their strength to oppress the
weak.

WHAT OF ARMENIA?

WHILE all eyes are fixed on the Balkans, it must not be
forgotten that across the Hellespont there are other
races who suffer under Turkish rule. From sources only
too well authenticated comes the news that in Armenia
murders, robbery, abduction, and forcible conversions
to Islam have increased greatly, and passed the usual
limit, since the new Cabinet came into power. The
Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople made several
protests, but no-steps were taken to stop these misdeeds,
and he resigned. The Armenian National Council at
Constantinople also protested violently against this in-
human policy of exterminating the Christian population
of Turkey. Some of the members went so far as to
suggest an armed rebellion. Armenians from different
parts of the world, and especially from Russia, are try-
ing to make the respective Governments of the countries
in which they live exercise their influence to put a stop
to these atrocities. Even the present Foreign Minister
of Turkey, who is an Armenian, resigned his post as a
protest against 'the indifference of the Government to-
wards the condition of Armenians, but the Cabinet has
been able to win him over with promises which include
the following provisions : Settlement of land disputes,
organisation of local militia, equality of rights, etc.
We are waiting for the result.

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speare and Tolstoi, that Ruskin and Carlyle, have an
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on the problems of the day and the relation of litera-
ture to life.

To provide such assistance and guidance and inter-
pretation is the essential purpose of EVERYMAN.

There never was a time when such guidance was
more urgently needed. We are living in a wonderful
age, when .every landmark is being swept away, when
every belief is being questioned, when every estab-
lished institution is on its trial, when reform is the
order of the day, when almost every writer is a
" Herald of Revolt." Whether that unrest and revolt
will lead to a peaceful and orderly reconstruction of
human society, or whether that reconstruction shall
be preceded by a revolutionary catastrophe will
entirely depend on the wisdom of the people, and that
wisdom will largely depend on the light and leading
which they will receive ; which, again, will mainly
depend on the sense of responsibility of those who, by
their writings, are moulding and directing public
opinion.

EVERYMAN, therefore, will not look at the great
political and religious struggles of the present genera-
tion with the aloofness and detachment of the
academic recluse, but, whilst ministering to the needs
of everyday life, whilst remaining in close touch with
all the problems of the day, it will be its aim and pur-
pose to consider life from the higher plane of the ideal,
and, above all, to avoid the turbid atmosphere of
political and religious partisanship. Whilst keenly-
interested in the burning controversies of the age, it
will open its columns to the expression of every
honest conviction, and will deliberately invite discus-
sion and contradiction.

HYERYMAN

OCTOBER 18, igu

THE CHANCE OF THE PEASANT
G. K. CHESTERTON

Two very extraordinary and rather unexpected things
ha\c happened in the recent political thought of this
country. I mean the simultaneous collapse of the thing
that is called Individualism and also of the thing that
is call.-d Socialism at least in England aad by the
lish Socialists. When 1 was last in Paris I .remember
an t-lcction placard, advocating the claims of a
nan with the attractive name of Baube; in which,
if I remember right, that politician described himself as
"Depute Sortant Radical Republican Socialistc Anti-
Collectiviste." I have never been a Depute (thank
God), and if 1 had been I should doubtless have been
Sortant at an early opportunity; but in all- other respects
I think that portentous catalogue dc-srrib'.-s my own
political opinions with a precision and lucidity which I
and my countrymen can seldom rival. For the sake of
clearness, therefore, and the avoidance of a mere verbal
wrangle, I will call the Marxian and Fabian scheme for
giving up to the Government all the primary. forms of
property, by the special term Collectivism; wliile I call
the old English trust in competition and .individual
enterprise by its old name of Individualism. It is
appropriate to get the names of these two causes quite
clear cut and legible. For epithets are important in
epitaphs : and both these causes are dead.

An ideal, it is true, can never die; not even when all
the idealists ate sick of it. But these two th?ngs never
were ideals. They were compromises : and nothing, not
a thousand door-nails, can ever be so dead as a dead
compromise. It is as dead as a joke tha't nobody
laughed at, a compliment that did not please, pr a piece
of exquisite social tact that made things worse than
they were. And these t\vo compromises of Collectivism
and commercial Individualism these two compromises
have proved very compromising indeed. Our fathers
endured the ugliness and cruelty of competition because
it would lead at last to everybody being rich. We, in
our Socialist youth, endured the dreariness and insane
simplification of State ownership because it would lead
at last to nobody being poor. But no human being to
whom the word Liberal meant anything more than the
word lollipops, ever really liked the notion of sacking
everybody till everybody found his economic level; or
ever really liked the notion of State officials distributing
gardens as postmen distribute letters; or stopping
building and bargaining as policemen stop traffic in
the Strand. Individualism was a second best, even for
the Individualist. Collectivism was a second best, even
for the Collectivism

But it was not through any idealist quarrel with these
compromises that they have become impossible. They
have become impossible as skating in a mild winter or
bathing in a cold spring becomes impossible. The
facts of this world have worked persistently the other
way. It is useless to preach a hope in the competition
of capitalists; because the capitalists will not compete.
At every opportunity they do not compete, but combine.
The Socialists are often taunted because they disagree.
But the capitalists do something much more wicked
and heathen : they agree. We know what is happening
on a neighbouring hill while Herod and Pilate are
shaking hands. There was some sense in Individualism
so long as there were individuals : so long as it was
really a question whether a daring and ironical Irish
upstart from Liverpool might or might not undercut the
powerful optimism, the sense and the strong humour of
an English upstart from Leeds. But what is the good
of talking about the irony of the International Tooth-
brush Trust, and its struggle with the strong humour
of the Amalgamated Hair Brush Company? Individu-

ality has been destroyed by Individualists, not by
Socialists.

The collapse of Collectivism has been more recent,
but is even more complete. Briefly, the English popu-
lace simply will not stand the State intervening on
behalf of the poor, for the quite simple and sufficient
reason that the State always intervenes on behalf of
the rich. It is utterly useless to talk of boards of
arbitration, or commissions and committees, represent-
ing both Labour and Capital. On every committee the
casting vote is given to a chairman. On every com-
mittee the chairmanship is given to a plutocrat. In
most cases both chairmanship and casting vote are
given to a quite incongruous and even scandalous pluto-
crat. Perhaps the best chairman ever chosen was
chosen to investigate the Railway Strike : he was an
English policeman employed to crush the Irish people.
Perliaps the worst was the chairman chosen for the
Coal Strike : he was an English aristocrat who had
actually le<l the worst reactionaries and defended the
worst Capitalist intrigues. For these or other ;
reasons the insurgent workers to-day are useless
for the purposes of State Socialism. They believe
rather less in the State than in anything else. If
they invoke the Government against their employer,
they know it means invoking a man dressed like their
employer, talking like their employer, talking to their
employer, betraying them to their employer. For good
or evil, the faith in the Government official has finally
and utterly broken down. And without faith in the
official there can be no Collectivism.

That is the extraordinary modern situation. The
competing capitalists won't compete; and when once
you really collect the poor, they won't be Collectivism
It is not fantasy, it is not idealism, it is not insanity,
it is nothing half so high-minded, that is driving modern
men back upon the project of Peasant Proprietorship.
It is the visible destruction of everything else.

Among all those miners who asked to have higher
wages, I believe that most would have preferred to
have no wages. I believe that most would have pre-
ferred a piece of private capital, a garden no bigger
than a carpet. Cabbages can be got out of the earth
more easily than coals; and are better worth their
trouble. Among all those dockers who asked for higher
wages, I believe that most would have preferred to
have no wages. They would rather have 'owned a
loose boat in some little harbour or canal; and been
free to load it to sinking, or to empty it for idle
caprice. The miners and the dockers will not trust
what is called Society; but still less will they trust
what is called Socialism. They must and will retreat
upon the older and more unanswerable claim; they
must and will demand a distributed but quite private
property. That may yet be the revival of Peasant Pro-
prietorship, and that may yet mean that England is
free.

This is the hour of the English Peasant; he would
be bound to conquer if he could only exist. Kings and
nobles, capitalists and empires, would flee from the
Peasant if only there were any Peasant for them to
flee from. The brute logic of es'ents has shown that
being bullied by employers and being bullied by officials
is, in a solid and literal sense, the same thing. The
employer has a stake in the Government. The Govern-
ment has a yet heavier stake in the employer. The man
who works with his hands has less and less part in
such stakes .with every sunrise and sunset. I can think
of nothing else to give him except a stake in the
country.

OCTOBER IS, 191!

EVERYMAN

ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE

THE ORIGIN OF LIFE. A REPLY TO DR. SCHAFER

'I'm; great body of intelligent, but non-scientific, readers
lias been greatly interested, and many of them even
mentally distressed, at what seemed to them to be an
authoritative declaration by one of the highest
expounders of tiie science of to-day in favour of the
materialistic as opposed to the spiritualistic nature of
Life, including- that of man with all its marvellous
powers and possibilities.

The position of President of the British Association
for the Advancement of Sc.ie.nce is justly considered to
be one of the highest, if not the very highest, honour
that can be attained by a student of science in this
country, since it is given him by a select body of his com-
peers, who by their t hoice declare him to be in the first
rank for ability and erudition in his own department.

When, therefore, Dr. E. A. Sehafer, who has
been Professor of Physiology in two of our most
scientific Universities, devoted' the whole of his Presi-
dential Address to a very lengthy and elaborate dis-

( ! LISS ,'.. n as to " t ' le natlll " e > origin, rind maintenance of
life," it was to be expected that the vast subject would
be set before the public with a full summary of the facts,
accompanied by a logical statement of the conclusions
arrived at by one or other of the opposing schools of
thought on this intensely interesting problem.

II.

Very early in his address Dr. Schafer expresses his
own views very clearly, but in a manner which seems to
me to slur over essential points and actually to beg the
whole question at issue. This he does by deliberately
declaring his inability to give a definition of life, and
then proceeds to the statement that "life is not identical
with soul," and that whatever he says regarding "life "
must not be taken to apply to the conception to which
the word "soul " is attached. And that is all he gives
us as to what he means by either "life " or "soul."

This omission is the more important because, as I shall j
presently show, it is by no means difficult to define the
essential features and characteristics which distinguish |
all living things from inanimate forms of matter; and
also because Hacckel and many other physiologists
maintain that every cell has a "soul," but of 'the lowest
possible kind; that although really unconscious, yet it
experiences "likes and dislikes which determinate its
motions."* But as this is totally different from the
generally received meaning of "soul," which is "that
part of man which feels, thinks, desires, etc."
(Chambers's Dictionary), it is certainly important to
know \\hat Dr. Schafer means by the word.

Having thus ignored the soul, as having nothing to
do with life from a scientific standpoint, he goes on to
state his own conclusions in the following words :
"The problems of life are essentially problems of matter; !
we cannot conceive of life, in the scientific sense of the \
word, as existing apart from matter. The phenomena i
of life are investigated, and can only be investigated, !
by the same methods as all other phenomena of matter, !
and the general results of such investigations tend to
show that living beings are governed by laws identical
with those which govern inanimate matter. The more
we study the phenomena of life, the more \ye become
convinced of the truth of this statement, and the less we
are disposed to call in the aid of a special and unknown
form of energy to explain those manifestations."

III.

These statements are general and somewhat vague,
and must be taken in connection with others of like
tendency throughout his Address. Neither here nor in '
"Kiddle of thp I'niverse," M'Cabe's translation, p. 78.

his lengthy account of some of the more rcmarkabU
structures or functions of organisms does the writer
anywhere point out the fundamental dillen -n< .-, l,.iu.-.-,i
the "matter" of plants and animals when alive anil
when they have ceased to live between living, grow-
ing matter and the same matter when dead and subject
to immediate decomposition.

He never states, he never even recognises, the essen-
tial and unique feature of living things that, from
minute particles of the enormously complex subst ,M< e
I. Tined protoplasm, builds up a 'structure which, bv
a wonderfully accurate balance of forces, maintains
itself for indefinite periods in almost identical forms.
Surely this power of waste and repair, this condition
of constant internal flux, this taking in of food and
verting it into blood and muscle, bone and tendon, hair
and skin, together with the marvellous nervous system
with its mysterious powers of sensation and motion
surely all this implies laws and forces which are not
"identical with those which govern inanimate matter."
When we consider further that, by slow but in-
, cessant adaptive changes throughout the myriads of
| ages of geological time, this marvellous life-power has
produced the infinitely diversified and glorious pageant
of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, we are more than
ever convinced that the laws, forces and agencies which
have sufficed to produce and modify the earth itself are
not those which have originated and maintained the life-
world. Vet Dr. Schafer concludes with the ama/ing
assertion that, the more we study these works of
life, the more willing we shall be to impute them all to
i known mechanical and physical forces, and the less
need we shall find "to call 'in the aid of a special and
unknown form of energy to explain these manifesta-
tions." jy

Before going further it will be well to show, by refer-
ence _ to the writings of some of the greatest of living
physiologists, that these views are not generally-
accepted. Max Verworn, for instance, although
opposing " vitalism " as strongly as Dr. Schafer him-
self, admits that there is a great difference between the
dead and the living cell, and assures us that "substances
exist in living which are not to be found in dead cells."
He also recognises the constant internal motions of the
living cell; the incessant waste and repair of Hie highly
complex organism for indefinite periods; its resistanc'-
during life to destructive agencies to which it succumbs
the moment life ceases. These characteristics Dr.
Schafer hardly alludes to, and docs not even attempt to
explain as the result of chemical or mechanical fo:

Professor A. Weismann, perhaps the greatest of
living biologists, describes the wonderful series of
changes which occur in a cell before its division. Till
quite recently the nucleus, or small spot in the centre of
every living cell, was supposed to have no special .struc-
ture, as nothing was visible in the very best microscope-.
But it has now been found by the use of certain stains
that a most remarkable series of structural changes
occur within it as a preliminary to division. A complex
spir.-Jl structure first appears, which breaks up into
separate loops. These divide transversely and split up
longitudinally, each piece being connected by delicate
fibres to a knob at the top and bottom of the cell. Divi-
sion by the growth of a transverse membrane then occurs,
the two resulting cells being apparently identical with
the parent cell and with each other. But each posv
distinct properties, since they become the starting points
of different organs or structures of the body. This
implies some selective and directive agency in order that
the specially modified cells may be carried to the right
place and at the right time.

EVERYMAN

OCXOBIR 18, 1912

The complex changes going on in every cull and
atom of every living creature during its whole term of
life is summarised in the one word ''growth J and,
being s.i familiar, is taken to explain everything, while
: Ily explains nothing, as many ol the greatest
authorities fully recogi

Professor A. Kerner, for example, in his great
work on "The Natural History of Plants," alter
describing the process of cell-division as being
almost identical in plants and animals, thus refers
to the chemical explanation upheld by the materialist
school of physiologists: -"It does not explain tin
purposeful sequence of different operations m the same
protoplasm without any change in the external stimuli;
the thorough use made of external advantages; the re-
sidence to injurious influences; the avoidance- or encom-
passing of insuperable obstacles; the punctuality Wit!
which all the functions are performed; the periodicity
which occurs with tl<e greatest regularity under constant
conditions of environment; nor, above all, the fact that
the power of discharging all the operations requisite Lor
growth, nutrition, renovation, and multiplication is
liable to be lost. We call the loss of this power the
death of the protoplasm."

A striking example of the "periodicity " alluded to in
the above quotation is given in Professor Lloyd
Morgan's fine work on Animal Life and Intelligence.
It is that of the annual growth of the antlers of a deer,
which he thus describes : " If you lay your hand on the
growing antler, you will feel that it is hot with the
nutrient blood that is coursing beneath it. An army
of tens of thousands of busy living cells is at work
beneath that velvet surface building the bony antlers,
preparing for the battles of the autumn. Each minute
cell knows its work, and does it for the general good-
so perfectly is the body knit into an organic whole. It
takes up from the nutrient blood the special materials
it requires; out of them it elaborates the crude bone-
stuff, at first soft as wax, but ere long to become as
hard as stone, and then, having done its work, having
added its special morsel to the fabric of the antler, it
remains imbedded and immured, buried beneath the
bone-products of its successors or descendants. No
hive of bees is busier or more replete with active life
than the antler of a stag as it grows beneath the warm,
soft velvet." yj

But such a growth as this, wonderful and beautiful
as it is, and absolutely inexplicable as the result of
chemical or mechanical forces acting upon protoplasm,
is as nothing in comparison with other processes and
products of life. The most remarkable of these are the
plumage of birds and the metamorphosis of the higher
insects.

If a bird's quill is examined, and the beautifully
elastic web carefully separated so as to show the
structure of the barbs and barbules of which it is
composed, we find it to be the most wonderful piece of
mechanism in the world, and one which is wholly beyond
the powers of our most ingenious mechanics to repro-
duce or imitate. The extreme lightness, elasticity, and
strength of the horny material of the feather is due to
the formation of the thin plates of which it is constructed
being split up into hundreds of thousands of parts,
connected together by rows of minute elastic hooks, so
delicately formed that after being separated the mere
pressure of the air locks them together again as firmly
as before.

When we consider the myriads of cells of which
each feather consists, each of which must have a
special form to fill its place in the structure, and that
every feather on a bird's body has a special shape and
texture, and often a peculiar colour, so exactly adapted
to that of adjacent feathers as to form a special pattern
on the outer surface of the bird, and that the whole of
this miracle of adaptive structure is reproduced afresh

each year with amaxing rapidity, how grotesquely
inadequate is the statement that all this is produced by
chemval and mechanical laws, and that it is quite
unnecessary and unscientific to suppose that any special
"\ital " forces are required to account for them.

VII.

But in all these cases, and in the whole process of
growth and assimilation, from the strange vital
phenomena occurring in every cell to its final destination
as part of the finished structure of the living organism,
a never-ceasing, guiding agency is needed, or dis-
organisation and death inevitably ensues. It was the
ab-olntc necessity for some such power or guiding
agency that compelled the arch-agnostic Ilaeckrl him-
self to postulate a saitl in every cell, but, as he
frequently declares, a quite rudimentary soul, inasmuch*
as it is unconscious!

VIII.

Limitation of space forbids me from giving any details
of the second of the marvels of organisation already
referred to that of the metamorphosis of the higher
insects, such as the moths and butterflies; the bare facts .
must suffice. These are, that the worm-like larva; pass
their lives from the egg to the full-grown caterpillar as
mere feeding machines. They then become dormant in
the pupa-state, when the whole of the internal organs
decompose into a pulpy mass, and then, instead of dying,
which is the usual result of decomposition, a new and
totally distinct winged insect is built up by directive vital
forces, a true metamorphosis, and one of the most ante-
cedently improbable and apparently miraculous in the
whole series of life-phenomena.

IX.

We see then that in the whole vast vvorld of life, in
all its myriad forms, whether we examine the lowest
types possessed of the simplest characteristics of life, or
whether in the higher forms, we follow the process of
growth from a single cell up to the completed organism
even to that of a living, moving, feeling, thinking,
reasoning being such as man himself we find every-
where a stupendous, unceasing series of continuous
motions of the gases, fluids and solids of which the body
consists. These motions are strictly co-ordinated, and,
taken together with the requisite directing and organis-
ing forces, imply the presence of some active mind-
power.

Hence the conclusion of John Hunter, accepted
as indisputable by Huxley, that "life is the cause, not
the consequence, of organisation." Hence also the
"cell-soul" of Haeckel, though minimised to complete
ineffectiveness by being unconscious.

In view of all these marvellous phenomena, how
totally inadequate are references to "growing crystals,"
and repeated assertions that we shall some day produce
the living matter of the nucleus by a chemical process;
that "the nucleus" is in fact "the directing agent" in
all the changes which take place within the living cell,
and that "without doubt this substance (when produced
chemically) will be found to exhibit the phenomena
which we are in the habit of associating with the term
life."

Finally, Dr. Schiifer assures us that, as super-
natural intervention is unscientific, "we are compelled
to believe that living matter must have owed its origin
to causes similar in character to those which have been
instrumental in producing all other forms of matter in
the universe; in other words, to a process of gradual
evolution."

I submit that, in view of 1'he actual facts of
growth and organisation as here briefly outlined, and
that living protoplasm has never been chemically pro-
duced, the assertion that life is due to chemical and
mechanical processes alone is quite unjustified. NEITHER

THE PROBABILITY OF SUCH AN ORIGIN, NOR EVEN ITS
POSSIBILITY, HAS BEEN SUPPORTED BY ANYTHIM; WHICH
CAN HE TERMED SCIENTIFIC FACTS OR LOC1CU. REASONING.

OCTOUT:R iS,

LY iiRYMAN

ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE QM.LLD. DCLFR.S,
NATUS

EVERYMAN

OCTOBER it

ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE, O.M.,
LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.

THE lirand Old Man of British Science was horn ninety
.,;;o in Monmouthshire of Scottish ancestry. I're-

cminentK a self-made man and a supremely original
mind. One of the many scientist who have come to
science direct from practical life, and whose indepen-
' dence has not been endangered by the reactionary
influenc.- of a University training. Began his career as
a surveyor and architect. Left business to travel and
explore the outlying regions of the globe the A ma/on
and the Malay Archipelago. Conceived and constructed
the theory of Hvolution sixty years ago, contemporane-
ously with, but independently of, Darwin, whose life-
long friend he was. Although having achieved fame
primarily as a naturalist, he has investigated many-
other fields of human knowledge. Has pursued such
widely divergent studies as Spiritualism and Land
Reform. Is a follower of Henry George and a president
of the Land Nationalisation Society. KsscntialK an
idealist, he has risen above the mechanical doctrines in
favour with modern physicists. His whole life and
work has been a protest against the materialism of the
age.

However great as an explorer of nature, he is even
greater as a personal force. Is of the breed of giants.
The most perfect living exemplar of the scientific thinker
who devotes his life to the disinterested pursuit of truth
and for the good of humanity.

J. M. SYNGE AND THE REVIVAL
OF THE IRISH DRAMA

IN these days books are given the scraps and leavings of
our time; and we read them over meals and in the train.
W have forgotten that literature is not artistic writing,
but written art; we pay heed as "to conversation or
debate, but have not ears to hear authentic utterances.
Ours, perhaps, is an age of running, and of literature it
is never true that he who runs may read.

Synge's work was literature. We cannot, therefore,
judge it as a passer-by a placard, on its patent merits.
The praise of such easy familiarity and the blame are
equally idle; if the Dublin patriots were wrong to think
the "Play-boy" a libel on their country, those critics
were as wrong who praised it as a study of Irish life.
It was not Synge's purpose to describe; his peasants
are not an illustration of the ''Western World," but an
illustration of his dramatic concepts. Likeness to
material reality is not an aim of artistic expression; it is a
method. It would be as well to judge a Turner as if it
were a coloured photograph as to seek in realism the
standard of Synge's vision.

But if Synge was a better artist than to study realism,
he did not, therefore, cut himself adrift from ordinary
experience. It was in its common exhibitions that he
sought the truth of life, for he was not of those who
think to see reality brighter in the mirror of legend.
No mystic, filled with the desire of an unearthly loveli-
ness, was the poet who sang :

" Adieu, sweet Angus, Maeve, and .Fand ....
We'll stretch in Red Dan Sully's ditch,
And drink in Tubber fair." . . .

There was little savour for him in the exaltation of
detachment; his fancy had " strong roots in the clay
and worms of actual life." The fierce spirit that found
starvation in Paris a good riddance of caste respect-
ability could not find satisfaction in a suave literary con-
vention. The delicate weavers of verse like smoke-
wreaths hanging in still air might "learn their ecstasy "
of the "plumed yet sk'niiy Shee." Synge was not be-

holden for his art to the postured elegance of a school,
nor for his inspiration to dreams.

"All art is a collaboration.'.' To thi peasants and the
vagabonds of the " W< -K, iv World " Synge owed the
debt that Yeats owed to the MOM house of tradition.
In their talk he had the living. substitute for the frozen-
meat of poetic diction; the ore of his humour and image
was their wild fancy; their twists of phrase and song-
like intonation are heard perfected in his rhythmic
speech.

Nor was lyric inspir.r.ion all. Of four pla\s he de-
rived the emotional atmosphere from a vision of the.
thought and feeling of the Irish peasants; for each their
romanlic quality of mind afforded the dramatic concept
relating in harmonic unitv diverse character and scene.
Drunken Mary's sense of joy dominates the comic vil-
lainies of the "Tinker's Wedding.'' The \earning of
Norah's heart in its vacancy, its flooding with a vision
of the open road, are the drama, the question and the
answer, of "The Shadow of the (Hen." 1 ; l-e a c.
obscura, the dark fancies of the blind beggars in "The
Well of the Saints " sets in contrast the threadbare drab
of the common lot and the rich texture of imaginative
delight. Of "The Pla\ boy of the Western World,'' the
background suggested in tones of humorous fantasy is
the peasant's hunger for sensation. Against it, in a
glow of lyric passion, stands the poet, Christy Mahon
shv poacher, imaginary parricide, hero, lover, master- -
in whom is revealed the triumph of imagination bvi
disillusionment, and even over love.

The four plays are variations on a single theme
their romantic genius. Variations in mood, though no'
in utterance. For if beside his poetry is laughter, then-
is never censure in his humour, never satire in his fan-
tasy. Synge did not draw the peasant lost to a sense of law
and order to add Complacency to the citizen lost to a know-
ledge of his heart. That hectic yearning for romance,
which saw happiness in vagrancy, heroism in villainy,
was but to Synge the pattern of a general need the
need in life of a real existence beyond the eternal circle
of toil, sleep, and toil ! He had no scorn for the dis-
reputable and wild; he did not hold it up to judgment,
but in the language of its emotion he spoke his own
strong passion for ardent life.

That passion was the inspiration of all his art. Not
only of Aran Islands, nor alone even of death, did
he express the tragedy in "The Riders to the Sea";
the desolation of the mother mourning her six sons is
the "keen" of all things strong that pass away; when
the cup is turned mouth downwards in the end of her
grief "we must be "satisfied" tells the death of
earthly hope and care, the ultimate surrender of the
heart to fate. "The Riders to the Sea " is the tragedy
of life stricken and decayed.

It is the utterance of his p,.s-,'ion in despair. " Deirdre
of the Sorrows" is its utterance in exaltation. "It was
sorrows were foretold, but great joys were my share
always." In that triumph of Deirdre's love over her
destiny was imaged the triumph of his own fierce joy-
over disillusionment and the s.idnt s- of death. "I have
put away sorrow like a shoe that is worn out and
muddy." In its last expression, Synge's love of ardent
life sounded in rejoicing and defiance; like Deirdre, he
had known a life that was the "choice of lives," like
her he passed gladly in that knowledge to the saf< ol
the grave.

Most of our intellectual drama has no emotional
appeal, because it is a criticism of manners only, not an
expression of a sense of life. Perhaps that, more than
its seriousness, is the reason why many people find in it
less satisfaction even than in the false joy and senti-
ment of musical comedy. Certainly it is a reason why
Synge's utterance, of which the burden was a passion
for ardent life, has a .special worth in a day of wealth-
convention and economic morality.

G. M. BROPIIV.

OCTOBER l8,

EVERYMAN

THE FUTURE OF THE CHURCHES
THE REV. R. J. CAMPBELL

IT is freely stated on ever) hand at the present time
that all is nut well with organised religion as represented
by the Christian churches. It i- no longer the dominat-
ing force in civilisation th.it it once was. One by one
functions that it formerly cvcivUed ha\ e been filched
away from it. The control ol education has passed out
of its hands, except in a comparatively limited degree,
which is gradually lessening: it lias no monopoly of the
arts any more; .statesmanship does not depend upon it,
and does not look to the clergy for trained adminis-
trators; science has not onjy shaken itself free ol eccle-
siastical tutelage, but in certain respects has become a
bugbear to it, and is invading fields formerly considered
immune from such interference- in fact, is" fast under-
mining ar.cient beliefs, and doing so with an authority
which can command much of the respect once accorded
to the decrees of Councils and 1'opes; theology is no
longer the main human interest, and with its decay a
new era may be said to have begun in which the study
of the historical development of religious ideas is being
substituted for zeal in the elaboration of doctrine.
Attendance at public worship is decreasing. .Men of
intellect, especially on the Continent, are almost
ashamed to be known as associating themselves with
the practice of religion. The most portentous move-
ment of our time, -thru Umard.s the emancipation of the
toiler from unremunerative drudgery and the reconsti-
tution of society on a juster b.isis, is practically indepen-
dent of religion, and to a not inconsiderable extent has
developed in antagonism to it. To be sure, it is receiving
a great deal of religious support, but such support is
only incidental to its. activity, and is not its directing
cause. Taken on the whole, it would be true to say
that the churches are to-day on the defensive, struggling
to keep themselves alive, fighting desperately against
forces which are threatening to submerge them. The
present is not a time in which Christianity is heroically
aggressive, registering great triumph-, and carrying all
before it in a rush of great enthusiasm as in davs of long-
ago. A note of misgiving is being widely sounded with
reference, to its future by those who still believe it to be
the bearer of a nobler message for 'human welfare than
any of the newer movements and interests which seem
to be displacing it.

II.

1'erhaps the situation is not quite what it appears to
be. The prospects of religion have been far darker
before within the borders of Christendom, and been
falsified by the event. History shows that the Church
of Christ has had a marvellous wav of righting herself
at intervals after she has temporarily lost hold upon the
reverent allegiance of mankind, and no doubt she will
do so again. Nor, despite all the criticism to \\hich she
is subjected, is it entirely her fault that things are what
they are just now. Men are not turning away from her
chiefly because the}- are impatient of dogma, too intelli-
gent to swallow what satisfied their forefathers, or in-
dignant because she has not given them a proper lead in
solving the enormous social problems of the hour.
There may be something in the accusation that she has
been found wanting in these ways. Ecclesiasticism is
pro>e'rbially conservative, and none too friendly to the
freedom of inquiry, without which the finest achieve-
ments of the human spirit would have been impossible.
It does seem somewhat abstird to find it clinging to
forms in which reiigi rience expressed itself in

an age when man's thought about the visible universe
geocentric, and when he regarded it as being
specially created for himself, and all other living

' Ti-aturcs in it as existing only to minister to his j,
Science has shifted the per.-pc< tii- ibly, and

given us a humbler conn-It of ourschcs. Hut tlv
something to be said lor this conservatism to >; it
Ollt of unwillingness to lose a precious spirhu.il .
cnce, the mistake being to imagine that this experii-nt ,-
could ever be fettered to any merely intellectual state-
ment of belief. As for the contention that it is the
church's duty to proclaim a new social order, and to
work as an organisation on the side of labour as opposed
to capitalism, or on that of collectivism as opposed to
individualism, it is easj to exaggerate. "I he church's
first duty is that of witnessing for the eternal in the
midst of the things of time, and it i, only as a ,
queiice of this that she is called upon to'work lor the
abolition of all cruelty and injustice, and the bring!
of the kingdom of (iod on earth as i| is in heaven. It
may be that she has been remiss lure, and that there is
justification for the taunt that she is too frequently
found, tacitly if not o\ertly, on the side- of privilege, and
turns a deaf ear to the righteous demands of the toiler
and the destitute. It is long

'-Since the priesthood, like a to\\er,
Stood between the poor and power;
And the wronged and trodden doun
Blessed the al>hi.rs shaven crown.

Gone, thank (iod, their i\i/:ird spell,
Lost, their keys of heaven and hell;
Yet I sigh for men as Ixild
As those bearded priests of old.

Now, too oft the pi ]< -ilim.d ,v,,ir
At the threshold of the Mat'-, -
\Yuiting for the heck and nod
Of its power as law and (i.n.l.

Fraud exults, while solemn vu>:
Sanctify his stolen hoards ;
Slavery laughs, v, hile ghostK '
Hless his manacles and whips.

Not on them the poor rely,

Not to them looks liberty,

\Yho with fawning falsehood <.<>wer,

To the wrong, when clothed with power."

III.

In so far as this is true, the time ha-, come for a
just ment of the church's energies, and this is rapidly
going on. No fair observer of the facts could say other
than that sympathy with the social movement is both
deep and growing in every church, and no class in the
community is more alive to it than the clergy. It may
be questioned, indeed, whether we do not need to be re-
minded once more that our Master's kingdom is not of
this world, that man cannot live on bread alone, that
the spiritual must come first or the social gospel will
be no gospel at all. \Ve are not too much but too little
other-worldly now. The mystic note is that which the
present generation most needs to hear, but it can only
be uttered by spiritually-minded men.

l-'or, after all, it is not the church but the spirit of
the age that is most responsible for the changed attitude
towards religion. \Yc live in a time when, as l\ucken
says, men are absorbed in the pursuit of external good
to the neglect of everything else. Materialism as a
philosophy is discounted; it is no longer the arn>.
assailant of faith that it was in the mid-Victorian period;
but materialism as a practical gospel of well-being
never so insistent or so powerful. \Ye have grown a
new type of man, a man whose nature is moulded by the
ceaseless pressure of material interests to such a degree
that he can hardly think or feel in terms of anything:

liVERYMAN

else. This is tin- main reason \\liy religion is for the
moment crowded into the background. The average
humairlxing can only give Hose attention to one thin si
at a time, am! the whole trend of our pursuits to-day is
utilitarian. It had to be so, there \vas no help for it.

IV.

As l>f. AllYtd Uussel Wallaci has pointed out in his
>ook, "'I hi- \Vomlerftil Century," Hie latter half of the
liiK-tei-nili ci-mury witnessed a greater increase in the
isscrtion of man's power o\cr nature than the two
housaiid vears preceding. It was a sudden and explo-
sive uprising of facility which found \ ent in the desire
to subdue ami exploit the. resources of the material
world for human benefit, and there is as yet no
observable check in this direction. ( 'i\ ilisation is
moving for the mo>t part on the plane of the phenomenal
and measures what is called progress by the number and
-re. MIH -s i,f it-- material triumphs. The effect of this on
human nature has been inevitable. The typical man ot
lo-dav is so taken up with considerations arising imme-
diately out of his connection with what is of the earth
earthy that he is net so susceptible as he once was to
the appeal of the purely spiritual. He may be quite a
good fellow, kind, upright, and -public spirited, but he
is not bv temperament religious; he cannot be; his occu-
pations have shaped him otfterwtse. lie would be
almost Mirprised al the suggestion that there was any
other kind of good than what could be bought with
money, or obtainable in the sheer delight of adding to
the world's output of material wealth in one or other of
the many ways now open to ambitious youth. He is
not opposed to religion, but U is none of his concern;
all ihe force of his being falls into other channels. One
docs not need to be rich in order to share in this general
outlook and attitude to life; it is just as characteristic
of the poor, and for the same reasons. We are moving
at a greatly accelerated pace; \vc all have to work hard,
and the drones are soon squccxi d out. Industrialism
has no niercv on the incth'cicnt ; the old relation between
master and man is gone along with the leisureliness
characteristic of the simpler order which preceded tin-
rise of the factory system. Gompetitien is fiercer than
it used to be, and in some n spiels more sordid; hence
the worker is s\\ept into the same maelstrom as his
employer. He sees the practical advantages of the
possession of material good, takes lor granted like his
betters thai there is no other kind of good worth
troubling about, and acts accordingly. He is as com-
pletely possessed by the hope of adding to his enjoyment
of life by material means as the most luxurious of his
richer contemporaries, and just as little disposed to
listen to tin- claims of the super-sensuous. He is not
hostile to the church, except in so iar as he blames it
for getting in his way, and helping to keep hint out of
his earthly inheritance by cajoling him \\ith the promise
of a he:t\cnl\ ; he is simply indifferent to v. hat if is talk-
ing about.

That tin-re will be a strong reaction from this State t.i
things by-and-by is certain. As it is only the result of
over-emphasis on uhat pertains to the- outer man, the
spiritual can be (rusted to reassert itself in the long run.
Probablv it is a nccessarv phase through which the race
has to pass, and will emerge all the stronger for ii, and
spiritually the gainer. Bui in the meantime what ought
Ihe churches to be doing in reference lo the situation,
and in preparing for the. resurgence of spiritual life and
ovne upon us soon or late? The first

and most urgent thing is the necessity for closing the
ranks, concentrating our forces, getting rid of our
lamentable divisions. \'o single cause of ihe compai':!-
tive lianity to-day in Face of I

id ne\v problems is more
potent ihan ihe -.camlal of i

. ami uneharilabli neS3> 'I he hope
union of the ( hristian dm
id is no (toub < ry remote, and per-

haps \\ill never be realised on the lines of any single
existing organisation. Nevertheless, t!" |>" \.iiling
tendencies in the religious, lile uf our o\\n country arc
in the direction of unity; old prejudices are disappearing;
misunderstandings are being smoothed away; and an
all-round desire, for closer co-operation amongst the
various historic religious bodies is becoming more and
more manifest. Several oi the Methodist denomina-
tions, for instance, have: managed lo combine, and
before long they probably all will, as they have already
done in other parts of the Fnglish-speaking world. la
Scotland, the two great non-established I'resln terian
churches have joined hands, and there is a project on
foot for amalgamating tin m both with the parent
church. How this can ,-ueceed until disestablishment
comes it is difficult to see, but it \\illsucceed in the end.
It is a good number of \ears too since the evangelical
Nonconformist churches of Kngland and Wales decided
to federate for purposes of common action without
sinking their denominational differences, and the bent tils
of this move are now plain to the most prejudiced critic.

VI.

As the secretary of the Baptist Union said on a recent
oo-asion, we now practically have in Kngland two great
churches the Church of Hngland as by law established,
and the Evangelical Free Church, which includes
Baptists, CongregatioHalists, Presbyterians, Methodists
of all sorts, and the Society of Friends. Why should
not this rapprochement be carried further? is it not
possible that the Established Church and Noncon-
formists, without yielding any principle on either side,
could come together openly and collectively on the basis
of their common Christianity? There is one simple and
easy w av of doing this which would serve at least for a
beginning. Once a year a great gathering of church-
men is held, called the Church Congress, and another
called the Free Church Congress; is there any insuper-
able obstacle in the way of arranging a third consisting
of a union of the two with a common programme?
Nothing but prejudice. K\en as it: is, leaving out con-
troversial subjects such as national education, the official
programmes of the two assemblies are very similar. Let
them be combined on some specific occasion, and it is
safe to say that the good results would 15e great and
lasting the indirect effects might be of more value than
the direct. To meet together, pray together, listen to
one another's great preachers and teachers, discuss the
same themes, and mingle in social intercourse, would do
far more to promote mutual good feeling and respect
than anything that has ever been attempted in the direc-
tion of corporate reunion, and one cannot imagine any-
thing better calculated to impress the national conscious-
ness as a whole. It is worth trying; what person of
commanding influence and authority will take the :

TO GEORGE MEREDITH

FAR til lover, underfoot you went secure,
Your faith enwrought with no vanishing m; t!i,
But with the purpose that builds up the pith
Of spiritual forms made to endure,
Amid whatever lire, being of the pure
Asbestos that rejoices in the breaili
Of passion, whom the wizard hand of death
Shall gather and their beauty not obscure.
For this is Freedom this is Kanh .-..-llovver,
Yea-saying to the spirit that is Man !
() \ou, who striving, stretched thought that
Be no!: untrue to the. soul's infii:
Urgi -till 'he Strife until mir thinking r.iii

r !

!i. K. !'.

OCIOKER li, IJI3

EVERYMAN

THE NEGLECT OF GERMAN

THERE arc many urgent reforms needed in our nation;*!
education; those who are best qualified to speak could
make many a startling revelation if they onlv dared to
speak out. And there is ample evidence that almost
every part of our educational machinery require-- the
most thorough overhauling. In the words of IJai-on,
"Inslauratio facienda ab inns ftinil<inicntix." Hut I
doubt whether there does exist any more glaring proof
of the present inefficiency of our Secondary Schools and
Universities than their scandalous attitude towards the
study of the German language and literature.

The plain and unvarnished truth is that at the begin-
ning of this, the twentieth century, when Germany is
the supreme political and commercial IWer on the
Continent of Europe, the study of German is steadily
going back in the United Kingdom. In some parts it is
actually dying out. In many important Secondary
Schools it is being discontinued. Even in the Scottish
Universities, which pride themselves on being more
modern and more progressive than the English I'nivcr-
sities, there does not exist one single (.'hair of German.
In Oxford a Chair of German was onlv established
through the munificence of a patriotic German merchant.

And even when there are teachers there are very few
students. In one of the greatest British Universities,
with a constituency of 3,500 students, there has been,
for the last ten years, an average of live to six men
students. And the reluctance of young men to study
German is perfectly intelligible. The study of German
docs not pay. It brings neither material rewards nor
official recognition. All the prizes, all the scholarships
and fellowships, go to other subjects, and mainly to the
classics. Let any reader of EVHKY.MAN stand up and
say that I am exaggerating, I would onlv be too de-
lighted to discover that I am wrong.

Such being the attitude of those who are primarily
responsible for our national education, can we wonder at
the attitude of the general public? Can \\ e expect it to
take any more interest in German culture than the edu-
cational authorities? Let those who have any doubt or
illusion on the subject make inquiries at booksellers', at
circulating libraries and public libraries, at London
clubs. I have tried to make such an in\ estimation, and
all those institutions have the same sorry tale to tell.
It is impossible to get an outstanding book which ap-
pears in Germany, for it does not pay the publisher to
stock such a book. At Mudie's, for every hundred
French books there may be two German books. At the
Royal Societies' Club, with a membership of several
thousands, every one of whom belongs to some learned
society, you may get the Revue dc l)cii\ Moiulcx, or the
Temps, or the Figaro, but you cannot get a German
paper. For the last twenty years I have not once seen
a copy of the Zukunft, or the Frankfurter 7''itn>ig, or
the Kolnisdke Zcitnng at an English private house, at
an English club, at an English bookseller's, at an Eng-
lish library.

A few months ago the most popular and most enter-
prising daily paper of the kingdom published some
articles on the German elections, which v, ere justly
rousing a great deal of attention in this country. I was
very much impressed by the cleverness of those article-;,
but my admiration knew no bounds when the author
confessed that he was writing- without knowing a word
of German, and that when attending political meetings
he had to make out the meaning of the language by the
gestures and facial expression of the orators. Have we
not here, my classical friends, an exhilarating instance
of the results of your monopoly? " Ab lino disce
omnes."

\Ve are constantly being told that "knowledge is
power," and that the knowledge of a foreign language

means not onlv intellectual power, but commercial and
political power. Vet those in authority do not hud:
inch to gel possession of such power. We are con-
stantly warned by political pessimists that Germany is
making gigantic strides and that we ought to k'
\igilanl outlook. Vet we do nothing to obtain first-hand
information of the resources of a nation of sixty-five
millions, who is certainly a formidable ial rival,

and who to-morrow mav meet us in deadly encounter.
On the other hand, we are told with equal persistence In
political optimists that we ought to be on the most
friendly terms with a great kindred people from whom
not n ing separates us except regrettable ignorance and
superficial misunderstandings. Vet, in oidi-r to dispel
that ignorance and to remove these misunderstandings,
\\ e do noi make the first necessary step, namely, to learn
the language of the people whom we are said to mis-
understand.

It is true that members of Parliament and journalists
are rcadv enough to proceed to Germany on a mission of
goodwill, and to be entertained at banquets and inter-
national festivities. Hut how futile must be those
friendly demonstrations when we consider that the
enormous majority of those Parliamentarians and jour-
nalists are unable to read a German newspaper! And
how must it strike a citixen of Hamburg or l-'rankftirt
when their English guests have to reply in English t:>
the toasts of their German hosts! And how must a
patriotic German feel \vhen he discovers that not five out
of a hundred ha\e taken the trouble to master the noble
language of the count rv whose friendship they are
ing !

A lew weeks ago I had the pleasure of attending, at
(he house of a prominent political leader, a representa-
tive gathering of politicians, diplomats, and journalists,
who were- met to consider the best means of promoting
Anglo-German friendship. In answer to a little si
of mine, an eminent German publicist and editor of an
influential monthly review delivered an eloquent address
in broken Erench. To hear a German address in
French an audience of Gcrmanophilc Englishmen was
certainly a ludicrous situation ! Hut the speaker realised
that it would be hopeless to use the German language,
even to an assembly specially interested in supporting
Anglo-German friendship.

How long, my classical friends, are we going to
submit to these disastrous result^ of your monopoly?
Oiiou.-iiiif:' liind-in'. Hove long are we going to stand
this scandal of international iiliter.ie;, and ignorance,
fraught with such ominous peril for the future? How
long is this nation going to be hoodwinked by an in-
finitesimal minority of reactionary dons and obscurantist
parsons, determined to force a smattering of Greek
down the throats of a reluctant youth? How long is
modern culture going to be kept back under the vain
pretence of maintaining the culture of antiquity, but in
reality in response to an ignoble dread of enlightenment
and progress, and in order to protect vested interests
and to maintain political, intellectual, and religious n--
action?

[EDITOR'S NOTE. A contributor to whom the fore-
). ig paper on "The Neglect of German " was .sub-
mitted protests against the assertion that the neglect of
German is the greatest scandal of the present secondary
education. The Editor fully agrees with that contri-
butor. Scandalous as is the neglect of German, there
is another and n more disastrous result of the monopoly
of classics, and that is the neglect of English. In a
subsequent number of EVKKYMAN we intend to show
extensively how the present educational policy is affect-
ing the study and deteriorating the standard of our
mother tongue.)

EVERYMAN

OCTOBER 18, 1911

HOME UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

OF MODERN KNOWLEDGE.

EDITORS: Prof. Gilbert Murray, O.Litt., LL.O., P.B A. Herbert Fisher, M.A., F.D.A., Prof.
J. Arthur Thomson, M.A,, Prof. William T. Bre~tor.

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OcTOSKR 18, 1912

EVERYMAN

WHY I BELIEVE IN PEACE
NORMAN ANGELL

THE efforts to organise the Community of Nations, to
arrive at that capacity for common action which in the
case of persons distinguishes the civilised from the un-
civilised group, have their final justification, not in the
.fact that the alternative state of anarchy, which in its
active form we call war, is brutal and full of suffering
(man's struggle in peace is often brutal, and the fight
with Nature full of suffering); nor in fact that war
doc.s not "pay " in a money-lending sense; nor that war
contravenes the injunction to love one another (we con-
travene that in peace; and it is a psychological .impossi-
bility to have any definite affection, for instance, for
sixty-five millions of people whom we have never seen
and never shall see). It is not for any of these reasons
that International Order is preferable to International
Anarchy, but because, peopled as the world now is a
very populous and a very small place we can best,
indeed we can only achieve, those objects which make
life fuller and more valuable for the great mass of us by
.co-operation, which implies a condition of order.

II.

Nor merely is co-operation and order necessary for
that subjugation of material nature by which alone
these millions so infinitely more than ever before in the
written history of the Western world can be properly
slothed and fed, and housed and warmed, and cared for
in sickness and old age, but because it is also necess u \
for the development of the ideas, the understanding
and realisation of which determine not merely the form
of organised society, but the whole character of human
relationship, its moral and spiritual texture. War can
only be justified on the assumption that nations are rival
entities, with conflicting interests; that man's struggle
for life is not with Nature, but with his fellows (for if
the interests of nations are common, their conflict is due
merely to misunderstanding, in Mr. Bonar Law's
phrase, "the failure of human wisdom," and our evident
task is to enlarge that wisdom). I have attempted to
show that that conception of nations as rival entities
is not merely a false generalisation, overlooking sub-
ordinate details, but is an idea false at its very base.
States are not entities in their moral, economic, social,
or spiritual activities, nor are they rivals. They are
interdependent, not as an abstract theory, but as a posi-
tive and concrete fact, and I have attempted at some
length to indicate the process of this growing inter-
dependence.

III.

The primary operative factor is the division of labour
which the improvement of communication has set up.
It makes of one area or of one group a producer of
cotton, another of coal, or another of wheat, so that
Lancashire is dependent not only upon Louisiana, repre-
senting its raw material, but upon India or South
America, representing its market, which market is in
its turn dependent upon the producer of coal or iron,
who buys the South American product; the coal or iron
producer in its turn dependent upon some other group,
performing its clue function in the sub-division of labour,
so that neither can benefit by the destruction or damage
of the other.

IV.

So little, for instance, could the English people profit
In- the destruction of their "enemies' 1 that if bv some

magic they could accomplish it completely, something
like a third of the population of these island-, would
starve to death. Hismarckian statesmanship was
foun<led, as we know, upon the old < omcptions; and as
little were they based on actual fact, that if the objects
they embodied could have been completely ache
and France, as a political, moral and econoinii factor,
have been blotted from the map, much of modern
Germany would have been impossible : the trade by
which so many millions of Germans are actualh fed and
clothed, the trade, that is, of countries like South
America and Russia, is the direct outcome of develop-
ment wrought by money furnished by French thrift and
French prosperity. And French statesmanship has
shown an equal blindness to this necessary inter-
dependence of the modern world : the French efforts to
aid, among other means by generous loans, the social
and industrial development of Russia, in order to offset
in Europe the influence of Germany, has resulted in
furnishing Germany with one of its most valuable
markets.

We have here but a hint of the process by which the
daily activities of men cut athwart, and must i ut
athwart, the political frontiers, and have wo\cn the
modern world into one social and industrial organism
an organism, like any other living organism, suffering
as a whole by any damage to a part, feeling the damage,
of course, through its nerves. Those nerves art-
furnished in the modern industrial organism bv the
device of credit. The fact that financial misbehaviour
in New York, or a crash in Berlin, sends the English
Bank Rate up to 6, 7 or 8 per cent., and fines every
English industry, is not a sly device of Jewish monev-
lendcrs; it is simply the expression of that inter-
dependence which the money-lenders could neither ha\e
created nor prevented, but which is the outcome of a
thousand factors, moral, religious, economic, t he-
origins of which are rooted in every one of the n
appetites and emotions of mankind,

VI.

For the economic division of labour and the economic
interdependence has its counterpart in the moral ami in-
tellectual sphere. For one nation to destroy or con-
quer another would be to cut vital arteries of its own
moral and intellectual life, just as, if we could imagine
England "destroying" the United States, she would by
that blow destroy the livelihood of Lancashire. To the
English mind the preservation of certain freedoms em-
bodied in our law and government, the survival in the
world of certain sanctities connected, say, with family-
life, are more important than the sort of food that we
shall eat or the sort of clothes we shall wear. But
those freedoms' and sanctities would be threatened more
by the destruction of certain "rival " States than by the
contradiction of the political domination of our ov\n.
We could, for instance, afford to lose India than to see
America dominated by, for instance, Spanish-American
ideas. That America should, in those ideas which deter-
mine the character of human intercourse, drift from
what we regard as the essentials, would be a greater
loss to our moral and spiritual security than the mere
transfer of the administration of an Asiatic province to
other hands.
(T'tis m

EVERYMAN

OCTOBER 18,

MY RECOLLECTIONS OF
OSCAR WILDE

By HENRI MAZKL

Of the "Mcnitre de Fraud*

THE first time that I saw Oscar Wilde was in Paris, in
1892, at the house of Stuart Merrill the French poet
of American extraction. It is now twenty years ago,
but I can recall him clearly tall and heavy, fair and
freshly coloured, with a monocle in his eye and a hot-
house flower in his buttonhole, dressed in clothes of an
irreproachable cut, and speaking in a slow, quiet
manner slightly affected perhaps, but altogether
pleasing his Knglish accent adding a further charm.

There were present, besides Stuart Merrill, several of
our friends from among the circle of symbolical poets
then in the first flush of achievement.

We were all greatly interested in the uncommon per-
sonality of this writer, whose reputation was then so
great in London literary circles, and I spent the whole
evening listening to him, as he was talking with his
spicy wit and his good-tempered charm.

Oscar Wilde loved talking before a picked audience,
and yet he wanted it to be a fairlv large one, for as it
seemed to me it pleased and flattered him when those
people who were talking amongst themselves in the
recess of the window would stop their own conversations
and join the circle which had gathered round him.

II.

Oscar Wilde spoke French very well, and when he did
stop for a word it was not like a foreigner unfamiliar
with the vocabulary, but as a stylist who brings to con-
versation the same desire for picturesque and imagina-
tive expression which he shows when writing at his
desk. Many among us, the poet Laurent Tailhade, for
instance, had this same slightly slow method of expres-
sion, which added to the value and relish of the right
word when it was found. Although he was very familiar
with our language, and capable of appreciating its most
subtle shades of meaning, Oscar Wilde could not write
French with the perfect style of a Beckford or a
Hamilton. The first draft of "Salome," according to
what I was told, was full of colour, but from the point of
view of grammatical correctness needed a good deal of
revision. Those amongst us who corrected it limited
themselves entirely to this grammatical correction; they
modified nothing, and "Salome" is truly the work of
the English poet, and not, as some evil tongues have
said, that of his French friends.

He did not gesticulate much at least that evening
he was restrained in his movements. Fat and heavy as
he was, he sat at ease in the arm-chair, which he en-
tirely filled. The thing I remember as most charac-
teristic of him was his happy, friendly laugh, which
made us like him immediately, for his attitude, a trifle
too languid, and his somewhat affected carriage did not
seem to suit the manly breadth of shoulder of this giant
of the north.

III.

I saw him again in 1901, but without having an
opportunity of speaking to him. He was seated on the
terrace of the Cafe de la Paix, orr the Boulevard, with
someone I did not know, and 1 did not go up to him, as
I should have done if he had been alone. Although I
had not then read his admirable "De Profundis," I was
sure that Oscar Wilde, in spite of his inexcusable moral
faults, was better than his reputation, and it was a pro-
found satisfaction to me when I read that book and the
" Ballad of Reading Gaol " to find that the soul of Wilde

had indeed benefited, like that of Paule Verlaine, from
the severe but well-merited experience which they were
both condemned to undergo.

This last time that 1 saw Oscar Wilde he was but a
shadow of his former self. I recognised him. One
could hardly fail to recognise him he was so tall and
broadly built but what a change from the radiant lover
of beauty that I had known. What a change in his
appearance, his manner, and even in his clothes.

IV.

There had already grown up a kind of Oscar W'ilde
legend, which people will always hesitate to repeat,
simply because it is a legend, and because many of its
features were invented afterwards, but he himself was
indulgent towards this kind of literary embellishment.
"Legends are often more true than reality," he used to
say. But I shall only recall those anecdotes cha-
racteristic of him which have been told me as authentic
by his friends in Paris, and chiefly by Stuart Merrill, who
knew him so intimately.

One day some visitors calling on Oscar Wilde found
him gazing ecstatically at some rare Chinese porcelain.
They spoke to him he gave no answer they shook
him, saying "Have you gone mad?" He answered
gravely, "/ am trying to live up to my cliina.''

Another time he seemed suffering from great depres-
sion. "What is wrong?" "It is sad," he said; "one
half of the world does not believe in God, and the other
half does not believe in me."

During his tour in America, the inhabitants of Griggs-
ville, in Kansas, sent him a telegram asking him to
come and give them a lecture on aesthetics. Oscar
Wilde telegraphed back, " Begin by changing the name
of your town."

It was probably at the Theatre du Moulin Rouge that
he conceived the idea of putting on the stage the drama
of Salome, who obtained the head of St. John the
Baptist from Herod the Tetrarch. On the stage a
Roumanian acrobat was dancing on her hands. Oscar
Wilde, who up to that moment had been paying little
attention to what was going on, sat up. "I must see
that woman," he said to Stuart Merrill, who was with
him. "She must play the part of Salom<$ in a play
which I shall write for her. I warrt her to dance on
her hands, as in the tale of Flaubert."

The greater number of his Parisian friends remained
loyal to him. I remember the incredulity with which
they heard the first rumours tending to prove the truth
of the accusation which the Marquis of Queensberry had
brought against him. Nothing in the talk of Oscar
Wilde had ever supported these accusations. He never
used expressions that were too free, and he blamed his
friends from the Quartier Latin for their taste for a
Rabelaisian fashion of speech.

Among those whom I have already named, Andre
Gide, Henry Davray, Edouard Julia, and many others
did not desert him in his troubles; thanks to them, Oscar
Wilde still enjoyed some happy days in Paris, especially
during the Exhibition of 1900. But it was no longer
the triumphant Oscar Wilde of former days. He thus
describes the change. "My life," said he, "is like a
work of art. An artist never repeats himself. My life
before going to prison had achieved harmonious suc-
cess; now it is a thing of the dead past."

Perhaps one day I shall write some recollections of
" Oscar Wilde after his prison days," from the memories
of those who remained faithful to him. Just now I only
wish to recall the hero of fashion, the arbiter
elegantiarum, the successor at one and the same time
of Brummel and Ruskin, he whom his friends delighted
to compare to a grand priest of the Moon Goddess in the
days of Heliogabalus.

OCTOBER IS,

EVERYMAN 15

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EVERYMAN

OCTOBER 18,

TOLSTOY'S "WAR AND PEACE

CHARLES SAROLEA

IT is now exactly a hundred years since Napoleon
crossed the Niemen and declared war to his former
friend and ally, Alexander I. Like the passing of the
Rubicon by Caesar, the crossing of the Niemen marks
a turning-point in human history. Everything in the
Russian campaign is stupendous, and staggers our
imagination. The numbers engaged are on a scale
hitherto unexampled in military annals. The most
moderate computation exceeds half a million. Nor is
the composition of the "Grand Army" less extra-
ordinary than its numbers. It is too often forgotten
that in the Russian campaign the French were in a
minority. Half the nations of the Continent had sent
their contingents to the Lord of the World. Danes,
Spaniards, Austrians, Poles, had all been coaxed or
driven into the service of the Corsican, and were to
adorn the supreme triumph of Napoleon's career.

And from beginning to end the Russian Campaign is
a succession of dramatic contrasts and of tragic inci-
dents. The conflict between the civilised Frenchman and
the semi-barbarous Muscovite, the novel theatre of the
war, the vast Russian plain alluring and devouring the
invader, the guerilla tactics of the Cossacks, the
ghastly shambles of Borodino, followed by the victorious
entry into Moscow, the burning of the capital in the
very hour of victory, the gradual approach of the Arctic
winter, the hurried retreat, the infinite expanse covered
with snow as with a winding sheet, the heroism of
Murat and Ney, recalling the Homeric age, the disaster
of the Berezina, the secret flight of Napoleon in the dead
of night, and, as the last phase, a few straggling and
famished hordes returning to the Polish frontier, a
remnant of what had been, six months before, a formid-
able host all those scenes and incidents are written in
indelible characters in the annals of human folly and
human suffering, and make the Campaign of Russia
one of the most impressive catastrophes of all times.

II.

It is this catastrophe which is the subject of Tolstoy's
novel. Only a literary giant like Tolstoy could have
done justice to so gigantic a theme, and it is through
this unique combination of a wonderful subject with a
wonderful genius that "War and Peace" takes rank as
one of the supreme masterpieces of world literature.

"War and Peace" is one of the miracles of literary
art, and, like every miracle, it necessarily evades us.
We cannot explain how the miracle came into being.
We can only contemplate the achievement. We can only
admire and inadequately analyse the magic powers
displayed : the creative imagination which breathes life
into every scene and every character, and which, indeed,
makes the fictitious characters stand out more vividly
than the historical, the infallible observation and sense
of reality which seizes on the most minute details, and
which selects with infallible tact the most characteristic
touches; the universal outlook which embraces every
aspect and every class of society, which introduces us
to the drawing-room of the society woman, to the closet
of the statesman, and to the hut of the peasant; and,
above all, the divine gift of sympathy, which can feel
with every suffering, which can read into every heart,
into the soul of sinner and saint, of young and old, of
the worldling and of the common people.

And as we can only inadequately analyse the powers
displayed, so we can only dimly guess the methods em-

ployed. One of Tolstoy's favourite methods is the
method of contrast, and that method is illustrated in the
very title of the book. For we may observe that the
title is not "The Great War." The title is "War and
1'eace.'' The author gives us the action and reaction of
the one on the other. He does not give the military
events separately. He gives us the batfle scenes on the
background of the domestic drama. He makes the
pomp and circumstance of war alternate with the peace-
ful pursuits of everyday life. He shows us events not
merely from the vantage-ground of the battlefield, but
from the more important point of view of those who are
left at home. He tells us of the war as it affects the
old prince on his remote estate, or as it impresses the
wives and mothers whose dear ones are taken away
from them. Whilst in one scene the hero is dying in
the stillness of the starry night, in the next scene the
heroine is making love, and the little ironies and come-
dies of ordinary life only heighten the effect of the
tragedy.

III.

But "War and Peace" is not only an inspiring epic,
the Iliad of the Russian people. It also contains an
ethical message of weighty import. From his pro-
tracted absorption in his great theme, Tolstoy has
emerged with a new conception of war and a new con-
ception of life. Describing the military incidents of the
campaign, he has come to close quarters with the
horrors of modern warfare, with the wholesale and
treacherous butchery of gun and grape-shot, which
makes no difference between coward and hero. The
once dashing young officer of the Crimea is transformed
into an ardent anti-militarist. And thus the record of a
great patriotic war indirectly becomes a plea in the
favour of peace. Or, again, studying the high life of
Petersburg and Moscow, Tolstoy cannot help contrast-
ing the selfishness and frivolity of the upper classes with
the quiet heroism and the resignation of the illiterate
peasant. And thus, what appears at first sight as a
description of Russian society life, becomes indirectly
the glorification of democracy. Or again, tracing the
action between cause and effect, Tolstoy has observed
how at every stage the individual will is overruled by a
Higher Will; how in the battlefield the leader does not
lead, but follows; how victory and defeat are equally at
the mercy of forces beyond human control. And thus we
see the gambler and Bohemian of earlier years trans-
formed into a Russian Puritan and a Christian Nihilist.

But although the burning problems of modern life are
presented to us in all their aspects, Tolstoy is too much
of an artist to obtrude his own theories upon his audi-
ence. He lets life teach its own lessons, and he lets the
reader draw his own moral. From the first page to the
last he remains the objective creator; standing, as it
were, outside and above his own creation, he retains his
impartiality and his serenity. No doubt, he writes with
a purpose, but the purpose is hidden from us. The
time will soon come in the life of Tolstoy when the story
will be overweighted with the message, and when the
story teller will recede in the background and surrender
to the leader and preacher. But the "final conversion "
has not come yet. In "War and Pence," Tolstoy still
maintains that perfect equilibrium which is so rarely met
with in literature, that harmony between the creative
artist and the thinker where neither encroaches on the
province of the other, and where each remain supreme
in his own sphere.

OCTOBER lS,

EVERYMAN

Cambridge University Press

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EVERYMAN

OCIOBII iS, 1911

THE VICTIM*

By PERCEVAL GIBBON

COBB was crossing the boulevard, and was actually
evading a taxi-cab at the moment when he sighted the
little comedy which he made haste to interrupt. Upon
the further pavement, Savinien, whom we once believed
in as a poet, had stopped in the shelter of a shop-door,
an unlighted cigarette between his lips, and was
prospecting his vast person with gentle little slaps for
a match. The current of the pavement rippled by him;
the great expanse of his back was half turned to it, so
that he and his search were in a-kind of privacy, and- the
situation was favourable to the two inconspicuous men
who approached him from either side. The one, with
an air of hurry, ran against'him at the instant when he
,was exploring his upper waistcoat pocket, staggered
and caught at him with mumbled apologies; the other,
with the sure and suave' movement of an expert, slid an
arm between the two bodies, withdrew it, and was
making off.

"Hi! " shouted Cobb, as the taxi shaved past him,
and came across with a rush. People stopped to see
what he was shouting at, and a group of them, momen-
tarily Mocking the pavement, made it easy 1 for 1 the lanky
Cobb to bowl the fleeing pickpocket against 'the wall and
lay secure hands on him.

"You come along 'with me," said Cobb, who always
forgot his French when he was excited.

The thief, helpless under the grip on the nape of his
neck, whined and stammered. He'was a rat of a man,
.white-faced, pale-eyed,, with a sagging uncertain mouth.

"M'sieur!" he whimpered. "But I have got
nothing ! It is a mistake. The other man "

Cobb thrust him at the end of a long arm to where
Savinien stood, the cigarette still unlighted. The other
man, of course, was gone.

"Hullo, Savinien," said Cobb. "You know you've
been robbed, don't you? I just caught this fellow as
he was bolting. See what you've lost, won't you? "

"Lost!" Savinien stared, a little stupidly, Cobb
thought, and suddenly smiled. He was bulky to the
point of grotesqueriess, with a huge white torpid face
and a hypochondriac stoop of the shoulders, and the
hand that travelled-over his waistcoat, from pocket to
pocket, looked as if it had been shaped out of dough.

"Well?" said Coibb impatiently, stilling the thief's
whimpering protests with a quick grip of the hand that
held him.

"My watch," murmured Savinien, still smiling as
though he were pleased and relieved to be the victim of
a theft. "But let him go."

"Let him go! Oh, no," said Cobb. "I'll hand him
over to the police and 1 we'll gtt the watch out of him."

"The watch is nothing," said Savinien. "Let him
go before there arrives an agent, or it will be too late."

He came a pace nearer as he spoke, and nodded at
Cobb confidentially, as though there were reasons for
his request which he could not explain before the
onlookers.

"But " began Cobb.

"Let him go," urged Savinien. "It is necessary.
Afterwards, I will explain to you." He'put his shape-
less soft hand on Cobb's arm which held the thief.
"Let him go."

"You are serious?'" demanded Cobb. "He's to go,
is he? With your -watch? All right !"

He let go the scraggy-neck which he held in the fork
of his hand. They were, by this time, ringed about by
spectators, but the thief -was not- less expert with crowds
than with pockets. He was no sooner loose than he
seemed to merge into the folk about, to pass through
nd beyond them like a vapour. Heads turned, feet
shuffled. Savinien came about ponderously like a
(battleship in narro*' Waters, but the thief was gone.
* Copyright in the U.S.A. by Perceval Gibbon.

"Tiens!" ejaculated someone, and there v\;>
laughter.

Savinien's arm insinuated itself through Cobb^
elbow.

"Let us go where we can sit down," said the poei
"You are puzzled not? But I will explain you ali
that."

"It wasn't a bet, was it? " asked Cobb.

The poet laughed gently. "That possibility alarms
you? " he suggested. "But it was not a bet; it is more
vital than that. I will tell you when we sit down."

At Savinien's slow pace they came at last to small
marble-topped tables under a striped awning. Savinien.
with loud gasps, let himself down upon an exiguou.-
chair, rested both fat hands upon the head of his stick.
and smiled ruefully across the table at Cobb. A tingr
of blue had come out around his lips.

"Even to walk," he gasped, "that discomposes me.
As you see. It is terrible."

"Take it easy," counselled Cobb.

An aproned waiter served them, Cobb with beer,
Savinien with a treacly liqueur in a glass the size of a
thimble. When he was a little restored from his exer-
tions, he laid his arm on the table, with the little glass
held between his thumb and forefinger, and remained in
this attitude.

"Go ahead, " said Cobb. "Tell me why you are dis-
tributing watches to the deserving poor in this manner."

"It is not benevolence," replied Savinien. "It is
simply that I have a need of some misfortune to balance
things."

There was a muffled quality in his Voice, as though it
were subdued 'by 'the bulk from which it had to emerge;
but his enunciation was as clean and dexterous as in the
days when he'had made a vogue for his poems by read-
ing them aloud. It was the voice of a poet issuing from
the mouth of a glutton.

"To balance things," he repeated. "Fortune, my
dear Cobb, is a pendulum; the higher it rises on the side
of happiness, the further it returns on the side of
disaster. And with me, who cannot take your arm
for a promenade along the pavement without a tight-
ness in the neck-and a flutter of my heart, who may not
go upstairs quicker than a step a minute, disaster has
only one shape. It arrives and I am extinguished ! I)
is for that reason that I fear a persistence of good luck.
Of late, the luck that dogs me, has been incredible.

"Listen, now, to this! Three days ago, being in a
difficulty, I go in search of Rigobert. You know Rigo-
bert, perhaps? "

"No," said Cobb. "But you have lent him money? "

"Precisely," agreed Savinien. "The sum which he
owed me was no more than two hundred and fifty francs,
but : I had not much hope of him. I went leisurely upon
the way towards his studio, and at the corner by the
Madeleine I entered the post office to obtain a stamp for
a letter I had to send. The first thing which I perceived
as I opened the door was the back of Rigobert, as he
sprawled against the counter, signing his name upon a
form while the deck counted out money to him. Hun-
dred franc notes, my friend noble new notes, ten in
number, a thousand francs in all, which Rigobert re-
ceived for his untidy autograph upon a blue paper. As
for me, I planted myself there at his back in an attitude
of expectancy and determination to await his leisure.
He was cramming the money into his trousers pocket
as he turned round and beheld me. He was embar-
rassed. He, the universal debtor, the bottomless pit of
loans and obligations, to be discovered thus.

" ' You ! ' he exclaimed.

" I ! ' I replied, and took him very firmly by the arm.
and mentioned my little affair to him. He was not
pleased, Rigobert, but for the moment he was empty ol
excuses. When he suggested that we should go to a
cafe, to change one of the notes, that he might pay me
my two hundred and fifty, I agreed, for I had him bv

OCIOIEI it,

EVERYMAN

the arm, but I could see that he was gathering his facul-
ties, and I was wary. A bon rat ban chat I

"I waited till his note was changed. 'Now, my
Iriend, ' I said. ' The hour is come. '

" He looked at me attentively; he is very naive, in
reality. Then, very slowly, he put one hand in his
pocket and drew out the whole bundle of money. It
looked opulent, it looked fulsome.

' Savinien,' he said. ' I will do even more than you
asked. Two-fifty, is it not? See, now, here is five
hundred, and I will toss you whether I pay you five hun-
dred or nothing. '

" He balanced a coin on his thumb-nail, and smiled
at me sidelong. I drew myself up with dignity to repu-
diate his proposal, but at that instant there came to me
who can say what it was? a whim, a nudge from the
thumb of Providence, a momentary lunacy? I relaxed
my attitude.

"'Very well,' I replied. 'But first permit me to
examine the coin? '

"With Rigobert, that is not an insult. He handed
me the coin without a word an honest cart-wheel, a
five-franc piece.

"' Toss, then,' I said, returning it to him. ' Face! '
I called, as he spun it up. It twinkled in the air like a
humming-bird, a score of francs to each flick of its
wings, and h is palm intercepted it as it fell. I leaned
across to see; behind Rigobert's shoulder the waiter
leaned likewise. The poor fellow had really no chance
to practise those little tricks in which he is eminent. I
had won. I drew the money across to me.

" Peste-! ' remarked Rigobert, in a tone of dejection,
and looked with an appearance of horror at what
remained to him of his thousand francs. The waiter
beamed at me and rubbed his hands. I ordered him in
a strong voice to bring two more consommations .

" Look here,' said Rigobert. ' Lend me that five
hundred, will you? Or, at any rate '

" He paused, and his eye lit again with hope.

'" Tell you what,' he said. ' I'll toss you once more
five hundred against five hundred. This ' he laid his
hand on his remaining money ' is no use to me. I
simply can't do with less than a thousand. Is it
agreed ? '

"I desired to refuse; I am not a gambler; I come of
prudent people. But again it came, that inspired im-
pulse, that courageous folly.

"' It is agreed,' I replied.

" He meant to win, that time. He sat back to it, he
concentrated himself. He cast a look at me, the glance
of a brigand. I was imperturbable. Again the waiter
hurried to see the venture. Rigobert frowned.

'"You -call "face," eh?' he asked, balancing the
coin.

"' I call when the coin is in the air,' I replied.

"He grunted, and spun it up. ' Pile! ' I called this
time. Down it came to his hand. Once more the eyes
of the waiter and myself rushed to it; the result was
capable of no adjustment. I felt my heart bump pain-
fully. The broad coin lay on his hand, ' pile ' upper-
most. I drew the rest of the money to me.

"' A thousand thanks,' I croaked from a throat con-
stricted with surprise. Rigobert swore."

Cobb laughed. "Is that all that is troubling you? "
he asked.

" All ! " Savinien shrugged his immense shoulders
desolately. "All! That was merely the commence-
ment," he said. "And even that did not finish there."

"I hope Rigobert didn't get any of it back," said
Cobb.

" He did his best," replied Savinien. "In a minute or
two he. collected his wits and addressed himself to the
situation. It was worth seeing. He shook his depres-
sion from him like a dog shaking water from its coat,
and sat up. Enterprise, determination, ruthlessness,
were eloquent in his countenance ; I felt like a child
before such a combination of qualities. Then he began

to talk. He has an air, that brigand; he can cock his
head so as to deceive a bailiff; he can wear a certain
nobility of countenance; and with it all he can importune
like a beggar. He has a horrid and plausible fluency;
he is deaf to denials; he drugs you with words and robs
you before you recover consciousness. He had got the
length of quoting my own verses to me, and I felt my-
self going, when deliverance arrived. A stout man
paused on the pavement, surveying us both, then came
towards us.

'' Monsieur Rigobert,' he said, with that fashion of
politeness which one dreads, ' I am on my way to your
address.'

'" Do not let me detain you,' replied Rigobert, un-
pleasantly.

'" But,' said the other, ' this was the day you ap-
pointed, M'sieur. You said, "Bring your bill to me on
the I3th, and I will pay it." Here is the bill.'

"He plunged his hand into his breast pocket and
fumbled with papers. Rigobert examined me rapidly.
But the spell was broken, and I was myself again,
master of my emotions and of the thousand francs. He
saw that it was hopeless and rose.

'' Monsieur,' he said to the tradesman, ' this is not
a time to talk to me of business. I have just suffered
a painful bereavement."

"He made a gesture with his hand, mournfnl and
resigned, and walked away, while the tradesman gazed
after him. And there was I rich and safe ! I felt a
warmth that pervaded me. I settled my hat on my
head and reached for my cane. It was then that the
truly significant thing occurred the clue, as it were.
My hand, as I took my cane, brushed against my
liqueur glass upon the table; it fell, rolled to the edge,
and disappeared. The waiter dived for it, while I
waited to pay for the breakage. His foolish German
face came up over the edge of the table, crumpled in a
smile.

" It is all right,' he said. ' The glass is not broken. 1

"It was then, my friend, that I began to perceive how
things were with me. Dimly at first, but, as the day
proceeded, with growing clearness. I became aware
that I stood in the shadow of some strange fate. Small
ills, chances of trifling misfortune, stood aloof, and let
me pass unharmed; I was destined to be the prey of a
mightier evil. When I light my cigarette, do my
matches blow out in the wind? No; they burn with the
constancy of an altar candle. If I leave my gloves in a
cab, as happened yesterday, do I lose them? No, the
cabman comes roaring down the street at my back to
catch me and restore them. A thousand such provi-
dences make up my day. This morning, just before I
encountered you, the chief and most signal of them all
occurred."

"Go on, "said Cobb.

"It was, in fact, impressive," said Savinien. -"There
is, not far from here, a shop where I am accustomed to
buy my cigarettes. A small place, you know, a hole in
the wall, with a young ugly woman behind the counter.
One enters, one murmurs ' Maryland,' one receives
one's yellow packet, one pays, one salutes, one departs.
There is nothing in the place to invite one to linger ;
never in my life have I said more than those two words
' Maryland ' on entering and ' Madame ' on leaving to
the good creature of the shop. I do not know her name,
nor she mine. Ordinarily she is reading when I enter;
she puts down her book to serve me as one might put
down a knife and fork; it must often happen that she
interrupts herself in the middle of a word. She gets as

far as: 'Jean ki ' then I enter. 'Maryland,'

murmur, receive my packet, and pay. ' Madame ! ' I
raise my hat and depart. Not till then does she know
the continuation: ' ssed Marie,' or 'eked the
Vicomte,' whichever it may be. Not a luxurious
reader, that one, you see.

"Well, this morning I enter as usual. There she sits,
book in hand. ' Maryland,' I murmur. For the first

EVERYMAN

OCTOBEI 18,

time in my experience of her she does not at once lay the
book, face downwards, on the counter, and turn to the
shelf behind her to reach me my cigarettes. No, the
good creature is absorbed. ' Pardon,' I say, rather
louder. She looks up, and it is clear she is impatient at
being disturbed. ' Maryland,' I request. She puts
down the book and fumbles for a packet. But I am
curious to know what book it is that_ holds her so
strongly, what genius of a romancer has aimed so surely
at her intelligence. I turn the book round with a finger.
The shop, the shelves, the horse's face of Madame, the
proprietress, swim before me. 1 could dance; 1 could
weep; I could embrace the lady in the pure py of an
artist appreciated and requited. For of all the books
ever printed upon paper, that book is mine. My verses !
My songs of little lives, they grasp at her and will not
let go, like importunate children; she is not easily nor
willingly free of them when affairs claim her. Xunc
dimittis!"

"What did you do?" enquired Cobb. "Give her a
watch, or what? "-

" My friend," said Savinien; " I was careful. To do a
foolish or a graceless thing would have been to dethrone
for her a poet. There was need of a spacious and
becoming gesture. I opened her book at the fly-leaf,
and reached across to the compioir for a pen. She
turned at that and stared, possibly fearful, poor creature,
that it was the till that attracted me. I took the pen
and splashed down on the fly-leaf of the book my name
in full a striking signature ! Then without a further
word that might make an anti-climax, I took my cigar-
ettes and departed. I was so thrilled, so exalted, that it
was five minutes before I remembered to be afraid.

" For my fortune was becoming bizarre, you know.
It was making ma ridiculous even to myself. I have
told you but the salient incidents of it; I do not desire to
weary you with the facts of the broken braces, the
spurious two-franc piece, or the lost door-key. But it
is becoming sinister; it needed a counterpoise before :t
became so pronounced that nothing but sudden death
would suffice. The thief steals my watch and I am re-
lieved; he is departing with my best wishes for his
success; all promises well, till you arrive at the charge,
with your comb erect, and seize him. It is all of a piece.
Yes, I know it is funny, but it alarms me. I offer it,
therefore, my watch a sacrifice. Perhaps it likes
watches. If so, I have got off cheaply, for, to tell the
truth, it was not much of a \vatch."

He raised the minute glass and drank, setting it down
again with a flourish.

"And now I must be going," he said. "It is a
strange story not? But I don't like it; I don't like it
at all."

"Adieu," said Cobb, rising also. "I don't think I'd
worry if I were you. And I won't interfere again."

"On no account," said Savinien, seriously.

Cobb watched him move away, plodding along the
pavement heavily, huge and portentous. The back of
his Head bulged above the collar, with no show of neck
between. He was comical and pathetic; he seemed too
vast in mere flesh to be the sport of a thing so freakish
as luck. To think that such a bulk had a weak heart
in it and that deeper still in its recesses there moved
and suffered the soul of a poet.

"Queer yarn," mused Cobb.

It was on the following morning, while Cobb was
dressing, that the messenger arrived a little man in
black, with a foot-rule sticking out of his coat-pocket.
He looked like an elderly manservant who has descended
to trade. He had a letter for Cobb, addressed in Savj-
nien's pyrotechnic hand, and handed it to him without
speaking.

"My dear friend," it said, "I fear the worst. On my
return to my rooms here, the first thing I saw was my
watch, reposing on my bedside table. It appears that
when I made my toilet in the morning I forgot to put it

in my pocket". The thief, after all, got nothing. I am
lost. In despair, Your Cesar Savinien."

"Yes?" said Cobb. "You want an answer?" For
the little artisan in black was waiting.

"An answer!" The other stared. -"But Then

monsieur does not know ? "

"What?"

" He must have been going down to post that note
when he had written it," said the little man. "We found
it in his hand."

" Eh ? " Cobb almost recoiled in the shock of his sur-
prise and horror. "D'you mean to tell me that, after
all, he he is "

The little man in black uttered a professional sigh.
"The concierge found him in the morning," he replied.
" It is said that he suffered from his heart, that poor
Monsieur."

"Oh, these Frenchmen!" cried Cobb. "To think
that the fellow actually meant all he said yesterday ! "

MONTENEGRO

AND ITS RULER

IT has been left to the diminutive principality of
Montenegro to assume the formidable responsibility of
declaring war on Turkey. In the present juncture it
may be interesting to recall the remarks which appeared
in the Contemporary Review on the proclamation of the
new kingdom, under the signature of Dr. Dillon,
probably the greatest living authority on Eastern Policy.

"The venerable Prince of Montenegro the Black
Mountain has been promoted to the rank of king, if
not by the grace of God, then by the courtesy of
European monarchs. It is amusing to reflect that about
the time when Kaiser Wilhelm was magniloqucntly
holding forth on the divine right of kings, this Homeric
figure of South-eastern Europe was climbing into a royal
throne and acquiring those same divine rights, although
his predecessor and uncle, Danilo, was but a clergyman,
while the prince's mother carried wood to Cattaro for
sale. Thus, since the 28th August, 1910, Europe has
had a new kingdom, while the republic of letters has a
crowned poet and journalist. Montenegro is by far the
tiniest of the kingdoms although by no means the
most insignificant. King Nicholas rules over a popula-
tion equal to that of some London parish, about 300,000
men, women, and children all told, most of whom have
a very hard struggle for existence. For, with the
exception of a very few districts, like the Moratsha-
Plain and the Zeta Valley, Montenegro is a realm of
hard stone.

II.

"When God set about creating the world, says the
legend current among these mountaineers, He made
rivers, fields and meadows, and forests. But looking
down on the totality of things from His celestial throne,
He found the result monotonous. Nature needed a
touch of rugged wildness by way of variety, so He re-
solved to pile hills upon hills and see how they would
look. For this purpose He gathered stones from all
parts of the universe, and packed them in two mighty
sacks, which He threw over His shoulders. But as He
strode over the globe the sacks burst, just as He
chanced to be where Montenegro now stands, and all
the stones fell to the ground. That is how the arid, stony
mountain first came into existence. Even now, thirty
years after the annexation of fertile stretches of lanct
that belonged to Turkey, there are families living in
places two and a half hours' distant from the nearest
source of water ! And it is characteristic of their love
of their old homes that most of the people refused to
accept the offer made them to go and live in the new
fertile districts.

(Continued on page 22.)

OCTOBER id, 1911

From

HODDER AND
STOUGHTON'S
NEW LIST.

EVHRYMAN

RUDYARD
KIPLING

Collected Verse
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III.

"King Nicholas was still, when I la>t saw him about
four years ago, a majestic, imposing figure. Fifty years ago
he married the prettiest girl in the principality, Yilena
Vukolich, when he was about nineteen and she just
thirteen and six months old. This marriage is said to
have been as happy as it was fruitful, and the exemplary
couple were blessed with three sons and seven dutiful
daughters, who have never lost an opportunity of testi-
fying in deeds their sense of gratitude to their parents.
In liis youth he won golden opinions abroad Louis
Napoleon's friendship in Paris was one manifestation of
them and the nimbus of a hero at home. His people
the elite of the Servian race looked upon him as
a soil of Messiah, who was destined not only to free them
from the Turkish yoke, but to unite them with the other
fragments of the race in a great Servian Tsardom.
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some of the services of a national Messiah. He was
comely, martial, intrepid, and chivalrous. His know-
] ledge of men was -subtle, and his way of dealing with
I them efficacious. He spoke the 'languages of all those
; with whom his role in life was likely to bring him into
contact : Servian, Turkish, Italian and French. He
made serious personal sacrifices for the good of the
race, and he did not make them in vain."

SCOTT AND BALZAC

BY GEORGE SAINTSBURY

IT would not be a quite unpardonable thing if a person,
not wholly ignorant of either of the two great novelists
whose names stand above, but not very thoroughly
acquainted with either, and not given to critical con-
sideration, were to think and speak of them as not
merely different but opposed to each other in every pos-
sible way. He might even (if he knew a little more,
but not enough) point to the contempt with which both
Knglish and French admirers of Balzac have often
spoken of Scott; and to the scanty relish, if not the posi-
tive disapproval, which not a few English admirers of
Scott have shown towards Balzac. Yet Balzac himself,
though some of his critics and biographers have ignored
or obscured the fact, was a fervent and a Hfe-loflg
admirer of Sir Walter.

The cant of the present day, both in France and Kng-
! land, about Scott is that he was a writer without art,
I who was constantly under the yoke of a prudcrie bete,
! who composed stories possibly capable of amusing
| savages or our grandfathers, but incapable of satisfy-
ing a modern child ; sometimes tedious, sometimes
; extravagant, badly written, characterless, permeated
I by a detestable affection for royalism, mediiex alism,
i romanticism, and other "isms" equally bad, possessing
| neither heroes nor heroines, inaccurate in historical
detail -and so on, and so on.

The cant (not quite so much of the present day,
but still not quite recanted) about Balzac in Eng-
Lland is that he has a predilection for the portrayal
; of vice; that if he is not such an "aristocrat"'
j as Scott politically, he has a snobbish devotion
to wealth and, at any rate, a rather suspicious
fondness for depicting "high life"; that, as the moral
atmosphere of his books is rarely quite pure, so the tem-
peramental atmosphere is seldom cheerful and inspiriting;
that his minuteness, both in external detail and internal
analysis of character, i> oppressive, and other things of
the same kind. To which it may be added that, in
France itself, there have not been wanting people who
said that Balzac also "could not write," and that, despite
the immense and enduring critical attention bestowed on
him there, it is by no means very easy to trace much
direct following of his style in the enormous volume of
fiction produced since his death. I,et us dismiss all this,

(Continued on pag? 04.)

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and sec what, in contrast-parallel as above, the two
iiu-.n were and \\liat they did.

One point of a strictly historical character gives a
solid start. In both cases and in both countries
though Balzac had in Scott an advantage which Scott
had in nobody they began novel-writing after a long
period of extremely voluminous but very undistin-
guished practice in it by their predecessors. Although
France had got a little the start of us with the novel
proper in the later seventeenth and early eighteenth
century, she had no such group of novelists as that
which illustrated our mid-eighteenth. For nearly fifty
years before Waverley, and for quite fifty before " Les
Chouans " (Balzac's earlier books are not quite negli-
gible, but may be neglected here), the novel in both
countries had been represented by floods of rubbish,
with a few better and generally nondescript things
windfalls from Beckford and Godwin and Miss Edge-
worth, from Saint-Pierre and Chateaubriand and Con-
stant. But in this muddle, two kinds had been striving
to get themselves born the historical novel, especially
in England, and the novel of analysis of character,
assisted by description of scene and circumstance,
especially in France. Scott almost at once, but, of
course, helped by his years of practice in the verse-
romance, struck into the line which the Lees, and the
Porters, and the Godwins, and, to some extent, the
Radcliffes, had been vainly groping for; Balzac, after
less agreeable and much less successful preliminaries of
search in the actual province of prose fiction, achieved,
not exactly in "Les Chouans," but after it, the trans-
formation of the novel of "sensibility" into the acts
and scenes of the "Comedic Humaine."

What is most remarkable in Scott, and what dis-
;tinguishes him most from his predecessors, is that
quality of life which is diffused over and throughout his
stories. It is quite arguable that, in the twelfth cen-
tury, Gurth and Wamba would not have talked as they
talk in his pages; but it is quite certain that they are,
and talk like possible human beings. Then, too, there is
the utilisation of all the accessories and et ceteras, the
want of which, or the improbability of which, is so
obvious and so objectionable in most earlier work. The
scenes are agreeably painted and "set "; the dialogue, if
open to criticism on strictly pedantic lines, completely
escapes from that provoking ^(verisimilitude of conven-
tional lingo which had beset plays and novels so long.
The things and the persons are not shadows; they are
not types; they are not tracings off a pattern. There
is no (or very little) ostensible attempt at elaborate-
analysis of character and motive; yet an acute French
judge, ' a contemporary of Balzac's and a friend of
Browning's, detected, and rightly detected, fugitive
touches of general observation of life which, as he said,
you might read no small number of so-called philo-
sophical novels without finding'.

Now turn to Balzac. He tried the romance of inci-
dent and history, and discovered that, except perhaps
on a small scale, it was not for him, and so he turned
to the enormous network-study of contemporary French
life, of which he succeeded in constructing so large a
part, but which no one could have finished which, in
the nature of things, was interminable. He attended
more to construction than Scott did : though, in his
constant habit of reworking, he as often obscured as
cleared up his first drafts. He, not having poetry to
serve as an outlet for his more imaginative creation,
suffused the whole of his work with a grandiosity which
his extreme precision of detail prevents from being
exactly vague, but which has been not improperly
called "vignetted" shading itself off into vastness
and infinity instead of remaining clearly and positively
outlined like Scott's. But the actual life, the actual
utilisation of scene and surrounding; the personality, a
little more typical (as being French) than the English
writer's, but equally vivid; the absence of suggestion of

men- bookish ness in all these things he resembles the
great predecessor, whose best work was closed
just when his accomplished performance was beginning.
He applied, of course, what may be less well called the
"method" than the "mode" of Scott to character-
presentation, and to a presentation much more elabo-
rate, much m->re what is called in French fmiilli', than
Scott's. And although he himself was much annoyed
at being charged with preferring vicious people (and
even most characteristically endeavoured to draw up
lists rebutting the charge), it cannot, of course, be
denied that his presentation of life is "grimier" than
Scott's. It is so, not because it is necessarily truer,
but simply because the springs of vicious or faulty
conduct arc less simple than those of virtuous, and
so give the student of character more chance.

But these generalities should, small as is the space
for it, be completed by some approximations in detail.
Anybody who would like a pleasant and profitable
critical exercise may find it in reading not merely
"Les Chouans," which is Balzac's closest approach to
Scott, but "St. Ronan's Well," which is Scott's closest
approach to Balzac, and would, if Sir Walter had not
allowed himself to be over-persuaded by Ballantyne,
have been closer still. That, in the first case, there is
deliberate following, and in the second entire precursor-
ship, only makes the comparison the more interesting.
In "Les Chouans " the whole general scheme is "after r>
Scott : and perhaps the undue slowness of movement
which characterises the greater part of the book is an
unlucky attempt to imitate that tour de force by which
Sir Walter manages to confine nearly half of one of
his best and busiest novels, "Rob Roy," to the events
of scarcely forty-eight hours. On the other hand, the
admirable close the Jour sans Lendeotain treats its
main motive in the style which Scott deliberately re-
fused. Vet even here the "mode," as it has been
called, is more that of Scott than of any earlier novelist
the constant projection of picturesque detail, the vivid
succession of striking incident, to give background
to the character.

Turn to the other. The plot of "St. Ronan's Well "
as it ought to be, and as it originally was, involving
the actual and irreparable wrong to Clara is quite Bal-
zacian; and the society of the Wells and the village,
though he could not have managed its more humorous
figures, can be thought out in Balzac's form without
any difficulty by anyone who knows the work from
the "Chat-q'ui-Pelote " and "Pcre Goriot " to the un-
finished "Depute d'Arcis " and "Petits Bourgeois."

But, it may be said again, "Is not this mere para-
dox? Does not the fact still stare us in the face that
there are no two novelists more different than Balzac
and Scott? " Well ! that depends on what is meant by
difference. The broken ends of a tally, if you hold
them up side by side, are very strikingly different; when
you put them together you discover that they are parts
of the same whole, and that the very action, the very
process, which has made the one has made the other.
That action, that process, in the case of our two great
"novelists is partly negative, partly positive the abso-
lute forsaking of previous convention, and the delibe-
rate adoption of human life, actual or possible, contem-
porary or antiquated, as the standard, the model, the
goal. The way of the one is conditioned by English, of
the other by French influence and circumstance. One
bases himself mainly on incident and romance; the other
mainly on character-analysis and the more strictly
defined novel. You can trace differences between them
endlessly, and with almost a futile facility. The like-
ness may be harder to find at first, but it is there; and it
is an illustration of the old proverb on which Montaigne
wrote his first and not his worst essay, "Par divers
moyens 1'on arrive a pareilk- fin." The end of the novel
is the presentation of life : and the more abundantly
the better. Gr.oRGic SAINTSUURY.

OCTOBER 18, 191:

EVERYMAN

Mr. Sandow on
The Wonderful Mechanics of Digestion/

A Remarkable Contribution to the Literature of Health, by the Great Physical Culturist.

Machinery in order implies ihrec tilings :

1. Power to drive il;

2. Lubrication to ensure elliciencv;

3. Skilled a! tendance lo keep it in order.
When a machine breaks down, gets out of order, or is

hindered by obstructions, lubrication is useless.

It must first be cleaned and repaired.

When, however, Power is insullieient or (til off or
diverted, the best oil and the most skilful mechanic are
helpless to keep it working at full pressure until Povver
is restored.

The body is the most wonderful machine of all.

In this marvellous machine, Indigestion invariably
implies loss of Power, but Po\\ er must be restored or
recruited to set Ihe machinery of digestion vigorously
at work once more.

A Commonsense Method.

All human Power comes from muscle, and muscle
development is Power de\ elopment.

The first step, therefore, in the treatment of indiges-
tion is the scientific development of the muscular po\\er
of all the organs associated with digestion.

I want every reader of KVKRYMVX to understand me
clearly when I write here as a strong advocate of inlet nal
muscular development for the cure of indigestion.
The Unseen Muscles of the Body.

Muscle is the whole support of your body. Your body
is full of muscles, liitle and big, flat and round. Von
cannot raise your lilllo linger, you cannot even chew
your food, much less digest it, wiihout muscle.

The most important are the great unseen muscles
lying in the region of the various organs of life, support-
ing them and reinforcing them by their hidden power.
. These are the muscles that the Sandow Treatment
restores to condition. Your arms and legs need not be
masses of muscle' unless you desire, bu! your involun-
tary and invisible muscles must be fullv developed if you
are to possess perfect health.

Now, you ciniiint develop this organic muscular
Strength by lifting huge weights or doing heavy, fatigu-
ing-, physical exercises. But you can develop organic
power in almost any organ by the light scientific move-
ments that I will prescribe.

Take, for example, the organs of digestion.

The walls of the stomach and of Ihe intestines are
muscular walls, and their strength means digestive
strength. 'The ''churning " action of the food in the
Stomach by which the food is ground so finely as to be
easily assimilated is a muscular movement, called
peristalsis, and the peristaltic action of the stomach
is greatly strengthened by the Sandow Treatment,
through specific movements which are carried out.
A Daily Dietetic Aid.

An important matter to dyspeptics is, of course, the
regulation of the dietary, but this, after all, is or ought
to be only a matter of secondary importance, as no
system of dietetics can ever prove an absolute cure for
dyspepsia. Still, in many cases that have come under
my notice I have found it necessary to add certain
dietetic advice to individual patients, as, at the outset
especially, I found errors of diet a serious bar to the
generally beneficent operations of my Treatment.

Since 'youth I have been a strong and ardent believer
in the superior merits of cocoa, for its wonderfully sus-
taining and strengthening qualities. I frequently
advised patients to substitute this beverage for tea or
coffee, only to find that in the case of most dyspeptics
the ordinary cocoa was too "fatty" and "gritty" to
be digestible by them. It was the continual recurrence

of such experiences llial led me to investigate ihc subjei 1
more hilly, and ulnc'i finally l<-d to my adoption of new
and improved methods of cix'oa production.

Dyspeptics found my new cocoa to be palatable,
digestible, and full of nourishment, as it contained no
husk or shell, no adulterated or flavouring inatlcr, while
the oily and laity ingredients of the cocoa bean had been
reduced lo a minimum. I would recommend all those
who suffer from digcsiive, liver, or nervous troubl"
well, of course, those ^ 10 are hale and well) to try my
new Health and Strength Cocoa for themsvK

II would be wro'e..; for me, however, to delude the
dvspeptic with the- !:dsc idea that my COCOQ will cun-
earoaic indigestion, for nothing can do that except
internal muscular dc\ i lopment. M\ cocoa, however
(which, by the way, i- obtainable every where at no
higher price than ordinary cocoa), will be found an p in-
valuable auxiliary, and will impose less digest!-, .
while also supplying a greater margin of food-power.

If the readir would like lo have my advice upon his
or her case, and Cares to write to me, I shall be pl< a>. d
(without fee or obligation) to answ.-r the letter and lo
send some personally helpful literature dealing with the
subject of Indigestion and its natural method of i tire.
Rebuilding the Body.

In mv Cura'ive Tiv.itme.it for Indigestion the whoN
heailii of a paiient is slcadily built up stop by step.
There is no mere attempt to allay what are but the
svnipl:>nis .>f disease, but a radical elimination from
the svsi.'in of lh cnusCS of tile trouble.

In "the case of ihe dv>peptic, the organs of digestion
are quickl} strengthened and ihe work of assimilating
nourishment ma-'c easier because of this access ol
slrenyih, not by simply lightening the task. So a--
di.;i slion improves ihe appetite for more food also in-
creases, and thus the general health is recruited as i'
should be, direct from food that is transformed into rich
blood, linn flesh and muscles, and strong ne.
Free Bock and Advice.

I shall gladly forward to anyone interested, a gratis
copy of my bonk dealing with indigestion, which it
will well repay every dyspeptic to peruse carefully
from beginning to end. The reader is placed in
possession of plain facts in plain language, and fully
explanatory of the various physiological proecv-es ot
digestion. The book also describes the natural method
of cure by the inexpensive Sandow Treatment.

The book and Mr. Sandow 's advice are quiie free.
You may write or call as you please. You can carry on
the Treatment a\ the Institute or in your own home
under postal direction. It takes but a few minutes daily,
and in no way interferes vviih ihe usual routine.

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and a preliminary consultation is free of tee or obliga-
tion. Address Eugen Sandow, The Sandow I'urativc
Institute, 3.2, St. James' Street, London, S.\V.

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EVERYMAN

OcTOBEK 18,

GEORGE MEREDITH IN HIS LETTERS. BY
DARREL FIGGIS

ONE of the difficulties in what is called ;i co-ordinated
philosophy of life is that the very process of co-ordina-
tion implies an elimination. It is very seldom that men
are content to trust their instincts of worth, however
seemingly contrarious, and to have faith in a larger
co-ordination in the heavens that shall round up the con-
tradictory parts into their proper beauty. All in a haste
they begin to work with rod, level, and trowel to chip
away what is not necessary for the co-ordination they
wish; and so they come often to deny some of their own
instincts for a beauty that is not comprised In tlu-ir
philosophy.

It is a fatal itch from which the very sanest are not
immune. 1'ew thinkers have been so sane, in both tin-
larger and smaller meanings of the word, than George
Meredith, and he was, moreover, a thinker who was for
ever disciplining his thoughts into the orderly shape of
a philosophy. Lovers of his books, and readers of his
letters just edited and published by his son, Mr. William
Meredith, will scarcely need to be told of his perpetual
insistence on its need. To Captain Maxse (who is, of
course, Nevil Beauchamp, of " Beaucha nip's Career ")he
declares with regard to Victor Hugo, in one of UK- inci-
dental criticisms of his contemporaries in these Letters :
" He is the largest son of his mother earth in this time
present. Magnificent in conception, unsurpassed
leagues beyond us allin execution. Not (nur Schade !)
a philosopher. There's the pity. With a philosophic
brain, as well as his marvellous poetic energy, he would
stand in the front rank of glorious men forever." In
another letter, when Captain Maxse (like his other self
in fiction, Nevil Beauchamp) would raise hot
battle for the oppressed, he says: "You appear to me
to want to raise up an extreme party that shall rouse
the other party to extremes, and so do battle-fight fur
a shade; gain what Time would have given you without
waste of blood, temper, and divine meditation. Be-
tween you Philosophy would have no home on our
planet." It threads through most of his poems, and in
it he was rather as Descartes and Spencer would have
understood the word than as Plato and Bergson have
conceived it. He was more than suspicious of the in-
stincts, the intimations of Beauty, that haunt and afflict
man always. It is his desire that "the mind in expan-
sion "

"should prompt us to Change, as to promise of sun,
Till brain-rule splendidly towers."

So he cries in "The Empty Purse." "I'm more an
antique Roman than a Dane," he might almost say with
Horatio; to which Hamlet, wilder of blood, would
respond :

"There are more things in heau-u and earth, Horatio,
Than are dreamt of in your philosophy."

In the novels, and especially in the poems, his effort
to display, even often to define, this philosophy of his,
is apparent; and since one wonders how far its limita-
tions reflect the man himself, one turns to his letters to
see his mind more intimately at work. And then one
comes across this wonderful letter to John Morley :

"I tossed off a letter to St. B. to end the year '77. I greet you
in the first hour of the New One, after a look at the stars from
my chalet door, and listening to the bells. \Yt have just marked
one of our full stops, at which Time, turning back as he goes,
looks with his old-gentleman smile. To come from a gaze at
the stars Orion and shaking Sirius below him is to catch a
glance at the inscrutable face of him that hurries us on, as on
a wheel, from dust to dust. I thought of you and how it might
be with you this year : hoped for good : saw beyond good and
evil to great stillness, another form of moving for you and me.
It seems to me that Spirit is, how, where, and by what means
involving us, none can say. Hut in this life there is no life
save in spirit. The- rest of life, and we may know it in love, is
an aching and a rotting.''

Possibly it was this very moment, as it was some such

moment, that he celebrated in his poem, "Meditation
under Stars," where, night having passed, he comes to
Karth with his mind full of the hints of eternal majesty
the stars give, and

"Then at new flood of customary morn,
Look at her thro' her showers,

HIT mists, her stivamin^ gold,

A wonder edges the familiar face :

She wears no more that robe of printed hour^ ;

Half strange seems Karth, and sweeter than her flower-./

"Sweeter than her flowers"! Yet this was he who

oner sang :

-Into the breast that gives the rose
Shall I \vith shuddering fall?"

It was so, too, in that great hour of trial when he
knew that his richly happy second marriage was to
know the term sternly set by Death. When the blow-
fell on him he found his solace in his philosophy, and
raised that stately, though chastening, temple of stoic
comfort, "A Faith on Trial." Here he turns to his
Karth for comfort, and learns that

" Harsh Wisdom gives Karth, no more ;

In one the spur and the curb :

An answer to thoughts and deeds ;

To the Legends an alien look ;

To the Questions a figure of clay."

"Smile, Sacred Reality!" he says in the same poem,
and will have no comfort from hopes for, and instincts
of, a richer being beyond the clay. Indeed, he declares
roundly in a letter to Mr. Herbert Trench that "the
good ship Immortality methinks has served her turn."
Nevertheless, the strong heart and desire of the man
break through the somewhat severe code of his philo-
sophy into his letters. On the death of his wife he
writes to John Morley (in one of the rich series of
letters to Lord Morley) :

"Death is death, as you say, but I get to her by con-
sulting her thoughts and wishes and so she lives in
me. This, if one has the strength of soul, brings a
spirit to us."

Which is the application to himself of the counsel lie
gives to his son, the compiler of these letters :

"I do not doubt that you think of your dear mother.
Think of her as alive in the spirit. She is with you in
your noblest thoughts and the nobler they are the
more you may be sure of that."

So rich are these letters that it would be possible to
take many lines of progress through them. He seldom
deliberately speaks about his contemporaries. It is the
exception rather than the rule to find him doing so.
Yet, one way or another, such men as Carlyle, Ruskin,
Dickens, Tennyson, and Mill are touched upon with an
incisive pen. And in his attitude to each he naturally
defines his own position. There are several letters, more-
over, chiefly to Lady Ulrica Duncotnbe, in which he
speaks in some detail of his own work. But in the let UTS
to Captain Maxse and to John Morley he writes out
some of the deeper things in him, that shine with a
faint mystical beauty scarcely to be found in the delimi-
tations set by his more ordered philosophy. By their
aid our ears may be attuned to the discovery of a chord
that shall be heard sounding with sudden spiritual mean-
ing in a music that seems too often to be prohibitive of
the larger spiritual application. Then becomes "The
(Ireat Unseen nowise the Dark Unknown." For though
in the severer co-ordination of his philosophy the larger
and fairer aspects of his mystical desire are too much
apt to be eliminated, yet these letters come to show that
it meant far more to him than his work would seem to
hint; and so both the novels and the poetry (though
especially the later poetry) have a richer significance
thrown on them.

OCXOBER 18,

HVKKYMAN

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EVERYMAN

OCTOBER 18, 1912

MEMORY BUILDING

By T. SHARPER KNOWLSON

(Pelman Instructor),

Author of 'The Art of Thinking," " The Education
of the Will," etc.

The Pelman Scliool has the finest group of .sluilems in the
world. They come from every class of soc-icty ; they stand for
progress and efficiency in every trade and profession under the
lun ; they represent all the chief nationalities of the great con-
tinents ; and last, but not least, they are hard workers. Football,
tennis, cycling, bridge, whist, and what not are nowadays calling
loudly to tired nands.and weary brains; but the Pelman student
turns a deaf ear to these calls, and begins his text-book work
and the exercises involved. Quite true, I assure you. This is
no desirable fancy a thing one \\ould like to believe as against
hard facts. It is extremely real, for the thousands of Pelman
pupils keep the examiners busy all day and every day.

To be candid, lam r.ot surprised, nor are the Directors of the
School, for the*, spent much time and money in producing a
really interesting and profitable course of mind and memory
training. There is nothing dry and overpoweringly technical
in these lessons; sve teach efficiency by means of the things
that form part of a man's ordinary lifehis reading, his walks
abroad, his conversation, even his games at cards.

I am going to show you what a specimen day's work in the
Pelman Scliool is like a pen-picture of some of our pupils as
they appear to us from their correspondence and exam, sheets ;
and also hosv this responsible valuation of answers to questions
is varied by interviews.

Before me is a pile of exam, sheets fresh from the industrious
pensof many pupils.

Here on the top is one from a clerk, who entered for our
course of general mental training ; he wants to make the best of
himself and his chances. His weak point is mind wandering.
He says in a note ; " I sit down to a book or to work out
some figures, and almost immediately I begin to think of
something else. I bring myself round again, but in a minute 1
am off wool-gathering. Can you help me? " \Ve can, and we do.

The next paper is from T. Q. M. those are not his initials,
but they will suffice. He is an M.D. of a great University,
and an honours man at that. What is his trouble? No
trouble at all really. As an educated man, he knows there
is a best way of doing everything, and in organising a hundred
and one details respecting the duties of a busy hospital life he
vrishes to adopt the method that is most efficient.

We are teaching him that method, and he is working out an
application of it for his own benefit. In a little while he will be
able to remember every detail respecting the patients who pass
through his hands ; all particulars of medicines and operations
will file themselves away in his brain, ready for use at an
instant's notice. Efficiency is important for the medical man
just as important for us.

A lady teacher comes next. She has just concluded P.ook 1-!,
the last" of the course. To the test questions she lias returned
admirable answers ; and to the final question (as to definite results)
she replies that one of the things she has valued most, next to Mr.
Pelman's technical help, is the truth that the sense of fear is
the most destructive force in the world. I am glad to notice
this, because of its truth and because to realise it makes life a
different thing altogether.

The day moves on. Luncheon is- over - tea time comes
the pile of papers to be examined has decreased ; the end, for
the time being, is in sight. I have been dealing with doctors,
lawyers, engineers, directors, managers, shop assistants, appren-
tices, miners, school teachers of both sexes, and many more.
As the last paper leaves my hands, I begin to wonder why
even more than the thousands who have passed, and are passing,
through the scvool do not enrol for the Pelman Course. Is it
because advantages are so numerous that they have become
stale? Many pupils tell us that they wish they had had many
years' ago the benefits our course offers to them; they would
then have had many more chances .of success.

WRITE FOR FREE COPY OF THE
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If you are unable to call, scad vour application by letter or post-
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THE PELMAN SCHOOL OF THE MIND,

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THE LITERARY CONFESSIONS
OF MR. ARNOLD BENNETT

47,

TIIMKI: have been few more 'mterestint; > contem-

porary literature than the gradual emergence and the
gradual rise of Mr. Arnold Hennett. 1-ike a con
quering hero, lie has invaded one alter another every
province of Knglish letters. And like his favourite
personage in the 'Card" in whom it is not difficult to
recognise many of the author's own characteristics, Mr.
Bennett has achieved success in whatever he has chosen
to undertake. And he lias achieved it with something
of the dash and daring and defiance, with .something- ol
the hick and pluck of a romantic adventurer believing
in his star. Whether he writes a very short narrative
or a very long novel, like "Old Wives' Tales," whether
lie tries to emulate Mr. Bernard Shaw in the drama, or
whether he tries to surpass C'onan Doyle in the detec-
tive story, he .pour.-, out a continuous >lream of books,
invariably successful, nearly always amazingly clever,
and always marked with his exuberant personality .

II.

This prodigious success of a writer who is still a com-
paratively young man, and who at forty-five years of
age has already twenty liter:,ry campaigns behind him,
has seemed to most critics a triumph of spontaneity.
And the image which most people form of the author ol
"I'layhanger " is that of a stupendous Improvvisatore
of the Dumas Pere type. But this judgment is entirely-
erroneous, and it is formulated in complete ignorance ol
the facts. And if in one sense it may be considered an
involuntary tribute to his genius, in another sense it
does Mr. Bennett a very real injustice. So far from
owing his success to the gratuitous gifts of the fairies,
he has earned it as the reward of man)- years of hard toil.
Few writers have learned more systematically the
technique of their trade. Few writers possess in a
higher degree the conscientious scruples of the crafts-
man. Few writers have served a more onerous and
more honourable apprenticeship.

III.

Those years of apprenticeship, those "Lehrjahre,"
Mr. Bennett has himself described in a volume of literary
autobiography of extraordinary interest. The volume
appeared under the thin disguise of anonymity, with the
significant title, ''The Truth about an Author." Strange
to say, the book seems to have almost entirelv escaped
the notice both of the public and of the critics, and
until this day it remains almost unknown. Yet I am
much mistaken if this book will not outlast, as a human
document, many of Mr. Bennett's productions, and if, of
all .\fr. Bennett's works, it is not the one which enable?
us to do honest, adequate justice to his genius, and to
gain the greatest insight into his personality.

The reason why the '''('ruth about an Author" has
thus remained unknown even to his admirers is partly
because Knglish criticism is so often so amaxingly short-
sighted, and partly because Mr. Bennett himself, after
publishing his autobiography, has deliberately cho.-en to
suppress it. And the reason why he has suppressed it
is that the book is an absolutely unveiled, irre-
sponsible, and not always edifying confession. It was
written in a moment of impulsive sincerity. It was
prompted by a mood of refreshing but cynical outspoken-
ness. And' when he wrote it, the author had no! yet
been compelled by an enthusiastic public to take himself
as seriously as he does to-day. For since those earlier
"Lehrjahre" circumstances have totally changed. The
pushing young adventurer and freelance of early days
has become the cynosure of two continents. The author
has been raised to the pinnacle of fame. And when a
man has been raised to that uncomfortable position, he

(Continued c-n pug? 30.)

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126

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Books on All Uuistions nf the day.
It is interfiled in Social ProMi :i:: .
in Rcliftirn. i.i I'cliiici, in Science,
in Literatim . in Ml Art? ami Craft .
'It is . a NLM sparer Room, a
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r-hecrfnl and wcll-infonri^l
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Professor KETTLE
EVELYN UNDERBILL

1TBT.IC OPINION can be had
at all Newsagents' and Bookstalls al
2d.. or this week's special issue will
)> sent on receipt of 2|d. It can
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PUBLIC OPINION

EVERYBODY'S PAPER

has a parl to j>b_, , !; i; i- a dig-nit, to > -tain, and ho
naturu'ly prefer-- to divert attention from the indiscre-
tions of'hi.s youth. But we, in the humble position of
reader and rntir, may he permitted not tr> have the
same reason- as Mr, Bennett for suppressing thi>
nttive piece of :---h-n-\elation. And the very
motive.- which induced the writer to throw a veil over
his hf^inning's must tempt u- to remr>\ r e it. 'i'he very
indiscretions of \vhieh the author now repents are pre-
eiseK \\luit gi'>e- the !>,.<ik it- j>.-;> rhidu^ii'al value. '1 hey
will enable us to d 1st -over the charaeteri-tics of hi
personality, the secrets of his art, the strength and
weakness of hi.^ work, and the true reasons of it?
success.

IV.

The rir-t quality -uhich strike- us in ?>Ir. Tiennett and
the most obviou- reason of hi.-, success is his amazing-
resourcefulness ami cleverness. In one sense he is m-
American than English. He is pre-eminently what the
Yankee, call.- a "smart " writer. In another sense lie
is more French than Kngii-h. He possesses that in-
valuable gift which is so rare in England and .so frequent
in France intellectual versatility and pliability. He can
turn his mind to the most diverse tasks. He can r
to any emergency. He would have succeeded as a
lawyer or as an engineer, if he had not preferred to be
a man of letters. As a "freelance" in a provincial
paper, he achieved a premature local fame, and staggers
the provincial editors by the brilliancy and incisiveness
of his topical paragraphs. As an apprentice in a
lawyer's office he draws up his bills of costs with such
skill that at once he rises ton .salary of ,.-00, where his
older colleagues must be content with a salary of &O-
As the editor of a woman's paper, lie guesses by instinct
the mysteries of the feminine taste and the vagaries of
female fashion.

Combined with this -Gallic versatility -we find an
equalh extraordinary practical ability. Bennett is tin-
ideal exemplar of the new busine.-s man of letters. His
watchword is "efficiency," his object tangible and
material results. He is of the earth, earthy. Other
contemporary writers like Air. Wells may be equally
matter of fact. Mr. Wells also keeps the practical end
in view, but he has social and ethical ideals. He is a
teacher find preacher, a- well as a successful "busines.s
man of letters." We may object to his teaching. He
mav have varied in his preaching; but whether he
preaches the Fabian Gospel of free meals for children
or the Gospel of free love for adults, or the Gospel of
Good will, or tin- Go -pel of the Great Stale, we fee! i!
is always a moral background to bis work. Mr. Bennett
has no such didactic purpose. He may sometimes be
concerned with the. rest heiics of literature, he is never
concerned with it- ethics; he is always concerned with
its economics. Mr. Bernard Shaw, in a recent message
addressed to the German people, claims for the writer
of plays that he is the latter-day prophet and apostle.
Mr. Arnold Bennett would ridicule such a claim, and
he repudiates il in the most candid way in "The Truth
about an Author." "My aim in writing plays, whether
alone or in collaboration, has alw:i\- been strictly com-
mercial. I wanted niuiii-- in heaps, and I wanted adver-
tisement for my book.-." (I'.ige '>?&) I*et us, there-
fore, be under no misconception. On hi.- own admi
sion, the author of " Milestones " write- mainly to mike
money, and to win the kind of fame which is con-
vertible into hard ca.-h. ills scale of liu-rarv value* is
.primarily so many pounds per thousand words, and it
must be confessed that he has raised his s
eiiormouslv. He si tiled nith making a guinea by a
prize e.-.-av; he has finished bv making ten thousand by
a comedy. 'Mr. Bennett may congratulate himself on
such r-iiir : result-, but thc.se who, like the. present

writer, have the profoundest admiration for his mag'nifi-

01? prig? 32.)

OCTOBER 18, 1913

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cent gifts will be most sincere in their regret that he
should have sold his birthright as a man of genius for a
mess of pollage.

VI.

For to this absorption in practical aims \vc can trace
most of the shortcomings and weaknesses of Arnold
Bennell. \Vc may go to him for intellectual stimulus;
ue shall not go to him for inspiration. He seldom
strikes the deeper chords of human nature. He does not
open \\idc vistas. There is little background or perspec-
tive. Then; is infinite wit, tfierc is little humour. It
has been said that the world is a tragedy to those who
feel, and a comedy to (hose who think. -Mr. Bennett
obiiously belongs to the thinking kind, and not to the
felling kind. It is the comic aspect of humanity and
not the tragic, not the lacrimse rerum, which appeals to
him. There is a hardness of touch and absence of emo-
tional vibration even in his best work.

In his autobiography there is an illuminative passage
which illustrates this constitutional and temperamental
dourness :

"My venerable grandfather, who lived at the other
end of the town, had been taken suddenly ill, and was
dying. As his eldest grandson, my presence at the final
scene was indispensable. I went, and talked in low
tones with my elders. Upstairs the old man was fight-
ing for every breath. The doctor descended at intervals
and said that it was only a question of hours. I was
absolutely obsessed by a delicious feeling of the tyranny
of the Press. Nothing domestic could be permitted to
interfere with my duty as a journalist.

'I must write those facetious comments while my
grandfather is dying upstairs.' This thought filled my
brain. It seemed to me to be fine, splendid. I was in-
tensely proud of being laid under a compulsion so
startlingly dramatic. Could I manufacture jokes while
my grandfather expired? Certainly; I was a journalist.
And never since have I been more ardently a journalist
than I was that night and morning. With a strong
sense of the theatrical, I wrote my notes at dawn."

VII.

But if Mr. Bennett's intense realism is a source of
weakness, it is also a source of strength. He has his feet
firmly planted on Mother Earth. To him the one func-
tion of literature is to interpret life as it is, "and not as
it ought to be; its highest achievement is to enlarge our
vision of reality. Bennett believes in the "human
document." From the beginning his sympathies were
with the naturalist school. It is characte'ristic that
already, as a youth of nineteen, he copies the "Assom-
moir," one of the most powerful and one of the most
sordid of Zola's novels, and to this day his gods are
Turgeniev and Maupassant. And when he ventures on
forbidden ground he goes further than Maupassant.
On the risky subject of "La Maison Tellier," Maupas-
sant only dares to give us a short story; Bennett has
given us the longest of his novels.

We may not like "Old Wives' Tales," but in its strict
adherence to reality, in its bold treatment of a delicate
subject, there is not only extraordinary artistic power,
there is also unmistakable moral power. And generally,
although he is never conscious of a moral purpose,
Bennett always reveals in a supreme degree one great
moral virtue, namely, truthfulness and sincerity. He
discards convention. He hates cant and sentiment. He
abhors insincerity. The one duty of the writer is to be
true to himself, as well as true to life.

VIII.

But it is as an artist that Mr. Bennett abole all com-
pels our admiration. He is a craftsman to \his finger-
tips. His French discipline has stood hijjn in good
stead. He has learned from Maupassant and Turgeniev
the sense of form, the skill of constructing a plot, the art
of telling a story. And if he has no exalted moral ideals,
at least he always maintains a high artistic .ideal. 1 "In
literature, but in nothing else," he tells us; "I am a

OCTOBER 18,

HVERYMAX

propagandist." "To have a \vorthless book in my house
(save in the way of business), to know that any friend
of mine is enjoying it, actually distresses me. That
book must go. The pretensions of that book have to be
exposed if I am to enjoy peace of mind."

And as he has a respect for literature, so he has a
reverence for the English language. Even in his most
rapid improvisations he is never slovenly. He holds
that every, author lias a professional duty to the lan-
guage which he inherited from his predecessors, and
which has been perfected by the labours of generations
of artists. If Bennett is not a puritan in his ethics, he
is a purist in his style. For his uniformly high level of
style, for his rare qualities of form, for the excellence
of his workmanship, for those artistic virtues alone,
and for that virtuosity, if for no other, Mr. Bennett
would be entitled to a first place in contemporary letters.

C. S.

FLOWERS OF THE EARTH

FLOWERS of the Earth,

Children begotten of our mother's bliss,

By whose dear mirth

Upon the airs she wafts us a pure kiss,

I. would not have you die

Drooping away, and lie

With those bright cheeks kissed lately of the Sun

Soiled, dishevelled, and dun.

I would avoid that shame;

Therefore I strew you o'er the sharp and quickening

flame."
/

With ritual grave,

With reverent gestures and a holy care,

Each beauty so brave,

Giving its joveliness to the lucid air,

I send back whence it came,

I .give to sacred flame.

Back to the Beauty beauty came to show

Each spirit I bid go,

While from beyond the veil

Rich musics float my nimbler senses to assail.

DARREL FIGGIS.

OUR LITERARY COMPETITION

THREE PRIZES are offered for the best Essays on the

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OCTOBER 18,

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to open a symposium on Education, in which the Editor,
Mr. A. C, 'Benson and Dr. W. H. D. Rouse will take
part, until the question has been very thoroughly
discussed.

The Editor has also arranged a discussion on the
Labour Unrest, which will be opened, it is hoped, by
Mr. H. G. Wells and replied to by Emile Yandervelde,
the Belgian statesman.

The cosmopolitan character of the journal will be
seen by the fact that the next number will include an
admirable essay by Professor Hans Delbriick on
German and English relationships.

It is hoped that the article in this number, "The
Future of the Churches," by the Rev. R. J. Campbell,
will be the first of a series devoted to a discussion on
the Unity of the Churches.

The proprietors hope that a special feature of
EVERYMAN will be Correspondence from their readers,
which they very heartily and earnestly invite. It
should be of some service as a ventilation of questions
from many standpoints, and one of the great features
of this journal will be that it will .have an open platform
where all questions may be discussed freely.

The Editor will endeavour to present his readers with
an artistic story at very frequent intervals.

As has been announced, another feature will be the
inclusion each week of a fine pen-and-ink drawing of
some literary, scientific, or artistic celebrity, of either
modern or past times, bv Mr. Will Rothenstein or some
artist of high standing, thus forming a gallery of
portraits of real value, which will be an unique feature
in journalism.

The following is a. list of contributors already
arranged for :

ENGLISH.

NORMAN ANCELL.

Hon. MAURICE BARING.

Canon WM. BARRY.

HII.AIRE BELLOC.

A. C. BENSON.

Monsignor R. H. BENSON.

Rev. R. J. CAMPBELL.

G. K. CHESTERTON.

KDMVVD GARDNER.

Lord GITTHRIE.

THOMAS HOLMES.

Sir EVERARD IM THURN.

Sir OLIVER LODGE

Rev. NORMAN MACLEAN.

Jonx MASEFIELD.

Professor PHILLIMORE.

STEPHEN REYNOLDS.

ERNEST RHYS.

W. H. D. Roi

Professor G. SAINTSDURY.

THOMAS SECCOMBE.

Sir ERNEST SHACKI.ETON.

ALFRED Ri'SSF.i, WALLACE,

Mrs. SIDNEY WEBB.
H. G. WELLS.
Rev. ALEXANDER WHYTE.
PERCEVAL GIBBON.
Prof. ARTHUR THOMSON.

FOREIGN.

Viscount D'AVENEL.
HENRI BERGSOX.
Professor HANS DELBRUCK.
VICTOR GIRAUD.
Count GOBLET D'ALVIELLA.
Mmc. FELIX FAURE GOYAU.
ALBERT HOUTIN.
Prince KROPOTKIN.
Professor EMILE LEGOUIS.
HENRI LICHTENBERGER.
Baron LUMBROSO.
Count LUTZOW.
MAURICE MAETERLINCK.
ARTHUR LEVY.
HENRI MAZKI..
EMI I.K V \N DERVELDE.
O.M.

OCTOBER >8,

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EVERYMAN

His Life, Work, and Books.

No. 2. Vol.1. [ A V?? E "] FRIDAY, OCTOBER 2S, 1912.

One Penny.

HISTORY IN THE MAKING AG

Notes of the Week . 7 7 37

KROPOTKIN'S "FIELDS, FACTORIES

AND WORKSHOPS"

By Hector Macpherson ... 38

WHY I BELIEVE IN PEACE (Part II.)

By Norman Angell .... 39

EDUCATIONAL SYMPOSIUM

Introduction by The Editor ^ 7 40

I. A. C. Benson .... 40

II. W. H. D. Rouse ... 41

ANNOUNCEMENTS . . , . 42

MAURICE MAETERLINCK . V I 42

PORTRAIT OF MAETERLINCK .' . 43

ENGLAND AND GERMANY

By Prof: Hans Delbriick 7 I 45

FRENCH SUPREMACY IN COOKING

THREATENED . . . .46

CONTENTS

ARTICLES

1. NORMAN ANGELL

2. A. G. BENSON

3. PROF. HANS

DELBRUCK

4. A. HOUTIN

5. Dr. W. H. D. ROUSE

A HUNDRED YEARS AGO

By Count de Segur .

FATHER GAUCHER'S ELIXIR

By A. Daudet . .
MY MOTHER

By Peter Altenbcrg J

THE REAL NEWMAN

By A. Houtin . . ', ~. '. 53

TRUTH AND FICTION AND SIR A.
CONAN DOYLE'S "REFUGEES"

THE GERMAN EMPEROR

By Charles Sarolea , .

THE GOLD IN BOOKS

By Dr. William Barry ... 58

"MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD" . GO
CORRESPONDENCE .... 62
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS . 66

VAOE

i 47
. 49

; 52

HISTORY IN THE MAKING

NOTES OF. THE WEEK.

IN regard to news from the seat of war, the public
would do well to exercise a judicious scepticism.
The censorship is quite draconian in its severity ;
only such items of intelligence are allowed to pass
jvhich satisfy the official men. For on the authority
of Mr. Nevinson (war correspondent of the Daily
Chronicle}, there must be "no unfavourable articles
.written, no descriptions of defeats, no details
as to losses, and no criticisms of the dispositions of
the various armies." As we go to press, news
comes to hand that a big battle has begun in the
neighbourhood of Adrianople. The Turkish troops
are said to be advancing, and the Bulgarians falling
back with heavy losses, which losses are reported to
be 2,000 killed and 4,000 wounded. The Sofia news-
papers report, on the other hand, the capture by Bul-
garians of several important positions round
'Adrianople. The Servian forces seem to have met
with success. They have captured Prishtina and
Kotchana.

The Montenegrins have followed up their earlier
successes by taking the towns of Plava and Gusinje.
!A' Turkish force of 2,000 men, mostly Albanians,
has been ambushed while marching from Plava to
make an attempt to recapture Berans.

The Servian army has also invaded Turkish terri-
tory, but so far the fighting has not been of a serious
nature! The Greeks claim to have gained a brilliant
.victory in the capture of Elassona. The Bulgarian
ports of Varna and Burgas are said to be effectively
blockaded by the Turks : while Greece has declared
an effective blockade of that part of the Adriatic
coast of Turkey lying between Preveza and the
northern end of the island of Corfu.

The Turkish island of Lemnos, in the yEgean Sea,
is blockaded by a Greek squadron, the Commander

having refused to surrender. Greek troops have been
landed oh the island.

A proclamation of British neutrality has been
published.

At Constantinople all does not go well. Fears are
entertained of intervention by another Power
obviously Russia. In view of this, Kiamil Pasha,
President of the Council, appeals to England for fair
play. The appeal is no doubt dictated by the dread
that Russia may take advantage of the drafting of
large numbers of troops into Europe to make a move
on the Asiatic provinces. Another disquieting piece
of news, so far as the Young Turk is concerned, is
the decision to transfer the Ex-Sultan Abdul from
Salonica to Constantinople. In view of the fact that
the President of the Council, Kiamil Pasha, has
always been friendly to Abdul, the decision means
more than appears at first sight. A serious reverse
to. the Turkish arms would be likely to provoke a
revolution on behalf of Abdul, whose presence in
Constantinople would be highly favourable to the de-
signs of his friends.

Emperor William loses no opportunity of magnify-
ing his office. With him the Divine Right theory is
more than a theory. It is a comforting fact. Speak-
ing at the unveiling of the Coligny Memorial at Wil-
helmshaven, he dwelt upon the relation of loyalty
to religion. In his opinion, loyalty to an earthly king
flourished only on soil where faith in the Heavenly
King held sway.

The political world is greatly excited over the
Government's new land policy. The land-owning
section of the Liberal party are strongly opposed to
the method of enquiry which has been adopted. One
member of the party, Sir Herbert Raphael, M.P.,
addressing a Liberal meeting this week, suggested
the appointment of a Royal Commission the enquiry
which precedes legislation should not, in his opinion,
be conducted by party men.

EVERYMAN

OCTOBE* a;, ijlt

The Liberal party is seriously exercised on the
question of foreign policy. The advanced guard have
been dissatisfied for some time with the reticence of
in Office, and have again and again ex-
pressed dissent from the policy of Sir Edward Grey.
The feeling has been accentuated by the letter of
Sir John Brunner, whose position as President of the
National Liberal Federation naturally gives his views
great weight. Sir John emphasised the necessity of
coming to an understanding with Germany. Special
stress is laid upon the necessity of Liberals voting for
the abandonment of the right to capture peaceful
merchantmen on the high seas in time of war. Reso-
lutions on these lines are recommended to all Liberal
associations throughout the country.

In Committee on the Home Rule Bill the House
of Commons on Monday discussed several important
points. A motion was made to exclude Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, and Queen's College, Belfast, from the
jurisdiction of the Irish Parliament.

Mr. John Redmond described the suggestion as
unworthy and intensely offensive. The demand Mr.
Birrell characterised as unreasonable, but in order to
remove apprehensions which did exist, he promised
in the report stage to introduce words which would
exempt Trinity College and prevent the Irish Parlia-
ment diverting the 18,000 a year now payable from
Imperial funds to the Queen's College, Belfast An
equally important matter came up for discussion in a
motion to reserve for the Imperial Parliament the
control over "factories, workshops, and mines, or
other trades or industries in the regulation of hours
of employment or the rate of wages therein." This
was opposed by Mr. Ramsay Macdonald, the Labour
Leader, on the ground that sectarian division would
be greatly lessened by granting Ireland control of her
social and industrial affairs. Mr. Balfour, among
others, joined in the discussion. The amendment was
defeated by 294 to 198 votes.

Representatives of Government departments, muni-
cipalities, education authorities, and shipping organi-
sations were present at a national conference in
London on Monday. A letter was read from the
Chancellor of the Exchequer to the effect that he is
at present in consultation with the Board of Trade
with regard to providing additional monetary assist-
ance "to promote this most important branch of
technical instruction."

An agreement of great importance to the mining
industry was adopted on Monday by the Coal Con-
ciliation Board for the federated districts of England
and North Wales, affecting 400,000 colliery workers.
An increase of wages is to be given to the extent
of one shilling per week, involving a total increase
of 1,000,000 a year.

It is announced that out of friendship for Italy the
French Government will recognise Italian sovereignty
in Lybia without waiting for the regulation of
various questions affecting Tunis and Tripoli.
Preparations are being made for the departure of
Turkish troops from Tripoli.

By an overwhelming vote the British Steel
Sinelters have decided against the federation of all
trade unions in the iron and steel trades. Out of a
membership of 48,000, about 20,000 were opposed to
the scheme.

PRINCE KROPOTKIN ON "FIELDS,
FACTORIES, AND WORKSHOPS"*

By HECTOR MACPHERSON

FOURTEEN years ago Prince Kropotkin published his
epoch-making book, " Fields, Factories, and Work-
shops," in which he gave expression to the view that
the cause of our industrial trouble was our excessive
devotion to Adam Smith's principle of division of,
labour. In Adam Smith's time the principle was
capable of national application, and was productive of
good. But with the rise of full-fledged industrialism
and its embodiment in the factory system, the prin-
ciple of division of labour was interpreted to mean
that a nation like ours, with an aptitude for manufac-
tures, should aim at becoming which, as a result of
the Napoleonic war, it did become the workshop of
the world. As Nature had evidently intended Great
Britain to produce manufactures, so countries like
Russia were meant in the scheme of things to grow
corn for manufacturing countries. Each nation, in
short, was to specialise in its own particular product,
and on the basis of free exchange universal harmony
was to result. TT

Unfortunately, the result of excessive specialisation
is that, in this country, agriculture has been neglected.
Prince Kropotkin maintains that, with the application
of science to agriculture, the soil of Great Britaia
would support all its inhabitants. Compare this with
present conditions, when by wholesale emigration the
rural districts are being depopulated. Moreover,
excessive specialisation in industry, along with a
wretched system of land tenure, is largely, if not
mainly, responsible for the slums in our cities and
towns, which are a frightful commentary upon our
Blue Book records of expanding trade.

III.

Prince Kropotkin's idea is that the watchword of
the future should be not the division, but the integra-
tion of labour. Agriculture should be made the
foundation of national life, and should decide which
village industries will naturally develop. In that way
our manufactures, instead of being wholly dependent
upon a foreign demand with its recurrent crises and
panics of unemployment, would rely upon a steady
domestic demand. The present writer has it on the
authority of a large exporter that in every way the
home trade is more profitable than the foreign trade,
which has assumed its present enormous and risky
proportions mainly because of the low consumptive
power of the home market. Political economy, which
has grown up under the manufacturing regime, has
concentrated its attention almost exclusively upon the
production, to the neglect of the distributiou and
consumption of wealth. In the hands of humanitarian
thinkers, like Prince Kropotkin, economic science is
giving increased attention to the human equations
Neither Free Trade nor Tariff Reform seems capable
of solving the grave problem of the hour. That can
only be done on the lines of a scheme like Prince
Kropotkin's, which, by uniting the bitterest anl
istic factors, agriculture and manufacture, will lay the
foundations of a national life which will bring \\
the reach of all the comforts .and blessings of civilisa-
tion. Prince Kropotkin agrees with Ruskin that
" there is no wealth but life," and " that country ;
richest which nourishes the greatest number of noble,
and happy human beings."

* Published" in Messrs. Nelson's Shilling Library.

OCTOBER y, 1913

EVERYMAN

WHY I BELIEVE IN PEACE > -
NORMAN ANGELL

PART II.

WAR between States, the imposition of mere physical
force by one group upon another, is as ineffective in the
moral as in the economic domain; and it is marked by a
like irrelevancy. Christendom is at the present time
divided by certain conflicting conceptions of life and
society Socialism and Individualism, material and
religious sanctions, and so on. The military conflicts
of Stales cannot advance the understanding of these
problems one iota; it can, and unhappily does, retard
that understanding. Imagine England waging war
in favour of Parliamentary government in Europe
ngainst Germany : we should then be compelling those
in favour of Parliamentary government in" Germany to
fight against those ideas which we desired them to hold.
The thing has, in the opinion of competent judges,
actually happened in history. It is at least arguable
that the Armada gave the coup d? grace to Catholic
domination in England, and compelled the English
Catholics to take up arms in defence of a faith in which
they did not believe. Whether the Admiral who led the
(English navy in the attack on the Catholic Armada was
a Catholic or not, its possibility illustrates my point.
The outcome of force is an accident.

II.

But the peace preparation for conflict operates against
the improvement of ideas as much as war itself. If the
conditions under which men liye together are to im-
prove, their efforts must be directed to social manage-
ment. If their Socialism is not to be a form of slavery,
thi-ii eugenics and the rest of it a very vile form of
tyranny, then their collective effort must be given to
making their Governments and their States an effective
instrument for the management of the community. At
present the States. of Christendom are formed, not even
with the idea of creating an efficient instrument of social
management, but mainly with the idea of enabling them
to wield physical force as against rival States. The
great States of Europe are the outcome of war, not of
peace; the greatest sacrifices made by the peoples of
Europe are not for improvement, but for destruction;
the intensest emotion is centred upon the rivalry of
groups, not upon the improvement of their co-operation.
Political organisation receives its stamp from the needs
of war rather than from the needs of peace. And an
instrument which is the outgrowth of one special condi-
tion, and which is created for one special purpose, is
not likely to work efficiently in an entirely different con-
dition, for an entirely different purpose. At the present
moment, for instance, the British Empire is in the pro-
cess of undergoing a certain transformation. We are
taking steps to render it more centralised, more uniform,
just as the old military States of the Continent are cen-
tralised, and characterised by great uniformity. These
qualities may be good or bad, but my point is that the
steps we are taking are not the outcome of social needs,
they have not been prompted in the remotest way by
any intention of better social management they have
slmplv been prompted by the desire to have a more effi-
cient instrument wherewith to exercise physical force
ngainst .other groups.

And that force, when exercised, whether in the
material or in the moral fields, is both ineffective and
irrelevant. Ineffective, futile, for the reasons which I
have detailed elsewhere. If we can imagine a complete
victory of England over Germany, or of Germany over
England, the victor could not achieve by that victory
any object which would add to the well-being of his

people. Irrelevant, because tho real struggle of man-
kind, the better understanding' of the facts of the uni-
verse, which enable men to carry on together their light
with Nature, anil to live together the fullest live.-, during
that light, is not advanced.

III.

Despite ourselves, the nations of Christendom have
liccoine. dependent the one upon the other, and yet they
are not a community; and they are not a com-
munitv because no community can be formed
where the units adhere to the use of force the
one against the other. You cannot form so much as a
pirate crew if the members refuse to act upon some sort
of an agreement; if each is in danger of being knifed
at any moment by his fellow, if they cannot depend
upon abiding by some sort of an agreement concerning
discipline, and the division of spoil, they cannot even
carry on piracy.

IV.

The first step, therefore, towards the creation of a
community is the realisation on the part of the units of
the advantage of acting 1 together, and the disadvantage
of using force as between themselves. So long as each
says, "I am as strong as the rest, and I will enforce
my view with the knife," no civilisation will be possible :
it is the creed of the Congo and of Borneo. But it is
also the creed of our opponents. They say, ''If you
believe yourselves right, and the others wrong, light."
So says and acts the Dervish, who slits the throat of the
Christian infidel. And it is the creed which makes
Turkey, and Albania, and Macedonia.
i

To this our opponents rejoin, ''Should not nations,
then, defend themselves if they arc attacked ? " Of
course they should. The Christian, who does not urge
the use of force, and is consequently justified in trying
to prevent its use against himself, should defend him-
self against the Dervish, and, if need be, kill him. The
plea for force in the matter of ideals really amounts to
this : "Kill the man who docs not live like you, destroy
nationalities." For if the political creed of Christendom
did not justify this, there would be no need for men
to defend their spiritual possessions by force, or for the
smaller peoples to fight for their nationalities.

VI.

When Europe, as the result of a better understanding,
a more informed public opinion, realises that it is belter
not to use force in these matters, we shall have achieved
an added guarantee for the survival of the highest
political ideals.

Christendom has already reached that point in the
matter of religious beliefs the whole paraphernalia of
force in religious matters, the inquisitions and the wars,
and the rest, have been abandoned. We desire to arrive
, at a like step in the matter of political differences. And
that not merely because the replacing of conflict by co-
operation will add to the material wealth of the great
mass, and so give an added chance to the widening of
their lives, the bringing into them of greater variety, the
possibility of leisure, education, travel, adventure; not
merely because the complcter conquest of nature implies
the completer conquest of disease and discomfort and
pain; but because it also implies the completer realisa-
tion of those essentials of human intercourse upon which
depend the quality of the ultimate realities of human
life.

EVERYMAN

OcTOBrs 5;, 1512

AN EDUCATIONAL SYMPOSIUM

INTRODUCTION BY THE EDITOR.

A^ONV.ST the many problems which force themselves on
the attention of Kvi KV.MA.V, that of Secondary Educa-
tion Reform is entitled to a front place. There are few
national activities in which drastic changes are more
urgently needed. There are few subjects about which
it is more necessary to clear up our thoughts and to
speak out the truth.

And there is probably no man living better qualified
than Mr. A. C. Benson to open a discussion. The
eminent son of an illustrious father, who was himself a
headmaster of Eton before he became Primate of
England, Mr. A. C. Benson, also a former master in
the same school, and at present a tutor and lecturer in
Magdalfii College, Cambridge, has a personal and inti-
mate knowledge of the educational organisation. That
a man who has thus inherited the public school tradition,
who has been imbued from childhood with the classical
spirit, and who is pre-eminently a man of balanced judg-
ment and of Conservative instinct, should rise in rebel-
lion against the old system, is indeed a sign of the times.

From the first line to the last, Mr. Benson's Intro-
ductory paper is a protest against the monopoly of the
Classical Languages, against the system of classical com-
pulsory feeding, which forces Greek and Latin down the
throats of reluctant and refractory schoolboys. He
convincingly shows how the present tyranny sacrifices
the vital needs of an overwhelming majority to the
literary luxuries of a few chosen prize boys. He shows
bow, as the ultimate result, the present conditions
deaden the intellectual curiosity of the average boy, and
how they inevitably transform the public school into
mere athletic gymnasia and into fashionable boarding-
schools.

To put an end to an effete system, Mr. Benson sug-
gests the substitution of a civic education by the
State. Most reformers will agree with him that there
lies the true remedy. For what is wrong in the public
schools is not only what they teach or what they fail to
teach; what is wrong Ls the spirit and the atmosphere of
the schools themselves. What is wrong is that they arc
not really, as they rail themselves, "public " schools, but
"private '' schools, the schools of a caste, controlled by
a "Trade Union," schools which are an appendage of
the Anglican hierarchy and of the squirearchy.

There is no reason why in the schools of the future
the study -of the classics should be abandoned for the
study of purely utilitarian subjects. Indeed, I am con-
vinced that classical culture is the first to suffer from
the classical monopoly; in the reformed education of to-
morrow, the ancient humanities will be better taught
than in the present-day public schools. Mr. Rouse, in
the suggestive paper which follows up Mr. Benson,
shows how the classics could be taught without detri-
ment to modern subjects, and could be brought into
relation to present-day life.

THE BANKRUPTCY OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION

By A. C. BENSON

1 HAVF. ufti n ;';)<, tight thai of all the unfortunate names
for hurniless and necessary things the title of Secondary
Education is the worst; it overwhelms the mind with a

sense both of dulness and unimportance. As a matter
of fact, it is not a name for a definite thing at all; it is
simply a kind of ct cetera, a rough designation for all
education that cannot be defined as Primary.

It is this weltering mass of curricula, utilitarian aims,
intellectual ideals, traditions, authorities, monopolies,
that needs organising and co-ordinating. It is not an
Augean stable at all, but it is a scene of misunderstand-
ing, futile collision, dull obstruction, reactionary preju-
dice. It is time for the State to lay down a plan of
civic education, for that is what the absurd confusion
is dimly aiming at; to say what the average citizen is
to be taught, and at the same time carefully to safe-
guard and foster special aptitudes and intellectual
abilities.

II.

Now, in the present chaos, intellectual ability is very,
fairly provided for, and the rest of secondary education
is ruthlessly sacrificed to provide for that. The victims
of secondary education, the boys who come off badly,
are the average boys. They, as a rule, are put to work
at things only suited for boys of special ability; and the
excuse that is made is that it is necessary to maintain a
high ideal of intellectual culture. Secondary education
is, in fact, a monopoly, and it is in the hands of what
is really a Trades Union, which is none the less 'tyranni-
cal in its exercise of power, because that power is not
consciously applied. The teachers are drawn from the
men who have been brought up under the old system,
and they are naturally only capable of teaching the sub-
jects they have learned. Thus, the system gets auto-
matically perpetuated, because there is no organised
pressure to make the teachers reform their aims and
methods. This pressure can only be applied by the
State, because the parents who have themselves
suffered under the established system have no clear
idea what they want, though they have a very clear idea
that they have been inefficiently taught.

If we track the evil to its source, it is probably the
older universities which are responsible for the worst of
the confusion. They impose on the public schools a
certain curriculum by maintaining compulsory classics;
that affects the public schools, and the other schools to
a great extent follow suit. A classical education is a
thing for specialists. Boys of real linguistic and literary
ability can be effectively trained in the classics; though
even so the best classical education is a very incomplete
thing, even from the classical point of view-, and leaves
wide tracts of literature unexplored. But for aver-
age boys, the classics, taught grammatically and
on literary lines, provide a very elaborate and wakeful
method of taking up the time of boys, obliterating their
intellectual curiosity, and leaving them with no residue
of efficiency or interest.

The ordinary man, when he comes to take his place
in the ranks of wage-earners, ought to be able to write
and spell his own language accurately, and to be able
to express himself clearly in English; he ought to know
something of our great national literature, including the
Bible. He ought to be able to calculate in arithmetic
rapidly and correctly; he ought, if possible, to be able
to read easy French, and even to write it; he ought to
know something of the world's history, and of its pre-
sent conditions; to have a good knowledge of modern
geography, and of popular science. He would then be
a soundly educated man.

111.

How much of this is attained by secondary educa-
tion? Very little, indeed, it must be confessed. It is
an ample curriculum for ordinary minds, and, if

fCTOISR = 5, 1)11

EVERYMAN

AN EDUCATIONAL SYMPOSIUM (continued)

firmly grasped, it would produce a thoroughly efficient
man.

But the effect of the curriculum, as it is administered,
is to produce a certain number of able boys, and to
leave the mass both inefficient and uninterested. The
real deficiency is the total lack of acquaintance with
modern conditions, ideas, and problems; and if we are
to hold our own in the competition of nations, if we are
to retain a foremost place, we must bring up our citizens
to be efficient, and to know what is going on. We can-
not allow a classical ideal of culture, not understood or
felt or attained by most of its victims, to thrust all these
urgent and complicated questions into the background.

Of course, it is true that much depends upon the per-
sonality of teachers; a good teacher can do more with
a bad curriculum, to make minds active and alert, than
a bad teacher can do with the best curriculum. It is
the effect of our many good teachers, trained in numerous
instances on classical lines, which conceals from us how
ill adapted the whole system is to educate ordinary
minds. Hut it the universities would set the example of
modernising the curriculum, giving more alternatives
and higher standards, good teacher* trained on modern
lines would very soon be forthcoming.

IV.

Another thing which hides from us the deplorable
intellectual results of the present system is the fact that
the secondary schools pay very careful attention to
physical well-being and sound morality. Thus, the
product of the secondary schools is a well-developed,
energetic, and manly type, which believes in health and
strength, in honour and virtue; what it docs not believe j
in is iri'lellecttnl force. Il remembers with pleasure -the
physical exercise and tin- soei:i! activity of school life;
it remembers with indifference and boredom its hours
of intellectual work, because the secondary teachers do
not, as they do with physical exercise, recognise what
the boys enjoy, and build up their training upon that;
they force upon the boy. subjects which he docs not
enjoy, and which lie does not even feel to be useful.
Intellectual work must be built upon use and enjoyment;
but, as it is, the best result of the curriculum is that
you may get boys capable of doing work conscientiously
in which the}' are not in the faintest degree interested.
Intellectual curiosity is not only not encouraged, it is
faithfully and elaborate!, extinguished, because subjects
are not sought which the boys can master and feel at
home in, but subjects which are outside the range of
comprehension and mastery.

What then I plead fur is the State settlement of a
plan of civic education, based upon modern conditions !
and modern needs. The State has ever}- right to insist
that its citizens shall be made efficient; it is for the
schoolmasters lo see that intellectual interests shall not
be neglected. We cannot afford to follow a laissez-faire
policy any longer. Life tinder modern conditions is a

y competitive business. We must frankly recognise
that first; and next we must not continue to think so
mean!}- of the intellfctti.il capacities of our race. School-
masters are too apt !r, say of boys without any very
marked aptitude that it does not much matter wha't
they are taught. It does matter very much, because it
is in the school day.-, that intellectual habits are formed.
If we pay so much atrenlion to physique and character,
ran we ! excused for neglecting the intellectual side?

The organisation is all ready to hand; the grave fault
of the system is its intellectual cynicism. It seems to
me that the time has come for the State to intervene,
and to say peremptorily that education shall face the
problems of the present,' instead of dawdling among the
memories of the past."

II.

HOW TO SAVE THE CLASSICS

By W. II. D. ROUSE .

MK. HI-VSON has stated clearly some of the faults of oiir
educational system. I call it a system, not a muddle,
as it is often called, because, thanks to centralised
examinations, it has become a sjstem, very rigid and
hard to change. Hut I am not quite so hopeful as he-
is that the State will be a Ueus ex Machina. In sonic
respects it is a diabolus ex mac.hina. Thus the Act of
190.% well meant, and excellent in many respects, had
a fatal flaw 'in placing education under the control ol
the uneducated; local bodies are not only unfit to control
education, but they allow political intrigue, and even
personal spite, to influence them in this department, as in
others of their activity. The State, again, too often
means the Minister, and he is too often the puppet in
the hands of men who will use our schools as a pawn in
the game of politics; the most glowing instance of this
are the twenty-five per cent, free places. If the State
meant a competent Minister, with power to act a,s
reason to direct, that would be another thing. The
State has done a great deal of good, but it has also done
much harm, and it may do more.

For one thing, it is likely that a vague cry, like
Modernise the Curriculum, would be popular; and yet
it might be made to cover a great deal of foolishness.
These words generally mean, Cut out the Classics
first .they are not modern; put in every kind of natural
science that is supposed to be modern; and let all
your training be directed to earning monev. Nov.-, it is
not certain that all good things are modern and all old
things bad; and it is quite certain that, in so far as the
learner is conscious of the motive to earn money, his
education suffers. He learns an accomplishment for
an ulterior end; and the means, whether it be book-
keeping, or botany, or Latin verses, or football, is
merely thought of in connection with the end. Kut
education should be the cultivation of all the faculties
for the pleasure of using them well. Professionalism
spoils football, and it spoils everything else in the same
way.

II.

My own idea of what is wanted is a scheme which
shall include, as far as possible, all faculties of body and
mind; the scheme as a whole, and each part of it,
beginning with bodily action, and leading up to mental
action, moral habits being formed at the same time by
the process. I would include not only natural science,
of such kinds as are suited to the young, but a large
proportion of literary training, and this for two reasons :
lirst, because this alone teaches how to express what is
in oneself, and secondly, because this alone reveals to
us the best thoughts of others. And I would include
not only modern languages, as the gate to knowledge
of our fellow-creatures and sympathy with them, but
ancient languages, as the key to the past on which
our present is built up.

Foreign languages, indeed, arc indispensable, if we
arc to learn how to see what our thoughts really are;
and Greek and Latin are indispensable, because modern
languages are too like our own to give the searching
analysis which is necessary to full knowledge. The
practise of expression in Greek or Latin is indeed
invaluable, because these languages are so direct and
simple that we must say exactly what we think, whereas
modern languages are all cumbered with verbiage and
dead metaphors which obscure thought. But to attain
this end, Greek and Latin must be taught naturally,
both by speech and writing, so that the learner mav

EVERYMAN

OCTOBER 23,

AN EDUCATIONAL SYMPOSIUM

(continued)

truly express his own thoughts; and by this means he
will" naturally attain to an understanding of ::r
literature, which contains, in compact form, stores of
wisdom and close observation of human nature.

III.

It is here that I venture to differ from Mr. Benson.
I agree fully that the end is not attained by the common
grammar .uul case-exercise grind; but I know that it
is attained by the natural method of speech. And so
tauyht, they are accessible not only to the clever boy,
but to those of moderate ability.

Hence I plead for classical study, but I ask only for
a very moderate allowance of time, which will leave
enough for English, modern languages, and natural
science, those modern subjects so dear to this genera-
tion. This study is, indeed, peculiarly needed now, in
an age of materialism and sentiment; for they represent
the ideal, and they deal with real human feeling, not
with sentiment or humbug.

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MAURICE MAETERLINCK
i.

To an outside observer the biography of Maeterlinck
serins without incident and almost without events.
His life flows like a tranquil river with clear and deep
waters through a verdant plain. The only events of
his external life, in intimate communion with Nature,
are the succession of seasons, the annual migra-
tions from town to country, from the North to
the South of France. The only events of his
intellectual life are the dates of publication of his
works, which mark the stages of his literary career
like the milestones on a triumphal road. But that
even and uniform external life conceals an adventurous '
inner life, filled with vicissitudes, culminating in crises
and sudden catastrophes, in developments and re-
newals, in revolutions of thought and revelations of
love. What an enormous distance between the start-
ing point and the final goal, between the spectral and
terrifying world of the " Princess Maleine " to the
luminous and joyous visions of " Joyzelle " and
" Monna Vanna," from the " Treasure of the Humble "
to the " Buried Temple " ! And is it not his own per-
sonal experience which he has summed up, when he
lays down this proposition, which reappears like a
" leitmotiv " in the " Treasure of the Humble " and in
" Wisdom and Destiny " : that the only true human
dramas are the dramas of the Soul, and that the least
interesting, the most monotonous, the dullest lives, like
that of Charlotte Bronte, are often the most intense,
those which are richest in movement and passion ?

II.

A Fleming like de Koster, like Rodenbach, like
Verhaeren, like Van Lerberghe, like Eeckhoud, sin-
gularly enough like most Belgian writers who use
French as the vehicle of their thought, born in 1862,
in Ghent, the ancient and glorious and turbulent city
of Van Artevelde and Charles V., Maeterlinck always
remained loyal to the spirit of his native city, and his
greatness, like that of the writers whom I have just
mentioned, is precisely due to that loyalty which he
has retained to the spirit of his country. He has
not, like the Belgian writers of the Walloon provinces,
allowed his personality and his originality to be sub-
merged by French or Belgian influences. He will
be in the history of French letters the representative
of the Flemish people, the admirable product of the
cross fertilisation of the Teutonic genius, refined in
the Flemish people by centuries of culture.
Descended, like Goethe, from an old family of
honest burgesses, Maeterlinck owes to his descent'
a rich inheritance of solid qualities, of practical
sense, of ponderation, and that faculty of patient
and minute observation which is revealed in "The
Life of the Bee " : in one word, all those gifts which
have, as it were, ballasted the winged imagination of
the poet. And, finally, a Catholic and a pupil of the
Jesuits, he owes to his religious education the pre-
occupation of what is beyond ratiocination, the meta-
physical need, the comprehension of the spiritual life,
and of the candid faith of the simple and of the
humble, and when in later life he rejected the super-
natural, he retained the sense of mystery, and his soul
continued to hatmt the ruins of Gothic cathedrals.

III.

To indulge the wishes of his family, Maeterlinck
followed the study of Law, and eventually became a
member of the Ghent Bar. He is even said to have

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EVERYMAN

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EVERYMAN

OCTOBER ., igi

MAURICE MAETERLINCK (continued)

pleaded in the Flemish language the cause of the
.widow and the orphan. But the pedantry and the
formalism of the professors of Ghent University, as
he has often confided to the writer of these pages,
inspired in him a profound repugnance for jurispru-
dence, and already on the college benches Maeter-
linck turned away from a legal career, with its lucra-
tive prizes, towards the distant and uncertain future
of Art and Poetry.

He started in his literary career at the critical and
decisive moment when his native country was passing
through a complete social and intellectual transforma-
tion. In the admirable outburst of talent, which is
called " Young Belgium," the first writings of Maeter-
linck compelled attention and revealed a new and
mysterious force. But it is highly probable that his
original and strange genius, both simple and complex,
both naive and subtle, would not have been known
outside the esoteric circle of a happy few, and that
it could not for a very long time have imposed
itself to universal admiration, without the famous
article of Octave Mirbeau, published in the Figaro
in the month of August, in the year of grace 1890.
Tin's article revealed to the world that a new Shake-
speare had just apeared in Belgian Gaul. Hitherto
almost unknown, Maeterlinck, at twenty-eight years,
owing to that paper of Mirbeau, suddenly became a
star of the first magnitude : a memorable example, let
it be said in passing, of the influence of literary criti-
cism on the fate of literary masterpieces.

IV.

The clarion ring of Mirbeau is like an appeal from
literary France to young Belgium. Maeterlinck
answers the appeal, and accepts the invitation which
is sent to him by France, ever generous and hospit-
able to genius. He leaves Belgium ; but he leaves it
not like a writer uprooted from his native soil, but
like an ambassador who continues to represent and to
defend abroad the dignity of the country which sends
him. Henceforth Maeterlinck will be in France and
in the world the plenipotentiary of Belgian letters.
Moreover, although he settles in Paris, he will not
'lose himself, like so many other poets, in the whirl of
IParisian life. He will not compromise his originality.
He will not allow himself to be turned away from his
path either by the flattery of literary circles or by the
ridicule of the boulevards. As a dramatist, he will
content himself with gathering psychological docu-
ments, and to study the infinitely diverse stage of life.
'As a thinker and moralist, he will be content to
observe with the detachment of the contemplative
mind the most prodigious human agglomeration of
our planet. But the observation of the human hive
turns him so little away from his habitual occupations
that he continues to investigate in his Paris study, in
his glass hives, the manners and habits of the City of
Bees.

The ten years passed in Paris are decisive for the
intellectual formation of Maeterlinck, and mark the
maturity of his genius. In the full consciousness and
possession of his powers, in the radiation of glory
which, like dawn, illumines his youth, and soon after,
in the burning rays of a great love, his thought ex-
pands, his art becomes stronger and more precise,
.more simple and expressive, and reveals itself in

works more and more exquisite, more and more
harmonious in form, more and more simple and
classical, the marvellous blossom of his fortieth year.

But in the very zenith of his fame, Maeterlinck
deserts the capital which acclaims him. Even so the
Roman general returned to his plough on the morrow
of a victory. For Maeterlinck, more so even than
his friend and countryman, Verhaeren, has a horror
of the " ville tentaculaire " the " tentacular " cities
and he has the yearning and the nostalgia
for Nature. The artist who has written admir-
able pages on Silence has fled notoriety and
noise with as much eagerness as Victor Hugo
sought them. Henceforth Maeterlinck lives in
the solitude of the country, propitious to long and
deep meditation. In his biennial migrations he
follows the sun in his course. At the approach of
winter he migrates south with the swallows. \Yith
the return of spring he ascends again to the north.

VI.

And as if everything were to be pre-established
harmony in this so-well-ordained existence, and as if
to provide appropriate surroundings for his genius,
Maeterlinck divides the year between the Mediaeval
and Gothic Abbey de Saint Wandrille and the sunny
mansion of Grasse. The ruins of St. Wandrille and
Grasse, the City of Flowers! Do these names not
symbolise, and do not they render visible the two con-
tradictory forms of that complex genius, both
romantic and classical? on the one hand, the feudal
ruin, inhabited by ghosts and tragic memories ; and,
on the other hand, the perfumed hillsides of Pagan
Provence.

VII.

Thus appears to us in broad outline the life of
Maurice Maeterlinck, and the beauty, the simplicity,
and the harmony of this life make us surmise that the
man is even superior to the writer. No one who has
had the privilege of meeting the author of
" Wisdom and Destiny " but has been at once con-
quered by the charm and the moral strength which
emanates from his personality, and has been fascinated
by the hypnotism of his limpid and steady glance.

The superficial reader who would try to form an
image of Maeterlinck from his first drama would
probably represent him under the traditional figure of
the romantic or decadent poet, pallid and dishevelled,
Bohemian and neurotic. It is useless to say that
Maeterlinck does not in the least resemble this
imaginary portrait. The dramatist who has evoked
so many phantoms and visions of terror has nothing
about him which is either spectral or transparent, and
he does not inspire any terror.

VIII.

Physically, Maeterlinck is a solid and almost stolid
country gentleman, fond of outdoor sports, a fervent
lover of boxing, of the motor-car, and especially of
the motor-bicycle. And that idealist poet is, in real
life, a man of strict order and almost a business man.
To borrow an expression from Nietzsche, he comes
nearer to the " Apollinian " than to the " Dionysian "
type. He has more affinity with Goethe than with
Baudelaire or Verlaine. Like Goethe, he has prac-
tised his theories, he has lived his philosophy. He is
the wise man who knows how to vanquish and control
destiny.

OCTOBER

EVERYMAN

ENGLAND AND GERMANY
PROF. HANS DELBRUCK

-* BY

(Professor of History in University of Berlin,",
^Editor of "Die Preiissisclie Jalirbiichcr" '

THE majority of Germans believe that the strained
relations with Britain are due to British jealousy of the
enormous increase of German industry and German
trade. This increase is, in point of fact, so consider-
able that in certain branches British production has
already been surpassed by German. If Britain were
actually planning to attack and defeat Germany on this
account, with the idea of gaining for herself the present
German export trade with all its advantages, then all
hope of bettering the present state of affairs would
be destroyed. For it is certain that the progress
of German economic life will not be arrested, but
that it will, on the contrary, develop more and more.
.Britain's jealousy would therefore have to go on
increasing, until finally the catastrophe was brought
about.

But the entire supposition is a false one. In Germany
the circle is ever widening of those who recognise that
.British competitive jealousy, if it exists at all, is far
outweighed by the friendship which every merchant has
for his customer. Germany is one of the largest con-
sumers of British goods, and the richer Germany grows,
the better customer does she become to Britain. It is
certain that a war between the tioo nations will never
arise from purely economic reasons.

Exactly the same may be said with regard to the fear
of many British people that Germany is preparing an
attack on Britain, to make a great raid for the sake of
plunder, to impose a huge war indemnity, or to force
Britain to cede certain of her colonies. Even assuming
that such a plan were in keeping with the German
national character, that it were practicable, and that it
were to succeed, there is nothing more certain than that
Germany would have no benefit from her gains, but
would have to pay dearly for them. For a victory over
Britain would give Germany the supremacy in Europe.
Europe, however, has never yet submitted to such
supremacy, and would unite to punish and suppress
Germany, just as she did with Louis XIV. and
Napoleon I.

Neither Britain nor Germany intends war against the
other. The real reason of the strain is that, to protect
her growing trade in the first instance, and later to safe-
guard her interests in world-politics, Germany has built
a powerful fleet, and Britain feels that this fleet is a
check and a menace to her. The German fleet is not
large enough to be able ever to weaken Britain's naval
power, but it is large enough to cause her serious trouble
if her attention were taken up with fighting in any other
part of the world. I do not, indeed, wonder that the
British nation should dislike this, but the British nation
in its turn should understand that Germany cannot help
herself. The German Empire has practically no
colonies. It is true that, in spite of its sixty-five million
inhabitants, it has no surplus population, scarcely any
emigration (about 25,000 yearly), and, on the other
hand, a very large immigration. Yet it requires
colonies, because it has a very large surplus among its
upper classes. The excellent educational institutions
of Germany are well known : primary and secondary

schools, technical colleges and universities. Thousands
of foreigners Russians, Americans, Asiatics come to
study in Germany (this year there are as rrany as 5,400),
and the more intelligent among the lower classes of the
nation are continually rising to swell the ranks of the
university-educated. Almost thirty per cent, of the
students of Berlin University are drawn from the lower
classes. In the last three years the population of
Germany has increased four per cent., while the number
of students increases four per cent, every year, and it
has been calculated that even at the present clay
Germany has already 10,000 students too many. With
these splendidly trained young men Germany would be
in a position to govern and to civilise many millions of
people of inferior race or of less advanced civilisation, as
the British are doing in India, Egypt, South Africa, and
the Soudan. But ever since Germany has begun to
make active efforts to obtain possessions of this kind it
has been our experience that England again and again
comes in our way, and is endeavouring, as far as she
can, to make the whole world British. Even at this
moment England would appear to be working to bring
part of Persia and Tibet under her dominion, and further
divisions or redistributions are always in prospect. In
order that they may not fare badly on such occasions in
the future, the Germans have been obliged to build their
great fleet. This step cannot be retraced. The question
now is, what can be done, in spite of the existence of the
German fleet, to better the relations between Britain and
Germany? Mr. Asquith said recently that the territory
and dominion of England were sufficiently great, and
she could not desire to go on increasing her responsi-
bilities. The truth of this statement is obvious.
Already 400 millions, i.e., one-quarter of the whole
human race, are under British rule. But the course of
events is often stronger than human wishes; and it may
be that, not because she desires it, but because she
cannot help herself, England will bring still further
territories under the protection of her flag. But in that
case she should remember that the Germans too are a
great nation, who have their own claims, and are
entitled to have them. The relations between the two
countries would at once become less strained if we in
Germany could feel assured that Britain Avas no longer
opposing our expansion, but, on the contrary, was
furthering it in a spirit of friendship, free of competitive
jealousy; in other words, that in any future extension
of dominion on the part of England or any other great
Power, Germany should not be denied her share. As
soon as the Germans see that this principle is recognised
in England, the insistence of public opinion that the
fleet continue to be further strengthened will relax an
insistence which has been assuming most passionate
form since the interference of England in the Franco-
German Morocco compromise. And when Germany
begins to experience not only the glory which a large
colonial empire brings with it, but also the burdens
which it entails, she will of her own accord in so far set
bounds to her ambition that England will have no
further cause for anxiety.

EVERYMAN

OdOttK

, I'j'.l

FRENCH SUPREMACY IN
COOKING THREATENED

AND

THE NINETEEN PRECEPTS OF THE FRENCH GOURMET

Tin: French nation have suddenly awakened to a great
national peril. French supremacy is threatened in the
most important and the most practical of all the arts :
an art in which it is recognised by the universal
consent of civilised humanity : the noble art of
ng. It is becoming increasingly apparent that
French cooking is steadily and rapidly deteriorating.
The good old traditions are giving way before new-
fangled inventions. The subtle and delicate alchemy of
Yatel is being replaced by poisonous chemical prepara-
tions. Whether the deterioration is due to the whole-
sale exodus of the great French "chefs," who are bribed
in their thousands by English and American plutocrats,
or whether it is due to the invasion of English tourists
with barbarous palates, or whether it is due to the
establishment of big cosmopolitan hotels, one fact seems
certain : it is more and more difficult to get a good
French dinner either in Paris or in one of the provincial
centres, and the best traditions are only maintained in
those little out-of-the-way inns which have not yet
suffered from the alien invasion.

To meet this imminent peril a Society has been re-
cently constituted, which may be- best described as a
Committee of national defence for the preservation of
the culinary art. For the last few months travellers in
France may have been puzzled by the appearance of
motor-cars with the inscription in brass letters, "Club
des Cent." This mysterious inscription is the title of
the new Association. Its members combine a love for
motoring with a love for good cooking, and to qualify
for membership they must have covered at least forty
thousand miles, and must have won an approved reputa-
tion as culinary experts ! The connection between a
passion for motoring and a passion for good cooking
may not seem self-evident, but on closer examination
it is obvious that the motorist has more frequent and
more varied opportunities than any other French citizen
of studying in every part of France the progress and
decline of the national art. And not only has he a better
chance of studying the evil, but he has also a greater
power to counteract it. For motorists form a powerful
freemasonry, whose support or hostility can make or
unmake the fortunes of practically all the provincial
hotel keepers of the French Republic.

It seemed impossible to us to let such an important
international event ns the formation of the Club des
Cent pass without due notice, and we shall certainly
have a further opportunity To return to this important
topic. But for our present purpose it may be sullicient
to warn our readers against two misconceptions. The
Club des Cent will probably be suspected of being an
exclusive and aristocratic institution. For motorists
who both have covered forty thousand miles and arc
adepts in the culinary art are not likely to be recruited
from the ranks of the democracy. Yet the new Club is
entirely democratic in sympathy and tendency. For it,
combats the expensive bold and patronises 1lic clieap
little inn. With equal injustice would the Club des'
Cent be suspected of unmitigated materialism. As a
matter of fact, it is imbued with high ideals. How high
those ideals are will appear from the following precepts,
which it has adopted as its guiding principles. They
arc well worthy of the closest attention of our female
readers who want to become adepts in the culinary art.

THE NINETEEN PRECEPTS OF THE FRENCH GOURMET.

1. The "Club des Cent" especially favours the good
small hotels, the good little inns kept by the "patron."

2. We only recommend costly hotels on condition that
their luxury is not paid at the expense of sane cooking.

We feed on beef-steaks and not on Louis XV. arm-
chairs.

3. The hotel which is only clean, but where one dors
not eat to perfection, is nothing but a clean hole (n'c.st
qu'une boite propre).

4. In a good hotel the guest is personally welcomed
by the "patron."

5. Le Club des Cent insists on the good old French
cooking.

d. (Jood French cooking is always made with fresh
ingredients, fresh vegetables, fresh eggs, fresh !'
fresh milk.

7. One recognises a good hotel from the quail
the coffer it supplies. No chicory ! Coffee is
slowly, with boiling water. Any coffee prepared !>'
hand is necessarily bad coffee.

8. No hotel keeper who has not got some speciality,
some receipt in which he excels, is worthy of the
support of the Club des Cent.

9. The hotel keeper who docs not preserve somewhere
in his cellar some fine old bottles for the consumption of
the connoisseur is only a vile tradesman.

10. French cooking ignores soups bought in b'
or in tins at the grocer's.

11. Down with gelatine! Down with the glue made
of fish bones ! Any gelatine concoction is a nest of
microbes.

12. No chemical extracts !

13. No sauces fabricated in factories !

14. For the preparation of meals the "Club des Cent''
does not admit of any other factory but the kitchen
(n'admet pas d'autre mine quc la cuisine].

15. Cooking on a large scale is generally the enemy
of good cooking.

16. Down with cookery schools invented in :
countries where one docs not know how to cat ! Cook-
ing cannot be learned in a school. One only learns 1o
cook by having a taste for delicate food, and bv experi-
ence acquired in a good French kitchen.

17. A cook is not an artisan, but an artist. The coolt
who considers himself merely an artisan ought to
change his trade. He is not worthy of his noble
profession.

18. Choose the personnel of your kitchen in your own
country. The Club des Cent refuses to patronise inn-
keepers who employ people with queer accents. Let
the Swiss stay in Switzerland, the Italians in Italy, and
the Frenchmen in France.

WIT AND WISDOM OF HENRY JAMES

"To be young anil elastic, and yet old enough aud
wise enough to discriminate and reflect, and to come to
Italy for the first lime that's one of the greatest plea-
sures life has to offer us.''

"She's like a revolving lighthouse: pilch darkness
alternating with a <!.izzling brilliancy."

"The winter was not over, but t.he spring had begun,
and the smoky London air allowed the balled cilixens,
by way of a change, to see through it. The town could
refresh its recollections of the sky, and the sky could
ascertain the geographical position of the town. The
essential dimness of the low perspectives had by no
means disappeared, but it had loosened its fo!>'
lingered as a blur of mist, interwoven with prett
lints and faint transparencies. There was warmth and
there was light, and a view of the shutters of shops, and
the church bells were ringing."

"There are not five people In the world who really

for me." " l\',;illy care? I am afraid you look too

close. And then I think five good friends is'a very large

number. I think myself very well off with hall' 'a one.

But if you arc friendless, Li's probably your own fault."-

OCTOBER 35, 1912

EVERYMAN

A HUNDRED YEARS AGO: THE ENTRANCE INTO Moscow

BY COUNT DE SEGUR

THAT very clay (September 141!), 1812) Napoleon, being
at length persuaded that Kutusoff had not thrown him-
self on his right flank, rejoined his advance guard. He
mounted his horse a few leagues from Moscow. He
inarched slowly and cautiously, sending scouts before
him to examine the woods and the ravines, and to ascend
all the eminences to look out for the enemy's army. A
battle was expected; the ground was favourable; works
had been begun, but had all been abandoned, and we
experienced not the slightest resistance.

At length the last eminence only remained to be
passed; it is contiguous to Moscow, which it commands.
It is called the Hill o/ Salvation, because, on its summit,
the inhabitants, at sight of their holy city, cross and
prostrate themselves. Our scouts had soon gained the
top of the hill. It was two o'clock. The sun" caused
this great city to glisten with a thousand colours.
Struck with astonishment at the sight, they paused,
exclaiming " Moscow ! Moscow I " Everyone quickened
their steps; the troops hurried on in disorder; and the
whole army, clapping their hands, repeated with joy,
"Moscow! Moscow! " just as mariners shout "Land!
land ! " at the conclusion of a long and toilsome voyage.

II.

At the sight of this gilded city, of this brilliant
knot uniting Asia and Europe, of this magnificent em-
porium of the luxury, the manners, and the arts of the
two fairest divisions of the globe, we stood still in proud
contemplation. What a glorious day had now arrived !
It would furnish the grandest, the most brilliant recol-
lection of our whole lives. We felt that at this moment
all our actions would engage the attention of the
astonished universe; and that every one of our move-
ments, however trivial, would be recorded by history.

On this immense and imposing theatre we marched,
accompanied, as it were, by the acclamations of all
nations; proud of exalting our grateful age above all
other ages, we already beheld it great from our great-
ness, and irradiated by our glory.

At our return, already ardently wished for, with what
almost reverent consideration, with what enthusiasm
should we be received by our wives, our countrymen,
and even by our parents ! We should form, during the
rest of our lives, a class of beings set apart, at whom
people would onlv look with astonishment, to whom they
would only listen with mingled curiosity and admira-
tion i Crowds would throng about us wherever we
!; they would catch up our most unmeaning words.
This miraculous conquest would surround us with a halo
of glory; henceforward people would fancy that they
breathed about us an air of prodigy and wonder.

III.

When these proud thoughts gave place to more
moderate sentiments, we said to ourselves that this was
the promised goal of our labours; that, at length, \\ e
should pause, since we could no longer be surpassed by
ourselves, after a noble expedition, the worthy parallel
to that of Egypt, and the successful rival of all the great
and glorious wars of antiquity.

At that moment, dangers, sufferings, were all for-
gotten. Was it possible to purchase too dearly the
proud felicity of being able to say, during the remainder
of life, "I was one of the army of Moscow"? Well,
comrades, even now, amidst our abasement, and though
it dates from that fatal city, is not this reflection of a
noble exultation sufficiently powerful to console us, and

(Aide -de-Camp ta Napoleon)

to make us proudly h'jid up our heads, bowed down by
misfortune?

IV.

Napoleon himself hastened up. He paused in
transport; an exclamation of joy escaped his lips. Ever
since the great battle the discontented marshals had
shunned him; but, at the sight of captive Moscow, at the
news of the arrival of a flag of truce, struck with
so important a result and intoxicated with all the en-
thusiasm of glory, they forgot their grievances. They
pressed around the Emperor, paying homage to his
good fortune, and already tempted to attribute to his
genius the little pains he had taken on the 7th to com--
plete his victory.

But in Napoleon first emotions were of short dura-
tion. He had too much to think of to indulge his
sensations for any length of time. His first exclama-
tion was : "There at last is that famous city ! " and the
second, "It was high time ! "

His eyes, fixed on that capital, already expressed
nothing but impatience; in it he beheld in imagination
the whole Russian empire. Its walls enclosed all his
hopes peace, the expenses of the war, immortal glory;
his eager looks, therefore, watched all its outlets.
When will its gates at length open? When shall
he see that deputation come forth which will place its
wealth, its population, its senate, and the heads of
the Russian nobility at our disposal? Henceforth that
enterprise in which he had so rashly engaged, brought
to a successful termination by dint of boldness, will pass
for the result of a high combination; his. imprudence
for greatness; henceforth his victory at the Moskwa, in-
complete as it was, will be deemed his greatest achieve-
ment. Tims all that might have turned to his ruin will
contribute to his glory; that day would begin to decide
whether he was the greatest man in the world, or the
most rash; in short, whether he had raised himself an
altar or dug himself a grave.

VI.

Anxiety, however, soon began to take possession
of his mind. On his left and 'right, he already beheld
Prince Eugene and Poniatowski approaching the hostile
city; Murat, with his scouts, had already reached the
entrance of the suburbs. And yet no deputation
appeared : an officer, sent by Miter ado witch, merely
came to declare that his general would set fire to the
city if his rear was not allowed time to evacuate it.

Napoleon granted every demand. The first troops of
the two armies were, for a short time, intermingled;
Murat was recognised by the Cossacks, who, being fami-
liar as all nomadic tribes, and as expressive as the people
of the south, thronged around him : then, by their ges-
tures and exclamations, they extolled his valour and
intoxicated him with their admiration. The King took the
watches of his officers and distributed them among these
barbarous warriors. One of them called him his hct
man.

Murat was for a moment tempted to believe that in
these officers he would find a new Mazeppa, or that he
himself would become one : he imagined that he had
gained them over. This momentary armistice, under
the anxious circumstances, sustained the hopes of
Napoleon, such need had he to delude himself. He was
thus put off for two hours.

Meanwhile the day was declining, and Moscow con-
tinued dull, silent, and, as it were, inanimate. The

EVERYMAN

OCTOBER 35, 1911

A HUNDRED YEARS AGO (continued)

of the Kmpi-ror increased; the impatience <>f tin-
soldiers became more difficult to repress. Sonic ifli< < -rs
ventured within the walls of the city. "Moscow is

: "

VII.

At this intelligence, which he angrily refused to credit,
Napoleon descended the Hill of Salvation, and
approached the Moskwa and the Dorogomilow (iate.
Mi- paused once more, but in vain, at the entry of that
b.irricr. Murnt urged him. "Well!" replied he,
"enter, then, since they wish it!" He recommended
the strictest discipline; he still indulged hopes. " I'cr-
haps these inhabitants do not even know how to
surrender : for here everything is new, they to us and
> them."

Reports now began to succeed each other; they all
d. Some Frenchmen, inhabitants of Moscow, ven-
tured to quit the hiding-place which for some days had
concealed them from the fury of the populace, and con-
firmed the fatal tidings. The Emperor called Daru.
"Moscow deserted!" exclaimed he; "what an im-
probable story ! \Ve must know the truth of it. Go
and bring me the boyars. " He imagined that those
men, stiff with pride, or paralysed with terror, were
fixed motionless in their houses; and he, who had
hitherto been always met by the submission of the van-
quished, provoked their confidence and anticipated their
prayers.

VIII.

How, indeed, was it possible for him to persuade
himself that so many magnificent palaces,, so many
splendid establishments, were forsaken by their owners,
like the paltry hamlets through which he had passed.
Darn's mission, however, was fruitless. Not a Musco-
vite was to be seen, not the slightest noise issued from
this immense and populous city; its three hundred thou-
sand inhabitants seemed to be struck dumb and motion-
less by enchantment; it was the silence of the desert!

But such was the incredulity of Napoleon that he was
not jet convinced, and \vaited for further information.
At length an officer, determined to gratify him, or per-
suaded that whatever the Fmperor willed must neces-
sarily be accomplished, entered the city, seized five or six
\;:gabonds, drove them before his horse to the Kmperor,
and imagined that he had brought him a deputation.
From the first words they uttered Xapolcon discovered
that the persons before him were only indigent labourers.

It was not till then that he ceased to tloubt the entire
evacuation of Moscow, and lost all the hopes that he had
built upon it. He shrugged his shoulders, and, with
that contemptuous look with which he met everything
that crossed his wishes, he exclaimed, "Ah! the
Russians know not yet the effect which the taking of
their capital \\ill produce upon them ! "

IX.

It was now an hour since Mural and the long,
dose column of his cavalry had entered Moscow; they
ated into that gigantic body, as yet untouched but
inanimate. Struck with profound astonishment at the
sight of this complete solitude, they replied to the taci-
turnity of this modern Thebes by a silence equally
sol'-mii. ! riors listened, with a secret shudder-

ing, to t'li- steps of the horses resounding amid these
S. They were astonished to see and hear
nothing but themselves amid such numerous habitations.
No one thought of stopping or of plundering, either from
prudence, or because great civilised nations are over-
awed on finding themselves in an enemy's capital.

Meanwhile they were silently observing that mighty
city, which would have been truly remarkable had they
met with it in a flourishing and populous country, but
which was still more astonishing in these deserts. It
was like a rich and brilliant oasis. They had at first

been struck by the sudden \\> .: >,'. s-> many magnificent
palaces; but they now perceived that they were inter-
mingled with mean COM ages, a circumstance which
indicated the want of gradation between the classes and
that luxury was not generated tV.rrv, as in other coun-
tries, by industry, but preceded it; whereas, in the
natural order, luxury follows after commerce.

Here more especially prevailed inequality that bar.e
of human society which produces pride in some, debase-
ment in others, corruption in all. And yet such a
-generous abandonment of everything demonstrated that
this excessive luxury, as jet, had not rendered these
nobles effeminate.

Amid these reflections, which were favoured by a slow
pace, the report of firearms was all at once heard. The
column halted! Its last horses still covered the fields;
its centre was in one of the longest streets of the city;
its head had reached the Kremlin. The gates of that
citadel appeared to be closed. Ferocious cries issued
from within it; men and women, of savage and disgust-
ing aspect, appeared fully armed on its walls. In a state
of inebriety, they uttered the most horrible imprecations.
Murat sent them an amicable message, but to no pur-
pose. It was found necessary to employ cannon to
break open the gate. ,,.

- 1

We penetrated, partly without opposition, partly by
force, among these wretches. One of them rushed close
to the King, and endeavoured to kill one of his officers.
It was thought sufficient to disarm him; but he again
fell upon his victim, rolled him on the ground, and
attempted to suffocate him; and even after his arms were
seized and held, he still strove to tear him with his teeth.
These were the only Muscovites who had awaited our
coming, and who seemed to have been left behind as a
savage and barbarous token of the national hatred.

It was easy to perceive, however, that there was no
unison in this patriotic fury. Five hundred recruits,
who had been forgotten in the Kremlin, beheld this scene
without stirring. At the first summons they dispersed.
Farther on, we overtook a convoy of provisions, the
escort of which immediately threw down its arms.
Several thousand stragglers and deserters from the
enemy voluntarily remained in the power of our
advanced guard. The latter left to the corps which fol-
lowed, the task of picking them up; and these again to
others, and so on : hence they remained at liberty in the
midst of us, till, the conflagration and pillage of 'the city
having reminded them of their duiy, and rallied them all
in one general feeling- of antipathy, they went and re-
joined Kutusoff. .-..

Murat, who had been stopped but a few moments by
the Kremlin, dispersed his crew, which he despised.
Ardent and indefatigable as in Italy and Kgypt, after a
march of nine hundred leagues and sixty battles fought
to reach Moscow, he traversed that proud city without
deigning to halt in it, and, pursuing the Russian rear,
guard, he boldly, and without hesitation, took the ro;.d
for Wladimir and Asia.

Several thousand Cossacks, with four pieces of
cannon, were retreating in that direction. The armis-
tice was at an end. Murat, tired of this peace of half a
lay, immediately ordered it to be broken by a discharge
of carbines. But our cavalry considered the war as
finished ; Moscow appeared to them to be its end,
and the advanced posts of the two empires were un-
willing to renew hostilities. A fresh order arrived, and
the same hesitation prevailed. At length Murat,
irritated at this disobedience, gave his orders in person;
and the firing with which he seemed to threaten Asia, but
which was not destined to 'cease till he reached the banks
of the Seine, was renewed.

OcTosgn s, 191?

EVERYMAN

FATHER GAUCHER'S ELIXIR
ALPHONSE DAUDET

TTORV NOTE. It is one of the many ironies in
tin: history of the Roman Catholic Church that for
generations some of the most ascetic in the most rigor-
ous communities, the Carthusians, and the Benedict iiu-s,
and tffe Trappists, have tried to increase the revenue of
their order by distilling strong alcoholic beverages.
The Benedictine, the Trapp'ist, and Carthusian liqueurs
are known to the epicure all over the world. In a
Northern Protestant and intemperate country, such a
contradiction seems little short of a public scandal. In
the more temperate Southern countries the monopoly
of the manufacture of liqueurs does not cause offence,
and only raises the nice point of casuistry. One of the
great story-tellers of France has dramatised this point
of casuistry in one of the most exquisite stories in world
literature, a masterpiece of general humour and mali-
cious wit.]

* * * ft *

"DRINK this, neighbour, and tell me what you thin!: of
it." And, drop by drop, with the scrupulous care of
a lapidary counting pearls, the cure of Gravcson poured
out a thimbleful of a golden-green liqueur, warm,
glittering, exquisite . . . like a ray of sunshine within.

"It is Father Gaucher's elixir, the joy and the health-
givcr of our Provence," said the good man with triumph.
" It is made at tlieconvent of the Premontrtls, two leagues
from your mill. Isn't it worth all the Chartreuse in
the world? If only you knew the story of that liqueur,
it is amusing ! . . . Listen ! . . ."

Then in that tranquil presbytery dining-room, with its
pretty white curtains starched like surplices, and its
little pictures of the stations of the Cross, the good cure
began his tale, a tale suggestive of Erasmus or
d'Assoticy innocently sceptical and irreverent.

II.

Twenty years ago the Premontres, or rather the White
Friars, as we of Provence call them, had sunk into great
poverty. You would June been shocked to see their
house at that time. The great wall and the Pacome
tower were going to pieces. The pillars round the
grass-grown cloister were cracking, the stone saints
crumbled in their niches, there was not a window intact,
not a door on its hinges. The wind from the Rhone
blew through the courtyards and chapels as wildly as at
Camargue, putting out the candles, breaking the leaden
casements, blowing the holy water out of the vessels.
But the saddest part of all was the convent belfry, as
quiet as an empty dove-cot, and the poor fathers, with
no money to buy a new bell, obliged to ring Matins with
little almond-wood castanets.

I'oor White Friars! I can see them still at the pro-
cession of the Corpus Christ!, trooping sadly past in
..their patched hoods, pale, thin, nourished on "citrcs"
and water-melons, and behind them the Very Rev.
Abbot, hanging his head, ashamed that his tarnished
rosier and his worm-eaten white woollen mitre should
be seen by the light of day. The ladies of the sister-
hood wept at the sight, and the burly banner-bearers
tittered at the monks and whispered one to another :
"Starlings go hungry when they fly in flocks ! "

The .fact is that the poor White Friars themselves had
begun to wonder if it would not be well each man to take
flight across the world and seek his own provender.

Well, one day, when this momentous question was
being discussed in the chapter, it was announced that
Brother Gaudier requested to be heard in the council.

III.

This Brother Gauchcr, you must know, was the cow-
herd of the monastery; that is to say, his days were
spent waddling through the cloisters from courtyard to
courtyard, behind two emaciated cows which browsed
on the grass that grew in the cracks of the pavement.
An old witch of Baux, known as Tantc Begon, had
looked after him till he was twelve years old, then the
monks had taken him in. The poor cowherd had ncvi-r
been able to learn anything except to drive his cows and
to say his Paternoster, and even that he said in Pro-
vcn9al, for he was hard of head, and his wits were about
as sharp as the edge of a leaden dagger. A fervent
Christian withal, at peace in his hair-shirt, and when he
scourged himself it was with a grand conviction . . .
and arms !

As he entered the chapter house, bowing to the Assem-
bly, one leg awkwardly stuck out behind, Prior,
canons, treasurer, everyone began to laugh. The sight
of his simple face, with its grizzled goat's-beard, was
ever mirth-provoking.

IV.

"Reverend fathers," he said, guilelessly, "it is a true
saying that empty tankards ring the best by dint of
burrowing in my hollow brain, I believe I have found the
means to get us all out of this fix : this is how. You
know Tante Begon, that good woman who looked after
me when I was little . . . (God keep her soul, the old
wretch; she sang uncommonly naughty songs after
drink.) I must tell youthen, reverend fathers, that Tante
Begon in her lifetime knew the herbs of the mountain as
well, if not better, than an old Corsican blackbird.
Even so, towards the end of her days she had com-
pounded an elixir by mixing five or six simples that
we used to pick together on the Alpilles. That is a long
time ago; still, I believe, with the help of St. Augustine
and the permission of our father the Abbot, that I might
be able, by much search, to find out once more the
ingredients of this mysterious elixir. Then we would
have but to bottle it and sell it rather dear, and little by
little the community would become as rich as our
brothers of La Trappe and the Grande Chartreuse."

He was not allowed to finish. The Prior had risen
and flung his arms round his neck. The canons were
pressing his hands. The treasurer, more moved than
all the others, was respectfully kissing the frayed edge
of his robe. Thereupon they all returned to their places
to deliberate, and the chapter straightway decided that
the cows should be put in charge of Brother Trasibule,
so that Brother Gauchcr might devote himself entirely
to the concoction of his elixir.

How the good brother managed to discover Tante
Begon 's recipe, by means of what efforts, what sleep-
less nights, history does not relate. We do know that
bt-forc six months had elapsed the White Friars 1 elixir
uas already very popular. In all the neighbourhood,
in all the country round Aries, not a house, not a farm,
but had at the back of its storeroom, between the bottles
of "vin cuit " and jars of "olives a la ptcholine," a little
brown earthenware pot, sealed with Ihc arms of Pro-
vence, with a monk in ecstasy, on a silver label.
Thanks to the vogue of this liqueur, the house of the
Premontres became rapidly rich, the Pac6me tower
was rebuilt, the Prior had a new mitre, the church
pretty stained-glass windows, and in the delicate lace-
work of the belfry a whole company of big and little
bells started pealing and chiming in grand style oa*
Easter morning.

EVERYMAN

OCTOBER 35, 1912,

FATHER GAUCHER'S ELIXIR (continued)

,) Brother Gaudier, the poor brother whose sim-
plicity used 10 amu-o tlu- chapter so much, he was no
more heard of in the convent. Xo, only the Rev. Father
IJ.iiiclier \\.is known, a man of brains and great know-
ledge, who took no part in the petty and numerous
duties of thu convent, but shut himself up all day in
the distilleries, while thirty monks ranged the hillsides in
t-Miielling 'herbs. This distillery, which
no one, not even the Prior, had the right to enter, was
an old abandoned chapel at the far end of the canons'
garden. The good fathers, in their simplicity, imagined
it something great and mysterious, and if a bold and
inquisitive novice, pulling himself up by the climbing
plants, managed to look in at the rose-window over the
door, he hurried down again pretty quick, scared at the
sight of Father Gaudier, with his necromancer-like
beard, bending over his furnace, measure in hand, sur-
rounded by gigantic alembics, crystal tubes, and retorts
of pink stoneware, a weird collection, gleaming as if
bewitched in the red glow of the windows.

VI.

At t\\ ilight, when the last Angelus rang, the door of
this place of mystery would be discreetly opened, and
the reverend father betake himself to church for vespers.
You should have seen his reception; when he crossed the
monastery, the brothers stoo'd back to let him pass.
" 'Sh ! he has the secret ! " they would say. The
treasurer would follow and talk with him, his head
respectfully bent. Through this atmosphere of adula-
tion the father would pass, mopping his brow, his wide-
brimmed three-cornered hat set like a halo on the back of
his head, looking round him with an air of satisfaction
at the great courts planted with orange trees, at the blue
roofs, on which twirled the new weather-cocks, and
through the sparkling white cloisters, between the
flowered colonnades, the quiet-faced brethren going past
two by two in the new cassocks.

"They owe all this to me! " the father would think
to himself, and swell with pride.

VII.

The poor man was well punished, as you shall see
for yourself. Would you believe it ! one day during
vespers he arrived in an extraordinary state of agitation,
red, out of breath, his hood on one side, and so upset
that he wetted his sleeve right up to the elbow when
taking the holy water. At first they thought his emotion
was caused by his late arrival; but when he was seen to
make deep genuflections to the organ and the tribunes,
instead of to the high-altar, then dash across the church
like a whirlwind, wander for five minutes in the choir
before finding his stall, and when once seated bow left
and right, with a blissful stare, a murmur ran through
the church. "What is wrong with our Father Gaucher?
What is wrong with Father Gaucher? " was whispered
from breviary to breviary. Twice the Prior, annoyed,
knocked on the flags to demand silence. At the back
of the choir the psalms continued as before, but the
responses were meagre.

All at once, in the very middle of the Ave Verum, our
Father Gaucher leans back in his stall, and with a re-
sounding voice intones :

"In Paris there lives A white friar,
Patatin, patatan, tarabin, taraban."

General consternation ! Everyone rose. " Remove
him; he is possessed!" they cry. The canons cross
themselves. My lord Abbot's crosier taps excitedly.
But Brother Gaucher sees nothing, hears nothing, and
it takes two lusty monks to drag him out, struggling
like one demented, by the little door of the choir, still
vigorously shouting his patatin and tarabin.

Next morning, at dawn, the wretched man was on
his knees confessing his fault in the Prior's oratory, the
tears streaming down his face. "It was the elixir, my

lord Abbot, the elixir which took me by surprise," said
he, striking his breast.

VIII.

Seeing him so sorry and repentant, the good
Prior was moved himself. "Come, come, Father
Gaucher, calm yourself; all this will evaporate
like the dew in the morning sun. . . . After
all, the scandal is not as great as you imagine; the song
was rather, h'm . . . rather . . . We must just* hope
the novices did not hear it. Now, tell me exactly how
it happened; you were trying the elixir, were you not?
Your hand was just a trifle heavy. . . . Yes, yes, I
quite understand. . . . Like Brother Schwartz, v\ho
invented gunpowder, you have fallen a victim to your
own invention. . . . But tell me, my good friend, is it
quite necessary that you should try this terrible elixir
on yourself? "

"Yes, unfortunately, my lord. The test-tube gives
me the strength of the alcohol quite well; but for the
finishing touch, for the rich mellow flavour, I can only
trust my tongue."

"Ah ! very good ! . . . But one moment more when
you taste the elixir, thus, as a duty, do you take
pleasure in it? "

"Alas ! my lord, yes," replied the unfortunate father,
going scarlet. " For two nights now I have thought the
flavour, the aroma ... it is the devil that is playing
this wicked trick on me, that is certain. But I have
quite decided, from now onwards, I shall only use the
test-tube. No matter if the liqueur is not so delicate,
nor so pearly limpid ..."

"Have a care!" interrupted the Prior anxiously.
"We must not run the risk of displeasing our clients.
All you have to do, now that you are warned, is to be
on the watch. Let me see, how much do you need to
test it? Fifteen or twenty drops? Say twenty drops.
The devil must be very cunning if he catches you out
with twenty drops. . . . Furthermore, to prevent any
possible accident, I exempt you from now onwards from
attending church. You shall say vespers in the dis-
tillery. Now go in peace, my reverend brother; . . .
but remember, count your drops ! "

Alas ! count as he would, the devil had hold of him,
and would not let him go.

The distillery heard some singular services.

During the day all went well. The father was calm.
He prepared his furnaces, his alembics, sorted his
herbs : the herbs of Provence, delicate grey,lacelike, sun-
scorched and perfumed. But in the evening, when the
simples were infused and the elixir was cooling in the
great copper basins, then began the martyrdom of the
unhappy man. "Seventeen, eighteen, nineteen . . .
twenty ! " drop by drop they would fall from his blow-
pipe into the silver-gilt goblet. The poor father would
toss off these twenty drops almost without pleasure. But
how he longed for the twenty-first ! Then, to escape
from temptation, he would fling himself on his knees
right at the other end of the laboratory, and bury him-
self in his Paternosters. But a gentle aromatic vapour
w-ould rise from the warm liquid and come wandering
around him, and, willy-nilly, draw him back to his
cauldrons. The liqueur was of a beautiful golden-green
colour. Bending over it with his nostrils distended, the
father would stir it gently with his blow-pipe, and in
each sparkling bubble, floating on an emerald sea, he
seemed to see Tante Begon's maliciously twinkling eyes
laughing at him. "Get along, one more drop." And
drop by drop the unfortunate man would fill his goblet
to the brim. Then, overcome, he would sink into a large
armchair, half close his eyes, and abandon himself to
the delights of his crime, murmuring to himself with
delicious remorse, " I am damning myself, I am damning
myself." . . .The worst of it was that at the bottom
.(Continued on page 52.)

OcronsR *5,

EVERYMAN

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EVERYMAN

OCTOBER 25, 1512

FATHER GAUCHER'S ELIXIR

of this diabolical elixir he found, by some witchcraft,
all Tante Begon's naughty little songs "Three little
gossips going to have a feast," or "Master Andrew's
little shepherdess went off to the wood alone," and
always the famous "Peres. Wanes, patatin, patatan! "

IX.

Imagine his feelings when, the following morning, the
monks of the neighbouring cells would say, " Ho ! ho !
Father Gaucher, you were a trifle merry yesterday when
you were going to bed ! "

Then followed tears, despair, fasting, the hair-shirt,
flagellations. But nothing availed against this demon
of the elixir. Every evening, at the same hour, he was
once more possessed.

Meanwhile, orders were pouring in on the monastery
in a blessed manner. They came from Nimes, from Aix,
from Avignon, from Marseilles. Day by day the con-
vent took on the air of a little factory. There were packer
brothers, labelling brothers, others for correspondence,
others again for porterage. Now and then there was
a little less bell-ringing in the service of God, but I can
answer for it that the poor of the countryside were as
well cared for.

Well, then, one fine Sunday morning, while the
treasurer was reading his report of the past year, and
the good canons were listening with sparkling eyes and
smiling lips, here comes Father Gaucher. He dashes
into the midst of the council, crying : " I have done with
it : I shall make no more : give me back my cows ! . . ."

"What is wrong, Father Gaucher? " asks the Prior,
who had his suspicions about the matter.

"What is wrong, my lord? . . . It is that I am busy
preparing for myself a fine eternity of flames and pitch-
forks ! It is that I drink ! that I drink ! like an out-
cast ! "

"But I told you to count your drops."

"Oh, yes, that is so, count my drops; it is goblets I
must count now. . . . Yes, holy fathers, that is where
I have come to. Three phials every evening. . . .
That sort of thing cannot last. Get who you will to
make your elixir. May the fires of God burn me if I
take any further part in it ! "

Not a smile in the chapter now.

"But, miserable man, you will ruin us! " cried the
treasurer, brandishing his huge ledger.

"Do you prefer that I should damn myself?"

At this moment the Prior rose. "Reverend fathers,"
said he, stretching out his fine white hand with the
pastoral ring gleaming, "all this can be arranged. .. . .
It is in the evening, is it not, my son, that the demon
tempts you ? "

"Yes, my lord Prior, regularly every evening; and
low, when night falls, I am, saving your presence, taken
with a sweat like Capitou's donkey when he saw the
pack-saddle coming."

"Well, take courage; from now onwards, every
evening, during vespers, we shall recite the orison of
Saint Augustine, to which plenary indulgence is
attached. With that, whatever happens, you are safe;
it is absolution during the sin."

"Oh! very well, then, thank you, my lord Prior."
'And, without question, the father returned to his alem-
bics, as happy as a lark.

So it was, from that time onward, at the end of
"complines every evening, the officiating priest never
failed to say : " Let us pray for our poor Father Gaucher,
who is sacrificing his soul in the interests of the com-
munity Oremus Domine." Then, while all thewhite

hoods were bowed, and in the shadow of the nave the
orison ran trembling across them, like a gentle breeze
over snow, at the far end of the convent, behind the

flaming windows of the distillery, Father Gaucher's ear-
splitting song might he heard :

"In Paris there lives a white friar,

Patatin, patatan, tarabin, taraban.
In Paris there lives a white friar,
Who causes nuns to dance,
Trin, trin, trin, in a garden,
Who causes nuns. . . ."
***

Here the good cure stopped, horrified. . . > " Heaven
help us ! if my parishioners should hear me 1 ..."

Translated by A. B. Chalmers,

jt & jt

MY MOTHER*

My beautiful mother is dead. Nothing is left of
her. She vanished from the world long ago.

When I was a child. I shall never forget what
I suffered on the nights that she went to the theatre
or was having her hair dressed for a ball. I nearly
died of despair. Her driving away from the house
of an evening hurt me unspeakably. The Bonne used
to say, " There, now ; aren't you proud of your lovely
mamma ? " For no one understood my anguish in the
least. Was it not awful that she should go off into
a world that I knew nothing about, a world that was
not our world, and that she should like to go, even
go with joy ? It made me desperately unhappy.
After she was gone, the room with the wax candles,
in which she had dressed, looked to me like a scene
of disaster and destruction, wrought by some
devastating army. There was the glass before which
she had done her hair, the basin in which she had
washed her soft, white hands ; slippers and dressing-
gown lay on the floor. Everything was in confusion,
as if it didn't matter at all so long as mamma was not
too late for her party. No one had time or under-
standing enough to concern themselves about my
wretchedness ; not the kind old cook, or the pretty
lady's maid, or the Bonne. They sat down together
and gossiped and were in more lively spirits than
usual. I had lost my dearest beloved ; but they had
got an evening " off."

. t *

A few days ago I went and stood in front of the
house in the Franzensbriicken street where I was
born. I looked up at the windows of the second
floor. They were dark. It was at this quiet hour
that my beautiful mother had suffered behind those
dark windows exquisite pain to bring me into the
world. I fancied that I could hear my own first
whimper, and see my mother half-dead from the
exhaustion of having accomplished her supreme duty
to life. Anyhow, I had arrived. The fatality of my exist-
ence could not be shunted backwards. I was doomed
to blunder ahead in future by endless crooked paths.
I screamed, and probably the midwife said, " Healthy
lungs."

Now here I stand, looking up at those windows at
exactly the same hour of the night, and I hear my
mother's sighs. I am growing bald and prematurely
aged at forty-eight. In spite of magnificent gifts I
have done nothing. . .- . My beautiful mother is dead.
. . . She vanished from the world long ago. She
gave me a sound body, intelligence, and, what's more,
a soul. So she performed her duties of motherhood
in an ideal fashion. May she rest in peace!

PETER ALTENBERG.

* The above sketch is taken from a slender volume of
charming Viennese vignettes by Peter Altenberg, an author
probably little known in this country, though on the Continent
he has acquired fame as a master of brevity. Peter Altenberg's
motto is: " Mon veire, n'est pas grand, mais je bois dans mon

OCTOBER 25, igu

EVERYMAN

THE REAL NEWMAN* A FRENCH ESTIMATE

IN studying the spiritual crisis which made Newman,
at the age of forty-four, leave the Anglican and enter
the Roman Church, one is struck by the narrowness of
his outlook. For him the whole question turned on
which of the t\Vo Churches was apostolic in its epis-
copal succession and doctrine. The previous question
as to whether Jesus of Nazareth really commanded His
apostles to set up an ecclesiastical organisation at all,
did not trouble him. The sceptics of the eighteenth
century had stated the problem. It had been studied in
Germany, in daring "speculations cm the Bible or on
theology " speculations which Hugh Rose, one of New-
man's dearest masters, had denounced. Newman did
not trouble about them. He paid no attention to these
"liberal" speculations, just as at the age of thirty-one
he refused to look at the French flag, just as he refused
to see the city of Paris when he had to pass through it,
just as he deliberately shut his eyes to the beauty of
Italy. The question for him lay between a definite and
logical sacerdotalism, and an atheism which was alien
to his temperament. "There is no alternative between
Catholicism and Infidelity to the clear thinker," he
wrote to his friend Henry Wilberforce in 1849. (Ward
I., p. 238.)

As an Anglican priest he was very devout, but his
devotion became even greater when he entered the
Roman Church. He accepted the whole Catholic
mythology, even the miracle of the Santa Casa de
Lorctte. He was not free from formal superstition, as is
shown by the special significance he attached to the
number seven.

II.

" He limited his Irish Rectorship to seven years : he
believed seven years to be the normal term of his inti-
mate friendships. A letter of 1871 to his Mother
Prioress of the Dominicans shows him half thinking that
the mystic number enters into the computation of the
elect in each generation." (Tome II., p. 343.)

The emotional side of his nature, which was apparent
even in childhood, became so marked as he grew older
that, in order to avoid seeming exaggeration, it seems
best to quote the actual words of his biographer :

"Albany Christie walked with him from Oxford to
Littlemore when the great separation of 1845 was
approaching; Newman never spoke a word all the way,
and Christie's hand when they arrived was wet with
Newman's tears. When he made his confession in
Littlemore Chapel his exhaustion was such that he could
not walk without help. When he went to Rome to set
right the differences with his brethren of London which
tried him so deeply, he walked barefoot from the halting
stage of the diligence all the way to St. Peter's Basilica.
When Ambrose St. John died, Newman threw himself
on the bed by the corpse and spent the night there."
{Ward I., p. 21.) After learning the bad news about
his journal The Rambler, in 1858, Acton wrote to one
of his friends : " He was quite miserable when I told him
the news, and moaned for a long time, rocking himself
backwards and forwards over the fire like an old woman
with a toothache." (Ward I., p. 481.)

III.

Old age did not alter this temperament. In a letter
which he wrote at the age of eighty-two, Newman
speaks of his "morbidly sensitive skin." (Ward II.,
p. 522.) '"Morbid" is exactly the right word. Those
who are shocked, and who would prefer a politer term,

* "Life of Cardinal Newman." By Wilfrid Ward. (2 vols.)
Longmans. 363. net.

remembering that he played the violin extremely well,
may call it an acute artistic sensibility.

"When Canon McNeile, the Liverpool anti-Popery,
speaker, challenged him to a public dispute, Newman
replied that he was no public speaker, but that he was
quite ready for an encounter if Mr. McNeile would open
the meeting by making a speech, and he himself might
respond with a tune on the violin. The public would
then be able to judge which was the better man. 1 '
(Ward II., p. 349.)

This answer shows the real Newman. Whether he
accepts a theological challenge, or whether he expounds
didactically his own ideas, he does not speak really as
a thinker or a scholar, but as an artist. It is always
"a tune on the violin." His inherent melancholy took
pleasure in language full of sentiment and emotion. Let
the reader read over again the impressive ending to his
" Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine."

IV.

"Such," he wrote, "were the thoughts concerning
' The Blessed Vision of Peace ' of one whose long-
continued petition had been that the Most Merciful would
not despise the work of His own hands, nor leave him
to himself; while yet his eyes were dim, and his breast
laden, and he could but employ Reason in things of.
Faith. And, now, dear reader, time is short, eternity
is long. Put not from you what you have here found;
regard it not as mere matter of present controversy; set
not but resolved to refute it, and looking about for the
best way of doing so; seduce not yourself with the
imagination that it comes of disappointment, or disgust,
or restlessness, or wounded feeling, or undue sensibility,
or other weakness. Wrap not yourself round in the
associations of years past, nor determine that to be truth
which you wish to be so, nor make an idol of cherished
anticipations. Time is short, eternity is long. ' Nunc
dimittis servum tuum, Domine, secundum verbum tuum
in pace, quia viderant oculi mei salutare tuum. ' '

When one considers that such is the conclusion of a
book which claims to be history, a book which is
lamentably poor from the point of view of scholarship,
can one see in it anything more than a "tune on the
violin"?

The Roman Church could not fail to bring this magic-
worker to the fore; he was to make many converts for
her. But Newman was too restless to be as successful
in such a sphere of work as many of his contemporaries,
such as Cardinal Wiseman, Frederick William Faber,
and Edward Manning. Moreover, he did not preach
well. The bishops thought that they might utilise him
as Rector of a University, purporting to be Catholic,
which they were going to set up in Dublin in 1891.

A Catholic University is a contradiction in terms. A
scientific conception of the world, the result of a synthesis
of all the sciences, and a traditional theology must neces-
sarily conflict in such an institution till the one has over-
thrown the other. Then, according to the result, the
institution will either be a university, Catholic only in
name, or it will become a higher grade school, scientific
only in name, and purely denominational. The art
with which Newman played his "tunes on the violin"
could not alter the nature of things. After seven
years of difficulties he sent in his resignation. Subse-
quently he tried, in a Catholic Review, to reconcile
orthodoxy and science, the past and the future, to satisfy
at the same time progressive and Conservative Catholics.;
This was a still more hopeless task; and he had to give
up his position as Editor..

A. HOUTJN.

EVERYMAN

OCTOBER a*, 191:

TRUTH AND FICTION AND SIR A.
CONAN DOYLE'S ' REFUGEES."

IT might have been better if Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
had not republished a cheap edition of the "Refugees."
Sir Arthur has a great reputation to lose, and the
" Refugees " can add nothing to that reputation. In
this historical novel on the expulsion of the Huguenots
and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, Sir Arthur
has not shown that acute sense of reality and that care-
ful attention to fact which have established the fame of
"Sherlock Holmes." On the contrary, he has taken
unpardonable liberties with history, and indulged in
anachronisms which even the most unbridled r '-ence of
poetry could not justify. An English novel. writing
on French history may presume a great dual on the
ignorance of his readers, but treating of a period v.-hich
noar >to us and so familiar, Sir Arthur has really
presumed too much. I do not know of another novel
e history is so grossly distorted and where
chronology is so grotesquely trifled with.

In the year of grace 1685, when the events narrated
in the " Refugees " unfold themselves, the Uuke of
Saint Simon could not have aired his views on Ver-
sailles politics, as the great Menwire writer was only a
little boy of ten. On the other hand, Corneille could
not have moved in Court circles, for he had died in the
previous year, a broken old man of eighty, and his last
years were passed in poverty and illness and oblivion.
Moreover, every French "schoolboy" I really do
mean every French schoolboy, not Macaulay's school-
boymight have tokl Sir Arthur that the fatal blunder
which brought down the wrath of Louis XIV. was com-
mitted, init by Corneille, but by his rival, Racine.

A-, Sir Arthur confuses Racine and Corneille (what
would we think of an English writer who would write
a novel on the age of Shakespeare and who could con-
fuse Shakespeare and Milton?), he as hopelessly mixes
up Fenelon, Bossuet, and Massillon. Courtiers could
not have discussed in 1685 the comparative merits of
Massillon and Bourdaloue, for Massillon was still an
unknown young cleric, arid his success as a Court
preacher was only achieved about a quarter of a century
later. Sir Arthur is guilty of the same error with
regard to Fenelon. Fenelon has not yet appeared at
Court. Nor is it Fenelon, but Bossuet, who had lean-
ings to Jansenism. For the future Archbishop of Cam-
brai from the very beginning was a most bitter
opponent of the Jansenists, and his heresy of quietism
has absolutely nothing to do with the heresy of the
grand Arnauikl.

The character sketch which Sir Arthur gives us nt
Louis XIV. very much resembles a caricature. Sir
Arthur has learned from the "Memoires" of Saint
Simon that Louis was very ignorant, and I dare .say
that the illustration he gives is not improbable. The
great King is quite- as likely to have confused Darius
and Alexander as the novelist himself has confused
Corneille and Racine, and the Sovereign was more
excusable than the writer. But it is most unlikely that
the " Roi-Soleil " should have condescended to a con-
versation with Corneille on such a slippery subject, even
if Corneille had been still alive.

With regard to Mme. de Maintenon, Sir Arthur lias
been kept straight by the admirable Essay of Doel-
linger, which, fortunately for the novelist, is not quite
as stiff reading as the twenty volumes of Saint Simon.
But here, again, how little does the author seem to have
understood his heroine, and how ludicrous and psycho-
logically impossible is the love scene on page 88 ! And
here, again, he might have remembered that in 1685
Louis was forty-seven, while Mme. cle Maintenon was
fifty. Sir Arthur makes the proud Majesty of forty-
seven speak to the stately widow of fifty even as a love-
sick swain of twenty mieht speak to a girl of eighteen.

He makes Louis ask in a sentimental outburst whether,
forsooth, he, the King, was the widow's first love,
liven Sir Arthur cannot fail to see that for Louis XIV.
and Mme. cle Maintenon the age of passion had passed,
and that what drew Louis XIV. to Mme. de Maintenon,
and what kept the once so fickle lover faithful for thirty
years to the widow of Scarron, was not passion, but the
moral influence and spiritual magnetism of one of the
most extraordinary women of French history.

1 am only dwelling on a few of the more glaring
errors. There are hundreds of them. Sir Arthur de-
rives most of his information from Saint Simon, but he
has read the immortal memoir writer with an absent-
minded eye and to very little purpose. The expulsion
of Arnauld took place in 1656, thirty years before the
period of the " Refugees." Neither the insolence of
Pascal nor the last comedy of Moliere could have been
the topic of the day, for the " Provinciates " of Pascal
and the last comedy of Moliere appeared an entire gene-
ration before. The faithful servant Nanon was not
young, but old. It was not Fagon, but Daquin, who
was (irst physician to his Majesty. Louis XIV. rose at
eight in the morning, and not at eight-thirty. Louis
XIV. did not wholly depend on his valels de chambn
in the ritual of dress, and he performed it himself wit!
becoming grace and majesty, as Saint Simon is careful
to add. Louis XIV. was never lax in the discharge of
his religious duties, and he only once missed attending
Mass, and that only in the course of a strenuous cam-
paign. It is Louvois, and not Colbert, who created
the Invalides. The famous scene of the window of
Trianon occurred at a later date, and was, according to
Saint Simon, the futile cause of the European War of
1688. Louis XIV. threatened Louvois with pincers,
not because he had sent a letter to Lord Sunderland,
but because he had ordered the archiepiscopal and elec-
toral city of Treves to be burnt. The Marquis de
Montespan only died in 1700. Bontemps could not
have called Mme. de Maintenon the "new one," for she
had been at Court for ten years, and a favourite for five.
The writer who perpetrates such glaring mistakes in
matters of detail is not likely to be more trustworthy
with regard to the main subject and purpose of his
book. According to Sir Arthur, the Revocation of the
Edict of Nantes was the result of a fiendish plot be-
tween Bossuet, the Jesuit Confessor, and Mine, de
Maintenon. Mme. de Maintenon pledged herself to use
her influence over Louis XIV. in order to secure the
expulsion of her farmer co-religionists, and the Church-
men pledged themselves to use their influence to bring
about her marriage with the King. So intimate is the
connection between one event and the other that in the
novel the Revocation takes place two days after the
marriage, whereas, in point of fact, the marriage took
place in December, 1684, and the Revocation was
signed in October, 1685. No doubt the combination
of Love and Fanaticism is very melodramatic. Unfor-
tunately, it is absolutely untrue to history. The expul-
sion of the Huguenots would have occurred without
Mme. de Maintenon, and without the Jesuit Father, 1 ;
Chaise. So far from encouraging the marriage with
Louis XIV., Father La Chaise resolutely opposed it.

No act of Louis XIV. has been more generally ap-
proved of by his contemporaries than the Revocation.
It is not only a big-hearted woman like Mme. de Main-
tenon, or a gentle prelate like Fenelon, who gave their
assent. Even the persecuted Jansenists demanded the
expulsion of the Huguenots.

The whole French nation, therefore, are responsible
for the deed, and it is grossly unfair, and it is only
humouring popular ignorance and popular prejudice, to
single out one woman and a bishop and a Jesuit, and
make them the scapegoats of a national policy. And
what is even more relevant to our general criticism, it
is entirely to misrepresent that great historical tragedy,
to narrate which was, after all, the main purpose of the
author of the "Refugees."

OCTODER 25, igu

EVERYMAN

GREATER MENTAL EFFICIENCY

NATION'S RESPONSE TO THE
KINGS CALL.

Never before in the annals of the British Empire has there been

) much attention paid to mental efficiency as there is to-day.

The kingly call of His Majesty King George to "Wake up,
England!" and the wonderful work of the Pelman School have
nstituted a mental revolution.

Men and women in every corner of the British Empire are alive
to the fact that mind-training has become a ncitsmy to those
who would achieve success in the professional, business, or social
world.

This truth has been pressed home by the fact that 200,000
successful men and women have received the training of the world-
famous Pelman School, In fact, the Pelmau Training is sine yua
non to success.

THE KINO'S RECOGNITION OF THE SPLENDID
WORK OF THE PELMAN SCHOOL.

His Majesty the King has shown his appreciation of the Pelman
Training by accepting for presentation to H.K.H. the Prince of
Wales the lessons which embody the complete Course of Mind
Training of the Pelman School. Many of the over 200,000 of His
Majesty's subjects in all parts of the world who have taken this
wonderful mind-training have rapidly progressed to higher positions
than they had ever dreamt possible.

It will be interesting to quote what the Editor of the popular
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and Memory Training Course.

The Editor of "Public Opinion " says:

" In these days of stress and competition, the mind
cannot be too highly trained. The man who avails himself
of the Pelman Mind and Memory Traini. g will improve
his concentration, his quickness of thought, and his
visualising power."

Over 500 of the world's leading Editors all speak of the wonderful
value ot the Pelman System of Mind Training. For instance, that
enlightened educationalist. Sir W. Robertson Nicoll (as Editor of
that highly influential organ, fix British, Weekly), characterises the
Pelman Training as :

" The Training which school education can never give."

Again, Mr. T. P. O'Connor, the brilliant journalist M.P., has the
greatest faith in the Pelman School of Mind Training, for, as
Editor of T.l'.'s Weekly, he says:

"The Pelman System is a perfect method of training
and especially adapted for business men."

MENTAL EFFICIENCY MEANS MAXIMUM
EARNING POWER.

The greater a man or woman's mental efficiency, the greater his
success. The battle, in all walks of life to-day, is fought with
brains, and victory comes to the brain whose powers are organised for
success.

The Pelman Training does more to increase a man or woman's
earning power than a whole life-time of the more or less haphazard
teaching of the School of Experience. The amazing results of the
Pelman Training, as evidenced by the thousands of letters received
by the I'elman School from successful and gratelul students, are
proof of this.

WHY THERE IS MONEY IN THE PELMAN
' TRAINING.

Why is it that the Pelman Training lifts you right out of the rut
of routine and steers you straight for a highly-paid post ? This is the
reason. The Pelman plan is a scientifically evolved course of mental
training which takes cveiy faculty of your mind, exercises it, develops
it, nourishes it, strengthens it, and makes it able to do twice the
work in less than half the time.

The Petman System creates and develops to the full, powers of
the mind which are. in many, non-existent. Such wonderful
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ideation, logical reasoning, set -confidence, lafid decision, and action
are all developed under the Pelman plan.

FACULTIES YOU WILL DEVELOP.

Just read down the nine mental powers enumerated below and
think how much greater your earning power would become if you
were to develop them to perfection upon the Pelman plan, Under
this plan you leara how

1. To think logically.

2. To reason soundly.

3. To act with decision.

4. To rise t< respo sibilit3''.

5. To control others with tact and judgment.

6. To organise and reduce order out of chaos.

7. To originate new "ideas."

8. To masb-r the most difficult subjects.

9. To remember everything you desire (faces,
facts, figures, appointments, dates, plans,
references, prices, and a hundred and one
other things which are now of vital necessity
to every man or woman who wishes to
"get on").

WHAT A SEARCH THROUGH THE PELMAN
SCHOOL REGISTER WOULD SHOW YOU.

If you looked through the pages of the Pelman School Register
you would be astonished. A great cosmopolitan body, nearly a
quarter of a million strong, representing every occupation under
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DON'T LEAVE IT TOO LATE.

As the number of applications for enrolment for the Pelman
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whereb, readers of EVERYMAN are enabled to secure a reduction of
Two Guineas in the usuai fee for the Pelman Course of Mind and
Memory Training, (2) Full description of the Ptlman Course of
12 Correspondence Less >ns which may be studied at home in
your spare time thus avoiding the time and expense involved in
attending classes of oral instruction, (3) A Presentation Copy of
the illustrated Pelman Magazine of the Mud a unique publication
full of fascinating reading from beginning to end

TO-DAY IS A RED-LETTER DAY FOR YOU.

To day is a day that will be remembered by vou throughout your
life if vou will call o-c write for particulars of the Pelman Course of
Mind and Memory Training the Pelman School n-raains open on
Tuesday and Thursday evenings until 8.30 p.m. for the convenience
of those who find it impossible to call at the chool during the day.

Actionjs the first stepping stone to success.

Act now. Fill up, cut out and bring (or post) the appended
Request Form.

PELMAN SCHOOL OF THE MIND,
52, Wenham Mouse, Bloomsbury Street, LONDON, W.C.

Please send free copy of " Pelman's Magazine " and particulars,
of special terms to readers of EVERYMAN.

NAME

ADDRESS.,

Branch- Schools 47 . Queen S,rcet, Altltcumc ; y, Ckurchgatc Street^
Bombay ; Club Arcaii , Du> ban.

EVERYMAN

THE GERMAN EMPEROR
CHARLES SAROLEA

To write on German politics nnd to ignore the German
Kaiser would be like pl.'Vtng "Hamlet" \\-!iilst leaving
out tin- character of the Danish prince, For the Kaiser
meets us at every turn. In the words of Victor Hugo,
speaking of Napoleon : "Toujours lui, lui pin-lout." It
may be found on close examination that his influence on
the political drama is much less decisive than appears at
first sight, even as in Shakespeare's masterpiece, Hamlet
has comparatively little influence on the actual develop-
ment of the plot. It may be that the Kaiser's part is
more spectacular than dramatic. But whether we like
him, whether we believe in him, or not, we cannot avoid
his august presence.

And even if his absorbing personality did not force
Itself upon our attention, its study would still present to
us a most fascinating problem. For the Kaiser is essen-
tially complex nnd perplexing, elusive and stimulating,
explosive and incalculable. With him it is the unex-
pected that always happens. He is a bundle of contra-
dictions. He is the war lord of Europe, and yet he has
been nicknamed by the war party, "William the Peace-
ful." He is a German of the Germans, and yet he pro-
fesses to be the friend of England. He is intensely
religious, and claims to be the Anointed of the Lord.
Yet in many respects he is a materialist mainly trusting
in brutal force. He is picturesquely mediaeval, and the
Hohcnzollern seems to be ever anxious to model himself
on the Hohenstaufen. Vet he is pre-eminently modern.
He shocks us as offensively theatrical, yet he is unmis-
takably sincere.

II.

Anyone who attempts to write on the German Em-
peror must solve those glaring contradictions. And he
will only succeed in doing so if he carefully dissociates
the various elements which have entered into his com-
position. He will only succeed if he separates what
the Kaiser owes to his ancestry, and what he owes to
his education; what he owes to his inmost personality,
and what he owes to his immediate surroundings, and
to the age he lives in. It is for want of making those
necessary distinctions that so many publicists who have
given us biographies nnd character sketches of the
.Kaiser have failed to reveal him to us.

And, after all, when every fact has been conscien-
tiously sifted and analysed, even the most careful
student cannot be sure of having hit the Imperial like-
ness. It seems as if the Kaiser each time he sits for
his portrait not merely dons a different uniform, but
puts on a different moral physiognomy. On three occa-
sions I have made an attempt to draw a pen portrait of
U'illiam, and each sketch was different from the other;
each subsequent judgment contradicted my previous
estimate. I do not, therefore, pretend in the present
instance to have given a final definition of the German
autocrat, for the simple reason that it is .not possible to
give a final definition. It must be left to the reader to
exert his own judgment and to compare my estimate of
Emperor William with the estimate of those who have
written before me.

III.

Tun HonrxzoLLERX INFLCEN-CE.

First in importance is the Hohcnzollcrn influence.

T'Yiv ri.yal families in history possess a more marked
individuality. Each member of the dynast v may differ
widely from his predecessor or successor. 'The 'cvnical

man of genius, Frederick the Great, i-- not like the
treble, voluptuary, Frederick William the Third, who,
again, is \ery unlike the romantic and mystical dreamer,
Frederick the Fourth. And yet as rulers thev all have
a certain common type. They have created a definite
European state, and they themselves have been moulded
by that state.

Considering the enormous part they have played in
history, and how closely the Hohcnzollern have \H-CH
identified with the fortunes of Prussia, it is natural that
their first characteristic should be an overweening
dynastic pride. No Bourbon or Habsburg has ever
believed more firmly in his Divine Right to govern or
misgovern his people. A Hohenzollern may con-
descend to employ men of genius to assist him in his
providential task, but he will only consider those men
of genius as tools to work out his own ends, and he will
discard those tools whenever they have served their pur-
pose, or whenever they have ceased to be pliable
instruments.

IV.

William possesses in the highest degree the pride of
his race. The exaltation of the Hohenzollern is the one
T.cilincilii' of his speeches, and especially the exaltation
of his immediate predecessors, and, above all, of William
"the Great," of William "the Saint." Every schoolboy
knows that William was an honest, conscientious, well-
meaning ruler, and not devoid of judgment, whose great
merit was to efface himself before his Chancellor, and
to give way to Bismarck's policy even when he did not
approve of it. Every schoolboy knows that William's
relation to Bismarck was very much that of Louis the
Thirteenth to Richelieu. But here again Emperor
William has changed our interpretation of history. To
him the real creator of the new empire is neither
Bismarck nor Moltke nor Roon. William, indeed, may
graciously condescend to speak of his "Paladines" as
we speak of the Knights of the Table Round, or of the
Twelve Peers of Charlemagne, but they are only men-
tioned collectively and anonymously, and it is significant
that for many years the name of Bismarck has been
taboo in the Kaiser's orations.

Even as their dynastic pride, so is the absolutism ot
the Hohenzollern bred in the bone, and transmitted with
the traditions of. Prussian history. A Hohenzollern
impatiently submits to constitutional checks. Most ot
the political difficulties and anomalies arc due to the
one cause.

Bismarck, in order to win over all the nations of
the empire to Prussian hegemony, made on appeal
to popular opinion, used universal suffrage as
a hammer to break down dynastic and particularist
opinion in the service of the absolute monarchy of the
Hohenzollern. But universal suffrage, once" it had
served its purpose as a plebiscite, was made innocuous,
and became a mockery.- The absolute monarchy alone
remained a reality.

WiHiam the Second possesses in its integrity the
despotic temper of his ancestors. From the beginning
of his reign he has shown himself impervious to criti-
cism.

"I go my way; k is the only right one. Whoever

.shall prove nn obstacle to die realisation of my

purpose, I shall shatter den scrsclimettere icli,"

(To be continued.)

OCTOBER 25,

EVERYMAN

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OCTOBER 35,

THE GOLD IN BOOKS

A LAY SERMON
By DR. WILLIAM BARRY

A SHARP wit has called our present time "an ago of
gold, but not the golden age." Millionaires abound,
so monstrous in their havings that neither themselves
nor thuse who would disendow them can quite
imagine the wealth at stake. It is, however, a matter
for reflection that the largest of goldmasters build
libraries and set up universities with such income as
it fatigues them to manipulate any more. They be-
lieve that the people ought to be civilised by reading ;
or that the democracy is of that opinion ; or that it is
advisable to seem to think so. Accordingly, the
Millionaires' Library is a modern institution, not un-
like the mediaeval robber-baron's religious house,
dedicated to the local apostle of Christianity whom
his ancestor slew. In both cases we perceive an act
of homage to the ideal, mingled with shrewd, though
perhaps vague, hopes of profit otherwise unattainable.
There is even a sense of incompleteness touching the
power of money or of plunder, in this turning with
.deference to literature, to religion and their allied
motives, as if the big purse and the strong arm could
not subdue men for ever. The Money-King dreams
of a bargain with poets, prophets, sibyls, philo-
sophers, and other strange folk, who appear to own
commodities not negotiable in Wall Street. He
fancies that there may be gold in books,

II.

There is, of course Fairy gold. Practical men have
been apt to scorn it as current coin of the imagination,
which it is, without considering how the whole world
is led by fancy, fixing for all of us the standard of
value. When a certain idea puts on "the fit expres-
sion it works like magic, and things apparently as
solid as the core of the globe melt, pass into smoke,
and vanish. The money market itself is a product of
thought. Adam Smith or some other absorbed
student came by his meditation on exchange values
to create the commercial age. Deeper thought will
bring it to an end. The social order civilisation, as
we know it : a little too proudly is nothing else than
embodied beliefs about man's nature, his duties and
destinies, of which the enduring forms have been set
down in black and white, on paper, their vehicle and
record. That which a nation persistently reads it can-
not but hold to be true. Its daily literature becomes
its Bible. A few long-headed men, to keep their
balance of reason, make it a point to read the other
side ; but these are active, determined intellects. The
crowd is passive. And at present democracy is the
crowd. It can be made to affirm, by dint of repetition,
whatever is put before it, provided you flatter its self-
love. That is an old Greek story ; it is the comedy of
Demos openly fooled on the stage in Athens and
tickled by the sight of his own imbecile attitudes, while
the leather-seller and the sausage-seller contend as to
which of them shall exploit him for private gain.
Aristophanes had never set eyes on a multi-millionaire;
but his " Knights " might still be given in New York.

III.

Out of this false democracy the way to escape must
be bought with Fairy gold We have to think true
thoughts. They are waiting for us, asleep if you will,
but ready to awake at a first touch of heroic adven-
ture, in books the most beautiful, wise and sane nnd
happy our best inheritance. Here is the world's
treasure. The nations have not been left without

their Bibles. Deathless, invisible teachers speak tu
them yet in words of exquisite music, with all manner
of enchanting figures and lively scenes and inspired
sentences, beyond rivalry of to-day, coloured by asso-
ciation with the famous ones that knew and lived upon
their charm, long ere we arrived to vex our hearts with
questions clamouring for an answer.

Freedom lies in those books, light and de-
liverance. Our poor millionaires feel it dimly
too. They have gotten so much, but all out-
side them ; and as the late very rich Mr.
Pullman said, even a lord of capital can wear only one
suit of clothes at a time and eat only three meals a
day. His great fortune satisfies the sixth sense, which
is vanity: it lea/es hungry and starved the something
else, not appetite and not vanity, dwelling far within
him, the sick soul of the man. To found a library is
to acknowledge his failure. Pity him. With infinite
toil he has made the experiment on himself for you
and me, which proves that another kind of value, dif-
ferent altogether from stock certificates, is indispen-
sable to our happiness. Had we not these frightful
examples in our sight, who knows but we might have
been seduced into the pillories where they stand, a
warning to good Christians ? Humbly they call upon
men of science, scholars, lovers of leajming, to go and
teach the rising youth a more excellent way than the
art of company-promoting. And it is true that those
who make money seldom understand how to make
anything else. Financiers, not backed by the men of
talent they buy cheap, would in no long while ruin
society. Thus their universities intimate that a
spiritual currency must be somehow restored to circu-
lation if the crowd is not to invade the Stock
Exchange and distribute its spoils.

IV.

That easy-going old Frenchman, Montaigne, said,
" I seek in the reading of books only to please myself
by an irreproachable diversion. If one book do not
please me, I take another, and never meddle with any
but at such times as I am weary of doing nothing."
On this principle railway bookstalls have been
devised ; and in Germany young ladies leave the trash
they have been irreproachably diverting themselves
with in the rack reserved to light articles over their
heads. Much may be allowed on a journey between
Hamburg and Berlin to the weary traveller. But
books have a more serious purpose than to kill time.
When Matthew Arnold preached and George
Meredith accused him of always preaching on
culture as the cure for anarch}', we may be certain
that he was eager to recommend something better
than Montaigne's irreproachable diversion. To
Arnold the use of books did not signify pedantic
scholarship, or examinations, or worship of the past.
He meant by reading acquaintance with the wisdom
of Life stored up in volumes, tried and tested age
after age, in form not less delightful than in their
content illuminating, slight or severe, from the epic to
the sonnet, from the long-drawn romance to the tale
of a few pages' compass. Literature such as Arnold
had in view never fails to suggest ideas of Truth,
Goodness, and Beauty. These words are hardly more
than signs ; they need illustration ; but let them serve
as titles under which to sift and choose out the
elements of sound judgment, never called for more
vehemently than it is now, when everyone reads and
only the few reflect.

To apply the touchstone of an ideal life to literature
is the very poor purpose of education. Why du we

on page 60.)

OC.IOUER 5,

EVERYMAN

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read at all? For amusement? That may be well
if what we read is irreproachable ; too commonly it is
trifling ; sometimes it is deadly. But do we set no
value on high thoughts, human kindness, golden
deeds? We come of ancestors whose great qualities
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battles they fought and won over chaos. These men
made Humanity. Their spirit cries to us yet in clear,
articulate tones, laying bare the heart, pleading for
the morrow by the achievements of yesterday. They
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of life, steeped in immortality. No genuine scholar
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oil, or hogs, or cotton fibre. And the very rich man
has discovered this, to him, surprising fact. It is time
that our democracy laid to heart the lesson inflicted
on its paymaster and lord. The Bible of humanity
is the Book of Freedom. Neither Chicago nor New
York can make a slave of Homer, Dante, or Milton.
Culture sits in judgment on the multi-millionaire, on
the freaks in which his passing wife and her friends
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men interests of which they had not dreamed. But
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"MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD"*
By ALPHONSE COURLANDER

IN the deluge of works of fiction which at this season
of the year floods the editorial room, it is with inex-
plicable relief that we turn to those few novels which,
either by virtue of the power of observation or
imagination or insight into human character which
they reveal, can really be called literature.

Mr. Courlander's new novel, " Mightier than the
Sword," possesses that rare literary quality. It cer-
tainly deserves to be ranked as one of the half-dozen
outstanding works of fiction of the autumn, along
with Benson's "Mrs. Ames," Wells' "Marriage," Sir
Arthur Conan Doyle's " The Lost World," or Conrad's
' 'Twixt Land and Sea." It is an extraordinarily clever
book. It is a masterly treatment of a big subject. It
only just misses greatness.

II.

Unfortunately, it must be confessed that it does
miss greatness, not for any want of intrinsic merit, but
because Mr. Courlander has not kept the promise of
his title. The title promised a novel on the news-
paper, on its organisation, on the secret of its mighty
influence. Instead of such a comprehensive novel on
the problem of journalism, he has only given us a novel
on the newspaper reporter. Now, I have every sym-
pathy and respect for that most invaluable member of
the journalistic profession, but the business of the re-
porter is not the whole of journalism, and certainly it
is not by virtue of its reporting that a newspaper is
" mightier than the sword"

After all, the formidable power wielded by the

* "Mightier than the Sword." By A. Courlander. Fisher
Unwin. 6s,

OCTOBER 15, 10'*

EVERYMAN

"MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD"

(continued)

modern Press does not rest on the news or informa-
tion which it provides, but rather on the ideas it ad-
vocates, on the public opinion which it moulds. And
on this vital function of journalism, on the manufac-
ture of opinion, on the diffusion of ideals, Mr. Cour-
larider has very little to say. He does not reveal to
us the subtle relations between journalism and finance,
or between journalism and politics, or between
journalism and religion.

III.

With this important reservation, and remembering
that the main subject of the book is a picture of the
life of the newspaper reporter, it is difficult to over-
rate the strength of Mr. Courlander's achievement.
The one criticism I would venture is that even as a
picture of the life of the reporter it is somewhat
exaggerated. So far as the reporter is concerned, the
paper is represented as a grinding machine, as a de-
vouring Minotaur. Every character in the volume
falls a prey to the monster. Humphrey sacrifices to
his profession first his love, and then his life. Wratten
dies suddenly, a victim to his duty. Another is brutally
dismissed after a strenuous life of loyal service. The
only reporter who is not a martyr to the profession is
the amateur Kenneth Carr, and only because he has
prematurely and voluntarily withdrawn from the race.

IV.

The literary qualities of the book are equal to the
absorbing interest of the subject. The love story is
cleverly woven into the life story of the main charac-
ter. There are occasional slips in the style and doubt-
ful metaphors (" Kenneth with beer woven into the -fibre
of his being ") ; but generally the writing is vigorous
and incisive. Nothing could be better, for instance,
than this satire of that mania for meetings and
societies, which is one of the features of our time. I
give the passage in full, because it is very character-
istic of the author :

" There were societies and counter societies ; there
was a society for the suppression of this, and a society
for the encouragement of that ; there was the Society
for Sunday Entertainment, and the Society for
Sunday Rest ; every one seemed to be pulling in
opposite directions, and every one imagined that his
or her views were best for the people. Humphrey
found the reflection of all this in the advertisement
columns of The Day, where there were advertisements
of lotion that grew hair on bald heads, or ointments
that took away superfluous hair ; medicines that made
fat people thin, or pills that made thin people fat ;
tonics that toned down nervous, high-strung people,
and phosphates that exhilarated those who were de-
pressed. Life was a terribly ailing thing viewed
through the advertisement columns ; one seemed to
be living in an invalid world, suffering from lumbago
and nervous debility. It was a nightmare of a world,
where people were either too florid or too pale, too fat
or too thin, too bald or too hairy, too tall or too
short, j ; . and yet the world went on unchangingly,
just as it did after the meetings of all the little
societies of men or women who met together to give
moral medicine to the world."

Mr. Courlander (born 1881) is one of the most pro-
mising men of the new generation. Much may be
expected of him. Let him follow up this first book
with another, which will reveal to us the whole secret
and mechanism of the modern newspaper, and I can
safely prophesy that he will transform his success of
to-day into the triumphant achievement of to-morrow.

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THE STREETS OF ASCALON.

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THE SAINTS OF FORMOSA.

Life and Worship in a Chinese Church.
By CAMPBELL N. MOODY, M.A..

Author of "The Heathen Heart."
Price 3. 6d. net; postage 4d.
The Pall Mall Gazette

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CORRESPONDENCE

THE FUTURE OF THE CHURCHES.
7',. //ic Editor o/ EVERYMAN-.

Suv The Rev. R. J. Campbell's article on "The
Future of the Churches " is a remarkable literary pro-
duction. It reminds one of an essay on " The Future
of Naval Power " containing no reference to the
British Navy.

Mr. Campbell, in reckoning up the Churches, takes
account only of the Established Church and the Dis-
senting bodies. Surely the Catholic 'Church counts
for something in the world. MaU-rkilly it is the
greatest of existing organisations. As to its position
in the British Empire, it is worth noting that of the
five Premiers of the Overseas Dominions who
attended the Coronation of the King, three, were
Catholics. In Germany, the leading power of the
Continent, and in the great American Republic the
Catholic Church is a force to be reckoned with, a
proof that it can flourish alike under the rule of a mili-
tary Empire and a democratic Republic. It is not
" struggling to keep alive." It is ever widening its
borders. It sees, not a decrease, but a steady increase
of its church attendance. It has at its command an
unceasing supply of men and women ready and eager
to give their whole lives to social work. And In
England we have had proof enough that in such work
Catholics and Catholic priests and prelates are
read)- to give hearty co-operation to men of other
creeds. Surely in discussing the future of the
Churches it is a strange mistake to leave this world-
wide force out of account. I am, sir, etc.,

A CATHOLIC LAYMAN.

London, October

THE CHANCE OF THE PEASANT.
To ihc Editor of EVERYMAN.

SIR, Your distinguished contributor, Mr. G. K.
Chesterton, in his article, " The Chance of the
Peasant," states that Collectivism is dead, and ad-
vances as the reason the loss of faith by Labour in
the intervention of the State in disputes. But the call
for State control has been persistently advocated by
large bodies of workers. The railwaymcn br!io\e in
the nationalisation of our railway system, the miners
in the nationalisation of the mines. The workers in
London are the staunches! supporters of Municipal
Collectivism as expressed in the public ownership of
our tramway system. It seems as though .Mr.
Chesterton, between his dislike of the official and the
decay of Individualism, accepts for himself a com-
promise in the shape of Peasant Proprietorship. In
the face of the private ownership of land by the few,
the peasant proprietor can only come into being
through the intervention of the State, and when that
intervention comes a State tenancy seems a much
more reasonable method of raising the peasantry of
our country again than a peasant proprietorship, tc
which so few of the workers could ever attain.

I agree that " the competing capitalist won't com-
pete," and it is because of this fact that when you
really collect the poor they :'?'// be- Collectivist.
I am, sir, etc., . FRANCIS SKIX.NT.R.

Palmer's Green, N.

To the Editor oj EVERYMAN.

DEAR SIR, Mr. Chesterton, like most negative
critics, is most convincing when he con/L';r;;s the
present social system. He is most unconvincing when

"DCTOBZK 95, Jill

EVERYMAN

CORRESPONDENCE (continue*)

he proposes a constructive reined y. He only vaguely
suggests what might be a possible cure, and tolls us
that peasant proprietorship ought to be given a chance.
If he really believed in the wonderful cure he suggests,
it would be unpardonable, on his part, to withhold
from the public a secret of such vital moment.

Alas ! peasant proprietorship has not the ghost of a
chance. Peasant proprietorship cannot be extem-
porised at the bidding of a politician, and still less at
the suggestion of an erratic man of genius like G. K.
Chesterton. There exists at present in this country
no class from which peasant proprietorship can be
evolved. The dweller in the slums is not a potential
peasant proprietor. There is not even a desire for
peasant proprietorship amongst the masses. And
even if the desire did exist, even if the human material
were at our disposal, the peasant proprietor class
cannot be developed under present conditions.
Peasant proprietorship is not the beginning of social
and political reform. Rather is it the ultimate con-
clusion. The French people have achieved peasant
proprietorship, but they had to go through a great
Revolution before they obtained it. I am, sir, etc.,
" A PEASANT PROPRIETOR."

Colinton, Midlothian, October iQth, 1912.

THE NEGLECT OF GERMAN.
To the Editor of KVEKYM.\X.

SIR, The writer of the article, "The Neglect of
German," on p. 1 1 of your excellent first issue, would
appear to advocate the more general acquirement of
German, partly with the object, apparently, of
encouraging Anglo-German friendship. He rightly
draws attention to the ludicrousness of a German ad-
dressing an English audience in indifferent French.
Now, while in no wise, wishing to decry the study of
German for all those washing to become more intimate
with the thought and sentiment of that nation, I take
the opportunity of pointing out that the remedy pro-
posed is hardly likely to be very effective general!}',
for the ability of making a public speech in German,
it need hardly be said, entails for the majority of
people two or more years' residence in Germany.
There is, however, a much simpler solution of the
language difficulty.

The present writer- attended a Congress in Antwerp
last year, at which were present, besides some three
hundred Germans and six hundred English people,
representatives of nearly thirty other nationalities.
The Congress in question was the seventh inter-
national Esperantist Congress. On the occasion re-
ferred to, the whole of the meetings were conducted
in one language only, i.e., in the international auxiliary
language Esperanto. This language, besides being
extremely easy of acquirement it is possible to make
a public speech after three months' devotion to its
Study has the merit of being absolutely neutral alike
for all nationalities. It was not necessary for the
Germans present at this Congress to blush while
speakers of other nationalities stammered a few words
in bad German ; all were on neutral language terri-
tory, and with equal case communicated as if in their
own national language, the result being that an atmo-
sphere of perfect equality, tolerance, and friendliness
existed between all present, irrespective of nationality.
I submit, therefore, that all persons having at heart
the promotion of Anglo-German friendship could not
do better than endeavour to extend the circle of
persons throughout the world, already appreciably
large, by whom the auxiliary language Esperanto is
used. I might perhaps mention that in Germany

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LETTbRS OF MADAME BI.AVATSKY. Dr. Franz H.rtminn

THE CHRISTIAN HINTERLA..ND. Dr. K C.Anderson

THE WAY OF SALVATION (Poem 1 . RaMndranath Taore

COMRADES IN COMBINE V Sketch'. Bryan Stuart

THE LORD MAITREYA. William L. Hare

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To the Editor of EVERYMAN.

SIR, May I be favoured with space enough to
point out to the writer of "The Neglect of German,"
and to you who made a note thereon, that German and
English too have not their "classical friends " --poor,
much-abused creatures to thank for their neglect,
but the strange medley of subjects that go under the
head of "science" in our schools to-day? Greek, in
Scotland, is at its last gasp ; Latin is dying ; German
died some time ago and for this alarming mortality
science is wholly to blame. When the classics decay,
English totters also on its throne, since the founda-
tion thereof is a thorough knowledge of classics.

And yet the "Modernists" are blind enough to
combine with the " scientists " against the " classic i- 1.-,"
unaware apparently that they are cutting away the
ground under their own feet ! Ye gods, that there can
be such folly 1 I am, sir, etc.,

ETHELWYX LEMON.

To the Editor of EVERYMAN.

SIR, There will be many delighted readers of your
first number who, like myself, have read this issue at
one sitting from cover to cover. Amid much .that is
of entrancing interest, no article, it seems to me, is so
timely and so trenchant as that on " The Neglect of
German." I believe that there are few who will deny
the contention of the writer that the study of German
has been declining for many years, nor the obvious
reason for that decline, viz., that German is not a
" bread-and-butter " subject.

As a schoolmaster by choice, and by chance a
classical scholar, I submit that the article is not alto-
gether free from bias, and is far from fair cither to the
student of the classics or to the schoolmaster. The
last 'paragraph of the article contains the un-
warranted assumption that it is the study of the " dead
languages " that have ousted German from its rightful
place. On the contrary, I venture to assert that it is
mainly in the so-called classical schools of this country
that the study of the German language and literature
is taken seriously, and that the vast majority of those
who can read, write, and speak German are just those
who have also a working knowledge of French, Latin,
and Greek. This at any rate is true of the scholastic
profession, so far as an experience of twenty years
may justifiably be urged in evidence upon this point.
Exclude the modern language teacher from your cal-
culations, and you arc not beside the mark in main-
taining that on the staff of any secondary school
German is a barbarian tongue to all save the classical
members. It is rare indeed for the English expert
to have even a nodding acquaintance with the sister-
tongue, while the science men with whom I h
dated -and the circle is not small would seem to \>c
of opinion that the Germans- in science "are sadly to
seek." T have examined the bookshelves of my
classical colleagues, and have come to the conclusion
that one in three of their text-books and editions are
of German origin and written in the German language.
I think, sir, that here may be another clue as to reason's
for the ignorance of German on the part of educated
(Continued on page (*>.)

OCTOBEH, 35 IOH

EVERYMAN

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CORRESPONDENCE (continued)

'Englishmen, and fur the do-iiy of its cult in schools.
Tin- fact i> that (u-rinan is dillicult to those who have
studied no 1:mu;i;v hut their own and French: it is
comparatively easy to those conversant with the three
languages I have named. Further, in these days of
intensive culture and lightning methods, when he only
is the true teacher, the prophet not without honour,
wlio doles out by spoonfuls milk for babes, prepared
fur infants, and concent rated tabloids in appetis-
ing lorin fur niahirer' minds, there is a danger lest our
young charges should be o\ erslrained. In the wisdom
o( our overseers and taskmasters, our experts in
pedagogy and psychology, our professors of method
and scientific educationists, we are inhibited, doomed
and damned if we dare to suggest to our pupils that a
little self-help and personal endeavour arc essential to
the master)- of any subject. Our leaders arc ob
with the idea that /KI~^< a subject is taught is all im-
portant ; /'"'.v miic'/i of that subject is learned is
immaterial. The blame then for this neglect of
German lies neither with " reactionary dons and
obscurantist clergymen," nor with classical head
masters and students of antiquity. In fairness and
equity it must be laid elsewhere.

Too long has the schoolmaster, and especially the
classical man, l>cen the butt of journalism and carica-
ture. Too long has the teacher been content with
more kicks than ha'pence. With scarcely a soul to
call his own, and certainly not a voice in the adminis-
tration of education, "unwept" when he is gone, and
" unhonoured " while he is alive, he is ground between
the upper millstone of faddism and officialism and
the lower stone of crass prejudice and blatant
materialism, as exemplified in the demand of an
exigent parent, "I want my son taught chemistry, but
only so far as it relates to the manufacture of brown
meal." I am, sir, etc, UlXTERSrmAC,

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
ALREADY ARRANGED FOR

ENGLISH.

NORMAN* ANOEI.I..
Hon. MAITRK:E BARINT.,
Canon W\i. P>ARRV.
HJI..MRK iir.j.i.oc.
A. C. BI-.N.SOX.
Monsignor R. H. ]!I:XSON.
Rev. R. J. CAMIT.KI.I..
G. K. CHESTERTON.
Sir GEORC.E Dorcr.A.s.
Ki>Mi'\Tj GARI>XI:R.
Lord GUTJIRIE.
THOMAS HOLMES.

Sir J'AEKMU) I.M Tut'RN.

Sir OLIVER LODGE.
Rev. NORMAX MACLEAX.

JOHX MAsETIEIJ).

Professor I'HII.I.IMORE.
STEPHL.N RKYN-OI.IXS.
ERNEST Rms.
W. II. 1). KOI
Professor G. SAixxsr.rjRV.
THOMAS Si.i COMBE.
Sir ERNEST SHACKI.ETOV

RCSSEI. WALLACE,
Mrs. SIDNEY WEBB. [O.M.
H. G. WEI.LS.
Rev. ALEXANDER WHYTE.
I'ERCEVAL GIBBON.
Prof. ARTHUR THOMSON.

FOREIGN.

Viscount D'AVENEL.
HF.XRI BKRCSOX
Professor HAXS DELHRVCK.
VICTOR GIRAUD.
Count Gor.i.Ex n'Ai.vi.
Mine. 1'V.ux FAURE GOVATT.
AEHERT HOUTIX.
J'rince KROPOTRIX.
Professor KMII.F. LEc.ons.
HENRI LiciiTExmcRr.KR.
Baron LUMBROSO.
Count LrTzow.
MAURICE MAETERLINCK.
ARTHUR LEW.
HENRI MAZEL.
FAIII.E VAXHERVEI.DE.

OilOMR 25, JQI*

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Notes o'f the Week ..-"
DEMOCRACY AND DIPLOMACY

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THE PRESENT POSITION OF POLAR
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