3 9999 06317 b^** '
NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
DIVISION OF REVIEW
EVIDENCE STUDY
NO. 38
OF
THE STRUCTUAL CLAY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Prepared by
STERLING R. MARCH
September, 1935
PRELIMINARY DRAFT
(NOT FOR RELEASE: FOR USE IN DIVISION ONLY)
3 9999 06317 t)D^
NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION
— — rtrrt 8 lyjtj
DIVISION OF REVIEW
EVIDENCE STUDY
NO. 38
OF
THE STRUCTUAL CLAY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Prepared by
STERLING R. MARCH
September, 1935
PRELIMINARY DRAFT
(NOT FOR RELEASE: FOR USE IN DIVISION ONLY)
I
i
THE SVIDEiyC:^, STUDY S311IES
The EYIDSrCE S'TUDIES vere oririnall:.'- plrAnned as a raecns of gathering
evidence bearinj: upon verious loijal issi^es -.'liich arose ■under the National
Industrial Secover:,- Act.
These studies have value ajaite aside fron the iise for vrhich the:"- were
originally intended, Accordingl;-, they are :iOn nade available for confidential
use trithin the Division of Hevieu, and for inclusion in Code Histories,
The fxill list of the Evidence St~adies is as iollov;s:
1, Autono 13110 Man-'ofactui'lng
2, Soot and Shoe
3, Bottled Soft Drinlt
4, Builders' Supplies
5, Chenical Ilfg,
6, Cigar Llf;;:. Industry
7, Construction Industr;'-
8, : Cotton Garment
9, Dress I,Ifg,
10, Electrical Contracting
11, Electrical Mfg. Industry
12, Fabricated Lletal Products
15. Fishery Industr}"-
14. F'jrniture Mfg,
15. General Contractors
16. Graphic Arts
17. Gray Iron Foundr^'-
IS, Hosiery
19. Infants' and Children's Uear
20. Iron and Steel Industry'-
21. Leather
22. L-anber and Ti:nber Products Ind\\stry
23. l.Iason Contractors
24. Lien's Clothing Industry
25. notion Picture
26. Motor Bus Mfg. Industry
27. iTeedlework Industry?- of P-aerto
Pdco
23. Ps,inting said Paperhanging
29. Photo Engraving Industrjr
30. Plumbing Contracting
31. Iletail Food
32. Retail Lumber
33. Iletail Solid ]?ael
34. Retail Trade
35. Rubber Mfg,
36. Rubber Tire Mfg,
37. Sill: Textile
33. Strtictiu-al Clay Products
39, Throning
40, Truching
41, TJaste Materials
42, Ylholesale Food
43, T/holesale Fresh Fruit & Vegetable
4-1. Wool Textile Industry
In addition to the studies brought to co;T:pletlon, certain naterials have
"been assembled for other industries. These MATERIALS are included in the series
and are also nade available for confidential use -Tithin the Division of Revievr
ajid for inclusion in Code KistorieE, as follows:
45, Autonotive Parts & Equipnert
46, Baiting Industr;-
47, Ccjoning Industrrr
48, Coat and Suit
49, Household Goods C: Storage etc.
50, Motor Vehicle Retailing Trade
51, Retail Tire end Battery Trade
52 , Sliip bui 1 ding
53, TiTnolesaling or Distributing
Trade
ij. C, iARs-^eiLxj
DIRECTOR, DIVISIOM OF REVIEW
\
CONTENTS
Page
Forei;7ord , 1
CHAPTER I - KATUEE OP T'lE INDUSTRY 2
Definition of the Ind"ustry 2
N"umber of Establishments 2
Niomber of I.Ierabers of the Industry. ........ 3
Number of Estr.blishnents by States 3
Capital Investment and Productive Capacity .... 6
Value and Volume of Production 7
Failures 7
Continuity of Production 8
Competing Products 9
CHAPTER II - LABOR STATISTICS 10
Employment and Payrolls 10
Seasonal Variation 13
Trend of Average Weekly Wages 14
Percentage Ihich Cost of Labor
is of Value of Product.. 15
CHAPTER III - ILATERIALS: RAW AND SEMI-PROCESSED 16
Principal Materials Used in the Industry 16
Cost of Materials, Fuel, and Purchased
Electric Energy 16
Equipment 17
CHAPTER IV - PRODUCTION AlE) DISTRIBUTION 18
Value and Volume of products by States 18
Interstate Movement of Goods. . . 21
Type of Distributive Outlet 24
Volume of Imports and Erqjorts. 25
Shifts of Centers of Production 25
CHAPTER V - TRADE PPA.CTICES 26
Unfair Trade Practices Prior to the Code 26
Unfair Trade Practices Under the Code 27
CHAPTER VI - TIIE INDUSTRY - GENERAL INTOEIAATION 28
Operations of the Industry 28
Trade Associo.tions 28
Organization of Labor 28
Present Financial Condition of the Industry. ... 29
Effect of the Code 29
Trade Marks 29
Imports 31
Exnerts 31
8592
-1-
TABLES
Pa-gje
TABLE I -
TABLE II -
TABLE III -
TABLE IV -
TABLE V -
TABLE VI -
TABLE VII ~
TABLE VIII -
TABLE IX -
TABLE X - Err:
TABLE XI -
Kumber of Estatlislinents iDy
Major produ.cts 2
Numter of EstatlisliEients Producing
Comraon Brick by Principal States. . Cj-4
Immber of Establishments Producing
Face Brick by Principal States 4-5
Humber of Establishments producing
Vitrified Paving Brick by
Principal States 5-6
Niimber of Establishments producing Hollow
Building Tile by principal States 6
Total Value and Volnine of Prodaction in
the Industry as Defined by the Code by
Kind of Product 7
Kuraber of Plants and Value of Product
for Establislinents in the Four Main
Divisions of the Indu.stry, Classified
by Days Operated, 1953 8
Average l>TaHber of Employees and Total
Annual Payrolls In the Pour Main
Divisions of the Industry 10
Employment, Payrolls, and Average
Weekly Wages in Establishments Whose
Major product was Common Brick, by
Principal Producing States, 1933 11
Imployment, Payrolls and Average
Weekly Wages in Establishments
Whose Major Product was Face Brick,
by Principal States, 1933 12
Employment, Payrolls, and Average
Weekly Wages in Establishments Whose
Major Product was Paving Brick by
Principal producing States, 1933 12
8592
-11-
TABLES (Cont'd)
Page
TABLE XII - Eraxilojinent, Peyrolls, and Average
Weekly ITage in Establisuinents Whose
Major Prodtict was Hollow Building lile,
"by Principal Producing States, IQ^CS 13
TABLE XIII - Seasonality of Employment in the Four
Main Divisions of the Industry 1333 14
TABLE XIV - Average '.Teekly Earnings in the Foiir
Main I^ivisions of the Industry 15
TABLE XV - Relation of Total Labor and Total
Materials Cost to Total Val\ie of
Product in the Four l.Iain Divisions
of the Industry 16
TABLE XVI - Cost of Materials, Fuel, and Purchased
Electric Energjr, by Main Divisions of
the Industry 1929 and 1933 17
TABLE XVII - Volume and Value of Common Brick Produced
in Principal States 18
TABLE X\^III - Volume and Value of Paving Brick
Produced in Principal States 19
TABLE XIX - Volume and Value of Hollow Tile
Produced in principal States 20
TABLE XXI - Volume and Value of Face Brick
Produced in Principal States 21
TABLE XXI - ComiDarison of Production and Consumption
of Brick, by States, 1929 23-24
TABLE IQCEI - Comparison of Estimated Total A^alue of
Construction and Total Value of Structural
Clay Products Consumotion (index, i926-lC0' ) , . , . 29
TABLE XXIII - Factory Em.plo3?nent , Payrolls, Hours,
and Wages 1933-1935 30
oOo
8592 -iii-
ST3UCTIHAL CLAY PRODUCTS liDUSTlIY
Ppr error d
The Structural Clay Products Incaistr--, as defined "by the Code, consists
largely of tlie four "branches — connon "bricl-, fr.ce "brick, pavin;-^ "brici-.ii r.nd
struct-t-UT-l cla.;- tile. In c'-o.dition, the Coi'e covers vitrified "brick for -our-
noses other thcin -^avin-;, glazjd end enameled "brie':, hollo'T "byick, rv.C clay or
shale .;:ranuJ.es. 'These products represent only a STnrll -oortion of the total
product of the In6.ustr--, however, ?.no are lerrcely -oroduced in -olant-; of the
four r.iain Industr;-- branches. Since riany nlonts ;oroduce more than ono "i^rodiict.
an effo-"t has "been :nade to avoid du^olication in th? statistics used in this
reiDort •
The data included in the follo^'in-:; tahles are derived chiefly from tvo
sources, the Census of llanufactures and the Bureau of La'bor Statistics, The
Census data used rre, in the main., the totals for the four "branches of the
Indxistrv named a"bove as taken from the Census classification, "The Cla;- Prod-
ucts Industries," and re;ores9.-_t a covera^-je roughly com-oarohle ■-'ith Code cover-
age. Certain data used, ho^7ever — namely, that classified "by major irodxicts
— give a coverage somerrhat less inclusive than the Code. The usual limitation
of Census of llanufactures data arising from the exclusion of es' a'blislinents
nith cor. rcnLrual -Droduction of less than $5,000 does not apply in the case of
this Ind.ustry, as these smaller establishments vrere covered hy the Census re~
ports.
Census dx-.ta on total nur.i"ber of estahlislinents in the f orar hra/nch.es of the
Industr;-, on num"'oer of employees, on amo-ujit of total -nayrplls, and on vage
rates, represent those establishments '.'hose major product '-'as either common
brick, paving brick, face brie]-:, or hollor: ""uuilding tiles. State breakdorrns
of data along these lines \7ere available onlj^ for 1933, and such of these data
as pertain to labor have been used in Chapter II. Similar data are used in
Table I uhich shous nuiber of establishments by major -products for the United
States, In spite of a certain amount of duolication involved, in order to
retain compETability of data for several years, th3 state breakdovms for the
number of establishments cover all establishments Tarodticing the s-oecified
con:iodity, v.hether as major or minor product. The r)roduction tables — whether
givir^g the total for the United States or state breakdonns — re-oort the totcl
production of snecified commodities in all establishments.
85-32
-2-
Chapter I
MTIIiE 0? THE IlIDUS^niY
Definition of tne Industry
The StructuTiil Clay Products Industry includes the nanufacturers viho :oro-
duce in the United States and sell comnon brick, face "brick (including glazed
and enameled "brick), structural clay tile (including; glazed tile), -oaving
"brick, and clay or shale granules, ojid any other related groups that, nith the
approvp-l of the Administrator, elected to operate under this Code.
The four "branches of the Industry are: comnon hrick, paving "brick, face
"brick, and hollon "building tile,
Kum"ber of Esta"blishments
Table I, beloij, gives the number of establislments whose major product
is one of the four tynes of product specified just above. Except for 19341/ >
figures are not available, without duplication, for the nimber of establish-
nents v,'hic"n "oroduce these commodities as minor products .and yet are not in-
cluded in one of the above groups. Consequently the totals giv -n in this
table are less inclusive than the Code coverage for the Industry.
TA3LE I
a/
Number of Establisiiments by Major Products — '
Product 19r^9 19S3 1934
Total 1159^/ 531 533
Common Brick 735 352 333
Pa,ving Brick 34^/ 25 27
Face Brick 244 96 90
Hollow Building Tile 146 78 83
Source; 1929 data from Census of Manufactures, 1929, "The Clay Products
Industries", Table 6; 1933 and 1934 data from special Census tabula-
tion for JxT.R.A. , Research and Planning Division, 1933 and 1934,
aj In addition to the number of establishments nroducing the above com-
modities as major products, there were 366 establishments in 1934
producing tliem as minor products, resulting in a total of 899 for the
industry. Similar figures are not available for 1929 or 1933,
b/ Includes vitrified brick used for other purposes than uaving.
The results of a partial study of some 500 companies made 'bj the former
Code Authority revealed that about one-half the total number of estnblishraents
malve one product, about one-quarter make two products, a little less than one-
quarter make three products, and one-fiftieth make foiir products; the remain-
ing "olants, for the most part, probably make onlj'' one product, and ver3- few
of them more than two products. ____
Xj See footnote §/ to Table I,
35^2 "
N'um'ber of Heraljers of the Industry
Ho thorough check has ever been made of the nuniter of companies ifho con-
trol t\70 or more plants, "but it is jmo-r^n that ten members of the Industry-
operate five or more plants each, and the former Code Authority estimated that
the number of members in 1.^34 v/as equal to about thirty per cent of the num-
ber of plants.
Number of Establishments by States
The total number of establishments, by states, in each of the four
branches of the Industry is given in Tables II, III, lA^ and V below. These
figiires include all of the e stablisliraents producing any of the commodity or
comnodities listed, whereas Table I includes only those establishments for
which the product specified is the major product.
In addition to the four products for which da,ta are given in the tables
below, the Code covers establisliments producing vitrified brick for purposes
other them paving, glazed and enameled brick, hollow brick, and clay or shale
granules. Undoubtedly there is considerable duplication between e stablish-
ments producing these latter products and the products named in the following-
tables. Por this reason the establisliraents producing the above-mentioned
itens have not been included in the data pres^^nted in these four tables, but
the niinber of such establishments has been indicated in footnotes of the
appropriate table except that no data are available on clay or shale granules.
Pennsyl-vania ranlced first in the number of establishments producing
common brick and of those producing face brick in each of the years 1929, 193'
and 1954. Ohio was the leadin^^ state in the number of establishments produc-
ing building tile. As for paving brick, Pennsylvania ranlced first in 192S
with 14 establishments, while in 1932 and 1934, Ohio led with 20 and 17 es-
tablisliments respectively.
The former Code Authority has estimated that over one-half of the total
number of all plants in the United States, for all branches of the Industry,
are located in four states; 20,7 per cunt in Ohio; 17.0 per cent in Penns3-1-
vania; 10,4 per cent in ITew Jersey, and 6,6 per cent in Illinois.
TABLE II
Number cf Estciblishments Producing Corano-n Brick by Principal States ^
State 1929 1932 1934
693
18
■6
29
19
16
7
9
44
18
22
8592
U. S. Total
1074
(
591
Alabama
33
15
Arkansas
10
5
California
55
37
Colorado
25
22
Connie cticut
20
12
Florida
8
3
Georgia
18
8
Illinois
60
54
Indiana
27
21
Iowa
35
24
(Cont:
inued on
following
page)
_4-
TASLE II (Cont'd)
Kansas 17 15 12
Kentucky 22 12 16
Lov.isiana 17 7 7
Maine 17 10 10
Massachusetts 22 16 13
Michigan 13 11 14
Liimiosota 13 10 11
Mississippi 21 6 6
l.Iisso\iTi 21 15 15
Wetraska 15 4 4
Jlevf Hampshire 9 11 10
New Jersey 23 15 15
Ner; York 50 38 32
North Carolina 53 22 23
Ohio 59 45 40
Oklahoma 17 13 13
Pennsylvania 104 80 74
South Carolina 19 10 10
Tennessee 21 15 21
Texas 37 28 29
Virginia 42 24 27
Washington 19 10 13
West Virginia 14 6 6
Wisconsin 27 19 18
Other States 96 49 66
Sovj-ce; 1929 data from Census of Manufactures, 19^9, "The Clay Products In-
dustries," Table 5; 1932 and 1934 data from Cen3^lG reoorts on The
Clay Products Industries, 1932, and 1934, Table 3.
a/ It should be noted that the Code also covers the production of hollow
brick for -^hich no separate table is presented. Since it and comraon
brick are often produced in the sane plants, establishments listed as
producing hollorr brick have not been included in this table, in order
to avoid dui^licction. Such plants totaled 41 in 1939, 28 in 1932,
37 in 1933, and 35 in 1934.
TABLE III
ITuTiiber of Zstablishiaents Producinr^ Pace Brick by Principal States ^/
State 1929 1932 1934
U. 3. Total 457 375 34-8
Alabama 13 6 8
Arkansas 7 5 6
California :.7 13 17
Colorado I'-i 11 12
Georgia 7 6 4
Illinois 27 26 21
8592 (Continued on follo-.7ing page)
TABLE III (Cont'd)
Indiana 22 18 14
lOT-a 21 19 18
Kansas 14 11 13
Kentucky 6 4 6
Michigan 3 3 3
Minnesota 3 2 2
MiJ'Sissipiii 9 5 3
Misiso-uri 12 12 9
North Cai'olina 9 6 4
Ohio 50 45 42
Oklahoma 16 13 12
Pennsylvania 84 72 59
Soii.th Carolina 4 5 2
Tennessee lO" 8 11
Texas 17 16 14
Virginia 10 12 10
Washington 9 9 9
West Virginia 10 7 6
Wisconsin 7 5 3
Other States 57 36 40
Source: 19r:9 data from Census of Manufactiores, 1929, "The Clay Products In-
dustries," Tahle 5; 1932 a:id 1S34 data fron Census reports on The
Clay Products Industries, 1932, and 1934, Tahle 3.
a/ It should be noted that the Code also covers the production of en-
a;j<^.led hrick for \7hich no separate tahle is presented. Since it
and face hrick are often produced in the sane plants, establish-
ments listed as rjroducing enameled brick have not been included in
this table, in order to avoid duplication. Such plants totaled 7
in 1929, 9 in 1932, 13 in 1933, and 10 in 1934.
TABLE IV
Nurriber of Establishments Producing Vitrified Paving Brick by Principal
State sa/
State 1929 1952 1934
U. S. Total 77 75 72
Ohio 13 20 17
Pennsylvania 14 9 10
Illinois 8 11 9
Indiana 5 2 6
l0T7a 3 4 3
Kansas 3 ' 7 7
Texas 2 3 2
IJew York 2 11
Other States 22 18 17
8592 (Continued on following page)
-6-
TA3LE IV (Cont'd)
SotLTce: 19J?9 data from Census of Manufactures, 1939 , "The Clay Products In-
dustries," Table 5; 1952 and lyol data, fi-om Census reports on The
Clay Products Industries, 1933, and 1954, Table 3.
a/ It shovad be noted that the Code also covers the production of
vitrified paving brick for other purposes, for ivhich no separate
table is presented. Since it and vitrified pavin^''' brick are often
produced in the same plants, establishments listed as producing
vitrified TDaving brick for other pumoses have not been included in
this table in order to avoid duplication. Such plants totaled 41 in
1929, 34 in 1932, 39 in 1933, and 54 in 1934.
TABLE V
Kuraber of Sstablislinents Producing Hollow Buildin-^ Tile by Principal States^:/
State 1929 1932 1954
U. S. Total 419 347 327
California 21 17 18
Colorado 8 10 10
Georgia 6 4 4
Illinois 32 37 27
Indiana 25 19 19
lora- 36 28 27
Kansas 16 14 15
Kentucky 7 5 7
Missouri 13 10 10
Ne'.7 Jersey 14 12 8
l\Tev/ York 5 4 4
Ohio 63 53 47
Pennsvlvania. 31 31 22
Texas 14 14 14
Tfeshington 13 11 7
Other States 115 78 88
Source: 1939 data from Census of Manufactures, 1939, "The Clay Products In-
dustries," Ipble 5; 1932 and 1934 data from Census reiDorts on The
Clay Produces Industries, 1932, and 1954, Table 3.
a/ To give Code coverage, only two of the three groups included in this
category by the Csnsus have been used. These are (l) partition,
load- bearing, furring, and book tile, and (2) floor-arch, silo, cXid
corn-crib tile, radial chhanej blocks, and fire riroofing tile. The
third group, conduit tile, was not incluaed xmder the Code.
Ca'nital inveLtnent and Productive capacity
The capital invested in tne Structural Clay Products Industry, according
to a study nede some years ago by the Brick and Clay Hecord (the leadin.^,' trade
journal in the Industry), was $275,000,000. Many hiondreds of plants liave
failed and in many cases the same plc.nt has been involved in rey^eated
8592
-7-
failiires — nev/ capital having been invested in the business v/ith each re-
financing. Ko marked change in capacity has occurred since the above estimate
was made. The former Code Authority estimated the productive capacity of the
Industrjr at 45,000,000 tons annually. The invested capital vrould therefore
have been about $6,00 per ton, on a yearly average basis. The basis upon
which the capital investment was calcvilated is not kno\7n.
Va].ue and Volvune of Production
The total value of products and voluiae of production for the Industry are
given in Table VI, below, for the yecrs 1929, 19ol, 1933 and 1934. This table
shows a tremendous decline in volume and value from 1929 through 1933, i-'ith a
sm3.ll increase in both voliime and value in 1934, as compared '-'ith 1933. These
figures are taken from the Census of Manufactures of the Department of Com-
merce— the volume of production is actaal production and the value is selling
value ,
Failures
Dun and Bradstreet reijort t-,;o failures for 1934 in the Structural Clay
Products Industry. i/ Data for other years are not available.
TASLI YI
Total Value and Volume of Production in the Industry as Defined
by the CoO.e by Kind of Product
Kind of
Product
Total
Volume of Pi'oduction
(in millions )§:/
1929 1931 1933
1934
Value of Production
(in thousands)
1929
1931
1933
1934
$125,934 $49,275 $16,794 $22,598
Common Brick
Vitrified Brick
For Paving
Por Other
Purposes b/
Face Brick
Enajneled Brick
Hollow Brick
Ho Hot/ Building
Tile (e:.:cluding
conduit tile)
5,505 2,315 1,020 1,099
274 179 54 100
58,733 21,652
5,971 3,845
8,816 11,419
1,106 2,232
118 202
3 ,807 4 , 749
172 163
80 85
,669a/ 1,806a/ 596a/ 672a/ 21.973 9,543 2,695 3,748
93
29
9
14
1,533
422
2,139
903
270
305
36,120
13 , 271
17
9
4
4
1,259
484
26
6
4
6
345
58
Source: 1929 data from Co-isa-; of LianuFactures, 1929, "The Clay Products In-
dustries;" the remaining data from Census reports on The Clay Product
Industries. 1931, 1933, and 1934.
a/ Hollow buildin- tile is expressed in thousands of tons.
b/ Vitrified brick for pumoses other than paving was not specifically
mentioned in the Code definition but since it is produced in the same
establishments thp.t "iroduce paving brick it wo.s considered as ujider
the Cede in th^' administration thereof.
1/ Current Anal-sis of Insolvenc?/ Trends (February 28, 1935),
3592
-8-
Continuity of Production
This Industry has not operated continuously in recent years hecause its
voliime is dependent upon activity in the Constru.ction Industry. Table VII,
"below, gives a picture of operating activity in the Industry from which to
judge the continuity of employnent aiid production throughout the year 1933,
The table emphasizes the fact that in tliis year the vast majority of the
plants worked fewer than 200 days per year, and that more than 80 per cent
of the total production came from such plants.
TABLE VII
iJumber of Plants and Value of product for Establishments in the
Eour Main Di visions of the Industry, Classified by Days Operated,
1933 a/'
Number of Days
of Operation
Number of
Establishments
Value of
Product
(0001 s)
Per Cent of
Total Value
212
55
15
40
157
Less than 100 days
Total 322
Comn;on brick
Face brick
Paving brick
Hollow building tile
100 to 199 days
Total
Com;non brick 86
Face brick 31
Paving brick 9
Hollow building tile 31
200 to 299 days
Total 56
Common brick
Face brick
Paving brick
Hollow building tile
300 or more days
Total
Common brick 9
Face brick 1
Paving brick 0
Hollow buildinte tile 0
Not reported
Total 6_
Common brick 3
Face brick 2
Paving brick 1
Hollow building tile 0
22
7
0
7
10
$6.701
4,003
1,254
689
755
6,571
2,890
1,561
553
1,467
2,246
1,103
663
0
480
635
635
0
C
181
72
109
c/
0
41.0
46.0
35.0
51.3
27.9
40.2
33.2
43,5
48.7
13.8
12.7
18.5
0
17.8
3.9
7.3
-■0
0
1.1
0.8
3.0
c/
■0
(Continued on the following page)
8592
-9-
TABLE VII (Cont'd)
Source: Special Census report to NRA, Research and Planning Division, 1933,
a/ Data are for estatlishments vv'hich produce the commodities
listed as major products.
"bj Included with "Hot reported."
c/ Included with "Less than 100 days."
Competing products
All of the products of the Industry are used in the Construction
Industry, Competing products are:
Concrete blocl: and other concrete products
Cinder concrete "block toid cinder "brick
Plain and reinforced concrete
Terra cotta
Artificial stone
Cut "building stone
Cement
LUiU'ber
Asphalt
Stone oaving "block
8592
-10-
Chaptor II
LABOR STATISTICS
Emplo^'jent rad pn.yrolls
Table VIII, below, gives the averat'^e nioiiitei- of employees and total
amoxuit of payrolls for escablishnents who'^-.e major product was either
comnon 'bricl:, face brick, paving brick, or hollo\7 tile, Betvjeen 1929 and
1933 the ntiriber of employees declined 77 per cent mid the amount of total
annu^^Z pajQ'olls declined almost 90 per cent. Tables IX, X, XI, and JCEI,
beloTT, shoT.' the average number of employees, total anmial payrolls, and
average weekly wages by states for 193^ for each of the four main branches
of the Industry.
TABLE VIII
Average Number of Employees and Total Annual Payrolls
In the Four iJain Divisions of the Industry a/
1929
1931
1933
NuTjber of employees 46,179
Total aiinual payroll 51,499
(in thousands)
25,298
21,372
10,620
5,598
Source: 1929 data from Census of ].Iaim.f actures, 1929, "The Clay
Products Industries;" 1951 data from Census report on
Tlie Clay Products Industries, 1951; 1953 data from
special Census tabulation for llPA, Research and Plamaing
Division, 1933.
a/ Data are for those establishments producing as major
products either comm.on brick, face brick, vitrified
brick for paving purposes, and holloi.7 building tile.
8592
-11-
TASLE IX
Emplo^raent, Payrolls, and Averace TJeekly 'Tages in Establishments
whose Major Product was Connon Brick,
"by Principr.l Producing States, 1933.
State
Employees a/ Pa'""olls t/
(in tiiousands)
Average 'Jeekly c/
TTage
U. S. Total
Alabana
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
loua
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Llaine
Iiaryla;.id
Llassackusetts
Uichigan
Minnesota
ilississippi
Ilissouri
ITehraska
ITeTT Haup shire
lTev7 Jersejr
lieu York
llorth Carolina
Ohio
Oklahoma.
Peniis,3"lvania
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texa.s
Virginia
Washington
Uest Virginia
Wisconsin
Other States
5,963
220
62
244-
44
173
65
411
192
70
39
74
33
192
106
33
42
152
71
30
55
427
470
394
163
56
547
212
267
130
504
25
38
55
141
$2,951
69
19
144
30
101
13
119
153
37
21
12
62
21
24
103
76
17
23
49
48
17
40
209
306
129
102
29
332
55
119
50
246
18
20
32
101
$9.52
6.04
5.88
11.35
13.12
11.23
5.33
5.58
15.33
10.17
10.35
7.2.
6.4u
5.46
13.93
10.31
13.79
9.90
10.54
6.19
13.00
10.90
13.93
9.40
12.52
6.29
12.04
9.96
11.67
4.98
8.58
7.40
9.33
13.85
10.12
9.46
13.77
csource:
a/
y
cj
3592
Bureau of Census
Division, 1933.
SiDCcial Seport to UHA, Research and Planning
Data cover 332 estahlisiinents.
Employees inclrde all ua.ge earners.
Wages include wages paid to wage earners listed.
Computed "by IIRA, Research and Planning Division - average week-
ly payroll divided "by nuraher of employees.
-IC-
TA5LE X
Employment, Payrolls end. A'rorp.Te Weekly ""ages in Establishments
■whose Major pro"uCt '.vae luce Brick,
■by Principal Stc.tc;^, 1933.
State
Employees a/
Payrolls h/
(lu tliousands)
Average T.'eolcly cj
TTage
U. S. Total
2,242
Alabama, Arkansas
Colorado aiid Texas
234
Indiajia and Illinois
262
loua, Kansas, Llichigan
Liinnesota, Missouri,
Soutii Dakota, and
Uisconsin
199
IToTT Jersey, ilaryland
Elaode Island, and
iTeT7 York
162
Ohio
481
Pennsylvania
623
ICentucliy, Tennessee,
Virginia, and West
Virginia
182
$1,290
97
142
Other States
99
140
129
255
337
73
64
$11,06
7.98
10.42
13.54
15,31
10.19
11.94
8.04
1.17
Source: Bureau of Census, Special Report to NEii, Research and
Planning Division, 1933. Data cover 96 estahlishments,
a/ .Employees include all wage earners,
h/ Wages include tvages paid to wage earners listed,
cJ Computed by I7RA, Research and Planning Division, - Average
weekly payroll divided "by n-Jinber of employees.
TABLE XI
Emplo3'ment, Payrolls, and Average Weelcly Wages in Sstahlishments
uhose Llajor Product vias Pr.ving Brick "by Principal producing States, 1933.
State Employees a/ payrolls b/ Average Weekly cJ
(in thousands) Wage
U. S. Total 790
Illinois, Indiana, lovra
aiid Kansas
IT. Y. Pa. ct W. 7a..
Ohio
C-a. Okla. Sc Texas
242
82
322
144
3459
147
46
221
55
$11.42
11,67
10.79
13.19
7.35
Source:
a/
£/
3592
Bureau of Census, 3]jecial Report to MRA, Research and Plcjining
Division, 1933. Data covers. 25 establishne--its,
Er-iployees include all 'lage ea,rners.
Wages include rrages paid to T/age earners listed.
Corn-out ed "by IIRA, Research ejid Planning Division, - Average
neekly payroll divided by average n-ujnoer of employees.
-IS-
TABLE XII
EnplojTnent, Payrolls, aaid Average Weekly Wage in Establishments
Wiiose Major Product was Hollow Building Tile,
by Principal Producing States, 1933.
ite
ZEmployees a/
Payrolls b/
(in thoix^iands)
Average Weekly c/
Wage
U. S. Total
1,526
Illinois
71
Indiana
91
loua
214
Ohio
357
Penns:^''lvania
159
Alabama and llorth
Carolina
38
Montana, California,
&
Oregon
53
Maryland & W. Virginia
107
Kansas and Missouri
53
llinnesota, ITebraska
&
ilorth Dalcota
55
lew York and Kew Jersey
140
Hew Ilexico and Coloi
■ado
50
Arkansas, Louisiana,
Okla. & Texas
217
$883
15
$10.50
42
11.38
72
15.21
129
11,60
173
9.33
82
9.92
8,10
52
15.87
52
11,13
25
9.08
44
12. E3
85
11.67
21
8.08
7.54
Source; Bureau of Census, Special Report to ERA, Research and
planning Division, 1933. Data cover 78 establishments.
a/ Emplo;'"ees include all wage earners,
b/ Wages include wages paid to v;age earners listed,
c/ Computed by i'JRA, Research and Planning Division, - Average
weekly payroll divided by average number of employees
Seasonal Variation
The Industry in many parts of the country is largeljr seasonal,
particularly in the xlorth. The digging of clay and quarrying of shale
are difficult in the rainy season and also, in the North, in the winter
season. These interruptions, as well as the low volume of sales and the
inability of the smaller plants to finance heavy inventories, have tend-
ed toward intermittent operations of plejnts. The extent to which opera-
tions are oeriodic has already been indicated in Table VII, above.
Table XIII, below, gives monthly employment in the Industry as a
whole du.ring 1933. It will be seen that employment in February, the
low month, was not much more than a third of that reported for August,
which was the high month. Census data on monthly payrolls are not avail-
able.
8592
-1 CI-
TABLE XIII
Seasonality of Si.iploy.ent in the
Four Main Divisions of the Industry 19333:/
Week Ending rlearest
the 15th
Jan'oar;'"
Fehriiary
Ntunher of
En-olo^-ees
IJarch
April
Hay
Jtme
July
Aligns t
Septemher
October
I'lovenher
Decenher
Average
6,315
5,984
6,856
8,199
10,399
12,430
14,853
15,406
13,351
12,719
11,077
9,353
10,520
Source: Bureau of Censvis, special report to HRA., Research
and Planning Division, 1935.
a/ Data cover those estahlisliments nhose major prod-
uct vas either comnon hricl:, face 'brich, paving
hricl:, or hollou "building tile.
Chart I shons the seasonality of emplojaient hours, and T/ages for the
Industry as defined hy the Code, i.Ionthly data for 1933 and 1934 on
emplo^Tient, earnings, and hours u:oon Trhich the chart is hased are pre-
sented in Tahle ZSIII, helov/.
Trend of Average Weekly TTages
?or Coraparisons of average v/eeliy 'i7ages. Table XIV, "beloi.7, has been
prepared from Census data for the years 1929, 1931, and 1933, and from
Bureau of Labor Statistics data for 1S34. These figures show the sane
general trend as volume of production. 1/ There was a decided decline
fron 1929 through 1933, but a fairly substantial rise in 1934 as conpared
with 1933, This increase in weei:l3r wages anounted to 30 per cent, r/here-
as total value of production increased 35 "oer cent.
8592
-■15-
[EilBLE XIV
Aver?s<^ V/eekl3;- .'Zarinni^T ir the Tbur l.iain
j)iv-isior.s cf the l\v~ns'-rys^
Year Kvv^'ar^c Weekly Harnin^ss
1929 $21.45
1S51 15.25
195.3 10.14
1934 IS. 00 ll/
Sonrce: 1929, 19C1. aiic. 1933 fjt,-ar33 comput-d fro:n Tahle VIII,
a-OGve; 1934 frcn Burerru of Laoor StatiatiCR, as explained
in the source tmi -cootnotD cj cf Tsiole ILilll helov?.
Si,' Data c.Qvei tho?e escaulishrients whose rae.jor product was
either ccinnon hriok. fa.cs "brick, paving "b.-ick, or hollov;
"building ti].e.
h/ Hefers to the Industry ae aefmed ^o^j the Cede. See
Ta'ble JCiIII "below.
Percentage Tfcich Coat of La'oor ^ s nf YaJv p -if prodT"".t
In spite of rnoderni^^atton of plnjits and tr.r. u-ts o+ in-orov(d riacxiiner;'-,
lahor continues to "be tho ciie-"" factor in the cost of the finished product.
It ha.s "been olained that lajor repres-'-itp a larg; •, • ovoportion of the totrl .
cost of sti-.-ctui-el cl:..-- pro.....^-;,, t]'an it do,-;; o-.i any coTipe-i/in..; jiaterial. ^
The per cent that ■aai;es constitute of the total vaT^ie of the ■.roauct 1^:
sho^/n in Taole XV, "belo.;?. for -.he years 1929, 1931, px_d 193L.'
The difference in the cost of prodviction on a spread of 10 cents -ler
ho-ar in the ""onsic wage scal<^ T-ill, in thp average size plant, (50,000 to
60,000 "bricks per da"^, or its equivalent in tonnage) enovni tu 50 cents
per thousand "brick. .?-/
1/ See Tr^ol'? V.L, ahove.
2/ Puhlic Hjarin^ on the Str-act-.j:, .1 Clay InCLuotry, llovein'ber 3, 1933,
page 17.
8592
-16-
Chapter III
MATrSIALS: SA^ AKD SEMI-PROCESSED
Principal liaterials Used in the Industry
The ciiief raw materials used in the mamxfacture of structui'al cl3y prod-
ucts axe shale, surface clay, e.nC. fire clay. PJliile at least one of these raw
materials is found in each state, certain highei' grades of rav/ material v/hich
are used in producing the better types of products ore found only in certain
areas. Ohio and Pennsj'lvania are noted for their fire clay deposits. Of
necessity, plants are "built where raw materials ore found and this situation
makes for long hairls to market in maJiy instances — especially for certain
types of products, such as face brick and structur-jl clay tile.
Cost of materials. Fuel, and Purchased Electric Energy.
Taole XV below, gives the total value of product, total labor cost, rnd
total cost of materials for 1929, 1931, 1933, and 1934, and shov/s the relation
of each of the latter items to the total value of the product.
TABLE XY
Relation of Total Labor and Total Materials Cost
to Total Value of Product in the Pour Main
Divisions of tue Indus ti-y a/
Cost of Materials, Fuel
Total Value Wages Paid and Rirchased Electric
Yeeix of Product Energy
(000" s) Amount Per Cent Ajno-ujit Per Cent
(000' s) of Total (OOP's) of Total
192S $120,659 $51,499 42,7 $35,587 29.5
1931 47,542 21,372 45.0 13,970 b/ 29.4
1933 15,134 5,598 34.7 4,550 28.2
Source: 1929 data from Census of Ivianuf actures, 1929, "The Clay Product
In6.ustries; " 1931 data from Census report on The Cl3.y Products
Industries, 1931; and 1933 data from special Census report to ilRA,
Researcn and Planning Division, 1933.
a/ These data include those establishments -.vhose major product T/as either
comiiion brick, face brick, psving brick, or hollow building tile.
b/ Cost of Materials for 1931 estimated by NRA, Research and Planning
Division.
Fael cost is an important factor in the manufacture of the Industrie's
products. In areas such as New England, New York, and certain southeastern
states, as v/ell as western states, coal must be shipped on comparativel3r long
hauJLs. Even in states tl'iat produce lower grades of coal, it is ofter neces-
sar;'- to ship in nigher grades of coal for use in certain burnings.
Table XVI below, gives the value of purcnases of materials, fuel, and
electric energy for the years 1929 and 1933 for the four branches of the In-
dustry'-. Establishments are classified according to major products.
8592
-17-
TABLE XVI
Cost of Materials, Fuel, and Purchased
Electric Energy, by Main Divisions of the In-
dustry lC;a9 and 1933.
(in thousands )
Division of the 1929 1933
Industry
Total $35,587 a/ $4,55y
Common Brick 15,170 2,464
Pace Brick 10,756 999
Paving Brick 2,239 §:/ 348
Hollow Building Tile 7,422 739
Source: 1929 data from Censur, of Manufactures, 1929, "The Clay Products In-
dustries;" 1933 data from special Census report to Wk, .lies^rxc-'. .^d
Pl....nninc^, Division, 1933.
a/ Includes vitrified "brick used for p-urposes other than ; saving.
Equipment
The equ-ipment used in plant operations is largely of midwestern manu-
facture, but belt conveyors, one of the heavy supply cost items, are
mostly manufactured in the south and in Mew Englsind.
8592
-18-
Chapter IV
PHODUCTIOW AlID DISTEIBUTION
Value and Vol-ume of Prodncts ly States
Altho-ugh structural clay products of one or more tranches of the Industry
are manufactured in each state, there is a consideratle movement of these ^
products across state lines. Face trick and stractural clay tile in particur-
lar, and common "brick, and paving "brick to a somcv/hat lesser extent, are in-
volved in interstate movement.
Tables XVII, XVIII, XIX and XI belov/, shovr the total volume and value of
production for the major proaucinf; states for the four "branches of tl.e In-
dus tr;;'-.
TABLE XVII
Volume and Value of Common Brick Produced in Principal
States
1929
1931
1934
State
Volume
Value Volume
Value
Volume
Value
(000,000'
3)
(000 's) (000,
000' s)
(000 's)
(GOG
,OCO-s)
(000' s)
U.S. Total
5,505
$58,732 2,
315
$21,652
1,
099 $11,419
Ala"bana
143
1,301
59
421
41
338
California
287
2,967
95
881
20
180
Connecticut
146
1,753
86
956
34
,360
Georgia
143
1,146
48
281
40
302
Illinois
836
7,805
143
1,297
75
702
Indiana
112
1,083
21
190
13
140
Kentucky
47
515
26
226
23
256
Maryland
97
1,285
43
496
17
225
Massachusetts
93
1,435
51
656
31
373
Michigan
153
1,764
28
301
26
250
Mississipr)i
96
941
26
202
13
116
Missouri
104
l,3fe'3
43
427
19
207
Net: Jersey
248
2,848
135
1,508
53
626
New York
764
7,515
601
4,970
156
1519
North Carolina
217
2,010
95
652
60
565
Ohio
260
2,559
87
891
29
310
Pennsylvama
418
5,584
162
1,315
93
1088
Tennessee
99
1,074
29
284
36
353
Texas
182
1,812
65
522
39-
365
Virginia
151
1,971
66
762
62
665
All Others
899
5,971
40G
3,974
219
2,478
Source: 1929
data from
•ies , " Ta"b]
Census of Manuf
actures
, 1929.
a from C-
'clay Pro due
3nsus Report
ts In-
dusti
.e
5; 1531 and 1
934 dat
fer
Clay
Products Industries, 1931
and 1934.
8592
-19-
11A.BLE ;:viii
Volrcne aiid Value of Paving Brick
Produced in Princiioal States
State 1929a/ 1931
1934
"oltune Value Volwne Value VolMine Value
(000,000's) (OOO's) (000,000's) (OOO's) (000,000's) (OOO's)
U.S.
Total
274
Illinois
21
Indiana
4
Kansas
14
Ohio
116
Pennsylvan-ia
35
All
84
Others
$o,971 115 $2,411 100 $2,232
495 25 500 17 321
78 a/ a/ 6 112
291 a/ a/ a/ a/
2,305 69 1,509 44 1,074
773 5 96 13 326
1.829 15 306 20 399
Source: 1929 data from Census of Ilanufactm-ers. 1929. "The Clny Products
Industries", Tal3le_5; 1931 and 1934 data from Census reports on
The Clay Products industries. 1931 and 1934, Table 3.
a/ ITot availahle separately "but included in "All 0th
ers".
3592
-SO-
TABLE XIX
Volune and Value of Hollon Tile Produced in
Princi-nal States
State
192?
)
193]
1'
934
Vol-jjne
Value
Volume
Value
Volune
Value
(000 to
ns)
(000 's)
(000 tons)
(000 's)
(000 tons
) (OOO's)
U.S. Total
3,318
$19,835
1,646
$8,774
635
$3,501
California
81
674
52
385
17
135
Illinois
230
1,400
101
385
55
233
Indiana
232
1,675
86
776
26
200
Iowa
234
1,597
113
595
64
400
Kansas
106
533
25
107
10
48
Kentuclzy
16
103
9
43
11
37
Missouri
40
261
26
135
16
85
ilew Jersey
434
3,496
248
1,695
a/
a/
Kerr York
80
466
45
211
15
74
Ohio
745
3,443
399
1,639
73
401
Pennsylvania
253
1,433
110
448
53
255
Texas
109
603
53
237
39
196
All Others
708
4,151
379
1,962
257
1,435
Source: 192!
3 data ;
o-stries'
from
II rn
Census
of I'laiwi'actur
es, 1929. "The Clav
dr^ta from Census re
Products
Indc.
aole 5;
1931 and 1934
3ports on
The
Clay P:
ro an
cts Indu
stries 1951,
and 1954,
Table 3.
a,': ITot available separately but included in "All Others".
8592
-SI-
TABLE IQZ
■Volume and Value of Face Brick Produced
in Princi-oal States
— __-
1'
329
1931
19
34
State
Volume
Valuo
Vol
jme
Value
Volume
Value
(000
2
,000»
,139
s)
(OOO's)
$36,120
(000
, 000 '
s)
(OOO's)
(000
,000'
s)
(OOO's)
U.S. Total
905
$13,271
305
$4,749
Illinois
220
3,407
81
1,145
28
415
Indiana
130
2,269
50
721
15
264
Missouri
56
1,133
24
365
7
101
Ohio
501
7,4-02
218
3,280
59
977
Pennsylvania
466
8,013
211
3,094
65
955
Texas
96
1,759
43
541
16
228
All Others
670
12,157
276
4,125
115
1,809
Source: 1929 data from Census of i.Ianufactiires. 1929. "The Clay Products
Industries", Tahle 5; 1931 and 1954 data from Census reports on
The Cla?.^ Products Industries. 1931. and 1934, Tahle 3.
Interstr.te Ilovenent of Goods
Moveinents of structural clay products in interstate commerce are
demonstrated oy Tahle XXI, helon, nhich shows oroduction and constiniotion
for 1929 of all of the hrici: products of the Industry hy states.!/ ^Penn-
sylvania, Ohio, and Illinois, the leading producing states, accounted for
ahout 38 per cent' of total "oroduction but consui.-.ed only ahout 30 per cent.
Actually more than 8 per cent was aoubtless "e:qported" to other states he-
cause the particular hinds and qualities of hrick wanted might not have heen
available within the home state and hecau.se the production center nearest
the consumer may have been located on the other side of the state boundary.
Other relatively important producing states which consumed less tlmn they
produce and therefore had a balance to send out were Indiana, ITorth Carolina,
Texas and Virginia.
In the converse situation were those states which used considerably
more brick than they produced and thus had to "import" the product from
other states. Conspicuous e:anples were Hew York^, Ulchigan, Massachusetts
and I'iew Jersey.
!/ It is emphasized that the figures given in Table 7zd are in the nature
of estimates only. As e-^-plained in footnote a/ the -oroduction data are
not completely broken down fov all states. Rirthermore, as indicated
below, it does not necessarily Tallow that cons^jmption within a state is
met out of that state's production merely because the quantity of brick
produced there is large enough to supply it.
359-2
o o o
(C f^ ifl
•I
U I
/
l!e\7 York Cit;--, for exr.nple, cor.s-ui.ies structiiral cla7 products fron
plants located in llev Jorse^'-, p3nns7lvniiia, Ilassaclmsetts, Connecticut,
Ohio, and a ntu.Aer of other states. The Chicago narlret draws -uijon the
prod\iction of plants located in Ohio, Indiana, Ilisso-uri, Iowa, ITisconsin,
and elsenhere, St. Loais, i:iF.EOirri, sit-jatod on a state border, cons-'Jjnes
a considerable vol-une of structural clay products fron Illinois, Ohio,
17isconsin, sjid llebracka. Other large cities located in states of small
production also dvaw upon plaiits in other states. On important face-
brick contract jobs for e.-:iamplc, it is usual tliat there is keen conpeti-
tion fron producers in several states, A survey made of plants located
in Ohio and Uestern PennsylvoJiia (states producing the largest anoimt of
structural clay products) indicated that between 40 and 50 per cent of
the products are shipped outside of these states, Kansas has 15 large
plants within 70 miles of the Oklahoma liue, some only a mile or two from
the line. Oklaliona has 5 plants which are on the average fewer thr.n 70
miles from the state line, l/
1/ Fablic Hearing on tho Structural Clay Products Industry, Augjast 8, 1933,
page 19,
8592
state
-22-
T1A.3LE ]Ci:i
Comparison of Production and Coni-ujiption of
3ricl:, bj^ States, 1929
Value of
Pro duct icn^/
( C^Q ' s )
Percentage
of Tctali/
Production
Value of
CoriS^unption
(OOP's)
Percentage
of Total
Co n s'on'otiOxi
Total
$103, 95e
100.0
$65,05C
100.0
Alabama
l,92o
1.3
Arizona
440
A
Arkansas
433
4
California
3,587
0.5
Colorado
944
.9
Connecticut
1,763
1.7
Delaware
230
-->
District of Columbia
-
—
Florida
208
Georgia
1,447
1.4
Irifljio
49
.0
Illinois
11,935
11.5
Indiana
3,430
5.3
lovra
1,059
1.0
Kansas
1,527
1.5
Kentuc]:y
648
.5
Louisiana
520
.5
Ilaine
311
.3
Maryland
1,285
1.2
Massachusetts
1,435
1.4
Hichigan
2,130
2.0
Minnesota
438
.4-
Mississippi
1,106
1.1
I.Iisso\u'i
2,436
2.3
Montana
111
.1
Nebraska
711
.7
ITevada
—
M
ITew Hampshire
526
.5
xTew Jersey
3 , 633
'D ^'O
lien Liercico
82
lieu York
7,515
7.2
ITorth Carolina
2,470
2.4
llorth Dalrota
31
.1
Ohio
12,877
12.4
Oklahoma
1,544
1.5
Oregon
190
.2
(Continued)
652
1.0
156
.2
306
.5
2,494
3,8
223
.3
1,299
2.0
346
.5
501
.9
286
.4
1,299
2.0
34
.1
5,392
9.3
1,421
2.2
756
1.2
564
1.0
442
.7
322
.5
168
.2
925
1.4
2,915
4.5
4,375
7.5
6V3
1.1
158
.2
1,433
2 ?
165
.3
574
.3
1
-
88
.1
2,301
4.3
49
-
12,137
13.6
650
1.0
147
.2
6,632
10.4
532
.8
187
.3
8592
-24-
TA-T!T,T. }CCI (Continued)
Conparison of Production and Conswnption of Brick,
"by States, 1929
Value Of
Percentaf;e
Value
of
Percentage
state
Product iona/
of
TotalaJ
ConsujTOt
ion
of
Total
(OOO's)
Pre
) duct ion
(000'
s)
Consumption
Penns-^lvania
$14,529
14.0
$5,933
9.2
Bliode Island
-
—
437
.8
South Carolina :■
904
.9
221
.3
South Da]:ota
-
—
105
.2
Tennessee
1,709
1.5
703
1.1
Texas
3,551
3.4
1,719
2.6
Utah
777
.8
243
.4
Vermont
~
~-
72
.1
Virginia
2,694
2.6
878
1.3
TTashin^ton
924
.9
430
.7
West Virginia
902
.9
223
.3
ITisconsin
876
.8
1,212
1.9
TJ3''Oinin.2:
72
.1
18
»
Others
a/
7,839
7.6
Source: Census of I :&nuf act-ares, 192G.-p.S48 (Connon, ?ace, Vitrified, Enaneled,
Hollow Brick); Census of Constr^iction, 1930, pl20 (Common, ?ace,
Paving, etc.. Brick)
a/ Production d^ta for most states are inconplete in that the value of
production vas given ^oy groups rather than indivi dually for the
less important states in the various industries. Tlie total for
these groups is given under "Others." Complete data are presented
only for Belaware, Plorida, Kansas, Ilississippi, Ohio, Pennsylvania,
South Carolina, Utali, Virginia and YJisconsin,
T?roe of Distrib-ative Outlet ij
The chauinels of distrihution of struct^oral clay products in the fonar
"branches of the Industry var:/ from one "branch to another. Face orick and
structural clay tile are largely sold throiVih retail and wholesale dealers.
Those plants which engaged principall"/ in the production of face "brick in
1929 made 64 per cent of their sales to such dealers, 13 per cent to their
own wholesale "branches end the remaining 23 per cent to consumers (including
industrial consumers). In the case of hollow "building tile these per cents
were 69, 4, a;id 27, Ccxion "brick is also marketed to a considera"bie e::tent
tlirough dealers "but perhaps more ths.ii half of the total is sold direct to
contractors and other consumers. In 1929, these direct sales amounted to 55
per cent of the total. Paving "brick, on account of the character of its
markets, is practically never sold tliro-'j^-jh dealers hut is sold direct to
inaustrial and other lar-re consumers and contractors.
1/ Tliis section is "based on de,ta pu":olished "b;^ the Biureau of the Census in
I)istri"bution of Sales of Llgjiufacturing Plants, 192"".
8532
I
I
Vol-uine of IriTiorts and E:30orts
Imports and exoorts of the products of the Industry have never "been
considered as ira-oortrnt items.
Shifts of Centers of Froduction
'There have "been no material shifts of centers of production in the
Industry for man;'- years.
8592
e
♦
-26-
Chapter V
TRADE i'E ACT ICES
Unfc.ir Trade Pra.cticep prior to the Code
At various tiroes in 1930 end. 1931, the Federal Trade Corar:ission held
conferences v^ith representatives of three oranches of the Industry (structural
Clay Tile, Pace Bricl:, and Cora::ion Brick), Pair trade practice n:les '.7ere
issued for each of these groups by the Coaiiiission on Au^iast 39, Au^aist 17,
and July 19, 1931, respectively covorir..-';; rules on Cj^L'tain lonf-'.ir trade prictices
such as:
1, Discri'riin?,tion in ririce "between different purchasers.
2, Secret paynent of rebates,
3, Giving money or anything of value to agents of
customers or of coinj-^etitor' s custodiers,
4, Maliciously inducing or atten3ting to induce breach
of existing contracts.
5, False disparage.ient of gracie or quality of go ode 3f
competitors,
6, Sefanation of conpetitors,
7, Initation of trade mar]:s, trade names, or slogans.
8, Shipment of goods on consigniient T7ith the intent and
effect of injuring e. competitor.
9, Deviation from established standards of the Industiy.
10, Shipping or delivering products v.hich do not conform
to the samples subnittfd,
11, Coercing the p-'urchase of several or a group of products
as a condition to the purchase of one or more products
under the exclusive control of the seller.
These uere..nhat aro.knoun as "GlaLis A" rules and a.re enforceable by
decree of the Commission, In adcition to them, certain other rules, hnovm
as "Class 5" rules '.vere published at the time. These latter rules are
permissive in the groups affected and are not necessarily enforceable by
order of the Comnission,
The Class A unfair trade practices ruf er: ed to by the Federal Trade
Commission are all covered, though in aifferent forrr., by the Trp.de Practice
Rules of the Code, and in adcition the folloijing rules were approved:
12, Repudiation of contracts v-ritten or oral,
13, llaking misleading guarantees of products,
14, The giving of premiums in connection with sales,
15, Sale of inferior products on under st,anding that superior
products would be delivered.
16, Interference with contracts.
8592
I
-27-
17, Halving of lump sum bids or installed prices, thereby
concerling unit prices or guaranteeing that any
specific quantities would do a jot,
18, Acceptance of stocks or "bonds except at current
marketable cash value in payment for Industry
products.
Unfair Trade Practices Under the Code
The former Code Authority has stated that after the Code became effec«.
tive it had complaints or reports concerning alleged violations of the
unfair trade practices described in Article XI, Sections a, "b, d, e, f, i,
0, and q, of the Code. These constitute essentially the items listed above
as numbers 2, 4, 5, 5, 9, 10, 15, 16, and 17.
8592
-38-
Chapter VI
THE INDUSTRY - GEMERAL lilFOmiATION
Operations of the Indtistry
Hie manufacture of structural clay products begins with the quarrying,
excavating, or raining of the raw materials. The materials are then ground
and tempered with water, shaped into the type of imit being manufact-ored,
dried preparatory to burning, bui'ned in kilns for periods ranging from two
to tliree weeks, and sorted according to perfection of color, degree of
burning, ate. The products are then ready for distribution. Some large
concerns, manufacturing all or part of the products of the Industry, own
or control thirty or more plants each, yet there are hundreds of small
individually-o\¥ned conmon brick plants.
Trade Associations
During the years when building construction was more active, four
national trade associations actively promoted the development of the
Structural Clay Products Industry, These associations, which eIso sponsored
the Code, were:
!• The Brick Manufacturers Association, foimded in 1918, representing
the common brick manufacturers.
2, The inerican Face Brick Association, founded in 1912.
3, The National Paving Brick Association, founded in 1905.
4, Tlae Structural Clay Tile Association, fouiided in 1919,
Each of these associations has carried on advertising and research
programs. In recent years the low dem.and for the products has curtailed
these activities.
Late in 1934, Structural Clay Prodixcts, Inc., was formed as a single
organization to promote the use of the Industry's products. While the
National Paving Brick Association is carrying on its own work, due to the
special nature, of that branch of the Industry, it is affiliated with the
new organization. The Brick Manufacturers Association also is continuing
its work — without affiliation — while the other two associations have
ceased active work pending deteri'aination of the success of the new
organization.
Orgaiiization of Labor
The United Brick and Clay Workers of America, with headquarters at
Chicago, Illinois, represents organized labor in the Industry. It has been
claimed by the Industry that, dujring many years of operations, both
unionized and open shop, manufacturers have had comparatively few dis-
putes with labor.
8592
-29~
Present Financial Condition of the Industry
No figures are available on the financial condition of the industry for
the years 1929, 1931, and 1933. The earning capacity of the Industry very
prohably follows the same trend line as does the value of structural clay
products consumption. A comparison of the latter series with the estimated
value of total construction indicates that a more extreme decline took place
"between 1929 and 1934 in the Structural Clay Industry than in general con-
struction, (See Tahle XXII helow)
TABLE XCII
Gompajison of Estimated Total Value of Construction and Total Value of
Structural Clay Products Consumption (index, 1926 - lOO)
lear
Estimated Construction
Value for 48 States a/
Structural Clay
Products Consumption h/
1925
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1954
100.0
97.5
100.4
88.6
66,1
48.1
21.6
19.7
23,4
100.0
89.9
84.1
72.0
50.3
34.4
15.8
11.6
12.6
Source: As indicated in footnotes.
a/ Adjustment to totality hy IJEA Division of Review, of F. W.
Dodge Reports for total construction contracts awarded in
37 states.
h/ Computed hy IIBA Division of Review, from Census of Manu?-
factures figures. (Beginning stock, plus production, less
ending stock.)
Effect of the Code
There was a marked increase between 1933 and 1934 in employment, payrolls
and wage rates. Average hours worked per week were lower in 1934 than in
1933 and were subject to less extreme fluctuation. These series are pre-
sented by months for 1933 and 1934 in Table XXII I, below, and in Chart I,
supra.
Trade Marks
Although many manufacturers adopt trade names for their products and sell
them under such names, there have been comparatively few trade names regis-
tered. Certain types of Industry products are given names and occasionally
such names are stamped upon the product.
8592
-SO-
TABLE XXIII.
Factory Employment, Payrolls, Houro, and Wages 1933-1935 a/
Average
Month t/
Inde'^es
(I9o3=100)
Hours
WcTked Per
¥a
ges
Enploy- ■
Pay 1 311
s c/
Man-Hours i_\/
Average
Average
nent c/
T.eek e/
Hourly •
ey
Weekly c/
1933
Jan.
63,8
53.9
53.6
28.2
$.306
$8.75
Fel3.
65.2
55.3
56,3
29.0
.306
8.78
Mar,
67.2
57,1
52.2
31.1
.283
8.75
Apr,
74.8
62c 4
68.6
30.8
.289
8.60
May
95.3
88.3
105. 3
37.1
.275
9,54
June
110.0
108.8
127.8
39.0
.278
10.38
July
131.5
133.5
153.1
39.1
4 285
10.65
Augo
137.2
149.2
145.7
35.9
.322
11,43
Sept,
131.3
135.2
122.8
31.4
.352
10.82
Oct.
114.3
126.0
111.3
32.7
.361
11.64
Nov,
109i,7
123.0
101.0
30.9
.364
11.57
Dec,
99.8
107.3
91.2
30.7
.373
11*29
Average 100,0
100.0
100.0
33.0
.316
10.20
1934
Jan,
80.4
87.9
69,0
28.8
.399
11.48
Feb.
82.2
94.4
68.5
28.0
.373
12.01
Mar.
95.1
100.8
80.1
28.3
.382
11.51
Apr.
119.7
144.6
111.6
31.2
.399
13.09
May
134.4
167.6
128.9
32.2
.421
13.46
June
138.7
178.2
137.1
33.2
.427
13*90
July
133.4
169.0
128.3
32.3
.431
13.70
Aug.
134.2
165.7
128.7
32.2
.421
13.49
Sept.
129,2
155a
120.0
31.2
.428
13.31
Oct,
125.2
157,1
120.8
32.4
.423
13.84
Nov,
127.0
155,2
125.2
33.1
.414
13.56
Dec.
108.6
124.1
99.9
30.9
.413
12.56
Averagi
3 117.3
141.6
109.8
31.2
.411
13.00
Source:
Unpublished data
secured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in
cooperation with
the
Division of Re
search and Planning,
IffiA.
a/
Reporting
establishments considered
. to be almo;
3t comple
itely covered
by the St:
ructural
. Clay Products Industry Code.
^
Figures reported
were
for the payro
11 period nearest the 15th of the
month.
£/
Based upon a representative sample
covering an
average
of
291 estabr-
lishments
and about 5
,680 employees
in 1933. The sampl
.e was some—
what larger in 1934.
^
Computed:
Index
of employment times average hours worked
per week
reduced t
0 1933=100.
e/
Based upon a representative sample
covering an
average
of
120 estab-
lislments and about 2,340 employees in 1933. The sample was con-
siderably larger in 1934.
8592
-31-
Imports
Imports have been snail in volimie and have not appreciably affected the
Industry,
Experts
Men who, by training and experience are thoroughly familiar with the
Industry, are:
Manufacturing, sales, and administration
Mr. Paul B, Belden, General Manager
Belden Brick Company, Canton, Ohio.
Mr, P. W, Bottesworth, President,
Western Brick Company, Danville, Illinois.
Mr, W. Gardner Long, Treasurer,
New England Brick Company,
#3 Park St. , Boston, Massachusetts.
Mr, 0. W. Renkert, President,
Metropolitan Paving Brick Company,
Canton, Ohio,
Ceramics
Mr, L. B. Hainey, Vice President,
Fallston Company, New Brighton, Pennsylvania,
Professor G, A. Bole,
Experiment Station,
Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio,
Professor C. W. Ps,rmelee,
Department of Ceramic Engineering,
University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois.
8592-#