Skip to main content

Full text of "Evolution : a journal of nature"

See other formats 


\ 


QH359 
.E76 


5*06  (73)  Ha 
EVOLUTION 
1-h  1927-38 

AMNH    LIBRARY 

100115223 


FOR  THE  PEOPLE 

FOR  EDVCATION 

FOR  SCIENCE 


LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  AMERICAN  MUSEUM 

OF 

NATURAL  HISTORY 


A     N  '35n3DjA9    ^^^ 

HSONIflliinW 


Vol.   II.     No.    5 


AUGUST,    1923 


€C)i(lijh. 


10  Cents 


EUOCUnON 

Entered  as  second  class  matter  at  New  V  ork,   N.   \  .,   Jan.   7,   1928.     Evolution  Pnbli.shing  Corporation.  96  5th   Ave.,  N.  Y. 


"Logical  consequences  are  the  scarecrows  of  fools  and  the 
beacons  of  wise  men.  The  only  question  which  any  wise  man 
can  ask  himself,  and  w^hich  any  honest  man  will  ask  himself, 
is  whether  a  doctrine  is  true  or  false." 


TnoM.x.s  H.  HuxLEV 


r.v.i:  Two 


E  V  O  L  U  T  I  O  N 


August,  1929 


The  Life  Story  of  An   Eel 


Bx  PAL'LIXE  H.  DEDERER 


'T'HE  most  famous  person  undoubtedly  to  inquire 
into  the  family  antecedents  of  the  eel  was  Aristotle, 
who  left  a  record  of  his  opinion  that  eels  have  no  sexes 
or  eggs,  and  that  they  arise  from  the  entrails  of  the 
sea.  Later  speculation.'^,  less  negative,  but  no  nearer 
the  irutli,  derived  them  from  snakes,  worms,  or  beetles, 
and — the  latest  suggestion,  emanating  from  New  Eng- 
laiul-    vven  frcm  clam.',. 

Why  should  it 
be  so  difficult  to 
get  the  facts  re- 
garding the  de- 
velopment of 
these  bizarre 
fishes?  Anyone 
who  has  visited 
a  fish  hatchery 
has  probably 
seen  tnousands 
of  tiny  trout  de- 
veloping from 
eggs  laid  and 
fertilized  in  the 
waters  of  the 
hatchery.  B  u  t 
only  four  years 
ago  did  anyone 
ever  see  the  egg 
of  an  eel,  and 
only  one  person  has  ever  studied  its  development. 
Now  the  matter  is  simplicity  itself.  All  anyone  need 
do  is  to  join  a  deep-sea  exploring  expedition,  embark- 
on  a  yacht  equipped  with  the  last  word  in  scientific 
apparatus,  and  proceed  to  a  region  of  the  Atbrntic 
(Jcean  southwest  of  Bermuda — the  famed  Sargasso 
Sea  where,  in  1925,  William  Beebe  and  his  company 
of  scientists  reveled  in  their  "Arcturus  Adventure." 

Then  you  may  watch  the  nets  go  down  and  scooo  up 
quantities  of  the  surface  life  of  the  sea,  or  planktfju. 
In  this  oozy  "sea  soup"  may  be  found  the  larvae  of 
eels,  varying  in  size  from  a  quarter  of  an  inch  to  tiiree 
inches  in  length,  thin  as  a  willow  leaf,  and  of  about 
the  same  shape.  Dr.  Beebe  described  them  as  "mother- 
of-pearl  eyes  swimming  round  by  themselves,"  the 
body  being  perfectly  transparent.  The  finding  of  the 
larvae  was  not  a  new  discovery,  for  Dr.  Jobs.  Schmidt 
of  Denmark  had  worked  out  the  astounding  migration 
path  of  the  larvae  and  their  metamorphosis  into  eels, 
publishing  his  results  just  before  the  Arcturus  Ex- 
pedition set  out.  But  neither  he  nor  anyone  else  knew 
what  the  larvae  came  froin. 

To  unravel  this  mystery,  ask  the  expert  on  larval 
fishes  for  a  microscope  and  one  of  those  pin-head  dots 


Development  of  eel:  At  first  it  shrinks 

in  size,   then  assumes  adult   shape  and 

starts  to  grow 


of  living  stuff  dredged  up  from  the  sea  depths,  which 
are  engaging  her  attention.  Then,  after  a  few  days  of 
more  or  less  constant  study — and  let  us  hope  the  ship 
is  not  pitching  too  much — you  may  observe,  as  did 
Marie  Poland  Fish,  the  tiny  dot  actually  transform 
into  a  larval  eel.  This  discovery  shows  the  importance 
of  being  in  the  right  .place  at  the  right  time.  The  right 
place — and  the  only  place — to  answer  this  question 
about  eels,  is  in  mid-Atlantic,  the  only  region  where 
our  eels  breed.  Thus  with  a  few  accessories,  like 
niiscroscopes,  a  ship,  patience,  scientific  training,  and 
immunity  from  mal-de-mer,  the  question  that  perplexed 
Aristotle  is  answered.   Simple  enough ! 

Now  the  whole  story  is  known.  American  and  Euro- 
pean eels  have  the  same  breeding  ground,  the  sea  near 
Bermuda.  The  larvae  drift  northward  in  the  currents 
of  the  Gulf  Stream,  changing  from  leaf-like  creatures 
into  small  rounded  eels,  or  elvers.  The  American 
species  seek  the  various  rivers  along  the  eastern  shore 
of  the  United  States,  and  swarm  up-stream  in  great 
numbers,  even  wriggling  over  grass  on  rainy  nights  to 
reach  the  land-locked  pKjnds  in  which  they  mature.  In 
the  fall  of  the  year,  the  adult  eels  migrate  from  inland 
waters  to  the  sea,  traveling  months  before  they  reach 
the  Atlantic  breeding  grounds,  there  to  begin  anew  the 
cycle  of  development,  and  to  die  immediately  after 
spawning. 

European  eels,  migrating  northward  in  the  same 
ocean  currents,  take  three  years  instead  of  one  to  meta- 
morphose. They  are  therefore  not  ready  to  ascend 
ri\ers  when  they  near  our  shores  and  are  carried  on 
north-easterly  until  they  reach  the  shores  of  Europe. 
Phere,  as  elvers,  they  ascend  the  streams  and  rivers. 
Dr.  Schmidt,  in  his  report  on  The  Breeding  Places  of 
the  Eel,  states  that  eels  have  been  taken  in  waters  in 
Switzerland  at  an  altitude  of  3,000  feet  above  the  sea. 
He  points  out  that  although  extensive  migrations  of 
fish  are  not  unusual,  the  eels  are  really  related  to  salt- 
water fishes,  and  "the  remarkable  point  in  their  life 
history  is  not  so  much  the  fact  of  their  migration  out 
to  sea  to  spawn,  as  in  their  leaving  it  in  order  to  pass 
their  period  of  growth  in  an  environment  so  unusual 
for  muraenoid  fishes  as  fresh  water." 

The  basis  for  the  idea  that  eels  arise  from  clams,  al- 
ready referred  to,  is  probably  the  observation  that 
clams  often  have  a  transparent  gelatinous  rod,  about 
one  inch  and  a  half  long,  protruding  from  a  break  in 
their  tissues.  This  rod  is  eel-like  in  form  and  size,  and 
like  the  undeveloped  eel  is  also  transparent.  It  is  a  « 
secretion  from  the  stomach  of  the  clam  called  the 
crystalline  style.  Its  function  was  not  definitely  known 
until  Dr.  Thurlow  Nelson  of  Rutgers  University  in 
1925  explained  its  importance  in  aiding  to  separate 
the  food  materials  from  sand  in  the  digestive  tract  of 
the  clam. 


August.  1929 


E\-OLUTION 


Page  Three 


The  Super-Men  of  Cro-Magnon 


By  EDWARD  GRIEG  CLEMMER 


Cro-Magnon    Man,    as   restored    by 
J.  H.   McGregor 


T^HE  rock  shelter  of  Cro-Magnon  is  in  the  French 
village   of  Les   Ej-zies,    in   the   Dordogne   Valley. 

Here,  in  1868,  were  discovered  the  first  skeletons  of 

Cro  -  Magnon  Man. 
Many  other  finds 
since  then  make  our 
knowledge  of  this  an- 
cient race  of  Cro- 
Magnon  very  com- 
plete. 

The  Cro-Magnons 
lived  in  the  Upper 
Paleolithic  age,  ahout 
25,000  to  10^000  B.C. 
This  age  is  divided 
into  three  periods, 
named,  in  ascending 
order,  the  Aurigna- 
cian,  Solutrean  and 
Magdalenian,  after  the 
towns  of  Aurignac, 
Solutre  and  La  Ma- 
deleine where  the 
first  type  tools  were  found.  For  each  period  is  dis- 
tinguished by  a  different  kind  of  tools,  the  type  tools 
of  one  period  not  carrying  over  into  the  next,  although 
the  same  basic  design,  may  be  preserved. 

The  Cro-Magnons  were  fine  physical  specimens, 
some  skeletons  indicating  a  height  of  six  feet,  four 
inches.  The  race  as  a  whole  was  taller  than  the  aver- 
age modern  European  and  far  taller  than  the  Neander- 
thal race.  Also,  the  Cro-Magnon  walked  fully  erect 
and  held  his  head  high.  His  brain  equalled  or  excelled 
ours  in  cubical  contents.  Some  have  suggested  that  he 
might  have  been  a  mutation  from  the  Neanderthal,  but 
it  is  probable  that  he  evolved  in  Asia  and  immigrated 
to  the  land  of  the  Neanderthal. 

In  almost  every  case,  the  skeletons  show  care  m 
burial,  and  at  some  stations  the  body  was  placed  in  a 
particular  position,  surrounded  by  shells  or  tools. 
Sometimes  the  grave  had  been  filled  with  a  special 
earlh.  and  one  skeleton  had  been  painted  red.  All  this 
indicates  that  this  people  considered  burial  an  impor- 
tant ceremony,  and  they  probably  had  a  belief  in  an 
after-life.  Certainly  they  valued  the  remains  of  their 
dead  more  than  had  any  preceding  race. 

During  the  first  or  Aurignacian  period,  the  cleaver, 
point  and  scraper  were  replaced  by  improved  tools 
shaped  from  blade-like  flint  flakes  from  which  small 
chips  were  removed  by  pressing  instead  of  striking. 
In  tb's  manner,  Aurignacian  man  made  knives  with  an 
evident  handle  and  sharply  pointed  gravers  for  carving 
on  bones  and  on  cave  walls.  He  also  made  bone  and 
ivory  points,  cleft  at  the  liase  for  the  end  of  his  javelin. 
In  the  Solutrean  period  the  art  of  flint  working  by 
pressure  flaking  reached  its  highest  development.  The 


most  characteristic  and  beautiful  tools  were  the  laurel 
leaf  and  willow  leaf  points,  the  former  two  inches  to 
a  foot  long,  symmetrical,  evenly  flaked,  straight,  shar]) 
and  thin,  the  latter  even  more  delicate  and  slender. 

But  all  this  marvelous  dexterity  eventually  came  to 
naught,  for  the  Magdalenians  who  followed  paid  little 
attention  to  flint  implements.  They  did  use  flint  drills, 
saws,  gravers  and  scratchers,  but  they  made  real  prog- 
ress in  transforming  reindeer  horn  and  bones  into 
javelin  points,  needles,  awls,  fishhooks,  harpoons  and 
dart  throwers. 

Where  the  Magdalenians  did  excel  was  in  their  art, 
figures  carved  from  ivory  and  stone,  probably  of  magi- 
cal significance,  perhaps  worshipped  as  idols,  and  on 
the  walls  of  their  caves,  drawings  and  paintings.  In 
1878,  Marquis  Santyola,  accompanied  by  his  little 
daughter,  was  searching  the  cavern  of  Altamira,  Spain, 
for  relics   of  ancient   man.     Suddenly  she  cried  out, 


Painting   of    Bison   in    colors.   Cavern    of   Altamira,    Spain 

"Toros!  Toros!  (Bulls!  Bulls!)",  and  pointed  ex- 
citedly to  the  ceiling  of  the  cavern,  all  covered  with  the 
frescoes  drawn  by  Magdalenian  man.  Subsequently 
other  caves  were  discovered  in  France  and  Spain,  their 
ceilings  and  walls  similarly  covered  with  drawings, 
some  just  outlines,  others  filled  in  with  bright  colors 
that  have  not  faded  to  this  day. 

What  happened  to  Cro-Magnon  man  we  do  not 
know.  We  do  know  that  he  lived  in  the  cold 
of  the  Ice  Age,  and  that  when  the  ice  melted  away  to 
the  North,  the  animals  he  hunted  for  food  left  for 
colder  regions.  Some  think  he  followed  them  and  that 
the  Eskimos  are  his  descendants.  Their  culture  is  much 
like  his,  but  their  physical  characteristics  are  very  dif- 
ferent. Probably  this  prehistoric  race  of  artists  just 
died  out.  Or  the  warm  weather  made  life  too  easy  so 
they  degenerated  and  became  the  easy  victims  of  more 
vigorous  invaders  from  Asia  or  the  Mediterranean 
region.  Others,  however,  think  that  Cro-Magnon  blood 
still  courses  through  the  veins  of  some  Europeans,  but 
of  that  we  can  only  guess. 


Page  Four 


EVOLUTION 


August,  1929 


Brains — How  Come? 

By  ALLAN  STRONG  BROMS 
VIII 


A    PE  became  Man  when  he  learned  to  talk.    For  taFk 

gave  him  thought.    No  overnight  matter,  that.    It 

took  a  million  years.    For  there's  a  lot  behind  it ;  new 

brain  centers,  new  muscular  control,  an  understanding 

ear,  a  wise  eye,  man's  organization  of  mind. 

Our  ape  ancestors  probably  had  the  essential  physi- 
cal equipment,  such  as  vocal  cords  and  muscles,  tongue 
and  all  the  rest,  without  having  learned  to  use  them 
in  real  talk.  At  least  not  in  wordy  talk 
about  ideas.  They  had  plenty  of  feel- 
ings, but  mighty  few  ideas.  So  their 
first  talk  was  about  feelings.  With 
voice  of  course,  but  quite  as  much  by 
grimace  and  gesture.  Crooning  ten- 
derness, love's  sweet  nothings,  chatter- 
ing' excitement,  screaming  anger,  bel- 
lowing defiance,  wailing  sorrow,  whim- 
pering hunger,  all  without  words. 

The  first  real  words  were  warning 
cries,  and  soon,  commands  to  do  or  not 
to  do.  Primitive  equivalents  of  our 
'T-ook  out!"  "Beat  it!"  "Stop,  Look 
and  Listen,"  "Come  and  get  it."  Next 
they  probably  named  each  other  and 
the  common  things  of  their  lives,  and 
told  each  other  what  to  do  about 
those  things.  Very  simply,  of  course. 
It  took  a  long  time  before  they  made 
up  honest-to-goodness  sentences,  full 
of  "ands,  ifs,  huts,  and  hences,"  de- 
scriptive adjectives,  modifying  ad- 
verbs, and  all  the  what-nots  of  our 
expressive  languages.  Such  intricate 
inventions  came  only  as  the  speech 
centers  of  man's  brain  developed. 

Significantly  enough,  those  speech  centers  are  bet- 
ter developed  on  one  side  of  his  brain.  Usually  the  left 
side,  to  go  with  his  normal  right-handedness  (also 
under  left-brain  control).  Speech  always  was  mixed 
up  with  gestures,  and  we  still  talk  a  lot  with  our  hands. 
Ouite  naturally,  therefore,  the  speech  centers  developed 
more  on  the  left  side  of  the  brain.  And  it  probably 
helped;  that  man.  for  the  last  few  thousand  years  at 
least,  has  been  picturing  his  ideas  and  writing  his  talk 
(again  mostly  with  his  skilled  right  hand).  Inevitably, 
too,  the  related  higher  speech  centers  for  understand- 
ing the  meanings  of  words  heard,  of  words  seen, 
located  themselves  largely  nearby  on  the  same  talk-side. 

Belonging  together,  the  various  ways  of  acquiring 
and  expressing  meanings  became  mentally  tied  together. 
Things  seen,  pictures  drawn,  names  heard  and  spoken, 
words  written,  all  used  together,  were  kept  together  in 
the  brain.  But  not  in  one  brain  center.  For  already 
each  sense  and  muscle  had  its  own  established  brain 
center,  and  each  stayed  put,  but  took  its  share  in  the 


Language  Centers  in  Man's  Brain 
.\fter  Brcuil 
After  .Janifs 


complicated  job  of  talking.  Complicated,  and  more 
complicated !  For  towards  the  end,  man  made  a  great 
nivention,  a  new  set  of  pictures,  the  letters  of  the 
alphal)et.  Symbols  these,  just  meaning  sounds,  talking 
I)ictures.  Man  spells  them  together  into  words,  writ- 
ten as  they  sound,  spoken  as  written.  Handy  and  last- 
ing. But  what  a  job  for  his  brain !  Old  brain  centers 
made  over,  new  ones  developed,  all  kept  working  to- 
gether by  long-distance  nerve  connec- 
tions. 

But  look  what  it  means  to  man. 
Without  words  he  could  not  think,  not 
like  a  modern.  For  man  thinks  with 
words.  Thought  is  just  silent  talking. 
Childreh  think  a  lot  out  loud.  So  do 
people  who  live  much  alone.  So  do 
we,  muttering  thoughts,  making  lip 
movements. 

Now  words  can  mean  one  thing, 
or  a  group  of  like  things,  or  the  like- 
ness between  them,  or  doings  to  them. 
They  can  mean  real  stuff,  or  general 
qualities,  or  doings  done,  and  even 
nothing  at  all.  For  one  can  acquire 
words  with  meanings,  or  empty  ones 
without  meanings,  beyond  sound  and 
spelling.  If  they  mean  real  things  to 
Us.  they  serve  as  a  mental  shorthand 
fur  truthful  and  workable  thinking. 
But  if  they  are  empty  words,  just 
habits  of  utterance  which  we  rever- 
ence and  mouth,  they  do  sad  things  to 
our  thinking,  or  what  passes  for  think- 
ing. They  may  satisfy  our  minds, 
and  sound  like  the  wisdom  of  the 
ages,  but  they  will  trick  us  into  mere 
zcordiiii/.    Then  we  just  think  we  think. 

Real  thinking  is  also  wording,  l.nit  a  different  kind. 
1  he  words  have  real  contents  of  meaning.  They  mean 
real  things,  real  qualities  of  things,  real  likenesses 
between  things,  real  ideas.  Because  they  serve  us  as 
mental  shorthand,  we  could  never  have  attained  to 
Iiiiiuan  thinking  at  all  had  we  not  found  words  to  think 
with.  If  we  watch  our  words,  avoid  making  them 
empty  sounds,  we  can  keep  them  useful.  The  best  way 
is  to  keep  our  contacts  with  fact,  through  scientific 
ex]ieriment  and  observation,  through  practical  arts. 
Only  in  these  worlds  of  fact  can  we  keep  our  words  full 
of  true  meanings.  Words  like  that  keep  our  thinking 
straight  to  guide  our  doing.   For  truth  works. 

That,  in  fact,  is  the  test  of  truth — it  works.  Try  it 
on  your  own  ideas.  Give  your  wordings  the  once  over. 
Words  were  the  making  of  man.  With  speech  he 
passed  his  ideas  around,  traded  them  for  a  lot  more 
others.  But  ideas  spread  by  word  of  mouth  are  easily 
twisted,  or  even  lost.     Writing  solved  that  problem. 


August.  1929 


EVOLUTION 


Page  Five 


Written  words  could  be  kept  strai,i;ht,  kejit  tor  future 
generations.  Knowledge  began  to  accumulate.  Each 
generation  started  where  the  last  one  left  off.  Printing 
helped  too.  Knowledge  could  be  spread,  all  over  the 
world,  to  scholar  and  layman.  With  knowledge  popu- 
larized,  nearl}-  evervone  was  thinking.    Bright  minds 


got  their  starts,  emerged  to  discover  and  invent,  to  help 
lift  mankind  higher.  So  the  rate  of  progress  increased. 
More  thinking  men  and  women  on  the  job.  More  tested 
knowledge  to  work  with.  The  result — man  making  his 
world  lietter,  making  life  happier.  It  sounds  strange, 
l:ut  he  talked  himself  into  it. 


When  Birds  Had  Teeth 


Bv  FREDERIC  A.  LUCAS 


C  EPARATED  b}-  millions  of  years  from  that 
earliest  of  all  known  birds,  the  toothed  Archaeop- 
teryx  of  the  Jurassic  period  (described  last  month), 
the  next  birds  that  we  know  come  from  the  chalk  beds 
of  western  Kansas.  Time  enough  had  passed  for  mem- 
bers of  one  group  to  have  quite  lost  their  wings,  yet 
they  still  retained  teeth,  the  most  bird-like  of  them  be- 
ing quite  unlike  any  modern  bird  in  this  respeci.  The 
first  specimens  were  obtained  by  Professor  Marsh  in 
his  expeditions  of  1870  and  1871,  but  not  until  a  few- 
years  later,  after  the  material  had  been  cleaned  and 
was  being  studied,  was  it  ascertained  that  these  birds 
were  armed  with  teeth.  The  smaller  of  these  birds  was 
not  unlike  a  small  gull  and  was,  saving  its  teeth,  so 
thoroughly  a  bird  that  it  may  be  passed  by  without 
further  notice.    The  larger,  however,  was   remarkable 


Draw  inii   lj>-    (ileeson 
The    Toothed    Diver.    Hesperornis    Regalis 

in  many  ways.  Hesperornis  was  a  great  diver,  in  some 
ways  the  greatest  of  the  divers,  slender  and  graceful 
in  general  build,  looking  somewhat  like  an  overgrown, 
absolutely  wingless  loon. 

The  penguins,  as  everyone  knows,  swim  with  their 
front  limbs — we  can't  call  them  wings — which,  though 
containing  all  the  hones  of  a  wing,  have  become  trans- 
formed into  powerful  paddles.  Hesperornis,  on  the 
other  hand,  swam  altogether  with  its  legs — swam  so 
well  with  them,  indeed,  that  through  natural  selection 
the  disused  wings  dwindled  away  and  vanished,  save 
one  bone.  Hesperornis  was  large,  upwards  of  five  feet 
long,  and  if  its  ancestors  were  equally  bulky,  their 
wings  were  c|uite  too  big  for  swimming  under  water  as 
do  the  short-winged  Auks  which  fly  under  water  quite 
as  they  fly  over  it.  Hence  the  big  wings  were  closelv 
fiildud  upon  the  body  to  off'er  tlr*  least  possible  resi-t- 


ance,  and  it  was  advantageous  that  th>jy  and  their 
muscles  dwindled,  while  the  bones  and  muscles  of  the 
legs  increased  by  constant  use.  By  the  time  the  wings 
were  small  enough  to  be  used  in  so  dense  a  medium  as 
water,  the  muscles  had  become  too  feeble  to  move 
them,  and  so  degeneration  proceeded  until  but  one  bone 
remained,  a  mere  vestige.  The  penguins  retain  their 
great  breast  muscles,  as  did  the  Great  Auk,  since  it 
takes  even  more  strength  to  move  a  small  wing  in 
water  than  a  large  wing  in  the  thinner  air. 

As  a  swimming  bird,  one  that  swims  with  its  legs 
and  not  with  its  wings,  Hesperornis  has  probably  never 
been  equalled,  for  the  size  and  appearance  of  the  bones 
indicate  great  power,  while  the  bones  of  the  foot  were 
so  joined  to  those  of  the  leg  as  to  turn  edgewise  as  the 
foot  was  brought  forward,  thus  offering  less  resistance 
to  the  water.  It  is  remarkable  that  these  leg  bones  are 
hollow,  because  as  a  rule  the  bones  of  aquatic  animals 
are  more  or  less  solid,  their  weight  being  supported 
by  the  water;  liut  those  of  the  great  diver  were  almost 
as  light  as  if  it  had  dwelt  on  dry  land.  That  it  did  not 
dwell   there   is   conclusively  shown  by  its  feet. 

The  most  extraordinary  thing  about  Hesperornis  is 
the  position  of  the  legs  relative  to  the  body,  and  this  is 
something  that  was  not  even  suspected  until  the  skele- 
ton was  mounted  in  a  swimming  attitude.  As  anyone 
knows  who  has  watched  a  duck  swim,  the  usual  place 
for  the  feet  and  legs  is  beneath  and  in  line  with  the 
body.  But  in  our  great  extinct  diver,  the  joints  of  the 
leg  bones  are  such  that  this  was  impossible,  and  the 
feet  and  lower  legs  must  have  stood  out  nearly  at  right 
angles  to  the  body,  like  a  pair  of  oars.  This  is  such 
a  peculiar  attitude  for  a  bird's  legs  that,  although  ap- 
parently indicated  by  the  shape  of  the  bones,  it  was  at 
first  thought  to  be  due  to  the  crushing  and  consequent 
distortion  to  which  the  bones  had  been  subjected,  and 
an  endeavor  was  made  to  place  them  in  the  ordinary 
position,  even  at  the  expense  of  a  dislocation  of  the 
joints.  But  when  the  mounting  of  the  skeleton  had 
advanced  further,  it  became  evident  that  Hesperornis 
was  no  ordinary  bird  and  could  not  swim  in  the  usual 
manner,  since  this  would  have  brought  his  knee-caps 
uncomfortably  up  into  his  body.  And  so,  at  the  cost  of 
much  time  and  trouble,  the  mountings  were  so  changed 
that  the  legs  stood  out  at  the  sides  of  the  body,  as 
shown  in  the  picture,  a  position  verified  later  by  the 
discovery  of  the  specimen  now  in  the  American  Mu- 
seum of  Natural  History,  in  which  the  limbs  lay  in 
jii^t  the  position  given  them  by  the  artist.  Mr.  Glceson. 


Page  Six 


E VOLUT I  ON 


August.  1929 


Hesperornis  was  prol^ably  covered  with  smooth,  soft 
feathers.  This  we  know  because  Professor  Williston 
found  a  specimen  showing  the  impression  of  the  skin 
of  the  lower  leg,  as  well  as  of  feathers  that  covered  the 
"thigh"  and  head.  While  such  a  covering  seems  rather 
inadequate  for  a  bird  of  such  exclusively  aquatic 
habits,  there  seems  to   be  no  getting  away   from  the 


facts.  And  we  do  have  in  the  Snake  Bird,  one  of  the 
most  aquatic  of  modern  birds,  an  instance  of  a  similar- 
ly poor  covering.  Its  feathers  shed  the  water  very 
imperfectly,  and  after  long-continued  submersion  be- 
come saturated,  which  partly  accounts  for  the  habit 
the  bird  has  of  hanging  itself  out  to  drv. 


Evolution:  Fact  or  Fake? 


Conclusion  of  the  Debate  held  at  Mecca  Auditorium, 
New  York,  February  7,  J929.  betzveen  Professor 
Joseph  McCabe  of  England  and  Reverend  W.  B.  Riley 
of  Minneapolis  on  the  question  :  "Resolved.  That  Evo- 
lution Is  True  and  Should  Be  Taught  in  the  Schools." 
Two  previous  issues  contained  the  opening  speeches 
and  Professor  McCabc's  second  speech. 

THE   CHAIRMAN:    Dr.   Riley  again   for  twenty 

minutes.   (Applause.) 

*        ♦        * 

DR.  W.  B.  RILEY:  Mr.  Chairman,  ladies  and 
gentlemen  :  In  my  former  address  I  began  where  the 
Professor  left  ofT.  This  time  I  propose  to  take  the 
opposite  position  and  begin  where  he  began  and  track 
him  down. 

His  declaration  that  evolution  is  a  science  is,  as  I 
stated  in  the  first  instance,  a  matter  of  counting  noses. 
If  the  scientists  agree,  that  settles  it.  How  can  that 
settle  it?  If  the  matter  were  a  matter  of  science,  there 
would  be  a  demonstration  of  it.  That  is  what  I  have 
listened  for,  and  I  have  listened  in  vain. 

If  there  is  a  living  man  on  the  face  of  the  earth  that 
can  bring  me  one  instance,  either  out  of  geological 
testimony,  or,  out  of  observation,  where  one  species 
ever  evolved  into  another,  he  will  produce  the  first 
argument  for  this  thing  that  has  ever  been  found. 

I  want  you  also  to  see  that  the  Professor  is  not  sin- 
cere in  reaching  his  conclusion,  that  because  scientific 
men  agree  he  is  bound  to  believe  it.    He  is  not  sincere. 

The  scientists  of  the  world  in  religion  are  agreed, 
for  the  most  part,  on  the  existence  of  a  God,  certainly 
as  perfectly  agreed  as  the  material  scientists  are  agreed 
upon  this  subject,  for  while  Evolutionists  come  to  a 
kindred  conclusion,  they  divide  over  every  point  in  the 
so-called  progress. 

Now,  I  want  to  ask  the  Professor  if  he  will  accept 
these  gentlemen,  great,  outstanding  men  in  the  realm 
of  religion,  and  will  go  with  them  for  a  personal  God 
because  they  are  so  overwhelmingly  in  the  majority? 

Why  isn't  the  thing  that  is  good  in  one  realm  equal- 
ly good  in  another? 

Here  are  a  few  people  who  have  spoken  of  the  exist- 
ence of  God — William  James — and  this  is  a  matter  of 
philosophy,  not  a  matter  of  science  at  all.  That  is  why 
it  was  born  with  the  old  Greeks.  That  is  why  it  is  re- 
born at  the  present  time. 

But  William  James  opposes  the  Professor's  views 
as  set  forth  in  every  one  of  McCabe's  books  that  I 
have  read.  Again,  Professor  McCabe  repudiates  the 
ontological  argument  of  .St.  Anselm. 


He  will  have  none  of  Father  Boedder's  arguments. 

He  will  have  none  of  the  reasonings  of  Dr. 
\\'arschauer  as  they  proceed  from  cause  to  effect.  He 
separates  from  Sir  Oliver  Lodge,  concerning  whom 
McCabe  asserted : 

"He  is  a  man  of  science  and  does  not  eke  out  his 

arguments  with  quotations  from  ancient  authorities 

or  foreigners  whose  names  and  authority  the  reader 

is  not  likely  to  know." 

The  great  Dr.  Wallace,  the  matchless  Lord  Kelvin, 
the  notable  Sir  J.  J.  Thompson,  Principal  Lloyd 
Morgan,  Dr.  Ballard,  the  immortal  Bergson,  Eucken, 
Martineau,  LaConte,  John  Fiske ;  those  several  Amer- 
ican professors  who  in  1897  published  a  book,  "The 
Conception  of  God":  Dr.  Rashdall.  Professor  James 
Ward,  the  seven  Oxford  men  who  in  1912  gave  to  the 
world  their  "Foundations,"  intended  as  a  reconstruc- 
tion of  the  Christian  belief — these  all  have  written 
sufficiently  well  to  disturb  my  opponents  and  lead  them 
to  attempt  an  answer  to  each  and  every  one  of  them,  be- 
cause they  are  united  on  the  fact  that  there  must  be  an 
infinite  Creator  back  of  nature ;  and  yet.  their  united 
testimony  makes  no  profound  impression  upon  Mr. 
McCabe,  so  deeply  immersed  is  he  in  the  atheistic  doc- 
trine of  evolution. 

When  Henry  Fairfield  Osborne,  one  of  our  first 
.\merican  scientists,  claims,  as  he  does  in  his  recent 
l;)ook.  that  the  great  outstanding  minds  of  the  world 
today  believe  in  God,  and  that  many  of  them  are  ad- 
vocates of  the  Christian  religion ;  and  even  when  no 
less  a  name  than  that  of  Robert  Millikan  joins  him 
at  once  in  the  exercise  of  that  faith  and  its  far-reaching 
influence,  the  united  testimony  of  these  is  all  swept 
aside  by  McCabe.  For  what  reason?  To  save  the  face 
of  the  false  and  atheistic  philosophy  of  evolution. 

With  not  one  of  them  will  he  agree  concerning  God. 

Why  not  be  consistent?  If  we  are  going  to  accept 
this  because  the  scientists  say  it.  why  not  accept  God 
in  His  creative  acts,  because  men  who  are  scientists  in' 
religion,  have  agreed  upon  the  subject? 

I  do  not  need  to  tell  you  that  I  am  not  intellectual. 
The  Professor  will  tell  you  that.  He  has  already  told 
you  of  his  own !  The  man  who  is  intellectual  will  never 
have  to  assert  it.    He  doesn't  need  to  assert  it. 

Now,  he  said  I  passed  over  some  of  his  points.  I  be- 
lieve I  did,  two  of  them.  One  of  them  was  about  the 
blue  and  white  and  red  stars,  or.  to  get  them  straight, 
blue,  red  and  white  stars.  Will  you  tell  me  why  in  the 
world  that  confirms  the  evolutionary  hypothesis? 

There  isn't  a  single  hint  in  Genesis  or  a  claim  on  the 


August,  1929 


EVOLUTION 


Page  Seven- 


part  of  any  living,  intelligent  man  to  the  effect  that 
Grod  made  all  stars  or  siderial  systems  in  one  moment. 
"In  the  begininng  God  created  the  heavens."  You  can 
stretch  that  just  as  far  as  you  want  to. 

Go  back  sixty  millions  or  two  hundred  and  forty 
millions  as  others  of  them  say,  or  go  back  if  you  want 
to  into  the  billions  and  trillions  as  others  of  them  say, 
or  go  back  if  you  want  to  to  the  eternity  of  matter. 
Some  worlds  will  be  older  than  others.  That  is  no  con- 
firmation whatever  of  Evolution ! 

Now,  the  other  thing  that  I  have  forgotten  to  touch 
upon  is  that  there  is  not,  he  said,  one  single  form  of 
life  that  does  not  answer  to  the  evolutionary  hypothesis. 
On  the  other  hand,  I  dare  assert  that  there  is  not  one 
form  of  life,  known  to  the  human  being,  that  does 
answer  to  it.  Not  one.  Not  one  known  living  man  has 
ever  seen  anything  in  nature's  processes  that  could  for 
one  minute  be  employed  as  proof  that  the  process 
known  as  evolution  was  going  on  at  all.  Not  a  thing. 

I   lectured   one   night   in    South   Minnesota.    A   lioy 
who  had  been  two  years  in  high  school  and  who  had 
the  textbooks  given  him,  came  up  to  me  and  said : 
"You    have   done   very   well.      I   think   you   have 

proved  that  we  cannot  prove  our  position.    Neither 

ran  you  prove  yours." 

I  said:  "How  many  illustrations  would  you  like?" 

He  said :  "Give  me  a  few." 

I  said :  "I  can  give  you  a  million  examples  right  on 
the  farm."  Have  you  ever  heard  of  a  hen  that  hatched 
anything  than  a  chicken?  Have  you  ever  heard  of  fuy 
animal  or  any  plant  that  produced  after  another  kind? 
Have  you  ?  Varieties,  yes,  but  species,  none : 

That  is  the  testimony  of  Bateson,  and  the  moment 
he  said  it,  they  discredited  him.  If  you  agree  with  us. 
you  are  a  scientist,  but  if  you  .dissent  you  are  not  a 
scientist  and  you  are  ignorant.  That  is  the  process  of 
argument  that  Evolutionists  employ. 

Bees  and  ants  we  can  trace  farther  Isack  than  al- 
most anything  else.  Out  of  9,560  separate  specimens 
93  species  and  43  genera  Wheeler  and  Ford  said  there 
was  not  a  particle  of  change  in  all  the  ages  throughout 
which  they  could  trace  them.  No  evolution  anywhere. 
There  is  your  case.  Professor.  You  were  asking  for 
one.  Set  that  down,  if  you  please. 

I  read  an  article  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  some  two 
or  three  years  ago  on  evolution  wrecked  on  the  bees' 
knees.  I  said:  "This  is  news  to  me."  I  did  not  know- 
there  were  bees'  knees.  I  can  prove  by  the  bees'  knees 
that  evolution  is  impossible. 

He  said  that  everytjiing  that  the  bee  does  involves 
him  in  sticky  stuff.  When  he  varnishes  the  base  to 
build,  when  he  gets  into  the  comb  that  he  works  into 
the  interstices  of  his  body,  it  is  sticky  stuff'.  When  he 
gets  nectar,  it  is  sticky  stuff.  Every  single  one  of  them 
would  gum  him  up  in  such  a  way  that,  like  some 
people — no  personal  reference.  Professor— he  won'd 
be  stuck  on  himself ;  he  would  perish  but  for  one 
thing:  viz.,  he  goes  down  on  his  knees  and  there  are 
combs,  and  he  cleans  the  antennae  and  ])roboscis  on 
the  combs. 


How  many  million  years  would  it  require  for  that 
l)ee  to  evolve  a  comb  on  his  knee  that  was  adequate  to 
its  demand,  and  would  it  not  perish  a  million  times? 
While  waiting  the  evolution,  admit  adajitation  and  you 
ciincede  intelligent  creation. 

I  want  now  to  conclude  wliat  1  liave  to  say  in  this 
second  address  by  going  back  again  to  the  question  as 
to  whether  it  should  be  taught.  Here,  again.  I  charge 
the  Professor  with  insincerity,  absolute  insincerity. 

It  is  certainly  the  truth  that  the  great  moral  law, 
the  decalogue  of  the  Bil)le.  is  true.  1  f  not.  then  all  the 
nations  of  the  world — his  own  included — have  gone 
wrong :  and  yet  he  is  not  in  the  company  of  those  that 
have  pleaded  to  have  that  book  placed  or  retained  in 
tlie  pu))lic  schools.    Not  at  all.    Why  not  be  consistent? 

It  you  are  going  to  teach  everything,  whether  the 
people  want  it  or  not,  why  not  bring  the  Bible  that 
was  banished  back?  There  are  only  six  states  that 
will  not  permit  the  Bible  to  exist  in  them  by  law.  There 
are  six  that  demand  its  reading  m  the  school.s.  And 
there  are  thirty  odd  that  leave  it  up  to  the  attorney 
general  and  to  the  superintendent  of  instruction,  and 
in  practically  every  case  they  have  l)anished  the  Bible. 
(  .Applause. )  I  know  the  reason  why  it  is  rejected.  It 
is  impalatal)le  to  infidels  and  atheists! 

[f  you  are  going  to  teach  this  theory,  then  teach  side 
by  side  with  it,  the  creative  theory.  If  we  are  going  to 
ha\e  men  lecturing  in  school  on  evolution,  then  I  dare 
tlieni  til  let  me  lecture  therein  on  creation.  Only  in  a 
few  instances  can  we  get  them  to  concede  that  favor. 

I  am  here  tonight  to  tell  you  that  when  this  doctrine 
Iiecomes  a  little  more  recognized,  you  will  reap  the 
fruitful  harvest  that  is  sweeping  over  our  land  now. 

I  spent  the  past  summer  in  Scotland  and  Ireland. 
I  he  overwhelming  majority  of  the  people  of  that 
country  do  not  believe  in  this  doctrine.  They  do  not 
be'ieve  in  it,  and  I  know  it  from  immediate  contact 
with  the  people.  I  am  not  talking  to  you  about  a  few 
jjrofessors.    I  am  talking  to  you  about  people  at  large. 

Unfortunately,  a  good  many  of  the  criminals  of  that 
country,  just  because  it  is  easy  to  cross  the  ocean,  have 
come  over  to  our  side,  and  we  have  more  than  be- 
long to  us.  (Applause  and  hisses.) 

There  was  a  time  when  the  deism  doctrine — verj 
nuich  nkin  to  this — in  fact,  it  is  identical  with  it  in 
manv  respects — it  says  th^it  God  had  nothing  to  di.' 
with  creative  acts;  that  He  created  tlie  universe.  an( 
started  it  and  went  off  and  left  it. 

Now,  they  said  He  did  not  create  it.  That  i^  tin 
doctrine  of  evolution.    It  leaves  God  out. 

.And  the  Professor  himself  is  a  special  advocate  of 
the  .same  doctrine  that  was  put  into  Haeckel's  "Riddle 
of  the  I^niverse"  ruling  God  out.   (Applause.) 

And  France  went  through  the  strain  of  deism. 

.Vnd  what  was  the  result?   The  Reign  of  Terror. 

Professor  Williams  of   Oxford  University  said  of 

f!i?  Nietzsche  philosophy — that  is  this  identical  thing — 

that  he  was  tlie  only  man  that  had  lived  that  had  the 

h.ard'linod  to  carrv  it. to  its  legitimate  results,  and  when 

I.  Continued  on  Page  12) 


Page  Eight 


E  \^  O  L  U  T  I  O  N 


August,  1929 


EUOLUTION 


A  Journal  of  Nature 

To   combat   bigotry   and  superstition   and 

develop    the    open    mind    by   popularizing 

natural    science 

Published   monthly   by 

Evolution  Publishing  Corporation 

96  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York.  N.  Y. 

Tel.:  Watkins  75  87 

L.   E.   KattERFELD,  Managing  Editor 

Allan  Strong  BROMS,  Science  Editor 

Subscription   rate:    One   dollar   per  year 
In   lists  of  five  or   more,   fifty   cents. 
Foreign  subscriptions  ten  cents  extra. 

Single  copy    10c;    20  or  more.   5c  each. 

Entered  as  second  class  matter  at  the 
Post  Office  at  New  York.  N.  Y..  January 
7.  1928.  under  the  Act  of  March  3.  1879. 


N'OL.   II,  No.  S. 


AUGUST,  1929 


IF  YOU  HAVE  A  NEW  ADDRESS 

notif}'    us   promptly,   giving-  also   your 
old   address,   so   we   can   correct   mail- 

inar  list. 


THAT  TRUTH  MAY  PREVAIL 

Among  scientific  men  there  is  a  con- 
tinuous exchange  of  facts  and  opinions, 
the  discovery  and  passing  along  of  new 
knowledge  and  a  consequent  recasting 
of  old  theories  to  fit  the  new  facts. 
Theories  are  frankly  held  subject  to 
change,  held  now  because  they  seem 
best  to  fit  the  known  facts,  but  pre- 
tending to  no  finality  at  all.  And  this 
attitude  holds  for  even  those  opinions 
most  firmly  evidenced  and  accepted,  as 
witness  the  Einstein  criticism  of  the 
"law  of  gravitation."  Which  all  goes 
to  say  that  your  typical  scientist  is 
modestly  open-minded.  To  him  there 
is  no  last  word,  no  final  authority. 

Therefore  he  is  ever  exploring,  ever 
criticizing,  ever  thinking.  Out  of  this 
comes  more  knowledge — and  clearer 
theoretical  guidance  in  the  quest  for 
still  more  truth.  And  it  all  comes  of 
intellectual  honesty  which  withholds 
no  fact  for  fear  of  its  logical  con- 
sequences and  spares  no  opinion  what- 
ever its  source. 

This  attitude  is  one  that  fundamental- 
ists, set  on  proving  their  "word  of 
God,"  cannot  appreciate  at  its  honest 
worth.  When  a  scientific  evolutionist 
revises  his  theory,  be  it  in  most  minor 
detail,  they  distort  it  into  a  general 
retreat  and  proclaim  it  victoriously  far 
and  wide.  He  honestly  states  facts 
that  cast  doubt  and  they  magnify  that 
into  full  confession.  Your  scientist  is 
being  honest  and  they  Jesuitical.  That 
the  truth  may  prevail,  he  states  the 
whole  case,  doubts  and  all.  For  the 
"glory"  of  their  gods  they  practice 
sophistry  and  appeal  to  prejudice.  And 
so  It  is  that  he  advances  truth,  while 
thev  obstruct  it. — .Mlau  S.  Broms. 


MECHANIST  VERSUS  VITALIST 

"When  the  subject  (of  life)  is  rea- 
soned about  in  terms  of  cause  and  ef- 
fect, one  group  of  thinkers,  who  call 
themselves  vitalists,  holds  that  life  is 
rh'.e  to  the  presence  in  living  organisms 
of  some  'all-controlling,  unknown,  and 
unknow-able,.  mystical,  hyper-mechan- 
ical force.'  Such  a  view  of  life  is 
satisfying  only  to  the  reasoning  of  the 
dogmatic  thinker.  It  does  not  prove 
helpful  to  the  scientist  because  it 
closes  the  mind  to  observable  and  veri- 
fiable fact  when  in  search  for  truth; 
it  removes  the  whole  subject  of  adap- 
tation to  environment  from  the  realm 
of  investigation.  No  biologist  makes 
use  of  such  a  working  hypothesis — 
however  useful  the  concept  may  be  as 
a  premise  for  the  philosophical  reason- 
ing of  an  absolutist.  There  is  a  tinge 
of  vitalism  in  the  philosophy  of  a 
goodly  number  of  those  who  consider 
themselves  scientific;  but  to  this  ex- 
tent they  limit  the  range  of  their  ob- 
servations— they  inhibit  the  use  of  their 
powers  of  induction. 

"A  far  more  satisfactory  hypothesis 
or  viewpoint  for  the  study  of  vital 
phenomena,  and  one  strictly  in  accord 
with  scientific  method,  is  called  the 
mechanistic  z'ieziK  The  vie-v\-point  here 
taken  is  that  this  conception  is  con- 
sistent with  the  premises  and  working 
hypothesis  used  by  the  other  natural 
scientists — the  only  one  that  is  con- 
sistent with  reasoning  about  the  facts 
which  stare  the  biologist  in  the  face 
when  he  looks  at  the  structure  and 
functioning  of  ors?anic  tissue  through  a 
microscope.  In  other  words,  the  point 
of  view  which  has  proved  of  the 
greatest  advantage  for  scientific  ob- 
servation is,  that  life  is  a  manifestation 
of  energy  in  a  neculiar  kind  of  mechan- 
ism— 'a  new  kind  of  world  stuff'  which 
is  the  phvsical  basis  of  biolotrical  sci- 
ence."— H.  H.  Newman  in  "Modern 
Scientific  Knowledge." 


should  net  study  the  earth  or  the  stars, 
the  plants,  the  animals,  the  growth  of 
humanity."  Luther  Burbank  says : 
"Those  who  would  legislate  against  the 
teachings  of  evolution  should  also  legis- 
late against  gravity,  electricity  and  the 
unreasonable  velocity  of  light,  and  also 
should  introduce  a  clause  to  prevent  the 
use  of  the  telescope,  the  microscope  and 
the  spectroscope  or  any  other  instru- 
ment of  precision  which  inay  in  future 
l;e  invented,  constructed  or  used  for  the 
discovery  of  truth,"  Dr.  Henry  Fair- 
field Osborn  expressed  the  views  of  all 
broadly  educated  men  and  women,  and 
completely  confuted  the  claims  of  "Bible 
opponents"  of  evolution,  in  saying:  "No 
teacher  can  possibly  teach  zoology  or 
any  other  branch  of  science  truthfully 
and  intelligently  if  evolution  is  left  out; 
the  cutting  out  of  evolution  from  edu- 
cation is  exactly  like  taking  the  heart 
from  the  body,  for  evolution  is  at  the 
very  heart  or  center  of  education  and 
always  will  be." 

Anti-evolution  laws  will  be  ignored 
the  same  as  the  law  against  teaching 
that  the  earth  moves.  This  also  con- 
flicts with  the  Bible  which  states  that 
Joshua  made  the  sun  stand  still.  Evolu- 
tion is  now  being  taught  in  all  three  of 
our  anti-evolution  states,  by  calling  it 
"development."  What  I  object  to  is  that 
these  laws  cultivate  hypocrisy.  They 
are  turning  our  schools  into  "speak- 
easies" and  our  teachers  into  "boot- 
leggers." Bob  Lyle, 


REGARDING  "THE  CAUSE" 

IT  seems  to  worrv  the  fundamentalists 
a  lot  that  "Evolution  teaches  an  ef- 
fect or  result  without  any  cause."  If 
evolution  could  teach  the  "cause"  it 
would  be  an  exception  to  all  other 
natural  laws.  Does  the  law  that  "Water 
seeks  its  own  level"  teach  anvthins  about 
a  cause?  We  know  that  water  does  seek 
its  own  level,  because  that  hannens  to 
be  the  wav  this  law  operates.  Through 
investigation  we  find  that  the  earth  pulls 
heavier  obiects  toward  its  center,  and 
this  is  called  the  law  of  sravitv.  Why 
accent  these  laws  as  perfectly  natural, 
while  demanding  that  evolution  show 
some  cause — a  supernatural  cause  pre- 
ferred? 

Dr.  David  .Starr  Jordan,  of  Leland 
Stanford  Universitv.  savs :  "Kvoltitton 
nnd  nature  mean  the  same  thine — 'Or- 
derly change.'  To  say  that  we  should 
not    study   evolution    is   to    say   that   we 


AN   EVENT  WE  ENJOYED 

One  of  EVOLUTION'S  most  inter- 
ested friends,  Mr,  A.  Nielen,  a  youth 
of  eighty  years,  world  traveler,  philos- 
opher and  photo  artist,  was  a  caller  in 
New  York  last  week.  He  delighted  a 
group  of  New  York  readers  of  EVO- 
LUTION with  a  travelog,  "A  Trip 
Around  The  World,"  showing  several 
hundred  beautifully  colored  lantern 
slides  of  "the  quaint,  the  queer  and 
the  beautiful,"  made  from  photos 
taken  by  himself.  Mr.  Nielen  has  an 
exceptional  sense  for  the  interesting 
and  picturesque,  and  some  of  his  slides 
are  the  most  wonderful  we  have  ever 
seen.  His  remarks  while  showing  them 
were  delightfully  entertaining  and  con- 
tained many  gems  of  wisdom.  We 
look  forward  to  another  showing  when 
he  returns. 


SKIP  SEPTEMBER 
Our  next  issue,  Vol.  II,  No.  6,  will 
be    out    the    last    of    September,    but 
drited  October. 


GIVE  IT  TO   YOUR  FRIENDS 

The  article  on  next  page,  "Our 
Knowledge  of  Man,"  by  Dr,  Hrdlicka 
of  Smithsonian  Institution,  appeared 
as  editorial  in  The  Outlook,  We  shall 
reprint  it  also  as  a  leaflet  ($1.00  per 
100,  $5.00  per  1,000).  Help  distribute 
it  far  and  wide. 


August.  1929 


E  \'  O  L  U  T  I  O  N 


Page  Nine 


Our  Growing  Knowledge  of  Man 


By   ALES    HRDLICKA 
Reprinted   by    courtesy  of  The  Outlook 


An  endeavor  to  account  for  man's 
origin  has  been  universal.  Study  of  the 
myths  and  beliefs  of  different  people^ 
.shows  that  there  was  no  tribe,  no  eth- 
nic group,  no  religious  unit,  that  did 
not  have  some  theory,  however  crude, 
as  to  how  man  came  into  existence. 
And  before  science  came  in,  once  an 
idea  became  set  in  any  group,  it  con- 
stituted a  dogma  which  effectively 
stopped  or  greatly  retarded  further 
thought  in  that  direction.  Religious 
dogmas,  being  directly  associated  with 
the  deities  (revelations),  became  par- 
ticularly powerful.  Had  it  not  been 
for  the  Biblical  account,  especially, 
current  thoughts  about  man's  oi'igin 
and  his  knowledge  of  himself  as  w^ell 
as  that  of  the  rest  of  the  living  nature, 
would  have  developed  much  earlier. 

An  analysis  of  the  conceptions 
reached  on  the  subject  before  the  ad- 
vent of  the  scientific  period,  shows  that 
the  numerous  forms  group  themselves 
into  three  main  classes.  They  are: 
CI)  wholly  thaumaturgic,  or  (Z)  partly 
supernatural  and  partly  natural,  or  (?l^ 
essentially  natural. 

The  first  class  of  theories  regard 
man's  origin  as  due  to  purely  super- 
natural agencies  and  means,  without 
speculating  as  to  the  details.  Manv  of 
the  anthropogenies  of  primitive  tribes 
of  today.  to,gether  with  those  of  some 
of  the  earlier  Greeks,  earlier  Romans, 
and  one  of  the  versions  of  the  Genesis, 
are  or  were  of  this  nature. 

The  second  class  of  views  is  sub- 
divisible into  two  series.  In  the  first, 
common  to  the  Egyptians,  all  the 
Semitic  peoples  of  .Asia  Minor,  some 
of  the  Greeks  fthe  Hephaestus  myths') 
and  to  the  second  version  of  the 
Genesis,  man's  body  is  made  of  earthly 
materials  (clay,  bone,  blood,  etc.).  with 
the  life  and  soul  added  supernaturallv. 
In  the  second  subclass  of  these  beliefs, 
common  to  some  of  the  American  In- 
dians and  others,  man  originates  super- 
naturallv from  subterranean  or  recent- 
ly emerged  mythical  birds  or  other 
animal  forms. 

The  third,  naturalistic,  or  scientific 
category  of  theories  may  aeain  be 
separated  into  two  subclasses.  The 
first,  held  bv  some  of  the  early  Greek 
and  other  philosophers,  such  as  Aris- 
totle, and  surviving  largely  to  this  day. 
teach  a  natural,  evolutionary  origin  of 
the  body,  but  believe  in  a  distinct  and 
higher  origin  of  the  "soul:"  while  the 
others  claim  an  evolutionary  origin  of 
all  man's  attributes,  phvsical  and  in- 
tellectual. The  great  difticultv  in  both 
these  lines  is  the  lark  of  a  definition  of 
the  concent  of  "soul."  Man  has  never 
known  clearly  and  does  not  know  yet 
just  what  is  his  "soul." 

From  the  earliest  time  this  tlrrd 
class  of  views   as   to   man's  origin   dif- 


fered widely  from  both  preceding  ones 
in  being  based  on  actual  observation. 
In  the  beginnings,  in  the  time  of  .\nax- 
imander  and  his  followers,  the  obser- 
vations were  limited,  imperfect  und 
empirical;  but  men  w-ere  gradually  rec- 
ognizing the  close  analogies  between 
man  and  the  rest  of  the  organisms 
which  surrounded  him  in  the  world. 

True  scientific  observations  by 
learned  men,  however,  and  deductions 
on  the  problem  of  human  origin  began 
during  the  latter  part  of  the  Eight- 
eenth Century,  and  hence  long  before 
Charles  Darwin.  They  attended  on 
one  hand  the  work  of  the  anatomist 
and  physiologist,  on  the  other  that  of 
the  naturalist  and  the  geologist-paleon- 
tologist. 

Buffon,  Erasmus  Darwin,  Goethe, 
Treviranus,  Gall,  Geoffroy  St.  Hilaire, 
and  a  good  number  of  others,  headed 
eventually  by  Lamarck,  and  later  Wal- 
lace, precede  Charles  Darwin;  but  it  is 
the  latter  w'ho,  in  1871,  in  his  "Descent 
of  Man,"  gives  the  first  comprehensive 
treatise  on  the  subjct. 

Buffon,  Erasmus  Darwin  (grand- 
father of  Charles)  and  above  all  La- 
marck, explained  evolution  by  a  grad- 
ual inheritance  of  "acquired  characters'' 
or  structural  adaptations,  brought  forth 
by  environmental  conditions.  For 
Charles  Darwin  and  his  close  follow- 
ers, the  essential  factor  in  evolution, 
human  or  animal,  was  "natural  selec- 
tion" or,  as  Herbert  Spencer  termed 
it,  the  "survival  of  the  fittest,"  work- 
ing with  the  normal  variation  of  every 
organism  and  of  every  part.  Organ- 
isms vary;  they  also  increase  in  num- 
bers; the  numerical  increase  leads  to 
competition  and  struggle  for  existence; 
and  in  this  struggle  the  most  "fit"  and 
best  adapted  to  their  environment 
survive  and  adv;.nce'  the  group  in  their 
direction. 

Since  Lamarck  and  Darwin,  the 
theory  of  human  origin  by  evolution 
has  been  generally  accepted  by  scien- 
tific men  and  enriched  by  a  whole 
realm  of  observations  and  proofs,  until 
what  had  originally  been  a  theory  has 
become  one  of  the  best  documented 
pages  of  human  knowledge. 

At  present,  the  essentials  of  man's 
origin  through  evolution  are  estab- 
lished facts.  Still  uncertain  are  many 
of  the  details  of  the  highly  complex 
processes  involved,  the  exact  sources 
from  which  man  developed  and  the 
causes  and  ways  of  his  differentiation; 
but  these  do  not  affect  the  soundness 
of  the  main  conclusion. 

Meanwhile  science  is  endeavoring  to 
solve  more  definitely  the  many  still 
more  or  less  obscure  by-problems  of 
human  evolution.  The  efforts  are  part- 
ly a  patient  intensive  search  for  ad- 
ditional material  evidence,  partly  spec- 
ulation.    It  is  the  latter  that  is  respon- 


sible for  the  various  theories  as  to 
man's  precise  ancestry,  the  exact  time 
of  man's  appearance,  the  true  cradle- 
land  of  humanity  and  the  actual  modes 
of  human  evolution;  theories  that,  be- 
cause of  their  variance,  are  by  many 
mistaken  for  uncertainties  of  the  main 
subject.  It  is  such  differences  that 
may  be  seen  in  the  recent  writings  of 
Osborn,  Gregory,  Clark  and  others. 
They  depend  on  the  basis  and  angle 
from  which  the  still  imperfectly  ex- 
plored field  is  contemplated  and  on 
other  individual  conditions.  Similar 
human  gropings  after  truth,  before  it 
has  been  fully  revealed  in  material 
facts,  are  common  to  all  branches  of 
science.  They  are  the  useful  "working 
hypotheses"  of  science,  lasting  until 
they  are  shown  to  be  erroneous,  or 
until  replaced  by  better  conceptions. 
They  help  toward  the  eventual  reach- 
ing and  crystallization  of  human 
knowledge. 

Already,  however,  the  cultured  man 
and  woman  are  becomina  less  curious 
about  their  remote  ancestors,  less  con- 
cerned about  the  past,  and  are  direct- 
ing their  attention  to  the  next  pro- 
blems, which  are  man's  further  differ- 
entiation in  the  nresent,  with  the  prom- 
ises and  indications  for  the  future. 


OFF     WITH     THT^'M     FALSE 
WHISKERS 

The  Reverend  Professor  Leander  S. 
Keyser,  D.D.,  in  "Bible  Champion," 
May.   1929,  page  226: 

"That  vehement  propagandist,  the 
magazine    called    Evnhition  .  .  .  tells 
us  some  of  the  authors  and  publish- 
ers of  text-books  are  keeping  evolu- 
tion  in    their   books    under   cover   in 
a  decentive  way  .  .  .  cut  out  the  word 
'evolution'    but    inculcate    {sic!)    the 
doctrine    in    disguised    form.      Some 
people    pronose   simply   to   suhstitute 
the   word-  'development'   which   may 
be    used   to    describe    the    same    doc- 
trine.    Let  the  good  people  of  Ten- 
nessee,   Arkansas   and    Texas   be    on 
their    guard  .  .  .      People    should    re- 
member that  it  is  the  theory  of  evo- 
lution  that  is   not   to   be    taught,   by 
whatever  name  it  poses." 
Now    the    curious    thing    about    this 
passage   is   that   "the   theory  of   evolu- 
tion"  is   entirely   legal   for   anybodv   to 
teach   all   he   likes   anywhere   in   North 
.America.     The  only  thing  forbidden  in 
"Tennessee,      Arkansas      and      Texas" 
(the  monkey  states  really  are  Tennes- 
see,   Arkansas   and    Mississippi)    is   the 
Hcsccnt  of  man.     If.  then,  "authors  and 
publishers  of  textbooks"  do  not  choose 
to  exercise  their  legal  ri'-'ht  to  include 
"the   theory  of   evolution"   itself   under 
that  particular  name,  or  for  that  mat- 
ter if  they  do.  why  should  the  Rever- 
end   Professor    Keyser    interfere    with 
thoni-     They  are  all  within  their  rights 
under  the  actual  statute. 

Hasn't  the  Reverend  Professor  read 
his  own  fool  law?  Or  does  he  think 
that  o'her  people  haven't?        E.  T.  B. 


Page  Ten 


EVOLUTION 


August,  1929 


TWO     EXPEDITIONS     STUDY 
APES    IN    AFRICA 

Two  scientific  expeditions  from  Am- 
erica are  now  in  Africa  studying  the 
apes  and  primitive  man,  in  both  body 
and  mind.  One,  sent  by  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  and  the 
College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons  of 
Columbia  University,  includes  Henry 
C.  Raven,  Associate  Curator  of  Com- 
parative Anatomy  at  the  Museum,  with 
extensive  field  experience  in  Africa  and 
the  East  Indies;  William  K.  Gregory, 
Professor  of  Vertebrate  Paleontology 
at  Columbia  and  author  of  "Our  Face 
from  Fish  to  Man"  and  other  works  on 
evolution;  J.  H.  McGregor,  Professor 
of  Zoology  at  Columbia,  authority  on 
the  anatomy  of  apes  and  man,  and  E.  T. 
Engle  of  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  specialist  in  endocrinology 
and  physiology. 

They  will  study  problems  of  man's 
evolutionary  history  and  of  his  physical 
welfare  in  the  future.  On  the  medical 
side,  studies  will  be  made  of  posture 
and  faulty  mechanical  adjustments,  of 
the  endocrine  glands,  of  reproductive 
organs  and  processes,  of  blood  tests 
and  parasitic  conditions.  They  hold 
that  medical  progress  must  be  built 
upon  broader  knowledge  of  the  funda- 
mental laws  of  life  and  health,  upon  a 
better  understanding  of  the  origin  and 
functions  of  the  structures  of  the 
human  body.  More  specifically,  the 
purposes  of  the  expedition  are: 

1.  To  bring  back  primate  specimens 
for  thorough  anatomical,  physiological 
and  embryological  studies  under  favor- 
able  laboratory   conditions. 

2.  To  make  motion  pictures  and 
photographs  of  aboriginal  tribes. 

3.  To  procure  complete  adult  speci- 
mens of  different  species  of  gorilla, 
previous  specimens  of  adults  having 
been  limited  to  skins  an.d  skeletons. 
Because  the  gorilla  closely  approaches 
man  in  body  structures,  this  feature  is 
of  outstanding  scientific  value. 

The  second  expedition,  headed  by 
Harold  C.  Bingham,  research  associate 
of  the  Institute  of  Psychology  at  Yale, 
is  working  in  the  Belgian  Congo  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Carnegie  Institution 
and  Yale  University,  largely  on  prob- 
lems of  ape  psychology.  Motion  pic- 
tures will  record  the  individual  every- 
day life  of  the  African  mountain  go- 
rillas in  the  reserve  set  aside  by  the 
Belgian  Government  for  their  preser- 
vation. Plans  call  for  a  whole  year  in 
the  field. 


for  it.  Of  course  we  can  not  send  it 
free  of  charge,  but  we  will  be  glad  to 
supply  Libraries  at  60c.  per  year  to 
the  extent  that  our  readers  will  fur- 
nish the  funds. 

A  good  start  for  this  LIBRARY 
FUND  is  given  by  contributions  from 
two  friends,  A.  Kalmanoff,  $50,  and 
\V.  T.  Bush,  $20. 

Will  you  also  help?  Exery  $3  will 
send  EVOLITTION  one  year  to  five 
libraries.  You  may  either  specify  the 
libraries,  or  leave   the  selection   to  us. 


ATTENTION,  TEACHERS 

A  number  of  science  teachers  used 
EVOLUTION  in  their  classes  last 
year  with  splendid  results.  Some  High 
School  biology  departments  took  100 
copies  of  each  issue. 

Our  paid  in  advance  bundle  rate  is 
only  Sc  per  copy.  A  bundle  of  five  for 
the  nine  issues  that  will  appear  during 
the  school  year  amounts  to  $2.25,  ten 
$4.50,  etc.  If  you  prefer  we'll  send 
you  as  many  as  you  want  on  consign- 
ment at  the  regular  news  stand  rate 
of  6c,  to  be  paid  after  delivery.  Simply 
write  us  how  many  to  send  you.  .A.11 
school  orders  will  begin  with  the  Oc- 
tober issue,  which  will  contain  no 
commercial  advertising. 


TO    SUPPLY    LIBRARIES 

Many  thousands  of  people  would  be 
reached  by  the  message  of  EVOLU- 
TION if  we  could  place  the  magazine 
in  every  Public  and  School  Library 
Reading  Room.  Most  libraries  would 
be  glad  to  display  EVOLUTION  in 
their  reading  room,  even  though  their 
budgets    do    not    permit    them    to    pay 


PROMOTING   EVOLUTION 

Our  closest  friends  know  that  we 
started  without  capital  and  have  to 
raise  several  hundred  dollars  to  bring 
out  each  issue.  All  surplus  above  pro- 
duction costs  is  used  for  promotion. 
When  sufficient  paid  circulation  has 
been  achieved  the  magazine  will  be 
self-sustaining.  In  the  meantime  we 
invite  readers  to  send  funds,  and  we 
issue  a  share  of  our  stock  for  every 
ten  dollars  sent.  The  following  gave 
their  support  since  the  last  issue: 

M.  Vonsovici,  $30.00;  C.  Peter  A. 
Peterson,  $10.00;  Herman  Prange, 
$3.00;    Caspar  Hodgson,  $10.00;   L.   T. 

B.  Light.  $200.00;  W.  T.  Bush,  $20.00; 
Michael  Cohn,  $20.00;  Joseph  Block, 
$20.00  Martin  Dewev,  $200.00;  John 
Dequer,  $10.00  E.  E.  Free,  S2.50;  F. 
W.  Hodge,  $4.00;  A.  S.  Keshin,  $5.00; 

C.  N.  Clauder,  $1.00;  Anne  Frese, 
$1.00;  Bertha  W.  Howe.  $3.00;  E.  S. 
Wertheim,  $10.00;  W.  C.  Michel.  $2.00; 
Geo.  Welby  Van  Pelt,  $2.00;  A  Friend, 
$25.00:  Mignon  Talbot,  $10.00;  L.  D. 
Abbott,  $1.00;  Mrs.  T.  M.  Nagle,  $5.00; 
Eda  B.  Schenk?r.  $4.00;  Thos.  Capek. 
$4.00  Minot  Simons,  $5.00;  B.  C. 
Gruenberg,  $5.00;  J.  David  Houser, 
$5.00;  Tobias  Sigel.  $10.00;  A.  L. 
Davis,  $2.00;  Wm.  F.  Welling,  $.50;  Ed. 
Hevn,  $1.00;  Anna  Reinstein,  $1.00; 
Lucy  Hall,  $5.00. 

The  work  can  be  pushed  just  to  the 
extent  that  funds  are  furnished.  Will 
you  join  this  goodly  group?  To  help 
spread  the  message  of  EVOLUTION. 


The  Calf  Path 

Sam   W-\lter  Foss 

One  day  through  the  primeval  wood 

.\    calf    walked    home    as    good    calves 

But  made  a  trail  all  bent  askew,  [should, 

A  crooked  trail,  as  all  calves  do. 

Since  then  three  hundred  years  have  fled, 

.^nd  I  infer  the  calf  is  dead. 

But  still  he  left  behind  his  trail. 

And  thereby  hangs  my  moral  tale. 

The  trail  was  taken  up  next  day 
By  a  lone  dog  that  passed  that  way. 
And  then  a  wise  bell-wether  sheep 
Pursued  the  trail  o'er  hill  and  steep; 
And  drew  the  flock  behind  him,  too. 
As  good  bell-wethers  always  do. 
And  from  that  day,  o'er  hill  and  glade, 

Through    those    old   woods    a   path    was 
made. 

.\nd  many  men  wound  in  and  out. 
And  dodged  and  turned  and  bent  about. 
And  uttered  words  of  righteous  wrath 
Because  'twas  such  a  crooked  path ; 
But  still  they  followed — do  not  laugh — 
The  first  migrations  of  that  calf. 
And     through     the     winding     wood-way 

stalked. 
Because  he  wabbled  when  he  walked. 

This  forest  path  became  a  lane 
That  bent  and  turned  and  turned  again ; 
This  crooked  lane  became  a  road. 
Where  many  a  poor  horse  with  his  load 
Toiled  on  beneath  the  burning  sun, 
-And  travelled  some  three  miles  in  one. 
-And  thus  a  century  and  a  half 
They  trod  the  footsteps  of  that  calf. 

The  years   passed   on   in   swiftness   fleet, 
The  road  became  a  village  street; 
.And  this,  before  men  were  aware, 
A  city's  crowded  thoroughfare. 
And  soon  the  central  street  was  this 
Of  a  renowned'  metropolis  ! 
.And  men  two  centuries  and  a  half 
Trod  in  the  footsteps  of  that  calf. 

Each  day  a  hundred  thousand  rout 
Followed  the  zigzag  calf  about, 
.And  o'er  his  crooked  journey  went 
The  traffic  of  a  continent. 
.A  hundred  thousand  men  were  led 
By  one  calf  three  centuries  dead. 
They  followed  still  his  crooked  way, 
-And  lost  a  hundred  years  a  day ; 
For  thus  such  reverence  is  lent 
To  well  established  precedent. 

.A  moral  lesson  this  might  teach 
Were  I  ordained  and  called  to  preach ; 
For  men  are  prone  to  go  it  blind 
.Along  the  calf-paths  of  the  mind, 
.And  work  away  from  sun  to  sun 
To  do  what  other  men  have  done. 
They  follow  in  the  beaten  track, 
-And  out  and  in,  and  forth  and  back. 
-And  still  their  devious  way  pursue. 
To  keep  the  path  that  others  do. 
They  keep  the  path  a  sacred  groove. 
.Along  which  all  their  lives  they  move; 
Rut  how  the  wise  old  wood-gods  laugh, 
Who  saw  the  first  primeval  calf. 

Ah,  many  things   this  tale  might  teach — 
But  I  am  not  ordained  to  preach. 


August,  1929 


E\-OLUTION 


Page  Elevex 


The  Amateur  Scientist 

A  Monthly  Feature  conducted  by  Allan  Strong  Broms 
PLANT  OR  ANIMAL— WHICH: 


We  rarely  have  trouble  distinguish- 
ing plants  from  animals.  Usually  ani- 
mals can  move  and  plants  not,  animals 
having  nervous  reaction  systems, 
while  plants  have  not.  But  Venus  Fly- 
trap and  various  sensitive  plants  do 
react  by  movement  and  some  very  low 
one-celled  plants  actually  travel.  Also, 
sponges,  which  are  animals,  anchor 
themselves  and  just  vegetate.  So  tlie 
scientist  amplifies  the  popular  tests  by 
considering  methods  of  getting  food. 
details  of  structure,  development,  be- 
havior, etc.  But  even  the  scientist  is 
stuck   when   he   meets   the   slime-mold-. 


jelly  has  disappeared  shaping  itself  into 
most  elaborate  and  beautiful  spore 
bearing  fruits.  These  are  distinctive 
for  each  species  and  are  easy  to  pre- 
serve. If  you  know  what  to  look  for, 
you  can  probably  find  some  in  your 
own  yard. 

But  the  first  time  you  had  better  get 
a  guide  who  knows  w^hat  to  look  for 
and  where.  But  guides  are  few.  The 
New  York  Microscopical  Society  has 
one  in  Robert  Hagelstein  who  has  spe- 
cialized on  the  iIyceto::oa,  for  he  thinks 
them  animals,  and  takes  us  on  a  couple 
of    "hunting    trips"    during    the    year. 


Three  common  slime-molds   on   decaying  wood;   sporangia  of   Trichia;   of  Stemonitis 
(Plasmodium    remnant   at   base) ;    and   of    Hemitrichia    (with   Plasmodium) 


He  does  not  know  for  sure  what  they 
are — plants  or  animals.  Some  think 
them  plants  and  call  them  Myxomy- 
cetes  (slime-fungi),  while  others  dis- 
agree and  call  them  Mycetozoa 
(fungus-animals). 

What  makes  the  slime-mold  so  mys- 
terious is  that  it  lives  its  feeding  life 
as  a  moving  animal,  and  then  settles 
down  and  reproduces  itself  by  very  ob- 
vious plant  spores.  As  an  animal,  its 
working  body  is  a  mass  of  naked  jelly 
called  a  Plasmodium,  suggesting  the 
term  "slime,"  which  slips  along  slowly 
and  engulfs  its  food  like  that  simplest 
of  known  animals,  the  amoeba.  While 
common  in  forests,  in  black  soil, 
fallen  leaves  and  decaying  logs,  it 
is  seldom  noticed,  its  shapeless  yel- 
low or  other  colored  mass  look- 
ing like  nothing  in  particular. 
The  Plasmodium  lives  in  wood  and  sub- 
stratumand  appears  on  the  surface  only 
when  ready  to  fruit ;  sometimes  it  seems 
to  be  nothing  but  a  wet  spot  on  the  log; 
usually  it  is  inconspicuously  small,  oc- 
casionally eight  inches  across. 

It  is  easiest  to  recognize  at  its  plant 
stage,  although  it  is  then  just  a  scatter- 
ing of  small,  almost  microscopic, 
spore  cases.  But  it  really  looks  like 
something,  especially  if  you  get  a  good 
close-up  through  a  magnifying  lens. 
Almost    over    night,    the    Plasmodium 


Sunday  morning,  July  7th,  for  instance, 
we  boarded  the  ten  o'clock  Long  Isl- 
and train  in  New  York  for  Mineola 
where  he  met  us.  He  took  us  to  a 
damp  forest  kettle-hole  on  the  edge 
of  the  terminal  moraine  left  by  the  last 
great  Ice  sheet.  First  he  warned  us 
against  poison  ivy  and  gave  us  an  anti- 
dote to  wash  our  hands  with  (one  part 
of  ferrous  chloride  to  nine  parts  each 
of  water  and  glycerine).  Next  he 
showed  us  samples  from  his  own  col- 
lection and  then  turned  us  loose  among 
the  dead  leaves  and  rotting  logs. 

We  found  plenty  of  sporangia,  but 
only  two  or  three  Plasmodia,  One  of 
the  latter  was  a  greenish-yellow  net- 
work of  slime  on  the  end  of  a  dead 
twig.  Another  was  just  a  "wet  spot" 
on  a  piece  of  bark,  but  the  wetness 
showed  a  pattern,  and  sporangia  were 
already  grown  from  part  of  it.  Our 
real  harvest  was  in  sporangia.  Each  of 
us  carried  a  cigar  box  and  a  supply 
of  pins.  When  we  found  a  colony  of 
sporangia,  we  broke  or  cut  off  a  piece 
of  the  wood  or  leaf  and  pinned  it  to  the 
bottom  of  the  box.  This  keeps  the 
specimens  from  tumbling  around  and 
breaking  the  very  delicate  spore  cases. 
The  later  preserving  is  just  a  matter  of 
thorough  drying  and  the  keeping  away 
of  insects. 

Our   guide    told   us   we   had    a   really 


EVOLUTION    LECTURES 

We  have  arranged  a  course  of  ten 
lectures  to  be  given  Saturday  evenings, 
Oct.  12  to  Dec.  14,  inclusive,  in  the 
Labor  Temple,  14th  Street  and  Second 
Avenue,  New  York. 

The  general  subject  will  be  "Evo- 
lution: The  Master  Key,"  the  idea  be- 
ing not  merely  to  present  the  conven- 
tional evidence  for  evolution,  but 
■  rather  to  show  how  the  idea  of  evo- 
lution illumines  every  field  of  natural 
science  today. 

Four  of  the  lectures  will  be  given 
by  Allan  Strong  Broms,  our  science 
editor,  whose  course  of  lectures  was 
so  well  received  last  spring.  The  other 
six  will  be  offered  by  authorities  in  the 
fields  of  Biology,  Anthropology,  As- 
tronomy, Geology,  Psychology  and 
Education  who  will  tell  how  the  fact 
of  evolution  helps  them  to  solve  their 
special  problems.  Detailed  announce- 
ment will  appear  in  our  next  issue. 

In  the  meantime  we  invite  our 
friends  to  take  course  tickets  in  ad- 
vance to  furnish  the  necessary  funds 
for  advertising.  Admission  to  single 
lectures  will  be  50c,  but  those  order- 
ing in  advance  will  get  HALF  PRICE, 
that  is  TWO  tickets  for  the  entire 
course  of  ten  lectures  for  $5.00.  May 
we   hear  from  you? 


The  Duck-baied  Platypus 

A  Rhyme, 
by  Walter  C,   Kr.\atz 
Of  all  the  Mammals  the  one  most  queer, 
On  all  this  wide,  old,  mundane  sphere. 
Is  the  so-called  duck-billed  platypus. 
Four  legs  and  fur  like  a  regular  "cuss"; 
But  minus  teeth ;  has  bill  for  eats. 
Though  nourishing  young  on  tiny  teats. 
She  lays  her  eggs  like  a  regular  bird, 
Or  reptile,  no  matter  if  it  seems  absurd. 
It  means  to  us  who  are  able  to   think : 
This  beast  is  a  real  connecting  link. 


poor  day,  though  we  felt  quite  happy 
in  having  found  so  many  after  such  a 
recent  opening  of  our  eyes.  But  it 
seems  there  are  three  hundred  species 
throughout  the  world  and  this  one 
kettle-hole  had  already  yielded  about  a 
hundred,  a  couple  of  them  quite  new. 
We  had  nothing  like  that  and  he  was 
really  disappointed,  for  he  knew  his 
logs  by  their  first  names  and  expected 
much  more  of  them,  especially  when 
he  brought  company.  However,  there 
is  another  day  coming,  for  the  slime- 
molds  are  to  be  found  from  March  to 
December,  and  we  are  to  have  another 
"hunt"  on  September  29th,  the  same 
guide,  the  same  place,  the  same  train, 
and  the  same  good  time.  Incidentally, 
everyone  is  invited.  .Tust  bring  your 
lunch  and  a  hand  magnifier. 


Page  Twelve 


EVOLUTION 


August,  1929 


{Continued  from  Page  7) 
he  did  it  it  proved  a  transvaluation  of  all  values  and 
the  degradation  of  all  moralities. 

As  an  American  citizen  born  in  this  country,  after 
generations  and  generations  of  ancestral  voters,  I 
stand  for  my  land,  and  while  my  voice  lasts,  I  expect 
to  lift  it  up  in  opposing  a  doctrine  that  hasn't  a  scin';ilia 
of  evidence  in  the  heaven  above,  the  earth  beneath,  or 
the  waters  under  the  earth.   (Applause.) 

I  say  as  a  father  of  six  children,  as  a  teacher  of  f"ur 
hundred  in  my  school,  as  a  taxpayer,  and  consequeurly 
a  citizen,  I  shall  do  my  utmost  to  put  this  thing  out  of 
the  public  schools  of  America.    I  thank  you. 

(Applause  and  hisses.) 

*         *         * 

THE  CHAIRMAN:  Professor  McCabe  will  now 
close  with  five  minutes. 

PROFESSOR  JOSEPH  McCABE:  I  am  afraid 
this  audience  must  be  entirely  fundamentalist  and  is 
trying  to  prevent  me  from  getting  my  precious  five 
minutes  (referring  to  prolonged  applause). (Laughter.) 

Dr.  Riley,  as  I  expected,  in  his  first  speech  declined 
to  follow  the  lead  that  I  gave  him  and  waited  until 
his  second  speech,  knowing  that  I  have  only  five  min- 
utes to  answer  that  Niagara  of  argument  that  he  put 
out.  The  order  of  this  meeting  has  been  altered  at  the 
request  of  Dr.  Riley.  After  the  second  speech  we  were 
to  have  ten  minutes  each  in  which  we  might  have  deah 
more  or  less  satisfactorily  with  each  other.  As  it  is, 
what  do  you  expect  me  to  do  in  five  minutes?  For- 
tunately, the  greater  part  of  what  Dr.  Riley  said  was 
entirely  irrelevant  to  this  debate  tonight. 

f VOICES:  Right!  Hooray!  Appbuse.) 

I  am  appealing  only  to  such  members  of  this  audience 
as  are  going  to  give  us  a  sober,  intellectual  verdict  on 
the  question.  The  best  thing  that  I  could  do  to  give  Dr. 
Riley  a  chance  was  this :  to  inform  him  that  all  scien- 
tific men  are  agreed.  I  do  not  count  noses.  I  did  not 
ask  you  to  believe  evolution  because  all  scientific  men 
are  agreed.  I  said  if  they  are  all  agreed,  you  will  ex- 
pect something  very  serious  and  very  substantial  from 
Dr.  Riley.  Did  you  get  it?  (VOICES  :  No.) 

So  far  as  my  analysis  goes,  he  has  at  last  given  me 
one  thing  to  reply  to.  I  told  him  that  all  the  facts  of 
the  universe  are  in  keeping  with  evolution.  He  asked 
me  to  run  over  all  the  facts  of  the  universe  and  show 
it.  (Laughter.)  Surely,  the  best  opportunity  I  could 
give  Dr.  Riley  was  to  tell  me  one  that  is  inconsistent. 
That  is  logic.  Tell  me  one  that  is  inconsistent  and  my 
case  falls.  At  last  I  got  one  supposed  inconsistency, 
the  bees.  (Laughter.)  And  once  more  Dr.  Riley  does 
not  know  the  elements  of  the  subject.  (Laughter.) 

Of  fourteen  families  of  bees  twelve  have  no  means 
of  making  wax  or  using  wax  whatever,  and  the  only 
fossil  bees  we  have  belong  to  those  families  that  never 
make  any  wax  whatever.  Dr.  Riley  said  the  bees  and 
ants  are  the  oldest  forms  of  life.  They  are,  on  the  con- 
trary, amongst  the  youngest. 

I  claim,  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  the  jury,  I  claim 
that  I  put  before  you  this  statement :  The  whole  uni- 
verse is  the  basis  of   evolution,  and   Dr.   Rilev  must 


show  you  facts  which  will  bring  that  statement  to  the 
ground  and  show  things  inconsistent  with  evolution. 
He  has  not  done  so.  I  claim,  therefore,  in  conclusion, 
that  this  anti-evolution  campaign  is  founded  upon  a 
complete  ignorance  of  scientific  teaching.  (Applause.) 

Dr.  Riley  has  accused  me  of  insulting  America.  I 
have  been  for  ten  years  the  most  friendly  interpreter 
of  American  life  in  the  whole  of  Europe.  Never  for 
a  single  moment  have  I  said  a  word  against  America. 
That  is  why   I   am  here  before   you  tonight. 

Well,  I  submit  to  you  that  the  doctrine  of  evolution 
is  proved.  This  anti-evolution  doctrine,  which  has 
made  America  conspicuous  before  the  educational 
world,  is  not  proved.  It  rests  upon  complete — not  only 
complete  ignorance,  but  complete  misrepresentation  of 
science  from  beginning  to  end.  ( Applause. )  And 
while  I  admit  that  parents  can  determine  what  shall 
be  taught  to  their  children,  I  do  not  admit  that  any 
expert  people  shall  not  freely  tell  parents  what  is  true 
and  what  is  not  true.  Who  is  going  to  decide?  Ladies 
and  gentlemen,  I  put  it  up  to  you.  You  have  seen  to- 
night how  the  anti-evolution  campaign  in  America  is 
engineered.   (Applause.) 

I  appeal  to  you.  This  is  my  last  word,  and  believe 
me  as  in  other  matters  I  have  been  explaining  in  Eng- 
land for  years  what  is  the  meaning  of  the  funda- 
mentalist campaign.  I  ask  that  New  York  shall  at  last 
assert  its  rightful  position  as  the  cultural  leader  of  one 
of  the  greatest  civilizations  of  modern  times.  I  ask  that 
.\merica  shall  purge  its  intellectual  prestige  of  this 
stain  that  has  been  imposed  upon  it,  and  that  you  will 
be  prepared  to  lead,  not  only  your  States,  but  lead 
the   world    in   wisdom   and   in    justice   and   in   peace. 

(Prolonged  applause.) 

^        *        tf 

The  Chairman  took  a  rising  vote  of  the  audience, 

which  expressed  itself  at  least  ten  to  one  in  favor  of 

Evolution  and  Prof.  McCabe.    The  vote  recorded  by 

the  official  judges  was  12  for  the  Affirmative  and  17 

for  the  Negative,  but  the  poll  of  the  High  School  Class 

seated  on  the  stage  as  unofficial  judges  was  36  to  5  in 

favor  of  the  Affirniative. 

HOW   IT    HAPPENED    TO    HAPPEN 

SOME  of  our  friends  can  not  understand  how  we  could 
select  judges  for  the  New  York  evolution  debate  who 
could  vote  17  to  12  in  favor  of  the  fundamentaHst.  In  fair- 
ness to  Prof.  McCabe  we  should  explain.  The  original 
plan  was  to  have  16  judges  selected  by  EVOLUTION,  15 
by  friends  of  Dr.  Riley,  and  1  by  mutual  agreement.  The 
afternoon  of  the  debate  we  had  secured  our  16  acceptances, 
but  only  5  of  Dr.  Riley's  Committee  had  accepted.  So,  with 
our  consent,  he  invited  a  long  list  of  friends,  and  since  he 
could  not  tell  beforehand  which  ones  would  come  we 
agreed  to  pass  them  all  through  at  the  front  door  with  the 
understanding  that  the  proper  number  would  be  selected  to 
sit  as  judges  when  they  arrived  backstage. 

Not  all  of  the  judges  selected  by  EVOLUTION  showed  f 
up,  but  enough  of  Dr.  Riley's  friends  arrived  to  bring  the 
total  list  up  to  29.  The  gentleman  in  charge  of  the  stage 
did  not  know  one  from  the  other  and  seated  them  all.  There 
was  some  discussion  regarding  the  matter  when  the  vote 
was  about  to  be  taken,  but  it  was  then  too  late  to  do  any- 
thing about  it,  and  Dr.  Riley  is  entitled  to  all  the  consola- 
tion that  he  can  derive  from  the  judges"  decision  under  the 
circumstances. 


August.  1929 


E\'OLUTION 


Page  Thirteen 


m  NEW  BOOKS  m 

MODERN  SCIENTIFIC  KNOWL- 
EDGE, edited  bj^  Frederick  A. 
Cleveland.    Ronald  Press,  $4.50. 

This  one-volume  Outline  of  Modern 
Science  deserves  reading.  Unlike  that 
otherwise  excellent  "Outline"  by 
Thomsorf  (adequate  only  as  an  "Out- 
line of  Biology"),  it  really  covers  the 
whole  field.  Written  originally  by  a 
number  of  authors,  its  several  sections 
vary  in  excellence,  but  remain  popu- 
lar throu.ghout.  One  would  expect 
marked  gaps  and  duplications  in  a 
symposium  of  this  sort,  but  it  has 
been  so  well  edited  and  obviously  re- 
written that  it  has  the  continuity  and 
coherence   of   single   authorship. 

The  introductory  section  deals  ap- 
preciatively with  the  scientific  method 
and  the  place  of  science  in  modern  life 
and  thinking.  The  contrast  with  the 
unscientific  thinking  of  the  theological 
and  other  "absolutists"  is  forcefully 
set  forth  in  a  way  that  leaves  little  to 
be  desired. 

Much  of  the  material  is  necessarily 
"old  stuff,"  but  very  properly  emphasis 
is  placed  on  recent  scientific  develop- 
ments. The  chapters  on  atomic  physics 
and  chemistry,  on  the  colloidal  state 
of  matter  and  on  genetics  are  note- 
worthy. Especially  so  are  those  on 
Psychology,  in  which  the  viewpoint  is 
illuminatingly  evolutionary  and  be- 
havioristic,  as  is  suggestively  indicated 
by  each  of  several  chapter  headings 
containing  the  words  "adjustive 
mechanism."  It  is  to  be  regretted 
that  the  inconsequential  chapters  on 
Personality  and  especially  those  on 
Sociology  do  not  continue  this  key- 
note, but  lapse  into  a  static  and  legal- 
istic treatment  that  fails  completely  in 
outlining  the  really  basic  achieve- 
ments in  social  science,  and  so  finish 
most  weakly  a  valuable  book  other- 
wise excellently  conceived  and  done. 

The  text  is  sparingly,  yet  adequate- 
ly, illustrated  with  well  chosen  and 
pertinent  drawings  from  a  wide  range 
of  sources.  Nearly  every  chapter  is 
followed  by  bibliographies  and  review 
questions  for  the  benefit  of  the  more 
thorough  student.  Each  question  is 
stated  suggestively  and  followed  by  a 
brief  list  of  references.  In  addition 
there  are  two  general  bibliographies 
with  each  chapter,  one  for  popular 
reading,  the  other  technical.  These 
special  features  add  much  to  the  value 
of  the  volume  as  a  textbook  and  as  a 
busy  man's  guide  to  the  basic  facts 
^  and  principles  of  modern  scientific 
▼       knowledge.  A.  S.  B. 


WHO  WOULD? 

No  wonder  science  puzzles  us. 
Such  noble  names  it  plies; 
Who'd  ever  dream  ichneumondes 
Were  tiny,  tiny  flies? — Ex. 


OLD  CIVILIZATIONS  OF  THE 
NEW  WORLD.  By  A.  Hyatt 
Verrill.  Bobbs-Merrill  Company,  393 
pages.    Illustrated.   $5. 

The  most  fascinating  and  at  the  same 
time  the  most  perplexing  field  of  ar- 
chaeology is  the  study  of  the  pre-his- 
tory  of  Central  and  South  America. 
Henry  George's  words,  "Behind  dead 
empires,  dim  ghosts  of  empire  loom," 
were  never  more  aptly  applied  than  to 
the  vast  ruins  and  remains  of  Mexico, 
Panama,  Colombia,  Honduras,  Ecua- 
dor, Bolivia,  and  Peru.  The  casual 
reader  who  fancies  that  all  of  Ameri- 
can archaeology  is  comprised  in  a  sur- 
vey of  the  Mayas,  the  Aztecs,  and  the 
miscalled  Incas,  with  a  side  glance  at 
the  Mound  Builders,  the  Clifif  Dwell- 
ers, and  a  few  other  extinct  peoples  of 
our  own  continent,  is  due  for  both  a 
shock  and  a  thrill  in  Dr.  Verrill's  ab- 
sorbing and  enlightening  book. 

Who  were  the  Code  dwellers,  whose 
city  Dr.  Verrill  himself  discovered? 
Who  were  the  Chimus?  The  Chibchas? 
The  Tiahuanacans?  The  Pre-Incans? 
The  Toltecs — if  such  a  race  ever  ex- 
isted? The  Nascas?  The  builders  of 
the  pink  porphyry  cities  of  Peru? 
Where  did  these  various  peoples  come 
from?  When  did  they  flourish?  Why 
was  their  empire  destroyed  in  each 
case,  and  when?  Why  is  there  in  no 
instance  any  gradual  development  of  a 
culture,  but  utterly  dissimilar  civiliza- 
tions appear  full-grown,  without  an- 
tecedents? Why  were  the  tropics, 
where  progress  is  usually  slowed  up,  in 
.America  the  scene  of  the  greatest  civil- 
izations, whereas  temperate  South  and 
North  America  displayed  no  such  phe- 
nomenon? Were  any  of  these  peoples 
related  or  culturally  connected,  and  if 
so,  which? 

These  and  many  other  questions  Dr. 
Verrill  can  answer  only  by  saying, 
"We  do  not  know.  In  a  day  or  a  year 
we  may  discover  the  answer,  but  at 
present  the  problem  is  insoluble."  One 
thing  he  does  know,  however,  and 
gives  the  evidence  for — the  vast  an- 
tiquity of  man,  and  of  civilized  man,  in 
America. 

"Old  Civilizations  of  the  New 
World"  is  written  by  a  man  who  is 
not  only  a  real  authority  on  his  sub- 
ject, but  also  a  rarely  interesting 
writer.  In  dealing  with  the  better 
known  civilizations,  those  of  the  Az- 
tecs, the  Mayas,  and  the  Inca  dynasty 
nf  Peru,  he  is  no  less  enthralling  in  his 
narrative  than  when  he  is  revealing  for 
the  first  time  in  popular  form  the 
knovi-n  facts  of  the  still  more  mysteri- 
ous and  obscure  peoples  of  South  Am- 
erica. Discoverer  not  only  of  Code, 
in  Panama,  "the  Pompeii  of  America," 
l)ut  also  of  the  only  wheels  known  in 
the  remains  of  prehistoric  America, 
and,  in  his  earlier  work  as  a  zoologist, 
of  the  supposedly  extinct  Solcuodoti 
I'liradoxus,  in  Santo  Domingo,  and  of 
the  strange  bearded  Indians  of  Bolivia, 
he  seems  to  have  a  genius  for  bringing 


to  light  new  and  pregnant  finds  in  two 
distinct  branches  of  science. 

Diffidently  I  suggest  a  possible  ex- 
planation of  one  of  his  minor  mysteries 
in  this  book.  In  commenting  on  the  im- 
possibility that  such  work  as  must 
have  been  done  by  several  of  these 
extinct  races  could  have  been  accom- 
plished with  the  very  crude  stone  im- 
plements which  alone  are  found  with 
them — work  which  ranges  from  abso- 
lutely true  fitting  of  massive  stone 
building  blocks,  or  intricate  lacework 
designs  cut  out  of  solid  rock,  to  en- 
graved gold  beads  smaller  than  the  head 
of  a  pin — Dr.  Verrill  states  that  he 
finds  no  possible  explanation  why, 
granting  that  metal  instruments  might 
have  disappeared  (though  this  is  im- 
probable if  they  were  deposited  with 
the  finds,  for  even  feather-work  and 
textiles  are  preserved  in  that  dry  at- 
mosphere), the  badly  made  stone  tools 
and  weapons  should  be  there  at  all.  Is  it 
not  possible  that  they  were  left  just 
because  they  were  useless — because 
they  were  ancient,  or  imitations  of  the 
ancient,  and  had  a  religious  signifi- 
cance? Most  of  these  ruins  are  of 
temples,  and  we  know  to  this  day  how 
outworn  customs  and  implements  are 
still  retained  in  church  ritual.  The 
workers,  in  other  words,  took  their  de- 
veloped tools  home  with  them;  but  the 
stone  axes  used  by  their  remote  an- 
cestors had  a  place  of  honor  at  the 
altar. 

Be  that  as  it  may,  a  book  like  this 
fires  one  to  wonder  and  contemplation. 
"Old  Civilizations  of  the  New  World" 
is  literally  a  truly  inspiring  work. 

Maynard  Shipley. 


Evolution  Bonk  Shelf 

MODIiRN     .SCIENTU-TC     K.NOWLEDGE: 

Ediled    by    Fredk   A.    Cleveland $4.0(1 

OLD    CIVILIZATIONS    OF    THE    NEW 

WORLD :    A.    Hyatt    Verrill 5.00 

WHAT  IS  DARWINISM  :  T.  H.  Morgan.  .  $1.00 
OUR  FACE  FRO.M  FISH  TO  .MAN:  Win. 

K.    Gregory 4.50 

INSTINCT  AND  INTELLIGENCE:  Major 

R.    \V.  G.    Hhigslon 2.50 

SCIENCE  &  GOOD  BEHAVIOR:  Parsh- 

ley    2.50 

This  puzzling  PLjVNET:  Edwin  Teu- 

iiej-    lirewbler 4.00 

A-ll-C  OF  EVOLUTION  :  Joseph  McCabe  1.75 
IHE     RHAlN      FHOJI     APE      lO     .MAN  : 

Frederick    Tilney 25.00 

EVOLUTION  FOR  JOHN  DOE:  Ward..  3.50 
.MV  HERESY:  Uisliop  Wni.  M.  Brown..  2.U0 
OUTLINE     OF    MAN'S    KNOWLEDGE: 

Clement    Wood 5.00 

SCIENCE  VS.  DOGMA:  C.  T.  Sprading  1.50 
GROWING  UP:  Karl  De  Sehweiuitz. . . .  175 
HEIK  OF  ALL  THE  AGES:  McKechnie  3.5U 
CRE.VriON     UY     EVOLUTION:     Edited 

iiy    F'rances    .Mason 5  00 

LET  FREEDO.M  RING:  Arthur  Garfield 

Hays    2.50 

EXPLORING  THE  UNIVERSE:   Ward..  3.50 
D.\RWIN,  THE   MAN    AND    HIS   WAR- 
FARE:   Henshaw    Ward 5. 00 

WAR  ON  MODERN  SCIENCE:  Maynard 

Shipley    3.00 

C  R  E  A  T  I  O  N,    NON-EVOLUTIONARY 

Tlli;ORIES :    Brewster 3.50 

THE  BIBLE  UN.M.\SKED:  Joseph  Lewis  1.15 
CONCERNING      .ALAN'S      ORIGIN:      Sir 

Arthur  Keith 2.00 

ORH.IN   OF  SPECIES:    Darwin 1.00 

MANS  PLACE  IN  NATURE:  Huxley...  1.00 
RIDDLE  OF  THE   UNIVERSE:   Haeckcl  2.50 

EVOLUTION:  Monthly,  One  Year 1.00 

Send    postpaid    l)v 
EVOLUTION.    96    Fifth    Avenue.   New    York. 


Pace   Fourteen' 


EVOLUTION 


August,  1929 


Desk  Room  for  Rent 

Inquire:     EVOLUTION,    Room 
96  Fifth  Ave.,  Watkins  7587. 


408. 


MT.  AIRY 

IS  A  COMMUNITY  IN  THE  MAK- 
ING where  artists  and  radicals  write 
books,  teach  children,  compose  music 
apd  do  other  worth  while  things  all 
the  year  through.  It  has  a  brook, 
beautiful  woods,  many  fine  views  of 
the  Hudson,  running  water,  electric 
light  and  telephones.  It  adjoins  the 
village  of  Croton-on-Hudson,  is  one 
hour  from  Grand  Central,  and  has  the 
best  commuting  service  out  of  New 
York  City.  Twenty-five  houses  and 
bungalows  now  on  the  property  and 
building  going  on  steadily.  Minimum 
size  plots,  !4  acre  with  improvements. 
$600  to  $700.  Cash  or  terms. 
Inquire  Harry  Kelly,  104  Fifth  Ave.. 
Tel.  Watkins  7581. 


A 

22-ACRE  ESTATE 

on   the  Hudson 

with 

a    23-room 

brick 

building.     Gar- 

age. 

With     all 

modern     conveniences.       | 

Two 

hours    from 

New 

Y'ork.     Bargain 

for  q 

uick  sale. 

DR 

N.   S 

H.^NOKA, 

65   W. 

117th 

St.,  New   York. 

LITTLE  BLUE  BOOKS,  5^, 

only  stock  in  New  York, 
575  Pacific  Street,  Brooklyn. 

Back   Nos.    McCabe's    Key    to 

Culture — and  all 
Haldeman- Julius  Publications. 


HALDEMAN-JULIUS  STUDY  CLUB, 
now  forming,  a  general  education 
along  liberal  lines.  Send  name  and 
address  to  P.  O.  Box  899, 

City  Hall  Station,  N.  Y.  City. 


THE  SCIENTIFIC  INSTINCT 
guided   the   making   of 

THE  REES  CHARTS 

Unique,    Ociginal,    Masterful. 
POCKET   SIZE:  Each 

The  Explorer's  Sign 25c 

The  Scientist's  Ladder 50c 

The  Outline  of  Knowledge 50c 

The  Chart  of  the  Mind 50c 

Wall  Size: 

Parallel   History   of   America, 

England,  France  and  Spain, 

from   1480  to   1770  A.  D., 

and  UnitcdStatcs  from  1770 

to  1925 1.00 

Bible    History,    according    to 
The    Bible,    from    4000    B. 

C.  to   100  A.  D 50c 

First    Editions   just    off    the    press. 

FOREST  R.  REES, 

OIL  GEOLOGIST, 
Box  1594,  Tulsa,  Oklahoma. 


FUNNYMENTALS 

When  will  the  world  realize  that  in 
evolution  it  has  taken  an  adder  to  its 
bosom?  Will  it  awake  to  the  truth  be- 
fore its  lifeblood  is  completely  drained 
by  the  serpent  it  now  fondles? — Editorial 
in  Signs  of  the   Times,  March   19,  1929. 

We  congratulate  the  people  of  Ar- 
kansas upon  what  they  have  accom- 
plished for  the  protection  of  the  faith 
and  morals  of  the  youth  of  their  state 
by  decreeing  that  they  shall  not  be 
taught  that  they  are  the  descendents  of 
the  brutes.  And  we  congratulate  theai 
because  they  had  the  keenness  to  foresee 
the  baleful  eflfect  of  the  teaching  of  this 
brutal  doctrine  upon  their  youth. — Dr. 
R.  .\.  Meek  in  the  Southern  Methodist. 

They  (evolutionists)  put  everything  in 
the  universe  on  the  basis  of  natural  law, 
and  inevitably,  therefore,  the  super- 
natural phases  of  Christ  and  His  life — 
His  deity,  His  miracles,  His  incarnation. 
His  atonement,  His  bodily  resurrection — 
must  ix  discarded  by  them  .  .  .  The  re- 
jection of  the  supernatural  is  a  direct 
blow  to  Christianity.  All  religion  is 
supernatural  .  .  .  But  more  particularly, 
the  current  movement  away  from  the 
supernatural  is  absolutely  fatal  to 
Christianity.  Cliristianity  is  the  most 
supernatural  of  all  the  reUi/ions  of  the 
v.'orld.~.\.  L.  Baker  and  F.  D.  Nichol. 
from  book  "Creation — Not  Evolution," 
pages  119-120. 

The  One  who  made  the  heavens,  the 
world,  and  man,  was  the  One  who  gave 
us  the  Bible.  The  Maker  knows  the 
thing  He  has  made.  There  can  be  no 
mistake  when  He  speaks  of  the  laws  of 
Nature,  because  He  instituted  those  laws. 
God  gave  us  the  Bible  as  a  textbook  in 
salvation,  not  in  astronomy,  zoology,  or 
physiology :  but  when  He  sees  fit  to 
cite  a  fact  from  these  fields,  H-e  knows 
whereof  He  speaks.  The  evolutionists 
should  check  up  by  Him,  not  He  by 
theiu ;  for  as  the  heavens  are  higher 
than  the  earth,  so  are  His  ways  higher 
than  their  ways,  and  His  thoughts  than 
their  thoughts. — Same,  p.   152. 


Science  League  of  America 

For    Freedom    in   Science    Teaching 

Every     sympathizer    invited     to     Join. 

Fee:    Annual,    $3;    Lite,    $25 

Write    for    pamphlet. 

504  Gillette   Bldg.,  San   Francisco 


American  Secular  Union 

stands  for  the  principles  proclaimed  in 
the  Nine  Demands  for  Liberalism  or 
the  complete  separation  of  church  and 
state.  Organized  1876.  Incorporated 
1900  under  the  laws  of  Illinois.  A  rep- 
resentative national  organization,  man- 
aged by  a  board  of  directors,  elected 
by  the  membership  every  third  year. 
Annual  membership,  $1.00;  Life,  $10.00 

Address   all    communications    to 

W.   L.  MACLASKEY,   Secretary, 
P.  O.   Box  1109,  Chicago,  Illinois. 


THE    TRUTH    SEEKER 

National  Freethought  Weekly 

Established  1873 
GEORGE     E.     MAC  DONALD.     Editor 

$5.00  per  year 
Three    months,    $1.  Foreign,    $1.15 

49    Vesey    Street,  New   York 


I 


Catalogue    of    anti-religious   books    free 

ATHEIST    BOOK    STORE 

119    East    14th   St.  New   York   City 


I 


THE  MISSING  LINKS 

Evolution,  Science,  Histoid,  so  fas- 
cinating that  you  will  read  it  again 
and  again.  One  college  professor  said, 
*The  completeness  of  the  discussion 
and   logical   connections  are   remark- 

J.   H.   WILLIAMS. 

Wilson,    Kansas. 


able. 

Postpaid   35c 


Jesus  Christ  Was  an  Evolutionist 

The  Bible  teaches  this  law  of  nature 
very  plainly. 

The  essay  that  won  the  Los  Angeles 
Examiner  prize. 

Sent  for  ten  cents. 

Address:   S.   J.   BROWNSON,  M.D. 

Soldiers'   Home,   Sawtelle,  Calif. 


INTRODUCTION 

THE  CHURCH  OF  HUMANITY 

is  founded  organized,  incorporated  and  chartered  by  the  state  of  Kansas  to  teach 
the  discovered  truths  of  nature  that  there  is  no  real  God,  tliat  man  has  no  soul 
and  that  death  ends  life  mind  and  consciousness  forever. 

It  is  the  evolution  of  "The  Church"  from  a  heathenizing  institution  to  a  civil- 
izing institution,  from  a  teacher  of  educational  insanity  to  a  teacher  of  educational 
sanity,  from  a  teacher  of  lies  on  nature  to  a  teacher  of  nature's  truths.  Get,  read 
and  study  its  books  advertised  below  and  then  send  me  your  church  membership 
application.  The  plans  are  to  have  a  local  C.  O.  H.  in  every  community  served 
by  an   instructor   on   annual   salary    in    time.     w.   h.   KERR.    President-Secretery. 

CIILRCH    OF    HUMANITY. 

KERR'S  DISCOVERIES 

That  no  Real  God  or  Soul   Exists     Blasts  Out  the   Foundation   Pillars  of  all 
Religions   in   the  Mind   of  Those  Who   Learn   Them 
All    Gods    Dethroned    and    Man    Enthroned    as    Supreme    Being    of    Earth 
The  World  Harmonizes  as  all   Religions   Become  Obsolete 
Man's  Knowledge  Extended  Beyond  the  Grave,   and  What  Be- 
comes of  the  Dead  Revealed,  and  the  Mystery  of  the  Ages  Solved. 
THE    GOOD-WILL    MISSIONARIES    TO    ALL    THE    WORLD. 

Vol.   1— KERR'S   DISCOVERIES  \  50c  each 
Vol.  2— JESUS  ANALYZED  (   post  paid 

Address  the  Author,  Founder  and  President  of  The  Church  of  Humanity, 
W.  H.  KERR,  2210  Broadway,  Great  Bend,  Kansas. 


THIS  AMAZING  BOOK 


Was  $2.50 
Now  only  $1.00 


Endors-id     by     Famous 
People 

"  'The  Bible  Unmasked' 
is  a  brilliant  and  daring 
feat  of  honest  scholarship 
.  .  .  every  thinking  man 
and  woman  will  appreciate 
its  great   merits."' 

—William    J.    Fielding, 
Celebrated    Author. 

"I  have  read  with  sus- 
tained enjoyment  Joseph 
Lewis'  book,  'The  Bible 
Unmasked.' 

"If  the  religionists  will 
read  Mr.  Lewis'  book,  it 
will  do  them  good." 

—Rev.  A.  \V.  Slaten, 

Minister,   West   Side 

Unitarian    Church,   N.    Y. 

"Words  fail  to  describe 
the  extraordinary  method 
that  Joseph  Lewis  pur- 
sues in  'The  Bible  Un- 
masked' to  belittle  that 
work  ...  he  noses  out 
all  the  passages  concerned 
with  adultery,  incest  and 
other  violent  crimes 
against  accepted  morals 
and  holds  them  up  as 
horrible  examples  of  what 
the  young  girl  should  not 
read." 

—The   New   York   World. 

"If  you  care  to  read 
about  the  other  side  of 
the  picture,  'The  Bible 
Unmasked'  presents  it. 
Joseph  Lewis  has  spared 
no  pains  to  extract  the 
UBipleasant  scenes  from 
the  Bible  and  to  draw  his 
conclusions  as  to  its  na- 
ture and  its  unfitness  as 
a  book  to  be  allowed  in 
the  hands  of  children— or 
to  be  passed  through  the 
mails." 

— From   the    Bookman, 
New  York   City. 

"The  work  is  a  com- 
mendable one  and  a 
strong  appeal  to  reason. 
An  onen  mind  will  be 
incited  to  some  lively 
thinking  by  it.  .  .  .  I 
could  easily  eet  up  and 
shout  for  Mr.  Lewis 
without    much    effort." 

— F-douard    Keleieh. 
The  Yonkers  Star. 

"I  read  'The  Bible  Un- 
masked' through  and  could 
hardly  lay  it  down  long 
enough  to  go  and  eat  a 
meal." 

— E.  A.   Slater. 
Freeport,  Mich. 

"T  h.ive  read  Joseph 
Lewis*  book  'The  Bible 
T'nmasked'.  and  consider 
it  the  mo-it  valuable  con- 
'ributinn  of  its  kind  that 
Ins  ever  been  published. 
A  copy  of  this  book  should 
he  in  the  hnnds  of  every 
honest,  thinkinjr  man  and 
woman    in    America. 

"T  wish  it  might  be  pos- 
sible to  compel  each  of  the 
t--o  hundred  and  fifteen 
thousand  clergymen  in  the 
T'nited  States  to  read 
every  word  of  it  to  the 
ndnlt  men  of  their  consre- 
L'ations.  Then,  as  a  fur- 
ther punishment  to  the 
ministers,  they  should  be 
prosecuted  for  corrupting 
the  morals  nf  men  by 
rending  the  Bible  to  them. 

"More  power  to  Mr. 
Lewis*   elbow.'* 

-E.   S.   West, 
Lieut.  Col.  U.  S.  A. 


NOW  ONLY  $1.00 


A  CHALLENGE  TO  THE  WORLD 

Everybody  knows  something  about  the  Scriptures.  All  of  us  are 
vaguely  familiar  with  it.  But  few  really  know  exactly  what  it  con- 
tains. Some  people  w^ho  have  "read"  the  Bible  all  their  lives  are 
astounded  when  the  real  truth  is  brought  to  their  attention. 

Once  the  Bible  was  held  to  be  supreme  in  science,  art,  philosophy. 
Today  we  no  longer  accept  it  for  any  of  these  things.  In  every 
field  of  knowledge  which  has  effected  human  happiness  and  prog- 
ress, the  authority-  of  the  Bible  has  been  rejected. 

Today  it  is  still  claimed  for  the  Scriptures  that  they  give  man 
a  workable  code  of  morals.  But  is  that  true?  We  know  that  the 
Bible  has  been  prove'd  wrong  in  all  of  its  claims  to  authority.  It 
is  only  natural,  then,  that  even  this  last  shred  of  authority  should 
be  doubted.  And  this  last  claim  is  torn  away  from  the  Bible  by 
Joseph  Lewis,  in  his  astounding  book,  "The  Bible  Unmasked."  An 
eminent  writer  has  declared  this  book  to  be  "the  most  daring  ex- 
posure of  modern  times,  and  recalls  the  satire  of  Voltaire,  the  reason 
of  Paine  and  the  eloquence  of  Ingersoll."  The  conclusions  of  this 
indomitably  amazing  book  cannot  be  avoided.  It  is  a  challenge  to 
the  entire  world. 

Ministers  must  read  it  to  defend  themselves.  Religious  believers 
will  be  shocked  at  the  revelations  of  what  they  have  blindly  and 
obediently  accepted  as  divine  truth. 

Thinking  men  and  women  will  be  happy  to  welcome  this  latest 
step  of  advance  thought. 

The    Coupon    Saves  You    $1,50 
MAIL    IT    TODAY  > 

So  great  has  been  the  demand  for  this  book,  and 
so  widespread  the  controversy  occasioned  by  its 
publication,  that  in  this  country  alone  five  large 
editions  have  already  been  sold  at  the  regular  price 
of  $2.50  a  copy,  but  both  the  author  and  publisher 
want  this  book  to  be  put  into  the  hands  of  every 
thinkins  man  and  ivoinan  in  America  and  are  now 
offering  for  only  $1.00  a  copy  plus  15c  for  packing 
and  delivery  charges. 

The  present  edition  is  limited  to  only  10.000  copies. 
At  this  bargain  price  of  only  $1.00  a  copy  the  edition 
will  be  gone  quickly.  "The  Bible  Unmasked"  con- 
tains 288  pages,  printed  on  fine  antique  book  paper, 
and  beautifully  bound  in  dark  maroon  cloth.  Order 
it  now  while  we  still  have  the  privilege  of  sending 
it  to  you.  Canadian  orders  will  not  be  accepted,  as 
this  book  has  been  prohibited  in  Canada.  Mail  the 
coupon  at  once — and  so  be  sure  that  you  are  in  time. 
Buy  several  copies  and  pass  them  on  to  those  who 
need  them. 


Now  only  $L00 
Was  $2.50 


Read  This 

Amazing  Table 

of  Contents 

Introduction 

Abram  and  Sarai 

"Sporting",  or  Isaac,  and 
His  Wife  Rebekah 

Incest,  or,  Lot  and  His 
Daughters 

Jacob,  Leah   and  Rachel 

Joseph  and  Potiphar's 
Wife 

Judah  and  His  Daughter- 
in-law  Tamar 

The  19th  Chapter  of 
Judges 

King  David  of  Israel  and 
His  Wives 

The   Story  of  Ruth 

King  Solomon  and  His 
Songs 

The  Book  of  Esther 

The   New   Testament 

The  Virgin  Birth,  or 
Mary,  the  Holy  Ghost, 
Joseph  and  Jesus 
Christ 

The  Virgin  Birth  Ac- 
cording to  St.  Luke 

Elisabeth,  Angel  Gabriel 
and  Zacharias,  or  the 
Seduction  of  Elisabeth 
According  to  the  Gos- 
pel of  St.  Luke 

Jesus  and  The  Sinner 

Conclusion 

The  Creed  of  Science 


$1.50     CREDIT      COUPON 

The    Freetliought    Press   Ass'n, 

i2.10    West   Mth   Street,   New   York.  Ev.   5 

I  wish  to  take  advantage  of  your  generous 
oiTer  to  secure  a  copy  of  Joseph  Lewis'  daring 
book,  "The  Bible  Unmasked."  printed  on  antique 
book  paper,  containing  28S  pages,  and  bound  in 
maroon  cloth,  at  the  special  price  of  only  $1.00 
plus    l.^c  for  delivery  charges. 


.Va 


.Age. 


.\ddress 


Tity 


State 

A  special  combinatiou  offer  of  Mr.  Lewis' 
brochures,  "Lincoln  the  Freethinker," 
"Franklin  the  Freethinker,"  "Jefferson  the 
Freethinker,'*  together  with  a  copy  of  Mr.  Lewis' 
eloquent  radio  addresses  on  "Lincoln  the 
Soldier"  and  "Gems  from  Ingersoll"  will  be  sent 
for    only    50c    additional.     It     wanted    put     X     in 

square     and     add     50c     to     your     remittance. 

Check   here   if  you  desire   book  sent  C.O.D. 


a 


n 


(When  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  EVOLUTION.) 


QWWARP  CHR1511AN\  SOLDI  El^^^j 


Let  your  religious  friends  read 


the  stenographic   record   of 

The  Great  Evolution  Debate 

between 
Prof.  Jos.  McCabe  and  Rev.  W.  B.  Riley 

published    complete    in    three    issues   of 

EVOLUTION. 

(Riley  refused  to  publish  it  in  his  magazine.) 

25c  postpaid.  To  10  or  more  addresses,  20c. 

EVOLUTION,  96  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 


The  Proofs  of  Evolution 

by  HENSHAW  WARD 

Appeared  originally  as  series  of  articles  in  EVO- 
LUTION. Resulting  demand  necessitated  republica- 
tion as  booklet.  Simplest,  clearest  explanation  of  the 
evidence  for  evolution,  empliasizing  its  significance 
rather  tliaii  reciting  its  details. 

10c.  each,  15  for  $1.00,  $5.00  per  hundred. 

Sent  postpaid  on  receipt  of  price. 

EVOLUTION,  96  Fifth  Ave.,  New  York,  N.Y. 


A  New  Departure 

SEVERAL  NEW  FEATURES  will  begin  in  the  next  issue  of 
EVOLUTION.  A  new  department,  "OBJECTIONS  ANSWERED," 
will  be  written  by  Edwin  Tenney  Brewster,  author  of  "Creaf /on; 
A  History  of  Non- Evolutionary  Theories  and  of  this  Puzzling 
Planet."  Mr.  Brewster  will  conduct  a  column  of  rebuttal,  disposing 
of  the  claims  of  fundamentalists  one  by  one.  We  shall  also  start 
publishing  a  page  of  "SCIENCE  NEWS,  "  a  "QUESTION  BOX" 
and  a  "BIBLIOGRAPHY"  of  articles  appearing  in  other  maga- 
zines that  should  be  of  interest  to  evolutionists. 

To  make  room  for  these  new  departments  we  had  thought  of 
increasing  the  number  of  pages  and  the  price  of  EVOLUTION.  But 
we  are  convinced  that  in  order  for  EVOLUTION  to  fulfill  its  real 
purpose,  to  reach  not  merely  evolutionists  but  broad  masses  of  the 
people  with  its  message,  it  is  helpful  to  keep  the  rate  of  $1  per  year. 

So  we  shall  make  room  for  these  improvements  by  leaving  out  all 
commercial  advertising  beginning  with  our  next  issue,  and  depend  on 
our  friends  to  send  enough  additional  subscribers  to  make  up  for  the 
loss  in  advertising  revenue. 

If  you  approve  of  this  policy,  will  you  not  send  in  a  list  of  sub- 
scriptions? Until  October  1st  we  shall  continue  our  offer  of  50c  per 
year  in  lists  of  live  or  more.  After  that  date  the  rate  will  be  60c. 
Better  make  up  a  list  of  your  friends  right  away,  so  that  their  sub- 
scriptions will  start  with  the  new  features  that  will  begin  in  our  next 

HONOR  ROLL 


liere    are    the    friends    whom    heat  ot    summer    could    not    daunt, 
little   monkey   pendant    went   to   each  one  that  sent  ten  or  more. 


The 


17  L  W.  Howerth 
12  Knute  Evertz 
12  V.Nesteroff 
10  G.    Schmemann 
10  Frank    Hart 
10  Wm.    G.   Schultz 
10  J.  C.  R.  Charest 
10  G.   Obergfell 
10  E.  Prizer 


10  G.  F.  Marvin 
10  Arnold    Gross 
10  J.  M.  Kent 
10  Frank   Childs 
10  V.   G.    Bloede 
10  Albert    Boehm 
10  A.  W.  Watwood 
10  A.  Bogard 
10  J.  N.  Chain 
10  Wm.    DeCoster 
Rate:  Single,  $1  per  year;  in  lists  of  five  or  more,  50c 


10  Richard   White 
6  A.    L.    Goldwater 
6  L.    King   Quan 
5  W.    C.    Kraatz 
S  Sidney   Bailey 
5  S.  Liberty 
5  H.  E.  Kelsey 
5  Frank  Solm 
5  S.  W.  Narregang 

;  (after  October  1,  60c). 


WRITES  wit 
ink  free  and 
casyasalead  pencil 
without  a  miss, skip 
or  blur.  Won't  blot, 
scratch,  leak  or  soil 
hands.     No  compli- 
cated  mechanism    to 
Ret  out  of  order.  High- 
est grade  materials  and 
workmanship. 

MAKES  3  to  4 
CARBON  COPIES 
With  Original  In  Ink 

Patent   Automatic    14   kt. 
Gold  Feed  prcvcntsclogging 
— steady, uniform  flow  of  ink 
actually  improves  your  hand- 
writing. Also  made  in  smaller 
size  with  ring  on  cap  for  men's 
watch  chain  or  ladies'  sautoir. 

SEND  NO  MONEY 

PayPostmanSl-SOpIuspostageorscnt^ 
prepaid     If     remittance    accompan 
order.    Year's  guarantee  certilicate  as- 
euresabsolutesatisfaction.  Yourmoney 
back  if  not  satisfied  within  ten  days. 

INKOGRAPH  CO.,  Inc. 

19-150     Centre   St..  New  York  ^ 


Af  PMXQ  This  big  value  sells  on  1 
'^^J*-^^  *  »-'  sight.  Big  profits,  quick  " 
sales,  no  investment,  immediate  commis- 
sions. Send  for  Inkograph  and  order  book 
and  begin  taking  orders  or  write  for  FREEsale:.  plan- 


Luaulorii  m 
MULTIBINOER 


Syracuse.  N,    Y. 
Stockton,  Calif. 


-c*