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1911

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SS. COSMOS AND DAMIAN

The Patron Saints of Medicine and Pharmacy

From an MS. of the XV century

SECTIONAL
INDEX

FAGE

Uroscopy
In Antiquity 1 1

In the Middle
Ages 27

In Sixteenth
and

Seventeenth
Centuries 43

Animalcula
in Uroscopy 55

Uroscopy in Art 61

Scientific

Urine
Analysis

' Wellcome '
Materia
Medica Farm 93

Historical
Medical
Equipments 101

Some

Characteristic
Cases 153

Formulary
B. W. & Co.
Products 159

' Tabloid '
Brand
Products 197

' Wellcome '
Brand
Products 237

A JUDGMENT FROM URINE

From an oil painting by Jan Staen

(1638—1689)

LfBFf-RY OF ,

LY^ft JK [ C

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH

OF THE

CLINICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE

LECTURE MEMORANDA

American Medical Association

Los ANGELES

191 1

HIM

URROUGHS WELLCOME & CO.
LONDON (£NG.)

!UENOS AIRES

;HTS KHSKK-\ ED

iTimj

nO 3SSJJQO

MSYH«? \Qll

Actuarius

Albumen

Alsaharavius

Analysis Cases, ' Soloid ' Brand

Animalcula in Urine ...

Antidote Case, ' Tabloid ' Brand

Arabian School

Babylonian Observations

Bacteriological Case, ' Soloid ' Brand

Bellini's Investigations

Berzelius makes First Quantitative Analysis

Blood Test Case, ' Soloid ' Brand

Boerhaave discovers Urea ...
Cases — Cycle, Carriage, Motor, etc.
Cases, ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid '

Chemicals, ' Wellcome ' Brand

Chemical Tests Introduced

Chevreul notes Grape Sugar

Constantine Africanus

Cruickshank's Researches — Copper Test . .

De Corbel!

Diagnosis from Urine
Divination from Liver

Dobson's Investigations

Double Cyanide Gauze

Dow's "The Doctor"

Dow's " The Water Doctor "

Dow's " La Femme Hydrophique"
Dressings, Surgical, 'Tabloid' Brand
Earliest English Book on Uroscopy

' Elixoid ' Products

' Enule ' Products

' Epinine ' Products

' Ernutin ' Products ...

Fletcher's Work

First- Aid, 'Tabloid' Brand...

Formulary B. W. & Co. Products

Galen

Haly Abbas

Hamand's Work

' Hazeline ' Preparations

Hippocrates ...

21
19
Si

24
H5

55
144

i3
146

H7
75
137
153
237
77
82
29
79
3i
59

77
163
66
67
69
161

164
166
1 66

148

159

167

Historical Medical Equipments IOI

Hypodermic Apparatus 1 68

Hypodermic Pocket-Cases, ' Tabloid ' Brand 129

Hypodermic Products, ' Tabloid ' Brand 169

Jan Steen's Humorous Pictures ... ... ... ... 73

' Kepler ' Products 174

Liebig's Investigations 85

Medicine Pocket-Cases, ' Tabloid ' Brand 134

Metzu's Uroscopist 71

Montagnana's Chart ... ... ... ... ... ... 35

Ophthalmic Pocket-Cases, ' Tabloid ' Brand 133

Ophthalmic Products, ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid ' Brands ... 177

Paracelsus ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43

Parasites in Urine ... ... ... ... ... ... 59

Pastilles, ' Tabloid ' Brand 179

Persian Practices 24

Photographic Products, ' Tabloid ' Brand 181

Prout marks a New Era ... ... ... ... ... 82

Quack Uroscopists ... ... ... ... ... ... 51

Rhases 24

Rouelle isolates Urea 77

Ryckaert's Uroscopist ... ... ... ... ... 73

Salernan Practice 27

Sanitary Towels, Pleated Compressed, ' Tabloid ' Brand 185

Sera, 'Wellcome' Brand 186

Shakespeare's Allusions 53

' Soloid ' Brand Products 188

" Spagyric Analysis " ... ... ... ... ... 43

Specific Gravity 75

Steele and Wollaston investigate Calculi 82

Suppositories, ' Enule ' Brand 164

' Tabloid ' Brand Products 197

'Tabloid' Medical Equipments ... ... ... ... 129

' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid ' Cases 129

Testing, Indicators for ... ... ... ... ... 195

Thirteenth Century Satire 32

Urea discovered ... ... ... ... ... ... 75

Urine Glasses 37, 39

Vaccines, ' Wellcome ' Brand 232

' Valoid ' Brand Products 233

' Valule ' Brand Products 233

Van Helmont's Researches ... ... ... ... ... 47

' Vaporole ' Brand Products ... ... ... .. 234

' Wellcome ' Brand Products 237

' Wellcome ' Materia Medica Farm 93

Wells and Blackall on Albumen 81

Willis's Observations... ... ... ... ... ... 49

FOREWORD

HISTORICAL EXHIBITION OF RARE AND CURIOUS OBJECTS
RELATING TO MEDICINE, CHEMISTRY, PHARMACY
AND THE ALLIED SCIENCES, LONDON, 1913

FOR many years I have been engaged in researches
respecting the early methods employed in the healing art,
both among civilised and uncivilised peoples ; and with the
object of stimulating the study of the great past, I have
had in my mind for some time past, the organisation of
an exhibition in connection with the history of medicine,
chemistry, pharmacy and the allied sciences, my aim
being to bring together a collection of historical objects
illustrating the development of the art and science of
healing, etc., throughout the ages.

I have been strongly urged and have decided to hold the
Historical Medical Exhibition, which has been in process
of organisation for some years past, at the same time as
the International Medical Congress, which is due to take
place in London, in the year 1913.

This decision will, I have no doubt, suit the convenience
of the many medical practitioners from all parts of the
world, who will be visiting England on the occasion of the
Congress.

The success of the Historical Medical Exhibition will
depend largely upon the co-operation of those interested in
•the subject with which it deals, and I again appeal, therefore,
to all who possess objects of historical medical interest, to
render their kind assistance by loaning them to me, so
that the Exhibition may be thoroughly representative.
A syllabus containing full particulars will be forwarded
on request.

HENRY S. WELLCOME

THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT

O F

URINE ANALYSIS

An Historical Sketch of the Clinical Examination
of Urine

SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS

PAGE

CHAPTER I
Uroscopy in Antiquity n

CHAPTER II
Uroscopy in the Middle Ages 27

CHAPTER III
Uroscopy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries . 43

CHAPTER IV
Animalcula in Uroscopy 55

CHAPTER V

Uroscopy in Art 61

CHAPTER VI
The Advent of Scientific Urine Analysis . . . .75

CHAPTER I
UROSCOPY IN ANTIQUITY

THERE is perhaps no excretion of the human body
which possesses more interest to the medical practi-
tioner, and probably none which throws so strong a
light on the organic processes of the diseased as well as
the healthy body, as the urine.

The origin of uroscopy, or the art of diagnosing
disease from the inspection and examination
of the urine, is practically co-eval with the Antiquity of
genesis of the art of healing itself, and, after a
careful investigation of the subject, one must conclude

12 THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

that from time immemorial, the changes and variations
which urine undergoes in health and disease have been
observed by man.

Beginning with the first written records of the earliest
civilisation, it is difficult to ascertain, with certainty,
whether the Sumerian and Babylonian physicians
were in the habit of examining the urine of those that
were sick in order to diagnose the nature of the disease
from which they were suffering. There is, however,
strong evidence that they had studied the physical
appearance of the urine. As far as our knowledge
extends, they did not experiment upon human beings,
and most of their physiological knowledge was probably
derived from the examination of animals, usually the
sacrificial victims. This was especially the case with
regard to the nature and functions of the component
Divination Parts °f tne liver' *n regard to which they
from the attained a remarkable degree of accuracy,
considering that all their knowledge was
obtained from the examination of the livers of sheep
and lambs offered in the temples.

Among the many antient Babylonian tablets known,
there are none relating to divination from urine of
either animals or human beings, although the urine of
animals — asses, sheep and dogs — is mentioned as a
constituent of some of their strange magical medicines,
in a similar way to which it was used so extensively
in Egypt.

There are, however, in the British Museum some
fragments of a Syllabarium, or dictionary of words and
Bab Ionian s^ns> renting to parts of the human body,
knowledge Among the parts treated of, are the heart,
lungs, liver, kidneys and phallus. Following
the latter are some signs and words relating to the
urine which show that the Sumerian and Babylonian
physicians, at a period of about 4000 B.C., had noticed
the various changes in colour and in constitution that
the urine undergoes.

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

The sign for urine is a compound one, composed
of ^T US. Phallus ft "water" and written
^jijT, the Semitic name being sinatu. This cor-
responds with the Egyptian hieroglyphic, which is
/e=u) /WWVA " water of the phallus."

One reason why so little information as to urine
is to be found in the tablets has been attributed
to the fact that the Babylonians, like most of the
Orientals of to-day, did not perform the operation of
micturition in a vessel, but on the ground or down a
drain, and so there was little opportunity of observing
the colour and constitution of the urine.

Still, from the above-mentioned fragments a number
of interesting idiographic groups can be Babylonians
obtained, which show that the keenly coi^ursc?6
observant Sumerians and Babylonians had urine
not passed over unnoticed the various changes in
colour and consistency of the urine.

I. ^WrlT ^1 explained as sinatu pizu, "white or
pure urine."

II. ££ff1T (*•*- explained as sinatu zalmi, "black
or dark urine."

III. J^jf ^TITr or -^HRf" "^TIU explained as
urpati sinatu, " clouds of the urine."

IV. CmlT (lost). Explained as tidu sa sinatu,
" mud or sediment of the urine."

explained as sinatu burst.

This is a very interesting group, as the second square
means " bright, very bright red," and evidently indicates
blood-coloured urine.

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

VI. Another group, which is badly mutilated, is
explained as kalmat sinatu, "the worm of the urine."
"T w rm This may allude to casts, the small secretions
of the from the vessels of the kidneys. Another
expression that occurs in the tablets is worthy
of note, and that is " knot of threads," which probably
refers to the long albuminous threads which often
appear in urine.

From these fragmentary observations it would appear
that the Babylonians were greatly in advance of other
nations of their time in the pathological examination
of the bodily secretions.

It is stated by some authorities that the Persians were
the earliest known people to use the inspection of urine
as an aid to the diagnosis of disease. We cannot
confirm this statement, and have been unable to trace
the history of uroscopy in Persian medicine to an
earlier period than the eleventh century. This, together
with the fact that the religious principles of that nation
forbade contact with unclean objects, foremost among
which were excreta, renders it very improbable that
uroscopy was originated by the Persians.

From the earliest records known of Hindu medicine,
it would appear that the physical examination of the
urine was employed by their physicians from a period of
great antiquity. According to their earliest code, they
were taught to diagnose disease from the appearance of
the patient's eyes, skin, voice, pulse and urine, and the
latter especially was regarded as of great importance as
an indicator of disease.

In the antient Sanskrit works on medicine, elaborate
descriptions of the appearance of urine in different
diseases are given. All morbid conditions were termed
prameha, and were divided into twenty varieties. Ten
of these were believed to originate from deranged
phlegm; six from deranged bile, and the remaining
four from wind.

THE EVOLUTION OK URINE ANALYSIS 15

The phlegmatic varieties were known as follows : —

1. Udakameha, water-like urine. The urine is clear,
white, cold, copious, and has no smell.

2. Iksumeha, cane-sugar juice urine. The urine is very
sweet, cold, sticky, opaque, like the juice of cane sugar.

3. Satidrameha, thick, fluid urine. The urine becomes
thick after standing some time.

4. Surameha, urine like brandy. The urine is clear
above and turbid below.

5. Pistaineha, floury white urine. When the patient
is passing this variety of urine, the hair over the body
becomes erect, and the urine looks as though mixed
with flour. Urination is painful.

6. Sukrameha, semen urine. The urine either looks
like semen, or is mixed with it.

7. Sittimeha, cold urine. The urine is very cold, sweet
and copious.

8. Sanainmeha, slow urine. The urine in this variety
is passed very slowly.

g. Sikantameha, sandy urine. The urine is very muddy
and urination very painful.

10. Lalameha, frothy urine. The urine has threads and
is passed in small quantities (albuminous urine).

All the diseases indicated by this variety were
believed to be curable.

Deranged bile was said to produce the following
conditions : —

1. Ksurmeha, potash urine. The urine has the taste,
smell, touch and colour of potash.

2. Kalameha, black urine. The urine is like ink.

3. Nilameha, blue urine. The urine is clear and acid.

4. Sonitameha, urine containing blood. The urine is
of bad odour, hot, and tastes of salt, like blood.

5. Manjisthumeha, madder urine. The urine is like
the colour of the water of madder, and has a strong
smell.

6. Haridrameha, turmeric urine. The urine is yellow
like the turmeric water, and smells very bad.

16 ( THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

Deranged wind was believed to produce the following
conditions : —

1. Vasameha, fatty urine. The urine is either mixed
with fat or looks like it.

2. Majjameha, bone marrow urine. The urine either
looks like, or is mixed with, marrow of the bone.

3. Hastimelia, elephant urine. The patient con-
tinuously passes turbid urine like a mad elephant.

4. Madhumeha, honey urine. The urine is astringent,
sweet, white and sharp.

The last description described is the urine of diabetes
mellitus, a disease with which the Hindus were
apparently acquainted. There is evidence from the
works of Charaka and Susurata, who flourished several
years before the Christian era, that they recognised and
observed the sweet taste of diabetic urine. These
antient authors noticed that long trains of large black
ants were attracted by sweet (honey) urine, and thus
these insects became recognised as a means of diagnosis.

Madhumeha (diabetes mellitus) is also mentioned in
the Bower Manuscript, which dates from about A.D. 500,
in which Susurata is quoted. It is worthy of note also
that the Hindus knew the association of carbuncle and
other skin troubles with diabetes, and also its danger,
and commented upon the hereditary and congenital
forms of this disease.

It may be here remarked that the Hindu physicians
recognised the enlargement of the prostate gland, with
its attendant evils, as early as 100 B.C. Charaka describes
it as follows : " Deranged wind between the bladder
and the rectum produces a large hard ball like a stone,
which is the cause of suppression of urine. There is
much pain and swelling in the bladder. The disease
is called Asthila."

Although no definite mention of inspection of the
urine is made in the Papyrus Ebers or any other of
uroscopy in the antient Egyptian medical papyri, it is
antient very probable that the Egyptian physicians
practised the art of uroscopy as an aid to
diagnosis, although there is no written evidence of it.

In the early Greek era, we find that Hippocrates
(400 B.C.), the Greek father of medicine,
in his works, frequently urges the impor- observations
tance of the examination of urine in prognosis, on
and his allusions show that the art of uroscopy
was frequently practised in his time.

He pointed out the effect of food and drink on the
secretion, its variation in colour, odour and transparency,
and taught the symptomatic and prognostic signification
of these changes. " Urine is best," he states, " when
the sediment is white, smooth and consistent, during the
whole time until the disease comes to a crisis, for it
indicates freedom from danger and an illness of short
duration ; but if deficient, and if it be sometimes passed
clear and sometimes with a white and smooth sediment,
the disease will be more protracted and not so void
of danger. If the urine be reddish and the sediment
consistent and smooth, the affection in this case will be
more protracted than the former, but still not fatal.
Farmacious sediments in the urine are bad, and still
worse are the leafy ; the white and thin are very bad ;
but the furfuraceous are still worse than these. Clouds
carried about in the urine are good when white, but
bad if black. When the urine is yellow and thin, it
indicates that the disease is unconcocted. The most
deadly of all kinds of urine are the fetid, watery,
black and thick ; in adult men and women the black
is of all kinds of urine the worst, but in children,
the watery.

" One should consider respecting the kinds of urine
which have clouds, whether they tend upwards or
downwards, and the colours which they have ; and such
as fall downwards with the colours as described are to
be reckoned good and commended; but such as are
carried upwards with the colours as described are to
be held as bad and are to be distrusted."

In cases of fever Hippocrates laid great stress on
the examination of the urine, and states : " One may
judge from the urine what is to take place, for if it is

HIPPOCRATES INSTRUCTING STUDENTS IN THE "JUDGMENT"

OF DISEASE FROM THE URINE

From a woodcut of the XV csntury

THE EVOLUTION

thicker and more yellowish so much the better, but
if it be thinner and blacker so much the worse."

Galen (A.D. 130) followed largely the teaching of
Hippocrates, and in his " Commentary " _ , ,
praises him for the acuteness of his prognosis attention to
of the urine. Like other antient physicians,
this master paid great attention to the characters of
urine in disease, and his knowledge of the subject
was remarkable considering the state of learning at
the time.

Paulus /Egineta, another famous physician who
nourished probably in the latter half of the seventh
century, wrote very fully in his works on the value of
inspection of the urine in diagnosing disease.

He states that, " from the inspection of the urine
of healthy persons, as a rule we may form our
judgment of that of persons in disease. That ^gineta
urine, therefore, is best, which is nearest remarks on
to that of healthy persons. Such is that ofuroscopy
which is at the same time of a faintish indiaenosis
golden, or faintish saffron colour, and which, more-
over, is moderate as to consistence. There are three
varieties of turbid urine ; for, either straightway
after being voided it deposits a sediment ; or it
always remains the same ; or it is voided pure, but
afterwards becomes turbid ; of these, the third is bad,
the first favourable, the second intermediate between
them. That which is wholly unconcocted, being
altogether watery, is symptomatic of digestion being
entirely gone in the venous system ; and when it is
passed frequently, the disease is called diabetes, which
is the worst of unconcocted urines. Next to these is
the thin and white urine, which resembles water.
Nearly allied to these, is another kind of urine,
appearing in many diseases, and which is very like to
the thin and white. The palish is next to this. The
pale may also be of a faintish golden colour, and is
concocted in proportion as it partakes of this colour.
It ought, however, to be as much different from water
in thickness as in colour, if it is to be properly

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE

concocted. But if it preserve exactly its natural
colour, and have a white, smooth, equable and copious
sediment, it is indicative of perfect digestion. A
greater quantity than natural indicates that a crude
humour is purged off; but if it is somewhat thicker
than natural, and has a certain sediment, it is not then
altogether unconcocted. But if it have gritty, scaly,
furfuraceous, black, livid, green, or fetid sediments,
such urine is altogether unconcocted and particularly
mortal. But urine of a proper colour, and which at
the same time has white, smooth, and equable
sediments, or certain cloud-like appearances, or sub-
stances swimming in the middle of a like kind, is of
all others the best. Of these characters, the sediment
is of the most importance ; next, the substances
swimming in it ; and third, the cloud-like appearances
on its surface; and, on the whole, of the substances
which float in the urine, the more they sink downwards,
so much the better."

Theophilus, who lived under Heraclius (A.D. 610-641),
was one of the most popular physicians of his time
and made many important observations on

urine of persons leading a sedentary life had
uroscopy more sediment than that of those who followed
an active vocation ; the urine of women from this cause
has generally more sediment than that of men ; that of
children more than that of adults ; and that of persons
who live grossly than the urine of temperate persons."
Theophilus thus describes the characters of oily urine :
"When in fevers the urine assumes the colour of oil
it indicates that the fat of the body is melting down.
When the appearances of the urine resemble oil still
more, it indicates an increase of the melting of the fat ;
and when the urine in consistence and colour appears
exactly like oil of a dark colour, it prognosticates a
collapse and death."

This accords with what is stated in one of the
aphorisms of Hippocrates : " When in ardent fevers the

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS '/I

urine has an oily sediment it prognosticates death."
Tare-like urine, as it is called from the resemblance of
the sediment to the colour of the tare (ervum ervilia)
(but which might be better called the grumous, since, as
Actuarius explains, the deposit bears a close resem-
blance to clots of blood), is said by Theophilus to be
indicative of the melting of the flesh. The scaly urine
derived its name from small substances resembling
husks or hulls of grain in the urine, and in febrile
diseases was supposed to indicate great disorder of
the general system, but otherwise to be connected with
an affection of the bladder. The furfuraceous, which
derived its name from the resemblance of the sediments
to bran, was also held to be symptomatic of local
disease of the bladder, or of constitutional disorder
in fever.

Theophilus is the first to mention the application
of external heat as a test of the character of the urine,
which may be inferred from the following Theophilus
paragraph extracted from his work, " De records the
Urinus": "What does the Crass Kara urine"
signify ? In truth, such, if it remains undis- ana'ysis
turbed, shows the body to be badly indisposed. It is
clear that such urine may be shaken up or allowed to
set whilst subjected to external heat." The writer here
probably alludes to the cloudiness caused by heating
albuminous urine.

The gritty, so called from the resemblance of the
substances in the water of the urine to large particles
of ground grain, was regarded by all the authorities,
from Hippocrates onwards, to be of very serious
significance in fevers. Fetid urine was supposed to
indicate melting or putrefaction of the body.

Johannes Actuarius, who died about 1283, was
ordinary physician at the court of the Palaeologi, and
held the post of uroscopist at the Byzantine
Court. He wrote a treatise on urine, which ^urine*
shows an advance on any former work on the
subject. Like Theophilus, he described the various

v. MV.«rfc ^ -v^--1. "~"-' f-^f-

llfill

A GREEK PHYSICIAN EXAMINING THE URINE

AND
A DIAGRAM SHOWING THE VARIOUS

COLOURS OF MORBID URINE
From an illuminated MS. of the XIV century

kinds of sediment, which he named in accordance
with their colours, and was the first to recommend the
use of the graduated urine glass for measuring the
depth of these deposits. His glass, or urinal, he
graduated into eleven divisions, of which he stated that
the deposit should occupy the four lowest, the cloud
the sixth, seventh and eighth, and the scum the tenth
and eleventh. The differences in appearance of these
portions included every imaginable shade of colour,
and are described with surprising minuteness as also
are the connections of the morbid conditions of the
system which gave rise to them.

Actuarius gives a curious account of urine without
sediment, which he ascribes to its being attracted
to some part of the system which is the seat of
inflammation or erysipelas.

The substances in the middle of the urine, according
to Actuarius' division, " sometimes resemble spiders'
webs, sometimes specks of oil such as appear in fat
broth when it cools, and at other times, hairs."

The famous physicians of the Arabian School made
little advance in the art of uroscopy, and TheArabian
the allusions which are to be found in their Scho°'
writings referring to the subject are mainly borrowed
from the Greeks.

Avicenna (A.D. 980-1037) pointed out the difference
between urine passed in the morning and that passed
at night, and remarked on the influence of age, food
and drugs on its colour.

According to Haly Abbas (ca. A.D. 980), thinness of
the urine indicates deficient digestion. Thickness, on
the other hand, he states, is the product
of excessive digestion, or arises from the ojft^e bba
presence of pituitous humours in the body. charactei's
" When the sediment is white," it is a favour-
able symptom ; when yellow, it is from yellow bile ;
when red, it is from a sanguineous plethora and
imperfect digestion, and if of long continuance, it
must proceed from inflammation of the liver. If, after

intense redness," he states, "the urine become black,
it is a most fatal symptom. When the urine is
moderately fetid, it is connected with indigestion ; but
when very fetid, with putrefaction."

Alsaharavius (ca. 1085) describes the characters of

the different kinds of urine, nearly in the same terms.

He properly cautions the physician not to

^bsereTtions8 allow himself to be imposed upon by the

colour of the urine, which may sometimes

acquire a tinge from the patient's having taken saffron,

cassiafistula, or other drugs. " Such tricks," he says,

" are often practised upon water-doctors."

Rhases, who flourished between A.D. 850 and A.D. 923,

Rhaseson states : "It is an unfavourable symptom

urine in when the urine does not become turbid in

the course of fever. Yellow urine without

sediment is said to be unfavourable."

Ismail of Jurjani, a Persian physician, who
flourished towards the end of the eleventh century,
gives the following interesting account of uroscopy as
practised in his country at that time.

" The urine which is for the physician to examine,"
he states, " must be collected in a bottle, which must
be large, transparent and clean, and if
as practised possible should be in the shape of a bladder.
early6 It should be of a large size, so as to contain
Persians ^g whole of the urine (24 hours), for the
reason, if there be something (sediment) in it, it
should be detected at once. The shape of the bottle
is devised like a bladder for the reason that the urine
should be in natural position as in that viscus. Urine
should be well guarded against heat, cold and the sun,
because extremes of temperature change its natural
state, and heat makes it burn, and its thin sediments
are consumed thereby. Cold makes urine congealed.

" Urine sent for examination should be that of the
early morning after a good sleep. It should be passed
before eating or drinking anything, because partaking
of certain foods changes the colour of the urine. One
should not rely upon urine that has been passed during

3VOLUTION OF

starvation, sorrow, weakness or sleeplessness, or after
coition, because above conditions change its cojour.
After food and wine the natural heat of the body
increases for the purpose of digestion, the urine becomes
colourless. Often in hot diseases it becomes white and
puts the physician off his guard. After hunger, sleep-
lessness, sorrow and trouble, urine changes its colour,
because heat (bodily) in such conditions moves about
(in the body) and makes the urine appear coloured.
Often one passes colourless urine after sleeplessness,
because heat (bodily) is dissipated through insomnia,
the urine passed is rather turbid and not clear and light,
because food cannot be well digested in sleeplessness ;
food remains kham (uncooked, unasssimilated) ; that is
also the reason why one gets darkish and muddy water
from uncooked food.

" Urine should be examined in daylight. Let the
sun's rays not fall upon the bottle, otherwise the urine
in it will appear like a cloud. The bottle therefore
should be kept away from the sunshine, and placed on
the ground, so as not to stir it in case the sediments
get mixed and make it too turbid. The Tfae
physician is considered too sacred to touch ness of the
a bottle containing urine with his own hands. phys
Taking the bottle in the left hand, it should be
shown to the physician. It should also be kept away
from one's own shadow and dress, as images (on the
bottle) are liable to give erroneous ideas and make the
colour look different.

" In examining urine," he continues, " seven objects
should be kept in view: i, colour; 2, consistency;
3, transparency ; 4, quantity ; 5, sediments ; 6, odour ;
7, froth. Colours appear distinctly. When urine is
thick or watery it is termed Qawam (consistency). The
state of its transparency or turbidity is not counted
upon, the only difference is this, that there are many
thick objects which let the rays of light pass through,
and objects near it look as though they were like the
white of egg or molten wax. There are many objects
which are thin (fluid) which do not let light pass

26 THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

through them, and the things placed by their side

appear like dark water. It should be

characters observed that muddy water is that which

holds in its solution matter which takes

away its original colour, and transparency, so that

the light cannot penetrate it.

" There are four colours of the human urine — the
white, yellow, red and black, as they correspond to the
four humours found in the body — phlegm (white), blood
(red), bile (yellow), sanda melancholi or black bile
(black). All these colours have different varieties.
White is of four kinds: i, white like clear water;

2, like fagah (a drink made of barley and water) ;

3, like semen; 4, like milk. In the same way,"
concludes the author, " other colours of urine have
different shades."

It will be noted from these extracts from the
manuscript work of Ismail of Jurjani, that the art of
uroscopy in Persia had advanced to a considerable
degree in the eleventh century.

CHAPTER II
UROSCOPY IN THE MIDDLE AGES

The School of Salerno, which was the chief
centre of the medical art during the early Middle
Ages, numbered among its graduates many physicians
whose names were perpetuated for centuries
afterwards by their works. A good idea of
their knowledge may be gathered from the and the art
accounts which have come down to us of
the methods they employed in diagnosing disease, and
among these it will be noticed that the examination
of the urine played an important part.

On visiting a patient, the Salernan physician of the
eleventh century, after paying the formal salutations
and compliments, would probably proceed to carefully
examine the patient's pulse, after which it was
customary to ask for an inspection of the urine. In
this he would note the colour, the consistence, the
quantity and any sediment that had deposited.
After concluding his examination and before "a°1™*an
retiring, the physician usually promised that physician
with God's help the patient would recover,
but " he would take care to inform the friends
of the patient that his illness is a serious one,"
says the chronicler, " so that, should the patient get
well the merit may be due to him, or, should the result
of the illness be fatal, the friends of the deceased are
there to witness that he had noted the serious nature
of the disease from his first visit."

In an epoch when all clinical methods and investi-
gations of modern science were unknown, it is natural
that the urine should be expected to indicate the
disease and its nature, and so, as time went on, it is
not surprising to find that inspection of the urine
gradually became more popular in mediaeval diagnosis,
as doubtless it appealed, from the spectacular point
of view, as strongly to the patient as to the physician.

-t— — /— — / — r i v-

PHYSICIANS JUDGING SPECIMENS OF URINI
From a woodcut of the XV century

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE

Constantine Africanus (1018-1085), one of the
founders of the School of Salerno, in his work " De
instructione medici," states that " urine is better than
the pulse to discover the disease from which
the patient suffers." The doctrine taught
at the School of Salerno, and which was onthe
accepted also by other mediaeval medical
schools, was that the indications drawn from
the urine, although relating to the whole of the

PHYSICIANS IN CONSULTATION
From a woodcut of the XV century

body, referred more especially to the liver and the
urinary ducts.

Bernard Gordon, of Montpellier (1285-1318), who
studied at Salerno also, and was the author of " The

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS 31

Lily of Medicine," states that the examination of urine
for the purposes of diagnosis is without a Bernard
rival, and recommends it to the medical Gordon on
man as the first 'proceeding. "The science
of judging the urine," he declares, "is so easy that all
can learn what they wish to know."

Gilles de Corbeil, who graduated at the School of
Salerno at the beginning of the twelfth century, and
was first physician to Phillipe Auguste, wrote
an elaborate poem on the urine, entitled corbeiiand
" Liber de urinis," which gives a good idea of his poetical
the state of medical knowledge at the period Unne
in which he lived. He begins by studying the
etymology of the word urine, and then, referring to the
composition of this excretion, remarks that "urine is
composed of the residue left in the blood and other
humours in the kidneys." Next, he proceeds to lay
down in detail, rules for its examination, placing, for
the guidance of the uroscopist, special emphasis on the
aspects, the consistence, the quantity, the nature,
and the things contained therein. He enjoins the
physician to take into consideration, also, the circum-
stances of place, the number, the time, the age,
the sex, the exercises indulged in, as well as the
temperament and diet of his patient.

One need not follow out in detail this curious
treatise on practical uroscopy of the past, but it will
be sufficient to state that de Corbeil distinguished no
less than twenty different colours in the urine, from
which he drew his conclusions. He gives specific
instructions as to the kind of urine glass to be used,
stating that it is to be of glass that is very transparent
and to be in the form of a bladder. The place also
where the examination is to be undertaken, he
observed, must neither be exposed to the sun nor
the darkness, and if it be necessary to make the
inspection against the shining sun the hand should be
interposed so that the various colours of the residue
may be seen more distinctly. Should the inspection be
made by candle light, care is to be taken that the rays

3'2 THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

fall not directly on the glass. Special note must be
made of the space occupied by the deposit, or whether
it floats in the liquid, rests half-way, or falls to the
bottom of the vessel.

A curious and not less interesting picture of the

important part which uroscopy played in the

cent!^eenth medical practice of this period is related in

satire the form of a fable written in the thirteenth

uroscopist century, called " Roman du Renart." In

the poem, which is evidently a satire on the

medical practice of the time, a lion is sick and calls

for the fox (the physician) to attend him.

" Come soon to-my rescue," said the lion to the fox: —

" I abandon myself entirely to you.
And thou, fox, think of me,
Lest thou shouldst take hasty care.
What thou wouldst have done, shall be done,
Nor will I speak more or less,
I am entirely in your hands."

Then the lion gives a vivid description of the ills
from -which he is suffering, and describes the symptoms
of gastric-febrile disturbances, head-ache, trouble with
his sight, a bitter taste in his mouth, general lassitude,
and difficulty in breathing : —

" In my head I feel a great pain,

Such that it seems to me (so God love me),

That it is being broken to pieces.

And my sight is troubled,

That I often see nothing.

My mouth is so bitter

That nothing has for me a taste.

I feel much pain all over the body.

The worst is that only with great pain

Can I draw my breath.

I can tell you but half the ills,

On account of the pains which make me shiver."

Fox, the physician, then proceeds : —

" So, said Fox, you shall be cured,
When the third day has passed
Bring me a urinal,
And we shall see therein the ill."

Thus, without loss of time, fox asks to be allowed to
examine the urine, and affirms that he will discover the

PHYSICIAN EXAMINING A SAMPLE OF URINE BROUGHT

BY A PATI ENT
From a woodcut of the X V I century

cause of the disease. The lion yields most graciously
to the fox's requests.

" The urinal was brought.
Noble is sitting upright,
And urined more than half.
And Fox said, 'Just so,'
Took it and went into the sunlight ;

Lifted high the urinal,

Looks at it externally,

Turns it over and over again

To see whether it will alter."

Here the fox describes the usual practice of the
•physician of the period. Taking the urine glass he
goes out into the full light, so that the sun's rays,
reflecting in the amber liquid, show the slightest
alteration, and, after a conscientious examination: —

" Sire, he says, by God's help
I see you have ague
Yet I have the potion which kills it.
Sir King, I shall have to administer it to you."

He continues his examination, feels the pulse,
touches the sides, the chest, the hips, and raises the
head.

" A little longer and I should have been too late."

And he ends with the following reassuring assertion :

"The sickness of your body I will cure.
The quartane fever will go off,
Which takes away your breath so much."

During the fifteenth century quack uroscopists
abounded in every land. These charlatans, who
travelled the country on a pony or nag, with the urine
basket slung on the arm, preyed on the credulity and
ignorance of the people. With a glib tongue they made
them believe that they could diagnose every disease
known under the sun, as well as prognosticate all kinds
of events, from a glance at the urine.

A characteristic allusion to the uroscopist appears in
the works of Von Hutten, a German knight of the
fifteenth century, who details a supposed dialogue
between himself and a being whom he personifies as
" Fever," which attacks his body. Fever persists in
staying in his bodily habitation, and Von Hutten then
threatens to call for his physician, Dr. Stroemer,
" whom," he says, " will check you, for in him I have
faith." "Yes," replies Fever, sarcastically, "the
physicians. Quite so, call Stroemer; as if I knew
not your ways. You would prefer being ill for a whole

year, than partake even of two scruples of rhubarb,
hellebore or any other purgative. You had better call
against me the physician who saw an oat-grain in a
urinal and stated the patient had eaten a horse."

Montagnana, the famous Italian physician, in 1487,
published a treatise on the signs furnished by the urine,
and reproduced a chart by means of which the
physician might compare the deductions to be Mon
drawn from the various colours, as observed nana's
by him. In this chart, twenty-one urine
glasses are shown, partly filled with a liquid coloured
in various shades, from bright yellow to brown, pink
and red, and from blue to black.

Probably the earliest book published in the English
language on examination of the urine is entitled, " The
Judycyall of Uryns," which is said to have Thg
been printed by Wynken de Worde in 1512. earliest
According to Bale, this work is a translation ^ated jn
of a manuscript written by Henry Daniel, a English on
monk, in 1379. The title-page bears a
woodcut of the physician holding a urine glass, and
the text is mainly a repetition of that found in earlier
works giving the signs which may be judged from the
various colours of the urine.

Another early work on the subject which was printed,
probably about 1540, is entitled: —

This work is mainly an epitome of "The Judycyall
of Uryns." Every paragraph is preceded by a crude
woodcut of a urine glass, and the colophon informs us
that the work was " Imprynted at London in Foster
Lane by John Waley."

^MINING URINE

KUII.UTION- (IK UKIM'

Mayster Robert Recorde, who published his
" Urinal of Physick," in 1548, gives very elaborate
particulars for " making the
judgment," which are here
given in his own words : —

" The urine should be
kept to see which is first
made after midnight, and
should be made in the
urinall in which it is to be
examined."

Recorde is particular as
to the requirements of
the urinal. " Touching the
Urinall," he says, " it
shoulde be of clere glasse,
not thyck nor greene in

Colour, Without blotteS Or Recorde's urine glass

spottes in it, not flat in

the bottom, nor to wyde in the necke, but widest in
the myddell and narrow styll toward bothe the endes,
lyke the facyon commenly of an egg, or of a very
bladder beyng measurably blowen (for the urinall
should represent the bladder of a man) and so shall
every thyng be sene in his dew place and coloure.

" Besydes this also must ye marke the tyme dew to
behold urines. Fyrst, when the urine is made, whyle it
yet is somewhat hotte, you shall consyder the coloure
of it and lykewayes the thyckness of the substance
of it. All other thynges, as the bubles and the
contentes shall be best judged somewhat after when
the urine is somewhat cooled, and they be duly settled
in their proper places."

Recorde goes into the judgment with much elabora-
tion, and divides his urinal into twelve parts, as
follow : —

" The ring at the top is called the crown, and above
are the bubbles.

(ElElK luDpcpall of typsj

CdonffDtrpnge tyatit is ejrpeDpent fo/ enery man tofcnotb tt?«

operation anP qua i it cs t f tna boOp/anD to hnoto in tofyat ttateanD conQtq'on (712
boftpftanbethtn/taljtcljecan not behnotoetl fo toell a« bp tl)e&?j>ne Jnconfp
Deration tnhrrof tftfs wtyhe ta coIlerteD anft daDcteb out of jS fent<cpal^ fapngts

of al Aim purs of p fni'ikexto ttic emmt ttjat euecp man mpaht bn fly rome to ttit*

of the f jvft bokt Df t la rctti p;y ncppa 1 j1 t)otoe b^pn t^genDereo in ma ng boDp/ff of
t)t5qualitf s tpi ttjall )6 bole toPihyng of nature m nmiif 6 botiy. Chr ferond bofec
treat ct h of colours tnDipn, » tntjat t her fignif yc. ~ tif ti)pzDe bobf tteatetl) of co
tens in mptn tobat tUrp figiufre/ s fuctje icfcencdts as th«P (tgnifpe i« tbere Df *
dacet»/ff alfo tl)f c taufe 8 af qua|ite0 uJ manp tb,pnQP!5meo/ touchpng tbe fcpena of
|3hffi6f/aab?eB?Oothapecetnatabull/tnthelatterenbcof t

TITLE PAGE OF "THE JUDYCYALL OF URYNS
Printed about 1512

THE EVOLUTION

" The colours are diverse, but the principal are
white, pale, flaxen, yellow, red and black."

Fletcher, in his work "The Differences, Causes and
Judgments of Urine," which was published in 1541,
says : " Amongst all signs of sickness or Fletcher,s
health whereby the skilfull physician is led work on
into the knowledge of the states of the
body, two are of most general and certain signification
which are taken from the pulse and urine, without
which all knowledge of physicke besides is obscure,
doubtful and uncertain."

Fletcher pictures a urinal which
he describes as being of perfect form.

" A perfite forme of the urinall,
wherein the urine according to its
height is divided into three regions
for the distinction of the three
contents mentioned. i, 2, 3, 4,
the lowest region for the sediment.
5, 6, 7, 8, the middle region for the
swimme. 9, 10, u, 12, the uppermost
region for the cloud.

" In the top whereof the black line
going through the thickness of the
urinall is the circle or crown."

He directs that the urinal shall be
stopped at the top with leather, paper, etc., " that
nothing fall in, nor ayre easily get in.

" The physician should not view the urine in a
place either too light or too darke, or by candle light,
for so the colour will appear altered. Or else too
light, or the sunne beams make the colour more
remisse. Therefor put your hand or a blacke cloth
betwixt the light and the urinall on the opposite part
of the urinall that the colour and the contents be
better discerned and your eyes be not dazzled with
the light."

to UnoibcttK mattes

f romthe tDaniatinc£/an&

TITLE PAGE OF ''JUDGEMET OF ALL URYNES'
Printed about 1 540

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

The sixteenth century physicians were aware of the
advantage of using the mixed urine that had been
passed during the day. Fletcher states, " Take the
whole urine and not the part so much as is made at
one time, but mingle not the urines made at severall
times, but keep them severall both for quantity, colour
and contents."

Fletcher notes that rhubarb, saffron, cinnamon, broth
of cherries, make the urine yellow ; cassia, blackish ;
oil of bay, henbane, or Unguentum Martiatum Fletcher's
anointed and applied to any part of the
body, reddish. of

He also enumerates the colours of urine as sixteen,
which he quaintly describes as follows : —

" i. White, dark or white as milke.

2. Glaucus, as the cleare part of a lanterne.

home.

3. Grey, like the white part of a man's nail next

the joint, but Galen says is like the colour
of lyon's eyes.

4. Chrystalline, snowie, light, white.

5. Perfect and absolute best, partly saffron, lighter

than crowne gold, yellow as pure gold.

6. Light saffron.

7. Saffron.

8. Claret, like to bole armoniake.

9. Red, as red blood, cherries, red apples.
10. Crimson, like blackish red wine.

n. Purple, of the colour of raisins of the sunne.

12. Blew, halfe white and halfe black mixed.

13. Green as leeke leaves, emeraude.

14. Oylie greene, popinjay greene.

15. Ash colour, colour of lead.

16. Black."

He enjoins that the substance and the colour, how-
ever, should always be judged together.

42 THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

From these and other works, printed about the
middle of the sixteenth century, it will be seen that the
art of uroscopy had made little or no progress for three
or four hundred years, and its practice about this time
had drifted largely into the hands of the quack doctors
and charlatans, who travelled the country and preyed
on the credulity of the ignorant.

THE PHYSICIAN EXAMINING URINI
From a woodcut, 1493

CHAPTER III

UROSCOPY IN THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH
CENTURIES

Until the beginning of the sixteenth century, the
doctrines laid down by the earlier masters of medicine
concerning the diagnosis of disease from the urine, were
still in practice, and it was left for Paracelsus, that
remarkable man whose practice was a Paracelsus
mixture of quackery and science, to introduce introduces
a new era in uroscopy. His observations
show the influence of alchemy, which at that period
was practised so largely, upon the medical art, and
although the so-called spagyric analysis of Paracelsus
evidenced little advance on the doctrines of earlier
centuries, it nevertheless paved the way towards the
scientific analysis of our time.

According to his theory, disease originated from
the chemicals of which man's body was formed,
which were said to be mercury, sulphur
and salt. Mercury, he declared, referred to ^n^Ss"0
the lower limbs. To discover the cause of a
disease it was necessary then to resolve or divide each
of these elements by a mysterious chemical process
and to endeavour to find out which degree was in excess
of the others in quantity. For this purpose, the urine
was taken as the diagnostic agent, and was distilled
and weighed. The distillate was said to correspond to
the portion of the body where the disease was located,
and thus its nature was indicated.

As an example, it may be stated that mercury or
sulphur diseases were indicated by the vapour as it
rose in the upper part of the alembic, which indicated
dizziness, ear troubles and delirium, while the vapour
which was deposited in the alembic was thought to be
less harmful than that which escaped, especially if it
came forth from the left-hand side of the cucurbite,
which indicated dire events, such as apoplexy and
death.

PA RACELSUS

THEOPHRASTUS BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHEIM
Physician and Alchymist. 1493-1541

THE EVOLUTION OF Vf

But while Paracelsus and his disciple, Thurneysser,
evolved these doctrines, others, such as Bassaeus,
continued on the old lines. Writing in 1553, the latter
states, "The urine should be judged by, first, the
substance or consistence ; second, the quantity ; third,
the clearness or perspicuity; fourth, the colour; fifth,
the odoure ; sixth, the maner of passyng ; seventh, the
contents. From these, the physician should draw his
deductions of the disease."

In 1620, De Peiresc described a deposit he had
noticed in the urine which, he stated,
resembled a heap of " rhomboidal bricks." describes
Van Swieten, over a hundred years later, u
described these as "crystals having a figure of a
rhombus." This afterwards proved to be uric acid.

Hamand, in a popular work on the urine, which
he wrote in 1656, still clung to the old doctrines.
He enumerated the colours, the quantities Hamand,s
and qualities of the urine, from which the work on
learned and expert physician might better
judge of the diseases signified. He states that: "To
the view of urines which are drawn and put into
colours, you are chiefly to note such as are concoct,
crude or lethall. First, concoct urines such as signifie
health, if substance and contents are answerable, are
either paler or partly saffron or light saffron. Second,
crude urines, which show inclination to thickness, are
white, pale, the colour of saffron itself, and claret.
Third, lethall, such as are made when the patient is in
great danger of death, are green, ash colour, and
black." Each of these divisions Hamand again sub-
divides, as follows : —

" Urine running like silver, of women betokeneth she
is with child, if she cast often and have no appetite.
Water colour with a dark sky betokeneth death. Urine
watery and thin in the aged signifies gout in the feet
and joynts, proceeding from same. Greenish signifies
abduction of blood, inducing yellow jaundice. Red or
bloody urine may come from the liver or from a vein or
the bladder, which signifies the stone."

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS 47

The sediments were noted as well as the colour.
Cloudy urines were said to indicate " evill digestion,"
as well as " the bubbles and frothing."

Hamand's urine glass was divided into several parts,
as follows : —

" The corona is the top line for the circle or crown,
Supremio Regio, the uppermost for the cloud. Media
Regio, the middle region for the
sublation or swimm. Infima Regio,
the lowest region for the sediment
or residence.

" The urine appearing in the
Suprema Regio, or cloud, signifies,
diseases of the highest parts of
man's body. The urine portion
appearing in the sublation or
swimm indicates diseases in the
middle parts of the body, such as
the spleen, liver, heart, lungs,
bowels and stomach. The portion
appearing in the infima or sedi-
ment signifies disease in the lowest
parts.

" Motes signify putrefaction or
rheum."

In viewing of the crown or circle the position of
the urinal was important, and Actuarius counselled
physicians to look into the crown with one eye.

Hamand alludes to " a thick urine and dark coloured
urine that both stain the crown and top of the urinall
with a certain white clammy humour which being
chased at the fire returneth to itself again."

Until nearly the end of the seventeenth century the
diagnosis of disease from the urine had always been
based on its appearance alone, and it was Van
not until 1655 that the first enquiry into
its composition was made by Van Helmont
who was the first also to devise a method of examining
the urine by weight. He upset the spagyric theories

JAN BAPTISTA VAN HELMONT
1578- 1 644

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

put forward by Paracelsus and Thurneysser, and
worked out minutely the weight of various urines. He
endeavoured also to fix the data of Thurneysser,
thus being the first to apply the physical principle, which
later became such an important test in urine analysis.

Van Helmont gives the result of his researches as
follows : " One ounce of urine weigheth 600 grains,
but I had a glassen vessel of a narrow neck
weighing 1,354 grains, but it was filled with Heimont
rain-water weighing besides 4,670 grains. The ^po^ce
urine of an old man was found to weigh in ?fwei§*t
the same vessel 4,729 grains, or to exceed the judgment
weight of the rain-water 50 grains. But the °f
urine of a healthy woman 55 years old weighed 4,745
grains. The urine of a healthy man of 19 years old
weighed 4,766 grains. But that of another young man
of a like age being abstemious from drink weighed
4,800 grains. The urine of a young man 36 years old,
undergoing a tertian ague with a cough weighed 4,763
grains. But the aforesaid youth of 19 years old
with a double tertian had drunk little in the night
aforegoing, but his urine weighed 4,848 grains, which
was 82 grains more than while he was healthy.

"A maid having suffered the beating or passion of the
heart made a water like unto rain-water, and the which
therefore was of equal weight with rain-water. A luke-
warm urine is always a few grains lighter and also
more extended than itself, being cold. And therefore
let the vessel be of a short neck and sharp pointed that
it may measure the urine almost to a poynt."

In 1674, Thomas Willis made an important investiga-
tion on the urine, which he embodied in a willis,s
Dissertation. He endeavoured, according to important
the learning of his time, to analyse its
constituents by distillation, from which he states he
obtained the following results : —

" i. Small particles of alcohol scarcely perceptible

to the taste and tempered in water.
2. Large quantity of watery liquid, mixed particles
of sulphur and salt.

s WILLIS, M.D.
1622-1675

THE EVOLUTION OF URIN

3. A very penetrating water usually called spirit

of urine.

4. Another part of salt.

5. Some earth."

The most important of all of Willis's observations,
however, was that the urine in diabetes possessed
a sweet taste, although curiously enough the
cause of the sweetness was not determined Serves
until a century later. There is little doubt, ^j^"^
however, that through Willis's observations possesses!
there eventually followed the establishment sw
of the distinction between diabetes insipidus and
glycosuria.

Considering how the imagination of the ignorant
would be impressed by the importance which was given
by their medical attendants to the condition of the
urine, it is not to be wondered that uroscopy in the
seventeenth century was still the favourite hunting
ground for every quack and wisewoman. James
Hart, writing in 1623, states " Hence it comes to
pass that any idle old trot cobbler, or costard-
monger, will seem to pronounce some Delphian oracle
by the urine."

The boldest of these quacks did not hesitate to
extend their divinatory powers from the observation
of the urine to all kinds of predictions beyond
the range of medicine, and in their hands uroscopists
uroscopy became uromancy, lost all scientific
value, and threw discredit on the observations of the
sincere and earnest workers in the medical art.

In this connection the following story is told of the
celebrated Dr. Radcliffe, who founded the Radcliffe
Library in Oxford : —

" One day a woman entered his consulting room
bearing a flask of urine which she handed for the
doctor's inspection. Dropping a curtsey, she Asto of
explained that having heard of his great fame Dr.
she made bold to bring him a fee, by which
she hoped his worship would be prevailed upon to

A URINE CHART OF THE XVII CENTURY

THE EVOLUTION OK URINE ANALYSIS 53

tell her the distemper her husband lay sick of, and to
prescribe some medicine for his relief.

" Where is he ? " cried the doctor.

" Sick in bed, four miles off," replied the woman.

" Give me the vessel," said Radcliffe, and looking at
it he inquired what was the patient's trade. " A boot-
maker," replied the woman. "Very well," replied
Radcliffe, as he retired for a moment. Emptying the
contents of the woman's flask away, and substituting
another more recent sample, he returned it to the
woman, saying, " Here, take this home with you, and if
your husband will undertake to fit me with a pair of
boots by its inspection, I will make no question of
prescribing for his distemper by a similar examination."

At Frankfort, in 1424, it is recorded that twelve
pfennig was the average fee charged by the uroscopist
for a prediction from a sample of urine.
In Wiirzburg, in 1502, the usual fee charged for6 e
for such an examination was ten pfennig, and
the urine glass was often used as a sign by the
practitioners of uroscopy.

Shakespeare alludes to the practice of urine casting,
as the practice was commonly termed, in " Twelfth
Night," when Fabian speaks of " carrying his

, ! • .. 1 . ,. Tr. Shakes-

water to the wise woman, and in " King peare's

Henry IV," when the doughty Sir John Falstaff

asks, " Sirrah, you giant, what says the doctor

to my water ? " His page replies : " He said, sir, the

water itself was a good healthy water ; but for the

party that owned it he might have more diseases than

he knows for."

To such an extent was the unqualified practice of
uroscopy carried on in England in the sixteenth
century that Thomas Linacre, the founder
of the College of Physicians, formulated "racti-''''6'
a statute to restrain apothecaries from
carrying the water of their patients to the
doctor and afterwards giving medicine in consequence
of the opinions they received concerning it. This

54 THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

statute was soon after followed by another, which
forbade the doctors themselves to pronounce on any
disorder from such an uncertain diagnostic.

In Germany especially we learn from chroniclers
that the quack uroscopists spread throughout the land.
One writer states, the business was mainly carried on
by Jews, who, although banished from the country,
The quack ^^ nevertheless no hesitation in travelling
uroscopist about, their urinalia in hand or carried
nany upon the pommel of their saddles. They
professed and boasted that when anyone was sick they
could, from a simple examination of the urine, diagnose
and make known the disease and its causes, whatever
length of time it might have existed. In this way many
of them reaped a rich harvest, not only from the
nobles and the higher classes who lived in castles,
but also from the poorer people and peasants who
inhabited the country.

A writer, in 1545, thus describes a French uroscopist
of the period: "In these last days we have seen a
urologist in this town of Tours, who boasts and prides
himself that he is able, by inspection of urines, to
judge, although I speak like the vulgar and divine (for
he is also called the Divine) not only illnesses, but the
future. Which many loungers, fops, fools and simple-
tons by nature, by natural and by flat have believed
and added in faith. We see, thus, that some wishing to
Th uack cure themselves of the dry smallpox, others
of the scurvy, others of secret illnesses,

they address themselves to this master Divine,
or to wine. But, by the good order which the
physicians of Tours, who are as learned, diligent and
experienced as any in France, have made with the
provision, aid and support in justice of the Magistrate
of Touraine, his lieutenants, and the officers of the
Crown, such detestable and insupportable abuses have
been restrained and chastised. Such degenerate
vermin are mockers ; for they mock the arts and the
good sciences, and abuse them to the great harm and
danger of simple people who believe too easily."

CHAPTER IV

ANIMALCULA IN UROSCOPY

The earliest record of living animals voided with urine
is that mentioned by Plutarch, who observes that a
friend of his, an Athenian ephebus, passed by L_n
way of the urethra "a pilous and many legged animals
beast." The medical works of the Middle
Ages abound with curious allusions to animalcula,
fabulous and otherwise, that were observed in the
urinary excretion. Bartolinus relates that a Pole passed
" with gravelly urine many small, blackish, scorpion-
like worms." Scalliger also mentions the voiding of
"smooth, white worms, with sharp beaks, and eyes
of fire," while Rondelet describes what he calls " a
small dragon the size of the middle finger, provided
with tail and wings," which Argentarius saw per urinam
excretum, in 1535, at Lyons. Levin gives a description
of a terrible dragon, which was passed by a
woman, "with long, curved, and sharp beak,
vibrating eyes, and a pointed tail." It moved P^sr^e
very rapidly on its feet, and filled the room
with its rage and hissings. Fortunately, according to
the author, the patient succeeded in smothering it with
her pillow.

Notwithstanding the absurdity of many of these
descriptions, which have been in most cases handed
down from one author to another, the careful investigator
will find much information of value in antient works of
medicine, which has often been found to be correct, and
corroborated by recent observers. It is obvious that
many of the so-called " serpents," " dragons " Serpents
and " worms " described by the authors of
antiquity were nothing more or less than long
vermiform coagula excreted from the ureter. Others,
however, may have been actual worms. Thus, a rare
but interesting parasite which may attack man, namely,
the Giant Strongyle, or canine kidney worm, Dioctophyme
renalie, was first described by Jean de Glamorgan, in
his book, "La Chasse du Loup," published at Lyons

MALCULA IN UROSCOPY

Pig 1. E6g of Schistosoma htematobium, cause of endemic baematuria (after Looss).
Fig. 2. Egg of Giant Strongyle ( Doscotophyme renate) (after Ward). Fig. 3.
Sparganum mansonz, a parasite occasionally voided through the urethra (after
Sambon). Fig. 4. Larva of Anthomyia canicularis (after Tulpius. 1641 ). Fig. 5.
Larva of Anthomyia canicularis (?) (after Pare, 1682). Fig. 6. Larva of Anthomyia
canicularis (after Chevrel. 1909). Fig. 7. Andry's reproduction of Fare's
drawing (fig. 9). note the transformation into a locust-like organism, 1730.
Fig. 8. Larva of Filaria bancrofti (after Manson). Fig 9. Drawing of animal-like
body, probably a coagulum, voided with urine (after ParA, 1582).

in 1583. Glamorgan states that more than once he
discovered "these snakes" in the kidneys of wolves.

The first undoubted observation of the occurrence
of the Giant Strongyle in man, was made by Gerhard
Blasis, in 1674. So far, only about a dozen
authentic cases have been recorded where st^o^'Te
this parasite has been found in man ; when
it is present the urine is usually blood-tinged or
purulent, and the characteristic eggs of the worm
with mosaic-like shell are found in it.

There is little doubt that many of the animalcula,
described as urinary by the early writers, were not
actually passed in the urine, but came from outside
sources. Thus, Morgagni records the case of Valsalva,
who discovered small beetles in the urine of a patient
of his, who was troubled with gravel. The subsequent
finding of other specimens of the same insect in the
patient's room settled the matter. Mainly on account
of the frequency of such errors, and the exaggerated
way in which many of their observations are related
by the early medical authors, very little reliance has
been placed on their records.

It is interesting to find, however, that some of the
observations of the early investigators have proved to
be quite accurate in the light of modern science. In
1852, Ambroise Pare states that Duret, a
Professor of the Royal College, and Physician Servers
to Charles XIV and Henry III, assured him j?™)^
that after a long illness he had voided
through the urethra a living animal of red colour and
similar in appearance to a sow-bug (Oniscus). Pare
gives a very crude drawing of this parasite.

In 1641, Tulpius described and figured a similar
insect which he states was likewise passed in the
urine. The drawing given in the work of Tulpius
is far more accurate than that of Pare. These
observations had long been regarded as fabulous by
. the most eminent parasitologists, such as Davian, yet
it has lately been proved that they doubtless refer to
the elimination of the larvae of Anthomyia canicularis

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through the urethra. A form of myiasis which has been
observed in recent times by Hagen in 1879, Chevrel in
1909, and others. Comparisons of Chevrel's drawing
with those of Pare and Tulpius will prove their relation-
ship at a glance.

Mention must also be made of two important parasitic
diseases affecting the urinary system which owe their
diagnosis to an examination of the urine, viz., endemic
haematuria and chyluria. The history of these
diseases goes back to a period of considerable du^S"4
antiquity, and the former was recognised by d'as008*1
the early Egyptians. Von Ofele has called
attention to the figure of an Egyptian deity represented
with the spurious feminine characters caused by the
disease. The reference in the Pentateuch to the turning
of water into blood may also have found its suggestion
in this source. That the disease was common in Egypt
in the early seventeenth century may be gathered from
the fact that Prosper Alpinus states that gravel and
ulcers of kidneys were frequent, and many other authors
refer to the sanguineous urine and calculosis which are
characteristic of this affection. The real cause of the
disease however, remained obscure until 1851, when
Bilharz discovered the blood worm which causes it.
The diagnosis of this disease is now made by micro-
scopic examination of the urine, and the cause may be
detected even before the inception of any recognisable
clinical symptoms. The ova of this parasite were
shown by Sambon, in 1907, to be always terminal-spined.

The milky urine of filariasis was observed and noted
by uroscopists in early times. Some of them rightly
ascribe to chyle the appearance of the urine, and Peter
Franck, in 1794, uses the actual term "chyluria." In
1821, Prout described some urine so closely resembling
chyle in all respects, that, had it been brought
before him as a specimen of that urine, it parasites
would have been difficult to detect the f^™"6*
difference. It was not, however, until 1863
that the cause of this condition was discovered by
Demarquay, who found the larval forms of Filaria
bancrofti in the milky fluid from a chylous hydrocele.

THE .EVOLUTION OF

CHAPTER V
UROSCOPY IN ART

It was doubtless owing to the fact that uroscopy was
so common a feature in everyday life that we find its
practitioners so frequently depicted by famous artists
from the fifteenth to the end of the seventeenth century.
The physician, in the act of examining the urine, is
depicted in many manuscripts, dating as far back as
the early fourteenth century, and the subject
becomes still more common among the wood- featured *
cuts of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, ^rydaj
from which period it became a popular subject
among artists of repute. Pictures representing the
physician, the apothecary or the charlatan in the act
of diagnosing the disease of a patient from his urine
glass are apparently innumerable.

Probably nowhere in mediaeval art is the uroscopist
more characteristically represented than in the frieze
in majolica by the famous master Delia
Robbia (1400-1482) which adorns the antient Robbla's
hospital at Pistoja. On a pallet bed in the "^^^
hospital lies the patient, with face drawn and
wasted by disease. By the side stands a monk-
physician, his fingers on the patient's pulse. At the
foot of the bed another physician stands, with urine
glass in one hand, while in the other he holds a
bleeding staff. The whole bas-relief is modelled with
great fidelity and characteristic skill, and gives a
faithful and touching picture of hospital practice in
the fifteenth century.

This subject was especially a favourite one with many
of the great masters such as Teniers, Jan Steen and
others of the Dutch, Flemish and German Schools of
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

A characteristic picture is reproduced on the oppo-
site page, in which the physician is seen dressed in his
doctor's robe and cap ; in one hand he holds the urine
glass, from which he is about to form his

PHYSICIAN EXAMINING THE URINE BROUGHT BY

A PATIENT
From a woodcut of the XVI century

and near him stands the patient, awaiting with
anxiety the result of the examination. In his hand
he carries an osier basket, of cylindrical
shape, with a cover, which was used for uroscopist
carrying the urine glass to and from the &>$£***
physician's house. A basket of this kind was
very necessary, as the urinal, being made with a
spherical base, could not stand alone. The basket
served also the purpose of a safe carrier.

This basket is a common object in the pictures of
uroscopists and will be noticed in the following
interesting illustration, reproduced from a Th
woodcut of the fifteenth century. It depicts urinal
the interior of a physician's consulting room,
in which samples of urine of varied colours are ranged
along two shelves. Below, two physicians are com-
menting on the quality and the meaning of the colours,
one of whom is indicating the same with a stick which
he holds in his hand. Below is another physician
inspecting a sample of urine in a glass, while in the
foreground stands a woman. Two boys, probably
apothecaries' messengers, who have brought
other samples for examination, are, in the tenstic
meantime, engaged in a bout of fisticuffs, w<
while the urine baskets repose on the floor — a typical
scene that has its counterpart in the life of to-day,
when a couple of chemist's boys are seen fighting in
the street, while the bottles of medicine, marked for
urgent delivery, are reposing on the footpath.

The importance which the physicians of the Middle
Ages attached to the examination of the urine is
evidenced from the fact that the urine glass was
frequently chosen as one of the symbols held by
St. Damien, the patron saint of medicine. He is
thus depicted in a picture we reproduce from a
painting of the fifteenth century.

In Holland, Teniers and Adrian Van Ostade found in
the physician with the urine glass a favourite subject,
and their example was followed by Rokes, Schalken,
and Horeymanns.

From a woodcut of the XV century

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS 65

The famous master, Gerard Dow, also painted
many scenes of urine examination, and to these
names, Ter Borch, Netscher, Van Mieris, and
many others might be added. Physicians,
patients, apothecaries and charlatans are
represented by these masters of the brush
with accuracy and care, and to them we thus owe
many scenes of interest in connection with the history
of medicine.

Of the Dutch School, probably the elder Teniers
painted more pictures depicting the uroscopist than
any other master of his time. His physicians are
depicted as men of grave demeanour, generally
old and venerable, with grey or white hair ^rensiers'.
and beards. On their heads they wear a
cap or bonnet trimmed with fur, and are sometimes
garbed in a gown or in the ordinary costume worn by
the middle classes of the period.

The interiors that form the background of his
pictures vary very little, and are mostly bare walls
furnished with a few shelves on which stand some
bottles, and pots of ointment, a table bearing a stack
of books, and a few surgical instruments ; a stuffed
crocodile or curious fish hanging from the ceiling, some
animal's skulls, and a packet of herbs, generally com-
plete the interior accessories.

Teniers was one who treated the subject of uroscopy
seriously, and from his pictures one would judge that
he was a believer in the art.

Ostade (1610-1685), who was a native of that typical
Dutch city Haarlem, vied with Teniers in depicting
those characteristic interiors representing common
scenes in the domestic life of his country. The
physician, the surgeon, and the chiropodist,
form frequent subjects for his pictures. One picture
of his best-known works represents the phy- °'r(^eopist
sician, depicted by the artist as a man about
middle age, wearing a velvet bonnet bordered with
white, and garbed in a dressing gown. Seated alone in
his private sanctum he is carefully examining the

Of 5

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS 67

contents of a urine glass, which he holds in his right
hand, while he leans his left on the table. Papers,
pen, a large botanical book, opened at a page on
which some plants are represented, and a pharmacy
vase in blue and white delft, bearing the inscription
" Ad Scabiam," are standing on the table. On the
left is seen his library, divided from the study by a
curtain, and at the back a door, half-opened, reveals
a room lighted by a stained glass window. Here we
have a portrait, probably a real one, of the scientific
practitioner of his time, a man who was a great
reader, a profound thinker, and a master of his craft.

Gerard Dow (1613-1675), who ranks among the finest
painters of the Dutch School, surpasses even his
famous contemporaries in his partiality for the
physician with the urine glass as a model for his
pictures. His famous picture called '• The Gerard
Doctor " is well - known from the original, DOW'S
which hangs in the Imperial Collection at "'xhe6 °
Vienna, and the many reproductions made Doctor"
from it. The physician is represented as a young man
with fair curly hair, wearing a velvet cap and garbed
in a long brown robe, belted round the waist. He
stands in the full light of an arched window, holding
the urinal upraised in his left hand, while he makes an
explanatory gesture with the right. Behind him stands
an old woman, apparently in trouble, who is weeping
and drying her eyes. On the window-ledge a richly-
coloured cloth falls on a bas-relief representing the
passions, and on it rests a barber's dish of copper, an
ornamental bottle, an open book bearing an anatomical
drawing and the name of Andre Vesale.

Another fine picture by the same artist, called " The
Water Doctor," depicts a young man richly dressed,
wearing a velvet cap, seated before a table on
which lies an open book ; he is carefully DOW'S
scrutinising the contents of a urine glass and Doctor6"
uttering his impressions of the same. On his
right, behind him, stands a woman with a basket on her
arm, and from her sad expression one would judge that

"THE UROLOGIST''
From an Oil Painting by Ostade

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS 69

the verdict of the uroscopist was unsatisfactory. The
room is lighted by a curved bay-window, draped with a
curtain, and the accessories include a violoncello, an
hour-glass, and a globe, evidencing the cultured tastes
and pursuits of the occupant. On a shelf on the wall
stand some pots and bottles, a skull, and a stuffed
animal, while from the ceiling hangs a crocodile, one of
the usual accessories of the doctor's study of the
seventeenth century.

" La Femme Hydrophique," by Gerard Dow, which
is considered a masterpiece, now hangs in the Louvre,
and is a work of great technical skill, as well as of
medical interest. In a fine apartment, furnished with
solid luxury, and evidently that of a wealthy Gerard
burgher, a woman of middle age reclines DOW'S
in a chair. From her puffed eyelids, Hydro6-""™
distended stomach and swollen feet, she. is Phl<iue"
evidently suffering from dropsy. By her side a young
girl, probably her daughter, is kneeling and sobbing,
and looking up with an expression of anxiety into the
face of her mother. Leaning over her shoulder is
an elderly woman, the servant or nurse, who is
administering a stimulant from a spoon, while the
piteous expression on the face of the patient herself is
one to excite sympathy even from the onlooker. While
nothing but sadness and silent suffering is depicted by
the artist in the group, in striking contrast, the bright
sunlight shines through the window, and even the
green leaves of a spray of creeper have crept through
into the room, giving a subtle effect as of Nature's
smile. From this background, the figure of the
physician, on which the artist has concentrated his
greatest skill, stands out almost in relief in the fore-
ground. He is tall and dignified, graciously posed, and
clad in a rich and sumptuous robe. In his right hand
he holds the urine glass between the light and his eye,
while with serious expression he examines the colour of
its contents. The balance of the picture is kept by
a rich oriental curtain which is draped back to the
right side, on which the light falls, and the whole

"LA FEMME HYDROPHIQUE"
From an Oil Painting by Gerard Dow

EVOLUTION OF URINJ

work is a masterpiece of composition and technical
execution.

Still one more picture by Gerard Dow must be
mentioned, which depicts with pathological reality the
ailment known in earlier times as " Mai d'Amour."
This predecessor of chlorosis has been depicted
by many painters, especially the Dutch
School, who were fond of representing these
languorous young women, with sunken eyes
and waxen complexions, who appear to be oppressed
by an insupportable lassitude and wear an expression
of the deepest melancholy. For this common trouble
the uroscopists were often consulted. What the latter
expected to find in the patient's urine is difficult to
conceive, but by soothing words they probably assured
the fair patient that there was nothing wrong more than
time could remedy. To feel the pulse and glance at
the urine were the limits of their clinical examination.

A patient of this type consulting her physician is
represented by Gerard Dow in the picture. The
doctor, grave and dignified, fashionably attired in a
long robe and velvet bonnet trimmed with fur, with one
hand holds the urine glass to the light, while the
fingers of his other are resting on the pulse of the fair
patient, whose pale face and languorous look betray
the symptoms of her distress. Gaspard Netscher and
Van Hoogstraatan depict similar scenes.

Of a different character is the young and fashionable
doctor represented in a painting by Metzu. Attractive
in face, and handsomely dressed in black velvet,
trimmed with fine lace, he handles the urine glass with
an air of grace. He appears to be mingling
compliments with the scientific phrases in
which he is describing the complaint to his
pretty client, while she, in an audacious negligee,
abandons herself to the listless reverie which was a
characteristic feature of " Mai d'Amour." In the back-
ground are a young man and an old woman, who are
evidently exchanging confidential opinions on the case,
and who could no doubt afford more truthful evidence

'THE UROLOGIST" ("Mai d' Amour")
From a Painting by Gerard Dow

EVOLUTION OF URINE

of its cause than the liquid which the physician is so
carefully examining in his glass.

Jan Steen (1636-1679), unlike his confreres and
predecessors, generally treated the urologist in his
characteristic style, from a humorous point of view.
Sometimes he pours ridicule upon the patients, and at
others on the physician. His physicians are JanSteen,s
rarely examining the urine glass with grave humorous
attention, and are generally depicted as if p"
employing that method of diagnosis more as a matter
of form than as a necessity. An exception, however,
is illustrated in the picture reproduced as our frontis-
piece. Here the physician is depicted as a man of
bulky proportions examining a specimen of urine with
due gravity. The patient, evidently ill, with emaciated
and pallid face, is seated in a chair awaiting the
doctor's verdict.

About the same period, Ryckaert (1612-1661) painted
several pictures with the urologist as his model. One
of these is worthy of description, as it shows some
original detail in the accessories. The artist depicts
the physician as an old man with a long beard. He
is wrapped in a fur-trimmed robe, and is seated
at a table, on which lie many books and papers, an
inkstand, a vase, and a skull, the whole being
lighted by a smoky candle. In his left hand
he holds the urine glass, and in the liquid
can be seen floating a little figure of a foetus, at
which the urologist is gazing with astonishment. Be-
hind sits an old woman, who has evidently been the
carrier of the specimen, patiently awaiting the verdict
with her hands clasped. The charlatans claimed that
they could tell from an inspection of the urine if a
woman was enceinte or not.

Such are some of the better-known pictures of the
uroscopist as represented by artists of the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries.

Beyond their artistic interest we are indebted to the
men who painted them for the light they have thrown
on the medical history of the period, which they have
depicted for us with such fidelity and skill.

"THE UROLOGIST" (" La Consultation Indiscrete")
From a Dutch Engraving of the XVII century, after Schalken

CHAPTER VI
THE ADVENT OF SCIENTIFIC URINE ANALYSIS

The early years of the eighteenth century saw the
advent of the scientific epoch in the examination of
urine, when Lorenzo Bellini (1643-1704), by first
evaporating urine, discovered the important fact that
the change in the colour, taste and odour were due to
variations in the relative proportions of water and
solids present. Bellini's primitive experiments are
recorded in his work " De Urinis," in which
he describes the evaporation of urine in an investiga-
earthenware pot, with no cover, and placed on ^nt0"
an ordinary fire. He noted that the more it
darkened in colour so it lost its transparency, and by
continual evaporation it passed through various de-
grees of tint from red and brown to almost black. By
taking the weight after each of these changes of
colour, he endeavoured to determine the quantity of
water evaporated, and states that he found, that if
an equivalent volume was added to the residue, its
colour, characters, and properties, would be restored.
According to his analysis, urine was composed of
water, salt, and tasteless earth or tartar, and the con-
sistence, taste and colour depended on the quantity of
water which held these constituents in solution.

Bellini's researches were followed by those of
Boerhaave (1668-1738), the famous Dutch physician,
who attributed special importance to the measurement
and not the quantity of the urine. His method
of ascertaining the weight or specific gravity jj!~*aave
was to place a barometer in the urine of a urea
healthy person, and pour into the cistern as
much mercury as necessary to make it level with the
same point. He deduced from this that the difference
in the weight of the mercury would give that of the
specific gravity of the urine. In 1720, he discovered
urea, but little importance was attached to it until

Medicinw. Botan ic c.s , Che miK
VlWil pracllCl.m ACAD. LUGD BAT

HERMANNUS BOERHAAVE
1 668-1 738

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS 77

Rouelle the Younger, in 1771, re - discovered and
isolated it by extracting with spirit of wine the
" syrup " obtained by the evaporation of Rouelle
urine. This extract he found to be crystal- isolates
lisable, and conceived that it contained un
hydrochloric acid as an essential ingredient. He also
isolated a number of salts contained in the urine.

In the following year, Matthew Dobson, of Liverpool,
published the results of his epoch-making experiments
which he had carried out with the urine of diabetic
patients. He noted that the urine of such was very
transparent, of pale straw colour and sweet,
and, upon placing it on one side in an open
vessel, separation began to take place, and '"J^'"
woolly clouds appeared which gradually sub-
sided and covered the bottom of the vessel with a
loose white precipitate. He observed that with longer
keeping, the urine underwent vinous and then acetous
fermentation. He experimented also by heating the
urine to boiling point, and noted that he got no
coagulation. He further tried, although without result,
the addition of the mineral acids, thereby inaugurating
the era of the chemical testing of urine.

His final experiment was that of evaporating two
quarts of the diabetic urine to dryness, from which he
observed that the residue he obtained was in the form
of a white cake, which weighed four ounces,
two drachms and two scruples. This, he introduces

states, could not be distinguished from
ordinary sugar, by the taste or smell. On
the addition of acid elixir of vitriol no effervescence
was caused, but on the addition of a more concentrated
vitriolic acid an effervescence ensued and some
pungent fumes were given off.

Judging from Dobson's original experiments, and
especially of his use of the mineral acids as tests, he
may be regarded as one of the most important
pioneers in the scientific era of urine analysis.

WILLIAM CRUICKSHANK, M.D.
From an Engraving by Cowen, 1787

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS 79

Cowley was the first to separate sugar in a free
state from diabetic urine, and thus led the way towards
the quantitative estimation of urine.

In 1798, Cruickshank made an investigation and
experimented with some urine that was submitted to
him from a diabetic patient, and, by noting the action
of nitrous acid on sugar of milk and comparing it
with an extract from the diabetic urine, he observed
the difference in the sugar. The latter he termed
nothing more than a vegetable sugar mixed with animal
mucilage.

On extending his experiments to the effects produced
by nitrous acid and other reagents on healthy urine,
he observed that ammonia and fixed alkalies
produced a cloudiness, which he believed was c™^-
due to phosphate of lime, and that lime water researches
produced a still more copious precipitate.
From nitrous acid he observed no precipitate in
healthy urine, but in the urine from a dropsical
patient, it produced coagulation or cloudiness, and
he thereby discovered the first chemical test for
albumen, and also established the connection of
albumen with dropsy.

He noticed that on the addition of muriatic acid, the
urine in which bile was present was turned green in
colour. Corrosive sublimate, he found, had
no action on healthy urine, but on the urine
of a dropsical patient it produced coagulation.
He also observed that muriate of baryta
precipitated phosphoric salts, and he employed infusion
of oak bark to detect mucilaginous matter.

In a further series of experiments which he carried
out, he concluded that the sugar of urine was different
in its constituents from that of milk sugar.

The importance of Cruickshank's discoveries cannot
be over-estimated, and they first drew the attention
of medical men to the importance of the chemical
examination of urine as an aid to diagnosis.

LUTION OF URINE

Cruickshank also obtained urea in the form of
crystals, and discovered its property of crystallising
on the addition of nitric acid, but it was not until
1799 that Fourcroy and Vauquelin isolated it in a pure
state, and recognised it as the crystallised substance
mentioned by Rouelle.

Jarrold was the next to apply a chemical test to urine,
and, in 1801, described a method of testing for albumen.
He placed an ounce of the patient's urine Jarrold.s
in a glass vessel and added a few drops of test for
solution of acetate of lead to precipitate a"
phosphoric and muriatic acids. To this he added
a few drops of Goulard's extract of lead, which
he claimed would precipitate albumen, gelatine and
mucilage.

In 1811, Henry drew attention to the high specific
gravity of the urine of diabetic patients, and stated
it had been left unnoticed by the best writers on its
chemical history. He was the first to use nitric acid
as a test for urea.

In the following year, Vauquelin made a comparative
analysis of the urine of different animals, which did
much to create a fresh interest in the subject. Vau uelin.s
Wells, in 1812, used the nitrous acid test for mvesti-
albumen when the heat test failed, and gauc
Blackall in his observations "On dropsies" in 1813,
noted the effect of heat regarding albumen in urine.
He says, " Writers have spoken of the colour of the
secretion, its quantity and sediment, and it Wellsand
is a circumstance hardly credible that amidst siackaii on
so much minute labour bestowed on these
topics the effects produced upon it by the application
of heat have been so greatly overlooked."

" Every practitioner," he continues, " may shortly
convince himself beyond the possibility of doubt that
in a considerable number of dropsical cases the urine
evaporates like diluted serum of blood." Blackall
regularly used the heat test in many dropsical cases.

In 1815, a further important discovery was made

by Chevreul, who observed that the sugar in

drover! diabetic urine was different from cane sugar,

grape an(j that it resembled that of the grape. This

discovery proved of the greatest value,

especially in the future treatment of the disease.

To Steele and Wollaston is due the earliest
knowledge of the composition of urinary
Steele attributed all calculi to uric
tlgations'of acid. Wollaston, however, found phosphate
calculi and oxalate of lime, triple phosphate and
cystin in the concretion he examined.

The next epoch-making step in connection with
urine analysis was due to Prout in 1820, who, by his
investigations, placed the examination of urine on a
more scientific basis, and proved its great value in
diagnosing disease.

He was the first to use litmus paper in testing
urine, and he regarded dilute acetic acid and prussiate
Prout °^ P°tasn as the most delicate testing agents
marks a for albumen. He confirmed Cruickshank's
iJiTiiife00 observation that the sugar found in diabetic
urine was not the same as common sugar, but
more nearly approached that to be found in grapes.
For the detection of bile he employed a piece of white
linen, which he dipped in the urine, and, on the addition
of a few drops of muriatic acid, if bile was present,
he observed it turned green in colour. He also investi-
gated the deposits found in urine, made an analysis
of the same, and arranged them according to their
colours, as follows : —

( Lithate of ammonia.

"Yellowish or nut- [ Colouring matter of urine.

brown sediment ^ Earth phosphates and lithate of
I soda.

"Reddish-brown or Alkaline lithate.

lateritious sedi- - Colouring matter of urine.

ment

Alkaline purpurate.
Occasionally earthy phosphates.

THE EVOI.l

t( p. , ( Lithate of ammonia.

link sediment ... ^ Purpurate of ammonia."

" These consist," he states, " for the most part, of
lithic acid, in combination with a base. There exists,
however, the free lithic acid ; as —

'•Red crystalline / Lithic acid.

sediment ... \ Colouring matter of urine."

We have but to add two more varieties of sediment,
in order to complete the list of deposits mentioned
by Prout. These are the phosphatic sediments ; viz. —

"Ai::,z"mis se<li: {

" Crystallised sedi- / Triple, or ammoniaco-magnesian
ment ... ... ^ phosphate."

His investigations attracted much attention to the
subject, and many investigators in Great Britain
and on the Continent took the matter up for further
experimentation .

In 1825, Tiedmann and Gemail, as the result of
their investigations, pointed out that starchy matter
during its passage along the alimentary canal was
transformed into sugar.

One of the earliest text books devoted to scientific
urine analysis was that written by Rees in 1836, on the
analysis of the blood and urine in health and
disease. In this he recorded the constituents analysis
of the urine as determined from his own
researches, together with analyses of urinary deposits
and several tests for its examination. He recommends
Front's nitric acid test as the most useful for albumen and
also for the detection of excessive urea. He employed
a solution of caustic ammonia to precipitate earthy
phosphates, and as a further test for albumen recom-
mended that of Prout, namely, acidifying with acetic
acid if alkaline, and adding a solution of ferrocyanate
of potash to precipitate the albumen. For the same
purpose he also recommended a solution of alum as

"THE UROLOGIST"
From a Dutch Engraving of the XVII century

a reagent, or solution of bichloride of mercury, which
he believed to be more delicate, and concluded his
work with a crude method of estimating the sugar from
diabetic urine by evaporation and incineration.

Osborne, in his work on "The Nature and Treatment
of Dropsical Diseases," writing in 1837, describes his
method of testing the urine for albumen by Osborne,s
heat. He recommends heating the urine in a tests for
spoon over the flame of a candle, when a white
coagulate will be formed in those portions of the fluid
next to the metal, long before the heat has advanced
to boiling point. As the heat is continued, the
coagulate will become more firm and distinct.

In 1839, Rayer first called attention to the value
of the microscope in the examination of urinary
deposits, and so demonstrated uric acid, urates and
urea.

The famous Liebig carried out his important
investigations on animal physiology, in 1840, and
added much to the knowledge of his time
by determining the composition of the urine, investiga-
He believed that the action of oxygen on t10
uric acid produced urea, and Simon, a little later,
carried on a very elaborate investigation of the
urine of animals as compared with that of man.

In 1843, Bird remarked that the examination of the
urine in disease must be regarded as one of the most
important aids to diagnosis, and also drew
attention to the value of the microscope in h^nance
the examination of urinary sediments. He "j,^""^
recommended a solution of sulphate of copper
and liquor potassas, with the addition of heat as a trust-
worthy test for sugar.

In Sweden, Berzelius, about 1843, published the first
quantitative analysis of the urine, and as a Berzeljus
test for albumen he recommended a strong makes
solution of galls, nitric acid, or bichloride of quantitative
mercury. He was the first to apply the term ana'ysis
"Hallophyle" to the yellow colouring matter of urine,

"THE UROLOGIST"
From an Engraving after Ter.ier the Younger

to which, later, the name of " Uroxanthin " was
given by Heller. He also extracted urea in a colourless
form by means of oxalic acid, and Front ultimately
established its composition.

Mention must be made also of the work of Becquerel,
whose investigations in urinary pathology added much
to the existing knowledge of the urine. He Bec uerel,s
carefully recorded his observations in a large observa-
number of cases and determined with accuracy
the quantity of uric acid and urea that was present in
the urine in various diseases.

Curiously enough, most of these early investigators,
probably owing to the imperfect methods of Differences
procedure, differed in their conclusions as to '"^'^
the specific gravity of the urine. Thus ftTtedby5
Becquerel gives 1-018 as the mean in men and
1-015 m women; Simon, 1-012; Lecanu, 1-020; Aldridge,
1-015; Dumas, 1-015 ; 1-030; Prout, 1-020; as the mean
in men.

In 1847, Markwick wrote a guide to the examination
of the urine which was practically the first handbook to
its scientific analysis. He mentions the use of
blue and red litmus paper, and calls atten- ^^^
tion to the importance of taking the specific i"ri£°nof
gravity of the liquid. He estimates albumen
by boiling a given quantity and weighing the residue,
bile, by the addition of hydrochloric acid, and sugar, by
the yeast test, or the copper test of Trommer, in which
a solution of copper was added to the urine, followed
by an excess of liquor potassas, the whole of the liquid
being then boiled. From this time the copper test for
grape sugar became universally employed.

The origin of this test is one of peculiar interest
in connection with the history of urine analysis. It
may be traced back to a period of great The history
antiquity, and the reaction on which it and

antiquity

is based may be said, indeed, to date from of the
the early Egyptian era. It was probably c°PPertest
observed by the Egyptian priest-physician who origi-
nated the formula of that famous compound known

as Unguentum Aegyptiacum. This preparation, which
was used very largely in early times as an application
to wounds, tumours, etc., was prepared by boiling
together a mixture of verdigris, honey and vinegar.
During the boiling process the colour of the mass
changes, owing to the interaction between the copper
acetate and the glucose.

For centuries this medicament was thus prepared
and the formula for its manufacture is included in the
Pharmacopoeia Universalis as late as 1833.
the colour The first attempt at elucidation of this change
change Qf coiour was macie by Baume, the celebrated
chemist of the eighteenth century, who attributed it to
the phlogiston of the acetic acid, which united with
the verdigris to form metallic copper. This theory,
however, was contradicted by Lavoisier, and shown to
be erroneous.

In 1815, Vogel, of Paris, read a paper before the
French Academy of Science on a research concerning

the decomposition of salts and metallic oxides
theor'8 k>r sugars. He endeavoured to prove by his

investigation that the reddish or brown-
coloured precipitate produced in this reaction was not
metallic copper bi-cuprous oxide, or, as it was then
known, copper protoxide. He declared that the colour
depended upon the length of time the mixture was
heated, and that the precipitate was only to be
obtained from cane, starch and grape sugar, sugar of
milk, molasses, manna and honey.

Buchner was the first to confirm Vogel's theory, and
later on further investigations were made on the subject

by Buchholtz, Peschier and Busch. It was
Trommer not? however, until 1841, when Trommer
his test published his paper on the differentiation

between dexterin, cane sugar and grape sugar,
that a material advance was made on this subject, and
a real distinction could be established between the
various forms of sugar. He showed that by making
the copper salt solution alkaline, it became a valuable

reagent in distributing between the various sugars and
sugar-giving substances, and that it gave a distinctive
precipitate of cuprous oxide when boiled with
solutions of grape sugar, containing only one the first to
in a hundred thousand, and the reaction tBc«jk«iiiw
could be observed by reflective light even c°ppertest
when this solution was ten times more diluted. To
Trommer, then, belongs the credit of having first
introduced the alkaline copper sulphate test into
chemical analysis.

In 1844, Barriswill suggested an improvement on
Trommer's method, by adding potassium tartrate to
the solution to prevent decomposition on heating.
This was the first step towards a quantitative
application of Trommer's test. Barriswill's wins
method being a volumetric one, involved m<
the necessity of inverting the cane sugar to glucose
and making two determinations before and after
inversion.

Fehling, whose name has been popularly associated
with the copper test for sugar, did not publish his
first paper on the matter until 1848. His
procedure consisted merely in working out ^'"tf
with greater care the details of Trommer's Tr°mmer's
methods, while Soxhlet established the exact
conditions under which the determinations must be
carried out in order to get satisfactory results.

In 1854, another step towards the quantitative analysis
of urine was made by Davy, who published a method
of estimating the quantity of urea in a given
solution. This depended upon the decom- method of
position that occurred from the combinations **g™atmK
of the hypochlorides of soda, potash, or lime
with urea, the urea giving off its nitrogen, which was
collected and measured, and so estimated.

Bence Jones, in 1861, made an important investiga-
tion into the relative merits of the principal tests then
known for grape sugar, and claimed that he got the
best results from Brucke's method, which consisted in

"THE CONSULTATION"

My child, observe, from this I see

(So sure as I physician be)

Your swelling, pains and fretting, too.

Are signs of something wrong I trow :

But be assured you'll soon recover,

I promise, ere' nine months are over."

From a Mezzotint of the XVIII century

THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

precipitating the urine with neutral acetate of lead,
and, after filtering off the precipitate, adding ammonia.
In the last precipitate, he remarks, the chief
part of the sugar will be found present, fines'
the ammonia precipitate being treated with '^if'8'*"
a solution of oxalic acid or sulphuretted
hydrogen to separate the lead. The filtrate then will
be colourless and contain the sugar ready for estimation
by the copper test.

In the same year, Lionel Beale published his well-
known work on the urine, which contains over sixty
analyses of the urine in disease. He drew
attention to the importance of microscopic J£jjf£,
examination, and by his investigations placed urine
the analysis of urine on a more scientific
basis. He devised a complete systematic qualitative
and quantitative analysis of urine and urinary deposits,
and drew attention to the necessity of its examination
in the diagnosis of disease.

Pavy, by his important investigations in 1862, on the
nature of diabetes, did much to advance the Pav ,s
knowledge of urine analysis. He suggested observa-
the modification of the copper test for sugar,
and pointed out that the albumen should first be
removed before the test is applied.

Fowler, in 1872, suggested an improvement on Davy's
method of estimating urea, and introduced a more
accurate process based upon it.

Owing to the investigations of Sir William Johnson,
in 1884, the picric acid test was re-introduced
into urine analysis. This test was first researches
introduced by Braun in 1865, but had fallen
into disuse until advocated by Johnson, who discerned
its great utility.

In 1891, Hopkins described his method of estimating
uric acid by saturating the urine with am-
monium chloride, whereby the acid was method of
precipitated in the form of ammonium urate, ^"acid^
and, in 1892, Gerrard described the process
for his cyano-cupric test, which was based on the

92 THE EVOLUTION OF URINE ANALYSIS

fact that when a solution of potassium cyanide is added
to one of cupric salt, double cyanide of potassium and
copper are formed.

In this brief sketch of the evolution of urine
examination from antient to modern times, it has
only been possible to mention the more important
tests employed in analysis, as, since its elevation to
a science during the last century, the tests introduced
by investigators have become almost too numerous to
mention, and no attempt has been made to make a
complete summary.

THE 'WELLCOME' MATEKIA MEUICA ft

GATHERING HYOSCYAMUS

th<; herl:

Hyoscyamtis uigtr, one of the most difficult plants wil
has to deal, is grown from seed sown about March or April. The young plants show
above ground at the end of May or beginning of June. In the autumn they are
separated if too close together. In the following May an aerial stem is developed
which rapidly grows until it reaches the height of three or four feet. The flowering
takes place in June or July, when the crop is harvested.

Reproduced from direct colour photographs taken on the ' IVellcome ' Materia
Medico. Farm, and developed with ' Tabloid' Photographic ( 'hemicals. (See page iSj)

DATURA
METEL

THE 'WELLCOME' MATERIA MEDICA FARM

The posology of vegetable substances was regarded,
until recent years, as necessarily inexact.

The properties present in the roots, leaves or bark of
a medicinal plant are undoubtedly affected by soil,
climate and the other circumstances of its environment
during growth, and vary, according to the season, from
year to year.

It is obvious that the accuracy and care exercised by
the pharmarcist in weighing and measuring drugs for
use in medicine are nullified if the active principles are
variable.

The vital importance of standardisation has always
been recognised by Burroughs Wellcome & Co., standard-
and the steady advance in the chemistry >sation.
of organic substances has opened up new possibilities
with regard to this subject.

The alkaloids, glucosides, resins, essential oils and
other active principles and ingredients of medicinal
plants have been carefully studied, and it has become
possible to determine the suitability of drugs for use in
medicine, not merely by their appearance or form, but
by the far more exact and penetrating methods of
chemical analysis and physiological tests.

The necessity of the standardisation of medicinal
preparations of vegetable origin was forcibly demon-
strated in a paper by Carr and Reynolds, published in
the Chemist and Druggist, which shows, in tabular form,
the very considerable range of variation in the propor-
tion of active principles existing in samples of drugs
bought on the market. Amongst the examples given
are the following : —

WELLCOME' MATKRIA MEDICA FARM

A FIELD OF BELLADONNA

Atrofa belladonna is grown from genuine wild seed. The best crops of 1
are obtained in the second, third or fourth year of the plant's growth, and it
this period that the alkaloidal content is greatest.

LOADING BELLADONNA

The yield ranges from 1-1/2 to 5 tons per acre. The freshly-cut herb is weighed
in bundles and carried straight to the laboratories in a motor trolley. A portion of
the leaves is dried in a few hours in specially ventilated chambers. The roots, which
are collected in the autumn, are sliced in order to accelerate the drying, and so prevent
any undesirable change taking place.

Drug Lowest
percentage

Highest Active principle
percentage determined

Belladonna

(dried herb)

0-23

i -08

Total alkaloids

Broom tops

0-07

I -06

Sparteine Sulphate

Cinchona

Succirubra

ro6

4-64

Quinine and

Cinchonidine

Hydrastis Root

2-3

5'8

Berberine Sulphate

Ipecacuanha

Root (Rio)

0-18

1-83

Emetine

With the introduction of the ' Wellcome ' Brand
standardised galenicals, Burroughs Wellcome & Co.
found it necessary, in order to obtain a
constant supply of herbs of sufficiently high Expert
standard of quality, to grow them under ofg^Th"
their own immediate supervision. The
benefits of conducting a herb farm in conjunction
with the preparation of pharmaceutical products are
many. For instance : —

(1) A drug may be expressed or worked up imme-
diately it has been collected.

(2) Herbs may be dried, if necessary, directly they
are cut, before fermentation and other deteriorative
changes have set in.

(3) Freedom from caprice on the part of collectors,
who, in gathering wild herbs, are very difficult to
control in the matter of adulteration, both accidental
and intentional.

(4) The ability to select and cultivate that particular
strain of a plant which has been found by chemical and
physiological tests to be the most active, and which
gives the most satisfactory preparations. Notable
instances of these are to be found in connection with
Digitalis and Belladonna.

Fortunately, suitable land was available near the
' Wellcome ' Chemical Works at Dartford, and there
the ' Wellcome ' Materia Medica Farm has been
established. Although the greater part of the farm
is devoted to staple crops, a certain section is
set aside for experimental purposes, and here some

GOLDEN SEAL (Hydrastis canadensis)

A crop of Hydrastis grown under a specially-designed lattice
mres the requisite amount of shade.

ucture, which

DIGITALIS IN FLOWER

Digitalis purpurea is obtained from carefully-selected wild seed, and any variations
from the wild type are struck out. Great care is taken in collecting and drying the
leaves, otherwise the medicinal activity would be adversely affected. Blighted, faded
or defective leaves are rejected, and only the finest preserved for use. The chemistry
of the active principles of Digitalis is still obscure, and physiological tests are employed
in standardising B. W. & Co. preparations of this important drug.

interesting and important results have already been
observed. For instance, in connection with the
cultivation of Belladonna, an extended series
of experiments has been carried out, such as ^eellcome,
treating it with different manures and shading Materia
it during growth with coloured fabrics. These 1^™°*
experiments have shown that the yield of
alkaloid is affected to a greater extent by climatic
conditions than by other alterations in environment of
the plant, and serve to confirm that the acknowledged
superiority of English leaves in alkaloidal content is due
to the climate of the country. Experiments made upon
Broom Tops have conclusively proved that the .amount
of sparteine contained in them varies according to the
time of the year, the amount of alkaloid contained
being low during the flowering and growing period, and
increasing during the autumn and winter.

Digitalis is an exceedingly important crop, the whole
of the herb required for the preparation of ' Wellcome '
Brand Concentrated Tincture of Digitalis and Extract
of Digitalis being grown on the farm. By this means
such slight variations in character, as occur in the
Digitalis leaves used for these preparations, have been
reduced to what is necessarily due to the variations of
season from year to year.

Errors due to the inclusion of faulty or untrue
specimens which, according to recent writers on
Digitalis, are always to be found in the collections made
by both amateur and professional herb gatherers among
wild plants, are completely eliminated.

In this way it has been possible to effect a certain
standardisation of the raw material itself, to be
afterwards checked and corrected by the standardisation
of its galenical products, both by chemical analysis and
physiological tests. The following extracts from a
descriptive article which appeared in the Chemist and
Druggist of January 29, 1910, will give some further
idea of the nature and scope of this enterprise : —

" A suitable piece of land for ' a physicke garden '
(had been chosen) on an undulating slope, with here

and there a clump of trees and a strip of wild woodland,
between the river and the North Downs, hard by the
little village of Darenth. No more ideal spot fora herb
farm could have been chosen. It has shade,
an<TaiCh sunshine and moisture, and a fine loamy soil,
experiment varied by sandier uplands. Here the firm
have for the last six years been cultivating
medicinal plants under the immediate superintendence
of pharmaceutical and botanical experts. The farm
was established, firstly, to provide opportunities and
materials for research and experiment, and, secondly,
to supply the manufacturing departments with medicinal
herbs of proper quality.

" A visit to the farm shows that the greater part is
devoted to the cultivation of staples ; but a number of
plots are used for experimental crops. Among such
are meadow saffron (Colchiciun autiimnale}, with its pale-
purple flower. Lavender, peppermint, and French
roses grow side by side. Senega and the unpretentious
taraxacum, with its bright yellow petals, occupy other
spaces. Ginseng, the root that plays so important a
part in Chinese medicine, is also grown. Podophyllum
peltatum, Scopolia atropoides, Datura meteloides, sea
poppy (Glaucum luteum), and Grindelia robusta, are
other plants that one does not usually find growing on a
scale greater than the experimental ; but the plots of
Hydrastis canadensis are botanically and commercially
the most interesting on the farm, in view of the fact that
we are coming within measurable distance of the end of
the natural supply from North America.

" The purpose which Burroughs Wellcome & Co.
had immediately in view when they established this
farm, i. e. supplying the products of the field direct to
their Works, has been fulfilled, and the farm has in
that respect passed the experimental stage, since they
have experienced the benefits of conducting a farm
in conjunction with the production of pharmaceutical
preparations. On the research side, experiment goes
on, especially in regard to selection and cultivation
of strains which have been found by chemical and
physiological tests to be the most active."

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

THE birth of the art of healing goes back to a period
of great antiquity, and the beginnings are almost lost
in the obscurity of bygone centuries. It is extremely
uncertain whether medicine, as an art, was first
practised in Egypt or in China, but recent research
seems to suggest the former, as at the time of the
writing of the Ebers Papyrus, 1550 B.C., the The
Egyptians had a considerable knowledge of wrthof
the use of herbs and other bodies for '
medicinal purposes. The Ebers Papyrus was dis-
covered reposing between the legs of a mummy, and
its no pages are covered with strange prescriptions
for all manner of diseases, some of the recipes being
of incalculable antiquity. The most antient record of
medicine and pharmacy known was discovered at
Kahun, near the pyramid of Illahun, in 1889. It dates
from the twelfth dynasty, 2700 to 2500 B.C., more than
a thousand years before the Exodus.

Apart from the evidence of the Papyri, we have
ample proof that pharmacy was practised among the
antient Egyptians, from the discoveries of medicine
chests and large goatskin pouches in which roots, barks
and herbs were stored and carried.

One of these antient equipments was discovered at
Thebes. The inner case is composed of Anantient
plaited papyrus reeds, and divided into six Egyptian
compartments, each containing an elegant
alabaster medicine jar, the whole being enclosed in
an outer wooden case of massive proportions and

beautiful workmanship. Yet, despite the size of this
unique chest, the medical supplies it contained were of
the most meagre description.

The enormous size and clumsy proportions assumed

by the medicine chest in the sixteenth century may

be imagined when the fact be considered that

Elizabethan Fabricius, a noted Swiss physician of that

period, recommended that the military chest

should be furnished with no less than 362 varieties

of medicine, some of which contained as many as

64 ingredients.

That the military medical equipments of the
seventeenth century were not only cumbersome, but
expensive to transport, is evident from an entry
in the Exchequer MSS., which records that
Arrniwells ^n I^5° each surgeon in the Cromwellian
Army was provided with a medicine chest,
a horse to draw it, and a man to look after the horse,
at a cost equivalent in present-day money to forty-five
pounds for the chest, thirty pounds for the horse,
and two guineas weekly for the keep of the animal
and its attendant.

At the time of the Crimean War, owing to the large
doses of liquid medicines employed, medicine chests
were still of enormous size and unwieldy form, or, if

l^fc*!

sntern porary drawing

small, they were furnished with the most meagre
supplies. The difficulties presented by transport and
by the susceptibility to climatic influences of the

medicines then available, were practically insuperable,
and the horrors of disease and death which resulted
from inadequate medical supplies were almost beyond
description. Equally terrible were the experiences of
the Wolseley Ashanti Expedition of 1873, the medical
equipments of which were fitted out according to
old-time methods.

With the advent of 'Tabloid' Chests and Cases
it was recognised that the dangers and inconveniences
associated with inadequate and cumbersome medical
equipments could be for ever relegated to the past.

•TABLOID' MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS IN MILITARY
CAMPAIGNS

Without exception, ' Tabloid ' Medical Equipments
have been used in all the campaigns of the last twenty-
five years, and have played an important part in
combating the diseases which seem inseparable from
an army in the field.

One of the ' T

During and immediately after the Turco-Grecian War,
in 1897, many accounts appeared of the 'Tabloid'
Equipments used by the British and foreign medical

ISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

men who had volunteered their services in the cause
of humanity. The following report was made by one
of the medical officers in charge : —

"I had with me during the campaign one of the
cases containing ' Tabloid ' Drugs, and also one of the
Emergency Dispensing Belts supplied by this same firm
(Burroughs Wellcome & Co.)- The Emergency Dispensing
Belt was slung round my dragoman, George.

"When I landed at Nolo to receive and attend the wounded
soldiers as they came down from the battlefield of Nelestrino,
I found it of inestimable value. The ' Tabloid ' Case was

the only dispensary I had. All medicines were
Case the dispensed by means of the case to the soldiers on
dis'y nsar the hospital ship, as well as to those afterwards in

the English hospital organised at the Piraeus.
I would mention that I found the 'Soloid' Corrosive
Sublimate for making antiseptic solutions especially useful
when dressing wounds. In fact, I consider no expedition
would be complete without a supply of ' Tabloid ' Medicines,
whether it be in the ' Tabloid ' Cases or Emergency
Dispensing Belts."

A medical officer who served as Special War Corres-
pondent to the Lancet through many campaigns, makes
the following report : —

" It affords me infinite satisfaction to state that I have
myself for some years dispensed, and have also seen
administered by medical officers of both Naval and Military

Services, Burroughs Wellcome & Co.'s 'Tabloid'
Sudan, preparations during the Sudan, Ashanti, Benin, and
Benin, ' recent South African Campaigns. I cannot refrain
Africa fr°m expressing my opinions as to their distinct and

marked superiority over the medicinal preparations
of former days. They are far more portable, very acceptable
so far as the palate is concerned, far less liable to absorb
damp on service during rapid changes of climate, are always
found exact as to their dose-weight, and. what is of far more
importance, retain their efficiency much longer than any
other medicinal products I know of.

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

"Scales and weights can be dispensed with, and much
valuable time is saved both to patient and doctor, as the
dispensary — multum in parvo, in fact — can be carried by
the prescriber in his hand, or in front of him on cycle or
horse. During my recent experience amongst the goldfields
of Ashanti, W. A., under conditions the most severe and
trying, these ' Tabloid ' Medicines could always be depended
upon. The firm of Burroughs Wellcome & Co. are
deservedly to be congratulated upon the marked scientific
advance they have made in pharmaceutical reform."

Ashanti Campaign, 1895-6
:toh;,7 OH'

During the Chitral and Indian frontier campaigns, the
utility of ' Tabloid ' Medical Equipments was further
demonstrated, and the following extract from the Official
Government Report made by the Chief Medical Officer
of the last British Military Expedition to Ashanti, West
Africa, is a striking testimony to their value for military
purposes.

" The supply of medicines, both as to quality and quantity,
left nothing to be desired. There was no scarcity of any-
thing. The ' Tabloid ' medicines were found to be most
convenient and of excellent quality. To be able to take out
at once the required dose of any medicine without having
to weigh or measure it, is a convenience that cannot be
expressed in words. Time is saved to an extent that can

106 HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

hardly be realised, and so is space, for a fitted dispensary,
or even a dispensary table, is unnecessary. The quality

of medicines was so good that no other should be
^Jrica taken into the field. The cases supplied are almost

ideal ones for the Government. They are light yet
strong, and the arrangement of the materials and medicines
is as nearly perfect as possible."

Burroughs Wellcome & Co. also supplied the medical
equipment for the Niger- Sudan Campaign of 1896-7.
Reports by an expeditionary officer to the Royal Niger
Company, which were published in the Lancet of
February, 1898, speak unreservedly of the immense
advantages of ' Tabloid ' Equipments.

During the war with Spain, in Cuba and subse-
quently in the Philippines, the utility of 'Tabloid'
Medical Equipments was again tested and confirmed.
Cub In the Anglo- Egyptian campaign in the

Philippines, Sudan, which culminated in the complete
overthrow of Dervish rule, and the death
of the Mahdi, ' Tabloid ' Equipments were largely
employed, and they were highly appreciated in the
triumphant march " with Kitchener to Khartoum."

' Tabloid ' Medicine Cases were extremely popular
also with the war correspondents who accom-
panied the armies on the various campaigns. The
list of journalists who have carried ' Tabloid ' Cases
includes such world-famous names as Bennett Burleigh,
L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell, Frederick Villiers, William
Maxwell, and the late G. W. Steevens.

HOSPITAL SHIPS AND ARMY HOSPITALS

1 Tabloid ' Cases and products were carried by
H.R.H. The Princess of Wales' Hospital
Equipment Ship, by H.R.H. Princess Christian's Hospital
Hospital Train, and by the Hospital Ships Trojan and
"Maine" Spartan, whilst the entire medical equipment
of the American Ladies' Hospital Ship
Maine was supplied by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

Referring to this equipment, the Lancet (London, Kng.)
reported : —

" The whole of the medical outfit has been supplied by
Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

ni! rn<f •:< •

md supplied to. the Hospital Ship "Mail

" One of the medicine chests supplied by this firm is in
tooled leather, designed by Mr. Henry S. Wellcome. On
the top panel appear the Union Jack and the Stars and Stripes
entwined, portraits of Queen Victoria, George Washington,
and President McKinley, and representations of the American
Eagle and British Lion. The front and other panels bear
symbolic designs indicating the bond of union between the
English and American peoples. Prominently inscribed on
the chest are Keble's line, ' No distance breaks the tie of
blood,' and Ambassador Bayard's notable phrase, ' Our Kin
across the Sea.' "

This beautiful cabinet contains a number of smaller
cases fitted with ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid ' products
and ' Tabloid ' Hypodermic Outfits, and is in itself a
compact and complete dispensary.

In addition to the 'Tabloid' outfits supplied to the
hospital ships, army hospitals and regular field service,
saddle-cases fitted with 'Tabloid ' and ' Soloid ' products
were supplied to the medical officers of the Yeomanry
Battalions and to those attached to the Colonial
contingents during the campaign in South Africa.

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

These few of the many instances of the employment
of 'Tabloid' equipments during the Boer War bring
the history of medical equipment down to recent
times. Yet the subject has been outlined only, and
these examples are but links in the association of
modern medical equipments with ' Tabloid ' outfits. In

One of tlie • T t

specially designed for, and
supplied to, the troops
from the various British
Colonies, for use in the
South African Campaign

frontier campaigns and punitive expeditions against
savage and half-civilised tribes, and in the great wars of
modern times — in fact, whenever it has been recognised
that the success of the expedition and the lives and
health of its members must depend on the portability,
accuracy of dosage and keeping qualities of the drugs
to be used, 'Tabloid' equipments have been chosen,
and have invariably been found to fulfil every
requirement.

'TABLOID' MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS IN EXPLORING
EXPEDITIONS

Having briefly outlined the history of medical
supplies in military campaigns, it may be of interest
to review the methods adopted by the leading
explorers in their fight against the terrors of disease.
Furnished with old-time equipments, the early
explorers of Africa were doomed to undergo the
usual heartrending experiences.

MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

"When I think [said the late Sir H. M. STANLEY in the
course of one of his lectures] of the dreadful mortality of
Capt. TUCKEY'S Expedition in 1816, of the NIGER
Expedition in 1841, of the sufferings of BURTON Burtoif,'
and SPEKE, and of my own first two expeditions, andk
I am amazed to find that much of the mortality
and sickness was due to the crude way in which medicines
were supplied to travellers. The very recollection causes me
to shudder. "

But a new power was placed in the hands of the
explorer. Scientific knowledge, skill and ingenuity
had forged a new and potent weapon to fight the
ravages of disease. The marked improvement which
occurred is seen when we turn to a later speech
by the same great explorer, in which he said : —

" In my early expeditions into Africa, there was one secret
wish which endured with me always, and that was to
ameliorate the miseries of African explorers. Plow _
it was to be done, I knew not ; who was to do experi-
it, I did not know. But I made the acquaintance
of Messrs. BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co. As soon as
I came in sight of their preparations and their works,
I found the consummation of my secret wish. On my later
expeditions I had all the medicines that were required
for my black men, as well as my white men, beautifully
prepared, and in most elegant fashion arranged in the smallest
medicine chest it was ever my lot to carry into Africa."

In his books, Founding the Congo Free State and
In Darkest Africa, the late Sir H. M. STANLEY
wrote in the very highest terms of 'Tabloid' Medical
Equipments.

The late Surgeon- Major PARKE, Stanley's Medical
Officer, in his Guide to Health in Africa, writes : —

' ' The medicinal preparations which I have throughout
recommended are those of BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.,
as I have found, after a varied experience of «None
the different forms in which drugs are prepared can
for foreign use, that there are none which can
compare with them [' Tabloid ' products] for convenience of

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

portability in transit, and for unfailing reliability in strength
of dose after prolonged exposure. "

One of the 'TABI
the late air H. M.
brought back as

L KY throughout the Blmii
yenir, with the remaining

C H K B T a carried by
Relief Expedition, and

Contents
tested by
the
••' Lancet

Amongst other cases used during STANLEY'S travels,
is the famous " Rear Guard " ' Tabloid ' Medicine
Case, which remained in the swampy forest
regions of the Aruwhimi for nearly four
years, and was more than once actually sub-
merged in the river. When it was brought
back to London, the remaining contents were tested
by the official analyst of the Lancet, who reported that
the 'Tabloid' medicaments had perfectly preserved

their efficacy.

L:ofdi-,'l •

At this point it is of interest to turn to the ' Tabloid '
Medicine Chest (illustrated on next page) which was
discovered near Kenia, in the Aruwhimi Dwarf
Country. It was the last chest supplied to EMIN
Emin Pasha PASHA> GORDON'S Governor of the Equatorial

Sudan. This chest was taken by Arabs when
EMIN PASHA was massacred in 1892, and was recaptured
by BARON DHANIS, Commandant of the Congo Free
State troops, after the battle of Kasongo. It was
subsequently stolen by natives, and finally recovered

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

by an officer of the Congo Free State, and returned
to BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.

The following acknowledgment of its receipt was
sent by Emin Pasha before setting out on his final
expedition to Central Africa: —

" Gentlemen, — I found the medicine chest you forwarded me
fully stocked. I need not tell you that its very completeness
made bound my heart. Articles like those could not be made
but at the hand of the greatest artists in their own depart-
ment. If any one relieved from intense pain pours out his
blessings, they will come home to you.

' ' I should like to expatiate somewhat longer on the
intrinsical value, but sickness preventing me to do so. I wish
you to believe me,

Messrs. BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co."

Sir Sven Hedin, whose recent remarkable achieve-
ment in the exploration of Central Asia, when
he set foot in one of the sacred forbidden Hedfn's"
cities of Tibet, is well known, took with him medicine
on his journey across the Himalayas a
' Tabloid' Medicine Chest, and in his fascinating book,

112 HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

" Trans- Himalaya," he speaks in the highest terms of
the utility and completeness of the equipment.

To this enterprising explorer his ' Tabloid ' Medicine
Chest was of great use, not only in providing medical
treatment for his followers and himself on their long
and perilous march, but also in his diplomatic relations
with the great Tashi-Lama.

We are indebted to the courtesy of his publishers,
Messrs. Macmillan, for permission to quote the follow-
ing interesting description by Sir Sven Hedin
of of the presentation of his ' Tabloid ' Medicine

friendship chest as an offering of friendship, in accord-
ance with Oriental custom, to the venerated chief of
the Buddhist religious community at Tashi-Lunpo : —

" ' Bombo Chimbo' (the name by which Dr. Sven Hedin
was known), we know that you are a friend of the Tashi-
Lama, and we are at your service."

ah.

When we had conversed for two hours I made a move
to leave him, but the Tashi-Lama pushed me back on to
the chair and said, ' No, stay a little longer.' Now was the
time to present my offering. The elegant English medicine
chest was taken out of its silk cloth, opened and exhibited,
and excited his great admiration and lively interest ; every-
thing must be explained to him. The hypodermic syringe
in its tasteful case, with all its belongings, especially
delighted him. Two monks of the medical faculty were
sent for several days running to write down in Tibetan the
contents of the various ' Tabloid ' boxes and the use of the
medicines."

FOR TRAVELLERS AND TOURISTS

' Tabloid ' Equipments, however, are not intended
exclusively for military and exploring expeditions, but
have a far wider range of usefulness. Their utility
extends to the traveller and tourist who, for knowledge
or pleasure, may be going " far from the busy haunts of

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

men." That 'Tabloid' outfits are regarded as being
an indispensable adjunct to the equipment is proved by
the large number of world-famous travellers who have
provided themselves with ' Tabloid ' Chests and Cases.

For the Egypt and India Tour in 1902, H.R.H. The
Duke of Connaught was provided with a Duke of
'Tabloid 'Equipment. The medical equipment connaught
was also supplied by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. for
the journey to Japan, in 1905, of Prince Arthur of
Connaught.

Another world-wide traveller, Mr. Harry de Windt,
the story of whose wanderings forms an interesting
record of modern travel, carried a 'Tabloid' outfit
upon his great journey across Siberia. In the account
of his travels, Mr. de Windt emphasises the great help
and value the equipment has been to him.

Coming down to a quite recent date, still more
testimony is forthcoming of the esteem in which the
1 Tabloid ' Products are universally held. For Mr Roose
his hunting expedition in Africa, Ex- President veit'ssatis-
Roosevelt was supplied with a ' Tabloid ' faction
Congo Medicine Chest. Upon Mr. Roosevelt's return
to the United States of America, the Medical Officer
in charge of the expedition, Lieutenant-Colonel
E. A. Mearns, writing from the National Museum,
Washington, to Burroughs Wellcome & Co. respecting
the chest, states : —

" We found it very satisfactory and useful."

These commendations of 'Tabloid' Chests and
Cases, expressed after the outfits have successfully
withstood the rough usage inseparable from travel,
sufficiently attests to the excellence of the products of
Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

'TABLOID' OUTFITS FOR AVIATORS

From the early days of aerial navigation when
Andree, in his historic attempt to reach the North

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

Pole, took with him a ' Tabloid ' Brand Medicine
Chest as his sole medical equipment, the products
of Burroughs Wellcome & Co., have occupied an
important position in the outfit of the airman.

On his brilliant flight from London to Manchester,
Paulhan carried a ' Tabloid ' Brand First-Aid

and had occasion to make use of the contents
during his journey. M. Paulhan subsequently wrote to
Burroughs Wellcome & Co., and in his letter, says : —

" Je profite de cette occasion pour vous exprimer le plaisir
que j'ai eu de porter avec moi durant le vol que j'ai fait
de Londres a Manchester une trousse Premiers-Secours
'Tabloid.'"

Chavez, the intrepid conqueror of the Alps, was also
provided with a ' Tabloid ' First-Aid on his flight from
Brieg, in Switzerland, to Domo d'Ossola, in Italy.

It is probable that to fly across the Atlantic is the
crowning ambition of almost every airman of note, and
is regarded by them as the blue riband of the aerial
world. Although this much- coveted honour has yet
to be won, recent developments furnish abundant

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

evidence that the task is by no means to be relegated
to the realms of the impossible. The surprising result
of Wellman's determined effort to be the first airman
to cross the Atlantic, clearly indicates that
™e jt is only a matter of time to when this object

night ° wu"l De an accomplished fact. When pre-
paring for his flight, no efforts were spared
by Wellman to make the attempt a successful one.
His outfit — which included a ' Tabloid ' medical
equipment — had of necessity to be extremely restricted
and compact, and was selected with great discrimina-
tion and judgment.

In expressing his keen appreciation of the equipment
Mr. Wellman states : —

"Dear Sirs, — We are glad to inform you that your
' Tabloid ' Medical Equipment was the only one carried in
the airship "America" during one thousand miles flight
over the Atlantic Ocean. We had several occasions to use
its contents for minor troubles, and found it complete and
wholly satisfactory, which was but repeating the experience
I have had with your equipments in my expeditions to the
Arctic regions.

" Sincerely yours,"
(Signed)

In the long-distance balloon voyage from London
to Siberia, organised by the Daily Graphic, the
aeronauts who accomplished the journey were supplied
with ' Tabloid ' Cases. Count Zeppelin, also, has
spoken most appreciatively of the utility of ' Tabloid '
Outfits.

It is thus evident that 'Tabloid' products have, by
their lightness, compactness and portability, fulfilled
in every particular the essential requirements of this
method of locomotion.

South Polar Regions

ONE OF THE 'TABLOID' MEDICINE CHESTS

USED BY COMMANDER R. E. PEARY

Commander PEARY, to whose record stands the
achievement of having reached the North Pole,
writing from Etah, Greenland, reports : —

"BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co. 'Tabloid' Medicine
Cases and Supplies have proven invaluable."

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

THE 'TABLOID' MEDICINE CASE CARRIED

"FARTHEST SOUTH"
BY SIR ERNEST H. SHACKLETON

The full record of this case, as given in the report of the Surgeon to
the Expedition, is printed below

Copy of Report dated Sept. 17, 1909 :—

The B. W. & Co. Brown Leather ' Tabloid' Case herewith

was :

Taken with party of six that made the ascent and
reached summit of Mount Erebus, 13,350 ft., March
5th- nth, 1908.

Used on Southern Journey under Lieut. Shackleton
*Oct. 28th, igoS-March 4th, 1909.
Latitude 88° 23' S. Longitude 162° E.
Distance covered in this journey, 1728 statute miles.
Used on S. Depot Laying Party, from Sept. 2Oth to
Oct. I5th, 1908. Distance covered, 311 miles.
Taken on Depot journeys to Hut Point.
Aggregating 150 statute miles.
Medicines quite satisfactory.

Signed
E. P. MARSHALL, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.

Siirgeon to the British Antarctic

Expedition, 1907-9
* Reached " Farthest South," Jan. g, 1909

1ISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

•TABLOID' MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS IN ARCTIC AND
ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION

' Tabloid ' Medical Equipments have been used with
remarkable success in the Arctic and Antarctic expedi-
tions associated with the names of NANSEN, PEARY,
JACKSON-HARMSWORTH, the DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI,
SCOTT, and SHACKLETON. The belts and other ' Tabloid '
Equipments supplied to NANSEN for his journey

speditic

" Farthest North," and those used by the JACKSON-
HARMSWORTH ARCTIC EXPEDITION, are now added to
BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.'s collection of historic
outfits. In his report, the surgeon to the latter
expedition says : —

' ' I find that the ' Tabloid ' drugs are most convenient,
especially in circumstances such as we are placed in. "

Another ' Tabloid ' Medical Equipment of exceptional
interest was that supplied to Commander R. E. PEARY
for use with his former Arctic Expedition.

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

The belt illustrated below formed part of the Pram's
medical equipment, which was supplied by Burroughs
Wellcome & Co.

one of the •TiB,,olD' BRi.vD 1I»BI0IK, B.I.TS carried by S A. 8 , „
on his Arctic Expedition

<-'. 'r: °&8

The Canadian Government exploration vessel
Arctic which sailed last year for the Far North, was
provided with ' Tabloid ' Medicines. Before sailing,
Captain Bernier, who is in command, expressed him-
self as being very pleased with his equipment.

carried by the D i
z i ' s Polar Expeditior

The ITALIAN ARCTIC EXPEDITION, commanded by
the DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI, found that, despite
the fact that the northern latitude of
86° 33' 49" was reached, the 'Tabloid' £»^
Medicine Chests and Cases with which the
Expedition was equipped were brought back with their
remaining contents quite unaffected by the rigour of
the climate.

ilSTOKlCAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

THE NATIONAL ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION

The entire medical outfit of the National Antarctic
Expedition was furnished by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.,
and on the return of the Discovery, with the members of
the Expedition on board, the medical officer made a
highly satisfactory report on the ' Tabloid ' Medical
Equipment.

In August, 1901, the Discovery left England, and
in the following January crossed the limit of the
Antarctic Circle. Having passed the farthest eastward
point attained by Ross sixty years before, the
explorers discovered a new land, which they
ExpST' named King Edward VII. Land. One of the
most noteworthy features of the Expedition
was the arduous sledge journey undertaken by
the commander, Captain SCOTT, accompanied by
Lieutenant SHACKLETON and Dr. WILSON. This
journey over the ice occupied three months, and the
record latitude of 82° 17' South was reached. On
sledge journeys the question of weight is of great

by the National Antarctic Expedition

moment. The traveller, on such occasions, must carry
but the barest necessaries, and of these the lightest
procurable. The medicine chest is an important item,
for upon the efficiency of its contents the lives of the
explorers may depend. Every drug carried must be
of the utmost reliability, in the most compact state, and
capable of withstanding an extremely low temperature.

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS l&J

To the enthusiasm of Sir CLEMENTS MARKHAM,
K.C.B., then President of the Royal Geographical
Society, the successful organisation of the Expedition
is largely due. Referring to the 'Tabloid' Medical
Equipment of the Discovery, he reports : —

National Antarctic Expedition,
t, Saviie Row,

Burlington Gardens, W.

The Medical Equipment of the Exploring Ship of the
National Antarctic Expedition was entirely supplied
by Messrs Burroughs Wellcome & Co. , and, proved in

The few other drugs and preparations which were taken
with the Expedition were only supplied for purposes
of experiment, and, can in no way be regarded as
part of the medical equipment.

124 HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

DR. K<ETTLIT/, the Senior Medical Officer to the
Expedition, reports: —

"Discovery ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION

' ' The Medical Equipment of the Discovery Exploring
Ship, of the National Antarctic Expedition, was entirely
supplied by Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome & Co., mostly in
the form of ' Tabloid,' ' Soloid ' and ' Enule ' preparations.

" The preparations proved, in every way, most satisfactory,
and there was no deterioration of any of them, in spite of
the conditions of climate and temperature to which they were
exposed. The few other drugs and preparations which were
taken with the Expedition were only taken for purposes of
experiment.

' ' The cases supplied by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. to us
have also been found satisfactory ; the small leather one was
very useful upon sledge journeys, being light and compact.
The No. 251 ' Tabloid' Case was used for some weeks at the
camp eleven miles north of the ship, when the whole ship's
company was engaged in sawing and blasting the ice, and it
was found very convenient.

"The other cases were useful in our cabins, etc., for u
handy supply."

The relief ship Morning was also provided with a
' Tabloid ' Medical Equipment, and the Medical Officer,
Dr. GEORGE DAVIDSON, sends the following report : —

"ANTARCTIC RELIEF SHIP Morning
' ' I wish very heartily to express my perfect satisfaction with
the medical equipment which was supplied to the Antarctic
Relief Ship Morning by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.
When I say that it was compact, yet complete, that every-
thing was just to hand, that during a period of two years and
three months I was never at a loss to find just the medicine
I wanted, and that without delay, I need say no more to
emphasise the extraordinary convenience which a ' Tabloid '
and ' Soloid ' outfit is to a ship such as ours, whether at

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

sea or in the ice. I found the ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid '
products to remain unchanged throughout the whole period
of my commission, and to equal in efficacy the best medical
preparations I have yet had occasion to use. It is
impossible to realise without experience how much can be
condensed by this mode of exhibition in a very small space.
I strongly advise all intending explorers to betake them-
selves to Burroughs Wellcome & Co. for their medical
equipment, and they will not be disappointed. "

(f««*at H- ^ o*» cck o n
Jfer

From Dr. EDWARD WILSON, who was in charge
of some of the sledge journeys from the Discovery,
the following report has been received : —

" Discovery ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION
" Though there was but little serious illness on the
Discovery during the recent Antarctic Expedition, the
' Tabloid ' preparations and the cases were put to a fairly
rigorous test, not only in the ship, but on the various
sledge journeys that were undertaken, during which they
experienced temperatures as low as 68° below zero, and
much rough handling, without any loss in efficiency and
usefulness. Certain of the ' Tabloid ' Ophthalmics were
freely used for snow blindness, and were found to be most
convenient."

The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, covering
a period of nearly two years, and comprising two
separate voyages of the Scotia, was brought to a very
satisfactory termination. To the Scotia belongs the
distinction of having attained the latitude of 74° i'
South. BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co. supplied the
entire medical equipment, which gave the utmost
satisfaction, and were very favourably reported on
by Dr. J. H. HARVEY PIRIE, the Medical Officer of
the Scotia.

In each instance the medicine chests were brought
back, and the remaining contents were found to have
retained their therapeutic activity, notwithstanding the
rigour of the climate to which they had been subjected.

126 HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

Sir ERNEST H. SHACKLETON, on his memorable
voyage with the Nimrod, when he penetrated to within
ninety-seven miles of the South Pole, took with him,
as his sole medical equipment, ' Tabloid ' Medicine
Chests and Cases, and the subjoined report shows that
under the trying and difficult conditions of Antarctic
exploration, ' Tabloid ' medicines maintained their
reputation for efficiency and stability.

Copy of Report dated Sept. 17, 1909: —

The British Antarctic Expedition, 1907-9, was equipped
with a very complete Medical Equipment contracted for
solely by Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome & Co., and consisting
of ' Soloid ' and ' Tabloid ' Preparations, which are the only
forms that can be conveniently carried and preserved under
such conditions.

The packets of Compressed Dressings are an extremely
convenient form.

The Congo Cases (No. 251, ' Tabloid' Brand) were always
used when at our base, and both the party of three who
reached the South Magnetic Pole, and the party under
Lieut. Shackleton, who attained a point 97 miles from the
Geographical South Pole, carried a brown leather ' Tabloid '
Case, and all the ' Tabloid : products that remain are now in
as good condition as when first handed over to my care two
years ago.

The Nimrod was also supplied with ' Tabloid ' Cases and
Equipment.

The ' Tabloid ' Photographic Outfit supplied by
Burroughs Wellcome & Co. proved entirely satisfactory.

Signed
BRITISH ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION, 1907-9

ERNEST H. SHACKLETON

Commander

ERIC P. MARSHALL, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P.
Surgeon to the Expedition

HISTORICAL MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

S.S. " N I M ROD "

HTION, 1907-9

The entire medical equipment of this Expedition was furnished by
Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

THE SMALLEST MEDICINE CHEST IN THE WORLD

This tiny gold medicine chest is fitted with twelve square
medicine chest bottles containing 300 doses of ' Tabloid ' Brand
Medicaments, equivalent to 15 pints of fluid medicine.

3LOID BRAND

HYPODERMIC POCKET-CASES
'TABLOID' BRAND

[» B. W. & Co.]
Special Designs, the property of Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

The word 'TABLOID1 is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. This brand should always
be specified when ordering.

'TABLOID' Hypodermic Pocket-Cases provide complete
armamentaria for hypodermic work. Primarily intended for
emergency purposes, such essentials as compact-
ness and convenience in use have received the ^ *'at
fullest attention, and with unique result. A full pocket
equipment of hypodermic drugs of utmost reliability
and accuracy of dosage, together with syringe and needles,
may, by means of a ' Tabloid ' Hypodermic Outfit, be carried
easily in the waistcoat-pocket.

Hypodermic ' Tabloid ' Brand Pocket-Cases are issued in
gold, silver, gun-metal, nickel-plated metal, or aluminium,
and in a great variety of plain and fancy leathers. Each
contains a B. W. & Co. Hypodermic Syringe with needles,
and from five to fifteen tubes of ' Tabloid ' Brand Hypodermic
products, etc.

No. 3. HYPODERMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND POCKET-CASE

In Cowhide, Pigskin,
Crocodile, Morocco, Seal
and other fine leathers.
Fitted with twelve tubes
of 'Tabloid' Hypodermic
products, a B. W. & Co.
Nickel-Plated Hypodermic
Syringe, two regular steel
needles, etc.

HYPODERMIC 'T.
POCKET-CASE

Siiuurements ' 3j X if

MODERN MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

No. 7. HYPODERMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND POCKET-CASE

With special detach-
able aseptic frame of
novel design, and re-
volving rack (nickel-
plated). Fitted with
twelve tubes of
'Tabloid' Hypo-
dermic products,
a B. W. & Co.
Nickel - Plated
Syringe, one explor-
ing and two regular
steel needles, etc.
This Case, after the
removal of the tubes
of Hypodermic pro-
ducts, may be steri-
lised with ease. In
Gun-metal, Alu-
minium, or Silver.

No. 7. HYPODERMIC ' TABLOID '
POCKET-CASE

Measurements : 3$ X 3j X £ i

No. 10. ASEPTIC HYPODERMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND
POCKET-CASE

This Case is a model of compact completeness. It is made of nickel-
plated metal, each edge and
corner being smoothly rounded.
It contains a B. W. & Co.
All-Glass Aseptic Hypodermic
Syringe, with detachable nickel-
plated finger-grip, and two regu-
lar steel needles enclosed in a pro-
tective tube. Each part of the
syringe is separately held in a
holdfast clip.

The tubes of 'Tabloid' Hypo-
dermic products, five in number,
are carried in a hinged rack,
which securely holds them when
the case is closed, and which, when
swung outwards, allows of the
easy withdrawal of the desired
tube. Complete with doeskin
cover.

No. 10. ASEPTIC HYPODERMIC

'TABLOID' BRAND POCKET-CASE

Measurements : 2j X if X j in.

No. 20. ASEPTIC HYPODERMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND
POCKET-CASE

Fitted with ten tubes of ' Tabloid ' Hypodermic products, a small glass
phial, stoppered and capped, for ether or distilled water, a B. W. & Co.

HYPODERMIC POCKET-CASES,

All-Glass Hypodermic Syringe (each part securely held by a separate
clip), two steel needles in a protective tube, finger-grip, etc. In
nickel-plated metal, complete with doeskin cover.

No. 20. ASEPTIC HYPODERMIC ' TABLOID ' BRAND POCKET-CASE
Measurements : 4j X If X f in.

No. 21. HYPODERMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND POCKET-CASE
Measurements : 4 X si x ij in. Fitted with nine tubes of ' Tabloid '

Hypodermic prod

Syringe, with two steel needl

for sterilised water, capsule of et

leathers.

a B. W. & Co. Nickel-Plated Hypodermic
small phial, glass-stoppered and capped,
her etc. In Morocco and other fine

ASEPTIC

No. 23. ASEPTIC HYPODERMIC ' TAI
BRAND POCKET-CASE

HYPODERMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND
POCKET-CASE

metal or Solid Silver,
with special detachable
nickel- plated aseptic
frame and revolving rack.
Contents same as those
of No. 21 Case, with
the addition of a steel
exploring needle. This
Case, after the removal
of the tubes of 'Tabloid'
Hypodermic products,
may readily be steril-
ised.

MODERN MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

No. 32. ASEPTIC HYPODERMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND
POCKET-CASE (The Mussel Shell)

OPEN CLOSED

No. 32. ASEPTIC HYPODERMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND POCKET-CASE

(The Mussel Shell)
Measurements : 3j X If X f in.

In nickel-plated metal, occupies very little space, and is conveniently
shaped for the pocket. Fitted with a B. W. & Co. Nickel-Plated
Hypodermic Syringe, one exploring and two regular steel needles, and
five tubes of ' Tabloid ' Hypodermic products. The Case is also supplied
fitted with a B. W. & Co. All-Glass Aseptic Hypodermic Syringe, etc. (as
illustrated), but without ' Tabloid ' Hypodermic products. Complete
with leather or doeskin cover.

No. 40. ASEPTIC HYPODERMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND
POCKET-CASE (The Mussel Shell)

A particularly efficient and convenient
pocket - case. The component parts
are held securely in clips and rack.
The spring catch, of improved design,
is most effective in use, whereby
maximum security is attained. The
case contains a B. W. & Co. All-Glass
Hypodermic Syringe, with detachable
finger-grip, two regular steel needles,
one exploring needle, and five tubes

No. 40. ASEPTIC HYPODERM.C °f <Tabloid' Hypodermic products.
TABLOID 'BRAND POCKET-CASE etc. In nickel-plated metal, com-

(The Mussel Shell)
Measurements: 3* X i| X 3 in P'ete with doeskin cover.

HYPODERMIC AND OPHTHALMIC POCKET-CASES, 'TABLOID' BRAND 133

HYPODERMIC AND OPHTHALMIC POCKET-CASES

'TABLOID' BRAND [» B. W. & Co.]

No. so. HYPODERMIC AND OPHTHALMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND
POCKET-CASE (The "British Army Regulation")

In Aluminium. Contains thir-
teen tubes of ' Tabloid ' Hypo-
dermic products, ten tubes of
'Tabloid' Ophthalmic products,
two camel-hair brushes, a pair of
minute forceps, and a card
giving a summary of the chief
uses of the products. Being easily
carried in the waistcoat-pocket,
this Case is extremely well adapted
for emergency use.

No. 80. HYPODERMIC AND Oi>
MIC ' TABLOID ' BRAND POCKET-CASE
(The "British Army Regulation ")
Measurements: 3j X 2j X f in.

OPHTHALMIC POCKET-CASES
'TABLOID' BRAND [« B. W. & Co.]

Special Designs, the property of Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

The word 'TABLOID' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

' TABLOID ' Ophthalmic Pocket-Cases are the most compact
and complete equipments for ophthalmic work. In a space of
two or three cubic inches they contain supplies of active and
accurately-divided ophthalmic products, solution-dropper, camel-
hair brushes, etc. , etc.

OPHTHALMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND

POCKET-CASE

In nickel-plated metal. Fitted
with nine tubes of ' Tabloid ' and
' Soloid ' Ophthalmic products
in nickel-plated rack, vulcanite
rod, solution - dropper, mortar,
pestle, and two camel-hair
brushes. The Case, after the
removal of the contents, may be
readily sterilised. Complete with
doeskin cover.

Xo. 91. ASEPTIC OPHTHALMIC
TABLOID' BRAND POCKET-CASE

Measurements : 2} X lj X }

MODERN MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

No. 92. ASEPTIC OPHTHALMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND
POCKET-CASE (The Mussel Shell)

In nickel-plated metal. Fitted with
seven tubes of ' Tabloid ' Ophthalmic
products, mortar, pestle, vulcanite
rod, solution -dropper and two camel-
hair brushes. The shape and size
of this Case make it specially suitable
for carrying in the waistcoat-pocket.
After removal of the contents, the
Case can readily be sterilised. Com-
plete with doeskin cover.

No. 92. ASEPTIC OPHTHALMIC
'TABLOID' BRAND POCKET-CASE

(The Mussel Shell)
Measurements: 2J X lj X ft in.

MEDICINE POCKET-CASES, 'TABLOID' BRAND
[» B. W. & Co.]

Special Designs, the property of Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

The word 'TABLOID1 is a brand which designates fine products

issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

'TABLOID' Medicine Pocket-Cases are compact equipments
of pure, active drugs, divided, ready for administration, into
For accurate doses. They enable practitioners to have

emergen- always with them an equipment of reliable medicines
specially for emergency use. ' Tabloid ' Pocket-Cases
are recognised as an essential in the equipment of physicians
practising in country districts.

When weighing and measuring are impossible, and when the
carriage of liquids is impracticable, the convenience and the
extreme portability of 'Tabloid' Medicine Pocket-Cases, which
enable the physician to dispense emergency medicines at the
time of his visit, will be fully appreciated.

No. 115. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE POCKKT-CASE

phials filled with
'Tabloid 'Brand pro-
acts, etc. In Seal.
kin, Cowhide,

Morocco and other

===;=-— —>

115. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINK fine leathers.

POCKET-CASE

Measurements : 8} X 3j X 1 J iu.

135

'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE POCKET-CASE

This Case, which is some-
what larger and more compre-
hensive than the No. 115
Case, contains sixteen A oz.
phials of 'Tabloid' Brand
products, etc. In Cowhide,
Pigskin, Crocodile, Morocco
and other fine leathers,
o. 117. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE

POCKET-CASK. ileasurements : 7j X -1 X 3 in.

NO. 124. 'TABLOID' BRAND /MEDICINE POCKET-CASE

Fitted with from sixteen to
twenty-four tubes of Tabloid '
Brand products, according
to size of products. In Seal,
Crocodile, Morocco and other
fine leathers. This Case was
specially designed for con-
veniently carrying in the
breast pocket, on ordinary
occasions, a stock of medicines
sufficient to combat a variety
of contingencies.

BRAND MEDICINE POCKET-CASE

Specially fitted for emer-
gency purposes with fourteen
tubes of ' Tabloid ' Brand pro-
ducts, and a removable tray
containing an equipment of
twelve tubes of 'Tabloid'
Hypodermic products,
a B. W. & Co. Nickel-Plated
Hypodermic Syringe and two
regular steel needles. In
Cowhide and other fine
leathers.

No. 124. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINI
POCKET-CASE

'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE

POCKET-CASE
Cements :5JX4X lj in.

No. 126. 'TABLOID'

IAND MEDICINE POCKET-CASK

With the exception that it contains a No. 3 ' Tabloid ' Brand Hypo-
ermic Case instead of the removable tray, this Case is the same as No. 125.

MODERN MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

No. 133. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE POCKET-CASE

An ideal pocket-
case, which closes
without straps or
other external fas-
tening. Metai
body, covered with
black Morocco or
Cowhide. Contains
eight i oz. phials
of ' Tabloid ' Brand
products, etc., and
wallet for papers.

No. 133.* 'TABLOID' BRAND Mr

POCKET-CASE
Measurements : 6j X 4j X 1} i

NO. 141. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE POCKET-CASE

In Morocco leather. Measurements, yi x 4 X 2^ in. Fitted with
fifteen J oz. phials of 'Tabloid Brand products, and a compartment
containing small boxes for the physician's use in distributing requisite
medicaments. Design similar to No. 117 Case.

NO. 232. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE
(Physicians Emergency Case)

In Cowhide, con-
taining ' Vaporole '
Brand products,
'Ernutin' products,
'Wellcome* Brand
Ch loroform,
B. W. & Co. All-
Glass Hypodermic
Syringe, ' Tabloid '
Hypodermic pro-
ducts, stomach
tube, and other
emergency appli-
ances.

No. 232. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE (Physician's

Emergency Case)
Measurements : 8j X 5* X 3} in.

CYCLE, ETC., MEDICINE CASES, 'TABLOID' BRAND 137

CYCLE, CARRIAGE AND MOTOR-CAR CASES

MEDICAL EQUIPMENT CHESTS, ETC.

'TABLOID' BRAND

[« B. W. & Co.]

Special Designs, the property of Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

The word 'TABLOID' is a brand which designates fine
products issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. This brand should
always be specified when ordering.

' TABLOID' Cycle, Carriage and Motor-Car Cases and Medical
Equipment Chests contain 'Tabloid,' 'Soloid' and
other fine products of B. W. & Co., minor surgical g°neral
instruments and sundry emergency dressings. A practi-
great variety is prepared to meet the requirements ti°
of professional men in home practice, according to the extent
and the special character of their particular requirements.

' Tabloid ' Medical Equipment Chests and Cases provide com-
plete portable dispensaries for practitioners in distant
stations, missionaries, explorers and expeditions of travellers,
all kinds. For such purposes they are the only really exP'ore.rs>
satisfactory form of medical equipment, and have been Missions"5'
universally adopted. In addition to full supplies of etc"
accurately-dosed, permanent and reliable products, these equip-
ments contain minor surgical instruments and dressings.

(g.

TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE SADDLE-CASE

In Cowhide or Pigskin. Measure-
ments : 7i x 4J x 2a in. Fitted
in a similar manner to No. 117
Case (see page 135), with sixteen
ioz. phials of 'Tabloid' Brand

0.137. 'TABLOID ' BRAND .

MEDICINE SADDLE-CASE products, etc.

NO. 139. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE SADDLE-CASE

Similar to No. 137 Case, but fitted with feather-weight tubes. Measure
ments : ?i X 4^ X 2j in. In Cowhide or Pigskin.

MODERN MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

No. 200. PHYSICIAN'S CYCLE HANDLE-BAR 'TABLOID
BRAND MEDICINE CASE

No. 300. PHYSICIAN'S CYCLE HANDLE-BAR 'TABLOID* BRAND
MEDICINE CASE

In black enamelled Cowhide. Measurements : 8J X 2^ X 4^ in. Fitted
complete with nine i oz. phials of 'Tabloid' Brand products, etc., minor
surgical instruments, and sundry emergency dressings. Weight, about i£lb.

No. 202. PHYSICIAN'S CYCLE STAY-BAR 'TABLOID' BRAND
MEDICINE CASE

In black enamelled Cowhide. Measurements : 10 x zf X 5 in. Fitted
complete with twelve J oz. phials of 'Tabloid' Brand products, etc., minor
surgical instruments and dressings. Similar in design to No. 200 Case.

NO. 206. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHEST

(As carried by Mr. Thos. Stevens)

A reduced facsimile of No. 208 Chest (see page 139).
14} X 4i x 7J in. Made of dressed and varnished Raw-hide. Fitted
with twelve 2$ oz. stoppered bottles of ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid ' Brand
products, minor instruments, dressings, etc.

MiLOID BRAND

'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHEST

No. 208. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHEST

Made of dressed and varnished Raw-hide; very light, portable an<
durable. Measurements: 15* X 5} X 9 in. Fitted with twelve 4 oz
stoppered bottles of 'Tabloid' and 'Soloid' Brand products, instruments
dressings, etc.

No. 209. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE

In Morocco leather, Cowhide or Pigskin. Measurements: 10 X 5 X
6'r in. Contains nine i oz., twenty-four i oz. and thirteen 2 dr. phials of
' Tabloid' and ' Soloid' Brand products; medicine measure, extra pockets,
and loops for instruments ; twelve tubes of ' Tabloid ' Hypodermic
products, a B. W. & Co. Nickel-Plated Hypodermic Syringe, two
regular steel needles, etc.

NO. 219. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE

In Morocco leather. Measurements: 13$ X 6 X 6J in. Metal frame.
Contains eight 2 oz. stoppered, ten i oz., twelve 6 dr., eight 4 dr. and ten
2 dr. corked phials. The rows of phials are arranged to fall so as to show
the labels. Fitted with 'Tabloid' and 'Soloid' Brand products, twelve
tubes of 'Tabloid' Hypodermic products, a B. W. & Co. Nickel-Plated
Hypodermic Syringe, with two regular steel needles, etc.

MODERN MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

NO. 220. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE

In Morocco leather or Cowhide. Measurements : 14 x 5^ x 9$ in.
Phials arranged in tiers to display labels. Contains eight 2 oz. stoppered.
twelve i oz., fourteen 6 dr. and sixteen 4 dr. corked phials of 'Tabloid '
and 'Soloid' Brand products, twelve tubes of 'Tabloid' Hypodermic
products, a B. W. & Co. Nickel-Plated Hypodermic Syringe, two
regular steel needles, space and loops for instruments, etc. Similar in
design to No. 221 Case.

No. 221. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE

In extra finish Cowhide, Morocco, Crocodile or Pigskin. Measurements :
14 X 5j X oi in. Fitted in the same way as No. 220 Case, with the
addition of nine 2 dr. phials of ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid ' Brand products,
and a glass-stoppered and capped ether bottle.

NO. 227. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE

In Cowhide or Pigskin. Measurements : 6£ X 3! X 3 in. Made of two
metal cups and frames covered with leather. Arranged to contain twenty
ij dr., twelve i dr. and fourteen J dr. tubes of ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid '
Brand products. Weight, about 2 Ib. 6 oz.

No. 229. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE

This case is conveniently shaped for packing in trunk, kit-bag or suit
case. Its rounded corners prevent injury to adjacent articles. Measure-
ments : 8i x si x sJ in. Made of two metal cups and frames covered
with Cowhide. Arranged to hold forty 4 dr. phials of ' Tabloid ' and
' Soloid ' Brand products. Weight, about 4 Ib. 13 oz.

No. 230. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE

A Morocco leather or Cowhide case, which, when closed, measures
8 X sj X 2* in. Fitted with ten phials of 'Tabloid' and ' Soloid '
Brand products, minor surgical instruments, and emergency dressings.

D MEDICINE CASE

Conveniently shaped for packing in trunk or bag. This case provides
3. remarkably compact and satisfactory outfit of emergency drugs,
instruments and dressings, and will be found of particular utility when
the practitioner is working at some distance.

NO. 231. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE
(As suggested by Sir W. MOORE)

In black japanned
metal. Measurements :
lof X 7} X 3 in. Contains
fifteen i oz. corked phials,
and one 4 oz. corked
bottle ; minor surgical
instruments and dress-
ings. Complete with
' Tabloid 'Brand products,
etc.. as recommended in
SirW. MOORE'S Manual
of Family Medicine for
India. Weight, about
RAND MEDICINE CASE 6 Ib. 14 oz.

MODERN MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

NO. 250. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHEST

(As supplied to the late Sir H. M. STANLEY, EMIN PASHA, Military

Expeditions. Missionaries, etc.)

No. 250. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHEST

In japanned sheet-steel. Measurements : isj X io£ X SJ in.
Weight, about 40 Ib. Contains six 5 oz. and thirty 3^ oz. glass-stoppered
bottles of 'Tabloid,' 'Soloid' and other fine products, in movable teak-
wood tray. The lid holds supplies of ' Tabloid ' Bandages and Dressings,
minor surgical instruments and other accessories.

NO. 251. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHEST

(As supplied to the Jackson-Harmsworth Polar, the National Antarctic

the British Antarctic and other expeditions.)

E CHEST

In Aluminium. Measurements : 15} x loj X 8J in. Weight, about 27 Ib.
Contains forty 3* oz. feather-weight bottles of ' Tabloid,' ' Soloid ' and
other fine products. In other respects the fitting is the same as No. 250.
The ideal expeditionary chest when lightness and completeness are essential.

CHESTS AND CASES, ' TABLOID '

No. 254. -TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHEST (The Indi

In japanned metal.
Measurements : gi X 7
X 6J in. Contains
sixteen i| oz. glass-
stoppered bottles, and six
4 dr. phials of ' Tabloid '
and ' Soloid ' Brand
products. instruments
and tray carrying
sundry dressings, etc.
Weight, about 12 Ib.
As carried by the late
G. W. Steevens, the war
correspondent.

54. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHKST (The Indian)

NO. 256. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CHEST
(As supplied to the DUKE OF THE ABRUZZI'S POLAR EXPEDITION)

In Aluminium. Measurements : ioj X 6 X 7$ in. Fitted with eighteen
3i oz. feather-weight tubes of 'Tabloid' and 'Soloid' Brand products,
and a tray containing minor dressings and sundries.

A similar chest is supplied in black japanned metal, and is known as
No. 255 Chest. The contents are the same as No. 256 Chest, with the
exception that the ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid ' Brand products are in glass-
stoppered bottles.

No. 258. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE (The Settler's)

In black japanned metal.
Measurements: 8J X 4i X
5! in. Contains twelve ij oz.
bottles of ' Tabloid ' and
' Soloid ' Brand products,
1 Hazeline ' Cream, ' Tabloid '
Bandages and Dressings,
adhesive plaster and other
accessories. A very compact
and useful case, adapted for
settlers' or planters' use, and
for stations, farms or camps
in outlying districts.

ICINE CASE (The Settler's)

MODERN MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

NO. 603. 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE CASE

Measurements: 6i x 3$ x 2 in. Fitted with five oval bottles
of 'Tabloid' Brand products: Cascara Sagrada, gr. 2; Phenacetin
Compound ; Potassium Chlorate and Borax ; Quinine Bisulphate, gr. 2.
and Soda-Mint, also one bottle of ' Soloid' Boric Acid. gr. 6 (perfumed).

In Rex Red, Royal Blue or Brewster Green Enamelled Metal, or in
Aluminised Metal.

NO. 700. 'TABLOID' BRAND EMERGENCY BELT

Measurements: 43 X 4.} in., with buckles and shoulder straps; seven
waterproof pouches, fitted as follows : Aluminium case of surgical
instruments ; aluminium case containing Hypodermic Syringe and ' Tabloid '
Hypodermic products; twenty-three feather-weight tubes of 'Tabloid'
and 'Soloid' Brand products; combined mortar and medicine cup.
emergency dressings, etc.

ANTIDOTE CASE, 'TABLOID' BRAND

[» B. W. & Co.]
Special Design, the property of Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

The word 'TABLOID1 is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. This brand should always
be specified when ordering.

A compact equipment, containing apparatus and drugs
ready for immediate use in the treatment of poisoning.

No. 300. 'TABLOID' BRAND ANTIDOTE CASE

Measurements: 12 X 6 X 3 in.
Fitted with stomach syphon -
tube, catheter, a B. W. & Co.
Nickel - Plated Hypodermic

'Tabloid' Hypodermic pro-
ducts, . ' Vaporole ' Amy!
Nitrite. and toxicological
chart; also eighteen \ oz.
phials and three tubes of
'Tabloid' Brand antidotes,
etc.. etc.

'TABLOID' BRAND ANTIDOTE
CASE

ANALYSIS CASES, ' SOLOID ' BRAND 145

ANALYSIS CASES, 'SOLOID' BRAND

[» B. W. & Co.]
Special Designs, the property of Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

The word 'SOLOID ' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. This brand should always
be specified when ordering.

NO. 500. 'SOLOID' BRAND WATER ANALYSIS CASE

This convenient hand-case supplies the apparatus, reagents,
etc., necessary for examining samples of drinking- Anaiysis
water at the source of supply, and for drawing up at source
the usual reports concerning the suitability of the water for
domestic purposes.

Measurements : 12^ X io£ X 4! in. It contains a nickel evaporating
basin, Erlenmeyer flask, tripod, spirit lamp, 100 c.c. and other graduated
cylinders, capsules of 'Soloid' Brand Nessler's Solution, ' Soloid '
Brand products of
Metaphenylene-
diamine Sulphate, Po-
tassium Chromate,
Potassium Ferrocya-
ni d e , P o tassium
Permanganate, Silver
Nitrate, Soap, Sodium
Acid Sulphate, Zinc
Dust, etc.

In case of breakage,
the whole or any single
piece of the apparatus
may be obtained sepa-
rately. The supply of
' Soloid ' reagents may
be renewed.

No. 500.

1 SOLOID ' BRAND WATER ANALYSIS
CASE

duller particulars of the

examples sent on request

MODERN MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS

NO. 505. 'SOLOID' BRAND By

No. 505. ' SOLOID' BRAND BACTERIOLOGICAL CASE
Measurements : 5 X 3J X if in.

This case enables medical men to carry out examinations which
formerly were usually submitted to laboratory workers. Owing
to its small size and light weight it can readily be carried in the
pocket to the patient's bedside, to obtain a blood specimen or
a throat swab. In nickel-plated metal with doeskin cover,
easily rendered aseptic, and containing : —

Three stoppered bottles, contain-
ing:—

Methyl alcohol, dr. li
Absolute alcohol, dr. ij
Distilled water, dr. i*

Rod-stoppered bottle of Canada
balsam

Graduated pipette

Cover-glass forceps

Dissection forceps

Twelve microscopic slides

Spirit lamp

Glass funnel

Two watch-glasses

Packet of filter papers

Metal case of needles (straight
No. 9)

Supply of blood-collecting
pipettes

Fifty cover-slips

Glass rod for powdering micro-
scopic stains, etc.

Sterile swab

One tube each of the following

' Soloid ' stains : —
Eosin, Methyl Violet, Fuchsine,
Romanowsky Stain, Eosin-
Methylene Blue, Methylene
Blue, Haematoxylin (Dela-
field), Toison Blood Fluid.

CD URINE TEST CASE

No. 506.

'SOLOID' BRAND BLOOD TEST CASE

asurements: 4 X 3j X lj in.

NO. 506 'SOLOID' BRAND BLOOD TEST CASE

Containing ' Soloid ' Brand Romanowsky Microscopic Stain (Leishman's

Powder), one 20 c.c. drop bottle, one 10 c.c. stoppered phial, 10 c.c.

Methyl Alcohol in
stoppered phial,
i c.c. pipette, grease
pencil, and case con-
taining six micro-
scopic slides and
Hagedorn needle in
alcohol. The Hage-

microscopic slides
are in a separate box
which may, if
'separately required,
be carried in the vest
pocket. In nickel-
plated metal, with
doeskin cover.

NO. 510. 'SOLOID' BRAND URINE TEST CASE

The clinical importance of urine analysis is fully recognised.
This case provides, in a most compact and con-
venient form, the requirements for making an analysis
examination of urine at the bedside. Owing to "j""^ ?*..
their purity and accuracy, the ' Soloid ' Brand pro-
ducts contained in this case provide reliable test solutions
without any weighing whatever being necessitated,

In nickel-plated metal, which is easily rendered aseptic. It contains

a complete set of
materials for making an
examination of urine,
both qualitative and
quantitative, for albu-
min, sugar, etc. The
outfit includes a urino-
meter, Esbach's albu-
minimeter, a graduated
measure, pipette, test-
tubes and stand, test-
papers, spirit lamp,
analysis charts, and a
good supply of ' Soloid '
reagents, including
Fehling's Test, Indigo
Test, Picric Acid,
Potassium Ferro-
cyanide and Citric

510. ' SOLOID ' BRAND URIN
CASE

Measurements : 5| X 2} X lj i

Acid. Each portion of the
Complete with doeskin cover.

apparatus can also be obtained separately

FIRST-AID, 'TABLOID BRAND

S 'TABLOID' BRAND FIRST-AID
FOR AUTOMOBILISTS, AVIATORS, AERONAUTS, YACHTS-
MEN, SPORTSMEN, TRAVELLERS, TOURISTS, ETC.
[« B. W. & Co.]

Special Designs, the property of Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

The word 'TABLOID1 is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

These equipments provide compact, complete outfits of emer-
gency medicines, dressings and first-aid accessories. Portable
and convenient, they comprise ideal outfits for motorists,
cyclists, aviators, aeronauts, yachtsmen and explorers.

No. 702. 'TABLOID' BRAND FIRST-AID

In Rex Red, Royal Blue or Brewster Green Enamelled Leather. Measure-
ments : 7 X si X z| in. Contains eight tubes of ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid '
Brand products, ' Vaporole ' Aromatic Ammonia, for use as "Smelling
Salts," 'Borofax,' ' Hazeline ' Cream, sal volatile, Carron oil (solidified),
' Tabloid ' Bandages and Dressings, tourniquet, jaconet, plaster, protective
skin, scissors, pins, etc., etc.

NO. 706. 'TABLOID' BRAND POCKET FlRST-AlD

Measurements : ji
X3xfin. Contains
'Tabloid' Bandage,
boric gauze, Carron
oil (solidified).
' Vaporole ' Aromatic
Ammonia, for use as
"Smelling Salts, "ad-
hesive plaster, court
plaster, jaconet, pins,
a card of contents,
etc. In Aluminium.

No. 706. 'TABLOID' BRAND POCKET FIRST-AID
As carried by M. Louis Paulhan in his aeroplane flight from London to

Manchester, April 27-28, 1910.

KIRST-AID, 'TABLOID' BRAND

NO. 707. 'TABLOID' BRAND FlRST-AlD

In Rex Red, Royal Blue or
Brewster Green Enamelled
Metal, orin Aluminised Metal.
Measurements :6ix3ix 2 in.
Contains seven tubes of
'Tabloid' and 'Soloid'
Brand products, ' Vaporole '
Aromatic Ammonia,
for use as "Smelling Salts,"
'Borofax,' Carron oil
(solidified) and jaconet, castor
oil, ' Tabloid ' Bandages and
Dressings, plaster, protective
skin, scissors, pins, etc., etc.

707. ' TABLOID ' BRAND FIRST-AID

'TABLOID' BRAND FlRST-AlD

TABLOID ' BRAND Fi

In Rex Red, Royal Blue
or Brewster Green Enam-
elled Metal, or in Alumin-
ised Metal. Measure-
ments : 6£ X sJ x 2 in.
Contains 'Tabloid
Bandages and Dressings.
' Vaporole ' Aromatic Am-
monia, for use as " Smell'
ing Salts," ' Borofax,-
Carron oil (solidified)
jaconet, plaster, protec-
tive skin, camel - hair
brush, pins, etc., and
two tubes of ' Tabloid '
and ' Soloid ' Brand
products. With webbing
strap for attaching to
belt or cycle.

NO. 709. 'TABLOID' BRAND FlRST-AlD

(The Boy Scout's)

In Rex Red or Royal Blue Enamelled Metal. Measurements:
6£ X si X 2 in. Contains 'Tabloid ' Bandages and Dressings, ' Vaporole '
Aromatic Ammonia, for use as "Smelling Salts," 'Borofax,' Carron oil
(solidified), jaconet, plaster, protective skin, camel-hair brush, pins, etc.
With webbing strap for attaching to belt or cycle.

150

FIRST-AID, ' TABLOID BRAND

NO. 712. 'TABLOID'

BRAND FIRST-AID

In Rex Red, Royal Blue or
Brewster Green Enamelled
Metal, or in aluminised Metal.
Measurements: 6^X4^X2 in.
Contains seven tubes of
' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid '
Brand products, ' Vaporole '

for use as " Smelling Salts,"
'Borofax,' Carron oil
(solidified) and jaconet, castor
oil, ' Tabloid ' Bandages and
Dressings, plaster, protective
skin, scissors, pins, etc., etc.

No. 712. 'TABLOID' BRAND FIRST-AID

NO. 715. 'TABLOID' BRAND FIRST-AID

In Rex Red, Royal Blue or Brewster Green Enamelled Metal, or in
Aluminised or Black Japanned Metal.

Measurements : yA
X 4J x 2 in. Con-
tains eight tubes of
'Tabloid' and
' Soloid ' Brand pro-
ducts, 'Vaporole'
Aromatic Ammonia,
for use as "Smelling
Salts," ' Borofax,' sal
volatile, Carron oil
(solidified), Castor
Oil, ' Tabloid '
Bandages and Dress-
ings, jaconet, plaster,
protective skin,
scissors, pins, etc.

715- 'TABLOID' BRAND FIRST-AID

FIRST-AID, 'TABLOID' BRAND

Measurements: 4X3T1ffx
f in. Contains ' Tabloid '
Bandage, 'Tabloid'
Cotton Wool, ' Tabloid '
Boric Gauze and Swab,
' Vaporole' Aromatic Am-

ing Salts," 'Borofax'
Boric Acid Ointment,
Carron oil (solidified),
adhesive plaster, court
plaster, etc. In Scarlet
Enamelled Metal.

TABLOID' BRAND FIRST-AID

No. 710. 'TABLOID' B

N0.730. 'TABLOID'
BRAND FIRST-AID

(Wall-case for Offices,

Theatres, Assembly

Halls, etc.)

Measurements : 16^ X
zoj X 2j in. Contains
'Tabloid' Bandages and
Dressings, 'Borofax'
Boric Acid Ointment,
Carron oil, sal volatile,
'Hazeline,' 'Hazeline'
Cream, '"Hazeline'
Snow," 'Vaporole' Aro-
matic Ammonia, for use as
" Smelling Salts," adhe-
sive plaster, court plaster,
scissors, forceps, camel-
hair brushes, safety-pins,
etc., and ten phials of
'Tabloid' and 'Soloid'
Brand products.

In Mahogany, with
glass front.

No. 730. ' TABLOID ' BRAND FIRST- Ai

FIRST-AID, 'TABLOID' BRAND

SOME CHARACTERISTIC
'TABLOID' AND 'SOLOID' CASES

For Hypodermic, Dispensing, Analytical and First-Aid use

On these four pages facsimile reproductions in natural
colours of some characteristic ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid '
Equipments are presented. Further particulars of these
Cases will be found on the pages indicated under the
illustrations.

NO. 20 'TABLOID'BRAND
ASEPTIC HYPODERMI
POCKET-CASE

Xo. 20 'Tabloid' Aseptic Hypodermic Pocket-Case

Measurements: 44 * if * fin.
full details, see " Modern Medical Equipments," page 130

No. 91 ASEPTIC OPHTHALMIC 'TABLOID' BRAND
POCKET-CASE

itted with ' Tabloid ' and • Soloid
Ophthalmic products, Camel-
Hair Brushes, Mortar and
Pestle, etc.

Measurements :
2i * li x 7 in.

•Tabloid' Ophthalmic Pocket-Case (Nickel-plated Metal)
For full details, sec " Modern Medical Equipments," page 1.33

NO. 125 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE POCKET-CASE

A convenient, hand-
some case for the breast-
pocket. Contains 14
tubes of ' Tabloid ' Brand
products and a remov-
able tray, carrying iz
tubes of ' Tabloid '
Hypodermic products, a
B. \V. & Co. nickel-
plated Hypodermic
sytinge and two regular

(Green Crocodile Leather)

Measurements: 5i x 4 x ijin.
For full details, see "Modern Medical Equipments," page 135

NO. 133 'TABLOID' BRAND MEDICINE POCKET-CASE

A unique case
for the pocket. The
outside is perfectly

No. 133 'Tabloid' Medicine Pocket-Ca
Measurements: 6| x 4j x

For full details, see "Modern Medical Equipments,"

No. 232

'TABLOID' BRAND
MEDICINE CASE

(Physician's Emergency

Measurements :
Si x 54 x 3iin.

No. 232 'Tabloid' Medicine
Case (Cowhide)

For full details, see "Modern Medical Equipments," page 136

NO. 505 'SOLOID' BRAND BACTERIOLOGICAL CASE

Easily rendered
aseptic

Doeskin Cover

No. 505 'Soloid' Bacteriological Case (Nickel-plated Metal)
Measurements : 5 x 3 4 x 1 1 in.

For full details, see "Modern Medical Equipments" page 146

NO. 510 'SOLOID' BRAND URINE TEST CASE

No. 510 'Soloirt' Urine

Test Case
( Nickel-plated Metal I

Measurements :
5? x 2! x liin.

I'm- full details, sec " Modern Medical Equipments," page 147

NO. 702 'TABLOID' BRAND F I R S T - A I D

l-'or full details, sec " Modern Medical Equipments," page 148

T^ 'SOLOID' BRAND

URINE TEST CASE

NO. 510

The early pages of this book trace the develop-
ment of the art of urine-testing from the mists of
antiquity.

' SOLOID ' URINE TEST CASE, No. 510, embodies the
modern ideal of urine-testing apparatus.

Every appliance contained in this unique equip-
ment is of the finest quality, and each reagent is
scientifically exact and always dependable.

The whole outfit will go easily into the pocket and
can be carried and used as conveniently at the
patient's bedside as in the consulting room.

When this equipment is used the examination of
urine becomes a simple matter.

It facilitates accuracy, thus adding to the importance
of urine-testing as a means of diagnosis.

See also pages 147 and 156

DANGEROUS ABBREVIATION

The words ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid ' should
always be written in full to ensure the supply
of genuine B. W. Si Co. products.

When ordering a certain product an abbreviation
may bring you what you do not want, and thereby
cause serious disappointment.

To write any contraction of ' Tabloid ' or
' Soloid,' when these brands are intended, intro-
duces an element of doubt. Why take the risk ?

Behind the brands ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid ' are
years of research, experience and endeavour — the
whole foundation of Burroughs Wellcome & Co.'s
reputation.

When 'Tabloid'— - or 'Soloid' - - is
written, in whatever part of the world the prescrip-
tion is dispensed, the patient will receive the same
genuine products of uniform strength and unvarying
activity compounded with exceptional accuracy from
ingredients of the highest standard of purity.

It is best and safest, therefore, to write the word
in full, thus —

FORMULARY

FINE PRODUCTS

ISSUED BY

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.

The Products of Burroughs Wellcome & Co. are guaranteed by them
under the Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906.— Serial No. 3394

'Alaxa ' Aromatic Liqueur of Cascara Sagrada DOSE

(Trade Mark)

An aromatic liqueur which presents the tonic One-half to
laxative properties of cascara sagrada in a two teaspoon-
pleasant and acceptable condition. fuls.

Alkaloids, ' Wellcome ' Brand (see pages 237-247,)

Ammonium Chloride Inhaler, 'Vaporole' Brand

(seepage 235,)

Analysis Cases, ' Soloid ' Brand (see pages 145-147,)
Analysis Charts, packets of 25.

Anaesthetics, Local (see ' Tabloid ' Hypodermic Anaesthetic
Compounds, page ijoj

Antidote Case, ' Tabloid ' Brand (see page 144 )

4 Aol,' a derivative of Santalum album (see ' Tabloid '
(Trade Mark) Brand products, page 199)

Arylarsonates (see 'Soamin.'/a^ 225;
Bacteriological Case, 4 Soloid' Brand (see page 146}

Bandages, Pleated Compressed, 'Tabloid' Brand

(see page 162)

' Bivo ' Beef and Iron Wine

( Trade Mark)

Restorative and stimulant. Possesses exceptional properties
which distinguish it from ordinary beef-wines.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless other-wise stated

160 TR*DE MARKS FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

' Borofax ' BRAND BORIC ACID OINTMENT

(Trade Mark)

An emollient, possessing antiseptic and sedative properties.

' Brockedon ' Products

Burroughs Wellcome & Co. are the successors to, and sole
proprietors of, the business of BROCKEDON, who, in
1842, ORIGINATED COMPRESSED MEDICINES in
the shape of bi-convex discs — issued under the designation
of COMPRESSED PILLS.

' Brockedon ' Brand Bicarbonate of Soda, in boxes of three sizes
,, ,, ,, „ Potass ,, ,,

" " Chlorate ,, * n*vm mu» \ev \rtw<* <**'

Chemicals, 'Wellcome' Brand (see pages 237-247)

CHESTS AND CASES (B. W. & Co.)

A comprehensive selection of chests and cases is prepared
and issued under the 'TABLOID' and 'SoLOio' Brands, fitted
with medicines for every variety of climate, and varying in
size and contents, from the fully-equipped chests containing
supplies sufficient for medical officers to expeditions, etc.,
down to the compact pocket-cases suited to the needs of the
private practitioner.

Analysis Cases, ' Soloid ' Brand (see page 145)
Antidote Case, ' Tabloid ' Brand (see page 144)

Antiseptic Cases, ' Soloid ' Brand

Fitted with from four to eighteen containers of ' Soloid '
Brand antiseptics.

Bacteriological Case, 'Soloid' Brand (see page 146)
Blood Test Case, ' Soloid ' Brand (see page 147)
First-Aid, 'Tabloid' Brand (see pages 148-152)

Hypodermic Pocket-Cases, 'Tabloid' Brand (see
pages 129-133)

Medicine Chests and Cases, ' Tabloid ' Brand

(see pages 134-144)

Urine Test Case, ' Soloid ' Brand (see page 147)
Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Compound Menthol Snuff (B. W. & Co.) (s

page ij6j

Dental Hypodermic Syringe, The B. W. & Co.

(see page i6S)

DRESSINGS, SURGICAL
?iS 'TABLOID' BRAND

Pleated Compressed Dressings were originated and introduced by
Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

The word 'TABLOID' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. To ensure the supply of
pure and reliable preparations, this brand should always be
specified when ordering.

The introduction of ' Tabloid ' Pleated Compressed Bandages
and Dressings marks an important advance in the preparation
of surgical accessories. These bandages and dress-
ings are made of materials of the best quality, and I^n^"*
are subjected to great pressure under which each
assumes a rectangular shape. After compression, each is
automatically wrapped in an impervious covering of parchment
paper.

The superiority of ' Tabloid ' Dressings over the ordinary
variety is very marked, not only in convenience and com-
pactness, but also in quality of materials. Their more
important advantages may be thus summarised : —

I. Only materials of exceptional quality are used in their

preparation, and their general excellence commends them to

critical users.

Graphic representation (one-half actu&.l size), showing

the relative bulk of an ordinary and a 'Tabloid' Bandage

Each 6 yards X 2$ in.

Fharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

FORMULARY OF FINE

Dressings. 'Tabloid' Brand— continued

2. They occupy the smallest possible space and yet can be
unfolded as easily as those previously in use.

3. They are kept free from all risk of contamination.

4. The antiseptic dressings are evenly charged with
medicament.

5. By reason of their extreme compactness they are by far
the best for the hand-bag, cycle- or saddle-case.

The illustration above graphically demonstrates the saving
in space which is effected when ' Tabloid ' Pleated Compressed
Bandages and Dressings are carried. The relative sizes of an
ordinary and a Pleated Bandage are striking. The flat
sides of Pleated Bandages enable them to be packed in a
fraction of the space required by those previously in use.

These dressings are also issued sterilised in special
impervious coverings. The requirements of modern surgical
treatment, so imperfectly fulfilled by many of the ordinary
cheap dressings, are ideally met by these sterilised pleated
products.

The following are issued in packages of i dozen : —
Absorbent Wool between Gauze, Pleated Com-
pressed, ' Tabloid ' Brand-
In 2 ounce packets.

Bandages, Pleated Compressed, 'Tabloid' Brand-
Open Wove, I in. x 6 yards
,, ,, 2\ in. x 6 yards
Flannel, 2j in. x 5 yards
Triangular (Esmarch's Pictorial) in packets of 2 bandages

Carbolised Tow, Pleated Compressed, ' Tabloid '
Brand-
In 2 ounce packets.

Cotton Wool, Pleated Compressed, 'Tabloid'
Brand-
Absorbent, \ ounce, in packets of 4 (not supplied

sterilised)

,, i and 2 ounce packets

Boric, i and 2 ,, ,,

Double Cyanide, 3%, I and 2 ,;
lodoform, I and 2 ,. ,,

Pharmacopceial preparations are U. S. P. unless otherwise stated

ISSUED BY B. W. AND CO. TRADE MARKS II

Dressings, ' Tabloid ' Brand— continued

Gauze, 'Tabloid' Brand-
Absorbent, in packets of 3 yards (compressed)
Bismuth, in cartons of 6, I yd. x i in., sterilised only
>' »• » i yd. x 2 in., ,, ,,

i yd. x 3 in.,

in packets of 3yds. x 36 in. (compressed)
B°ric, in packets of 3 yards (compressed)

Double Cyanide, 3%, ,, ,, 3

lodoform, ,, ,, i yard

1 1 , , , , 6 yds. x i in. , ,

Sal Alembroth, i%, ,, ,,3 yards ,,

Lint, Pleated Compressed, 'Tabloid' Brand-
Plain, i and 2 ounce packets
Boric, I and 2 ,, ,,
Carbolised, i

Effervescent Medicinal Substances, • Tabloid '

Brand-
In the preparation of ' Tabloid ' Effervescent products only
ingredients of exceptional purity are employed, and special
methods are adopted to retain their effervescent properties.
On account of their relatively small surface, the 'Tabloid'
products are much less liable to deterioration than the ordinary
granular preparations. Mixed with water they promptly render
draughts of a refreshingly effervescent nature and accurate
posology. (See ' Tabloid ' Brand Effervescent Products,
page 207)

K 'ELIXOID' BRAND PRODUCTS

The word 'ELIXOID' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. This brand should always
be specified when ordering.

' ELIXOID ' Brand Products are elegant and acceptable fluid
preparations of important medicaments to which agreeable
flavours have been imparted without in any degree diminish-
ing their physiological activity.

Pharmacopteial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

164 TRADE MARKS FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

'Elixoid' Brand Vro&ucts-continucei
'ELIXOID' BRAND—

„ Ammonium Valerate, in bottles of 8 Imperial fl. oz.—
Each fluid drachm contains Ammonium Valerate, gr. 2.

„ Formates Compound, in bottles of 4 Imperial fl. oz. —

Each fluid ounce contains : Calcium Formate, gr. 12;

Sodium Formate, gr. 6 ; and Magnesium Formate, gr. 6.

„ Glycerophosphates, in bottles of 4 Imperial fl. oz. —

Each fluid ounce contains : Calcium Glycerophosphate,
gr. 4 ; Sodium Glycerophosphate, gr. 2 ; Potassium
Glycerophosphate, gr. 2 ; and Magnesium Glycerophos-
phate, gr. I.

••-.
„ Mucin, in bottles of 4 Imperial fl. oz. —

Each fluid drachm contains Mucin, in suspension, gr. 2\.

„ Pine Tar Compound, in bottles of 4 Imperial fl. oz. —
A pleasantly-flavoured preparation containing Tar, ' Pinol,'
Terpin Hydrate, Wild Black Cherry, Tolu and Ipecac
in a convenient and acceptable form.
Also various other preparations issued under the l Elixoid' Brand

X 'ENULE' BRAND RECTAL
SUPPOSITORIES

The word 'ENULE' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

The ' ENULE ' Rectal Suppository possesses conspicuous
advantages over those of the ordinary conical shape, which are

• Enule ' Brand Rectal Suppository

showing sheath of pure tinfoil.
This shape originated by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

ISSUED BY B. W. AND CO.

' Enule ' Brand Rectal Suppositories— continued

difficult to introduce, and may even be expelled. ' Enule '
Suppositories are encased in sheaths of pure tinfoil, easily
stripped off at the moment of using. They contain accurate
doses of pure drugs, the active principles of which are evenly
diffused throughout the mass, and they retain the full activity
of the medicament for long periods of time.

PROF. CASPARI, in his Treatise on Pharmacy, says :—

" The usual shape of rectal suppositories is that of a cone with a rounded
pex, but the difficulty of readily introducing them into the rectum has led
o the designing of a new shape by H. S. Wellcome, of London,
ne great advantages of which become apparent when it is Vvr^rt
emembered that the bulbous end is inserted into the rectum,
nd that, as soon as the greatest diameter has been passed,
xpulsion of the suppository is impossible, by reason of the
ery contractile force of the sphincter muscle, which renders retention of
le ordinary conical shape often so difficult."

Each kind is issued in boxes of one dozen (of one strength)

' ENULE' BRAND— DIRECTION

No.
,, 26. Belladonna Extract gr. 1/4 ... As required

27. ,, ,, gr- 1/2 ... As required

,, 9. Bismuth Subgallate gr. 10 ... As required

,, 14. Cocaine Hydrochloride gr. 1/2 ... As required

,, 25. Gall and Opium ............ As required

3 Acidi Tannici ...... gr. 3

Ext. Opii ......... gr- 1/4

,, i. Glycerin (Anhyd.), 95 "/„ Children's size As required

,, 2. Glycerin (Anhyd.), 95% Adults' size As required

,, 5. ' Hazeline ' Compound As required

Containing ' Hazeline,' Extract of Hamamelis

and Zinc Oxide. (See also 'Hazeline

Suppositories)

28. Lead and Opium As required

imbi Acetatis gr. 3

Iv. Opii gr- '

Predigested Children's size \

Adults' size / '

aining gr. 8£ and gr. 15, respectively, of
icentrated peptone from choice fresh beef.

Plumbi Acetatis

Pulv. Opii ......... gr- i

3. Meat, Predigested Children's size j Ag ired

4. ,, >, Adults size J

Cent
conc<

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

FORMULARY OF

' Enule ' Brand Rectal Suppositories— continued

' EN ULE' BRAND— continued DIRECTION

. "£ Mi)k, Predicted CM,dr»Vsize J

Containing gr. 10 and gr. 18, respectively, of

concentrated peptone from new milk.

,, 29. Morphine and Belladonna ... ... As required

3 Morphine Hydrochloridi ... gr. 1/4

Ext. Belladonnse gr. 1/2

,, 1 6. Morphine Hydrochloride gr. 1/4 ... As required

,, 17. ,, ,, gr. 1/2 ... As required

„ 18. ,, ,, gr. I ... As required

,, 20. Opium Extract ... gr. i ... As required

,, 13. Quassin, Amorphous gr. 1/2 ... One on each

The bitter principle of quassia wood, of at least

used in the treatment of thread- twelve suc-

worms, especially in children. cessive nights

,, 8. Quinine Bisulphate ... gr. 5 ... As required

,, 21. Santonin gr. 3 ... As required

,, 23. Soap Compound ... ... ... As required

IJ Sappnis Animalis gr. 7

Sodii Sulphatis Exsiccati ... gr. 7

Also other products issued under the ' Enule ' Brand

' Enule ' Brand Rectal Suppositories must be stored in a cool and
dry place.

' Epinine ' (3 : 4-dihydroxyphenylethylmethylamine), I in 100
(Trade Mark)

In amber-coloured stoppered bottles containing IO c.c. and

25 c.c.
A supply of ' Soloid' Sodium Chloride, 0-23 gm., for preparing normal

saline solution, is included with each bottle.
' Vaporole ' ' Epinine,' see page 234

BS 'ERNUTIN' BRAND PRODUCTS

The characteristic effects on the uterus and blood-pressure, for
the induction of which ergot is exhibited, are due to certain active
principles, which have been isolated at the Wellcome Physio-
logical Research Laboratories. Many ergot preparations
contain little or none of these principles, and give negative
or even harmful results.

'ERNUTIN ' products present the active therapeutic principles
of ergot, in a state of purity which hitherto has never been

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

' Ernutin ' Brand Products— continued

approached. They are free from undesirable concomitants,
and produce exact therapeutic effects. Physiologically
standardised by observation of effects on the vaso-motor
function of the sympathetic nervous system, ' Ernutin '
products represent a uniform degree of activity.

' Ernutin ' (Oral) In i oz.,4 oz. and 16 oz. DOSE

amber-coloured stoppered bottles. 30 to 6ominims

'Ernutin' (for Hypodermic use) (see 'Vaporole'

' Ernutin, 'page 234)

For full particulars of the pharmacology and therapeutics of 'Ernutin '
products, see special booklet.

Ether, in hermetically-sealed glass capsules, each containing
min. 60.

' Eucalyptia,' pure oil of Eucalyptus globttltis —
(Trade Mark) Respiratory disinfectant and deodorant.
Bottles containing 2 Imperial fl. oz.

First-Aid, 'Tabloid' Brand (see pages 148 -152,1
Gauze, 'Tabloid' Brand (seepage 163)
Glycerin 'Enule' Suppositories (seepage 165^
ES 'HAZELINE' BRAND PREPARATIONS

DOSE

'Hazeline' Brand An anodyne and styptic dr. I to
Hamamclis virgini- fluid obtained by dis- dr. 3

ana, in 4 and 16 dilation from the fresh
Imperial fl. oz. young twigs.
bottles.

'Hazeline' Cream, in Combines anodyne
collapsible tubes and astringent and emol-
glass pots. lient properties.

'Hazeline' Soap, in Contains pure 'Hazeline.'

boxes of 3 tablets.

' ' ' Hazeline ' Snow," A non-greasy preparation,

(Trade Mark) owing its astringent,

in glass pots. soothing and healing

properties to the pre-

sence of a high percen-

tage of ' Hazeline. '

rharmacopxial preparations are

U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

'Hazeline' Brand Preparations— continued

DOSE

'Hazeline' Supposi- Contain pure 'Hazeline' One as
tories, in boxes of 12. required

(See also ' Enule ' ' Hazeline ' Compound, page 165)
Also other preparations issued under the ' Hazeline ' Brand

HYPODERMIC APPARATUS

SYRINGES

All-Glass Aseptic Hypodermic Syringe,

The B. W. & Co.

Barrel, piston and nozzle consist entirely of glass. The
solid piston obviates any necessity for packing. May be
instantly taken apart and sterilised. Five sizes, min. 15,
min. 20, min. 40, min. 60, and I c.c., with two steel
needles. A detachable finger-grip (nickel-plated) entirely
distinct from the working parts of the syringe, can be
supplied. A ' Tabloid ' Detachable Sheath-Grip is also
issued for use with this syringe.

(If desired, platino-iridium needles can be fitted)

All-Glass Aseptic Hypodermic Syringe (H Pattern),
The B. W. & Co.

Constructed specially for intramuscular injection. Min. 20
or min. 40, each with two intramuscular steel needles.

Dental Hypodermic Syringe, The B. W. & Co.

Made of solid metal throughout ; therefore durable and easily
rendered aseptic. Min. 30, with adjustable finger-grip",
three needle-attachments, and three steel needles ;
complete in nickel-plated metal case, with doeskin cover.

Hypodermic Syringe, The B. W. & Co.

Solid Silver. Nozzle detachable, so that the solution of a
' Tabloid ' Hypodermic product may be effected in the
barrel. With two platino-iridium needles, in case.
Capacity, min. 20.

Hypodermic Syringe, The B. W. & Co.

Nickel-plated. With two regular steel needles and finger-
grip. Capacity, min. 15 or min. 20.

(If desired, platino-iridium needles can be fitted)

Pharmacopaeial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Hypodermic Apparatus — continued

S Y R I N GES — continued
Mercury Succinimide Outfit, The B. W. & Co.

For treatment with Mercuric Succinimide.

CONTENTS —
The B. W. & Co. All-Glass Aseptic Syringe (H pattern),

min. 20.

Two Platino-Iridium Needles.

Two tubes ' Tabloid ' Hypodermic No. 98, Mercuric
Succinimide, gr. 1/5. Complete in metal case.

Serum Syringe, The B. W. & Co. All-Glass Aseptic

The working parts are composed entirely of glass, the needle
being attached to the nozzle by a flexible rubber joint which
guards against fracture. In five sizes, 2 c.c. , 3 c. c., 5 c.c. ,
10 c.c. or 25 c.c., with two steel needles, in metal case.
(If desired, platino-iridium needles can be fitted)

Serum Syringe, The B. W. & Co. Nickel-plated

In nickel-plated metal case, complete, with two special
platino-iridium needles, capacity 5 c.c. or 10 c.c.

Needles for B. W. & Co. Syringes

(Full list, etc., sent on request)

HYPODERMIC PRODUCTS
™l 'TABLOID' BRAND

The word 'TABLOID' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. This brand should always
be specified when ordering.

"They are quite free from objectionable and irritative salts."
— British Medical Journal.

"They are very soluble and not at all irritating." — Lancet.

' Tabloid' Hypodermic products accurately contain the stated
weight of pure medicament. They are rapidly soluble, of
uniform activity, and they keep perfectly.

PREPARATION STRENGTH DOSE

'TABLOID* BRAND—

(Hypodermic) —

,, 36 Aconitine Nitrate ... gr. 1/640 One
Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

As required

wgr. 1/20 to
* gr. I/io

One

Hypodermic Products, 'Tabloid' Brand— continued
PREPARATION STRENGTH DOSE

'TABLOID' BRAND

(Hypodermic)—

No.

,, 71. * Anaesthetic Compound, A As required

B Cocainae Hydrochloridi... gr. i/io
Morphinae Hydrochloridi gr. 1/50

SodiiChloridi gr. 9/10

,, 7°. * Anaesthetic Compound, B

5 Cocaine Hydrochloridi... gr. 1/5
Morphinas Hydrochloridi gr. 1/50
Sodh Chloridi gr. 9/10

,, 80. * Anaesthetic Compound, C

IJ. Eucainas Lactatis ... gr. 7/16

SodiiChloridi gr. 3-15/16

,, 87. Apomorphine Hydrochloride

gr. 1/20

» 51- „ „ gr. 1/15

» J9- » ,, gr. i/io

f Apomorphine Hydrochloride
n, * I gr. i/io

y* \ Strychnine Hydrochloride

gr. 1/60

,, 15. Atropine Sulphate
» H- ,, ,,

» 13-

f Atropine Sulphate
\Strychnine Sulphate
I22 /Atropine Sulphate .. gr. 1/150 \ n

(Strychnine Sulphate ... gr. 1/80 j

» 43- *Caffeine Sodio-salicylate gr. 1/2 gr. i/2togr. 4
,, 23. Cocaine Hydrochloride ... gr. i/io ~\
" 22. „ „ ... gr. 1/6 [gr. !/IO to

" 54- „ „ .. gr. 1/4 j gr. 1/2

» 40. * ,, „ ... gr. 1/2 J

Cocaine Compounds (see Anaesthetic Compounds A

and B, above)

,, 44. Codeine Phosphate ... gr. 1/4 gr. i/4togr. 2
,, 77- *Cotarnine Hydrochloride gr. 1/4 gr. 1/4 to

gr. i/2
" 40- Curara gr. T/I2 gr. l/I2 to

gr. 1/2
,, 3°- Digitahn (Amorphous) ... gr. i/ioo gr. 1/500 to

* In tubes of 12 (others contain 20)
Phartnacopaial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

.. gr. i/i5o]gr. 1/200 to
.. gr. i/iooj- gr. i/ioo(in-
.. gr. 1/60 J creased)

ISSUED BY B. W.

Hypodermic Products, 'Tabloid' Brand— continued'
PREPARATION STRENGTH DOSE

'TABLOID' BRAND

(Hypodermic)—

No.

o/; f Digitalin (Amorphous) 1 ,-.

" 86' \Strychnine Sulphate aa gr. i/ioo) One to two

( Digitalin (Amorphous) \

,,125. -! Strychnine Sulphate j- One to two

(Trinitin ... aa gr. i/iooj

,, 38. Ergotinine Citrate ... gr. 1/200 \ gr. 1/200 to
„ 37- » .» ••• gr- i/ioo/ gr. 1/50

* I Ergotinine Citrate ... gr. i/ioo\ n

\Morphine Sulphate ... gr. 1/6 J U

o * f Ergotinine Citrate ... gr. i/ioo~\ n

\StrychnineSulphate... gr. 1/20 j u

,, 116. *Ergotoxine gr. i/ioo One to two

*/Ergotoxine gr. i/ioo\ n

V Morphine Sulphate ... gr. 1/6 f J

.(Ergotoxine gr. i/iool Q

t Strychnine Sulphate ... gr. 1/20 / u
Eserine (see Physostigmine^

,, 79. *Eucaine Hydrochloride gr. 1/3 | gr. x/3 togr. 2

,, 112. *Eucaine Lactate gr. 1/3 \ T/Ttofrr 2

„ 113- * „ „ gf- : / B

,, 102. Heroin Hydrochloride ... gr. 1/25 \ gr. 1/25 to

,, 101. ,, „ ... gr- 1/12 / gr. 1/12

,, 47. Homatropine Hydrochloride ) gr. 1/250 to

gr. I/250/ gr. 1/20
Hydrarg. Chlor. Corros.

(see Mercuric Chloride)

Hydrargyri Succinimidi (see Mercuric Succinimide)
,, 49. Hyoscine Hydrobromide gr. 1/200 "| gr. 1/200 to
,,ioo. „ „ gr. i/ioo y- gr. i/ioo (in-

,, 48. * ,, ,, gr. i/75 J creased)

,, 95. *Hyoscine Compound, A 2 .jniff<: One
5 Hyoscinae Hydrobromidi ... gr. i/ioo
Morphinae Sulphatis ... gr. 1/6

Atropinae Sulphatis ... . gr. 1/180
,, 96. * Hyoscine Compound, B ... One

IJ Hyoscinae Hydrobromidi ... gr. i/ioo

Morphinae Sulphatis gr. 1/4

Atropinas Sulphatis gr. 1/150

* In tubes of 12 (others contain 20}
Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

REMEMBER THE

172

Hypodermic Products, 'Tabloid' Brand— continued

PREPARATION STRENGTH DOSE
'TABLOID' BRAND

(Hypodermic)—

No.

.» 31-

*Hyoscyamine Sulphate

gr-

1/80 )gr< ll200 to
//„ \ gr. I/no (in-

» 41-

" "

gr-

1/20 ) creased)

„ 29.
» 28.

Mercuric Chloride

gr'

1/60 \gr. 1/60 to
1/30 / gr. 1/30

,, 124.

Mercuric Succinimide ...

gr.

i/io \gr. i/io to

„ 98.

» i>

g1'-

I/5 ) gr. i/5

„ 66.

Morphine Hydrochloride

1/6 } /g

.» 55-

» »

gr-

1/4 1 § r .

„ 90.

,, ,,

gr-

ij-^ i gr. /4 Un"

,, 91-

* M

gr-

j/2 1 creaseu/

„ 74-

* / Morphine Hydrochlor.
\Atropine Sulphate

1/70 }°ne

,, 27.
,, 26.

Morphine Meconate

gr-

I'/l \&- ^ .lo

„ 25.
,, 24.

" •-n:f'lql

gr-
gr-

Ig j Saseft ^

,, 6.

Morphine Sulphate

gi'-

I/I2

» 5-

» ,, bnojifl

1/8

,, ,,

gr-

1/6

gr. 1/8 to

» 3-

» >j

- gr. 1/4 (in-

,, 2.

,, ,,

gr-

1/3

creased)

,, I.

gr-

1/2

„ 76.

» ,,

gr-

,, 12.

/ Morphine Sulphate . . .
1 Atropine Sulphate . . .
{Morphine Sulphate ...
Atropine Sulphate ...

gr-
gr-
gr-
gr-

I/I2 1
1/250

1/8

1/200 J

One of
required
strength

/Morphine Sulphate ...
(Atropine Sulphate ...

gr-

1/6 ]
1/180

-oi)OOI\I

/Morphine Sulphate ...

gr.

1/4

M 9-

(Atropine Sulphate ...

gr-

,, 8.
„ 85.

f Morphine Sulphate ...
\Atropine Sulphate ...

/Morphine Sulphate ...
(Atropine Sulphate ...

gr-
gr-

I/I20

1/60

One of
>• required
strength

» 7-

« f Morphine Sulphate ...
\AtropineSulphate ...

gr-
gr-

1/2
I/IOO

*/w tubes of 12 (others contain 20)
Pharmacopaial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

ISSUED BY

Hypodermic Products. 'Tabloid' toran&-continue<{
PREPARATION" STRENGTH DOSE
' TABLOID' BRAND

(Hypodermic)—

No.
o ( Morphine Sulphate ... gr. 1/4 \ n
\Strychnine Sulphate ... gr. 1/60 J U

,, 88. Morphine Tartrate ... gr. 1/4 gr. i/8togr. 1/4
(increased)

Nitroglycerin (see Trinitrin

>-r.;

„ 39-

Physostigmine Salicylate

gt.

I/IOO

gr.

I/IOO

gr-

1/25

„ 84.

Picrotoxin

gr-

1/60

gr-

I/IOO

gr-

1/25

;; it

Pilocarpine Nitrate

g«.

i/io 1
1/6

.gr-

I/2O

M 33-

* ?> »

krr-

gr-

1/2

» 32.

1/2 J

„ 82.

*Potassium Permanganate

gr-

I togr.

„ 83.

*Quinine Bihydrochloride

gr-

I ]

.» 73-

,, ,,

gr.

gr-

I to gr.

„ 97-

* ,, ,,

gr-

5 J

„ 103-

*Quinine Bisulphate

gr-

I togr.

,, 42-

*Quinine Hydrobromide . . .

gr-

1/2

gr-

1/2 togr. 2

„ 56-

*Sparteine Sulphate

gf'

1/2

gr-

1/2 to gr. I

„ 52-

Strophanthin

gf.1

1/500

gr-

1/500

I/IOO

,, 109.

Strychnine Hydrochloride

gr-

I/2001

1/150

,, I 10.

. ~ f_^«.

gr-

I/IOO

•°

,, in.

,, ,,

1/30 J

I/IO

„ 62.

Strychnine Nitrate

gr-

1/15 -

1/150

,, 61.

» »

gr-

I/IO

„ 18.

Strychnine Sulphate

gr.

1/150

,, 17.

gr.

I/IOO

„ 16.
,, 104.

„

gr-
gr-

1/60
T/50

,gr- 1/150
gr. i/io

,. 99-

',',

gr-

1/40

„ 75-
„ 123-

„

gr-

•to

1/20

„ 126.

/Strychnine Sulphate ...
\Trinitrin

1/50

I/IOO

|-One to two

* In tubes of 12 (others contain 2oJ
Pharmacopaial preparations are U.S. P. iinless otherwise stated

174 TRADE MARKS FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

Hypodermic Products, 'Tabloid* Brand— continued
PREPARATION STRENGTH DOSE

'TABLOID' BRAND

(Hypodermic)—

No.

,, 65. Trinitin (Nitroglycerin) gr. 1/250) gr. 1/250 to
., 115. ,, ,, ... gr. i/iooj gr. 1/50

., 361. *Tyramine (Trade Mark) O-O2 gm.

(Para-hydroxyphenyl- [gr. 1/3] One

ethylamine)

* In tubes of 12 (others contain 20)

Also various other Hypodermic products issued under
the ' Tabloid' Brand

Hypodermic Veterinary Products, 'Tabloid' Brand

( Full particulars sent on request)
Inhaler

Ammonium Chloride Inhaler, ' Vaporole ' Brand

A remarkably compact apparatus which will deliver perfectly
neutral vapour of pure Ammonium Chloride.

' Vaporole ' Acid ) For use in above Inhaler.

' Vaporole' Alkali / In boxes of 12.

ES 'KEPLER' MALT EXTRACT AND
COMBINATIONS

SPECIAL CAUTIO N.-Many attempts are made to imitate
' Kepler ' Malt Products, hence, as malt preparations vary greatly
in dietetic value, it is necessary to take precautions against sub-
stitution. Verbal instructions are not safe. To prevent fraud it
is best to write prescriptions for original bottles.

DOSE— Of all ' Kepler ' preparations, one teaspoonful to two
dessertspoonfuls.

PREPARATION AND STRENGTH
' KEPLER ' MALT EXTRACT —

A most reliable and highly-concentrated extract, prepared
from the finest winter-malted barley. Its dietetic
value depends not only on its high diastatic powers,
but also on the albuminoids, phosphates, etc., which it
contains.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U. S. P. unless otherwise stated

ISSUED BY B. W. AND CO. TflAOE MARKS 175

' Kepler ' Malt Extract and Combinations— continued
' KEPLER ' MALT EXTRACT — continued
Ditto with BEEF AND IRON

Each fluid drachm contains: Extract of Beef, gr. i ; and Iron
and Ammonium Citrate, gr. £

Ditto with CASCARA SAGRADA

Each fluid ounce contains : Extract of Cascara Sagrada, gr. 6
Ditto with HEMOGLOBIN

Each fluid ounce contains Haemoglobin, gr. 8-3/4

Ditto with IRON

Each fluid ounce contains Soluble Iron Pyrophosphate, gr. 4

Ditto with IRON AND QUININE CITRATE

Each fluid ounce contains Iron and Quinine Citrate, gr. 7-1/2

Ditto with IRON IODIDE

Each fluid ounce contains Iron Iodide, gr. 2

Ditto with IRON, QUININE AND STRYCHNINE

Each fluid ounce contains : Iron Phosphate, gr. 1/2 ; Quinine
Phosphate, gr. 3/8 ; and Strychnine Phosphate, gr. 1/64

Ditto with PEPSIN

Each fluid ounce contains pure Pepsin, gr. 4

Ditto with PHOSPHORUS

Each fluid ounce contains pure Phosphorus, gr. 1/64

'KEPLER' SOLUTION (OF COD LIVER OIL IN MALT
EXTRACT) —

Cod Liver Oil is the premier fatty food. It is unequalled
for its power of supplying fat to the body, and for the
readiness with which it is absorbed. Moreover, it
enables the tissues to live and develop, to repair
waste, and to effectively resist disease.

The great usefulness of cod liver oil has been largely
discounted by the unpleasant nausea, eructation and
alimentary disturbance, which often attend the
administration of even the purest varieties.

' Kepler ' Solution of Cod Liver Oil in Malt Extract
is unique in palatability and in the ease and com-
pleteness with which it is assimilated. It presents the
purest cod liver oil incorporated in the best malt
extract. The oil is thoroughly diffused in the
' Kepler ' Malt Extract, a molecular incorporation
which renders its digestion easy and its assimilation
certain. So palatable is ' Kepler ' Solution that

Pharmacopcfial preparations are U. S. P. unless othenvise stated

176 TRADE MARKS FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

'Kepler' Malt Extract and Combinations-continue,/

' KEPLER ' SOLUTION (OF COD LIVER OIL IN MALT
EXTRACT) — continued

children and fastidious patients take it readily, whilst
it is absorbed without difficulty by the most debilitated
subjects. The high food value of this product is
shown by rapid increase in the strength and weight
of patients undergoing treatment with it.
Initial doses should be small and increases, gradual.
Ditto with IRON IODIDE

Each fluid ounce contains Iron Iodide, gr. 2

Ditto with PHOSPHORUS

Each fluid ounce contains pure Phosphorus gr. 1/64
Also various other products issued under the ' Kepler '
Brand

Lint, Pleated Compressed, 'Tabloid' Brand (see
page 163;

Malt Extract (see ' KEPLER,' page 174}

Medicine Chests and Cases, ' Tabloid ' Brand (see

pages 134-144,)
Menthol Snuff, Compound (B. W. & Co.)

An extremely effective and convenient combination of
menthol, ammonium chloride, ' Epinine,' etc., issued in
enamelled tins, after the manner of old-fashioned
black-and-gold snuff boxes.

Mercury Succinimide Outfit, The B. W. & Co.

(see Hypodermic Apparatus, page 169)
Methyl Alcohol (Pure)

For use in microscopic staining. In hermetically-sealed glass
phials, each containing 15 c.c. (approx. $ ft oz.)

Microscopic Stains, 'Soloid' Brand (see page 195,)

Mucin (in scales) —

A compound substance consisting of protein and a carbo-
hydrate given internally in those conditions in which
bismuth is usually prescribed. Bottles containing I oz.

Nasal Medicaments, ' Soloid ' Brand (see page 192)
Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Needles, for Hypodermic and Serum Syringes. (Full list on

application)
Needles, Urethral, silver-plated, 8-inch, with bulb the size

of the point of a No. 12 French bougie.
Nessler's Solution, glass capsules (see 'Soloid' Brand

Products, page 188}
' NJZin ' (Trade Mark)—

A zinc salt of sulphanilic acid. An antiseptic which is

readily soluble in water, and which, in the strengths

recommended for use, is non -irritating and non- toxic.

Bottles containing i oz., 4 oz., and 16 oz.
'Opa' LIQUID DENTIFRICE
(Trade Mark) Aromatic, Antiseptic, Refreshing. Bottles

containing 2 Imperial fl. oz. and 4 Imperial fl. oz. (with

sprinklers).
Ophthalmic and Hypodermic Pocket=Cases,

'Tabloid' Brand (seepage 133,)
Ophthalmic Pocket=Cases, 'Tabloid' Brand

(see pages 133 and 134 )

OPHTHALMIC PRODUCTS

•JZE 'TABLOID' BRAND

The word 'TABLOID' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. This brand should always
be specified when ordering.

' TABLOID ' Ophthalmic products are minute in size, as
thin as notepaper, and contain exact doses of pure drugs,
prepared with a perfectly innocuous and rapidly soluble
basis.

PREPARATION STRENGTH

'TABLOID' BRAND

(Ophthalmic)—

\ v r — . ,

,, T Alum

... gr. 1/250

gr. 1/24

/ Atropine Hydrobromide
9 \Cocaine Hydrochloride ...

aa gr. 1/200

,, x Atropine Sulphate

... gr. 1/600

,, A ,, ,,

... gr. 1/200

,, AA Cocaine Hydrochloride ...

... gr. 1/50

c * ,, >.

... gr. 1/20

* In tubes of 12 (others contain 25)

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Ophthalmic Products, 'Tabloid' Brand— contin,
PREPARATION
'TABLOID' BRAND

ued
STRENGTH

(Ophthalmic)—

„

Dionin ... ... 0-0005 Sm-

[gr.

I/I30]

* ,, 0-005 gm.

[gr-

I/I3]

;)

*Euphthalmine Hydrochloride

gr-

1/40

*Fluorescei'n

gr-

1/250

Homatropine Hydrochloride

gr-

1/400

* » »

gr-

1/40

( Homatropine Hydrochloride

gr-

1/240

^Cocaine Hyrochloride

gr-

1/24

f Homatropine Hydrochloride

\Cocaine Hydrochloride ... aa

^ gr-

i/5°

Hyoscine Hydrobromide ... •''...*

gr-

1/600

Physostigmine Salicylate ... /H -fc-fi

gr-

I/20OO

,, ,,

gr-

1/600

G *

{Physostigmine Salicylate • • • j -»>f y »
Tropacocaine Hydrochloride

gr-
gr-

1/500
I/IOO

Pilocarpine Nitrate

gr-

1/400

/Pilocarpine Nitrate

gr-

1/500

\Cocaine Hydrochloride ... (...

gr-

1/200

Scopolamine (see Hyoscine)

„

*Tropacocaine Hydrochloride

gr-

1/30

•„

Zinc Sulphate

gr-

1/250

r Zinc Sulphate

gr.

1/250

\Cocaine Hydrochloride ... " .'.(J'

gr-

1/20

* In tubes of 1 2 (others contain 25)

Also various other Ophthalmic products issued under the

' Tabloid' Brand

OPHTHALMIC PRODUCTS
?&E 'SOLOID' BRAND

The word ' S o L O I D ' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. This brand should always
be specified when ordering.

'SOLOID' BRAND

(Ophthalmic)—

„ J Corrosive Sublimate ( ' Hydrarg. Chlor. Corrosiv.)

gr. i/iooo, tubes of 25

For other ' Soloid ' Brand products suitable for Ophthalmic
use, see pages 188-194

Pharmacopaial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Ophthalmic Veterinary Products, ' 5oloid ' Brand

( Full particulars sent on request)

' Paroleine ' — A perfectly stable, odourless, colourless and
(Trade Mark) tasteless oil. It is a good solvent of many of
the remedies employed in treating diseases of the nose and
throat. Bottles containing 4 fl. oz. and I Ib. (18 fl. oz.).

PASTILLES, HI 'TABLOID' BRAND

The word 'TABLOID' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

' Tabloid ' Pastilles ensure the gradual and prolonged applica-
tion to the throat and mouth, of medicaments, which are
presented in a most pleasant condition ; they are also employed
in certain cases to obtain the general effect of the drug. By
their use, astringents, antiseptics, anaesthetics, expectorants and
laxatives can be conveniently exhibited. The basis of the
pastille is demulcent, increasing the efficacy of the active
ingredients.

'TABLOID ' BRAND

No.
,, I. Ammonium Chloride and Licorice

Each contains Ammonium Chloride, gr. i

3. Cocaine Hydrochloride, gr. i/io

4. Codeine, gr. 1/8

,, 2. Codeine and Benzoic Acid Compound

~fy Acidi Benzoici gr. 1/2

Codeinse gr. i/io

Mentholis gr. i/io

Pulv. Ipecacuanhae gr. i/io

Cocainae Hydrochloridi ••• gr. 1/40

Gummi Rubri gr. 1/2

Ol. Menthae Piperitaj ... q.s.

,, 22. Codeine and Benzoic Acid Compound, without Cocaine
Similar to No. 2, but contains no Cocaine Hydrochloride

,, 5. Glycerin

,, 6. Glycerin and Black Currant

7. Glycerin, Tannin and Black Currant
Each contains Tannin, gr. 1/2

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

Pastilles, 'Tabloid' ^r&nA-ca»tinued

'TABLOID' BRAND

No.
8. Glycerin, Tannin, Capsicum and Black Currant

Each contains Tannin, gr. 1/2, and the solid equivalent of
Tincture of Capsicum, min. 3/8, equal to Capsicum,
gr. 3/80.

,, 1 8. Laxative Fruit

Each contains Extract of Senna Fruit

, gr.

5, pleasantly

flavoured. The ' Tabloid ' Pastille is c
and facilitates the administration,
fastidious patients, of an efficient laxa

:xtremely palat
tive-. Children

able,

10.

Lemon Juice

„

II.

Linseed, Licorice and Chlorodyne

Each contains Morphine Hydrochlorid

e, gr.

I/I 20

1 6.

Menthol, gr. 1/8

17-

Menthol and Eucalyptus

fy Mentholis gr.

1/20

Olei Eucalypti mil

1. 1/2

12.

Morphine and Ipecac

Ifc Morphinaj Hydrochloridi ... gr.

Pulv. Ipecacuanhas gr.

I/I2

2O.

Pectoral

Containing Licorice, Squill, Tolu, Senega,

Ipecac,

Wild

,, 19. Pine Tar Compound

Containing Pine Tar, Terebene, Benzoin, Tolu, Ipecac, etc.

,, 13. ' Pinol,' min. I

,, 14. Red Gum and Cocaine

IJ: Gummi Rubri gr. i

Cocainas Hydrochloridi ... gr. 1/20

,, 15. Rhatany (Krameria), Menthol and Cocaine

fji Ext. Krameria: gr. 2

Mentholis gr. 1/20

Cocainae Hydrochloridi ... gr. 1/20

Also various other Pastilles issued under the ' Tabloid^ Brand

' Phenofax ' BRAND CARBOLIC ACID OINTMENT
(Trade Mark) <• PHENOFAX ' is an antiseptic sedative dressing
which presents 4 per cent, of pure phenol in a bland basis,
and is notable for its sedative effect on the skin and
mucous surfaces. It disinfects, allays pain, and encourages
granulation. Issued in glass pots.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

ISSUED BY B. W. AND CO. TRADE MARKS 181

PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMICALS
T,K»DE 'TABLOID' BRAND

The word 'TABLOID' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

' TABLOID ' Photographic Chemicals represent the acme of
convenience and reliability, while their superior quality and
accuracy in weight and composition ensure the best
results. They entirely obviate the trouble of reHabie"1
weighing small quantities of chemicals and the
disappointments occasioned by the deterioration of stock
solutions. They enable the tourist to carry all the requisite
materials for developing, fixing, etc., with convenience, comfort
and safety. At home they save time and trouble.

Developers

The developers are packed in cartons, each containing the
' Tabloid ' Reducing Agent, and the ' Tabloid ' Accelerator
specially prepared for use with that reducing agent.
'TABLOID' BRAND 'TABLOID' BRAND

(Photographic)— (Photographic)—

,, Amidol ,, Metol

,, Edinol ,, Metol-Quinol

,, Eikonogen ,, Ortol

,, Glycin ,, Paramidophenol

., Hydroquinone (t^uinol) ,, Pyro
,, Pyro-Metol (Imperial Standard Formula)
,, * Pyro- Soda ( Ilford Formula)
,, 'Rytol' (Trade Mark) Universal Developer
* In ordering this special developer it is always necessary to quote
"Ilford Formula."

Intensifiers
'TABLOID' BRAND—

(Photographic)—

,, Chromium Intensifier

,, Mercuric Iodide and Sodium Sulphite

Toners
'TABLOID' BRAND—

(Photographic)—

,, Gold Chloride, gr. \, with Borax, gr. 15 (B i)

,, ,, ,, ,, Sodium Bicarbonate, gr. 15 (B 2)

,, ,, Sodium Phosphate, gr. 15 (B 3)

riiarmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

182 TRADE MARKS FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

Photographic Chemicals, 'Tabloid' Brand— continued
Toners — continued

'TABLOID' BRAND

(Photographic)—

,, Gold Chloride, gr. |, with Sodium Tungstate, gr. 15 (B 4)
,, ,, ,, ,, Sodium Formate Compound(B 5)

,, ,, ,, ,, Sulphocyanide Compound (B 6)

,, ,, ,, ,, Thiosulphate Compound

(Combined Bath for toning and fixing P. O.P.) (B 10)
The above are supplied in cartons containing sufficient
for the preparation of six toning baths of 5 to 10 ounces or
more. For convenience they may be ordered by their
numbers, thus : 'Tabloid' Gold Toning, B i, B 2, etc.
,, Bleaching Compound
,, Copper Ferrocyanide Toning Compound (for toning

Bromide Prints and Lantern Slides)

, , Platinum Toning Compound (for toning Matt P. O.P.)
,, Sepia Toner (for Bromide Prints atid Lantern Slides)
,, Sulphiding Compound

Accessories
'TABLOID' BRAND—

(Photographic)— STRENGTH

,, Alkali—

' Tabloid ' Sodium Carbonate gr. 44

„ Density Reducers —

' Tabloid ' Ammonium Persulphate ... gr. u
' Tabloid ' Potassium Ferricyanide ... gr. 2

, , Fixer —

' Tabloid' Sodium Thiosulphate (Hypo), \ Equals gr. 44

Dried, gr. 28-5 / of crystals

,, Hardener —

' Tabloid ' Alum gr. 10

,, Hardener and Clearer —

'Tabloid' Alum and Citric Acid Com-
pound

Chrome Alum, gr. 5 ; Citric Acid, gr. 5

, , Preservatives — •

' Tabloid ' Potassium Metabisulphite ... gr. 10
'Tabloid' Sodium Sulphite, Dried, gr. 5 Equals gr. 10

of crystals

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Photographic Chemicals, 'Tabloid' Brand— continued
'TABLOID' BRAND

(Photographic) — STRENGTH

, , Restrainers —

' Tabloid ' Ammonium Bromide ... gr. I

' Tabloid ' Potassium Bromide ... ... gr. I

' Tabloid ' Sodium Citrate ... ... gr. i

,, Sensitiser (for carbon tissue, etc.) —

'Tabloid' Potassium Ammonium
Chromate gr- 24

For Ozobrome Process
'TABLOID' BRAND-

(Photographic)—

,, Ozobrome Pigmenting Compound

For Direct Colour Photography

(with Autochrome, Thames, Omnicolore, and other Plates)

'TABLOID' BRAND—

(Photographic)—

,, Reversing Compound

,, Colour Plate Intensifier

(In development, 'Tabloid' ' RytoP Universal Developer

is used, see page 181)

Also other Photographic products isstied under the
' Tabloid' Brand

For Photographic Staining

' SOLOID' BRAND—

(Photographic)—

,, Photographic Stains (Red, Yellow, Green, Blue or
Salmon), tubes of 6

PHOTOGRAPHIC EXPOSURE RECORD
AND DIARY, THE 'WELLCOME'

The most useful pocket-book for the photographer. Contains
ruled pages for recording exposures, a diary for the year,
also numerous technical articles and tables, and an exposure

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

184 1RAOE MARKS FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

Photographic Exposure Record and Diary, The ' Wellcome '

—continued

calculator which tells the correct exposure under any circum-
stance by ONE turn of ONE scale, etc., etc.

U.S.A. EDITION. Bound in red canvas.
Also issited:

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND TROPICAL EDITION, for
Canada, Europe, and all countries north of the Tropic of
Capricorn except United States of America. Bound in light
green canvas.

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE AND TROPICAL EDITION, for all
countries south of the Tropic of Cancer (about 20° N. ). Bound
in dark green canvas.

Each Edition complete with wallet for proofs, etc., and pencil.

PHOTOGRAPHIC OUTFITS, Nos. 905 & 906

TCE 'TABLOID' BRAND

Complete and compact chemical outfits for developing and
fixing plates, films, bromide or gaslight papers, and for toning
and fixing P. O. P.
STANDARD CONTENTS : —

No. 905

' Tabloid ' ' Rytol ' Universal Developer, to make 80
ounces of solution ; ' Tabloid ' Sodium Thiosulphate
(Hypo) ; ' Tabloid ' Chromium Intensifier, to make
50 ounces of solution ; ' Tabloid Gold Chloride with
Thiosulphate Compound (Combined Bath), to make
30 ounces of solution ; ' Tabloid ' Sepia Toner.

Measurements : 4 x 4 x 2^ in. In rex red, royal blue
imperial green or bright scarlet enamelled metal, or in
black japanned metal.

No. 906

' Tabloid ' Alum and Cit. Acid Co. ; ' Tabloid ' ' Rytol '
Developer ; ' Tabloid ' Metol-Quinol Developer ;
' Tabloid ' Sodium Thiosulphate (Hypo), dried, gr. 28-5;
' Tabloid ' Sepia Toner ; ' Tabloid ' Chromium Intensi-
fier ; ' Tabloid ' Copper Ferrocyanide Toning Com-
pound ; 'Tabloid' Potassium Bromide, gr. i.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Photographic Outfits— continued

Measurements : 8f x 4^ x 2 in. In black japanned
or aluminium bronzed metal outside, enamelled white
inside.

(The contents of either case may be varied as desired)
( When ordering, please specify colour required)

' Pinol ' (Distilled Essence of Pinus pumilio)
(Trade Mark)

A valuable stimulant, disinfectant and antiseptic
in respiratory affections. The ' Tabloid ' Pastille (.see
page 1 80) affords a pleasant means of securing
prolonged continuous local action.
In \ Imperial fl. oz. and I Imperial fl. oz. bottles.

Saccharin, ' Tabloid ' Brand (see page 224,)
(See also 'Tabloid' ' Saxin,'/^ 225}

Saline Solutions for Intravenous Injection (see
page 193}

SANITARY TOWELS, PLEATED

COMPRESSED, TSE 'TABLOID' BRAND

Pleated Compressed Sanitary Towels were originated and
introduced by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

' TABLOID ' Pleated Compressed Sanitary Towels possess
several points of superiority over ordinary sanitary towels.
They are made of materials
of exceptional quality specially
adapted for the purpose.
Their highly absorbent pro-
perties are particularly note-
worthy. The delicate texture

Tabloid' Pleated Compressed' of the Surface of these towels

sanitary Towel (NO. 4) ensures perfect freedom from the

Halfsize slightest sense of discomfort in

use. Owing to the extremely small space which they occupy,
they are particularly convenient when travelling. Extreme
compactness is secured by compression, and perfect cleanliness
ensured by the method of packing.

Five sizes are issued, each size in packages of 12

' Saxin ' (see ' Tabloid ' ' Saxin,' page 225)
( Trade Mark)

'TABLOID'" •

PLEATED COMPRESSED S/T.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

SERA, X 'WELLCOME' BRAND

The word 'WELLCOME' is a brand which designates fine
products issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. To ensure the
supply of pure and reliable preparations, this brand should always
be specified when ordering.

The high reputation which these sera have with the
medical profession is constantly confirmed by
the favourable reports received, and the accumu-
lating evidence proves this high reputation to be deserved.
'Wellcome' Brand Sera are prepared under U.S.A.
Government Licence, No. 18, in the Wellcome Physiological
Research Laboratories, Brockwell Hall, London, England,
under conditions which fulfil every requirement of
modern science and under the immediate super-
vision of specialists of long and varied experience. The sera
are not sent out until they have successfully passed rigorous
sterility and toxicity tests ; they are then issued in hermetically-
sealed phials of convenient sizes.

Burroughs Wellcome & Co. act as distributing agents, and
will endeavour to despatch orders for these sera immediately
on receipt of letter or telegram.

Sera should be carefully kept in their original packings, in
a cool, dark place, avoiding, as much as possible, variations
of temperature.

'WELLCOME' BRAND—
„ Diphtheria Antitoxic Serum

Phials containing 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 (Ehrlich-

Behring) units.
The same doses are also supplied in syringe-containers.

„ Diphtheria Antitoxin, Concentrated

1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 Ehrlich-Behring units in

Syringe-containers.

The following Sera are issued in hermetically-sealed
phials.

„ *Anti-colon Bacillus Serum : from horses immunised
against 20 typical members of the Coli group, mostly from
cases of peritonitis and puerperal fever : —
In phials containing 25 c.c.

* Phials containing 50 c.c. of Anti-streptococcus Serum, Polyvalent,
and 10 c.c. and 50 c.c. of the others are supplied to special order only.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless othenvise stated

187

Sera, 'Wellcome' Brand— continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND—

„ *Anti-dysentery Serum : from horses immunised
against cultures of Bacillus dysenterue' obtained from
several cases of dysentery : —
In phials containg 25 c.c.

,, *Anti-gonococcus Serum : from strains of gonococci
obtained from cases of urethritis and gonorrhceal
conjunctivitis : —
In phials containing 25 c.c.

„ *Anti-staphylococcus Serum, Polyvalent: from
horses immunised against various cultures of Staphylococcus
pyogenes aureus, albus, citreus and hiCtnorrhagicus : —
In phials containing 25 c.c.

„ *Anti-streptococcus Serum, Erysipelas: from
horses immunised against cultures from typical cases of
erysipelas : —
In phials containing 25 c.c.

„ *Anti-streptococcus Serum, Polyvalent: from

horses immunised against cultures of streptococci coming in

all from 60 sources, in the following diseases : —

ERYSIPELAS, SCARLET FEVER, PUERPERAL FEVER,
RHEUMATIC FEVER, SEPTIC^MIA, ANGINA,
PNEUMONIA, ULCERATIVE ENDOCARDITIS.

In phials containing 10 c.c. and 25 c.c.
„ *Anti-streptococcus Serum, Puerperal Fever:

from horses immunised against over 20 cultures of

Streptococcus from cases of puerperal fever : —

In phials containing 25 c.c.
„ * Anti-streptococcus Serum, Pyogenes: from

horses immunised against 9 different strains of Streptococcus

pyogenes : —

In phials containing 25 c.c.
„ *Anti-streptococcus Serum, Rheumatic Fever:

from horses immunised against cultures from severe cases

of acute rheumatism and of rheumatoid arthritis : —

In phials containing 25 c.c.
* Phials containing 50 c.c. of Anti-streptococcus Serum, Polyvalent,

and 10 c.c. and 50 c.c. of the others are supplied to special order only

PharmacopKial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

188 TRADE MARKS FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

Sera, 'Wellcome' Brand— continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND—
„ *Anti-streptococcus Serum, Scarlatina: from

horses immunised against cultures from 9 severe (some

fatal) cases of scarlet fever :—

In phials containing 25 c.c.
„ *Anti-typhoid Serum : from horses immunised

against cultures of Bacillus typhosus from several cases

of typhoid fever : —

In phials containing 25 c.c.
Also various other Sera issued imder the ' Wellcome ' Brand

* Phials containing 50 c.c. of Anti-streptococcus Serum, Polyvalent,
and 10 c.c.and 50 c.c. of the others are supplied to special order only.

Serum Syringes (B. W. & Co.) (seepage 169;

' Soamin ' (Sodium Para-aminophenylarsonate)
(Trade Mark) 1'OSE

An organic preparation of low toxicity as See special

compared with arsenous acid or the leaflet

inorganic salts of arsenic. It contains 22-8

per cent, of arsenium (As), and is soluble

in three parts of water at body temperature

and in five parts at 60° F. Used in syphilis,

malaria, kala-azar, trypanosomiasis and

other protozoal diseases. In bottles of

5 gm. and 30 gm.

For full particulars, see ' Soamin ' booklet

Soap, ' Hazeline ' (see page 167)

««* 'SOLOID' BRAND PRODUCTS

The word 'SOLOID' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. To ensure the supply of
pure and reliable preparations, this brand should always be
specified when ordering.

'Soloid' Brand Products are also issued in bottles of 500.
with the exception of those put up in tubes only.

The series of ' Soloid ' Brand Products provides reliable
antiseptics, astringents and anesthetics ; also convenient means

Pharmacopaial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

' Soloid ' Brand Products— continued

of preparing stains for microscopic work, and test solutions for

/ w water, sewage or urine analysis. The portability,

r I accuracy in strength, uniform activity and ready

solubility which characterise them, present great
advantages over stock solutions.

Issued in

SOLOID' BRAND — STRENGTH

bots. of

,. Alkaline Compound (see page 192)

., Alum gr. 10

—

100

., Alum and Zinc Sulphate

—

$ Aluminis gr. 15

Zinci Sulphatis ... gr. 15

,, Alum and Zinc Compound,

Strong

—

5 Aluminis gr. 30

Zinci Sulphatis ... gr. 15

,, Antiseptic and Alkaline Com-

pound (see page 192)

., Argyrol, tubes of 12 gr. i

—

6 gr. 5-45

—

,, Atropine Sulphate, tubes of 6 gr. 0-545

—

., Atropine and Cocaine, tubes

of 6

—

]J Atropinae Sulphatis gr. 0-272
Cocaina: Hydrochloridi gr. 1-09

,, Black Lotion (Black Wash)

(see Mercurial Compound,

page 191)

,, Boric Acid ( scented with Otto

of Rose) gr- 6

,, Boric Acid (unscented) ... gr. 15

250

,, Boric Acid and Zinc Sulphate

( scented with Otto of Rose)

—

fy Acidi Borici gr. 6

Zinci Sulphatis ... gr. 1/2

., Carbolic Acid (Phenol),

tubes of 25 gr. 5

—

,, 12 gr. 20

— :

—

6 gr. 60

I —

— '

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the xO L^f J / 1

Brand in XZ/ ' ^J f^tTt^

full, thus: <Sy ^

FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

'Soloid' Brand Products— continued

1 SOLOID' BRAND— STRENGTH

,, Cocaine Hydrochloride

tubes of 25 gr. 1/2

gr- I

gr. 5

,, Cocaine and Eucaine, of each gr. 1/2

,, Copper Sulphate gr. i

,, Corrosive Sublimate (Hydrarg.
Chlor. Corrosiv.) (Ophthal-
mic) (see page 178)
, , Corrosive Sublimate (Hydrarg.

Chlor. Corrosiv.) gr. 1-825

One in 4 fluidounces of water

= i in 1000 solution.
One in one pint (16 fluidounces)

of water = i in 4000 solution .
,, Corrosive Sublimate (Hydrarg.

Chlor. Corrosiv.) ... ... gr. 7-3

One in one pint (16 fluidounces)

of water = i in 1000 solution .
, , Corrosive Sublimate ( Hydrarg.

Chlor. Corrosiv. ) ... ... gr. 14-6

One in one pint (16 fluidounces)

of water = i in 500 solution.
,, Eucaine Hydrochloride

,, Eucaine Lactate

, , ' Eucalyptia ' Compound (see

page I92J
,, Homatropine and Cocaine,

tubes of 6

B; Homatropina: Hydro-

bromidi gr. 0-545

Cocamae Hydro-

chloridi gr. 1-09

,, Homatropine Hydrobromide,

tubes of 6

,, Homatropine Methylbromide
and Cocaine, tubes of 6 ...
$ Homatropinae Methyl-

bromidi ... gr O-SAS

Cocaina: Hydro-
chloridi gr. 1-09

gr- *

gr- 5

gr. I

gr. 5

0-545

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the
Brand in
full, thus:

JED BY B. W. AND CO.

'Soloid' Brand Products-continued

Issued in

' SOLOID' BRAND— STRENGTH

bots. of

,, Hydrarg. Chlor. Corrosiv. (see

Corrosive Sublimate, page \<yo)

,, lodic- Hydrarg. (see Mercuric

Potassium Iodide, below]

,, Lead and Opium

One, added to one fluidounce of

hot water, yields a lotion of

same strength as Lotio Plumbi
etOpiiN.F.

,, Lead Subacetate gr. 11-5

One in 2$ fluidounces of distilled

water yields a i per cent, (ap-

prox.) solution, corresponding
to Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis
Dilutus.

,, Mercurial Compound, for the

preparation of Black Lotion

—

One in 6 fluidrachms of distilled

water yields a solution corre-

sponding to Lotio Nigra N.F.

,, Mercury Oxycyanide, o-i gm.

I. •> •,, 0-25 gm.

., „ ,, 0-5 gm.

,, Mercuric Potassium Iodide

(formerly known as lodic-

HydrargJ gr. 1-825

—

100

One in 4 fluidounces or one in one

pint (16 fluidounces) of water

yields respectively a solution of

i in looo and i in 4000 (frequent-
ly known as Mercury Biniodide
Solution).

,, Mercuric Potassium Iodide

(formerly known as lodic

HydrargJ gr. 7-3

100

One in one pint (16 fluidounces)
of water = i in 1000 solution

(frequently known as Mercury

Biniodide Solution).

,, Mucin and Menthol Com-

pound

100

B Mucini gr. 4-1/2

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 4-1/2

Mentholis gr. 1/20

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

REMEMBER THE

'Soloid' Brand Products

' SOLOID ' BRAND— :

„ (Nasal)

,, ,, Alkaline Compound ...
B; Sodii Boratis ... gr. 5
Sodii Chloridi ... gr. 5
,, ,, Antiseptic and Alkaline

Compound
R; Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 5

Phenolis gr. 1/2

Sodii Boratis ... gr. 5
,, ,, 'Eucalyptia' Compound
E; Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 8
Sodii Boratis ... gr. 8
Sodii Benzoatis ... gr. 1/3
Sodii Salicylatis gr. 1/3
Eucalyptolis ... min. 1/6

Thymolis gr. 1/6

Mentholis ... gr. 1/12

Ol. Gaultheria: ... min. 1/12

,, ,, Phenol Compound

R; Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 12

Phenolis gr. 1-1/2

Sodii Chloridi ... gr. 2
,, ,, Sodium Bicarbonate

Compound

R; Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 5
Sodii Boratis ... gr. 5
Sodii Chloridi ... gr. 5
,, ,, Sodium Bicarbonate
Compound, Saccharated
B; Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 5
Sodii Boratis ... gr. 5
Sodii Chloridi ... gr. 5
Sacchari Albi ... gr. 5
,, Naso-Pharnygeal Compound
E; Sodii Chloridi ... gr. 7
Sodii Boratis ... gr. 2-1/2
Sodii Benzoatis ... gr. 1/2
Acidi Borici ... gr. 3/4
Mentholis ... gr. 1/50

Thymolis ... gr. i/ioo

Cocainse Hydro-

chloridi gr. 1/6
Ol. Gaultheria min. 1/20

, , ' Nizin ' C Trade Mark)

FORMULARY OF FINK PRODUCTS

Issued in
|bots. of Ibots. of

A zinc salt of s
Paraform

.Iphani

-5

gr. 2

PT. 20

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the
Brand in
full, thus :

REMEMBER THE

' Soloid ' Brand Products— continued Issued in

,bots. of . hots, of
'SOLOID' BRAND — STRENGTH

,, Phenol (see Carbolic Acid,

page 189,)

,, Potassium Permanganate ... gr. i 100

,, ,, ,, ... gr. 5 ; 25 100

,, Potassium Permanganate and

Alum ... 100

Tji Pot. Permanganatis gr. 3

Aluminis gr. 5

,, Saline Compound, tubes of 12
$ Calcii Chloridi

. °'°5 gm. [gr. 3/4]
Potassii Chloridi

0-05 gm. [gr. 3/4]
Sodii Chloridi

2-25 gm. Igr. 35!
Sodii Bicarbonatis

0-025 gm. [gr. 3/8]
Dextrosi 0-25 gm. [gr. 3 3/4]
One dissolved in 2500.0. of boiled
(sterile) water for intravenous
injection at 40° C.

,, Silver Nitrate gr. i 25

„ „ „ gr- 5 25

,, Sodium Bicarbonate gr- 44 , 25

One in 5 fluid ounces of water =
2 per cent, solution (approx.)

,, Sod. Bicarb. Co. (seepage 192^

, , Sod. Bicarb. Co. , Saccharated
(see page K)2.)

,, Sodium Chloride, tubes of 12 gr. 32
Two dissolved in 16 fluid ounces
of boiled (sterile) water, for
intravenous injection at 100° F.
(37-8° C.), give a solution con-
taining 0-9 per cent of sodium
chloride.

,, Sodium Chloride, tubes of 6 gr. 64

One in 16 fluid ounces of boiled

(sterile) water, for intravenous

injection at 100° F. (37-8° C.)

,, Sodium Citrate and Sodium

Chloride ' 25 100

$ Sodii Citratis gr. 3

Sodii Chloridi gr. 16

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the ^2? •
Brand in f-/L/
full thus: '^/

FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

' Soloid ' Brand Products— £

ontinued

Issued in

hots, of

'SOLOID' BRAND—

STRENGTH

,, Zinc Chloride

gr-

• —

,, Zinc Permanganate ...

gr-

1/8

—

IOO

,, Zinc Sulphate

gr-

—

IOO

,, ,, ,,

gr-

—

IOO

,, ZincSulphocarbolate(Phenol-

sulphonate)

gr-

—

IOO

» » »

gr-

—

IOO

Also a wide range of other products issued under the
' Soloid ' Brand.

SOLOID' BRAND PRODUCTS FOR
TESTING PURPOSES, etc.

For Urine Analysis

'SOLOID' BRAND — STRENGTH

, , Citric Acid gr. i

,, Fehling's Test, for preparing Fehling1 s

Solution, cartons of 24
,, Indigo Test for Sugar

(Sodium Nitrophenylpropiolate) gr. 1/4
,, Picric Acid ... ... ... ... gr. i

,, Potassium Ferrocyanide ... ... gr. i

, , Salicyl-sulphonic Acid gr. 2

Issued in

tubes of

For Water Analysis

'SOLOID' BRAND — STRENGTH

,, Ammonium Chloride 0-00016 gm.

,, Lead Acetate 0-0184 gm.

,, Meta-phenylenediamine Sulphate o-oi gm.

,, Oxalic Acid o-i gm.

„ Potassium Chromate ...: > ,•;. 0-0065 gm.

,, Potassium Ferrocyanide ... '..."'... 0-013 gm.

,, Potassium Nitrate ... .V. 0-00144 gm.

„ Potassium Permanganate ... 0-00395 gm.

,, Silver Nitrate .'.!. ... ... 0-0097 gm.

Pharmocopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless other-wise stated

Write the
Brand in
full, thus :

/\\f ' \J 0~£d— t^C&

ISSUED .BY B. W. AND CO.

'Soloid' Brand Products for Testing Purposes, etc.— continued
For Water Analysis — continued

' SOLOID' BRAND— STRENGTH

., Soap

,, Sodium Acid Sulphate 0-324 gm.

,, Zinc Dust ... ... ... ... ... oi3gm.

,, Zinc Sulphide ... ... ... ... 0-25 gm.

In packages of 25

,, Nessler's Solution, in hermetically-sealed glass capsules

Boxes of 30 capsules, each containing ... 0-5 c.c.

,, 24 ,, ,, ... 2 c.c.

For Sewage Analysis

'SOLOID' BRAND — STRENGTH

,, Oxalic Acid 0-0079 gm.

, , Potassium Permanganate 0-00395 Sm-

,, Pyrogallic Acid 0-032 gm.

,, Sodium Hydroxide 0-13 gm.

In packages of 25

Test Indicators

'SOLOID' BRAND— 'SOLOID' BRAND—

,, * Indigo-Carmine ,, *Phenolphthalein

„ *Lacmoid ,, *Rosolic Acid

„ *Methyl-Orange ,, Starch, 0-5 gm.

*One dissolved in 10 c.c. of solvent forms the Test Indicator.
In tubes of 10

Microscopic Stains

'SOLOID' BRAND— STRENGTH

,, Bismarck Brown, pure o-i gm.

,. Borax Methylene Blue
„ Ehrlich Triple Stain

,, Eosin, pure o-l gm.

,, Eosin- Azur (for Giemsa staining with one

solution) 0-038 gm.

,, Eosin-Methylene Blue (Louis Jenner's Stain) 0-05 gm.

,, Fuchsine (Basic), pure o-i gm.

,, Gentian Violet, pure o-i gm.

Pharmocopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

196 TRADE MARKS FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

'Soloid' Brand Products for Testing Purposes, etc.— continued
M icroscopic S tains — continued

'SOLOID' BRAND— STRENGTH

,, Gram's Iodine Solution 150.0.

,, Hsematoxylin (Delafield)

,, Hsematoxylin, pure o-i gm.

,, Methyl Violet, pure o-i gm.

,, Methylene Blue, pure ... o-i gm.

,, Romanowsky Stain (Leishman's Powder) ... 0-015 gm.
,, Romanowsky Stain (Wright's Modification) 0-05 gm.

,, Sodium Carbonate 0-05 gm.

,, Thionin Blue, pure o-i gm.

„ Toison Blood Fluid

In tubes of 6
Methyl Alcohol, pure (see page i"j6)

Culture Media
'SOLOID' BRAND
,, Bile Salt Agar-Agar (MacConkey) •>
,, Nutrient Agar-Agar \ In tubes of 6

,, Nutrient Broth

Also a wide range of other products issued under the
' Soloid' Brand

Strophanthus Tincture (B. W. & Co.)

(Physiologically Standardised in the Wellcome Physio-
logical Research Laboratories. )

Prepared in accordance with the United States
Pharmacopoeia (Eighth Revision), from carefully-selected
Strophanthus seeds.

In bottles containing i, 4, 8 and 1 6 fluid ounces.

Strophanthus, ' Tabloid ' Brand (see page 227^)

Suppositories (see ' Enule ' Rectal Suppositories, pages
164-166; and 'Hazeline' Suppositories, page i6S)

Surgical Dressings, 'Tabloid' Brand (see pages 161-163)
Syringes, Hypodermic and Serum (see pages 168-169)

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

ISSUED BY B. W. AND CO.

TCI 'TABLOID' BRAND PRODUCTS

' Tabloid ' Brand Products are also issued in bottles of 500, with
the exception of those put up in tubes only.

Under the ' Tabloid ' Brand is issued an immense variety of
drugs and combinations thereof, all prepared from the purest
ingredients. When using them the physician has power
to administer at any moment the exact dose required, and
that without any measuring or weighing. They
keep unchanged in any climate. Owing to their dosage**
extreme portability, supplies may be comfortably
carried in the waistcoat-pocket, and doses taken regularly whilst
following the usual routine of social, professional or commercial
life. ' Tabloid ' Brand products of unpleasant drugs are coated
with a thin film of white sugar, readily soluble in the stomach,
while those intended to act after leaving the stomach are
coated with keratin, soluble only in the alkaline secretions
of the intestine.

Issued in
oval I bots. of

TABLOID' BRAND—

,, Acetanilide (see Antifebrinj
,, Aconite, each containing the
solid ingredients of Tincture
of Aconite, min. 1/4 ... I frequently \
,, Aconite, each containing the
solid ingredients of Tincture

of Aconite, min. I I frequently

Aconite, each containing the
solid ingredients of Tincture

of Aconite, min. 5 I to 3

., Aloes and Iron I to 2

Each product equals one of the
U.S. P. pills.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

100
100

Write the
Brand in
full, thus :

FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continu

•d

Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND—

DOSE

oval

bots. of

hots, of

, , Aloes and Myrrh

I to 2

IOO

Each product equals one of the

U.S. P. pills.

,, Aloin, gr. i/io

I frequently

IOO

—

,, ,, gr. 1/2

i to 4

IOO

,, Aloin Compound

i to 2 after

IOO

IJ Aloini gr. 1/5
Strychninae Sulph. gr. 1/60
Ext. Belladonna: ... gr. 1/8

meals, or
i to 3 at

Pulv. Ipecacuanhas gr. 1/16
A stomachic and tonic laxative

bed-time

combination of especial value

in chronic constipation.

,, Ammoniated Quinine
Each contains Quinine and
Ammonium Bicarbonate to

i repeated
if necessary

IOO

correspond with one flui-

drachm of the tincture.

,, Ammonium Bromide, gr. 5 ...

to 6

'ioiix

IOO

>» ., „ gr. 10

to 3

—

IOO

,, Ammonium Carbonate, gr. 3

to 3

—

IOO

,, Ammonium Chloride, gr. 3 ...

to 6

IOO

gr. 5-

to 4

—

IOO

,, ,, ,, gr. 10

to 2

—

IOO

,, Ammonium Chloride and

Borax

I as required

—

IOO

,, Ammonium Chloride and

Licorice

i as required

IOO

IJ Ammonii Chloridi... gr. 3

Ext. Glycyrrhizae ... gr. 2

,, Ammonium Chloride Co.

i as required

IOO

IJ; Ammonii Chloridi... gr. i

Potassii Chloratis ... gr. 2

Pulv. Cubebse ... gr. 1/4

Ext. Glycyrrhizas ... gr. i

,, Ammonium Hippurate, gr. i

i or more ,

IOO

,, Antifebrin (Acetanilide), gr. 2

I to 2

IOO

gr. 5

i (in special

cases)

IOO

,, Antifebrin Compound

IOO

3 Acetanilidi

(Antifebrini) gr. 2

Camphoras Mono-

bromatae ... ... gr. i

Caffeinae Citratis ... gr. i

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

SUED BY B.

'Tabloid' Brand Products—
TABLOID' BRAND —

,, Antimony Compound Pill

(Plummer Pill) N.F., gr. 4
Each contains approximately :
Sulphurated Antimony, gr. i ;
Mild Mercurous Chloride, gr. i ;
Guaiac, gr. 2.

Antimony and Potassium Tartrate

DOSE
I to 2

oval I bots. of
bots. of!

(Tartar Emetic), gr. 1/50...
,, Antipyrine (Phenazone),

gr. 2-1/2

,, Antipyrine Compound
B Antipyrini

(Phenazoni) ... gr. 3

Caffeinae gr. i

Content pure. Dosage accurate.

Disintegration rapid.
,, ' Aol ' (Trade Mark), 0-3 gm.,
[approx. gr. 5] (Capsule),
a derivative of Santalum
albrim, boxes of 50
,, Apomorphine Compound ...
]J Apomorphinae

Hydrochjoridi gr. 1/50
Ammonii Chloridi gr. 3
Ext. Glycyrrhizae gr. 1-1/2
,, Apomorphine Hydrochloride,

gr. 1/5°
,, Arsenic Trioxide

(Arsenous Acid),

gr. i/ioo
» gr- 1/50
,, ,, ., gr. 1/20

,, Arsenical Compound

B Arseni Trioxidi ... gr. i/ioo
Ferri Sulph. Exsicc. gr. i
Calcii Sulphidi ... gr. 1/4
Ext. Gentianae ... gr. 2
,, Arsenous Iodide and Mer-
curic Iodide...
One represents min. 5 of Liq.
Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi
(Donovan Solution) contain-
ing Arsenous and Mercuric
Iodides, of each gr. 1/21
(approx.)

I to 3

I to 4 or more
i to 4
i to 4

2 or more
i as required

i to 3 (expec-
tora

I to 6
I to 3

i to 4

5°

IOO
IOO
IOO

Pharmacopaial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the

FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND—

DOSE i bots. of

., Asafetida and Opium Com-

pound

I to 2

IOO

ft Asafoetidae,

Camphorje,

Pulv. Opii,

Pulv. Piperis Nigri aa gr. i

,, 'Aspirin,' gr. 5

i to 5

25 too

., Atropine Sulphate,

0-0005 Sm- [gr- I/13°']

., Belladonna Extract, each con-

taining the solid ingredients

of Tincture of Belladonna

Leaves... ... min. I

I frequently

IOO

,, Belladonna Extract, each con-

taining the solid ingredients

of Tincture of Belladonna

Leaves min. 5

i to 3

48 loo

., Benzoic Acid, gr. 5

i to 3

IOO

., Benzonaphthol, gr. 5

i to 2

IOO

., Betanaphthol, gr. 3

i to 3

— IOO

, , Betanaphthol Compound
ft Betanaphtholis ... gr. i

i to 4

SltffcWI

25 loo
iA°?,

Carbonis Ligni ... gr. 4

Ol. Menthae Pip. ... min. 1/2

., Bismuth and Dover Powder i to 6

IOO

ft BismuthiSubnit.... gr. 2-1/2

Pulv. Ipecacuanha;

et Opii ... gr. 2-1/2

„ Bismuth and Soda

I to 4or more

IOO

ft BismuthiSubnit.... gr. 2-1/2

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 2-1/2

, , Bismuth, Rhubarb and Soda . . .

I to 4

25 loo

ft BismuthiSubnit.... gr. 3

Pulv. Rhei ... gr. i

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 2

Pleasant and easy to take. By

its use the unpleasantness of
the ordinary nauseous mixture

is avoided.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the 0 , ^^-^"

Brand in fl/ •**/ /.

full, thus: 'U. / +^tr

~<£

TRADE MARKS 'Mi

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND—

oval i bots. of
DOSE ! bots. of!

,, Bismuth Subcarbonate, gr. 5 I

to 4 25 I0°

,, Bismuth Subgallate, gr. 5 ... I

to 4 25 i 100

,, Bismuth Subnitrate, gr. 5 ... i

to 4 25 i loo

,, ,, ,, gr. 10 ... I

to 2 100

,, Bismuth Subsalicylate (Physio-

logically Pure), gr. 5 ... I

to 4 loo

,, Blaud (Pil. Ferrugin.), gr. 5... i

to 3 — loo

,, ,, ,, gr. 10... I

to 2 IOO

Permanently representing 20 per

cent, of ferrous carbonate

,, Blaud Pill and Aloin I

to 4 loo

R Pil. Ferrugin. (Blaud) gr. 5
(=20% Ferri Carbonatis)

Aloini gr. 1/20

,, Blaud Pill and Arsenic ... I

to 4 loo

R Pil. Ferrugin. (Blaud) gr. 5
(= 20 % Ferri Carbonatis)

Arseni Trioxidi ... gr. 1/64

,, Blaud Pill, Arsenic and

Strychnine ... ... I

to 4 loo

B Pil. Ferrugin. (Blaud) gr. 5
(= 20% Ferri Carbonatis)

Arseni Trioxidi ... gr. i/ioo

Strychninse gr. i/ioo

,, Blaud Pill and Cascara ... I

increased 100

R Pil. Ferrugin. (Blaud) gr. 5
(= 20% Ferri Carbonatis)
Ext. Cascar. Sagrad. gr. 1/2

to 4

,, Blaud Pill Compound ... I

IOO

E Pil. Ferrugin, (Blaud) gr. 10

(= 20 % Ferri Carbonatis)

Pulv. Capsici ... gr. 1/4

Aloini gr. 1/30

Strychnina; gr. 1/30

Arseni Trioxidi ... gr. 1/30

,, Blaud Pill, Nux Vomica and

Cascara i

to 4 loo

^ Pil. Ferrugin. (Blaud) gr. 3

(= 20 % Ferri Carbonatis)
Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. i/io

Ext. Cascar. Sagrad. gr. i

,, Blue Pill, gr. 4 I

tO 2 25 IOO

Each contains gr. 1-1/3 °f Pure

Metallic Mercury

Pharmacopodal preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the tf 7 //>„

Brand in //. {JO^^0^

full, thus: VW

TRADE MAHKS

FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

' Tabloid ' Brand Products— continued Issued in

oval

bots. of

'TABLOID' BRAND—

DOSE

bots. of

,, Blue Pill and Rhubarb Com-

pound

i to 2

—

100

Ijfc Massae Hydrargyri ... gr. 2-1/2

Pil. Rhei Comp. ... gr. 2-1/2

,, Blue Pill, Colocynth and

Hyoscyamus

i to 2

IOO

^ Massae Hydrargyri ... gr. 2

Pil. Colocynthidis et

Hyoscyami ... gr. 4

,, Blue Pill, Squill and Digitalis

I to 2

—

IOO

5 Massae Hydrargyri ... gr. i
Pulv. Scillae ... gr. 1-1/2

Pulv. Digitalis ... gr. i

,, Bone Medulla, gr. 5, (Capsule),

boxes of 50

I or more

—

,, Borax (Sodium Borate), gr. 5

i to 4 or more

IOO

., Boric Acid, gr. 5

i to 3

—

IOO

,, Bromides Compound (see

Sodium Bromide Compound)

,, Butyl-Chloral Hydrate and

Gelsemine

—

IOO

5 Butyl-Chloral

Hydratis... gr. 3

Gelseminae

Hydrochloridi ... gr. 1/200

,, Cachets — In boxes of 6

,, ,, Antipyrine, gr. 5 ...

I to 2

naT.!!'

.-—

,, ,, Quinine Sulphate,

gr- 5

I tO 2

—

,, Caffeine, Citrated, gr. 2

I or more

—

IOO

,, Caffeine Compound (see Anti-

pyrine Compound, page 199)

,, Calcium Carbonate Compound

i to 4 before

IOO

3 Calcii Carb. Praecip. gr. 3-1/2
Mag. Carb. Pond. gr. 2-1/2
Bismuthi Subcarb. gr. 2

meals, or i
occasionally

,, Calcium lodo-ricinoleate, gr. 3,

(Capsule), boxes of 50

i to 3

—

,, Calcium Lactate, gr. 5

i to 3

IOO

Pharmacopodial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the
Brand in
full, thus:

ISSUED BY B. W. AND CO.

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continue,!

Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE

oval

bots. o

bots. of

,, Calcium Sulphide, gr. i/io ... i or more

100

gr. 1/4 ... i to 4

IOO

» " M gr. 1/2 ... I to 2

IOO

» » ,, gr. I ... i

IOO

,, Calomel (Hydrarg. Chlor.

Mit.),gr. i/io, gr. 1/6,

gr. 1/4 and gr. 1/2 ... i repeated 100

—

gr- i i to 5

IOO

gr- 2 i to 3

—

IOO

gr- 3 i to 2

—

IOO

gr- 5 i

IOO

Prepared with pure sublimed

English Mercurous Chloride

,, Calomel and Creosote ... I to 5

IOO

]J Hydrarg. Chlor. Mil. gr. 1/6

Creosoti min. i

, , Calomel and Jalap i to 4

IOO

5 Hydrarg. Chlor. Mit. gr. i

Pnlv. Jalap* ... gr. 2

, , Calomel and Piperine, of each

gr. 1/2 i repeated

IOO

,, Calomel, gr. 1/4, and Sodium

Bicarbonate, gr. I i or more

IOO

,, Calomel, gr. 1/2, and Sodium

Bicarbonate, gr. 2-1/2 ... i or more

IOO

,, Calomel, gr. i, and Sodium

Bicarbonate, gr. 5 I or more

IOO

,, Camphorated Opium, each

containing the solid ingre-

dients of Camphorated Tinc-

ture of Opium (Paregoric),

min. 2 I frequently

IOO

—

,, Camphorated Opium, each

containing the solid ingre-

dients of Camphorated Tinc-

ture of Opium (Paregoric),

min. 5 i frequently

IOO

Pharmacopaial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the ^TN ' ^ •
Brand in UJ Ol IJ'l
full, thus: -Aj- _/ fUl'lO'UL

FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

frequently

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued
'TABLOID' BRAND— DOS

,, Camphorated Opium, each

containing the solid ingre-
dients of Camphorated Tinc-
ture of Opium (Paregoric),

min. 15 i to 4

., Cane Sugar, gr. 3

,, Cannabis Indica (see Indian

Cannabis Extract)
,, Capsicum, each containing the

solid ingredients of Tincture

of Capsicum, min. I ~. "°,.Y
, , Capsicum, each containing the

solid ingredients of Tincture

of Capsicum, min. 5 ... i to 3 or more

,, Capsules —

See 'Aol,' Bone Medulla, Calcium
lodo-ricinoleate, Carbolic Acid,

Castor Oil, Juniper Oil, Phenol

and Menthol Compound, Sandal

Wood Oil, Terebene, Turpentine

Oil, Rectified.
„ Carbolic Acid ( Phenol), gr. 1/4

andgr. 1/2 (for the throat] .. i as required
,, Carbolic Acid (Phenol), gr. i,

(Capsule), boxes of 24 ... i to 3
,, Carbolic Acid, gr. 1/2, with

Slippery Elm, bottles of 25 I occasionally

oval
bots. of

Issued in

ts. of

, Carlsbad Salt, Effervescent,

i or more as

Artificial, N.F., tubes of 25

desired

, CascaraSagrada(DryExtract),

gr. I

i or more

IOO

gr. 2

i to 4

IOO

' ' ** om "it " gr' 3

i to 3

IOO

»•' "^"i,?"" gr. 4

i to 2

IOO

gr- 5

I as required

IOO

The uniform reliability of

'Tabloid' Cascara Sagrada

premier position in the esti-
mation of physicians through-
out the world.

100
100

— 100

Phartnacopaial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

ISSUED BY

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND- DOSE boT'of

bots. of

, , Cascara Compound 1104 25

IOO

JJ Ext. Cascar. Sagrad. gr. i
Ext Euonymi ... gr. i/2
Iridim gr. !/2

Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. 1/16

Ext. Hyoscyami Vir. gr. 1/3

,, Cascara and Gentian

Compound i to 3 25

IOO

# Ext. Cascar. Sagrad. gr. 2

Ext. Nucis Vomicas gr. 1/5

Ext. Belladonnas ... gr. i/io

Ext. Gentianse ... gr. i

Capsicini gr. i/io

,, Castor Oil, min. 5, (Capsule),

boxes of 50 i or more

,, Cathartic Compound i to 2 25

IOO

fy Ext. Colocynth Co. gr. 1-1/3
Hydrarg. Chlor. Mil. gr.
Ext. Jalapae gr.

Pulv. Cambogiae ... gr. /4

A cathartic compound of xcep-
tional purity of ingredien s and

of proved reliability.

,, Cerebrin, gr. 5 i or more '.

IOO

,, Cerium Oxalate, gr. 5 ... i to 2

IOO

,, Charcoal (Pure Willow), gr. 5, i or more asj -

IOO

bottles of 40 ... ... required •

, , Chloralformamide (Chlorala-

mide), gr. 5 3 to 6

IOO

,, Chloral, Hydrated, gr. 5 ...

IOO

,, ,, gr. 10 ...

IOO

,, Chocolate, gr. 60, boxes of 12

,, Cinchona, each containing

the solid ingredients of

Tincture of Cinchona,

min. 30 ... ... ... i to 2 : 36

IOO

,, Citric Acid, gr. 5 ... ... i to 4

IOO

Cocaine Hydrochloride (see

' Soloid ' Brand products)

,, Cocaine Co. with Potassium

Chlorate and Borax (see

Voice, pagS 230)

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the (ft • f^

Brand in jCr ^ ) / / / f

full, thus: ,/V £L/£l<P^e^&\+

' Tabloid ' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND — J)OSE

oval
bots. of

bots. of

,, Cocoa, gr. 60, boxes of 12 ...

—

,, Codeine, gr. 1/4 ito4ormore

IOO

,, ,, gr. 1/2 I to 4

IOO

,, Codeine and Benzoic Acid

Compound ... ... ... I as required

IOO

$ Cocamae

Hydrochloridi ... gr. 1/40

Codeinae gr. i/io

Acidi Benzoici ... gr. 1/2

Mentholis gr. i/io

Pulv. Ipecacuanhae gr. i/io
Ol. Menthae Piperitae min. 1/16

Gummi Rubri ... y.s.

Highly efficient in the irritating

cough of pharyngitis, etc.

,, Codeine and Benzoic Acid

Compound, without Cocaine I as required

IOO

Differs from foregoing only in

that no Cocaine is added.

,, Codeine and Nux Vomica ... I to 2

$ Codeine Phosphatis gr. i
Ext. Nucis Vomicae gr. 1/4

,, 'Coffee-Mint' Ito4ormore

IOO

5 Sodii Bicarb. ... gr. 3

Ammonii Bicarb.... gr. 1/16

Ext. Coffeae ... gr. 1/2

Cerii Oxalatis ... gr. 1/4

Ol. Menthae Piperitae <?.s.

Diffusible stimulant, especially

valuable in flatulence, in the

nausea associated with liver

disorder, and in the vomiting
of pregnancy.

„ Colchicine Salicylate, gr. 1/32 I to 2

IOO

,, Colocynth and Hyoscyainus,

N.F. Pill i to 2

IOO

Each product equals one of the

N.F. pills.

„ Colocynth Compound, N.F. i to 2

IOO

Each product equals one of the

N.F. pills.

,, Corrosifri' Sublimate (see

HydrKrg. Perchlor. , page 211)

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the /^~^V

Brand in ( ^ '/„ .,

f«",thus: \</?j&&s; __

W. AM) CO.

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

' TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE

oval
bots. of

bots. of

,, Cotarnine Hydrochloride,

gr. 3/4, bottles of 25 ... i to 3

—

,, Cubeb and Belladonna, Effer-

vescent i as required

—

IOO

# Pulv. Cubeba: ... gr. 1/2

Kxt. Belladonna; ... gr. 1/20

,, Cubeb Compound I as required
IJ Oleo-resinse Cubebas gr. 1/4

IOO

Ammonii Chloridi... gr. 1/2

Glycyrrhizini ... gr. 1/4

, , Dentifrice

IOO

,, Didymin (Testicular Sub- i increased

stance), gr. 5 to 4

—

IOO

,, Digitalin (Amorphous), gr.

i/ioo 1103

50 -

., Digitalis, each containing the
solid ingredients of Tincture

of Digitalis, min. i ... i frequently
,, Digitalis, each containing the

IOO

solid ingredients of Tincture

of Digitalis, min. 5 ... I

IOO

,, Donovan Solution (see Arsen-

ous and Mercuric Iodide)

, , Dover Powder ( see Ipecac and

Opium Powder)

,, Easton Syrup (see Phosphates
of Iron, Quinine and Strych-

nine)

,, Effervescent Products

See Carlsbad Salt, Cubeb and

Belladonna, Kissingen Salt,

Lithium Citrate, Lithium

Citrate and Urotropine, Mag-

nesium Citrate, Magnesium

Sulphate, Magnesium Sul-
phate Compound, Piperazine,
Quinine Bisulphate and Potas-

sium Citrate, Seltzer Salt,

Sodium Phosphate, Sodium

Sulphate, Sodium Sulphate

Compound, Three Bromides,

Vichy Salts.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the ^7 J J* '

Brand in ffl. (Jf2/0-&-W/U

full, thus: 7

REMEMBER THE

Issued in

' Tabloid ' Brand Products— continued

oval 1 bots of

'TABLOID' BRAND — DOSE

bots. of

,, Elaterin, gr. 1/40 ... ... i lo 4

25 —

,, Ergot Extract (Ergotin), gr. I I to 4 or more

— IOO

5> » » » gr- 2 i to 4

— IOO

,i » » » gr- 3 i to 3

IOO

,, Ergotin and Strychnine ... I to 2

• —

IOO

ty Ext. Ergotae(F.rgotini) gr. 3
Strychmnae Sulphatis gr. 1/30

,, Erythrol Tetranitrate (Tetra-

nitrin), gr. 1/4, tubes of 25... I to 4

—

,, Erythrol Tetranitrate (Tetra-

nitrin), gr. 1/2 i to 2

[3<i-( ,

,, Erythrol Tetranitrate (Tetra-

nitrin), gr. I I

,, Euonymus Extract (Euony-
min), gr. 1/8 Ito4ormore

5°

KL"

,, Euonymus Extract (Euony-

min), gr. 1/2 I to 4

—

, , Exalgine, gr. 2 ... ... i to 2

> rtti

IOO

,, Fellis Bovis Purificati (see Ox

Bile, page 219)

*Ull 79

„ Fellis Porcini Purificati (see

I rtitfic

Pig Rile, page 221)

,, Ferric Chloride, gr. 1-1/4 ••• i

IOO

Each represents the amount of
Ferric Chloride contained in

min.ioof Tinct. Ferri Chlor.

with a small quantity of am-

monium chloride as vehicle.

,, Ferric Chloride and Arsenic... I

IOO

Jfc Ferri Chlor. gr. 1-1/4 ( = Tinct.

Ferri Chlor. , minT 10)

Arseni Trioxidi ... gr. 1/30

,, Ferri Reducti (see Reduced

Iran, page 223)

,, Ferri Sulphatis (Exsicc.) (see

Iron Sulphate, dried, page 214)

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the s~7\ i ^-. /
Brand in G// O 1 / ,
full, thus: J(Jf J (d><tO<uL

ISSUED liY B. W.

REMEMBER THE

' Tabloid ' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE

oval
bots. of

bots. of

,, Ferruginous (see Blaud Pill

and combinations, page 201)

,. Ferrum (see Iron, page 213)

,, Ginger, each containing the

solid ingredients of Essence

of Ginger (i in 2), min. 5 ... i to 4

IOO

,, Ginger, each containing the

solid ingredients of Essence

of Ginger (i in 2), min. 10 I to 2

—

IOO

, , GlycerophosphatesCompound,
dr. 1/2 i to 8

IOO

Each presents the amount of

calcium, sodium, potasssium,

magnesium and iron glycero-
phosphates, with strychnine,

glycerophosphate, gr. 1/800,
pepsin, diastase and kola,

contained in 1/2 fluid drachm of

Syrup of Glycerophosphates.
Presents phosphorus in the

organic condition, as it is found

in the system.

„ Glyceryl Trinitrate

(see Trinitrin, page 229)

,, Granulated Opium (see Opium,

Granulated, page 219)

,, Green Dye, Aniline, gr. 30,

tubes of 12

—

,, Gregory Powder (see Rhubarb

Compound Powder, page 224)

,, Grey Powder

(Hydrarg. cum Greta)

gr. 1/4 ; gr. 1/3 ;

gr. 1/2 i repeated

IOO

—

,, ,, „ gr. i i to 5

100

—

,, „ ,,gr. 2 i to 3

—

IOO

„ „ ,,gr. 3 l t02

—

IOO

„ ,, ,, gr. 5 l

—

IOO

The 'Tabloid' products contain

38 per cent, of pure metallic

mercury.

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

the /, ..

J! ji ^

Write
Brand
full, thus :

TRADE MARKS

FORMULARY OF

'Tabloid' Brand Products- Continue

Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND—

oval bots. of
HOSE j hots, of

,, Grey Powder and Dover

Powder, of each gr. 1/2 ...

i to 5 or more

— IOO

,, Grey Powder and Dover

Powder, of each gr. i

i to 5

IOO

,, Grey Powder and Opium

i 105

— IOO

5 Hydrarg. cum Creta gr. i

PulverisOpii ... gr. 1/6

,, Grey Powder, Opium and

Quinine

i to 3

IOO

IJ Extract! Opii ... gr. 1/6

Hydrarg. cum Creta gr. 1-1/2

Quininae Sulphatis gr. 1-1/2

0 ..

,, Grey Powder gr. 1/2, and

Sodium Bicarb, gr. 2-1/2 ...

i repeated

IOO

,, Grey Powder, gr. i, and

Sodium Bicarbonate, gr. 5

i to 5

25 ; ioo

,, Guaiac, gr. 5

i to 3

25 ioo

,, Guaiac and Quinine Comp.

i to 4

— IOO

IJ Guaiaci gr. 2

Sulphuris gr. 2

Quininae Salicylatis gr. 1/2

,, Guaiac and Sulphur

i to 4

25 ioo

3 Guaiaci gr. 3

Sulphuris Praecip. ... gr. 3

,, Guaiacol Camphorate, gr. 5

I to 2

25 ioo

,, Guaiacol Carbonate, gr. 5 ...

I to 2

25 ioo

i_l

>f-f 7v.j-m> ..

,, Haemoglobin, gr. 5

I or more

IOO

,, Heroin Hydrochloride, gr. 1/25

i to 4

25 ioo

>, „ gr. I/IO

IOO

,, Hydrarg. Colocynth et Hyoscy.

(see Blue Pill, Colocynth and

Hyoscyamus, page 202)

,, Hydrargyri Chloridi Mitis and

combinations (see Calomel

u:T ' si !'

and combinations, page 203)

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the 0 */)

Tabloid' Brand Products— continued
TABLOID' BRAND—

,, Hydrarg. c. Creta and com-

binations (see Grey Powder

and combinations, page 210)

,, Hydrarg. lodid. Flavi, gr. 1/8

i to 4 25

IOO

, , Hydrarg. lodid. Rubri, gr. 1/20

i 50

—

,, gr. 1/16

5°

—

, , Hydrarg. lodid. Viridis, gr. 1/8

i to 4

5°

—

increased

,, Hydrargyri Perchloridi (Mer-

curic Chloride), gr. i/ioo ...

i to 4 or more

IOO

—

,, Hydrargyri Perchloridi (Mer-

curic Chloride), gr. 1/16 ...

IOO

—

„ Hydrarg. Perchloridi, gr. 1/32,

et Potassii lodidi, gr. 2-1/2

i to 2

—

IOO

,, Hydrarg. Perchloridi, gr. i /i 6,

et Potass. lodidi, gr. 5

—

IOO

,, Hydrastine Compound

i to 3

IOO

1J Hydrastinae
Hydrochloridi gr. 1/4

repeated

Cannabinae Tannatis gr. 1/2

Ext. Ergotae

(Ergotini) gr. 1/2

,, Hydrastine Compound and

Cotarnine Hydrochloride . . .

i to 3

IOO

B Hydrastinse
Hydrochloridi gr. 1/4

repeated

Cotarninae

Hydrochloridi gr. 1/4

Cannabinae Tannatis gr. 1/2

Ext. Ergotae

(Ergotini) gr. 1/2

,, Hydrastine Hydrochloride,

gr. 1/4

i to 4

—

IOO

repeated

. . Hydrated Chloral (see Chloral,

Hydrated, page 205)

,, Hyoscyamus, each containing

the solid ingredients of

Tincture of Hyoscyamus,

min. 10

I to 4 or more

36 loo

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

212 TRADE MARKS FORMULARY O

' Tabloid ' Brand Products— continued
'TABLOID' BRAND— ROSE

,, Hypodermic Products

(see pages 169-174,)
,, Hypophosphites Compound,

gr. 1-1/2 i to 2

Each contains : Calcium, Potas-
sium, Sodium, Manganese, Iron
and Quinine Hypophosphites,
with gr. 1/128 of Strychnine
Hypophosphite.

, , Hypophosphites Compound,
gr. 3 I

Containing gr. 1/64 of Strychnine
Hypophosphite.

,, Hypophosphites Compound

and Creosote I

Each contains : Creosote, min. I,
and gr. 3 of the combined
Hypophosphites of Calcium,
Sodium, Potassium, Man-
ganese, iron and Quinine, with
gr. 1/64 of Strychnine Hypo-
phosphite.

,, Ichthyol, gr. 2-1/2 I 104

,, Indian Cannabis Extract,
each containing Extract
equivalent to Tincture of .
Indian Cannabis, min. 5 ••• I to 3

,, Ipecac Powder, gr. i/io ... i frequently

,, ,, ,, gr. 5 ... I everyhour

,, Ipecac deprived of its

Emetic Principles, gr. 5 ... ito4ormore

,, Ipecac with Antimony and
Potassium Tartrate, of each
gr. i/ioo i frequently

,, Ipecac Extract, each contain-
ing the solid ingredients of i to 3
Wine of Ipecac, min. 5 ... ( expectorant ,

oval

hots, of

IOO

50 loo

Pharmacopceial preparations are U. S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the
Brand in L
full, thus: _

W. AND CO.

'Tabloid' Brand Products- cont
'TABLOID' BRAND—

,, Ipecac and Opium Powd
(Dover Powder), gr. 1/4

oval [ hots, of
hots, of

i frequently roo | —

Each contains Opium and
Ipecac, of each gr. 1/40

,, Ipecac and Opium Powder
(Dover Powder), gr. 5 ... i to 3
Each contains Opium and Ipecac,
of each gr. 1/2

100

,, Ipecac with Squill I to 2
Each contains approximately :
Ipecac and Opium, of each
gr. 1/5, Powdered Squill and
Powdered Ammoniacum, of
each gr. 2/3

too

,, Iridin Compound I to 2
3$ Iridini ... ... ... gr. 2
Ext. Hyoscyami Vir. gr. 1/2
Pil. Rhei Comp. ... gr. 1-1/2

100

,, Iron and Arsenic Compound I to 3
IJ Ferri Hypophosphitis gr. 2
Quininae Sulphatis . gr. i
Arseni Trioxidi ... gr. 1/50
Strychninae Sulphatis gr. 1/50
Tonic, stimulant, hsematinic and
alterative.

100

,, Iron, Arsenic and Digitalin... i to 3
^ Ferri Phosphatis Sol. gr. 3
Arseni Trioxidi ... gr. i/ioo
Digitalini (Amorph.) gr. i/ioo

100

,, Iron Carbonate, Saccharated,

gr. 5 i to 6

100

,, Iron Glycerophosphate, gr. 3 i to 2

100

,, Iron Phosphate with Quinine
and Strychnine (seepage 220)

,, Iron Pill (see Blaud, page 201)

,, Iron and Quinine Citrate,

gr. 3 i to 3

25 100

,, Iron, Reduced (see Reduced

Iron, page 223)

opceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the
Brand in
full, thus :

FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND— UOSE

oval
bots. of

bots. of

,, Iron and Strychnine Phos-

phates ... ... ... I

25 ioo

# Ferri Phosphatis Sol. gr. i

Strychninae Phosphatis gr. 1/32

,, Iron Sulphate, Dried, gr. 3... I

—

IOO

,, Iron Valerate, gr. I ... ... I or more

—

IOO

„ Jalap, gr. 5 i to 4

,, Juniper Oil, min. 3, (Capsule),
boxes of 50 ... ... ... i

,, Kino Compound Powder, N.F.,

gr- 5 ! lo 4

Each contains : Kino, gr. 3-3/4 ;
Opium, gr. 1/4 ; and Cinnamon,
gr. i.

,, Kissingen Salt, Effervescent, I or more
Artificial, N.F., tubes of 25 as required

Krameria and Cocaine
IJ; Ext. Kramerias ... gr.
Cocaine Hydrochlor. gr.

{*>

Laudanum (see Opium, Granu

lated,/a£g 219)
Laxative Vegetable ...
5 Ext. Colocynth. C

Ext. Jalapae ..

Resina; Podophylli

Leptandrini

i occasionall}

I to 3

Ext. Hyoscyami Vir.

Ext. Taraxaci

Ol. Menthx Pip. .

gr. 1/2
gr- i/4
gr. 1/2

A purely vegetable laxative and
cholagogue prepared with
drugs of exceptional purity.
Lead with Opium, N.F. Pill

Each product equals one of the
N.F. pills.

— IOO

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the
Brand in

ISSUED BY B. \V. AND CO.

215

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued
TABLOID' BRAND—

DOSE

,, Lithium Benzoate Compound Ito4ormore
~S?, Lithii Benzoatis ... gr. 3
Sulphuris Praecip. ... gr. 2
Quininae Salicylatis ... gr. 1/3

,, Lithium Carbonate, gr. 2 ... I to 3
,, Lithium Citrate, gr. 5, Effer-

vescent, bottles of 25 ... i to 2
,, Lithium Citrate, Effervescent,

gr. 60, tubes of 25 ...... i to 2

Each contains about gr. 3 of
Lithium Citrate.

,, Lithium Citrate and Sodium
Sulphate, Effervescent, tubes
of 25 ......... i to 2

IJ: Lithii Citratis ...... gr. 5

Sodii Sulphatis ... gr. 30

,, Lithium Citrate and Uro-
tropine, Effervescent, tubes
of 25 ... ... ... i or more

$ Lithii Citratis ... gr. 5

Urotropinae ..... gr. 3

Salis Effervescentis q.s.

,, Livingstone Rouser (see

Quinine and Rhubarb Com-

pound, page 222)
,, 'Lodal' (Trade Mark) (6:7-

Dimethoxy - 2 - methyl -3:4-

dihydro z.f<7quinolinium

Chloride), gr. I ...... I

,, Magenta Dye, Aniline, gr. 30,

tubes of 12
,, Magnesium Carbonate Com-

pound ......... i to 4

I£ Magnesii Carbonatis gr. 3
Potass. Bicarbonatis gr. 3
Sodii Bicarbonatis ... gr. 3

Issued in

oval . I bots. of
bots. of I

— i IOO

— 100

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

KORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

' Tabloid ' Brand Products— continued Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE botsfof

bots. of

,, Magnesium Citrate (True},

Effervescent, gr. 60, tubes

of 25 i to 3

,, Magnesium Sulphate, Effer-

vescent, gr. 60, tubes of 25 I to 4

—

Each represents gr. 30 of Mag-

nesium Sulphate.

,, Magnesium Sulphate Com-

pound, Effervescent, tubes

of 25 i to 4

—

IJ Magnesii Sulphatis gr. 15
Sodii Sulphatis ... gr. 15

Magnesii Carbonatis gr. 5

Liq. Zingiberis, N.F. min. 3-1/2

,, Magnesium Sulphite, gr. 5 ... I frequently

100

,, ' Mamos ' (Trade Mark) (for-

merly known as ' Tabloid '

Mammary Gland), gr. 5... i increased

—

100

,, Manganese Citrate (soluble),

gr. 3 i to 3

—

,, Manganese Citrate (soluble),

gr. 5 I to 2

—

,, Manganese Peroxide, gr. 2 ... I to 5 25

100

,, Manganese and Iron Citrate

(soluble), gr. 3 i to 3

100

,, Manganese and Iron Citrate

(soluble), gr. 5 I to 2

IOO

,, Manganese and Iron Citrate

with Quinine (soluble), gr. 3 i to 3

Each contains Quinine,approxi-

mately gr. 1/2.

,, Manganese and Iron Citrate

with Quinine (soluble), gr. 5 I to 2

Each contains Quinine, gr. 3/4

,, Manganese and Iron Citrate

with Strychnine (soluble),

Sr- * i to 3

IOO

Each contains Strychnine,

gr. i/ioo. •.•;•!!

Pharmacopcdal preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

£rd*ne q> 'tT,, '

full, thus: *+t «-/ &AI'/L&ICL

REMEMBER THE
ISSUED liY B. W.' AND CO. ' TRADE MARKS 217

' Tabloid ' Brand Products— continued Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE

oval
bots. of

bots. of

,, Manganese and Iron Phos-

phate (soluble), gr. 3 ... I to 3

IOO

,, Manganese and Iron Phos-

phate (soluble), gr. 5 ... i to 2

IOO

,, Medulla Bone (see page 202)

,, Menthol, gr. 1/4, bottles of 40 I repeated

—

IOO

,, Menthol Compound 1104

IOO

^ Mentholis gr. 1/2

Sodii Bicarbonatis... gr. 3

Saccharin! gr. 1/6

Prepared with Menthol of ex-

ceptional quality.

,, Mercurous Chloride (see

Calomel, page 203)

,, Mercuric Chloride (see

Hydrarg. Perchlor. , page 211)

,, Mercuric Potassium Iodide,

(formerly known as lodic-

Hydrarg.j, gr. 1/6 i

—

IOO

,, Mercury preparations,

(see under Hydrargyrum,

Calomel and Grey Powder)

,, Methylene Blue, gr. 2 ... i to 2

—

IOO

,, Milk Sugar, gr. 3

—

IOO

,, Mineral Water Salts, Effer-

vescent, Artificial (see Carls-

bad, Kissingen, Seltzer and

Vichy)

,, Mistura Alba i to 8

—

IOO

]J Magnesii Carb. Pond. gr. 2-1/2

Magnesii Sulphatis gr. 15
Ol. Menthae Pip. min. 1/32

Conveniently presents a most
efficient saline combination.

,, Morphine and Emetine,

bottles of 50 i

—

]J Morphinas Sulphatis gr. 1/40
Emetina; Hydrobrom. gr. 1/80

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the Sf> J /J . '

Brand in 01 ^t2^^^(/

full, thus: 7

' Tabloid ' Brand Products— continued Issued in

1 rt*71 1

bots. o

' TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE

bots. of

,, Morphine, Strychnine and

Belladonna I as required! 25 100

$ Morphinae Sulphatis gr. i/ia
Strychninae Sulphatis gr. 1/60

Ext. Belladonna; ... gr. 1/20

,, Morphine Sulphate, gr. 1/20 I to 4 or more 5°

—

,, ,, ,, gr. 1/8 i to 4

—

,, ,, ,, gr. 1/4 i to 2

—

,, Mucin Compound 2 or more

IOO

1J Mucini gr. 5

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 5

,, Nitroglycerin (see Trinitrin,

page 229)

,, Nuclein.gr. i i or more

—

IOO

,, Nux Vomica, each containing

the solid ingredients of Tinc-

ture of Nux Vomica, min. I I frequently

IOO

—

,, Nux Vomica, each containing

the solid ingredients of Tinc-

ture of Nux Vomica, min. 5 I to 3

IOO

,, Nux Vomica, each containing

the solid ingredients of Tinc-

ture of Nux Vomica. min. 10 i

IOO

,, Nux Vomica Compound ... I to 3

IOO

IJ Ext. Nucis Vomicae,

Aloini,

Ferri Sulphatis,

Pulv. Myrrhae,

Pulv. Saponis fui gr. 1/2

Stomachic and tonic aperient,

of special value in chronic

constipation.

, , Ophthalmic Products (see

ot£

pages 177-178,)

,, Opium, gr. 1/2 I to 4

—

IOO

» ,, gr. i i to 2

—

IOO

Pharmacopxial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the

' Tabloid ' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

oval

bots. of

'TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE

bots. of

,, Opium, Granulated, each con-

taining the solid ingredients

of Tincture of Opium

(Laudanum), min. 2 ... I to 5

100

,, Opium, Granulated, each con-

taining the solid ingredients

of Tincture of Opium

(Laudanum), min. 5 ... I to 3

IOO

,, Opium, Granulated, each con-

taining the solid ingredients

of Tincture of Opium

(Laudanum), min. 10 ... I

100

,, Ovarian Substance (see

' Varium ' )

,, Ox Bile (Purified), gr. 4 .... i to 4

—

IOO

,, Pancreatin (see 'Pepana')

,, Papain, gr. 2 I to 4

IOO

,, Paregoric (see Camphorated

Opium, page 203)

,, Pastilles (seepages 179-180,)

,, Pelletierine Tannate, gr. 2 ... i to 4

—

,, ' Pepana' (Trade Mark) ••• I to 3

IOO

(Gastro-enteric digestive)

IJ; Pepsini... gr. i

Pancreatini ... ... gr. i

Calcii Lactophosphatis gr. i

Scientifically prepared for the

treatment of dyspeptic condi-
tions affecting both stomach

and intestine.

,, Pepsin, Bismuth and Charcoal 1103

IOO

IJ Pepsini gr. 2

BismuthiSubcarbonatis gr. 2

Carbonis Ligni ... gr. 2

Digestive, sedative and absor-

bent, of special service in

flatulent dyspepsia.

PharmacopKial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the

FORMULARY OF

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued
'TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE

, , Pepsin and Strychnine ... I to 3

B Pepsini ... gr. 2

Strychnine Sulphatis gr. 1/100
,, Pepsin, Bismuth and Strych-
nine ... ... ... ... i to 3

B Pepsini gr. 2

Bismuthi Subcarbonatis gr. 3
Strychnine Sulphatis ... gr. i/ioo
,, Pepsin, Saccharated, gr. 5 ... I to 4 or more
,, Phenacetin, gr. 5 ... ... i to 2

, , Phenacetin Compound ... I to 3

B Phenacetini gr. 4

Caffeina; gr. i

Conspicuously safe and effective
in the treatment of headache
and neuralgia.

,, Phenacetin and Quinine Com-
pound i to 3

B Phenacetini gr. 3

Quininas Hydrobromidi gr. 1/2

Caffeinae gr. 2/3

,, Phenacetin and Salol ... i to 2

B Phenacetini,

Salol as gr. 2$

,, Phenazone (see Antipyrine)
,, Phenol (see Carbolic Acid,

page 204)

,, Phenol and Menthol Com-
pound, (Capsule), boxesof 25 I as required

B Phenolis gr. 1/4

Mentholis gr. 1/2

Ol. Cajuputi ... .. min. i
,, Phenyl Salicylate (see Salol,

page 224)
,, Phosphates of Iron, Quinine

and Strychnine, dr. 1/2 ... I to 2
,, Phosphates of Iron, Quinine
and Strychnine, dr. I ... i
Present, in a soluble condition,
the amount of iron (ferric
state), quinine and strychnine
contained in corresponding
doses of Easton Syrup.

oval
bots. of

Pharmacop(eial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the

'Tabloid' Brand Products-continu

Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND—

DOSE

oval
bots. of

bots. of

,, Photographic (see pap-es

181-185;

,, Pig Bile (Purified), gr. 4

I to 4

—

IOO

,, Pilocarpine Nitrate, gr. i/io

i to 5

. —

gr. 1/4 -.

I to 2

—

,, Piperazine, gr. 5, bottles of 25

I tO 2

,, Piperazine, gr. 5, Effervescent,

tubes of 12

I tO 2

— !

—

,, Pituitary Gland, gr. 2

i to 3

—

IOO

,, Plummer Pill (see Antimony

Compound Pill)

,, Podophyllin, gr. 1/4

i to 4

IOO

—

,, Podophyllin and Euonymin...

I tO 2 IOO

R Resina; Podophylli gr. 1/4

Ext. Euonymi ... gr. i

,, Podophyllin Compound

i to 3

—

IOO

fy Resinse Podophylli ... gr. 1/6

Pil. Rhei Comp. ... gr. 2-1/2

Ext. Hyoscyami Vir. gr. 1-1/4

,, Potassium Bicarbonate, gr. 5

I to 6

IOO

,, Potassium Bromide, gr. 5

i to 6

—

IOO

,, ,, ,, gr. 10 ...

i to 3

—

IOO

, , Potassium Chlorate, gr. 5 ...

i as required

IOO

In graven white-metal boxes,

each containing 40 or 100

Stimulating expectorant, super-

ior to gargles and sprays.

,, Potassium Chlorate and Borax

i as required

IOO

In graven white-metal boxes,

each containing 40 or 100

Presents its constituents in the

:cf . ,

most efficient and convenient

form for the relief of hoarse-

ness, etc.

,, Potassium Chlorate, Borax

and Cocaine Co. (see Voice)

,, Potassium Iodide, gr. I

i frequently

—

IOO

j- » )> gr. 3

i to 6

IOO

,, gr- 5 •••

i to 4

—

IOO

,, Potassium Nitrate (Sal Pru-

nella), gr. 5...

i to 4

—

IOO

Pharmacopoeia! preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the A , ^^^

Brand in ff/ -"V /.

• ••

full, thus: '£ / **4^r~*

REMEMBER THE
222 TRADE MARKS FORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

Tabloid' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

TABLOID' BRAND—

DOSE

oval bots. of
bots. of

,, Potassium Permanganate, gr. I

I to 3

IOO

gr. 2

IOO

,, Prostate Gland, gr. 2-1/2 ...

I to 2

— IOO

,, Quinine, Ammoniated (see

Ammoniated Quinine^

,, Quinine, Arsenic and Strych-

nine ...

IOO

ft Quininae Bisulphatis gr. i

Arseni Trioxidi ... gr. 1/20

Strychninae gr. 1/30

,, Quinine and Camphor

i every hour

25 | ioo

ft Quininas Bisulphatis gr. i
Camphorae ... ... gr. 1/5

,, Quinine, Belladonna and Cam-

phor..
ft Quininae Sulphatis gr. 1/4
Ext. Belladonnae .. gr. 1/8

i to 4

25 ioo

Camphorae gr. 1/4

,, Quinine and Rhubarb Com-

pound (well known for many

years as ' Tabloid ' Living-

stone Rouser)

i to 3

25 ioo

ft Pulv. Jalapas ... gr. 1-1/2
Hydrarg.Chlor.Mit. gr. i
Pulv. Rhei fr. 1-1/2

Quininas Bisulphatis gr. i

., Quinine and Strychnine

i to 3

25 ioo

ft Quininje Bisulphatis gr. i
Strychninae Sulphatis gr. 1/60

,, Quinine Bihydrochloride( Acid
Quinine Hydrochlor. ), gr. 2,

gr- 3) gr. 5 and gr. 10
,, Quinine Bisulphate, gr. 1/2 ...

required
or more

25 ioo
50 ioo

gr. I ...

or more

36 ioo

gr. 2 ...

to 5

25 '. ioo

gr. 3 •••

to 3

25 , ioo

gr. 4 -••

to 2

25 ioo

gr. 5 ...

to 2

25 ioo

» ,» ,, gr. 10 ...

2<$ IOO

Proved by the experience of

medical officers to retain its

therapeutic activity under the

most adverse climatic con-

ditions.

Pharmacopoeia! preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the

ISSUED ur B.

'Tabloid' Brand ProAucts-continu
'TABLOID' BRAND—

,, Quinine Bisulphate and Potas-
sium Citrate, Effervescent,

Issued in
oval | bots. of
bots. of

tubes of 25 ...

IJ Quininae Bisulphatis gr. i
Potassii Citratis ... gr. 15

,, Quinine Compound ...

(Antifebrini) gr 1-1/5
Cinchona; Alkaloid. gr i
Camphor. Monobrom. gr 1/5
Pulv. Ipecacuanhas gr 1/8
Ext. Cascar. Sagrad. gr 1/4

i to 2, re-
peated as
necessary
i every hour

25 ioo

,, Quinine Hydrobromide, gr. I,
gr. 2, gr. 3, gr. 4, gr. 5,
each strength

as
required

25 ioo

,, Quinine Hydrochloride, gr. I,
gr. 2, gr. 3, gr. 4, gr. 5,
each strength

as
required

25 ioo

,, Quinine Salicylate ( Physio-
logically pure), gr. I

i to 6

25 ioo

,, Quinine Salicylate (Physio-
logically Pure), gr. 3

i to 2

25 ioo

,, Quinine Sulphate, gr. I, gr. 2,
gr- 3. gr- 4 and gr. 5,
each strength

as
required

25 : IOO

, , Quinine Valerate, gr. 2

I to 2

> IOO

,, Red Gum

i occasionally

25 ioo

,, Reduced Iron, gr. 2 ...

i to 3

IOO

,, Reduced Iron Compound ...
$ Ferri Reducti ... gr. 2
Ext. Hyoscyami ... gr. i
Ext. Nucis Vomicas gr. 1/2
OleiCari min. 1/4

i to 2

25 ioo

PharmacopKial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the rfD /^tf~7~~^ > '
KuS Jty*t6>Ut>-

FORMULARY OK

'Tabloid' Brand Products-^ ntinued

Issued in

oval

bots. of

'TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE

hots, of

,, Reduced Iron and Rhubarb

Compound I to 2

100

B Ferri Reducti ... gr. 2

Ext. Hyoscyami ... gr. i

Ext. Nucis Vomicse gr. 1/2

Pil. RheiComp. ... gr. i

Olei Cari min. 1/4

These two preparations are of
special value in the treatment

of neurasthenia, chlorosis and

sequelae.

,, Residuum Rubrum.gr. 5 ... i to 4

—

100

,, Resina Podophylli (see Podo-

phyllin, page 221)

,, Resorcin (Resorcinol), gr. 3... I to 2

—

100

,, Rhubarb, gr. 3 Ito4ormore

100

,, Rhubarb and Soda 1105

TOO

B Pulv. Rhei gr. 3

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 1-1/2

Pulv. Zingiberis ... gr. 1/2

,, Rhubarb Compound Pill ... I to 2

100

Each product equals one of the

U.S. P. Pills.

,, Rhubarb Compound Powder

(Gregory Powder), gr. 5 ... ito4ormore

100

Each contains 5 grains of the

U.S. P. Powder.

JIJ^I >.

„ Rhubarb, Soda and Magnesia I to 5

100

B Pulv. Rhei ... gr. i

Sodii Bicarbonatis gr. 1-1/2

pf)

Magnesii Carb. Pond. gr. 2
Pulv. Zingiberis ... gr. 1/2

,T*ni

h9^

,, Saccharin, gr. 1/2

IOO&
200

}

,, Salicin, gr. 5 I to 4

JOO

,, Salicylic Acid (Physiologically

Pure}, gr. 3 ... ... 1104 or more

iI4»bj

100

,, Salicylic Acid (Physiologically

Lafl mi

Pure}, gr. 5 I 104

—

100

,, Salol (Phenyl Salicylate), gr. 5 I to 3

IOO

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the
Brand in
full, thus:

~ —

W. AND CO.

' Tabloid ' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

rival

bots. of

'TABLOID' BRAND—

DOSE i botsTof

,, Sandal Wood Oil, min. 5,

(Capsule), boxes of 25

i to 3 or more

—

,, Sandal Wood Oil, min. 10,

(Capsule), boxes of 20

I to 2

—

,, Santonin, gr. 1/2

i to 4 or more

5°

—

gr- I

I to 4 or more

5°

IOO

, , , , gr. 2

i to 3

5°

gr. 3

I to 2

—

,, Santonin and Calomel

i to 3

IOO

5 Santonini gr. i

Hydrarg. Chlor. Mit. gr. i

,, ' Saxin ' (Trade Mark), gr. 1/4,

bottles of 200

I or more

IOO

More powerful and more delicate

in flavour than saccharin,

About 600 times sweeter than

sugar.

,, Seltzer Salt, Effervescent,
Artificial, tubes of 25

I or more,
as desired

—

,, Slippery Elm, bottles of 25 ...

i or more

—

IOO

Each represents gr. 5 of the

mucilage of Slippery Elm

Bark.

,, 'Soamin' (Sodium Para-

See

( Trade Mark) aminophenyl-

special

arsonate), gr. I

leaflet

—

IOO

» >j » gr- 3

,, » » gr- 5

bottles of 25

—

,, Soda-Mint (Neutralising) ...

i to 4 or more

IOO

fy Sodii Bicarbonatis... gr. 4

Ammon. Bicarb. ... gr. 1/12

Ol. Mentha: Pip. ... y.s.

A most effective antacid, aro-

matic and stimulating com-

pound of exceptional purity.

Possesses the advantage over

the N. F. product in containing

Oil of Peppermint in place of

Oil of Spearmint.

,, Sodium Bicarbonate, gr. 5 ...

i to 6

IOO

» ,, ,, gr. 10 ...

i to 3

IOO

,, Sodium Borate (see Borax)

Pkarmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

KORMULARY OF FINE PRODUCTS

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

oval

bots. of

'TABLOID' BRAND—

DOSE

bots. of

,, Sodium Bromide, gr. 5

I to 6

—

100

,, gr. I0

i to 3

—

IOO

,, Sodium Bromide Compound

i to 6

—

100

$ Sodii Bromidi ... gr. 2

Strontii Bromidi ... gr. 2

Ammonii Bromidi ... gr. i

Sodii Arsenatis ... gr. 1/60

,, Sodium Citrate, gr. 2

for milk

— •

IOO

gr. 5

modification

IOO

,, Sodium Phenolsulphonate (see

Sodium Sulphocarbolate)

,, Sodium Phosphate, Effer-

vescent, gr. 60, tubes of 25

i or more

—

Each represents gr. 30 (appro*.)
of Sodium Phosphate.

,, Sodium Salicylate (natural)

gr- 3

i to 6 or more

—

,, gr- 5

i to 6

—

,, Sodium Salicylate Physio-

logically Pure), gr. 3

i to 6 or more

IOO

,, Sodium Salicylate (Physio-

logically Pure), gr. 5

i to 6

IOO

„ Sodium Salicylate (Physio-

logically Pure), gr. 5, Effer-

vescent, tubes of 25

i or more

—

,, Sodium Salicylate and Potas-

sium Bicarbonate, of each

gr- 5 ?>}o

i to 6

2.5

IOO

,, Sodium Sulphate Compound,

Effervescent, tubes of 20 ...

i to 2

—

5 Sodii Sulph. Exsicc. gr. 30

Potassii Bitartratis gr. 10

Potassii Bicarbonatis gr. 2-1/2

Ess. Zingiberis ... q,s.

Salis Effervescentis, q.s.

,, Sodium Sulphate, Effervescent,

gr. 60, tubes of 25

i or more

—

Each represents gr. 30 of

Sodium Sulphate.

,, Sodium Sulphocarbolate

(Phenolsulphonate), gr. 5

i to 3

—

IOO

Pharmacopcdal preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

Write the (7) ' /*
Brand in // / ) //
full, thus: S\£ 0^/Z^

^'-

' Tabloid ' Brand Products — continued

Issued in

oval { bots. of

'TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE

bots. of

,, Sparteine Sulphate, gr. I,

bottles of 25 i

— —

., Spinal Cord Substance,

gr. 2-1/2 i or more

IOO

,, Spleen Substance, gr. 5 ... I or more

IOO

., Strontium Bromide, gr. 5 ... I to 6

IOO

,, Strophanthus, each containing

the solid ingredients of

Tincture of Strophanthus, I repeated

min. 5 as necessary!

50 ioo

Unique in preserving the full

therapeutic activity of the true

Strophanthus kombe.

,, Strychnine Sulphate, gr. 1/60 i to 4

—

11 gr- !/3° i to 2

—

„ ,, ,, gr. 1/20 I

5°

—

11 » gr- I/I5 1

—

„ Sugar of Milk (see Milk

Sugar)

,, Sulphonal (Sulphonmethane),

gr. 5 i to 6

IOO

„ Sulphonethylmethane (see

Trional)

, , Sulphur Compound I Lo 4 or more

IOO

fy Sulphuris Prsecipitati gr.

Potassii Bitartratis gr.

,, Sumbul Compound i to 2

—

IOO

fy Ext. Sumbul gr.

Asafostidae ... ... gr.

FerriSulph.Exsicc.... gr.

Arseni Trioxidi ... gr. MO

,, Supra-renal Gland, gr. 5 ... I to 3

—

IOO

,, Tannin, gr. 2-1/2 I to 2

—

IOO

,, Tar, gr. i I frequently

IOO

,, Tar and Codeine i to 4

IOO

5 Picis Liquidae ... gr. i

Codeinae gr. i/»

Pharmacopceial preparations are U.S. P. unless other-wise stated

Write the f Jf\ /

Brand in \/V VL^S' -
full, thus: ^X.C^8i*g>to6

— —

FORMULARY OK FINE PRODUCTS

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued

Issued in

'TABLOID' BRAND — DOSE

oval
bots. of

bots. of

„ Tartarated Antimony (see

Antimony and Potassium

Tartrate, page 199)

Tea (see paee 231)

,, Terebene, min. 5, (Capsule),

boxes of 50 i to 3

—

,, Tetranitrin (see Erythrol

Tetranitrate, page 208)

,, Thirst Quencher I to 2 or more

IOO

Containing Tartaric Acid, Sod* as desired
Bicarb., lemon and 'Saxm.'

, , Three Bromides, Effervescent,

tubes of 25 i to 2

—

$ Potassii Bromidi.. 0-4 gm.

Sodii Bromidi ... 0-4 gm.

Ammonii Bromidi 0*2 gm.

Sails Efferves. ... q.s.

,, Three Valerates I

IOO

? Quininae Valeratis gr. i

Ferri Valeratis ... gr. i

Zinci Valeratis ... gr. i

Retains the full therapeutic

activity of the Valerates,

whilst concealing their un-

pleasant odour.

,, Thymol, gr. i i to 2

la£-<,

gr- 2 i

—

,, gr. 5 Used in

—

IOO

special cases

, , Thymus Gland, gr. 5 ... I to 5

IOO

,, Thyroid Colloid, gr. 1/2 ... i increased

IOO

,, Thyroid Gland (Standard-

ised), gr. 1/2 i or more

—

IOO
IOO

IOO

» » ,, ,, gr. 2-1/2 i or more

IOO

» » gr- 5 -• i

—

IOO

The most successful Thyroid

preparation, standardised to

Iodine content.

Pharmacopozial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated
Write the

ISSUED BY B. \V.

TRADE MARKS

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued
'TABLOID' BRAND — DOSE

, , Tinctures —

See Aconite, Belladonna, Camph-
orated Opium, Indian Canna-
bis, Capsicum, Cinchona,
Digitalis, Ginger, Granulated
Opium, Hyoscyamus, Nux
Vomica and Strophanthus

,, Tonic Compound ... ... i to 3

5 Ferri Pyrophos. ... gr. 2

Quinine Bisulphatis gr. i
Strychnine Sulph. gr. i/ioo

,, Trinitrin (Nitroglycerin),

gr. 1/200 i or more
,, ,, ,, gr. i/ioo i to 2

gr. i/5° i

One of the many important
therapeutic agents in the intro-
duction of which B. W. & Co.
were pioneers.

,, Trinitrin Compound ... ... i to 2

Tfc Trinitrini gr. i/ioo

Capsicini gr. 1/200

Mentholis gr. i/ioo

,, Trional (Sulphonethyl-

methane), gr. 5 I to 6
,, Turpentine Oil, Rectified, min.

10, (Capsule), boxes of 20 i or more

,, Urotropine, gr. 3
gr. 5

I to 5
r to3

, , ' Varium ' ( Trade Mark)

(formerly knownas ' Tabloid'

Ovarian Substance^, gr. 5... I to2ormore
,, Vegetable Laxative (see

Laxative Vegetable)
,, Veronal, gr. 5 i to 2

Pharmacopcxial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise stated

RMULAKY OF FINE PRODUCTS

'Tabloid' Brand Products— continued
'TABLOID' BRAND—

, , Viburnum PrunifoliumExtract,
gr. 2 I

,, Vichy Salt, Effervescent,
Artificial, N.F., tubes of 25 i

Issued in
oval | bots. of
hots, of '

to 5

or more
is desired

i or more
as desired

,, Vichy Salt, Effervescent, Arti-
ficial, with Lithium, N.F.,

tubes of 25

In addition to the essential con-
stituents of Vichy Water, each
contains Lithium Citrate,
gr. 2-1/4.

,, Vinum Ipecacuanha (see

Ipecac Extract, page 212)
,, Violet Dye, Aniline, gr. 30,

tubes of 12
,, Voice (Potass. Chlor., Borax

and Cocaine Co.) i as required 25

Also in graven white-metal
boxes, each containing 25
or 80.

Zinc Oxide, gr. 2

Zinc Sulphate, (see ' Soloid '

Brand Products, page 194)
Zinc Valerate, gr. 2 ...
Zinc Valerate Compound

5 Zinci Valeratis ... gr. i

Pulv. Rhei ... gr. i

Ext. Belladonna; ... gr. 1/8

Pulv. Zingiberis ... gr. i

Zinc Valerate and Asafetida
Compound ...

# Zinci Valeratis ... gr. i

Asafcetidae gr. i

Myrrhae gr. 1/2

i to 5

IOO
100

Pharmacopaial preparations are U.S. P. unless otherwise

stated

Write the
Brand in
full, thus :

'Tabloid' Brand Products — continued
'TABLOID' BRAND— DOSE

Issued in
oval hots, of
bots. of

,, Zinc Valerate with

Iron and

Arsenic

IOO

5 Zinci Valeratis .
Ferri Reducti ...
Arseni Trioxidi ...
Ext. Gentianae

gr. 2
gr- i
gr. 1/60
gr. i

,, Zingib. {see Ginger, page 209)

Also a wide range of other products issued under the
' Tabloid ' Brand

' Tabloid ' Brand Tea provides the most convenient,
portable and effective means of quickly preparing tea of
uniform strength. It is the most suitable tea for travellers,
sportsmen, cyclists, pleasure parties, etc. A tin of
'Tabloid' Tea and a bottle of 'Tabloid' 'Saxin' for
sweetening the infusion may be conveniently carried in the
waistcoat-pocket.
In enamelled tins containing 100 and 200.

' Tabloid ' Brand Tea, Special Blend, exceptional

quality —
In enamelled tins containing 100 and 200.

Terebene, Pure (B. W. & Co.)— I)OSE

I Imperial fl. oz., 2 Imperial fl. oz. and 16

Imperial fl. oz. bottles 5 to 15 min.

Test Cases, ' Soloid ' Brand (see Analysis Cases, pages

I45-H7J

Tow, Carbolised, Pleated Compressed, 'Tabloid'
Brand (see Dressings, page 162)

Towels, Sanitary, Pleated Compressed, ' Tabloid '

Brand (see page 185,)

TUBERCULINS, TK.°I 'WELLCOME' BRAND
Issued in hermetically -sealed phials

For Diagnosis —
'WELLCOME' BRAND—
„ Old Tuberculin (Human)

(A) i c.c. containing 0-0005 c.c. of Old Tuberculin (Koch)

(B) i c.c. ,, o-ooi c.c. ,, „

Tuberculins, 'Wellcome' Brand— continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND—
„ Old Tuberculin (Bovine)

(A) I c.c. containing 00005 c-c- °^ Old Tuberculin (Koch)

(B) I c.c. ,, o-oor c.c. ,, ,, ,,
(c) i c.c. ,, 0-005 c-c- " " "

For Treatment—
'WELLCOME' BRAND—
„ New Tuberculin [W] (Human)

(A) I c.c. containing o-ooooi mgm. of dried bacillary

substance

(B) i c.c. ,, o-oooi mgm. ,, ,, ,,

v i „ &

„ New Tuberculin [W] (Bovine)

(A) i c.c. containing o-ooooi mgm. of dried bacillary

substance

(B) i c.c. ,, o-oooi mgm. ,, ,, ,,
(c) i c.c. ,, o-ooi mgm. ,, ,, ,,

„ Tubercle Vaccine (Human), Bacillary Emulsion

(A) i c.c. containing o-oooi mgm. Tubercle baccilli

(B) i c.c. .. 0-0005 mgm. ^ ... , ,,

„ Tubercle Vaccine (Bovine), Bacillary Emulsion

(A) i c.c. containing o-oooi mgm. Tubercle bacilli

(B) i c.c. ,, 0-0005 mgm. - "x»»t , »

VACCINES, T«BaE 'WELLCOME' BRAND

The word 'WELLCOME* is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

The ' WELLCOME ' Brand VACCINES are prepared under
U.S.A. Government Licence, No. 18, at the Wellcome
Physiological Research Laboratories, Brockwell Hall, London,
England. Every stage of their preparation is carried out
under the immediate supervision of a skilled staff of highly-
qualified experts. Being exceptionally pure, sterile, and
accurately standardised, the 'Wellcome' Brand Vaccines are
used with confidence to stimulate that elaboration of antibodies
which is the essential feature of successful immunisation.

Vaccines should be kept in a cool dark place, and protected
from extremes of temperature.

' Wellcome ' Brand Vaccines are issued in hermetically-sealed
phials.

ISSUED BY B. W. AND CO. TRADE MARKS 233

Vaccines, ' Wellcome ' Brand — continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND—
„ Gonococcus Vaccine

(A) I c.c. containing 20 million organisms

(B) i c.c. ,, 200 „ ,,
(c) i c.c. ,, 1000 ,, ,,

,, Staphylococcus Vaccine, Aureus

(A) I c.c. containing 200 million organisms

(B) i c.c. ,, 1000 ,, ,,
„ Staphylococcus Vaccine, Mixed

(A) i c.c. containing 200 million organisms

(B) i c.c. ,, 1000 ,, ,,
„ Streptococcus Vaccine, Polyvalent

(A) i c.c. containing 10 million organisms

(B) i c.c. „ 50 „
„ Typhoid Vaccine

0-5 c.c. containing 500 million organisms
i c.c. ,, 1000

TBSf 'VALOID' BRAND PRODUCTS
The word 'VALOID' is a brand which designates fine products
issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. To ensure the supply of
pure and reliable preparations, this brand should always be
specified when ordering.
'VALOID' BRAND—

,, Aromatic Cascara Sagrada, 4 Imperial DOSE

fl. oz. bottles 10 to 60 min.

,, Ergot, 4 Imperial fl. oz. bottles I o to 30 min.

The strength of each ' Valoid ' preparation is indicated on the label.
Various other preparations are also issued under this brand.

^E 'VALULE' BRAND PRODUCTS

The word 'VALULE' is a brand which designates fine products

issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. To ensure the supply of

pure and reliable preparations, this brand should always be

specified when ordering.

'VALULE' BRAND— DOSE

,, Bone Medulla, gr. 5, bottles of 100 ... I or more

(See also ' Tabloid ' Bone Medulla, page 202)
Varitnis other froditcts are also issued under this brand.

'VAN A* (.Trade Mark) Brand Tonic Wine— DOSE

In bottles of 16 Imperial fl. oz. Half a wineglassful

FORMULARY OF FINF. PRODUCTS

TKS 'VAPOROLE' BRAND PRODUCTS

The word 'VAPOROLE' is a brand which designates fine
products issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. To ensure the
supply of pure and reliable preparations, this brand should always
be specified when ordering.

Issued in hermetically-sealed containers
'VAPOROLE' BRAND— DOSE

For Hypodermic Injection

,, Calomel, 0-05 gm. Sterile Suspension in a
Neutral Fatty Basis (i c.c.) with Creosote
and Camphor, boxes or 10

[toil /if •••;<-!'.•'•

,, 'Epinine' (Trade Mark), I in IOO, I C.C.,
boxes of 10

«« i!i-:-.-j

,, 'Ernutin' (Trade Mark), min. 10, sterile,
boxes of 6 . B}n'V.V

,, Grey Oil. Sterile Suspension of O'l gm.
of Mercury in a Neutral Fatty Basis
(i c.c.), boxes of IO" bdMd a ei.'.dlCUA'
... -jfl» a-iiieu--.

,, Iron and Arsenic, Sterilised Solution,
boxes of 10

B Ferri Citratis Viridis .
Sodii Arsenatis Exsicc. .

1-05 gm.
1-002 gm.
: c.c.

Aquam ad

., Pituitary (Infundibular) Extract, sterilised,
i c.c. = 0-2 gm. of fresh substance,
boxes of 6...

For Inhalation

,, Amyl Nitrite, min. 3 and min. 5 (glass
capsules), boxes of 12

,, Aromatic Ammonia (glass capsules), en-
closed in silken sacs, boxes of 12. Foi
use as ' ' Smelling Salts "

i (by injec-
tion)

(by injec-
tion)

[to 3 (by
injection)

i (by injec-
tion)

I (by inhala-
tion)

i (by inhala-
tion)

Various other products are also issued under
the ' Vaporole' Brand

ISSUED BY B. W.

' Vaporole ' Brand Ammonium Chloride Inhaler

Delivers perfectly neutral fumes of pure ammonium
chloride. A model of compactness, convenience and utility.

'VAPOROLE' ACID AND ALKALI, for use in the above
Inhaler, are supplied in boxes of 12 products.

Veterinary Hypodermic Products, ' Tabloid ' Brand

(See B. W. & Co.'s Price List)

Veterinary Ophthalmic Products, 'Tabloid' and
' Soloid ' Brands (See B. W. & Co.'s Price List)

Vulcanite Nozzles— Curved or Straight.

To screw on to collapsible tubes of ' Hazeline ' Cream
when it is desired to apply this preparation to the
mucous membranes of the nose, ear, urethra or rectum.

Water Analysis, A Simple Method of (6th Edition)

By J. C. THRESH, M.D., D.Sc., etc.

This standard text-book affords all the information necessary
to enable those with only a small knowledge of analysis to
perform a chemical examination of a sample of drinking-water
by means of ' Soloid ' Brand Water Analysis Cases. A chapter
on the examination of sewage effluents is included.

Water Analysis Cases, ' Soloid ' Brand (see page 145)
'Wellcome' Brand Products (see pages 237 -247;

Verbal Instructions are not safe. To
prevent fraud, it is best to write
prescriptions for original bottles. . .

WELLCOME' BRAND CHLOROFORM

The Ideal Anaesthetic

In 'WELLCOME' Brand
CHLOROFORM anaesthetists find a
product of unvarying reliability,
which is exceptional in purity
and uniformity of composition.

It contains precisely that
small, yet definite, proportion
of ethyl chloride, which clinical
experience has shown to be so
beneficial in the induction of
chloroform anaesthesia.

Greatly reduced

EK 'WELLCOME' BRAND ETHER

' WELLCOME ' Brand ETHER, specially prepared
for anaesthesia, is thoroughly pure and reliable.
Specific gravity (at 25° C), 0-710. The hermeti-
cally-sealed tubes in which it is issued prevent the
escape of the volatile contents, and are convenient
and portable.

(See also page 241^

»P.T 'WELLCOME' BRAND PRODUCTS

The word 'WELLCOME1 is a brand which designates fine
products issued by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. To ensure the
supply of pure and reliable preparations, this brand should always
be specified when ordering.

The purity and reliability of drugs are matters of the utmost
importance to prescriber, dispenser and patient
alike, and every opportunity should therefore be
taken to ensure the supply of those chemicals
which are known to be thoroughly genuine and trustworthy.

In order that products answering to this description in the
highest sense may be at the disposal of the profession,
Burroughs Wellcome & Co. prepare and issue a series of
fine chemicals, alkaloids, etc., under the distinctive title of
the ' Wellcome ' Brand.

The recognised doses of 'Wellcome' Brand Chemicals are
indicated on the labels, and in the body of this
handbook, in Metric as well as Apothecaries' ^°^n
weights. The limits of dosage given are approxi- ^es^^
mately the same in each system, but exact equiva- weights
lence has not been attempted, since no useful object
would be served, and awkward and confusing figures would
result.

The new soluble Bismuth Salts and the soluble Iron Arsenate
are the outcome of investigations conducted in the Wellcome
Chemical Research Laboratories, and mark a great
advance in the preparation of scale salts. Particular additions
attention has also been devoted to the preparation
of fine alkaloids, and the standards of purity adopted are
higher in many instances than those of the United States
Pharmacopoeia.

' Wellcome ' Brand Chloroform embodies the results of the
most recent researches, and provides an anaesthetic of the
highest attainable degree of purity and freedom from irritating
products of decomposition.

238 ' WELLCOME ' BRAND PRODUCTS

' Wellcome ' Brand Products — continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND—
„ Aconitine, U.S. P.

The pure crystallised alkaloid from Aconitum napellus,
free from pseudaconitine and japaconitine, and from
the non-toxic aconine and benzaconine. Owing to its
extremely poisonous properties, aconitine should be pre-
scribed and dispensed with the utmost caution.
DOSE — gr. 1/640 to gr. 1/400 (o-oooi gm. to 0-00015 gm-)
U.S.P. AVERAGE DOSE — 0-00015 gm. (gr- 1/400)
Tubes of gr. 5 (0-3 gm.)
,, Aconitine Hydrobromide

The most suitable salt of aconitine for therapeutic
use. It is readily soluble in water, perfectly stable, and
of uniform composition. The remarks as to purity and
dosage of the alkaloid apply also to this salt.
DOSE — gr. 1/640 to gr. 1/400 (o-oooi gm. to 0-00015 gm-)

Tubes ofgr. 5 (0-3 gm.)
„ Aloin, U.S.P.

Free from resin. Lighter in colour and affords a
clearer solution than the usual commercial article.
DOSE — gr. 1/2 to gr. 2 (0-03 gm. to 0-13 gm.)
U.S.P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0-065 gm. (gr. i)
Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gm. ) and oz. 4(113 gin. )
,, Aloin, Crystal

Well-defined crystals. Free from resin.
DOSE — gr. 1/2 to gr 2 (0-03 gm. to 0-13 gm.)
Bottles of oz. I (28'3£?;/.) and oz. 4 (113 °w.)
,, Apomorphine Hydrochloride

The melting point of this pure salt is between
295° and 300° C., not 276° C. as usually stated.
U.S.P. AVERAGE DOSE— | ExPectorant, 0-002 gm. (gr. 1/30)

I Emetic 0-005 gm. (gr- i/io)
Tubes of I gramme. Bottles of 5 grammes.
,, Bismuth Citrate

Practically free from nitrate (containing less than
0-05 per cent, of N2O5). Renders a clear solution with
ammonia. Yields by the official test 56-58 per cent.
Bi203.

DOSE — gr. 2 to gr. 5 (0-13 gm. to 0-3 gm.)
U.S.P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0-125 gm. (gr. 2)

Bottles of oz 4 (113 gm.), oz. 8 (227 gm.) and oz. 16
(454 gm.)

For prices, see separate list

'WELLCOME' BRAND PRODUCTS 239

' Wellcome ' Brand Products— continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND—

,, Bismuth and Iron Citrate (Soluble)

In yellowish-green scales, readily soluble in water.
The Bismuth and Iron Citrates are combined in this
preparation so as to represent as nearly as possible
equal parts by weight of their respective anhydrous salts.

DOSE — gr. 5 to gr. 10 (0-3 gm. to 0-65 gm.)

Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gm.), oz. 4 (113 gm.) and oz. 8

,, Bismuth and Lithium Citrate (Soluble)

In handsome, colourless scales, readily soluble in
water. Its exhibition is indicated when the thera-
peutic effects of lithium in conjunction with those of
bismuth are desired. The proportion of lithium, in
combination, corresponds to 25-30 per cent., by weight,
of anhydrous lithium citrate.

DOSE — gr. 2 to gr. 5 (0-13 gm. to 0-3 gm.)

Bottles of oz. i (2%-3gm.\, oz. 4 (113 gm.) and oz. 8
(227 gm.)
,, Bismuth Tartrate (Soluble)

Readily soluble in water, yielding a bright, permanent
solution. Being slightly acid, it is chemically and
physiologically compatible with pepsin preparations.

DOSE — gr. 2 to gr. 5 (0-13 gm. to 0-3 gm.)

Bottles ofoz. i (28-3 gm.) and oz. 4 (113 gm.)

, , Brucine

Free from strychnine.

Tubes of I gramme. Bottles of '5 grammes.

,, Calcium Glycerophosphate

DOSE— gr. 2 to gr. 5 (0-13 gm. to 0-3 gm.)

Bottles ofoz. i (28-3 gm. ) and <«. 4 ( 1 13 gm. )

,, Calcium Hypophosphite, U.S. P.

Special attention is invited to this salt and to its
property of readily rendering a perfectly clear solution
with water. It conforms strictly in all respects to the
U.S. P. requirements.

DOSE — gr. 3 to gr. 10 (0-2 gm. to 0-65 gm. )

U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0-5 gm. (gr. 7-1/2)

Bottles of oz. i (28-3 gm.), oz. 4 (113 gm.) and oz. 8
(227 gm.)

For prices, see separate list

240 ' WELLCOME ' BRAND PRODUCTS

' Wellcome ' Brand Products— continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND
, , Cantharidin

The crystalline active principle of Cantharis
vesicatoria.

Ttibes of gr. 5 (0-3 gm.} and bottles of 'l gramme.
,, Chloroform

Of exceptional purity and reliability. Conforms to
requirements of U.S. P. Specially prepared for the use
of anaesthetists. Free from all irritating products of
decomposition.

U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE — 0-3 c.c. (min. 5)
Amber-coloured stoppered bottles of oz. 2 (57 gm.},
1/4 Ib. (113 gin.}, 1/2/6. (227 gm.), and I Ib. (454 gm. ).
Hermetically-sealed tubes of 1/4 Ib. (113 gm.), 30 c.c.
(approx. \fl. 02.) and 60 c.c. (approx. 2 ft . oz.)
,, Choline Hydrochloride

The pure, white crystalline salt of choline.
Tubes of \ gramme. Bottles of 5 grammes.

,, Coniine Hydrochloride

A pure, white salt of the alkaloid of Conium
maculatum.

Tubes of I gramme. Bottles of $ grammes.
,, Emetine (Pure Alkaloid)

This is the essential alkaloid of ipecacuanha, and not
the mixture of alkaloids formerly known as emetine.

DOSE — Expectorant, gr. 1/20x3 to gr. 1/50 (0-0003 gm. to 0-0013 gm.)

Emetic, gr. 1/6 to gr. 1/3 (o-oi gm. to 0-02 gm).
Tubes of i gramme. Bottles of gr. 60 (3.9 gm.)

,, Emetine Hydrobromide

The most suitable salt of emetine for therapeutic use.
DOSE— Expectorant, gr. 1/200 to gr. 1/50 (0-0003 gm- 100-0013 gm.)

Emetic, gr. 1/6 to gr. 1/3 (o-oi gm. to 0-02 gm.)
Tubes of I gra/nme. Bottles of gr. 60 (3-9 gm. )

,, Ergotinine

A pure crystalline alkaloid, obtained from ergot.
J^ubes of I gramme. Bottles of 5 grammes.
,, Ergotoxine Phosphate

A crystalline salt of the alkaloid Ergotoxine, one of
the active principles of Ergot.

Tubes ofo-i gramme, 0-5 gramme and I gramme.
For prices, see separate list

'WELLCOME' BRAND PRODUCTS

' Wellcome ' Brand Products — continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND—
„ Wbsx(Pure)

Prepared specially for anaesthesia. Its standard
exceeds that of the U.S. P. Sp. gr. (at 25° C.) 0-710.

Hermetically-sealed tubes of y>c.c. and(x>c.c.= approx.
I ft. oz. and zfl. oz.

,, Ferric Phosphate, Soluble

See Iron Phosphate, Soluble, page 243

,, Gelsemine Hydrochloride (Gelsemininum hydrochloricum
cryst, Ger.)

A salt of the crystallisable alkaloid of Gehemium
nitidum.

DOSE — gr. 1/120 to gr. 1/30 (0-0005 Sm- l° 0-002 gm.)
Tubes of gr. 5 (0-3 gm. ) and I gramme
., Homatropine (Pure Alkaloid)

Tubes of gr. 5 (0-3 gm.)
,, Homatropine Hydrobromide, U.S. P.

This salt is presented in an exceptionally pure form,
the importance of which is best realised when the
minuteness of the dose, as a mydriatic, is considered.
DOSE — gr. 1/80 to gr. 1/20 (0-0008 gm. to 0-003 gm.)
U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0-0005 gm. (gr. 1/128)
Tubes of gr. 5 (0-3 gm.)
., Homatropine Methylbromide
Tubes of gr. 5 (o-3£w.)
,, Hordenine

The alkaloid contained in the germ of malt-grains,
presented in a pure form.

Tubes of I gramme. Bottles of 5 grammes.
„ HydrastinefPure AttatoM), U.S. P.

The crystallised white alkaloid from Hydrastis
canadensis.

DOSE— gr. 1/4 to gr. i (0-015 gm. to 0-06 gm.)
U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE— o-oi gm. (gr. 1/5)
Tubes of I gramme. Bottles of oz. \ (28-3 gin.)

,, Hydrastine Hydrochloride

This salt of the pure white alkaloid is readily soluble
in water.

DOSE — gr. 1/4 to gr. i (0-015 gm. to 0-06 gm.)
Tubes of I gramme. Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gm. )
For prices, see separate list

'WELLCOME' BRAND PRODUCTS

Wellcome' Brand Products— contimicd

•WELLCOME' BRAND—

., Hydrastinine Hydrochloride, U.S. P.

An oxidation product of the alkaloid hydrastine, free
from those other bases which are generally associated
with it in its production.

DOSE — gr. 1/4 to gr. 1/2 (0-015 gin- to 0-03 gm.)

U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0-03 gm. (gr. 1/2)

Tubes of gr. 5 (0-3 gin.) and I gramme

,, Hyoscyamine (Pure Alkaloid)

Pure, Isevo-rotatory Hyoscyamine, free from atropine
and hyoscine. This product will always be supplied
unless dextro- Hyoscyamine is specified.

DOSE— gr. 1/200 to gr. i/ioo (0-0003 gm. to 0-0006 gm.)

Tubes of gr. 5 (0-3 gm.) and I gram me

,, Hyoscyamine ( dextro- Hyoscyamine )

The optical isomeride of laevo-Hyoscyamine, to which
it is very inferior in physiological activity.

Tubes ofgr. 5 (0-3 gm.). Bottles of I gramme

,, Hyoscyamine Sulphate

DOSE — gr. 1/200 to gr. i/ioo (0-0003 gm- to 0-0006 gm.)
U.S.P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0-0005 gm- (gr. 1/128)
Tiibes of gr. 5 (0-3 gm.) and I gramme

,, Iron Arsenate (Soluble)

In handsome green scales, readily soluble in water.
Arsenic content is equivalent to 34-35 per cent, of
anhydrous ferric arsenate. May be used for preparation of
a solution similar to Syrup of Arsenate of Iron, N.F.
DOSE— gr. 1/16 to gr. 1/4 (0-004 gm- to 0-015 gm.)
Bottlesofoz. i (28-3^-w.)

,, Iron Glycerophosphate

Handsome scales, readily soluble in warm water.

DOSE — gr. 3 to gr. 6 (0-2 gm. to 0-4 gm.)

Bottles of oz. i (28-3 gm.) and oz. 4 (113 gm.)

,, Iron Hypophosphite (Soluble)

In handsome greenish scales, distinguished from the
ordinary iron hypophosphite by being readily soluble in
water. Contains about 12 per cent, of iron.
DOSE— gr. i to gr. 5 (0-06 gm. to 0-3 gm.)
Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gm.), oz. 4 (113 gm.) and oz. 8
(22J gm.)

For prices, see separate list

WELLCOME BRAND PRODUCTS 243

'Wellcome' Brand Products— continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND—

,, Iron Phosphate (Soluble), U.S. P.

In the form of bright green transparent scales, freely
soluble in water. Conforms in every respect to the
requirements of the United States Pharmacopoeia.

DOSE — gr. 5 to gr. 10 (0-3 gm. to 0-65 gm.)

U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0.25 gm. (gr. 4)

Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gm.), oz. 4 (113 gm.) and oz. 8
(227 gm.)

,, Iron Pyrophosphate (Soluble), U.S. P.

DOSE— gr. 5 to gr. 10 (0-3 gm. to 0-65 gm.)
U.S.P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0-25 gm. (gr. 4)
Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gm.), oz. 4 (113 gm.) and oz. 8
(227 gm.)

,, Magnesium Glycerophosphate

DOSE— gr. 3 to gr. 10 (0-2 gm. to 0-65 gm.)

Bottles of oz. I (28-3£7«.) and oz. ^(n^gm.)

, , Manganese and Iron Citrate (Soluble)

A scale salt, readily soluble in water, containing
about 7 per cent, of manganese and 14 per cent, of iron
in organic combination.

DOSE— gr. 3 togr. 10(0-2 gm. to 0-65 gm.)

Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gm.), oz. 4 (113 gm.), oz. 8
(227 gm.) and oz. 1 6. (454 gm.)

, , Manganese and Iron Citrate with Arsenic (Soluble)

Contains 0-5 per cent, of arsenic trioxide, but
is otherwise identical with Manganese and Iron Citrate

(Soluble). (See above. )

DOSE — gr. 3 to gr. 10 (0-2 gm. to 0.65 gm.)

Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gm.) and oz. 4(113^/7.)

,, Manganese and Iron Citrate with Quinine (Soluble)

Contains 15 per cent, of quinine, but. is otherwise
identical with Manganese and Iron Citrate (Soluble)
(See above).

DOSE— gr. 3 to gr. 10 (0-2 gm. to 0-65 gm.)
Bottles ofoz. i (28-3 gin. ) and oz. 4 ( 1 13 gin. )
For prices, see separate list

J44 'WELLCOME BRAND PRODUCTS

Wellcome' Brand Products— continued

•WELLCOME' BRAND—
, , Manganese and Iron Citrate with Strychnine (Soluble)

Contains i per cent, of strychnine, but is otherwise
identical with Manganese and Iron Citrate (Soluble).
( See previous page).

DOSE — gr. i to gr. 3 (0-06 gm. to 0-2 gm.)

Bottles of oz. i (2%'$ gin.) and oz. 4 (113 gm.)
,, Manganese and Iron Phosphate (Soluble)

A scale salt readily soluble in warm water. Contains
about 7 per cent, of manganese and 14 per cent, of iron.

DOSE — gr. 3 to gr. 10 (0-2 gm. to 0-65 gm.)

Bottles of oz. i (28-3 gm,), oz. 4 (113 gm.), oz. 8
(227 gm . ) and oz. 1 6 (454 gm. )
,, Manganese Citrate (Soluble)

In the form of handsome, nearly colourless scales,
which are readily soluble in water. Contains about 12
per cent, of manganese in organic combination.

DOSE— gr. 3 to gr. 10 (0-2 gm. to 0-65 gm.)

Bottles of oz I (28-3 gm.) and oz. 4 ( 1 13 gm.)
„ Mercurous Chloride, U.S. P. (Calomel)

Of uniform physical character, prepared by sublima-
tion. Being free from mercuric chloride and other
contaminations, it possesses desirable uniformity of
action. Guaranteed English preparation.

DOSE— gr. 1/2 to gr. 5 (0-03 gm. to 0-3 gm.)

Bottles of oz. 4 (113 gm.), oz. 8 (227 gm.) and oz. 16
(454 <?•'«•)
Nicotine

The pure re-distilled alkaloid of Nicotiana tabacum.
Tubes of I gramme. Bottles of 5 grammes.
Nicotine Tartrate

A definite, well crystallised salt, readily soluble in
water.

Tubes of I gramme and 5 grammes.
Physostigmine (Pure Alkaloid)

Tubes of gr. 2 (0-13 gm.) and gr. 5 (0-3 gm.)
Physostigmine Hydrobromide (Eserine Hydrobromide)
DOSE — gr. 1/60 to gr. 1/20 (o-ooi gm. to 0.003 gm-)
Tubes of gr. 5 (o-Zgm.) and I gramme

For prices, see separate list

WELLCOME BRAXD PRODUCTS 245

'Wellcome' Brand Products— continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND—

,, Physostigmine Salicylate (Eserine Salicylate), U.S. P.
DOSE— gr. 1/60 to gr. 1/20 (o-ooi gin. to 0-003 gm.)
U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE — o-ooi gm. (gr. 1/64)
Tubes of gr. 5 (0-3 gin.} and I gramme

,, Physostigmine Sulphate (Eserine Sulphate), U.S. P.

DOSE — gr. 1/60 to gr. 1/20 (o-ooi gm. to 0-003 gm-)

U.S.P. AVERAGE DOSE— o-ooi gm. (gr. 1/64)

Ttibes ofgr. 2. (0-13 gm.} and gr. 5 (0-3 gin.)
,, Pilocarpine Hydrochloride, U.S.P.

' Wellcome ' Brand pilocarpine salts are free from the
less active z'wpilocarpine and the inactive pilocarpidine.
Their purity is guaranteed by their respective melting
points, which are indicated on each package.

DOSE — gr. 1/20 to gr. 1/2 (0-003 gm. to 0-03 gm.)

U.S.P. AVERAGE DOSE — o-oi gm. (gr. 1/5)

Tubes of I gramme. Bottles of gr. 60 (3-9 gin.),
oz, 1/2 (i^gm.) and oz. I (2?>-T> gm. )

,, Pilocarpine Nitrate, U.S.P.

This salt, which is stable, is the one best adapted for
general use.

DOSE — gr. i/2o to gr. 1/2 (0-003 gm- l° °'°3 g'n-)
U.S.P. AVERAGE DOSE — o-oi gm. (gr. 1/5)
Tubes of I gramme. Bottles of gr. 60 (3-9 gm.),
oz. 1/2 (i^gm.) and oz. I (28-3 gin.)

„ Podophyllin (Resina Podophylli, U.S.P.)

Prepared strictly in accordance with the official method,
from a carefully selected drug.
DOSE — gr. 1/4 to gr. i (0-015 gm. to 0-06 gm.)

TI S P AvE-RArp DOSP ' Purgative> °'OI5 g™- (gr- 1/4)
U.S.P. AVERAGE Do; k — ^ Laxative, 0-005 gm. (gr. i/io)

Bottles of oz. i (28-3 gm.), oz. 4 ( 1 1 3 gm. ) and oz. 8
(227 gm.)
, , Potassium Glycerophosphate

A syrupy liquid containing 50 per cent, of anhydrous
potassium glycerophosphate.
DOSE— gr. 2 to gr. 5 (0-13 gm. to 0-3 gm.)

Bottles of oz. i (28-3 gm.) and oz. 4 (113 gm.)

,, Quinine Bihydrochloride

DOSE— gr. i to gr. 10 (0-06 gm. to 0-65 gm.)
Bottles of oz. i (28 -3 ,§•///.)

For prices, see separate list

246 'WELLCOME' BRAND PRODUCTS

' Wellcome ' Brand Products— continued

'WELLCOME' BRAND—
,, Quinine Bisulphate, U.S. P.

Being readily soluble in water (l in 10), this salt is
more convenient for many purposes than the less soluble
sulphate.

DOSE — gr. i to gr. 10 (0-06 gm. to 0-65 gm.)
U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE — 0-25 gm. (gr. 4)
Bottles of oz. I (28-3 £•///.) and oz. 4(ii3#w.)

,, Quinine Hydrobromide, U.S. P.

DOSE — gr. i to gr. 10 (0-06 gm. to 0-65 gm.)
U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0-25 gm. (gr. 4)

Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gin.) and oz. 4 (113^7/7.)

„ Quinine Hydrochloride, U.S. P.

DOSE — gr. i to gr. 10 (0-06 gm. to 0-65 gm.)
U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE — 0-25 gm. (gr. 4)

Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gm.) and oz. 4 (n^g/n. )

,, Quinine Hypophosphite

DOSE — gr. i to gr. 3 (0-06 gm. to 0-2 gm.)
Bottles of oz. i (28-3^-w.)

,, Quinine Lactate

DOSE — gr. i to gr. 5 (0-06 gm. to 0-3 gm.)
Bottles of oz. I (28-3 gm.)

,, Quinine Phosphate

DOSE— gr. i to gr. 10 (0-06 gm. to 0-65 gm.)
Bottles of oz. I (28 -3 £•/;/.)

,, Quinine Salicylate, U.S.. P.

Prepared from physiologically pure salicylic acid.

DOSE — gr. 2 to gr. 9 (0-13 gm. to 0-4 gm.)

U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE — 0-25 gm. (gr. 4)

Bottles of oz. i (28-3 gm.) and oz. 4 (113 «•/;/.)

,, Quinine Sulphate

This salt is presented in a more compact form of
crystals than that usually supplied, although identical
in composition with the official salt. Its diminished
bulk renders it more convenient for storage and dis-
pensing.

For prices, see separate list

'WELLCOME BRAND PRODUCTS 'Z47

'Wellcome' Brand Products— continued
WELLCOME' BRAND—
,, Quinine Sulphate — continued

When ordering Quinine Sulphate, please indicate
whether "compact" or "large flake" is required.
DOSE — gr. i to gr. TO (0*06 gm. to 0-65 gin.)
U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE — 0-25 gm. (gr. 4)
Bottles of oz. I (28. 3 ,§/«.) and oz. 4 (113 gm.}. Tins
of oz. 25 (709 gm.) and oz. 100 (2835 g»i.}

,, Quinine Sulphate — (Large Flake)

This is the official salt in the usual bulky form of light
feathery crystals. We recommend in preference the
compact crystals, which occupy one-third the space, as
being more portable and convenient.

When ordering Quinine Sulphate, please indicate
whether "compact" or "large flake" is required.

DOSE — gr. i to gr. 10 (0-06 gm. to 0-65 gm.)

U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0-25 gm. (gr. 4)

Bottles of oz. 1/4 (7 gm.}, oz. 1/2 (\\grn.) and oz. I
(28-3 gm.}. Tins of oz. 4 (113 gm.}, oz. 25 (709 gm.)
and oz. 100 (2835 gm. ).

,, Strophanthin, U.S.?.

A preparation of uniform activity, controlled by
physiological test.

U.S. P. AVERAGE DOSE— 0-0003 gm. (gr. 1/200)
Tubes ofgr. 5 (0.3 gm. and I gramme)

, , Veratrine

Pure crystalline alkaloid, not a mixture.
Tubes of gr. 5 (0-3 gm.). Bottles of I gramme, and
gr. 60 (3-9 gm.).

For prices, see separate list

^ 'WELLCOME' BRAND CHEMICALS

WERE AWA R DED

GRAND PRIZES AT THE FOLLOWING INTERNATIONAL
EXHIBITIONS

St. Louis, 1904 Franco-British, London, 1908

Liege, 1905 Japan-British, London, 1910

Milan, 1906 Brussels, 1910

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & CO.
LONDON (ENG.)

NEW YORK MONTREAL SYDNEY CAPE TOWN-
MILAN SHANGHAI BUENOS AIRES

U.S.A. Offices and Exhibition Room:

35, 37 & 39, WEST THIRTY-THIRD STREET
(NEAR FIFTH AVENUE), NEW YORK CITY

Cables and Radiotelegrams — "TABLOID, NEW YORK"

Telephone No.—'1 508 MURRAY HILL" (two lines)

ABC and LIBBER'S Telegraphic Codes used

Canadian Offices and Warehouses:

101-109, CORISTINE BUILDING
ST. NICHOLAS & ST. PAUL STS., MONTREAL

DEPOTS IN U.S.A.

ATLANTA, GA. — Jacobs' Pharmacy

Co., 10, Marietta Street
BALTIMORE, MD. — Muth Bros. &

Co., 23, South Charles Street
BOSTON, MASS. — Eastern Drug Co.,

8-20, Fulton Street
CHICAGO, ILL.— E. H. Buehler,

134, Lake Street
DALLAS, TEX. — J. W. Crowdus

Drug Co.
DULUTH, MINN. — Leithhead Drug

Co.
HOUSTON, TEX. — Houston Drug

Co., 102, Travis Street
INDIANAPOLIS, IND. — Kiefer Drug

Co.
KANSAS CITY, Mo. — Faxon &

Gallagher
Los ANGELES, CAL. — Brunswig

Drug Co. (late F. W. Braun &

Co.), 501, N. Main Street
LOUISVILLE, KY. — Robinson- Pettet

Co., 528-532, West Main Street
NEW ORLEANS, LA.— Finlay, Dicks

& Co., Magazine and Common j

Streets

PHILADELPHIA, PA. — Smith, Kline

& P'rench Co., 429-435, Arch

Street

PHOJNIX, ARiz.-N. M. Miller
PITTSBURG, PA.— W. J. Gilmore &

Co., 426, Seventh Avenue
PORTLAND, OREGON.— The Clarke

Woodward Drug Co., 401-407,

Hoyt Street
ST. Louis, Mo. — Meyer Bros. Drug

Co., Fourth and Clark Streets
ST. PAUL, MINN.— Noyes Bros. &

Cutler, 396-408, Sibley Street
SAN ANTONIO, TEX.— San Antonio

Drug Co.
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. — Langley

& Michaels Co., 34-40, First

Street
SEATTLE, WASH.— Stewart Holmes

Drug Co., 209-211, Third

Avenue Street
SPOKANE, WASH.— The Spokane

Drug Co.

MEMORANDA

™E 'WELLCOME' BRAND

CONCENTRATED DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIN

IN SYRINGE-CONTAINERS

Each " container presents an accurate dose of
Antitoxin in a thoroughly reliable Syringe.

This container, the acme of convenience, presents only
two parts — the partly hollow piston A, containing the needle B,

and the
barrel c,
containing
the Serum.
When the
syringe is
required the
cork in

which the needle B is embedded is withdrawn from A, and
placed on a clean surface.

The waxed end D of the barrel is then pressed with the fore-
finger of the left hand and the piston screwed on to the

projecting portion E of the rubber plunger.

The wool is now removed from the needle,
the waxed sealing disc D from the barrel, and
the needle-attachment screwed home ; then, on
the cork and wire being removed from the needle,
the instrument is ready for use.

(See also pages 172-174,)

TES 'ERNUTIN* BRAND PRODUCTS
The Ideal Form of Ergot

1 ERNUTIN ' presents the active therapeutic principles
of Ergot, pure and in a physiologically standardised
solution.

In post-partum haemorrhage, normal confinements,
and in all other conditions in which Ergot is indicated,
' ERNUTIN ' is successful when less scientifically-made
preparations of the drug fail.

'ERNUTIN' (Oral), and 'VAPOROLE' 'ERNUTIN' for
hypodermic administration, are issued.

(See also pages 167 and 234)

TRADE 'TYRAMINE' MARK

(Para-hydroxyphenylethylamine)

An important active constituent of aqueous extracts
of ergot. Given hypodermically or by the mouth,
'TYRAMINE' produces a marked rise of blood-pressure,
with greatly increased vigour of the heart's action. It
is indicated in shock or collapse, and is used to produce
post-partum contraction of the uterus.

PREPARATION

Issued as 'TABLOID' Hypodermic 'TYRAMINE'
(See also page 174)

S 'TABLOID' BRAND
BISMUTH GAUZE

' TABLOID ' BISMUTH GAUZE is a dressing which
possesses all the valuable antiseptic and deodorant
properties of iodoform gauze, but is entirely free
from the disadvantages of that product. Its use

howing form of packing
ith one of the lengths of
auze removed from its

protective covering.
Approx. one-half actual

is confidently recommended in all cases where
iodoform or similar gauzes are indicated.

'TABLOID' BISMUTH GAUZE is non-toxic and
inodorous, and may be left in position for at least
five days without becoming offensive.

(See also page 163,)

TKS 'VAPOROLE' BRAND

AMMONIUM CHLORIDE INHALER

Perfectly neutral vapour is
ensured by means of precisely-
adjusted charges of acid and
ammonia in 'Vaporole' Brand
hermetically-sealed containers.
The vapour can be medicated
with ' Pinol,' benzoin or other
volatile medicament, by im-
pregnating the sponge. The
outfit goes into the pocket.
(See also page 235 )

VAPOROLE' BRAND

AROMATIC AMMONIA

(For use as "SMELLING SALTS")

The acme of compactness and
portability. A useful adjunct
to the physician's emergency
outfit, and ideal for patients
subject to fainting fits. Each
dainty product possesses a
charming fragrance and is
as pungent and refreshing as
a freshly - charged bottle of
smelling salts.

(See also page 234.)

™KE< KEPLER' SOLUTION
(Of Cod Liver Oil in Malt Extract)

Ready digestibility and supreme activity as an
energiser and body-builder render ' KEPLER ' SOLUTION
of inestimable value to
members of strumous or
phthisical families ; also
in cases of gastric ulcer
or gastric catarrh, infantile
diarrhoea, and the dyspepsia
and diarrhoea of phthisis.

' KEPLER ' SOLUTION is
characterised by a rich
nutty malt flavour, which
is irresistible.

As a galactogogue it takes a foremost place, increas-
ing the supply of milk and improving the quality.

It combines with milk to form a nutritious drink,
and can be spread between biscuits and eaten as a
sandwich.

The following combinations are also supplied : —
' KEPLER ' SOLUTION with Iron Iodide
„ „ ,, Phosphorus

(See also pages 174-176)

Greatly reduced

WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
KING STREET, LONDON (ENGLAND)

This INSTITUTION is conducted separately from the business

of BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co., and is under distinct

direction, although in the Laboratories a large amount of important

scientific work is carried out for the firm.

AWARDS

CONFERRED UPON THE

WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
AT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS

ST. LOUIS ONE GRAND PRIZE

1904 THREE GOLD MEDALS

LIEGE ONE GRAND PRIZE

1905 ONE DIPLOMA OF HONOUR

TWO GOLD MEDALS

,,<N f—

MILAN ONE GRAND PRIZE

1906

LONDON TWO GRAND PRIZES

(Franco-British)
1908

LONDON ONE GRAND PRIZE

(Japan-British)
1910

BRUSSELS THREE GRAND PRIZES

1910 ONE DIPLOMA OF HONOUR

CHEMICAL AND PHARMACOGNOSTICAL RESEARCH

ETC., ETC.

t/) a;
£ «£

AWARDS

CONFERRED UPON THE

WELLCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
AT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS

ONE GRAND PRIZE

ONE GOLD MEDAL

ONE GRAND PRIZE

TWO GOLD MEDALS

ONE GRAND PRIZE

TWO GRAND PRIZES

ONE GRAND PRIZE

THREE GRAND PRIZES

ONE DIPLOMA OF HONOUR

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND PREPARATIONS

ETC., ETC.

PORTION OF FRONTAGE
BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.'s CHIEF

LONDON (ENGLAND)

Corner of Holborn Viaduct and Snow Hill

facing Holhorn Viaduct Station

TYPICAL AWARDS

AT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS

CONFERRED UPON BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.

FOR THE SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE

OF THE FIRM'S PRODUCTS

. LOUIS THREE GRAND PRIZES

1904 THREE GOLD MEDALS

EGE SIX GRAND PRIZES

1905 THREE DIPLOMAS OF HONOUR

THREE GOLD MEDALS

LAN THREE GRAND PRIZES

1906 THREE DIPLOMAS OF HONOUR

ONE GOLD MEDAL

SEVEN GRAND PRIZES

ONE DIPLOMA OF HONOUR

TWO GOLD MEDALS

ONE GRAND PRIZE

FIVE GRAND PRIZES

ONE GOLD MEDAL

EIGHT GRAND PRIZES

THREE DIPLOMAS OF HONOUR
ONE GOLD MEDAL

ONE GRAND PRIZE

MAKING IN ALL

MORE THAN 240 HIGHEST AWARDS

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.'s
NEW YORK OFFICES AND EXHIBITION ROOM

35, 37& 39, West Thirty-third Street
(near Fifth Avenue), NEW YORK CITY

the Medical Profession only

S 'BOROFAX' BRAND

BORIC ACID OINTMENT

' BOROFAX ' BORIC ACID OINTMENT is an antiseptic,
emollient and sedative preparation, containing 10 per
cent, of boric acid. It is distinguished by its readiness of
absorption, pharma-
ceutical elegance and
freedom from ran-
cidity. ' BOROFAX '
is an excellent anti-
septic sedative dressing in abrasions, excoriation or
disease of the mucous membrane of the nasal passages,

vagina, urethra, etc. In encouraging healing
fedatfve"0 of superficial lesions' or injuries, chaps, burns

and scalds, it is particularly effective, and
is a valuable application for eczema and many other skin
affections.

Applied to the skin, it counteracts the effects of sun,

wind, or excessive heat or cold, and therefore

fkinirritated 's beneficial and soothing after driving,

motoring, cycling, and exposure to the

sun or inclement weather.

' BOROFAX ' has a wide field of utility in surgical
practice : it is an excellent antiseptic lubricant for obstetric
forceps, catheters and other surgical instru-
'racticf'0*1 ments, and, when applied to the fingers of
the operator, it facilitates massage. Its appli-
cation to the lips and adjacent parts effectively prevents the
blistering which may occur during chloroform inhalation.

Stipplied to the Medical Profession, in collapsible tube
of two sizes

[P.T.O.

TKE 'PHENOFAX' BRAND

CARBOLIC ACID OINTMENT

PHENOFAX' CARBOLIC ACID OINTMENT, which
presents 4 per cent, of pure phenol in a
ing K and bland and soothing basis, is notable for its
sedative and healing effects on the skin
and mucous surfaces.

'PHENOFAX' relieves itching, destroys infection, soothes
the part and encourages repair. It cleanses ulcerated and
denuded surfaces, stimulates
healthy growth and promotes
recovery. As an antiseptic
healing dressing for wounds,
abrasions, burns
affections and ulcers, it

may be applied
on lint or it may be used as
an ointment in parasitic
skin disease and irritating
eruptions generally.

' PHENOFAX ' is specially
suitable for use in the treat- Reduced facsimile

ment of ulceration of the os or cervix uteri, and for
application to affected mucous surfaces, as in inflammation
of the cervix or vagina.

As an application for the hands it is excellent, and for
catheters and other surgical instruments it presents an
efficient lubricant and sterilising agent.

Supplied to the Medical Profession, in glass pots

NOTE.-The
design

ords * B O R O F A X ' and * P H E N
e fine products issued by Burrough

BURROUGHS WELLCOME & CO., LONDON (ENG.)
NEW YORK MONTREAL SYDNEY CAPE TOWN

PLAN OF CENTRAL PORTION

Convocation Hall, A. M. A. Meeting, 1911

OF Los ANGELES, 191

DATE DUE

WJ 11
M

B9T2a
1911
Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

Evolution of urine analysis

WJ 11
M

B9T2a
1911
Burroughs Wellcome & Co.

Evolution of 'trine analysis

MEDICAL SCIENCES LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE

IRVINE, CALIFORNIA 92664

niversit;
Southe
Libra

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Full text of "The evolution of urine analysis : an historical sketch of the clinical examination of urine: lecture memoranda, American Medical Association, Los Angeles, 1911"

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