Evidence study

!V^

YB.i^^^/^ '^'^h'^

BOSTON

PUBLIC LIBf'AJ'l,

. !B-ii«

NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION

DIVISION OF REVIEW

EVIDENCE STUDY

NO. 40

OF

THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY

Prepared 'by

WILLIAM L. FULTON

September, 1935

PRELIMINARY DRAFT
(NOT FOR RELEASE: FOR USE IN DIVISION ONLY)

I

THB EVIDSUCB STUDY SEHISS

The S7IDSMCS STUDIZ^S trere originally planned as a means of gathering evidence
bearing upon various le^^al issues which arose under the National Industrial P.e-
covery Act.

These studies have value quite aside from the use for vrhich they were originally
intended. Accordingly, they are novi nade available for confidential use within the
Ei'/ision of Hevievj, and for inclusion in Code Histories.

The f^all list of the Evidence Studies is as follOTi's:

1. Automohile Manufactiiring Ind. 23.

2. Eoot and Shoe Mfg. Ind. 24..

3. Bottled Soft Drink Ind. 25.

4. Builders' Supplies Ind. 26.

5. Chemical Hfg. Ind. 27.

6. Cigar Mfg. Industry 28.

7. Constraction Industry 29.

8. Cotton Garment Industry 30.

9. Dress Mfg. Ind. 31.

10. Electrical Contracting Ind. 32.

11. Electrical Mfg. Ind. 33,

12. Fab. Metal Prod, Mfg., etc. 34.

13. Fishery Industry 35.

14. Furniture Mfg. Ind. 36.

15. General Contractors Ind. 37.

16. Graphic Arts Ind. 38.

17. Gray Iron Foundry Ind. 39. /

18. Hosier:,' Ind. 40. '^

19. Infant's a Children's Wear Ind. 41.

20. Iron and Steel Ind, 42,

21. Leather 43.

22. L^'Jiiber & Timber Frod. Ind.

Mason Contractors Industry

Men's Clothing Industry

Motion picture Industry

Motor Bus Mfg. Industry (Dropped)

lleedle-'ork Ind, of Puerto Eico

Fainting & Paperhanging & Decorating

photo Engraving Industry

Plumbing Contracting Industry

Retail Food (See IIo. 42)

Retail L-oraber Industry

Retail Solid Fuel (Dropped)

Retail Trade Industry

Rubber Mfg. Ind.

Rubber Tire Mfg. Ind,

Silk Textile Ind.

Structural Clay Products Ind.

Thriving Industry

Trucking Industry

Waste Materials Ind.

Wnolesalo & Retail Food Ind. (See Uo. Si)

■Rliolesale Fresh Pi'uit & Teg.

In addition to the studies brought to completion, certain materials have been
assonbled for other industries. These MATERIALS are included in the series and are
also made available for confidential use trithin the Division of Rc-'-iGw and for in-
clusion in Code Histories, as follovrs:

44. Wool Textile Industry

45. Automotive Parts & Equip.

46. Baking Industry

47. Canning Industry

48. Coat and S^ait Ind.

49. Household Goods & Storage, etc. (Dropped)

Ind. 50. Motor Vehicle Retailing Trade 'Ind.

51. Retail Tire & Battery Trade Ind.

52. Ship & Boat Bldg. & Rei^airing Ind.

53. Iholosaling or Distributing Trade

L. C, Marshall
Director, Division of Revie-^

CONTENTS

Page
Foreword 1

CHAPTER I - THE NATURE OP THE iNDJSTRY 2

Code Definition of the Industry 2

i'Tafcure of the Industry 2

Total Numher of Freight Motor Vehicles 2

Total Numher of por-Eire Freight Motor Vehicles. . . 3
Numher of For- Hire Freight Motor Vehicles

Registered Under the Code 3

Geographical Distrihution of Por-Hire Freight

Motor Veliicles Under the 3ode 4

Numher of .Legistrants Under the Code 4

NuTuher of Trucks per RegloCiant Under the Code ... 5
Classification of Operators by Nature of

Business 5

Aggregate Capital Invested 5

Commodities Carried hy Treacle 5

Proportion of Merchandice (L.C.L>) Moved by

Truck 8

Shippers' Reasons for Usia^: Motor Trucks 8

CHAPTER II - LABOR STATISTICS 10

Estimated Total Trv.clz Drivr-.-^- 10

Estimated Total Employees Under the Code 10

Estimated Number of Employees of "Interstate"

Registrants Under the Code 10

Employees of "Interstate" Registrants Under

the Code Classified by Nature of ijusiness

ai\d A<''erage Number of Eni^^loyees per Registrant . . 10
'KT.gas and Hours in the Trucking Industry Prior

to the Code 12

Ti/'ages and Hours in por-Hire Trucking Firms

prior to the Code 13

OHAFTP.R III - TEi INTERSTATE CHARACTER OF THE imUSTRY. . 15

Estimate of Total Por-Hire Trucks in Intrastate

Operations 15

Estimate c " Total Por-Hire Trucks "Engaged in

or Affecting" Interstate Commerce 15

Interstate Operations "Engaged in" by Registrants

Under the Code 16

Classification of "Interstate" Registrants

Under the Code, by Regions 17

Classification of "Interstate" Vehicles Under

the Code, by Regions 18

Classification of "Interstate" Registrants

Under tho Code, by Nature of Business 20

Classification of "Interstate" Vehicles Under

the Code, by Region and Nature of Business .... 22

8789 -i-

COKTENTS (Cont'd)

page

Classification of "Interstate" Re.^istrants

Under the Code, by NirfDer of Trucks Operated. , . 25

Average Length of Route Involved in Inter-
state Operations 27

CHAPTER IV - THAIS PHACTICES 30

Trade Practices Under the Code 30

CIIAPTJiia V - G31CSAL IKFOEIiATIOlI 31

Trade Associations 31

List of Ejcpcrts 31

-0 Jo-

8789 -ii-

tail:

TABLE I - Registration of Freight Motor Vehicles

in the United States, 1929-1934 '3

TABLE II - For-Hire Trucks HogiBbered Under the

Code, hy Regions, 1934 4

TA£LE III - Kinds of Freight Handled, Classified

ty Three Types of Truckers, 19(32 7

TABLE IV - Total Tons of Merchandise Shipped,

Classified hy Types of Transporta-
tion Service, 1932 8

TABLE V - Siiippers' Reasons for Usin;"; Motor
Trucks, V7ith IT.^nter of Shippers
Giving Each Reason, and the Tonnage
They Handled, 1932 9

TABLE VI - Kujnher of Truck Drivers Eaployed 1929-

1933 10

TABLE VII - Employees of "Interstate" Registrants
under the Code, Classified hy iJature
of Business, and Average IJumher of
EKipIoyees per Registrant, and per
Vwhicle, 1934 11

TABLE VIII - Range of Eours per Week and Weekly

Wages of Organized, Employee in Five

Cities, 1932 12

TABLE IX - Average Union Wage Rate per Hour and
Average Full-Tinie Working Hours per
Week of Chauffeurs, Teamsters and
Drivers May 15, 1932 and May 15, 1933 . . 13

TABLE X - Average Days and Hours per Weelc, Average
Hourly ?/ages, and Average Weekly
Earnings, for For-H^ire Truck Employees,
Dy Regions, July, 1933 14

TABLE XI - E-timatod Total i-cr-Eire Trucks Classi-
fied by the Intrastate and Interstate
Character of Their Operations, 1935 ... 16

TABLE XII - Numher of Total and "Interstate" Regis-
trants under the Code: Vehicles Owned
and/or Operated by "Interstate"
Registrants, and Vehicles That Crossed
State Lines, 1934 17

TABLE XIII - Classification of "Interstate" Regis-
trants under the Code by Regions,
1934 18

8789 _iii_

TABLES (Cont'd)

TABLE XI7 - Total Vehicles Registered, Compared
with Vehicles Owned or Operated "by
"Interstate" Registrants -under the
Code, and Vehicles Operated Across
State Lines, "by Regions, 1934 . . .

Page

19

TABLE XV - Classification of "Interstate" Regis-
trants under the Code, hy Natiare of
Business, Together with Total Vehicles
Owned or Operated, and the Numher
Grossing State Lines, 1934 21

TABLE XVI - Classification of "Interstate" Vehicles
Registered under the Code "by Region
and Nature of Business, 1934

23

TABLE XVII - Percentage Classification of "Inter-
state" Vehicles Registered under the
Code, ty Region and nature of Business,
1S34

24

TABLE XVIII

ClassifiCc?Ltion of "Iiterstate" Regis-
trants under the Code, by Size of
J'leet, Together vath Total Vehicles
Operated, 1934

26

TABLE XIX - Classification of Regions "by Length

of Routes {One 7ay) of "Interstate"
Vehicles Operating "Short" Routes,
1934 (In per Cent)

28

TABLE XX - percentage of Tc:.al ^Tiimher of Out-Of-
5 bate Trucks O'i^erved in Each of 11
Western ota.tes, TThich Were Registered
East of the Mississippi River, 1930 .

-oOo-

8789

-IV-

-1-

THB TRUCKING lEDUSTRY

Foreword

The characteristics of the Trucking Industry — its decentralization,
and the fact that the small capital investment necessary to enter the "business
is coaiducive to many small enterprises — have made it exceedingly difficult
to collect adequate information concerning it.

Published government data regarding the Industry are extremely meagre,
for government agencies have made little effort to collect such information.
The Federal Coordinator of Transportation has recently collected data con-
cerning the various types of carriers and the kinds of commodities carried
in the Trucking Industry. The numbt;^.' of trucks registered in the various
states has heen collected hy the Bureau of Puhlic Hoads of the Department of
Agriculture. This Bureau has also made a survey of traffic on the federal-
aid highvfays of 11 western states, which throws light on the extent of inter-
state trucking activities in those states.

The Bureau of Lahor Statistics made an hours and wages study of for-hire
truck employees hy states, as of July 1953, and another for unionized chauf-
feurs, teamsters, and drivers, as of May 15, 1932, and May 15, 1933. No
labor data for the entire Industry exist.

The American Transportation Problem, a stud;"/ made by the Brookings Insti-
tution in 1933, deals slightly \Yith the Trucking Industry, and pertinent data
from this study have been incorporated in this report. A very small portion
of the data contained in the annual publication of the National Automobile
Chamber of Commerce, Facts and Figures of the Automobile Industry, are appli-
cable to the Trucking Industry, and some of these are reproduced in Chapter
II.

li/iuch of the information called for by the outline for evidence studies
could be obtained only from the Statistical Division of the American Trucking
Associations, Inc., which acted as as;ent for the National Code Authority for
the Industry. So far as the author knows this is the only organization that
has made any attempt to analyze the for-hire Trucking Industry on the basis
of the interstate and intrastate activities of its members. Considerable
data from this analysis have been incorporated in this report. IThile com-
plete covera.ge of the Industry was not obtained, due to scattered opposition
to the Code and to poor organization of some of the State Code Authorities,
a coverage of about 75 per cent of the Industry was obtained and this is con-
sidered sufficient to give a fairly reliable picture of the Industry as a
whole. (This statement is based on the assumption that there are in all
approximately 450,000 for-hire trucks.)

None of the data presented in this report are inclusive enough to in-
clude teams and drays, because data covering this part of the Industry do not
exist. This deficiencj!- is not considered serious, however, since only a
very minor part of the Industry is involved.

The material has not been presented in the precise manner called for by
the outline because of the inapplicability of the outline to non-manufacturing
industries. In addition, certain sections called for have been omitted be-
cause of the lack of pertinent data or information.

8789.

-2-
Chapter I

THE NATURE OP THE INDUSTRY

Code Definition of the Industry

The Trucking Industry is defined "by the Code of Fair Competition for that
Industry to mean the transportation of property and all services ordinarily
incidental thereto in connection -^ith an^/- trade, industry, or tusiness to the
extent that such transportation is over publicly used roadways hy vehicles
for hire. There are a few exceptions to this, the details of which are given
in the Code.

Nature of the Industry

Daring the past decade, the transportation of property over the puhlic
highways has assumed significant proportions. This period has seen the
development of the motor truck, with the result that the type of vehicle
most commonly used is now the truck rather than the animal-drawn vehicle.
Use of the latter, and the contemporaneous improvement of highways, have
operated to enlarge the field of trucking activities to many times what that
sphere was when practically all trucking was done hy teams and drays. While
trucking was formerly accessory to other methods of transportation, it has
now "become a strong competitor with them.

Undoubtedly trucking is an essential part of the nation's distribution
system, and it is recognized by the laws of many states as a public utility.
The amount of control exercised, and the matters to v.'hich that supervision
is directed, vary with the individual state. The pov/er to require freight
motor carriers to obtain a route certificate, or permit, before beginning
operations; the power to regulate the rates charged by common and contract
carriers; and the power to prescribe the conditions under which motor carriers
may use the highways of the state, are examples of the authority which a
number of states exercise over trucking operations.

TotP.1 Number of Freight Motor Vehicles

The total number of trucks engaged in transporting property over the
highways is not definitely known. In The American Transportation Problem,
published by the Brookings Institution in 1933, it was estimated that there
were approjn.mately 3,500,000 trucks in use.

Most of the statistics relating to motor truck registration within the
United States are based upon state registration figures. Due to differences
in classification, registration of the same vehicle in more than one state,
the fact that some states have not required the registration of trailers,
and to other reasons, the aggregate of the state registration figures can not
be tal:en to indicate the exact number of trucks and trailers. Data showing
total freight motor vehicle registration in the United States are shown in
Table I.

8789.

-3-

TIBLj] I

Rei^istration of Prei:'5ht Motor Vehicles
in the United States, 1929-1934

Year a/ Trucks and Tractors t/ Trailers c/

1929 3,379,854 193,044

1930 3,480,939 262,507

1931 3,466,080 349,930

1932 3,231,-52 412,998

1933 3,266,747 472,789

1934 3,409,535 615,315

Source: Department of Agriculture, Buroau of Publ.ic Roads,
a/ As of Deceuher 31 of each -jour.
"o/ Includes some tuses v/hich are registered as freight vehicles

in some spates. ,

c_/ Includes passeri^-er car trailers. "^

Total Ilumher of For-Hire Freight Motor Vehicles

The Brookinfs Institution in the study cited above, estimated that of
the 3,500,000 trucks in use, 1,000,000 were farm-owned, and 2,000,000
privately ovmed. The number of for-hire vehicles was thus placed at approxi-
mately 500.000.

A similar estimate has been made by the Bureau of Public Roads of the
Department of Agricultiu-e. A traffic survey \7hich the Bureau of Public
Roads 1/ made in 1930 in 11 western states indicated that of the 180,000
trucks concerning which information was compiled, approximately 14.2 per
cent v/ere operated either as common or as contra.ct carriers. The Bureau's
compilation of state motor vehicle registrations for the calendar year 1934
shows the total nijmber of freight motor vehicles thus registered was 3,409,-
335. Due to overlapping of registrations, and for other reasons as ex-
plained by the Bureau, that figiire is not a statenent of the actual number
of vehicles. Assuming this actual n-omber was approximately 3,000,000, and
the ratio of 14.2 per cent was applicable to the country as a whole, it is
estimated that the total number of for-hire trucks ajDproximated 450,000.

The Statistical Division of the American Trucking Associations, Inc.,
has also estimated the present total number of for-hire trucks to be
45G.,ijOO. This figure is based upon the data in the above-mentioned survey
of the Bureau of Public Roads.

Number of For-Hire Freight Motor Vehicles Registered Under the Code

The Code of Fair Competition for the Trucking Industry required that
the for-hire members of the Industrv register with the Code Authority. i
During the fiscal year ending February 15, 1935, the total number of for- /
hire trucks so registered was 300,475, or about two-thirds of the estimated

1/ United States Bureau of Public Roads, Report of a Sui-vey of Traffic on

the Federal-Aid Highway Systems of Eleven Western States (1930) .
8789.

_4._

total of 450,000.

Geca-ra-hical Distri'Dution of For-Hire ?j.-eip-ht Motor Vehicles Under the Code

Taole II shov'fs the geogra-ohical diEtrihution of the registrants. It will
be noted tli. t ne.-rly half of the total vehicles re^cistered v/ere concentrated
in the liid^.le Atlmtic rnd Ea'^t ITorth Central states.

TABLE II

Por-Hire Trucks R9j;>:i stared Under the
Code, hy Regions, 1934 a/

Region

?or-Hire Vehicles Re^^istered

Per Cent
Nuraher of Total

Kevf England
Middle Atlantic
East ITorth Central
TJest ITorth Central
South Atlantic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific

Total

;;.4,021
66,740
77,187
38,972
23,874
8,200
12,587
11,611
27,483

11.3

22.2

25.8

13.0

7.9

2.7

4.1

3.9

9.1

300,475

ICO.O

Source; Ainerican Trucking Associations, Inc., Statistical Division,
a/ Por fiscal year ending Pehruary 15, 1935,

Anerican Trackin Associations, Inc., iias stated that in some states
practically all for-hire trucks were registered, while in others, due either
to local opposition to the Code or to inefficient Code machinery, the number
of tr-acks registered was only a fraction of the total. Estimates of the num-
ber not registered range from 50,000 to 200,000. This la.tter figure represents
ap-.iroxiraately the difference between the estimate of 500,000 trucks a,s made by
the Brookings Institution and the actual registrations.

IvTumber of Registrants Under the Code

The niunber of registrants reporting these vehicles is not definitely
knov.'n, but the National Trucking Code Authority, in analj'-zing the registrations
under the Code, found that 165,842 registrants operated 267,532 vehicles, or
an average of 1.61 vehicles per registrant. Assuming that this average is
apolica,ble to the total number of for-hire vehicles registered, it is estimat-
ed that the 300,475 for-hire vehicles were owned by apiDroximately 186,630 ^
operators.

8789

-5-

N-um'ber of Trucks per Hegistrant Under the Code

The large majority of motor trucks r'ere onned tv individuals who ^ere
o^vners of one truck only. The 1928 edition of Automohile Facts and Fi.rures.
states that in 1S27 there were 1,896,886 o-ners of one truck each, and only
272,000 oi'ners of two or more trucks.

As stated above, the analysis of a lar>5e sample of registrations of for-
hire vehicles under the Code indicated an average of 1.61 trucks per regis-, -^
trant. Louisiana showed the highest average in mamber of cars per OTmer —
450 registrants renorting 1,208 trucks, or tJi average of 2.68 trucks per
oivner — while the lowest average was founa in Maine, where 8,916 registrants
reiDorted 7,864 trucks, or an average of 1,11 per owner.

Classification of Operators "by Nature of Business

The operators of for-hire freight motor vehicles may be classified ac-
cording to the nature of their business, as follows:

Com:ion carriers, or those o-oerators who hold themselves out to serve the
^lublic. The service of these operators may be over regular routes or
over irregular routes.

Contract carriers, or those operators whose transriortation services are
performed under specific contract.

Comnodity carriers, or a grour) recognised in the regulatory provisions
of the laws of some states, who handle certain specified commodities.

Anyv'here-for-hire operators, who hold themselves out to serve the public,
but do not maintain any schediiled service or fixed routes. Their
operations partake of the character of both contract carriers pnd
comnon carriers over irregular routes.

City cartage, v;hich in some cases crosses state lines.

Mixed tynes, including two or more of the foregoing tjrpes of service,

Aggre gate Cap i tal Inve s te d

Beci'use of the great number of concerns in the Trucking Industry, the
total capital investment can be only roughly estimated. TThen submitting its
proposed Code of Pair Competition for the Trucking Industry, American Truck-
ing Associations, Inc., estimated the value of some 3,230,000 trucks regis-
tered in this country in 1932 at approximately $1,687,900,000, and the value
of the trailers at $165,200,000 making a total value of $1,853,100,000,
The value of terminals, repa.ir shops, garages, etc., o^imed by those engaged
in trans"oorting property by motor truck and used in connection therewith, was
estimated at aporoximately $1,200,000,000. On this basis, the total invest-
ment in the Trucking Industry as of 1932 is estima.ted to have approximated
$3,053,100,000. This figure, it must be understood, covers all trucking
activity and not merely that covered by the Code,

Comnodities Carried l>j Truck

The "Merchandise Traffic Report" by the staff of the Federal Coordinator
8789

o-<6—

of Trans-oortation includes classification of comraodities handled by coramon
carriers, contract carriers, and private oivners. From data in Tatle III it
has been coin-nuted. that the comraon carrier and contract carrier grouTDS, i/hich
were ujider the Code, handled only 16,8 per cent of the freight, while the
private ovmer group, which was not subject to the Code, handled 83.2 per cent.
The corauon carrier group is the more important groun under the Cod.e, as its
members handled 10.2 per cent of the freight as compared with 6,6 per cent
handled by the contract carrier '::roup. By far the largest proportion of
freight carried by common carrier — or 68.2 ner cent — consisted of genero-l
merchandise. The business of contract carriers was also highly concentrated
in the transnortation of petroleum products, which accounted for 48,6 per
cent of their total freight.

8789

-7-

•H CM

rf H

r")

OT

M

^H

rr)

(1)

(D

kJ

H

CJ

g

01

FM

W

tH

4J

O

•H 0)

Ph eh

tH

<D

O

(U

f^

cn

^

■n

H

s:!

•H

,Q

0)
H

o

•H
Ch

ni
u

EH

0)

• H

u
nS
o

-p

o
03
!h
+3

o
o

u
o

■H

u
nJ
o

o

e
s

o
o

+3

•H
(1)

«H

o

a

•H

-P

fH d

r-1, o

u a

CD Q)
Ph O

•P

o
o

OJ
CVI
C\J

CM

ai

o
o

H

o

w
o

cu

o

o
o

C\J

H

OJ

K^

a
■p

o

EH

C\J LO, H I — to 0■^ CvJ l^>^ H O LOi

• •■I ■•••••«| •] •

O H H r^ J- ai^

r-l

CXJt^O ^VX)ror^UDLr\C\J LOOK)

COUDO COOJU3rHC\JJ-H C\JO^

r^ I — 1-^

U3 CJ>60
hO CM

I

o '^ J- r— J-
r— CTi to J" o

CTi r-H aj UD

I

CJ^O 1
OJ OJ

OJ

I OJ

OJ a'l to J- iH r— o r-— t~— U5 o i^ h r~i-M)0

OHrH Ojr— rHCMM >X!

i-ivD,-d- h-ir^M lr^a^r-i ir\^ o~n O vd h
u^^ ^- o i^ H J- LO r— rouD to h rH tc

r^, LP> r^ rH K->VD CTvrHf^OJtOI — QtO LTV

^ O <J3 to

OJ

ICs^ r^ LC^ rH
rH O

^ rH 'OD CVI
H ^

ojojoojr — I — c\jtoc\jJ-LPir^r-^c\jc\j

O rH CM

i-H Lf> rH r^

CVI

rH to

CTi J- U3 O O LC^ rH OJ VD LPljd- UD rH CT> LT^
U) CO O CTiUD C\JCVJCVICVJrHCJH0Jt)0O
^ CTiI-^ tI~M-^ r^ CT, r^ I — V£) to CTv to C3^ OJ

r<^>J3

LTx 00 r^ CM

rH

CM

W

(D
rH
,C

Ik

^J0 CD

o
o
■p

m

(D
•H

CD
>

03

4J

■P
O

:3

-POM

O fn rH

^ P-. ni

•xi -H

O r-\ U

^H (U CD

P-, CD +^

-P d

e W S

=tH rt K

03

CO

-p

C)

d

^

o

^1

W

P^

■P

U

u

;:!

CD

Ti

Oh

o

03

^H

Ph

p

0)

^ .H -P

rH d -P

•H fi O

S P^ O

^1

■p

Td

O l-H

^

cti
^1

CD rH

Pi oS

03 O

PL, O

CD o3

o to

fn CD

■P ^H

CD -H

pu, EH

c«
Q)

rH

•H

O

o
-p

CO

•H

t:^
to S
'd 03
o ^
o o
UD U

CD

CD TJ

O r-\

^ 03

CD ^1

m CD

H

c

O

to

LC\
OJ

rH

cn.

cn
cn

CM

to

rH

U

CD

-P

O

W ci

CD
CO
•H
•Xi
Pi

o
u

CD

CD
O
•r(

(D

o

•H
•P

o3
-p
^1
o

Pi
CO

u

Eh

C<-H

o

Cl
O
•H
+3
O
(U

to

O
■H
-P

(d
-p
f-i
o
Pi

CO

03

EH

O J-

^ cn
o H
■p — '

o3
S =

•H +=

'd ^H

!h O

O Pi

O CD

o rt

rH O
03 -rl

(D tH

TD Oj

<D U

^ EH

O

o
o

o"

•P

O rH

td to

U

•P >=

fi rH

O CD

O -P

OS

r^ H

U3 -H

X

- o

to M

U p,

CD Ph

•H (A
U

U CO

cd 03
o &

O CD

e ^H

H <D
O >
O O

o

o
cn to

rH CD
rH
■H

•• B

CO
03 CD

& r-\
O
CD -H
rH ^nl
Pi <U

i6 >:

to rH rH

03 CD

CD +3

•H O

^ EH

+2

>

H
-P

O
CD

• P^
to CO

to

CD

u

CD
CD fi
f-l & -
CD O O

> o

O CD O
O -P "

■H CM
!h fn -
(U Ph H

?1 60 H

O,

O

o rt

■■d

u

CD

C^ ■»

O

o

to o

u U -

p CD rH

rt -H CM

u r^

CD M "
^ RS O
EH O CM

S7S9

-8-

pro-QQ-x-tion of Merchandise (L.C.L.) Moved l3y Truck

Data have lieen compiled "by the Federal Coordinator of TrsnsDortation to
indicate the proportion of less-than-carload lot cerchandise shiriiDed in trucks
hy 35,468 shippers in 1932. These shippers represented about a third of a
grouj contacted through use of mailing lists obtained from manufacturers,
coraiaercial houses, and distributors (and therefore excluding farmers and other
individuals) ,

The data as shov/n in Table IV indicate that, in 1932, 54 per cent of the \/
tons shiiDDed by the respondents was sent by truck, as against 32 per cent by
railroad freight, the second most uopular type of service. Most of the truck-
ing Y/as done on routes averrging fewer than 250 miles.

TABLE IV

Total Tone of Merchandise Shiprjsd,
Classified by Types of TransiDortation
Service, 1932 a/

Per Cent
Type of Service Tons of Total

Total 112,142,038 100

Railroad, L.C.L. 35,522,731 32

Forwarder 12,578,131 11

Exi^ress 3,477,235 3

Truck, total 60,563,941 54

Truck, 1-50 miles 29,525,143 26

Truck, 51-250 miles 24,868,400 22

Triick, over 250 miles 6,170,398 6

Source: Federal Coordinator of TransTDortation, Section of Transportation
Service, "Merchandise Traffic Report" (1934).

a/ Analysis of reports received from 35,468 shippers.

Ship-pers' Reasons for Using Motor Trucks

The Federal Coordinator of Transportation also elicited from these
35,468 shippers their reasons for preferring to shi'o by motor truck. Many re-
plies indicated more than one reason.

Store-door delivery, faster service, cheaper total cost, and store-door
pickup were by far the reasons most frequently given for the use of motor
trucks. Of these f oiir , store-door delivery and faster service were the most
important factors racJcing this type of transportation poDular with shippers

8789

TABLE V

Shippers' Reasons for Using Motor Trucks,

With KiamlDer of Shippers Giving Each Heason,

and the Tonnage they Handled, 1932 a/

Reason Responses G-iving this Reason

Per Cent Tonnage Per Cent
Number of Total Handled of Total

Sim'oler classif ica,tion

of rates 5,664 16 28,185,610 25
Cheaper packing 7,521 21 30,522,051 27
Store-door pickup 18,027 51 60,293,671 54
Store-door delivery 23,008 65 74,933,479 67
Cher?.per total cost 18,665 53 74,671,901 67
Faster service 23,095 55 62,302,031 73
More flQxiMe or con-
venient service 15,118 43 68,512,668 61
Late acceotance of

shipraents 7,328 21 .29,512,565 26
Less dajnage to or loss

of freight 4,062 11 16,018,451 14
Personal friendship or

interest 956 3 3,230,367 3

Source: Federal Coordinator of Trans-oortation, Section of Transportation
Service, "Merchandise Traffic Report" (1934).

a/ Analysis of reports received from 35,468 shippers.

8789

-10-

Chnpter II

LABOR STATISTICS

Estinated Total Truck Drivers

Pigiires showing the total mainher of erjoloyees in the entire Motor TriicI:
Industry are not available. Estimates of the numher of professionoJ true!;
drivers, made "by the iiational Autonobile Association, are as follovis:

TABLE VI

Number of Truck Drivers Employed
1829-1933

Year number of Truck Drivers

Employed

1929 1,550,000

1930 2,150,000

1931 1,510,000

1932 1,500,000

1933 1,500,000

Source: national Autonobile Association, Auto-
nobile Facts and Fir^ures (1934).

Estimated Tota^l Enroloyees Under the Code

Tlie ooeration of notor trucks requires the services of other euplo'-ees ir.
addition to drivers. As sho\7n in Table VII, below, the 29,600 registrants
under the Tru.cking Code who indicated that their operations crossed state line
reported a total of 112,620 employees, or an average of 1.47 employees oer
vehicle. On the assijmption that this average of 1.47 eraplo"'ees per vehicle
held sood for all the 300,475 for-hire vehicles registered under the Trucking
Code, s,ppro::iKately 440,000 employees in tha.t service are estinated to have
been under the Code for this Industry.

Estimated IXuiber of Employees of "Interstate" Hegistrajits Under the Code

As already indicated, 112,600 employees were reported in 1934 by the 29,-
600 operators who were engjiged. in interstate operations. (See Table VII below,

Emplo-/ees of "Interstate" Registrants Under the Code Classified by ITature
of B^^siness o-iid Average g-umber of 2mr)loyees ner pLe.'^istrant

From Table VII below, it may be seen that "oy far the largest number of
emplojrees, but not of registrants, fell in the mixed throes group, Tlie second
largest nvanber which was, however, less then half as large, was employed liy
contract carriers. The average number of workers employed by mixed throes and
by regular route coraLion carriers was more thvn tv/ice that for all groups com-
bined, while the average for comtiodity carriers and for any\7here-for-hire ope
ators \7as less than half the average for all "interstate" registrants. The
nwaber of eiroloyees per vehicle was notices.bly high for the regular route com-
mon carriers.
8789

-ll-.

I— I

■ O

O

o

f^

(U

B

u

•H
(D

^

Q) ^

/=!

t^

,5

<,\

rH

' '

.

(U

(1)

tOrH

c,;

C)

fH

•H

(D

r^

>

(i)

<

>

Pi o

c^

07
CO
0
a -
•H 4J
to ri

CD

4J
CO

-P

r?

+3

O .H
CD 0)

Cj CD

» ft

o ,a Qj

CD
03 r J J ,

CD (D O
<D -H rH

o -H :::

rH (-T rl

b (j

P< H
O

05

cU

fn
-P

'n en

O -H

en (D

CD p-;

r-t
O C
•H <D

r^ ■^.
CD C,
> 4^

01
fn

ai
+j

S7S9

CD in

-p -P

-p nJ

U -P

CD w

-P -r-t

r; W

o

Q)

w

^c#

(D
Q)

^

u

K,

r^,

0)

0)

C3

O

t>

,Q

r-\

Cl

-t;

M

Pi

1- ;

tn

CD ^ O -P

o

^ CD ■

O cC

o

t.H 01

CD

O

(D

t-'l

(D

C^

U

t^

r !

^1

ID

O

o

QJ

rO

iH

c,

>.

^

;--i

H

CD

>!

I

,'-J

I

^ ;

r-1

^

Th

(D

01

r

O

IIj

G)

Ch

■JJ

+3

,o

<D

HJ

c;

O

FH

t3

O

0)

rH

t:

-p

4J

al

yi

W

-p

00

•H

CO

00
O O

!h S

;j -H
-P tH w

O

rH

U5

o
to

r^

O
o

^^

o-\

rj

O

OJ

Cj

-p
o

EH

CM r^^ r^ ir> CM ,■i-
o 1^ OJ ^ rH rH Lr>

C\J .-H iH rH rH r-l rH

DA rH KM-r\ C\J ^O ^
U-^ O rH h-^ CM t^ O

to to to vT) a> o~\ I —

t;J t-

' rH t^ J- rH r^
r-{ r-\ CM

vD r~- 1 — to cj r-\ ir\
vD ir^ to I — vo r^ I —

r— CM rH h"\ r-l 1^ r—

h->to to CTi-.-d- tfl o
^i- J- CTi O K>'-iD O
K> O rH r^ LC^VJD Lr>

CM ,T^ f-i Lr\ o

rH

ir>

r— ^ ^:- L^^ h to rH

r-^ rH .:3- r^ rH o r'^
G^,rj- rj O rH r.J VD

I-- O CM O

rH rH rj

■ OJ OJ

.. CD

fn -P

CD 'j

•H O

o rC

rH

o &

B 0)

C Pi
o
o

CD U
-P (D

o

in

Cl'

CD n:i

fH O

u n
iH e

o
o

CD

U U

<D -H

•H .rl

^ I

C O

O t;H

■p (D

q fH

rJ CD O

(D

bO oo

Cj (D
-P Pi

c. -p

-P

5^ P.

ri >3 -P X

O d -H -H

o -5; o :,:

^1

(D

•p

a •

t^-i |■'-^
O C7^

OJ =

■P CD

!•! U

W -H

-d

o

■p -p
o

to

Cj

u

CD

ft

o
. o

o

•H
-P

-p

02
■H

>
•H

n

rl

rj
O

01 Eh

•H
-p (D

c: rS3

-p -P
CO

- o
• '-w

o

PI M

HH (D
rH

- O

g;g

■H CD
-P >

■ ct3

•H U
O O

in
■ t!

o

o
ft
o

w
-p
rj
•p
tn

O

O
CO

-12-
Wages and Hours in the Trucking-: Iiidiistrv Prior to the Code

Prior to the adoption of the Code, vc-^es and hours of v/ork in the Tru.cking
Industry showed wide vr,riations» Tliej vvere somev.'hat nore standardized axiong -^' '"''
the conr^on-carrier trucking coraponies. Data included in The Anericm Trans'oor- '
tat ion Froljlen (193.7) » published by the Brookings Institution, shov." the ro:iige
of vreekl;- honors and wages for organized workers ernplo:/ed by well-established
truck coKpanies in the cities nar.ied. Ihe houjrs worked per vreek rpjiged fron 48
to 67, v.'ith the seabop.rd cities liaviiig had shorter work-weeks than Chicago and
St, Lou-is . The weekly wa^.e , which ranged iron $28.00 to $43.00, did not vary
consistently either in direct or indirect relation to the hours of vrork,

TABLE VIII

Range of Hours Per ^eek and "^eohly 'Tages
of Organized Enployees in Jive Cities,
19 '"■.2

Cit->- hours ^er "eek Weekly 7age

Hew York City 48 to 54 $41,00 to$47.50

ChiCB^-o 57 to 50 31.00 to 45.00

Boston 48 to 52 50.00 to 36<,50

St. Louis 57 to 67 23.00 to 42.00

San Prrjicioco 48.75 S3. 00 to 48.00

Source: Tiie :^a'ool-ing3 Institution, The Ai.-.erican Trrnsportation Problen (1933).

Tiie Code -orovided a basic 48-hour '.'Ge]:, but in cace of emergency dencads
this could be incx-eased. It will be noted by reference to Toble VIII that the
maxiauia nu:,iber of hours "orescribed as a basic week '.as actually appro linately
the ninxnuja number of hours worked by organized employees in three of the five
cities listed, end considerably below the minimum in the other tv.'o cities.

Additional data gathered by the Bui-eau of Labor Statistics fron a repre-
sertative snnple of organized chauffeur^., teamsters, and drivers in 1932 and
1933 likewise indicate long hours of wor]-— usua.lly 53 or 54 per week.

B7B9

-13-
TABLE IX

Average Union V/ajce Hate Per Ho-ar and Average
Full-Tiine Working Hours Per 7eek of Chaiif f eurs ,
Teci,msters and Drivers
Liay 15, 1932 and Hay 15, 1933

Average

Uni
Per

.on Wage Rate
Hoior

Av

erage

Fall
Per

-Tiue
Week

Howrs

Hay 15
1932

>

Hay 15,
1933

Hay 15 ,
1952

Ha-- 15,
1933

Cha-uifeuxs

Teamsters and Drivers

$.711
.785

$.564

.654

53.1
53.6

52,8
54.1

Avera^-e .722 .663 53.2 53.0

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Honthl-'^ Labor Review? (June, 1934).

Ho-orly nage rates for the groups covered in Table IX averaged 72 cents
TDer iiou.r in the sriring of 1932, ajid 66 cents a yeo.r later. These qtovsos are
not strictly comparable vdth those covered by the Codo, and, furthernore, a
con-oarison of these rates \7ith Code rates is not feasible because of the fact
that the Code wage varied \7ith size of city.

Wages and Hours in For-Hire Truckin,? Pirms Prior to the Code

The 3u-:-eau. of Labor Statistics, in cooperation \7ith the Federal Coordina-
tor of Transportation, made a study in 1933 of wa^ges and hours of 312 represen-
tative for-hire trucking firns throughout the coujitry. These firms en'Dloyed
7,129 vrage-earners. It \7ill be noted in Table X, 'oelov;, that the nui.iber of
days uorked per v;eek differed remarkably little betueen regions, vhile average
hours per vreek, average hourly wa^e rates, and average \7eekly earnings ci'.fs red
considerably. Average hours were longest, while average houi'ly v/age rates and
average weekly earnings v.-ere lov/est, in the East South Central and South
Atlantic regions. The highest hourl;)' v/age rates and weekly earnings vjere in
the Pacific and East Noriih Central regions, but both regions were axiong those
having long v/orking hours per week.

In all regions, the hours actually worked exceeded those later establish-
ed a,s the basic week by the Code. A compajrison between the hourly v/age rates
actually paid in the Industry and thosa established by the Code is notfc-..-z^'x-^
as ha,s previously been pointed out.

8789

-14-

TABLS X

Average Days and iloin-s Per TJeek,
Avei'aA-;e Hourly TJa^os, am'. Averages T7ee^,:ly Earnings,
for Por-Kire Truc^: Er.oloyees, by
He.-ions, July, 1933

Hegion

Average Ds-ys

Worked
Per Week

Average
number of

Hours Per

■'Jeek

Average
Ho\irly

Average
Weekly
Earnings

U. S. Total

5.6.

51.0

$.437

$22.31

New England

5.3

Middle Atlantic

5e4

East ilorth Central

5.5

West llortia Central

5.6

South Atlantic

5,6

East South Central

5.7

West South Centra]

5.7

Motuats.in

5.7

Pacific

5.8

50.3

.480

24.12

51.3

.473

24.26

51.1

.493

25.22

51.0

.427

21.78

51 .e

ryr-rr
.COO

-in oo

52.5

.527

17.17

49.9

.394

19.65

43.8

.477

23.28

51.0

.533

27.14

Source: Coiiipiled from dz ta of the Biireau of Labor Statistics, published in
"Ivlonthly Labor Revlev;," (June 1934).

8 78^

-15-

Chapter III

TIffi INTEESTATE CHARACTER OF THE ILDUSTRY

Estimate of Total Eor-Ei re Trucks in Intrastate Operations

In Jvl-j, 19o5, the Statistical Division of American Trucking Associa-
tions, Inc., estimated tliat the total number of for-hire trucks engaged in
intrastate operations vras 220,500. The tasis for that estimate is herein-
after indica-ted. When presenting those figures, the Division stated that
they '.7ere ca-bitrarily arrived at, and they must he accepted as estimptes
only.

(l) The Division estimated that the numher of dump
trucks engaged in intrastate operations equalled 15 per cent /6'
of all vehicles for hire.

/

o

(2) The Division found that appi'oxirmtely 13 per cent {(J
of all vehicles registered tmder the Code were engaged in ' y
local cartage rork exclusively. Giving consideration to that 'ui
fact, it estimated tliat 10 per cent of the tru-cks registered
represented the nuinher engaged in purely intrastate local-
cartage O'oerations.

(3) The Division estiraroted that the numhcr of trucks
used 1)3^ contract carriers who were engaged in intrastate
operations equalled 10 per cent of the total numher of for-
hire vehicles registered.

(4) Intrastate any\"here-for-hire operators were estimated
to control 14 per cent of the total trucks registered.

Applying these percentages, which total 49, to the estimated total
number of for-hire trucks, it is found that 220,500 tracks v/ere classified
as engaged in intrastate operations. (See Taole XI, helon-. )

Estimate of Total For-Hire Trucks

"Engaged in or Affecting" Interstate Coiixmerce

The nu..ioer of trucks operating in purely intrastate commerce, as
previously estimated, has heen deducted from the estimated total nuiTiher of
for-hire trucks (450,000) to give the n-omher of for-hire trucks "engaged
in or affecting" interstate commerce. Tahle XI, "belox/, shor/s this figare
to "be 229,500.

8789

-16-

TABLE XI

Estimated Total For-Hire Trucks Classified
by the Intrastate and Interstate a/ Character
of Their Operations, 1935

T-f-pe of Operation

Trucks

Percenta

.ge

Numher

49

220,500

15

57,500

10

45,000

10

45,000

14

63,000

51

229,500

Intrastate Operation, Total

'Dvj.ro tr^i-cks
Loca.1 ca,rtage
Contra.ct carriers
Anywhe re- f o r- hire

Interstate Operation, a/ Total

Total

100

450,000

Source: American Trucking Association, Inc., Statistical Division,

"Character and Extent of Interstate Operation of Motor Vehicles
for the Transportation of Property Por-Hire" (1935).

a/ "Interstate" operations are taken to include "both those "engaged
in" or "affecting" interstate commerce.

Interstate Operations "Engaged in" hy
Begistra.r-ts Under the Code

As already indicated, 100 "oer cent registration of the operators
under the Code of Pair Competition for the Trucking Industry ^:'as not ol)-
tained. Hor.'ever, of the estimated 185,630 operators registered, 29,600,
or nea,rl3^ 16 i/ per cent reported that they were engaged in interstate
activitj'-. Of the 300,475 vehicles registered, 76,810, or approximatel;-
26 per cent, '-'ere 0T7ned and/or operated "by registrants '"ho reported tiia.t
they v/ere engaged in interstate transportation. ITot all the vehicles
OT/ned 'by these operators were engaged in intersta.te transportation, hvit
58,367 vehicles, or approximately 20 per cent of the total number register-
ed, were reported actually to have "been operated across state lines. It
should he noted that this latter figure is, in part, an estimate, due to
the fact tha.t ahout 10 per cent of the 29,600 registrants who reported that
they were engaged in interstate oiaerations failed to report the nu.mher of
vehicles involved. Por the grou-o failing to report, the numher was esti-
mated on the ha-sis of the ratio iudica.ted "by those operators in the same
state who did report the munher of vehicles so operated. 2/ A siommary of
the interstate character of the Industry is presented in the following tahle.

1/ In the report of the American Trucking Association, Inc. , already cited,

this percentage ?/as erroneously given as 10 per cent and the error was

acknowledged when attention was directed to it by the Statistics Section, i:nii'

2/ American Trucking As so ciationt;, Inc., Statistical Division, "Chara.cter and

Extent of Interstate Operations of Motor Vehicles for the Transportation of
Property Por-Hire" (1935).

8789

-IV-

WBLE XII

number of Total and "Interstate" Registrants
Under tlie Code; Vehicles Owned and/or Opereted
'by "Interstate" P.egistrants, and Yehicles that
Crossed State Lines, 1934

llumher

Per Cent of
Total

136,630 PiJ

Regi'-;trants Under the Code
U. S. Total

"Intersta^te" Registrants
Vehicles P.ej^istered Under the Code
U. S. Total

Ovmed. or Operated "by
"Interstate" Registrants
Operated across State Lines

29 , 600
300 , 475

15.9

76,310
58,367

25.6
19,4

Source: Corapiled from Americ£.,n Truc^cing Association, Inc., Statistical

Division, "Character and Sxtent of Interstate Operation of Motor
Vehicles For the Transporting of Propertj For Hire" (1935).

a/ Estimated as indicated above, p. 7.

B7 applying the percentages given in Table XII to the estimated total
of 450,000 for-hire tru.cks, it is estimated that there ^ere in all some
71,550 "interstate'' operators of for-hire truchs; and that they o\7n or op-
erated 112,000 trucks, 90,000 of which actuiilly crossed state lines. The
latter figure does not include trucks whose operations only "affected"
interstate commerce, and therefore is considerably lower th?ai the estimate
given in Table XI, above, which includes such operations.

Classification of " Intorsta.te" Registi'3 nts
Under the Code, by Regions

The following table shows registrants ixnder the Code, who reported
that the],- were engaged in interstate operations, classified by regions. The
percentage distribution shows that nearly 70 per cent of these registrants
were located in the Middle Atlantic, "ast North Central, and West North
Central states.

8789

-18-

TASLE XIII

Classifica.tion of "Interstate" Registrants
Under the Code, "by Regions, 1934

Region

"Interstate" Registrants

Number

per Cent

U» S. Total

New England
Middle Atls,ntic
East ilorth Central
West ilorth Central
South Atlojitic
East South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific

29,600

2,275

7,343

7,003

5,888

3,685

909

880

907

710

100.0

7.7

24.8

23.7

19.9

12.4

3.1

3.0

3.0

2.4

Source: Aiaerican Trucking Associatioix, Inc., Statistical Division

"Character and Extent of Interstate Operation of liotor Vehicles
for the Transportation of Property For-Hire" (1935).

Classification of "Interstate" Vehicles
Under the Code, hy Regions

While "interstate" registrants owned and/or operated 25.6 per cent
of th? total vehicles registered under the Code in the United States as a
vrhole, they onned 34, 32, and 30 per cent, respectively, of the total
vehicles so registered in the Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and West
North Central states. In the Pacific states, on the other hand, thejr
o?med onl;r ahout 9 per cent.

In the three regions, Middle Atlantic, South Atlantic, and West
North Central, the percentage of cars actually crossing state lines was
noticea'bl;^ higher than the average of 19.4 for the country as a whole,
and the Pacific states were again much helow the average. The percentage
distrihution shows, however, that concentration was less marked in the
case of "interstate" vehicles than in the case of "interstate" registrants.

8789

-19-

tJ

«.

<D

<D

■k

TJ

cn

^

O

fl

O

o

o

•H

m

(D

tlO

CD

^

<1^

r-(

-P

Pi

O

•H

^^

>j

^

(D

rO

CD

id

>

a

•»

t=>

m

^

<D

-P

w

a

•H

-p

•rH

&

u

t-:i

Id

0

0

■p

+^

u

tn

ci

>

ci

•H

-p

n

p,

tiO W

X

g

0)

J-

o

rt

cn r-r\

w

o

cn cr>;

1-^

n

O rH

^

tT

0)

-p

f-i
o

EH

0)

Cli

<!

^

+3

0)

CO

nd

4^

h

0)

cn

Q)

+^

•iH

+3

a

ElO

«

u

(U

H

0)

rt

=

<&

cn

t>=

0)

^

cn

rH

©

O

tJ

iH

•H

0)

O

^

-P

•H

CD

a

^

>>

u

0)

03

>

tH

ft

nS

CD XJ

+=

P

o

U

C\j

EH

o

8789

cn
•p

C!

cj

cn

CD y

o
cn (D

(D -P

rH Cl

O -w

•H cn

^ ^^

(D CD

> -P

t:) 4J

(D nj

ctf cn

^H U

Q (D

ft +^

O fl

cn CD

(D t:)

rH a

O tD
•H

^ Id O

0) CD t:!

> fn O
<X> O

rH +=

cd cn

■p
o
Eh

(D

P! cd Jh c!

0) +J 0) -H

O o id

EH C! CD W

^ , 1=> Td

CD Ch o

Ai o o

CD

(D

J-

1^

vD rH o t — Lr\*^ I — ir\ CO
• ••••••••

vD UA CO t^vX) CT^ J" OJ Lr\

MCVlr-Jt^JCXJrHrHrH

o^ CM t--o t^crsxjo ^

VX)VD O K>.-0 0 rHj- O
V£) I — CTi OJ POVD WD J- U3

LO.VX3 I^ CTiVn rH i-H rH rH

CD +3 fn -H O^MD LT^ O O VD CVJ LPi
O O (D

EH Td (u ud Lr\

fH c; Td (d| CM

CD tH [b o (x;
fX, o o

(D

(D
O •

P

Ctj

O
EH

■to CO

r^ J- r~i^ O CM J- cr\ Lf^ CO
CMr^CMr^r^CMfHrH

rH x5 o t^ J- r~- rH ^ r^ CM

CO o I — ^— o^^.D o J- CO j-

VD COCMI^rHr— CMCMrHcJ"

I^ CM rH rH

<x>
,2

o

•H
CD

O r^CMcoocnr^-rHc^^rH
O rH^ulr^^'^r— cMj-r^cTi

O rH Cy CM rH

in rH o r^ CM .^ D I-- rH r^
r-— CMj-coi — t^ocorHCo
J- o r- rH cjMO CM rovD jt

o
o

^^^t^COr^COCMrH
l^\^D r— h^ CM rH rH

CM

-p
o

EH

o

•H

+2

tJ c'J

CD -H

+:>
a

CD

o

-p
^1
o

:=;

+3
cn

cd

u

CD

o

-p
o

(D

cd
O d

o o

CO CO

C/3 !i£]

o

•H

o
cd
P4

tH

o =

CD

-P U

a -H

+^ I

X ^1

Td

cd

o

-P

u

(-1 0)
<D ft

o

o
cd PM

cd Ch

^ o
o

= d
o

•• -H

o cd

cn

•H

>

• H

o

ft

on
cd

rH ^H

Cd H
(J

•H Q)
-P Xi

cn +j

•H
■P !h

Cd o

-P tH

m

m

• ^

o o

d -H

iH ,•::!

CD

- >■
cn

d ^^

o o

•H HJ
+= O

Cd a

•H
O C„

o o

00

cn c;
<ij o

•H
ClO -P

d cd

EH

Q)
O

o

(D
ft

o

0)

•p

cd

cn ^^

CTi

-20-

Classificr.tion of "Interstate" aegiijtrants
Under tie Code, "by Ilature of Bu-giness

The folloTring tatle gives a classification of the 29,600 "inter-
state" registrants under the Code according to the nature of their husiness.
It also shoTTs the tota.1 numher of vehicles operated "by the registrants in
each class, together with the number actually operated across state lines.

It ^Till he noted that more than one-third of the registrants fell
in the "anyirhere-for-hire" group, "but that the largest number of total ve-
hicles and also of those operated interstate xiere controlled rather bj'"
members of the mixed t;noe group.

8789

•21-

<D

x)

Td

CO J-

O

C K>

o

is cr>

O rH

0)

^

t/1

4^

tD cn

,H CD

i-,

o d

0)

■H -H

tJ

^ 1-q

fl

©

t3

> CD

■P

tn

rH rt

-p

ci -P

C

+3 to

n3

o

1^

en too

+J

d

tn

^ -H

■H

+a en

tiD

•H tn

> tu

& O

X rt

^H

^ O

W =

CD

jj CD

Xi t-i

R +^

-P CD

^ nj

CD ^

EH +J

t>D a

to

o p

^1

EH S

0)

-p

. ®

rt

U) xi

M

en +3

t;

CD

fl Tli

«H

'tn §

O

Id

c

m -

o

tJ

•H

tH CD

+5

O -P

oJ

a

o

CD fn

•H

^1 (D

•H

^ g'

0)

Oj

en

is; fH

n!

o

rH

>=

o

rO

S789

~15

Td

Q)

0

+=

-p

03

cti

^

■p

CD

tn

P<

fn

o

CD

+3

M

C

o

HH

^

Td
CD

CD -P

O O

EH

U

CD tn
PL, O

U

■P rH

a cd

CD -P

o o

EH

CD «H
PU O

Fh

CD

J-

0

■p

cd

+J

tn

tn

-p

CD

-P

U

rt

-p

1— 1

tn

—

■H

tu

rH

a:

Cfl

cc;

■P

O

EH

-P i-H

« d
CD -P

o o

Eh

CD tn

U

CD

E

CD

pi

-p

tn
tn

CD

c!

•H

tn
pi

pq

o

o

o

CO

I —

o

o

CTN
C?0

viD

to

I —

ir\

r-— ir> r— VvD lp. j-

co CM ro c\j CT^
rH c>j c\j

CJ^ o vD c\j^ u^

O r-l VO LPl^ o

CO 60 LPv I — J- r\j

CJ^

CO

CO

'vD o r-H K% rH r —

CM CO J- J- vri r-{

O 1 — CAJ CTv C\J VX)

r-i r-^ rH r^

rH LTM^ OJVX) J-

o ^^ rH c\j r— o

CO 'vD CO O^ CTM —

r— r^ rH ,-:)- rH r^

r^ rH l?0

•

I —

CM

i~~- cr> O UD r^vjD

• •••••

ro r— J- LPi c\j CO

r-{ r-i r^ rH

CO C!^CO ^ CO O

J- o cr, t^^D o

O l-<~\ rH LC^VD LPl

^ ir^:-{ a

LPv

h,-p «

d -rl -rl

sj O s

CD

+J
cd
-p
tn

Jh

CD

-p

t-H
<*H

o

CD LOi

-p r^
X CTi
W rH

-d ^^
P! =

Cfl CD

u

0 w

o

Cn

-p

= u

CD

c! o

u
Ph

o

o
aS -p

O c

u
o

Pm
tn

EH

. CD

o Xi

ti -p

n

- o
tn «H

O tn

•H CD

+i rH

tfl O

•H -H

O CD

tn >
tn

o

UO -P

ci a

•n a

tn
C
o

o -P

•H a
u u

iD CD
Pi
O

I

CD CD
X CD
Eh CO

^H

EH

"~t5l "iol

-22-

Classification of "Interstate" Vehicles

Under the Code, ty Region and Ifattire of Business

TaLle XVI TdoIow, shows the actual distribution of the 58,367 vehicles
registered under the Code as operating across state lines, among the nine
geographical regions listed. The nature of the "business involved is also
shoTTn, A percentage distrihution of these data is presented in Table XVII,
below.

From the latter table it has been conputed that, for the United States
as a whole, the vehicles used in comvion carrier, anywhere-f or-hire, and
mixed tjnpe services coitprised approximately 76 per cent of the total number
of vehicles operating across state boundaries. More than 70 per cent of
the vehicles engaged in common carrier and mixed type operations were locat-
ed in the states east of the Mississippi and north of the Ohio and Potomac
Rivers. The "anywhere-f or-hire" operctox's were more widely scattered and
only about 47 per cent of the vehicles were located in that region.

8789

I

-23-

^

•xi
o
o

I

u

<xi

B

U o■^

Q) i-l

CO
•H to

aj CD
Pi S

•H

m c)
(D rJ
r-l ft

^

o

M

'o)

i-:i

>•

0)

^

EH

0)

■p

-P

rj

Cj

i-j

•P

OT

rd

Th

c;

CD

c

•P

o

l-H

•rt

CD

o
o

■H
•P

o

•H
fM
•H
W

ci

iH
O

S7S9

•xi Vi

li-^

r-— to

Ov.!

bo r^

to

rH^ O

Q) a)

o

'^l CM

J-

vjO o

bO

LO, h- to

M r-H

OJ

vo J-

r-—

r^ LT^

r^

PO KM~^

ud !=-^

-

V n

»*

n •*

CD

1 —

0.: u^

r^

OJ r->.

1?

CO

CD

-^'

OJ OJ

i'r~\

^JD K->

'J^^

LOi l-O O^^

fH

CD

>3 C

^"

r-— h-

L^i

1^- K->

rH

-p

-P -P

J-

r^-

rH

K■^

f!

•/i ''i

•»

M

O rJ

rH

o
1

o

CD ^--^

CD CD

-P LOv

!h fn

C'J

CJ^ LT^

o^

o r--

VO

r-{ 0-^V-0

ri h'A

CD -H

ir\

>^o LO

r^

f^^

r^

r— r^ to

H CT^

n-C tx;

r—

rH CO

o-i

CO o~^

(■^

CO CO OJ

, rH

r ' _

"

■< ^

•*

•. «<

'Xj >— ^

>. u

\--~-\

rH rvi

Oj

r~^ OJ

a

^s.

rH

Cj =

CD

Jh !h

Q) -H

CO

-p w

CJ2

o

CD

-p

cC U

s

CJ

O

K^ O

CM

^O to

r'A

r-^ to t^-

u o

•H

Cij

rH

00 OJ

r-\

l^^o^

VX)

r— ^-t rH

ct Cm

CO

U

* 0

bO CTi

OJ

,-j- o

i^

i-[ CO a:■^

r-*

^

-p
o

o"

r-l

a?

K-,

rH r-F

- -p

'H

o

•% b

o

O O

<D
pi

•H !H

!^^

CO Ph

•rl

-P

-p

■H

^.O

o■^ H

o

^•'^ rH

o

t)0 o ^•

q

vo

OJ VJD

VD

r— o^

r-l

ri CVJ

JH

r:i

L^A

H

r-\

IC\

r^ OJ

rH O

o
o

1 — !

O -P
•H r."

4^ -P

CO ^^
•H O
H^ Ph

O CO

u

in

-p rt

CO cfi

u

" EH

o

tH

0-,

o^to

K>

O OJ

c7^

r*^ h- to

■H

^r

o

IPi O

rH

to Lr\

rH

OJ o J-

O CD

qO

TO

K^ hr

CU

>^3 CO

r-\

r^ ,-H

s ^

CD

-

•»

•»

hH -P

Cl

^

UD

r^

r-\

C3

U
1— 1

- fH

CO o

fJ

PJ 'h

o

T-i

O

•H Ci

rH

r-l

r-l O

rH

J- OJ

to

to r— o

•P CJ

b

pi,

".-0

,•+ ■--.J

^-

Li-^O

^D

r^ rH >v-0

ci rH

o

^.0

r-

LTMCx

^-i'

LC^^-

^-^

KA CO r^

■H O

1 — '

vd"

-1

(M

Assoc
r Vehi

1 —

O^

OJ

r-O

r'^

c^ to^

(—1

VD

U) 'v£)

O

KA ^'-^,

o

•-t --t o

ij o

cj

K-\

>~.o 1 —

cn^

CO r^

VD

to Jt ^x>

rt -p

-p

«

»» »t

•*

^ r.

,v

•H O

O
Eh

■p

o

rH

O

•H
-P

O
■H
■P

rH

rH rH r-^

o "

EH

^ o

O HJ

■H n

fn fH
CD CD

rt

&H

'■J CL'

rt

•^ o

O

P: rH d

^

cC ^

^

•H

•

rj 4J -p

ri "^

r-l rH -P

r-\ -P

'^ C

tj

in

rH -^J in

a u

C3 -P rj

Id ^

CD

ti) O

u o

U <i< b

^1 o

fn -H O

• •

rt

•

^^-

•s ^^

-P w

■P w

-p n3 -H

(D

t5

fi

S ^

a

s -p ^

O

■^ -P

'D -P

® -p -p

CD -P

CD SH -H

fn

r: Td CO

O CO

O rJ [fi

O CO

O rj O

pi

CD -H Cu

CD

5 Cu

CD

o ci

O

'

1

S U^ M

^^

W H

&=

a Ph

00

t

Q)

u

0)

4J J-

tn r^

• H CTi

<D

rt -

t/)

m en

a> CD

rH rt

O -H

•H tn

0) m

>

«H

= o

CD

-P (D

n3 ^H

40 p!

1-1

m +i

1-1

^H tti

>

0) S

fx!

4^

c! 'd

H

1— 1 u

1-:;

— cti

^

tH fl

EH

o o

•H

C t»D

O (D

•H fi;

4J

a >s

o ^

•H

tM «

•H CD

W Ti

V) O

Cti O

rH

O (D

^

CD 4^

M)

cs ;-)

+= CD

C -d

CD rt

O t3

M

CD

Ph

8789

en
en

CD
•H

tn
o

0)

+^

ct?

Q) (D
« ft
•H >j
^ EH

CD

>., c6
+= +i

•H fn
O

I

CD CD

^1 Ih

CD -H

& I
>;, ^1

+5
O

Cti

U
+^

d
o
o

+2

•H

^d
o
S

e

o
o

-24-

Lr\ U3 r^

CT^
CAJ

J- CTi

O rH

U3

O

rH V£)
J- <AJ

VD rH

o o

o

o
o

>^ UD VD

• • •

o o o

o o o

• • •

CD a oi

U3

o Cs
OJ h^

d

LO LPi LPi

d d d

L£^

K)
r-l

^ o

rH LO

O (AJ

o o

o

C\J rH

O CcJ

• •
rH O

o

o
o

• « •

o o o

• • •

o o o

• • •

rH O VO

OJ

• •
rH O

CM
O

Lf> OJ rH
» • •

o o o

,-\

O

KD CO

CD^

*c en

CS

•

• •

3

• •

-p

o

cj> CO

I^

ir\<o

o

o

cu

CM

r-> rH

EH

r-\

M3 cn>x>

• • •

rH O C\J

CM

CT^ r—

• •

o o

o

• • •

o o o

1^ rH LOl I

• a • •

C\l r^ CM O)

O

cd

4^

•H

+3

rt rH ^
3 +3 -P

+3

c

o

EH

rH ^

rH d ^ rH
Cd rH -P erf

^

rH

o

CTJ 4J

+3

cd

■H

•

M -3j fn

(^ ^H

^K +^ pi !-l

r)

t.

d

t(J3

CO

W) o

+^ O

+3 dj O +5

o

+=

■H

o

<y

f§ ^ ' -^

rt J^

a CO C

CO

d

a

•H

rt

■

o

CD ^ CD

0)

+3

tH

In

■d +=

O 4J

O += 4^ O

4:>

o

c

■H

& 'd en

en

pi en

en

p

O

CD .H CTJ

CD

o cd

CD

o

ni

S 2 H

^3

W W

13

»S

P4

(D
+3

CS
+3

en

CD
4J

o

+3 •

d ^^

CD LT^
4^ r^
X C^^

W r4

Td ^

c3 "o)

?4

^1 -H

CD W
4^

O ^H

03 O

ft tH

eti

O 4 ■>

= Vi

<D
- ft

d o
o u

•H Ph

en

•H Ch

> o

•H

O d
o

rH .H
Cfl 4^
O Cl3
•H 4J
4^ ^1
O

•H ft

4^

en

d
erf

EH

O
Xi

4J

- o
en <n

d

o en

•H (D

4^ rH

erf O

• H -H
O ^
O CD

en >
en
<■! ^

o

M 4^

•H a

O Ch

^. o

M

CH en

d

d o

erf -H

O +:>

•H erf

!h U

CD CD

1^

CD
O
U
p!
O

to

f

-25-

Classification of "Interste.te" Re.?istrants
Under tlie Code, liy Isruinlier of Trucks Operate i

As Tjii 1 "be seen from Tatle XVIII, "below, by far the greatest number
of the 29,600 "interstate" operators registered under the Code own hut
one vehicle each, and approximately 92 per cent of them do not own more
than five vehicle Se It will he noted that a much smaller proportion -
only ahout 52 per cent - of total vehicles are owned hy operators having
no more tlia,n 5 vehicles.

8789

\

-26-

en

CD
-P

a
-p

w
^1

<D
-P

d

^1

(D

-P

o o~\

EH r-H

O

p!
o

.H
-P

o

•H
tH
•H
OT

tn

cd

r-(
O

•P
0)
Q)
1-1
F-H

«H
O

(D
N

CO
,0

0)

-p
ni

o

m
w

O

o
o

(D
-P

03

■P

o

EH
+3

-P

rH

d

C3

o

+J

CO H^ rHVD O

O

o

O

#•«»»•

•

'Ti

(H

in rH LOi CVI LO o

c

(D

u

CM r-l rH r-l r-H OJ

o

■P

Q)

<<H

rH

c3

Ph

Q

^1

CD

P

o

W

<D

r-\

O

•H

-d

O J- .rt J- VD OJ

O

(U

^

CO >■ o '>X) vD r^-vX'

rH

>

0)

I-— LTA CO CJ CPi r-~\

CO

a

C^ l-': r-. 0"^ r-; li"-'

^-O

H

rH rH rH rH

r—

'^

8789

-p

!-.

-p
tn

■rl

o

CD +2

o o

EH

CD <P

Ph o

CD

CO U^ rH CM mO^

• • • <* 9 •

'.O -(- rH ^ CM

VD '?il rH

O CM CM O O '-n
cj CO r^ 1^^ LPi CO
r^ ■ r. 01 r~- CM

C^.-d• 1' ^ rH

o
o

o
o

CM

Bl

CD

01

rH

Ul

CD

o

tn ®

rH

•H

CD rH

O

,^

U)

,- o

■H

(D

rH

CD

O

O .H

^

>

d

rH

^

3 CD

0

-p

o

o

>

l^^

o

•rl

•H

CD >

CM

E-i

^

^

>

Lf^

_«

■P

O

CM

fH

1^'

>

I 1

1

o

>

rH

CM

K^^D

r-\

o

u

CD

-p

ri

*

n

^^

ir\

tH

r^

o

C!^

r-{

-p

■ — ^

d

0

E

-p

0

W

!h

w

•H

Pi

■r)

^(

n^

o

^H

f^

0

S

-P

■|J

O

h

Tj

o

' M

Pi

( J

o

•H

Sh

o

Ph

"

tp

n

o

d

c

!-•

•iH

b

0?

" 1

•H

_:_T

h*

'«

•iH

J.-i

w

^,

o

rH

P^

03

CI

o

d

•H

(3

-P

f^<

tn

EH

■H

+3

0

c\3

^

-p

•p

to

f-l

•.

o

•

t«H

o

d

01

1— 1

0

r-^

•^

O

en

■H

d

.CI

o

0

•rt

>

-P

n3

;^

• H

o

O

HJ

C

O

C/1

01

^

Vl

o

M

d

tn

•H

d

^

o

O

■H

^

-P

^

cd

EH

u

0

d

ft

■:i

o

J

•H

0

^1

■p

0

ta

n

-p

^

tn

0

o

^

o

to

-27-

Average Length of Route Involvod in
Interstr.te Operations

In conmon and contract carrier trucking operations, regularly
scheduled runs in excess of 500 miles are not infrea^uent. Trucking com-
panies freoj^ueutly publish joint tariffs or rate schedules and operate on
through schedule s .

Questionnaires sent out hy the Code Authority for the purpose of
obtaining information relative to hoiirs worked "by truck employees, brought
replies shordng one-way mileage of vehicles on interstate routes on which
the roiu.d trips could not be completed in 8 hours. These questionnaires,
which were apportioned (l) among the several states, and (2) among the
different tj^pes of operators in each state, brought approximately a 10 per
cent return. Approximately 55 per cent of these returns, which came from
29 states, contained such data. These data, as s"ammarized in Table XIX,
below, give some indication of the distances involved in interstate opera-
tions, but do not "oerrait the deterninntion of average length of route, l/--'
The classification of regions by length of routes involved shows a notice-
able concentration for nearly all regions in the three groups: 51-100,
101-150, and 3.51-200. In the Mountain and Pacific states, the proportion
of vehicles engaged in hauls of more than 250 miles was marked.

l/ These data are summarized in the report of the National Code Authority,
April, 1935, relative to an eight-hour day for the Trucking Industry,

8789

-28-

1-1
X

o

Q)

-p

o

-p
f!

(D
I-:)

!^^
,C

W

O
•H

0)

o

-p
o

-p

O ^~v

^ -p

W Pi

= 0)

o

•H OJ

(D C
P, 1-1

o —

w
<u

H

O
■H
^

CD
>

O CD

•H -P

-P Q

Co -P

O

•H

on

o
■p

to
cti =
H

O Ch
O

i^ -P ^ ^ Cj

r:! ni n3 f:! +'

o M H o S

w -p

o

•rt
O

P4

fl

s

pi

•H

s

ni

■p

^

03

•p

■p

^

t/J

pi

-p

(D

o

a

^

w

0)

o

I
o

C/3

I

^

rj

-p

■p

U

w

fn

-p

0)

O

S

&

t5

o

•n^

o

Pi cu

•H

[2

Rj H

•P

Q)

M -d

Pi

3

tiC'd

cS

p: -h

iH

w s

•P

o

^ 0)

-p -p

Pi o

i-q

I ,Pl c\3
■P -p Pi
CO Pi -p
C O Pi
W t=H CU
O

o

^

^

•

t • t

t

1 •

o

1 r^ I

I

I ^o

o

ro

■OD

o

o
o

o

o
o

o

o
o

r-4

O

C

o

o
o

o
EH

o o o

I ••11 • I

cvi c\j \s\

o
I • I

I O I

o

I I
I I

K, i-i -; t^ r — r — w

o H ro^

r— ur\KD in H cvi ^

o^^^ o.

rt to r^ O^

to m CTi LPiM OJ

'- t — 1-1 ro OJ Lr\

C ,'^ Od rH

•■ I

t^ r<^

•

• II

H

r^ 1 I

r^ K->

iH
C\J

o o o o o o

C ' C lT^ O LT^ O O

ur\ r-i r-i c\i c\i >y-\ t<-\

t 1 I I I I

Pi

O i-i H H H H CD

Lo o Lr> o Lr\ >

rH i-l OJ lV O

-p

■H

t

Ti

CD

+J

CD

•

rH

L^^

Pi

r-^

B

O^

O

rH

O

«k

CD

fH

^

H

■P

•H

O

P4

Pi

Pi

Pi

<

OS

o

n

>s

p.

p<

•H

-p

Pi

n

■P

;-)

r'- j

•d

rH

Pi

hH

;:!

o

tiD

Pi

S

•H

r3

'o

r-i

f^

73
•H

CH

_r]

CD

rH

Pi

-P

O

Ph

M

o

CD

Vh

4^

p!

>»

O

■p

Pi

■H

Pi

to

O

Ci

^

■P

xJ

pi

CD

4

Pi

■H

CD

Ch

t:)

CD

o

t:!

o

CD

H

Pi

ti;

CD

Pi

r-i

o

•H

CD

-P

Pi

O

rd

r—;»

r=-l

w

CD

CD

r^

+^

HJ

pi

o

Ch

Pi

O

•

= w

■P
Pi

t ^

O

c o

P,

^ s^

Ql

to

F'i

= CO

• •
CD

"ctil

O

Pi

p!

O

w

;7SQ

I

-29-

Table XX, below, is also sugc^estive in connection with the average
length of haul involved in interstate operations because it shoT/s that 87
per cent of the out-of-state trucks seen in the western states specified
were registered in states east of the Mississippi. These trucks were obvi-
ously operating on long hauls. In 1930. 't^e percentage of such tracks was
especially high for California, where trucks came in from all states and
geographical regions, excepting New Mexico and the Mew England states.

Table xx

Percentage of Total Kumber of Out-of-State Trucks
Observed in Each of 11 lu'estern States, liHiich T/ere
Registered East of the L'dssissippi River, 1930

State

Percentage of Total Out-of-
State Trucks Registered
East of Mississippi River

Total

Arizona

California

Colorado

Idaho

Nebraska

Nevada

New Mexico

Oregon

Utah

Washington

Wyoming

gy.o
9.6

15.6
9.3

U.i

13.7
1.5
U.6
2.6

S.7
7.6

9.6

Source: U. S. Bureaii of Public Ro ,as, "Report of a Survey of Traffic on
the Federal-Aid Highv/ay System of Eleven V/estern States" (1930).

87S9

-30-

Chapter IV

TRADE PBACTICES

Trade Practices Under the Code

Hie Code of Fair Competition for the Trucking Industry undertook to estab-
lish vrithin that Industry certain trade practice rules. Provision r;as also
made that other trade practice ru].es, which uere considered necessary to ire-
vent unfair competition, could be formulated through trade agreements rxiong
members of the Industrjr, and subject to rules and regulations established by
the Ifo,tional Code Authority, r;ith the approval of the Administrator.

In any industry as widespread as this, and including such a large 'oropor-
tion of ovmer-operators, the establishing of trade -practice rules must of
necessity have been gradual. Apparently at the out set the Eational r,nd State
Code Authorities place greater emphasis urjon registration and the filing of
rates and rariffs than they did upon trade practices. The length of tip.e ths.t
the Code was in effect did not permit of a,ny great "jrogress in the !?.atter of
obtaining universal acceptance of tJ.^ r^^les as promulgated.

Due to the lack of specific information as to the extent that the tro.de
practice rules of the Code xiere followed by the Industry, no concrete pjppraisal
of this matter can be given. Opinions which have been e^gjressed in vrxious
conferences and public hearings by members of the Industry are to the effect
that the discriminations and rebating which are extensively practiced v.lthin
this Industry brought about a chaotic condition. However, factual data in sup-
port of this belief are scarce.

8789

-31-

Chapter 7

GEllEHAL lijEOHl/ATION

ICrade Associations

Trado associations of motor truck operators exist in nearly every state,
and in several st?.tes there are a half dozen or more of such associations. Hie
American Trucking Association, Inc., is prohatly the largest and is cor.VDOsed of
affiliated state organizations. It was formed in 1933 "by the amalgamation of
the Ai.iericrji Highway Freight Association and the Federated Truck ssociation of
America, V.hile the Code of Folr Competition proposed for the Trucking Industry'-
was under consideration, the president of the American Trucking Association,
Inc., re'jorted that as of November, 1933, it included 90 associations having a
total membership of more than 38,000.

iiany of these trade associations represented S'jecial groups within the
Industry, Some of these were the a.ssociations for dump truck ovmers, certified
highv;ay carriers, harbor frari-chise carriers, city cartage, milk trans'oortation,
transfer and viarehouse service, scavenger service, and agricultural trojisporta-
tion. These were organized in some instances into strong groups, v/hile others
had but loosely constructed and unstable organizp,tions.

List of Exoorts

Three of the m.any names tha.t coiild be included in a list of those cpja.li-
fied to spealc of certain as'oects of the Trucking Industry are:

Professor John '■!. Vlorley, University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor, l.iichigan.
J, Rowland Bibbins, Consulting Engineer,

Washington, D. C,
L» E, Peabod^v, Division of Highway Transport,

U. S. Bureau of Public Hoards,

Washington, D. C.

Each of these is a recognized authority and is the author of reports and
other published data rela.ting to highway transport. Their names are given here
without their knowledge or consent.

8789#