//**.
PRINTED BY RICHARD TAYLOR,
RED LION COURT. FLEET STREET.
EXERCISES
LATIN SYNTAX;
ADAPTED TO
ZUMPT'S GRAMMAR.
TO WHICH ARE ADDED
EXTRACTS FROM THE WRITINGS OF
MURETUS.
THE REV. JOHN KENRICK, M.A.
Cyot-
THIRD EDITION.
LONDON:
B. FELLOWES, LUDGATE STREET.
MDCCCXXXV.
PREFACE:
I HAVE adapted this book of Exercises to my
Translation of Zumpt's Latin Grammar, in or-
der to extend its utility, by enabling the teachers
who use it to conduct their pupils through a
regular course of Latin composition, in the or-
der of that work. In Germany, where the ori-
ginal Grammar has been very generally intro-
duced into the Gymnasia, two Exercise Books
have been published, which, from their titles,
appear to be adapted to it. I have not, how-
ever, seen either of them, and the passages
which are here given have been, with few ex-
ceptions, selected by myself from the original
authors. Cicero has, of course, furnished the
largest part; the authors of the silver age,
with the exception of Curtius, have been spa-
ringly used. As there is comparatively little
difference in the declensions and conjugations
in different Grammars, I have confined myself
Vi PREFACE.
to the illustration of the Syntax, and in this I
have generally proportioned the number of ex-
amples to the difficulty of the rule to be exem-
plified. The important Chapter, of the Signi-
fication and Government of Prepositions, would
not have been passed over, had not the excel-
lent Praxis of Dr. Butler afforded a copious
variety of examples. The Teacher, I hope,
will approve the plan which I have adopted, of
giving questions on the rules to be exemplified,
instead of repeating or merely referring to them.
He will also find room for the exercise of his
own judgement, in selecting what is best adapt-
ed to the age or attainments of his own pupils,
in furnishing them with more of the original
Latin than is given in the Notes, and in re-
moving the difficulty which may arise from the
occasional anticipation of constructions belong-
ing to a later part of the Grammar.
I have subjoined some extracts from Mure-
tus, as exercises in the structure of longer
sentences, and of the period ; and for the sake
of variety, I have taken them from his Epistles,
and his critical and oratorical works. Long
extracts from the Classics are usually discovered
and copied ; and independently of this, I was
desirous of exhibiting a specimen of an author
who is admitted to be one of the greatest mo-
PREFACE. Vll
dern masters of Latin style. Modern Latinity,
if it be anything but a cento, must be a language
formed analogically, by adhering as closely to
the classical idiom as the difference of ancient
and modern thought allows. The works of the
great authors who wrote in Latin soon after
the revival of letters, and before the idioms
of the vernacular languages exercised much
influence on expression in the ancient, seem
peculiarly calculated to assist in acquiring the
use of Latin style for modern purposes. Mu-
retus is confessed to stand at the head of these,
and the greatest Transalpine Latinists of recent
times, Ernesti, Ruhnken, F. A. Wolf, and
Wyttenbach, are known to have formed their
style by the assiduous perusal of his writings.
Wyttenbach thus speaks of his obligations to
him :
" Equidem saepe animadvert!, homines, qui primum ad Cice-
ronis lectionemaccedunt, magis capi ac delectari scriptis Mureti
et similium : non quod horum oratio minus Latina, ideoque
facilior sit: sed quod ratio materiaque nostrae aetati nostrisque
ingeniis magis aptae sunt. Horum nos lectio, quasi blanda
manu, ad veteres ducit : estque velut r/6afywx, seu gradus et
aditus ad veteres ; sed purus ille castusque, unde nil sordium
ad ipsa eorum sacraria afferamus. Certe, si quid ego ad scri-
bendi facultatem profeci ; quod pro rei magnitudine exiguum
esse non ignoro; sed si quid profeci, hoc magnam partem
debui lectioni operum Mureti: quae me adolescentemmira sua-
Vlll PREFACE.
vitate deliniebat, exemplis augebat et ad Ciceronem alliciebat."
Mahnii Vit. Wytterib. ed. alt. p. 82.
Had my limits allowed, I would gladly have
given larger extracts, and added some from a
few other modern Latinists, whose style may
safely be imitated. It is to be regretted that
the works of Muretus are little known in this
country, and that editions of them are not easily
accessible. This consideration, joined with
the suggestions of some who are engaged in
education, has induced me to print separately,
for their use, the original of all the passages
from which the following Exercises have been
translated. They may be advantageously used
also, as a collection of extracts for construing ;
illustrating the rules to which they refer, more
fully than the examples of the Grammar.
J. K.
EXERCISES ON LATIN SYNTAX.
SECT. LXV.
Subject and Predicate.
(I, 2, 3.) WHAT is the subject of a proposition?
What is the predicate? In what number must the
verb be which forms the predicate 5
God constructed 1) the world. The swallows depart in the
winter-months 2). Peace is product 3) by war. Some nations
live on fish 4) and the eggs of birds. Philosophy dispels 5)
our errors. The neck of peacocks and doves shines 6) with
various colours 7). The earth, from a small seed 8) of a fig,
produces 9) a large trunk. A clear spring reflects 10) an
image of a person looking upon it 1 1). Thirty tyrants, placed
in authority 12) by the Lacedaemonians 13), kept Athens in
slavery 14). The states of Thessaly presented 15) the children
of Pelopidas with a large estate 16). Nature has defended 17)
trees from the heat and cold by a bark, sometimes double ; and
has given to animals various coverings, shells, hides, hair 18),
1) Mdlfico. 2) Winter, expressed by an adjective. Gr. sect. 72, 11.
3) Pario. 4) Abl. plur. 5) Discutio. 6') Niteo.
7") Abl. without cum, 72, 10. 8) Granum, from the nature of the seed;
generally, seinen. 9) Procreo. 10) Reddo ; the verb last in the sen-
tence, the accusative before it. 11) Gen. of the part. pres. of intucor,
without a substantive. 12) Prceprmere. 13) Abl. with a. 72, I.
14) 'Kept oppressed with slavery.' 15) Dono. 16) Multus uger.
1 7) Tutor. 18) Pitt, used both of men and of brutes.
B
2 Subject and Predicate. [SECT. LXV.
feathers, and fleeces. Corinth was taken in the fourth year of
the 105th Olympiad, in the 608th year of Rome.
(4.) If the predicate is formed by a verb of exist-
ence and a noun of different number and gender from
the subject, to which will the verb conform ? What
other verbs, besides those of simple existence (p. 253.)
have the same construction ? In what circumstances
does the verb sometimes conform to the noun in the
predicate ? (Note.)
Rome, afterwards so great, was once a pasture 1) for a* few
oxen. Eight legions, near the Rhine 2), were the principal
strength of the empire. The emperor Titus Vespasian was
called 3) the darling 4) of the human race. The town of
Paestum was called by the Greeks, Posidonia. Passion and
reason are a change of the mind for better 5) and worse.
(5.) If several nouns are joined in the subject,
under what circumstances must the predicate be
plural ? When may it be singular ?
Pompey, Lentulus, Scipio, Afranius, perished in the civil
wars by a miserable death 6). At 7) the lake Regillus, in the
war with the Latins 8), Castor and Pollux were seen to fight
on horseback 9) in the Roman line. Fineness, closeness 10),
whiteness, smoothness, are regarded 11) in paper 12). His
long hair set off Scipio, and his personal appearance 13), not
elaborately neat 14?), but truly manly and military. The re-
1) Pascua. 2}Juxta following its case. 3) Imperf. 4) DeJicia.
5) In mel'ms. In this example the verb is at the end, and conforms to the
pred. which immediately precedes it. 6) Fcede. 7) Apud. 8) Gen.
9) Ex with plur. 10) Den&itas. 11) Specto, plur. With this begin
the sentence. 12) Chartcs, i. e. the papyrus. 13) Habitus corpori*.
14) Cuitus munditiis. Begin the sentence with the accus. j then the verb
sing.
SECT. LXV.] Subject and Predicate. 3
search and investigation of truth is especially appropriate to
man l). x The excellence and greatness of the mind shines out' 2 '
in despising wealth 2). Hunger and thirst are (sing.) removed 3)
by meat and drink. The forehead, the eyes, the countenance,
often deceive ; the speech 4) most frequently of all.
(5, note 3.) Et et ; quum turn.
As it happened 5), about the same time, both Marcellus came
to Rome to deprecate disgrace 6), and the consul Q. Fulvius to
hold 7) the comitia. There was in Miltiades both the greatest 8)
kindness and wonderful affability; great authority with 9) all
the states, an illustrious 10) name, and the greatest military
glory 11).
(6.) What is the subject of a verb of the first or
second person ? How is the construction to be ex-
plained when a noun appears to be the subject ?
Let (us) senators collect tomorrow, into a public stock 12),
all the gold, silver, and stamped copper ; so that every one may
leave a ring for himself 13). Asinius Pollio relates that Caesar
said 14-), after the battle of Pharsalia, "They would have it
so 15); after performing 16) such exploits, (I) Caius Caesar
should have been condemned, if I had not sought assistance
from the army."
(7.) If pronouns of different persons are united in
the subject, what will be the person of the verb ?
What other construction sometimes takes place r
fNote.)
1) Gen. 2) 80, 6. 3) Depello. 4) Oratio. 5) Forte.
6) Ignominia. 7) Caus&. The verb closes the sentence. 8) Summa.
9) Apud. 10) Nobilis. 1 1) Lam rei militaris. The verb begins the
sentence. 12) In publicum. 13) 67, 16. Itaut, in this sentence, limits
the meaning (76, 6. a, note). Eng. still allowing each to retain,' &c.
The pronouns of the first person must not be expressed in these examples.
14) Inf. with accus. (78, 7-) 15) Hoc volo. 16) Abl. abs. perf. pass. (/9, 5.)
B 2
4 Adjectives. [SECT. LXVI.
If neither thou nor I 1) have done these things, poverty has
not permitted us to do them. Galba, having taken the hand
of Piso 2), said, " Thou and I speak today to one another 3)
with the greatest openness." " Ye have erred greatly 4),
Rullus, thou and some thy colleagues, who hoped that ye might
be popular in destroying 5) the republic." When my brother
had come to me at Arpinum, our first conversation, and that 6)
at much length 7), was about thee : whence I came to what
thou and I had said to each other 8) about thy sister.
SECT. LXVI.
Syntax of Adjectives.
( 1 .) What will be the gender, number, and case of an
adjective, participle, or pronoun, which qualifies a noun?
To what does the adjective in the predicate conform ?
The drones are without a sting, as it were 9) imperfect
bees, and the slaves of the true bees 10). The auxiliaries of
the king, embarrassed 11) and confused, because they had
marched in no order, betake themselves to flight 12). Cattle,
when 13) dispersed, follow the herds of their own species 14).
Jugurtha, by secret paths, gets the start of 15) the army of
Metellus. The ears have been placed in the higher parts of
the body, that they may receive sound which ascends 16).
Dionysius used to harangue 17) from a lofty tower. A hun-
dred brazen bars close the gates of war. White hares are
found in the Alps, and 1 8) the ancients thought that the snow
])The Latin, unlike the English, places the pronoun of the first person
before that of the second. 2) Abl. abs. pass. 3) Inter nos.
4) Fehementer. 5) Evertere (79, 5). 6) 67, 7. p. 245.
7) Multus. 8) Inter nos. 9) Velut. 10) 13, 5, b.
\ 1) Impedio. 12) Conjicio me in, of a disorderly and hasty flight.
13) When is not expressed in Latin. 14) Genus; for species means com-
monly appearance. It may, however, be used where species and genus are
opposed to each other. 15) ^ntevenio, with ace. 16) Sublime feror.
17) Imperf, (74, 8). 18) The two clauses must be connected by a relative.
SECT. LXVI.] Adjectives. 5
was their food 1). Verres placed tents, composed 2) of sails
of fine linen 3), at the very mouth of the harbour. Caesar
erected, on the extremity of the bridge 4), a tower of four
stories, and gave the command of 5) that place to Volcalius
Tallus.
What kind of substantives is used in this respect
like adjectives ? (Note 2.)
The victorious army was led by Hannibal to New Carthage 6)
to winter-quarters. An oracle had been given that Athens
would be victorious, if the king were killed 7). Eloquence is
the companion of peace, the sharer of leisure, the foster-child,
as it were 8), of a well-regulated 9) state. Pleasure is an
imitator of what is good, but the mother of all evils. The
virgins who had been carried off' from the Sabines were after-
wards the negotiators 10) of a peace and alliance. For 115
years there was always either war, or preparation for war, or
treacherous peace, between Rome and her rival, Carthage.
The vultures, seen by Romulus, promised that Rome would
be a warlike city.
(2.) If an adjective or pronoun refers to a noun in
a preceding proposition, to what does it conform in
number and gender? How is its case determined?
The Etruscan nation, above all others devoted to religious
observances 11), refused assistance to the Vejentes as long as
1) Cibatus j only of the feeding of brutes. 2) Intendo, from the man-
ner of their construction. 3) Adj. of carbasus (71, I. note 4).
4) Ibid. 5) Prceficio, with dat. of pers. and accus. of the thing.
6) 69, 7. 7) Pluperf. (74, 10. p. 320). 8) The Latins, especially
Cicero, often use guidam, as a softening of a bold figure ; here, quasi pre-
cedes the noun and quidam follows. 9) Constituo. 10) Verbal
of oro, which does not necessarily imply supplication. 1 1)
i. e. not ceremonies, but the doctrine of omens, expiations, &c.
6 Adjectives. [SECT. LXVI.
they should be 1 ) under a king. Our property 2) is not to
be so shut up, that benevolence cannot open it ; nor to be so
unlocked 3), that it may be open 4) to all. Any one is more
willing that another's 5) faults should be blamed than his
own.
(3.) If no noun is expressed, how is the gender of
the adjective or pronoun determined ? N.B. The
adjective should not be used alone in those cases in
which the gender cannot be distinguished ; thus it is
better to say magnis viris, magnis rebus, than magnis
only.
Neither Pompey could bear an equal nor Caesar a superior.
The slaves who were in the vestibule, when they saw armed
men, thinking that it was all over 6) with their mistresses, cry
out, that men had been sent to kill 7) the female captives. It
is easier to exclude than to govern pernicious things; for when
they have placed themselves in possession, they are more
powerful than their governor 8). We praise things heard with
more pleasure 9) than things seen ; and regard present things
with envy, past things with veneration. The shout of the com-
batants had reached the king, when he took his coat of mail
and came to the front of the line 10). Mardonius, (those
things) being burnt which the Athenians had begun to build,
transfers his troops to Bceotia. Hannibal leads his troops
across 11) the Ebro, men having been sent forward to survey
the passes of the Alps.
(6.) What will be the gender of the adjective,
participle, or pronoun, if it refers to several sub-
1) Subjunctive, though donee here signifies as long as, because it was the
reason assigned (76, 10). 2) Res familiaris. 3) Reserare. 4) Pateo.
5) Alienus. 6) Actum est de. 7) Qni with subj. 76, 12. ft.
8) Rector. 9) Libenter. 10) Prima signa. 11) 69, 3, 2.
SECT. LXVI.] Adjectives. 7
stantives of the same gender ? If they are of the
masculine and feminine gender r If they are things
without life ? If some are with and some without
life ? N.B. The same rules apply to pronouns which
refer to nouns in a preceding proposition.
In a free state, it is fit that the mind and the tongue should
be free. Juventas and Terminus, to the very great joy 1) of
the Romans, did not allow 2) themselves to be moved from
their places 3) in the Capitol. Ten free-born youths, ten
virgins, all having fathers and mothers living 4), were chosen
for the sacrifice. Virgil invokes Ceres and Liber, because their
productions are most necessary for the support of men. Benefit
and injury are contrary to each other. Meat 5), drink, wake-
fulness, sleep, are not salutary for us without a certain limita-
tion 6). The wall and the gate were struck by lightning?).
(8.) What is the construction of the adjective with
a possessive pronoun ? To what does the gender
then conform, when no substantive is expressed ?
I am not surprised that Vatinius should despise my law, an
enemy 8). I begin to seek not only gratification but also glory
from this pursuit, since it has been approved by your judge-
ment, a most grave and learned man. The Samnites said that
they 9) had tried all methods 10), if they could support, by
their own strength 11), so great a weight of war. The senate
decreed that the consul should celebrate the games, which he
had vowed, by 12) his own single judgement 13), out of the
spoils. Though wild animals 14) commonly refuse, with con-
1) Abl. without prepos. 72, 10. 2) Perf. of patior. 3) Sedes.
4) Patrimus, and a word formed on the same analogy from mater.
5) Non is to be repeated before each nominative. 6) Mensura.
7) Tangere de ccelo, where the event is spoken of relatively to an omen.
8) Join homo as an apposition with enemy. 9) See /8, 7- 10) 66, (Syr>t.
of Adj.) 3. 11) Plur.of vi*. 12) Ea\ 13) Sententln. 14) Bcstia.
8 The Relative. [SECT. LXVI.
tempt, food placed to deceive them, we are inveigled by the
appearance of a trifling favour, and allow our own liberty to be
undermined. By his own power 1), without the assistance of
any 2) of the soldiers, Mithridates said that he had reduced 3)
Cappadocia. Do you not think that my prayers, when present,
would have availed him, to whom my name, when absent,
had been an honour 4) ?
The Relative.
(1.) What is the antecedent to a relative ? In what
respects does the relative conform to the antecedent ?
How is its case determined ? If there is more than
one antecedent of different genders, what will be the
gender of the relative ?
Servilius Rullus, father of that Rullus who promulgated the
Agrarian law in the consulship of Cicero, first 5) served up 6)
an entire wild boar at a feast. The foundation of perma-
nent 7) fame is justice, without which there can be nothing
praiseworthy. The husbandman plants trees, the fruit of which
he will himself never see. The Delphic tablet of ancient brass,
which is now in the Palatium, will serve as a proofs) that the
old Greek letters were almost the same as 9) the Latin now
are. No animal which has blood can be without a heart.
Sardanapalus was born in the thirty-third degree 10) from
Ninus and Semiramis, who founded Babylon.
(*2.) What will be the gender of the relative when
it refers to a whole clause ? What, in this case, is
often joined to the relative ?
1) Opera. 2)67,8. 3)^fw*^ 4)70,9. N.B. Except absens
and prcesens, which are become adjectives, the participle is rarely used in
this construction by prose writers. 5) 66, (Synt. of Rel.) 5. note 2. p. 238.
6) Jppono. 7) Perpetua. 8)70,9. 9) Qui, 67, 11. 10) Locus.
SECT. LXVI.] The Relative. 9
The Lacedaemonians killed their king, Agis, which never
before happened among them 1 ). Timoleon, which is thought
a more difficult thing, bore prosperous more wisely than adverse
fortune. What had not happened before in any war, two con-
suls, slain without any memorable battle, had left the republic
as it were destitute. Socrates appears to me, which is agreed 2)
among all, to have been the first who 3) called off philosophy
from hidden things.
(3.) When the relative stands alone, whence does
it take its number and gender ?
(He) takes away the greatest ornament of friendship, who
takes from it mutual respect 4). (Those) who seem to be
doing 5) nothing, are often intent upon greater things than
others. The earth never disobeys 6) command, nor ever re-
stores without usury what she has received. The coverings
of the horses 7) and horsemen were of iron plates joined to
one another in order 8) ; (to those) to whom Darius had
before given nothing besides javelins, shields and swords were
added.
(4.) In what position is the noun sometimes
found to which the relative refers ? What pro-
nouns are then used in the following proposition ?
When are these necessary ?
Ambigatus, desiring to relieve his kingdom from a bur-
densome population 9), declared that he would send his sons
to the settlements which the gods pointed out by auguries.
The horses which drew 10) Darius, pierced with spears and
1) The verb will be at the close of the sentence, and the accusative fol-
low the nominative. 2) Constat. 3) 66, (Synt. of Rel.) 5, note 2, p. 238.
4) Verecundla. 5) Ago, which, as distinguished fromfacio, denotes to
be pursuing an object intently; the same verb is used in the second clause.
6) Recuso. 7) 71> 1. note 1. 8) Series, 9) Prcegravans turba, 72, 8.
10) Velio.
10 The Relative. [SECT. LXVI.
maddened with pain, had begun to shake off the yoke and
dash 1) the king from the chariot. Many persons require 2)
those 3) things from friends which they do not themselves
^give. The memory of Hortensius was so great, that without
anything written 4-), he repeated (those things) which he had
meditated 5), in the same words in which he had thought 6)
them. Africanus, on the destruction of Carthage, adorned the
cities of the Sicilians with the most beautiful statues, that he
might place the most numerous 7) monuments of victory among
those whom he supposed to rejoice most in the victory of the
Roman people. Those whose fathers or ancestors have been
distinguished 8) by any celebrity 9), generally study to excel in
the same kind of glory. Brute animals do not move themselves
from that place in which they were born. Let every one ex-
ercise himself in the art which he understands 10).
(5. note 2.) In what case must the adjective be
placed after the relative ?
Agamemnon, having devoted to Diana the most beautiful
thing 11) which had been born 12) in his kingdom in that year,
sacrificed Iphigenia. Julius Caesar yielded up 13) the only
lodging-place which there was to C. Oppius, who was seized
with a sudden illness, and himself lay on the ground and in the
1) Excutio. 2) Desldero. It must be observed, that the use or omission
of is and hie is not indifferent, as the use always gives a peculiar emphasis
to the subject to which it refers ; in this instance it serves to point out the
inconsistency of those who expect in their friends the very things which they
neglect themselves. 3) Hie. In this and the following sentences, the re-
lative has no substantive expressed, and precedes the clause with the de-
monstrative. 4) Scriptum. 5) Commentor, to con over in the mind what
is to be said. 6) Cogito, to exert an act of thought ; puto, to entertain an
opinion. 7) Plurimus, for numcrosus, in the Latinity of the golden age,
meant having a smooth cadence. 8) Prcesto, with abl. 9) Laus.
]0) Novi, 67, 16. 11) 66, (Synt. of Adj.) 3. 12) Pluperf. subj.
13) Cedo, which takes a dative of the person in whose favour the cession is
made, and an ablative, commonly without a preposition, of the thing yielded.
SECT. LXVI.] The Relative. 11
open air. Plato, the first 1) who wrote concerning a republic,
thought that it was the business of law 2) to carry something
by persuasion 3), not to enforce all things by violence and
threats. P. Volumnius placed 4-) in the list of proscribed
persons 5) L. Jul. Calidus, the most elegant poet whom our
age has produced, since the death of Lucretius and Catullus.
Hannibal was doubtful whether he should pursue 6) his march
to Italy or engage with the first Roman army that had offered 7)
itself. The Volscians, being beaten in a pitched battle 8), lost
Volsci, the best city which they had.
(5. note 2.) What change is necessary in respect
to the relative, if the numeral is placed first ?
Carthage was the first colony which was founded out of Italy
by the Romans. That 9) part of the Helvetian state, which
had inflicted a remarkable calamity on the Roman people, was
the first 10) which suffered 11) retribution. The age in which
Pericles lived, was the first which produced at Athens an
almost perfect orator.
(6.) When a pronoun, with a verb of existence or
designation, connects two nouns of different gender,
to which does it usually conform ?
Thrasybulus, when he had taken refuge in Phyle, which is a
very strongly fortified 12) fortress of Attica, had not more than
thirty of his men with him. Pausanias was unwilling to return
to Sparta, and betook himself to Colons, which is a place in
the Troad. Mago enticed the Suffetes, which is the chief
magistracy among the Carthaginians, to a conference, and
1) Princeps. 2) 71, 10. 3) Persuadeo, to employ argument suc-
cessfully : suadeo, to recommend, whether successfully or not. 4) Refero.
5) 66, (Synt. of Adj.) 3. 6) Intendere Her cceptum. 7) Pluperf. subj.
8) Acic. ;/) In this sentence qui and is are inverted, quce pars ea.
10) Princeps t 1 1) Persolvo. 12) Perf. part, of munio, superl.
12 The Relative. [SECT. LXVI.
having lacerated 1 ) them with scourging, ordered them to be
crucified. The winds carried me from Sicily to Leucopetra,
which is a promontory of the Rhegian territory. Mankind
have fenced with walls their united dwelling-places 2), which
we call cities. There is a prison, made by that most cruel
tyrant Dionysius, at Syracuse, which is called the Stone-
quarries 3). The Carthaginians, hearing 4-) that Attalus and
the Romans had gone from Oreum, feared lest they should be
defeated within Rhium ; that is the strait 5) of the Corinthian
Gulf.
(7.) When a pronoun connects a whole clause and
a noun, whence does it take its gender ?
Pliny says that this is the fairest part of philosophy, to con-
duct public business. Equestrian games being assumed as a
pretence 6), the Sabine virgins, who had come to the spectacle,
were carried off; and this was immediately the cause of a war.
Octavianus is said to have replied to a prisoner imploring
sepulture, That 7) will now be in the option 8) of the birds.
(10.) How are tot, talis, quot, qualis, &c. used ?
Dost thou think that those who are said to divine can
answer, whether 9) the sun is larger than the earth, or 10) as
large as it seems to be ? This I will very briefly say, that no
one was ever so shameless as to dare to wish from the immortal
gods so many and so great things as they have bestowed on
Pompey. What can be more miserable than this, that 11) a
man who has been consul-elect all his life 12), cannot be chosen
consul? It is a saying of the Stoics 13), that no ball is in every
1) Part, of perf. pass, agreeing with the persons. 2) DomicHium.
3) LautumniCK. 4) Quum, 70. p. 357. 5) Fauces. 6) Simula.
7) 67, 7- p. 244. 8) Instead of erit inpotestate tua, the Latins said, erit
potestas tua. Ter. Heaut. iv. 3, 42. Cic. in Vat. 1 7. 9) The enclitic tie is
here subjoined to the adjective. 10) An, p. 195. 1 1) Quam must be
inserted. 72, 13. note 2. 12) * As many years as he has.' \3) Stoicum est.
SECT. Lxvii.J Pronouns. 13
respect such as another ball is. Just as many kinds of orators
are found as we have said that there are of oratory 1).
SECT. LXVII.
Pronouns.
(1.) When are the personal pronouns used with
verbs ?
In these regions which we inhabit, the dog-star rises after
the solstice ; among the Troglodytes, as authors write, before
the solstice. If those things which thou dost are shameful,
what matters it 2) that no one else knows it, since thou knowest
it ? I expelled the kings ; ye are introducing tyrants ; I ob-
tained 3) liberty which did not exist; ye are not willing to
preserve it (when) obtained; I freed my country at the risk of
my life 4); ye care not for being free without risk. The most
excellent kings of the Persians, as we think, were Cyrus and
Darius the son of Hystaspes. It concerned the Athenians
more 5) to have firm roofs in their dwelling-houses, than a most
beautiful statue of Minerva ; yet I would rather be 6) Phidias
than even the very best carpenter. I, if I saw the republic
possessed by dishonest and abandoned citizens, would not join
myself to their party ; not even if their merits towards me
were known to be 7) the highest. Didst thou 8) exact money
from the cities under the pretence 9) of a fleet? didst thou, for
a sum of money, disband the rowers? When a pirate ship
1) Invert the order of tot and quot. 2) 71, 11. note 2. 3) Fario.
4) Caput, chiefly used of civil danger. 5) 71, 11. 6) Repeat
the pronoun before esse, 7^> 7- note 3. 7) Consto. 8) In this
sentence, the personal pronoun is to be inserted at the beginning of each
clause, which gives it a degree of emphasis only proper in oratorical indig-
nation. 9) Nomeiiy without a preposition.
14 Pronouns. [SECT. LXVII.
had been captured by the lieutenant 1) and quaestor, didst
thou remove the chief pirate from the sight of all? If wild
animals love 2) their offspring, how indulgent 3) ought we to
be towards our children !
(2.) What is the proper use of equidem ?
If Brutus shall think that I ought to have decreed 4)
forty-eight per cent, interest 5), I shall indeed feel 6) grief
that he is angry with me 7), but much greater, that lie
should not be such a man as I had thought 8) him to be.
I know, indeed, that some persons are accustomed to get by
heart collections of words of similar signification 9) in order
that, out of several, one might more easily occur to them. I
do not indeed see why I should not venture 10) to tell you
what (I) myself think of death; I think that your fathers live,
and (live) that life too 11), which alone deserves to be called
life 12).
(3.) What is the difference between nostrum and
nostril &c.
Since the life which we enjoy is short, it is proper to make
the memory of ourselves as lasting as possible 13). What the
1) Legatus, the first officer of the proconsul or praetor; in a proconsular
province, he was his second in military command ; in a praetorian, as Sicily,
his delegate and assistant in civil duties. 2) Di/igere, which denotes
loving in preference to others, is here used with propriety as denoting that
feeling which we have towards our own, at our own ; Omne animal seipsum
diligit. Applied to human beings, it denotes a discriminating love, as opposed
to instinctive affection, expressed by amare. 3) * Of what indulgence/ 72, 9.
4) 75, 1 . note 1. p. 326. 5) The Romans reckoned their interest by the
month ; hence centes'imce (usurai) was twelve per cent, per annum ; bince
centesimfB, twenty-four j and so on. 6) Acdpio. 7)70,3. 8) Subj.
76, 8. p. 339, because it expresses an essential part of the cause of Cicero's
grief. 9) Subj. with relative, as denoting the purpose. ' words which
signified the same thing,' 76. 12. h. 10) 74, 1 1. 11) Quidem, which,
like the Greek y?, often expresses that the words with which it is joined
enhance the force of what went before. 1 2) 79, 9. 1 3) 24, 3. note.
SECT. Lxvn.] Pronouns. 15
mind is \ ), that ruler and lord of us, no one 2) will explain to
you any more than where it is 3). Why did God, when he
was making all things for our sake 4), scatter 5) so many
deadly things by sea and land 6)? Go, with favourable omen,
and engrave on my sepulchre a complaint commemorative 7)
of me. None of us is the same in old age as 8) he was (when)
a youth. Thy native country, which is the common parent of
us all, hates and fears thee, and judges that thou art meditating
its destruction 9). They relate that a voice was uttered from
the depth 10) of the cave; " He shall have the supreme power
at Rome, who first of you, O youths, gives 11) a kiss to (his)
mother." The soreness of my eyes is 12) more troublesome
to me than it was before ; yet I chose rather to dictate this
epistle than to give Gallus Fabius, who has a great affection (13)
for both 14) of us, no letter to you. I have less strength than
either of you two 15).
(4.) Stii, sibi, is a reflective pronoun, and describes
the agent when his act is exerted upon or relates to
himself. Suits is the adjective pronoun of sui, and
is used of things which belong to the agent, when
spoken of as the object of some act or feeling on his
part. The agent may be in the nominative case, as
1) 76, 11. p. 342. 2) Non magisquisquam, p. 247. 3) 75, 11.
4) 70, 12. 5) Verb, in the perf. suhj. 6) 72, 12.
7) Memor (poet.), with a genitive plur. 8) 67, (Pronouns) 1 1.
9) Here parricidium, to maintain the figure. 10) Adj. 71, 1. note 4.
1 1) 74, 10. 12) 74, 8. note 2. 13) 71, 5. p. 288. 14) Uterqiie,
of each of two individually; ambo, of two conjointly. Ambo therefore
must be used when that which is predicated is true only of the two conjoined,
or when the things are naturally conceived of as a pair. But two things,
which do not naturally form a pair, maybe spoken of as conjoined in a par-
ticular relation ; and hence it is sometimes optional to use ambo or uterque
according as we consider objects in combination or separately, e.g. amborum
generum or utriusque generis una est ratio. 15) Two not to be expressed,
being included in utcrvis.
16 Pronouns. [SECT. LXVII.
in direct propositions, or in the accusative before the
infinitive.
Atticus did not recommend himself 1) to men in their pro-
sperity 2), but always aided them in their calamity. Agesilaus
turned himself against Phrygia, and ravaged it before 3) Tissa-
phernes moved 4) himself in any direction. Eumenes imposed
upon the prefects of Antigonus, and extricated himself and all
his men 5). Hannibal perceived that he was aimed at, and that
life ought not any longer to be retained by him 6). I hesitate
not to say, that every nature is prone to the preservation 7) of
itself. My brother Quintus justifies himself by letter, and
affirms that nothing unfavourable 8)" was ever said by him
concerning you. The Allobroges, who had villages and pos-
sessions beyond the Rhone, take refuge 9) with Caesar, and
point out (to him) that nothing was left 10) to them except the
soil of their territory. Romulus said to Julius Proculus, that he
was a god, and was called Quirinus. The youth, holding the
right-hand of Scipio, invoked all the gods to make a return of
gratitude to him for him, since he could not do it suitably 11)
to his own feeling 1 2) and his merit towards him. Darius said
that he was an enemy to the Athenians, because the lonians,
by their aid, had taken 13) Sardes. A deserter came into the
camp of Fabricius, and promised him that he would return
secretly, as he had come, into the camp of Pyrrhus, and
would poison 14-) him. The Germans do not study agriculture,
and the greater part of their food consists in milk and cheese
and flesh.
1) Frequentative of vendo, to use the arts of a seller. 2) Part. pres.
of floreo ; the corresponding words must also be rendered by a participle.
3) Prius quam, separately ; prim precedes the verb. 4) P. 353.
5) SuL 6) 79, 9. 7) Verbal of conservare. 66, (Synt. of Adj.) 1 . note 2.
8) Seem, literally, otherwise : i. e. secus quam debult. 9) Fuga me re-
cipio. 10) 71 , 4. 1 1) Pro, p. 200. 12) Animus. 13; /6, 8.
14) ' Kill with poison.'
'
SECT. LXVII.] Pronouns. 17
(4.) If a second agent be introduced, the reflective
pronoun properly belongs to that agent ; but if the
second proposition expresses the words, wishes, &c.
of the subject of the first, sui and suus are very com-
monly used of the first subject ; provided that the
sense makes it evident that they cannot refer to the
second.
Hannibal ordered the lad to go round to all the doors of the
building, and bring him word quickly, whether he were block-
aded in the same way on all sides. Pythius, who, as a banker,
was in favour with all ranks, called the fishermen to him, and
requested of them that they would fish, on the following day,
before his gardens. Pompey said that the Roman republic
might most justly 1) return thanks to the town 2) of Arpinum,
because from it, its 3) two saviours had arisen. Most of the
soldiers of Cresar, when taken prisoners, refused life offered to
them under condition of serving 4) against him. Themistocles
discloses, to the master of the ship, who he is 5) ; making him
great promises if he would save 6) him. Nothing is less ac-
ceptable to God himself, than that the way to propitiate 7) and
worship him should not be open to all.
(6.) How does ipse differ from sui ? what is its
use ? Is it more commonly put in the case of the
subject or of the object ? * How should it be used
when nouns are contrasted with each other ?
1) 66 (Synt. of Adj.) JO. note, p. 235. 2) Municipium, a town
possessing the privileges of Roman citizenship, and governed by its own
magistrates. 3) In this case its would be rendered by ejus, if the
remark were considered as Pompey's ; but suits is proper, because it is re-
ferred to the republic. 4) * That they should be willing to serve.'
5) 76, 1 1. 6) Pluperf. subj. 73, 10. p. 320. 7) Placare.
* Note. It must not be supposed that it is entirely optional to use ipse in
C
18 Pronouns. [SECT. LXVII.
When fame reported Numa Pompilius to be distinguished
for virtue and wisdom, passing over their own citizens 1), the
people, by the advice of the senators, adopted for itself an alien
king. Wilt thou 2), though God has given thee a mind than
which nothing is more excellent or divine, so debase 3) thyself
as to think that there is no difference between thee and some
quadruped ? Thucydides 4), a very satisfactory authority 5),
has written that no one ever pleaded a capital cause better than
Antipho of Rhamnus 6), when he defended himself, in his hear-
ing 7). The labour of those was the greatest 8), who were
carrying burthens on their shoulders : for, as they could not
guide themselves, they were carried away with their incommo-
dious burthen into the rapid current. We have this primary
desire from nature, the preservation of ourselves 9). The
swiftness and strength of quadrupeds confers strength and
swiftness on ourselves ; we employ, for our benefit, the very
acute perceptions 10) of elephants, and 11) the sagacity of
dogs. You refused to go into a province : I cannot blame
that in you, which I approved in myself, both (when) praetor
and consul.
(8.) What is the distinction between quisquam and
ullus, and aliquis and quispiam ? In what connexion
the case of the subject or object : if the subject is to be emphatically distin-
guished from other subjects, ipse conforms to it, and in the same way to the
object when the emphasis falls on it. But when the emphasis does not fall
more on the one than the other, the use of the best Latin writers is in favour
of joining ipse with the subject : the English, on the contrary, never using
the simple pronoun reflectively, except in familiar style, joins self with the
object; sibi ipse mortem conscivit, 'he put himself to death;' prcedicat de
se ipse, f he talks of himself.'
1) Abl. abs. pass. 2) Emphatic. 3) Projicio.
4) Begin with the abl. and its dependent clauses, and finish with the
verb and nom. 5) Locuples auctor. 6) Adj.
7) Abl. abs. pres. part. act. 8) Prcec'ipuus. 9) To preserve
ourselves. 10) Sensus, plur. 1 1) Instead of and repeat we.
SECT. LXVII.] Pronouns. 19
are quisquam and ullus used ? When must quisquam
be used, and when ullus ?
The gods being duly propitiated, the consuls performed the
levy more severely and exactly than any one remembered it to
have been performed in former years. The senate willingly
produced its wealth for the public stock, nor did they leave
themselves any gold 1), except what was in the balls 2), and a
ring a-piece 3). See how much more odious a tyrant Verres
was to the Sicilians, than any one of those who preceded ;
since they ornamented the temples of the gods, he even took
away their monuments and decorations. Do you think that
the decrees of the towns about the health of Pompey were any-
thing, in comparison with these congratulations on Caesar's vic-
tory? C. Gracchus deserves to be read 4) by youth, if any
other (deserves it), for he is capable not only of sharpening,
but of nourishing the understanding. In the golden age 5),
no one had either a disposition or a motive to injury. Virtue
has nothing grand 6} in it, if it has anything venal 7). Can
any one divine what fault 8) there will be in the auspices, but 9)
he who has determined to observe the appearances of the
sky 10)?
Alexander halted at Babylon longer than anywhere; nor
did any place more injure military discipline. There is not
any one, of any nation, who may 1 1 ) not arrive at virtue,
having 12) nature as his guide. Do not think, O Judges, that
1) 71, 4. 2) Bulla, a knob hung from the neck, round or in the form of
a heart, which the sons of knights and senators wore of gold, others of leather.
3) 31. 4) 79, 9. 5) 72, 11. 6) Magnificum. 7) 71, 4. note 1.
8) Fltium. 9) But, when equivalent to except, is rendered by nisi or prater,
with is qui. 10) De coelo servare, if the heavens are observed for omens,
requiring the suspension of public business, 76, 12. e. 1 1) Possum. May
and might are commonly said to be signs of the potential ; but when they
denote ability or permission, they should be rendered by possum or licet.
12) Part. perf. of nanciscor.
C2
20 Pronouns. [SECT. LXVII.
the impudence of swindlers is not one and the same in all
places ; he did the same as our debtors are wont (to do) ; he
denied that he had taken up any money on interest 1) at Rome.
Would any city have patience with the proposer of a law of
this 2) kind, that a son or grandson should be condemned, if
his father or grandfather had done wrong 3) ? When the
morals of friends are correct, there should then be between
them, without any 4) exception, a community of all things,
plans (and) wishes 5).
(9.) It is among the instances of Sylla's cruelty, that he ex-
cluded 6) the children of the proscribed from political offices 7).
For nothing can be more unjust than that some one should be
made the heir of his father's 8) odium. These arts, if indeed
they avail to some purpose 9), avail to 10) sharpen, and, as it
were, stimulate the understandings of boys, that they may
more easily learn greater things. Even a moderate orator
fixes the attention 11), provided only there be something in
him; nor has anything more power over 12) the minds of
men than arrangement and ornament of language. Whom
will you show me, that sets 13) some value on time? that es-
timates the worth of a day? that understands that he is
dying every day? The gods neglect trivial 14) things, nor
descend to the petty 15) fields and vines of individuals; nor
if blight or hail has done injury in some way or other, does
1) Versuram facio ; which is properly to take up money on interest to pay
other debts. 2) Me. 3) Delinquo, 76, 8. 4) Although omnis
is sometimes found after sine (sine omul periculo, Ter. ; sine omni sapi-
entia, Cic.) ; yet ullus is much more common and more correct ; as, in
English, * without any doubt' is more exact than ' without all doubt.'
5) When three things are enumerated, the Latins often insert no conjunction
between the second and third. 6) Removeo. 7) Res publica.
8) 71* ! note 4. 9) Neuter, accusative, 69, 1. note 2, end. p. 257.
10) Ut, with subj. 1 1) Aures teneo. 12) Apud. 13) 76, 12./.
14) Minima; it is an Epicurean who speaks. 15) To be expressed by
a diminutive of the substantive.
SECT. LXVII.] Pronouns. 21
this require the notice 1) of Jupiter. If fortune has taken (his)
money from some one, or if some one's injustice has snatched
it away, yet while the reputation is untouched, virtue 2) easily
consoles poverty. Can something more severe be said against
any one whatever, than that he had been influenced by a bribe
to condemn a man whom he had never seen nor heard ?
(9. p. 246.) When is quis used instead of aliquis ?
This is the dictate of nature, that we turn our countenance
to the auditors, if we wish to inform 3) them of anything.
Spiders spin their net, that if anything has been entangled
they may destroy it. Is any one 4) enraged with boys, whose
age does not yet know the differences of things ? It is a dis-
honourable excuse, and by no means to be received, if any one
confesses that he has acted against (the good of) the republic
for the sake of a friend. In proportion 5) as any one is more
full of expedient 6) and subtle, the more is he hated and sus-
pected, if men have no opinion of his probity 7). Demosthenes
used to say 8), that he was grieved, if at any time he was out-
done by the early 9) industry of artizans. We must use our
endeavours that there maybe no dissensions among 10) friends.
A feast followed the funeral, which the relatives celebrated 1 1),
crowned; at which the praises of the dead were spoken 12),
when there was any truth : for it was deemed criminal to
speak untruly. Augustus performed his journeys in a litter,
and generally in the night, and that 13) slowly 14), so that
he went to Tibur or Preeneste in two days ; and if he could
1) Animadvertere, 79, 9. 2) Honestas, i. e. virtue, as consisting in
purity and elevation of sentiment. 3) Doceo, 69, 3. 4) A question
which, according to the judgement of the questioner, must be answered in
the negative, is asked by num. 5) Quo eo. 6) Versutus. 7) 'The
opinion of his probity being removed.' 8) 74, 8. 9) Antelucanus.
10) Gen. 11) Ineo. 12) * It was spoken (prcedico -are) concerning
the praise.' 13) ' And those.' 14) 66, (Synt. of Adj.) 10.
22 Pronouns. [SECT. LXVII.
get to any place by sea, he preferred to sail 1). I never saw
anything so gentle as my brother towards your sister, so that
if any offence had been taken, it did not appear.
(14.) What is the difference in use between quid
and quod, quiddam and quoddam, aliquid and aliquod,
quidvis and quodvis ? &c.
We must take care, lest it be said that 2) there was in us any
conspicuous fault. The senate decreed that the consul should
look to it 3), that the republic received no injury 4) . In Numa
Pompilius, in Servius Tullius, in the other 5) kings, of whom
there are many excellent (institutions) for the constitution of
the state, does there appear any trace of eloquence? I saluted
Rufius, engaged in some business I think, on the exchange 6)
of Puteoli 7), and afterwards bade him farewell, when he had
asked me if I had any commands 8).
(16.) How is quisque used? What is its place in
a proposition? How is it used with numeral adjec-
tives ? How with the pronouns sui and suus ?
On the 3rd of January, when Metellus Celer had begun to
plead, he addressed me at every third word ; he threatened me.
1) Potius, with the verb in the indicative. Potius differs from magis ; the
former denotes that there is a ground of preference; the latter, that there
is a greater degree of a quality in one object than another. They are so far
interchangeable, as the greater degree of the quality is a ground of preference:
e.g. Hoc magis, or potius, expetendum est. 2) 68, Nom. case,
note 1. p. 254. ; according to the rule there laid down for the use of dicor,
it will be, * lest any conspicuous fault should be said to have been.'
3) Video. 4) 71,4. ; that no must be expressed by one particle.
5) Cceteri', those who remain of a certain definite number,- here, the early
kings of Rome. 6) Emporium, not the market of provi-
sions, but the place of merchandize; often without the gates of cities.
7) e Of the Puteolans ;' the genitive of the name of the people is often thus
substituted for that of the place ; civitas Atheniensium ; ager Bruttiorum.
8) * Whether I wished for anything.'
SECT. i. xviii.] Use of Cases. 23
The whole of Sicily undergoes the census every fifth year.
Thirty-three Attic talents are paid to Pompey every thirty
days. There is scarcely one man in ten in the forum who
knows 1) himself. The deepest streams flow with the least
sound. The freshest eggs are best for hatching 2). I think
it very foolish not to propose the best things 3) for imitation.
Easiness of trusting is an error rather than a fault, and creeps
most readily into the mind of the best men. The Stoics
choose 4-) that everything should be called by its own name.
Augustus had determined to reduce the civil law to a fixed
limit; and out of the immense and diffuse copiousness of the
laws, to collect all the best 5) into very few books. There are
as many voices as human beings 6) in the world, and each
has 7) his own. All things came to the mind of Antonius,
and that, too 8), each in its own place, where they could be
of most avail. The Siculi, as soon as ever 9) they saw diseases
spreading from the unhealthiness of the place, dropped off,
each to their neighbouring towns. The multitude of Grecian
painters is so great, and the merit of each in his own depart-
ment 10) is so great, that while we admire the best 11), we
approve even the inferior.
SECT. LXVIII.
Use of Cases.
(1.) What is meant by apposition ? To what does
a noun in apposition conform its case ?
The poet Anacreon 12) is said to have been choked by the
stone of a raisin ; the senator Fabius, by a single hair in a
1) 76, 12. e. 2) Ad, 80, 4. 3) The use of quisque here expresses
the best in each kind respectively. 4) Placet, 70, 1. 5) Neuter.
6) Homines. 7) 70, 6. 8) 67, 7- p. 244. 9) Ut primum.
10) Genus. 11) Summus, neut. 12) 82, 11.
24 Use of Cases. [SECT. LXVIII.
draught of milk. It is related, that Pisistratus, the tyrant of
Athens, when a drunken guest had said many things against
him, replied that he was not more angry I ) with him than if
any one had run against him, blindfold 2). The Rutuli pos-
sessed Ardea, a nation, for 3) that age and country, flourishing
in riches. Drusus is said to have brought back, from the pro-
vince of Gaul, the gold formerly given to the Senones at the
siege of the Capitol ; and not, as is the common report 4),
wrested from them by Camillus. Tiberius rejoiced that, in the
island of Capreae, the branches of a very old ilex, now droop-
ing 5) to the earth, and sickly, revived at his arrival. The sea
was given, as a kingdom, to Neptune, one 6) of the brothers
of Jupiter.
(4.) To what does a noun, compared with another
by quam, conform its case ?
Certainly the ignorance of future evils is better than the
knowledge. It is fit that our country should be dearer to us
than ourselves. Livius said that no one can more faithfully
give counsel, than he who recommended 7) to another, what he
himself would do if he were in the same situation. Mathema-
ticians affirm that the sun is many times larger than the earth.
The inventions of necessity are older than (those) of pleasure.
Failure of strength 8) is more frequently produced by the vices
of youth than (by those) of old age. We perceive those things
which happen prosperously or unprosperously 9) to ourselves,
more than those which (happen so) to others.
(P. 253.) In what case do verbs of existence,
choice, title, estimation, &c. take the noun of the
predicate ?
1) Succenseo: Seeirascor, p. 153. 2) Obligatis oculis. 3) Ut in.
4) Utfama est. 5) Demissus. 6) One of two. 7) Subj. 76, 8.
8) Plur. 9) Neut. plur.
SECT. LXVIII.] Use of Cases. 25
Marcus Marcellus having exhibited 1) a most magnificent
show 2) in his aedileship, died very young. They say that the
squadron of 300 horse which Scipio formed, by substituting 3)
Roman knights for the Sicilian, turned out excellent, and
assisted the republic in many battles. The grove of Hammon
has a fountain which they call the water of the Sun ; it flows
lukewarm at daybreak, and cold at mid- day, when the heat is
most intense. Atticus gave to the Athenians seven modii of
wheat a-piece 4) ; which measure is called at Athens a me-
dimnus. They say that there is a wild animal in Pseonia,
which is called the Bonasus, with the mane of a horse 5), in
other respects 6) like a bull. There are three kinds of fish
whichare without blood: first, those whichare called soft, as the
cuttle-fish, the polypus, and others of that kind ; next, (those)
covered 7) with thin crusts ; and, lastly, (those) inclosed in
hard shells. After Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Numa's grand-
son by a daughter, was appointed by the people king. The
people of Crotona 8) were once reckoned among the most
prosperous 9) in Italy.
(P. 254.) If these verbs are in the infinitive mood,
and have for their subject the nominative of the
verb on which the infinitive depends, in what case
will the noun of the predicate be .'
Oracles disappeared after men began to be less credulous.
Will ignoble birth or mean rank prevent a wise man from
being 10) happy? The mind of man, not his coffer, ought to
be called rich. Cato wished to be rather than to seem good.
If we wish to be impartial judges of all things, let us first con-
1) Abl. abs. pass. edo. 2) Munus. 3) Abl. abs. perf. pass.
4) 31. 5) 71, 1. note 4. 6) 69, 4. note 2. 7) 66, (Synt.
of Adj.) 3. 8) CrotoniattB. 9) * Prosperous among the first ;*
prosperous, here beatus, oX&oc. 10 ' To be.'
26 Use of Cases. [SECT. LXVIII.
vince ourselves of this, that no man among us is without
fault. Philip, having been given to Alexander (when a boy),
as his companion, and the guardian of his health, loved him,
not only as king, but also as a foster-child, with marked 1)
affection.
(P. 254. note 1.) How is videor commonly used
in Latin ? and how does the Latin use differ from
the English? What other words have a similar
construction ?
I have nothing more to write to you ; and, indeed, I am
somewhat distressed: for my reader 2), Sositheus, a charm-
ing 3) boy y is dead, and has agitated me more than it seems
that a slave's death ought to do. It seemed that Miltiades,
having been long engaged in commands and magistracies,
could not be a private man, especially as he seemed inclined by
habit to the desire of command. I conform myself to the will
of Pompey, from whom I cannot, with honour, dissent; nor do
I do this, as may appear perhaps 4-) to some, through dissimu-
lation. If, after you have taken food, you think you can follow
me, you may decide for yourself 5). When the report of
Xerxes' s arrival was brought into Greece, and it was said that
the Athenians were the chief object of attack, on account of
the battle of Marathon 6), they sent to Delphi to ask 7) what
they should do. News was lately brought that Silius Italicus
had put an end to his life, on his estate near Naples 8), by abs-
tinence from food.
1) Exirnms. 2} Anagnostes. 3) Festivus. 4) 76, 3,
note 2. 5) Tuum est consilium, as, ea est potcstas tua, p. 12, No. 8.
6) Marathonius. 7) Consulo, 81, 2. 8) Neapolttanum, as Tusculanum,
Formianum ; prcedium being understood.
SECT. LXix.] Accusative Case. 27
SECT. LXIX.
Accusative Case.
(1.) All transitive verbs, whether active or depo-
nent, take an accusative case of the object on which
the action of the verb is exerted.
Rivalry nourishes talents; and sometimes envy, sometimes 1)
admiration excites imitation. Pompey restored the tribunitian
power, of which Sylla had left the image without the reality.
The soldiers, whom the Persians called Immortals, had golden
collars, garments embroidered with gold, and sleeved tunics,
adorned also with gems. Some living creatures have a rational
principle 2), some only a vital principle 3). The Egyptians
consecrated almost every species of brute animals ; the Syrians
venerate a fish. Phidias, when he was making the statue of
Jupiter, did not contemplate some individual 4), that from him
he might take a likeness. When Timanthes saw that he could
not imitate, with his pencil 5), the grief of Agamemnon, he
covered up his head.
(2.) What are the impersonal verbs which express
the feelings, and what is their construction ?
God never repents of his first design. Those who are
afflicted with a severe and mortal disease, see death approach ;
and those who have lived otherwise than was becoming 6), are
then most sorry for their sins. I am not only grieved, but
ashamed of my folly. We pity more those who do not claim
our compassion, than those who demand it. I am quite weary
of life; everything 7) is so full of misery. You wished for
J) Ntinc nunc. 2) Animus. 3) Anima. 4) Aliquis ;
the author does not mean to say that he did not imitate any one, which
would have been qucnqiiam ; but that he did not take some one for his
model. 5) Abl. instr. 6) Decet. 7) Neut. plur.
28 Accusative Case. [SECT. LXIX.
decemvirs ; the senate allowed them to be created : you were
weary of the decemvirs ; the senate compelled them to quit
the magistracy. There are men who are neither ashamed 1)
nor tired of their licentiousness and ignominy ; who seem to
rush, as it were, on purpose, into popular odium. When the
sons of Brutus stood, tied to the stake, men pitied their pu-
nishment not more than the crime by which they had merited
punishment.
(3.) What is the construction of the verbs of teach-
ing, of admonishing, and of concealing ?
Philosophy has taught us both all other things, and, what is
most difficult, to know 2) ourselves. They are ridiculous, who
teach others what they themselves have not tried. The Agri-
gentines send ambassadors to Verres, to instruct 3) him in the
laws, and point out to him the immemorial custom 4). I have
accustomed my son not to conceal from me those things which
other young men do without their fathers' knowledge. You
could easily discern my opinion, even from the time when
you came to my Cuman estate to meet me : for I did not con-
ceal from you the conversation of Ampius. Catiline in many
ways instructed the youths, whom he had enticed, in evil
deeds 5). Fortunately, it happened that I had written to Cas-
sius, four days before, the very thing of which you remind me.
Your lieutenant waited upon me at Brundusinm, and, by your
command, suggested to me those things which had already
come into my mind, that there was need of a stronger de-
fence 6) for that province. Although 7) nature declares, by
so many indications, what she wishes, seeks, and wants, we
1) 76, 12. d. 2) Ut, with subj. 3) 76, 12. h.
4) Consuetude omnium annorum. 5) Facinus. 6) Presidium - t the
garrison of a fortress, or the body of troops by which a country is occupied
and defended. 7) Quum, with the subjunctive.
SECT. LXIX.] Accusative Cas. 29
somehow or other I) turn a deaf ear, and do not hear her
admonitions 2).
(I. note 2.) Intransitive verbs, compounded with
prepositions, become transitive, and take an accusative
case.
Alexander determined to go to the temple of Jupiter Am-
mon. Pythagoras both traversed Egypt and visited the Per-
sian 3) Magi. Timotheus joined to him, as allies, the Epirots,
and all those nations which are adjacent to that sea. Thirty
tyrants stood around Socrates, and could not break his spirit 4).
Marcellus invested Syracuse for three years 5). Caesar, having
obtained possession of the camp, commands the soldiers to
surround the hill with a work. The river Eurotas flows round
Sparta, which hardens childhood to the endurance of future
military service. Atticus determined to die, and quitted life 6)
on the fifth day after he had adopted this design. The river
Marsyas flowed through the middle of the city of Celenae 7),
celebrated in the fabulous poems of the Greeks. Pythagoras
went over many barbarous regions on foot. Mount Taurus
passes Cilicia and joins 8) the mountains of Armenia. I am
earnestly desirous of having an interview, not only with those
whom I myself have known, but those, too, of whom I have
heard and read. If I shall have an interview with Clodius, I
will write you more particulars 9) from his conversation. The
wife of Darius had taken, into her bosom, her son, not yet
more than six years old 10), born to the hope of as great for-
tune as his father had recently lost.
1) Nescio quomodo. 2) ' Those things which we are admonished by
her.' 3) Persarum, by which word the adjective is generally expressed
in prose. 4) Animus. 5) ' The third year.' 6) Decedo, simply.
7) As the latter part of this sentence refers to the river Marsyas, begin
with ' The city of Celenae.' 8) Passive, 35, 2. note. 9) Plura.
10) ' Not having passed his sixth year.'
30 Accusative Case. [SECT. LXIX.
(3. note 2.) Transitive verbs, compounded with
trans, take a double accusative. Pr&tervehor governs
one accusative.
Caesar plunders and burns the town, gives the booty to the
soldiery, leads his army across the Loire, and reaches the terri-
tories of the Bituriges. Agesilaus transported his troops over
the Hellespont, and used such dispatch that he completed his
march in thirty days. Hannibal led 90,000 infantry, 12,000
cavalry, across the Ebro. Alexander, having ordered Hephae-
stion to sail along the coast of Phoenicia, comes to the city of
Gaza with all his forces. The pirate sailed past the whole
island of Ortygia, in which place men in former days 1) had
forbidden any Syracusan to dwell, and approached 2) the
forum and all the quays 3) of the city.
(4.) What is the general construction of verbs
of demanding and entreating? What is their pas-
sive construction ? What is the construction of
peto ?
The ambassadors of Enna received this commission 4) from
their fellow-citizens 5), to go to Verres and demand back from
him the image of Ceres and Victory. He led sons to death,
snatched from the embrace of their parents, and demanded a
price from parents for the burial of their children. I implore
this of you, lastly 6), that as good poets and industrious actors
are wont, you would be most careful in the concluding part of
your office. L. Tarquinius doubled the original number of the
senators ; and called the ancient senators (those) of the elder
families, whom he asked first for their opinion. The people
1) Major -es. 2) Accedo ad. 3) Crepido.
4) Mandata, like the English commands, used generally in the plural.
5) Civis ; for concivis is not classical. 6) Ad extremurn.
SKCT. LXIX.] Accusative Case. 31
demanded corn of me, as if 1 ) I had presided over the supply
of grain 2).
(5.) What is the construction of the verbs of title,
choice, estimation, &c. which take two nominatives in
the passive voice ?
Socrates thought himself an inhabitant and citizen of the
whole world. The order of the Persian march was this : the
fire which they call eternal and sacred, was carried before on
silver altars ; the Magi next (in order) sang the customary 3)
song. Augustus, for more than forty years, lodged 4) in the
same chamber, in summer and winter ; though he found by
experience that the city was not 5) favourable to his health. If
you think any one your friend, whom you do not trust as much
as yourself, you are greatly in the wrong. Anthony called his
flight victory, because he had escaped alive. Wisdom offers
herself to us (as) the surest guide to pleasure. I admonish you
to show yourself placable to the errors of those about you 6).
Some give precepts respecting the orator's art, in a few short
treatises, and inscribe them books of rhetoric 7). The illus-
trious 8) M. Cato, the Wise, called Sicily the granary of the
republic, the nurse of the populace of Rome.
(6.) The extent of time and space is expressed in
the accusative.
Dionysius was tyrant of Syracuse thirty-eight 9) years, hav-
ing usurped dominion at the age of 1 0) twenty-five. A city was
1) Quasi vero, to express the unreasonableness of the expectation. P. 352.
2) Res frumentaria. 3) Patrius, handed down from past generations.
4) Maneo. 5) Parum ; which, properly denoting too little, cannot be
used as a negative, except of those things of which abundance is desirable.
6) Tuus, including connexions and dependents. 7) Adj. only.
8) Pronouns, 7. p. 245. 9) Duodequadragmta. 10) 69, 6. note 2.
32 Accusative Case. [SECT. LXIX.
once besieged by the whole of Greece, for ten years, on account
of one woman. Fields, when they have lain fallow 1) many
years, usually bring forth a more abundant crop. The name
of the Pythagoreans flourished so much, for many ages, that
no others were thought 2) learned. Augustus did not sleep, at
the most 3), more than seven hours, and those not uninter-
rupted, but waking 4) three or four times in that interval.
The town of Saguntum was by far the most opulent of the
Spanish towns, situated nearly a mile from the sea. Persia 5)
is inclosed by continued chains of hills, on one side, which
extends, in length 6), 1600 stadia, in breadth, 170, Zama is
distant five days' journey from Carthage. Babylon has a citadel
including 7) twenty stadia in its circuit; the foundations of the
towers are sunk thirty feet into the earth. Walls, twenty feet
wide, support the hanging gardens.
When a term, not yet expired, is spoken of, an
ordinal may be used ; in which case, the Latin present
answers to the English perfect, the imperfect to the
pluperfect.
Mithridates, who in one day 8) killed so many Roman ci-
tizens, has reigned, from that time, three-and -twenty years.
King Archelaus had been in possession of Cappadocia fifty
years. Nestor had lived to the third generation 9), and had
no cause to fear 10) that, when he spoke truly of himself, he
should seem either insolent or loquacious.
(7.) What is the construction of the names of
towns, with verbs of motion ? Names of countries
1) Quiesco. 2) Videor. 3) Cum plurimum (sc. dormiebat}.
4) ' But so that he waked.' 5) Persis. 6) In longitudinem.
7) Complexus ; the present participle, in Latin, denoting an act riot yet
completed. 8) 72, 11. a. 9) ' Was living now the third age of man.'
10)79,9.
SECT. LXIX.] Accusative Case. 33
require in or ad. What other words have the same
construction ?
The consul Laevinus led his legion to Agrigentum, which
was occupied by a strong garrison of the Carthaginians; and
fortune favoured I) his undertaking. The Achaeans being
driven, by the Heraclidae, from Laconia, took possession of
the abodes which they now occupy ; the Pelasgi migrated to
Athens. Darius, not ignorant with how valiant 2) an enemy
he had to do 3), commands all the auxiliaries of distant nations
to assemble 4) at Babylon. The Egyptians seek Apis, with
their heads shaved 5) ; when found, he is conducted to Mem-
phis. Many nations once went to Delphi, to the oracle of
Apollo. The senators, who thought they should never be free
from plots while Hannibal lived 6), sent ambassadors to Bi-
thynia to demand 7) of the king that he should deliver him to
them. Gold used to be exported on account 8) of the Jews,
every year, from Italy to Jerusalem. M. Livius bore his
disgrace so impatiently, that he removed into the country,
and for many years absented himself from the city and inter-
course 9) with men.
The place whence is put in the ablative, without a
preposition.
Demaratus, the father of King Tarquin, fled from Corinth
to Tarquinii, and established 10) himself there. Caesar de-
parted from Tarragona, and came, by land 1 1 ), to Narbonne,
and thence to Marseilles. Timoleon seeing, that, on account
of the long duration 12) of the war, not only the country, but
the cities, were depopulated, sent for colonists from Corinth,
1) Adsum. 2) Slrenuus. 3) Res est, 76, 1 1 . 4) Contrahor. f
5) Abl. abs. 6) Abl. abs. 7) Qui, with subj., 76, 12. //.
8) Nomine. 9) Ccetus with genitive. 10) Suasforhmasconstituere.
11) Pedibus. 12) Dinturnitas.
34 Accusative Cane. [SECT. LXIX.
because Syracuse had been originally founded by them 1).
As Dion did not cease to entreat Dionysius that he would send
for Plato from Athens, he, wishing 2) in something to imitate
his father, complied with his request 3).
(7.) What is the construction of nouns denoting
the place where}
There stood long a wild olive-tree, in the forum at Me-
gara 4), to which valiant men had affixed their armour, which
the bark, in length of time, had grown round 5) and hidden.
Artemisia, the wife of Mausolus, king of Caria, made that
noble sepulchre at Halicarnassus. The learning of the Athe-
nians themselves has long since perished at Athens, and yet
any illiterate 6) Athenian can easily surpass the most learned
Asiatics 7) in the sweetness of his pronunciation 8). Some of
the Greeks 9) affirm that painting was invented 10) at Sicyon ;
others, among the Corinthians. There are often such varieties
in the weather, that it is different 1 1) at Rome and at Tuscu-
lum. Lysander was accustomed to say that the most honour-
able abode of old age was at Lacedaemon. Timoleon destroyed,
from the foundation, the citadel which Dionysius had built
at Syracuse, and made it his endeavour that as few traces as
possible 12) of slavery should remain.
What other words have the same construction as
the names of places ?
1) i. e. By the Corinthians, which word is to be understood from Corinth.
2) Qui, 76, 12. h. 3) Morem gero alicui. 4) Megara -orum.
5) Ambio. 6) Indoctus. 7) Asiaticus, \. e. an inhabitant of
the Greek provinces of Asia Minor, which is always meant when Asiatic elo-
quence, &c. is spoken of by the Latin critics. 8) Suaviter loquendo.
9) Greed alii alii; the whole and the parts being here, as they often are,
placed in apposition. 10) Repertus or inventus, which are used, with
no perceptible difference of meaning, of the arts. 11) Atius, alius.
12) 24, 3. note.
SECT.
LXX.] Dative Case. 35
Manlius spent his youth in the country. Quinctius was a
man of patrician family, who, being lame from a wound, had
determined to pass his life in the country. Tullus Hostilius
thought that the bodies of the youths would be more healthy
in service than at home. Why did Marius, in his seventh
consulship, die, an old man, in his own house? Why did
Cinna, of all men the most cruel, enjoy absolute power 1) so
long? In the field, Laelius looked 2) up to Scipio as a god;
at home, Scipio honoured 3) Laslius as 4) a parent. The saying
of Plato is too sublime 5) for us, lying on the earth, to raise
our eyes 6) to it. The mother of Darius, when the news of
Alexander's death was brought to her, put on mourning, and,
tearing her hair 7), threw her body on the ground.
(8.) The accusative is used with o, /ieu, proh.
O mighty power of error ! O glorious day, when I shall go
to that divine assembly and company of minds ! Ah, miserable
man that I am, why am I compelled to blame the senate, which
I have always praised? O senseless that tljou art, ifthou
fearest death when it thunders !
SECT. LXX.
Dative Case.
(1.) Verbs of giving, sending. &c., and others which
denote approach or acquisition, govern a dative.
When Oppianicus had given, with his own hands 8), a cup to
his wife, Cluentia, she suddenly exclaimed, in the midst of the
draught, that she was dying in 9) very great pain. What shall I
do about 10) my children? Shall I entrust them to a small vessel
1) Rcgno. 2) Colo. 3) Observe. 4) In loco.
5} Altius quam ut. 6) Suspicere. m 7) Abl. abs. pass.
8) Ip.se. 9) Cw,72, 10. 10) l)e.
D 2
36 Dative Case. [SECT. LXX.
in the rough season of the year? Your slave met me 1} as I
was going to Antium, and delivered 2) to me letters from you,
and the memoir of my consulship, written in Greek 3). Mithri-
dates promised the king that he would kill Datames, if the king
would allow him to do what he pleased 4). The high-priest
committed to writing 5) the events of every 6) year, and ex-
hibited the board at his house, that the people might have 7)
the means of reading. Alexander is said to have deposited his
treasures in a temple, and Clisthenes to have entrusted the
dowries of his daughters to the Samian Juno. It is recorded 8)
that Socrates renounced all discussion about nature, and was
wont to inquire only about human life and morals.
Verbs which imply an injury or benefit produced,
including those of obedience and disobedience, take
a dative of the person or thing benefited or injured,
&c.
He will not resist anger, to whom nothing has ever been de-
nied. The Carthaginians alleged this in public 9), not (being)
by any means ignorant themselves, how much strength had been
lost 10) to them by the loss of Carthage. It is established by
nature, that a man be not allowed 11) to injure another for
the sake of his own convenience. As long as you laid plots
against me, (being) consul-elect, I defended myself by my
own 12) care, not by a public guard. You must 13) be the
servant of philosophy, in order that true liberty may be your
portion. The defeat of the Athenians happened, not by
the valour of their adversaries, but by their own insubordi-
]) Obviam venire, 70, 5. 2) Rcddo; because used of things pre-
viously given to him. 3) Greece; so Latine, Anglice. 4) 76, 9.
5) Litercc. 6) Singuli. 7) 70, 6. 8) ' Delivered to memory.
9) Invulgus. 10) Dccedo. 11) Licet, 12) Privatus.
13) Oportet, 78, 13.
SECT. LXX.] Dative Case. 37
nation 1) ; because, not obeying 2) their commanders, they
wandered through the fields. The moderate and wise man
will obey the old precept, and never either rejoice or grieve
immoderately. Caesar demanded 3) ten hostages from the
enemy.
Verbs which do not necessarily imply injury or
benefit, may have a dative, if their operation is repre-
sented as producing injury or benefit.
Nature has not been so hostile and unfriendly to the human
race, as to have devised 4) so many salutary things for the
body 5), none for the mind. I was not born for a single
corner ; this whole world is my native country. We wish to
be rich, not for ourselves alone, but for (our) children, rela-
tives, friends, and, most of all, for the republic. Many, when
they acquire wealth, know not for whom they acquire 6), or
for whose sake they labour. Let the boy hear truth ; let him
occasionally fear, let him always respect 7); let him rise up to
his elders. Excessive liberty issues b) in excessive servitude,
both for nations and individuals. He who wishes his virtue to
be made public, labours not for virtue, but for glory. As, if a
house is beautiful, we understand that it has been built for its
owners 9), not for the mice; so we ought to think this world
the dwelling of the gods.
(2.) Adjectives which signify equality or inferiority,
similarity or dissimilarity, injury or benefit, &c. take
a dative.
1) Immodestia. 2) Dido audire is used with a dative of the person,
as if it were a simple verb of obedience. 3) Impero takes a dative of
the person and accusative of the thing commanded to be given or furnished.
4) Invenio, 76, 6. 5) Plur. 6) Paro. 7) Vercor. 8) Cado.
9) Dominus.
38 Dative Case. [SECT. LXX.
The Jugurthine war was carried on by Q. Metellus, infe-
rior 1) to no man of his age. Q. Catullus said that Pompey
was indeed an illustrious man, but already too great for a free
state. The Lacedaemonians considered rather what was useful
to their own rule than to the whole of Greece. The degrees
of honour are equal to the highest and the lowest men ; (those
of) glory, unequal. Would you wish to be like 2) one of those
who abound in marble roofs shining with ivory and gold, in 3)
statues, in pictures, in embossed 4-) gold and silver, or (like)
C. Fabricius, who had none of them ? It is right 5), first
of all, to be one's self a good man, then to seek another like
one's self. Nothing is more adapted to the nature of man
than beneficence and liberality. The system 6) of the Cynics
is unfriendly to modesty, without which there can be nothing
right, nothing virtuous 7). It is easy for an innocent man to
find words ; it is difficult for a miserable man to observe due
bounds in his words 8). The change of an inveterate habit 9)
is disagreeable to elderly men. Most persons say that their
own dangers are nearer to them than those of others 10). Rea-
son is the peculiar good of man : all other 11) things are com-
mon to him with the animals. Many punishments are not less
disgraceful to a prince than many funerals to a physician.
Justice is necessary to those who buy, sell, contract 12), or let
by contract for carrying on this business 13).
(3.) Besides those already enumerated, what verbs
govern a dative ?
Cease to doubt, whether it be more beneficial to spare
one man, because of the number of dishonest persons 14),
1) Secundus. 2) ' That you should be like,' 78, 7- note 3.
.3) Repeat the relative. 4 Ceelatus. 5) Par. 6) Ratio.
7) Honestits. 8) Modum teneo, with genitive. 9) Mos.
10) Alli'mis. 11) Castcra. 12) Conduco. 13) Loco.
14) Proptef multos improbos.
SECT. LXX.] Dative Case. 30
or 1), by the punishment of one dishonest person, to repress
the dishonesty of many. If any one reviles me, he seems to me
petulant or absolutely 2) mad. Persuade yourself that, except
crime 3), nothing can happen to a man which is 4) to be
greatly feared. Caesar understood that almost all the Gauls
are fond of political change 5), and are easily 6) and quickly
excited to war. All men naturally love liberty and hate the
condition of servitude. Epaminondas thought it a crime that
he should be angry with his country. Philosophy produces
this effect 7) : it heals the mind, removes groundless anxieties,
and delivers from desires. Those in a community 8) who have
no property, always envy the higher classes 9).
(4.) Verbs compounded with the prepositions, ad,
ante, con, de, a, in, infer, ob, post, prce, pro, re, sub,
super, take a dative case.
A poet does wrong when he attributes 10) a virtuous 11)
speech to a worthless man; or to a fool, (the speech) of a wise
man. Who can prefer unknown persons to known, impious
to religious ? It does not suit the character of a good man to
do one thing publicly and another secretly. He is liberal who
takes 12) from himself what he gives to another. Caesar
wrested 1 3) his tetrarchy from Dejotarus, and gave it to some 14>)
man of Pergamus, a follower 15) of his. Those precepts sink
deeper which are impressed upon tender years. It is the cha-
racteristic 16) of an angry man to desire to inflict 17) as much
pain as possible on him by whom he thinks himself in-
jured. The nose is so placed, that it seems to be interposed
like a wall between the eyes. Faults creep upon us under
1) J,63, 10. note. 2) Plane. 3) Culpam. 4) 7, 9-
.5) Res novcs. 6) Mobilitcr. 7) Hoc cjficio. 8) Civitas.
!)) Boni. 10) Affi-ngo. }\} Probus. 12) Dctraho.
13) Erijrio. 14) Ncscio quis. 15) Assccla. 10) Proprittm.
I/) Inun>.
40 Dative Case. [SECT. LXX.
the name of virtues. Alexander, as he was riding towards
the walls, was struck with an arrow; he took the town,
however ; and all the inhabitants being put to the sword, he
vented his fury 1) even on the houses. Manlius was less in-
fluenced by 2) affection for his son than the public good 3).
Agesilaus preferred good reputation to the most wealthy king-
dom. Vulcan is said to have presided over a manufactory at
Lemnos. We often put ducks' eggs under hens, the young
birds born from which are at first fed by them as by their
mothers. Marcellus, returning from Agrigenturn, came upon
the enemy, (who were) fortifying (themselves).
(P. 273.) What verbs, though compounded with
prepositions, govern an accusative ?
The town's people kill the centurions and tribunes, in the
midst 4) of the feasts, and afterwards attack the soldiers wan-
dering about unarmed. Conon having attacked the Barbarians
at 5) Cnidus, routs them in a great battle, takes many ships,
sinks several. The Romans did not doubt that they should
make their way 6), at some point, into the city of Syracuse,
which was vast and straggling.7). The river Liris, dividing
itself 8) equally into two parts, washes the sides of the island.
The pinna enters, as it were, into partnership with the squilla
for 9) procuring food. Ajax, such was the spirit which he is
said to have had 10), would rather have encountered death a
thousand times, than suffer the indignities 11) which Ulysses
endured from slaves and maid-servants. I do not understand
what it concerns me 12), that I should undergo the hatred
of those men.
1) Stswo, passive impersonal. 2) PostJiabeo takes an accusative of
the less valued, and a dative of the more valued object. 3) Utilitas.
4) Inter. 5) Apud. 6) Invado. 7) Disjecttu spatio.
8) Part. pcrf. pass. 9) Genitive, 71, 1- note 1. 10) Quo animo tra-
ditttr, 66, (Syntax of Relative) 5, note 1. 11) Contumelia. 12) 71, H.
SECT. Lxx.j Dative Case. 41
(P. 275.) Verbs compounded with ad, con, de, in,
frequently repeat the preposition, or an equivalent
one (in after ad, pro after ante, Sac.)
Timotheus added 1) the glory of learning to military re-
nown. The Macedonians, in a short time, added 2) Asia to
the dominion of Greece. Compare our longest life with
eternity, we shall be found to be of nearly as short duration 3)
as the little animals 4-) which live but one day. There are
many circumstances in which good men make great sacri-
fices of 5) their own convenience. Snatch us from our
miseries; snatch us from the jaws of those whose cruelty
cannot be satiated by our blood. The knowledge of phi-
losophy is included in 6) a perfect orator; eloquence is
not, as a matter of course 7), included in philosophy. In
India a woman is placed along with her husband on the
funeral pile.
(6.) When does sum take a dative ?
Crocodiles have the upper part of the body hard and im-
penetrable ; the under (part), soft and tender. Pleasure can
have no union with virtue. Of all connexions 8), there is
none more important than that which each of us has with the
republic. Do you not know that kings have long hands ?
Even if I have not wanted, as you think, talent for this un-
dertaking, I have certainly wanted learning and leisure.
There was nothing in which Darius was less deficient 9) than
multitude of men.
(71, 1. note 1.) The dative, as denoting acqui-
1) Adjicio. 2) Adj ungo. 3) Prope in ea brevitate.
4) Bcstioke. 5) Detraho. 6) Incssc. 7) Continue.
8) Socictas. !)) ' Nothing was less wanting to Darius.'
42 Dative Case. [SECT. LXX.
sition, is sometimes used where the genitive or a
possessive pronoun might also have been used.
The cause of the poverty of Abdolonymus was his honesty.
The knees of the boldest soldier have trembled a little, when
the signal of battle was given, and the heart of the greatest
commander has palpitated. The whole hope of the people
of Utica was in the Carthaginians ; of the Carthaginians, in
Hasdrubal. The credit of these miracles was never ex-
posed by Scipio himself; nay, rather increased, by a certain
artifice, of neither denying anything of this kind, nor openly
affirming.
(9.) In what sense is the dati\ 7 e used with esse,
projicisci, venire, verier e, dare, &c.
To play on the pipe, to dance, to surpass (one's) fellow-
pupils in science 1), are trifling things in reference to 2) our
customs ; but in Greece they were formerly a great honours).
With what bravery the soldiers of Caesar fought, (this) is a
proof, that the battle being once against them at Dyrrachium,
they spontaneously demanded punishment on themselves.
Alexander, seeing that a long siege would be a great hindrance
to him in regard to other things, sent heralds to the Tyrians. It
is to rue a subject of no less anxiety, what 4) the republic will be
after my death, than what it is now. It was replied to the Ro-
man ambassadors, that Hannibal had no leisure 5), in such a cri-
tical state of affairs 6), to hear embassies. Apply 7) to that pur-
suit in which you are (engaged) ; that you may be an honour to
yourselves, a benefit to your friends, and a gain to the republic.
1) Doctrin(c.\>\. forscientia, especially in the plural, is not used for science,
i. e. a system of philosophical knowledge, but the knowledge of some specific
subject. 2) Ad. 3) Laus. 4) Qualis. 5) Esse opcrcs;
literally, ' that it was not his work ;' i. e. he had something else to do.
(f) Discrimc'u rcrum. 7) Incumbo, p. 275.
SECT. LXXI.] Genitive Case. 43
It was thought 1) cowardice in Q. Hortensius, that he had
never been personally engaged 2) in a civil war. C. Caesar, the
propraetor, marched to the assistance of the province of Gaul,
with his army, and maintained 3) the safety and dignity of the
Roman people at a very difficult crisis of the republic. Medea
persuaded the matrons of Corinth not to 4) impute it to her as
a fault, that 5) she was absent from her country.
SECT. LXXI.
Gejiitive Case.
(2.) How is the genitive used to express that one
thing is the property or quality of another?
The Athenians chose two leaders of the war ; Pericles, a
man of tried merit; and Sophocles, a writer of tragedies. Da-
tames conducted to the king, on the following day, Thyus, a
man of very large stature 6). The Persians, after a dominion
of so many years, patiently received the yoke of slavery. If
your neighbour have a garment of greater value than you have,
would you prefer 7) yours or his? The Caspian Sea, (which is)
sweeter than all others 8), breeds serpents of vast magnitude,
and fishes of very different colour from others. We sometimes
see clouds of a fiery colour; we see a certain part of the hea-
ven grow red at sunrise. Caesar forbade that the camp should
be fortified with a rampart, but ordered a trench of fifteen
feet to be made in front 9) against the enemy. A good man
is characterized by 10) the greatest piety towards the gods.
Caesar adapted the year to the course of the sun, so that it
should consist of 365 days. Virtue is not endowed with such
\}Tribuo. 2) Intcrsum. 3) Subvenio. 4) Me, with subj.
5) Quod, 76, 9. t>) Corpus. 7) Subj. pres. 8) Ccetcri,
all others of the class except that specified; rciiquns, the rest, when one or
more has been taken away. !)) A f conic. 10) ' Is ot.'
44 Genitive Case. [SECT. LXXI.
strength 1) as to be able to defend itself, being exposed 2) to many
and uncertain accidents. Marathus, a freedman of Augustus,
writes that his stature was five feet and three fourths 3). It
is doubtful whether the campaigns 4) of Pompey were more glo-
rious or laborious 5). There was in the Roman army L. Mar-
cius, a youth of spirit and talent considerably greater than
was proportioned 6) to the rank in which he was born.
(3.) With what words is the genitive used parti-
tively ?
Mithridates, the last of the independent 7) kings, except the
Parthian, was crushed, under the auspices of Pompey, by the
treachery of his son Pharnaces. On the right and left, about
two hundred, the noblest of his kinsmen 8), accompanied
Darius. The last of all the Roman kings was Tarquinius, to
whom the name Superbus 9) was given, from his character.
Of all the Greek arts, medicine alone is not practised by Roman
dignity 10), though so profitable 11). Of animals 12), some
are defended with hides, some clothed with shaggy fleeces 13),
some bristled with spines ; we see some covered with plumage,
others with scales 14). Of all unions none is more excellent,
none more firm, than when good men of similar character are
united in intimate friendship. There are two approaches from
Syria into Cilicia, each of which, on account of its narrow-
ness 1 5), can be blocked up by a small body of troops. It is un-
certain how long the life of each of us will be. The Roman
power was so strong 16), that it was a match in war for any one
of the neighbouring states. Of insects, some have two wings 17)
1) Vis, plur. 2) Subjicio. 3) 84, iii. 4) Militia, sing.
5) ' Of greater labour or glory.' 6) Quam pro, 72, 13. note 3.
7) Sui juris. 8) Propingui. 9) 70, 6. 10) Say, * Roman
dignity does not practise.' 11) In tantofructu. 12) Animans, p. 36.
13) Villus. 14) This and the preceding word in the sing. 15) An-
gustifK ; in this sense used, if not exclusively, most frequently in the plural.
16) Validus. 17) Pinna.
SECT. LXXI.] Genitive Case. 45
each, as flies; some four, as bees. The greatest of benefits
are those which we receive from our parents, while we are
either unconscious 1) or unwilling. The city of Syracuse is
the largest and most beautiful of all the Grecian cities. The
most excellent kings of the Persians were Cyrus and Darius,
son of Hystaspes : the former of these fell in battle among the
Massagetae. Lynxes see 2) most clearly of all quadrupeds.
There were, in the time of Phocion, two parties at Athens ; one
of which took 3) the part of the people; the other, of the nobles.
(4.) With what adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs,
is the genitive used ?
The colonists who were taken to Capua, when they were
breaking up 4) the very ancient sepulchres for Building their
farm-houses, found a considerable quantity 5) of vases of an-
cient workmanship. When Attalus had bought a picture of
Aristides for 600,000 sesterces 6), Mummius, suspecting that
there was some merit in it which he did not understand 7), re-
called the picture (i. e. did not allow it to go to the purchaser).
The valley (being) narrow, as before said, would not contain 8)
all the forces; about two thirds 9) of the infantry, all the
cavalry, descended to battle; what remained of the infantry
took post on the slope of the hill. Homer would not, as
early as 10) the times of Troy 11), have attributed so much
praise, in speaking, to Ulysses and Nestor, if eloquence had
not even then been honoured 12). Augustus had clear and
brilliant eyes, in which he wished it to be thought that there
was a certain divine vigour. Through the hope of an inheri-
1) Nescio, with ace. 2) Cerno. 3) Ago. 4) Disjicio.
5) Aliquantiim. 6) 84, p. 429. 7) 76, 8. 8) Capio ; here used
in the imperfect indicative, as the verb denotes the capacity of the object,
considered in itself without reference to a trial. 9) Partes; so tres
paries would be three out of four, &c. 10) Jam. 11) 71, 1. note 4.
12) 'If honour had not been to eloquence.'
46 Genitive Case. [SECT. LXXI.
tance, what hardship 1) in servitude is not endured? Our
domestic dramas 2) have something of severity, and are of a
middle kind between tragedy and comedy. Can anything be
more absurd than, in proportion as less of the journey remains,
to seek the more provision for it ? I give you the same
advice as myself, to avoid the eyes of men, if we cannot so
easily their tongues. Crassus, along with the greatest courtesy,
had also sufficient severity. Caesar was wont to say, that lie
had long since acquired abundance of power and glory. In
many places, truth has too little stability 3) and too little
strength. We approve young men in whom there is something
of the old man 4-), and an old man in whom there is something
of the youth. Is it not misery enough for Roscius, that he has
cultivated his estates for others, not for himself?
(5.) What are relative adjectives, and what case do
they govern ? When do participles govern a geni-
tive ?
Pyrrhus was skilful in war, and what 5) is not easily found
in a tyrant, not luxurious, not avaricious, in short, passion-
ately fond 6) of nothing except sole 7) and perpetual power.
This creature 8) whom we call man, of so many kinds of living
beings, is alone partaker of reason and thought, of which all
the others are destitute. Thales, the wisest man among the
seven, said that men ought to think that all things which were
seen 9) were full of Deity 10). Pompey was almost free from
faults, were it not reckoned among the greatest, to disdain to
]) Iniquitas. 2) Togata, sc.fabula, a play in which Roman cha-
racters were introduced and Roman costume observed, opposed to the
palliata, or Greek drama. 3) Firmamentum. 4) Senilis.
5) 66, (Syntax of Rel.) 1. 6) Cupidus, as ni/til has no genitive (niJdli
being only used of value), nulla res must be used where cases are to be
expressed. 7) Singidaris. 8) Animal. !)) Cerno, 76, 8.
10) Dens.
SECT. Lxxi.j (lenitive Case. 47
behold any equal in dignity in a free state. Around the mo-
ther of Darius stood 1) a great crowd of noble females, with
hair torn and garments rent 2), forgetful of their former di-
stinction 3). Alexander, by no means unskilled 4-) in ma-
naging the minds of the soldiers, declares that the visible
form 5) of Hercules had presented itself to him in his sleep,
stretching out the hand 6). The Romans, that they might
more quickly become possessed of the victory, considered 7)
what was the method of transporting the goddess of Pessinus 8)
to Rome. Maroboduus allowed not Italy to be indifferent 9)
to his aggrandizement 10). Epaminondas was so much a
lover of truth, that he did not utter a falsehood even in jest.
Darius, unable to bear the truth, ordered a guest and a sup-
pliant, (who was) at that very moment 11) giving him useful
advice 12), to be dragged away to capital punishment. Our
age is not so barren of virtue as not to have produced good
examples also. Gaul was so fertile of produce and men, that
the abundant population seemed scarcely capable 13) of being
controlled. Cicero grieved because he had lost by death
Hortensius, the partner 14) of his glorious labour. The
island of Pharos is not capable of containing a large city.
We are, by nature, most tenacious of those things which
we learn 15) in our inexperienced years.
(6 ) What are the principal verbs of remembering,
and their construction ?
The general of the Helvetii exhorted Caesar to remember 1 6)
both the former discomfiture 17) of the Roman people and the
1) Constiterat, i. e. had placed themselves. 2) Abl. abs. 3) Decus.
4) Rudis, with gerund, 71 } 1. note 1. 5) Species. 6) Dejctra.
7) Cugito ; historic inf. 78, 8. 8) Pessinus -ntis. Adj. Pessinuntius.
9) Securus. 10) lucrcmentum. 11) Tune maxime, 12) Suadco (with
neut. plur.), because it means advice to action. 13) Posse. 14) Con-
sors. 15) Pcrcipio. 16) Ut with subj. 78, 10. b. 17) Clades.
48 Genitive Case. [SECT. LXXI.
ancient valour of the Helvetii. A wicked man will some time
or other remember, with sorrow, his criminal deeds. Caesar
exhorted the JEdui to forget their controversies and dis-
sensions.
Always remember this, that the wise man who cannot benefit
himself is wise to no purpose. All men cannot be Scipios or
Fabii, so as to call to mind the capture 1) of cities, engage-
ments by land and sea 2), and 3) triumphs. Curio suddenly
forgot his whole cause, and said that it had happened through
the magic arts 4) and enchantments of Titinia.
(8.) What are the genitives used with verbs of
valuing, buying, and selling ?
The Romans did not allow the nations beyond the Alps 5) to
plant the olive and the vine, that the oliveyards and vineyards
of Italy might be of more value. Cato, leaving Africa, brought
with him 6) the poet Ennius, which I reckon as highly 7) as
any Sardinian triumph whatever. When Theophrastus asked
an old woman 8) for how much she sold something, and she
answered him, and added, " Stranger, I cannot (do it) for less;"
he was offended that he had not escaped the appearance of a
stranger, though he spent his life 9) at Athens, and spoke very
well. It has been well said that the value of an army depends
on that of the general 10). Canius, eager and rich, bought the
gardens for as much as Pythias wished, and on the fol-
lowing day invites his friends. It is most disgraceful to
think what seems 11) useful, of more value than what is vir-
tuous. Now that I know the value of the farm, I will rather
1) Plur. p. 44. 2) Pedester et navalis. 3) Ut must be
repeated with each member. 4) Veneficium. 5) Adj. 6) Deduco.
7) Not of less value than. 8) Anicula ; such diminutives being used where
a person is spoken of with depreciation. 9) JEtatem ago. 10) ' That
the army is of so much value as the general.' 11) 76, 12. b.
SECT. LXXI.] Genitive Case. 49
bring forward 1 ) a bidder than that it should be sold for too
little. I know what a storm of popular odiutn2) impends over
me, if this man takes the resolution 3) to go into exile; but it
is worth my while, provided the calamity be confined to me 4).
Epicurus reckons nothing of pain : for he says, that if he were
burnt, he should say, How pleasant this is ! If any one now
pay only the same 5) house-rent as the augur Emilius Le-
pidus, 150 years ago 6), he is scarcely acknowledged as a sena-
tor. What is necessary is well purchased at whatever price.
(9.) Verbs of accusing, condemning, and acquit-
ting, take a genitive of the crime or offence.
Thrasybulus proposed a law, that no one should be accused
nor fined for things previously done. Some persons, if they
have spoken rather cheerfully in affliction, charge 7) themselves
with a crime, because they have intermitted grieving. We
justly condemn soothsayers either of folly or falsehood 8). The
judges were so provoked 9) with the answer of Socrates, that
they capitally condemned a most innocent man. Ccelius, the
judge, acquitted of injury him who had libelled 10) the poet
Lucilius, by name, upon the stage. You have brought yourself
to such a situation, that, before you convict me of a change of
judgement 11), you confess yourself to be convicted, by your
own judgement, of the greatest negligence. The informer
accused 12) of treason Apuleia Varilia, granddaughter of the
sister of Augustus. Caesar accused 13) of extortion Cornelius
Dolabella, a man of consular dignity, and who had enjoyed a
triumph 14). These two things convict most persons of in-
1) Appono. 2) Invidia. 3) Animum inducere, p. 260.
4) Privatus. 5) * Only ' need not be expressed in Latin ; for tantus,
like ita, 76, 6, a., may diminish as well as increase the amount spoken of.
6) 72, 11. c. 7) Insimulo. 8) Vanitas. 9) Exardeo.
10) Lesdo. 11) 79) 3. 12) Arcesso, properly, ' to summon.'
13) Postulo. 14) Vir consularis et triumphalis.
E
50 Genitive Case. [SECT. LXXI.
constancy or weakness : if they despise a friend in prosperity,
or desert (him) in adversity.
(10.) How are esse and fieri used with a geni-
tive ?
It belongs to a great 1) citizen to foresee impending changes
in government. Hamilcar said, that it did not suit with his
valour to deliver up to his adversaries the arms which he had
received for the annoyance of 2) the enemy. What you can-
not do, that either promise goodhumouredly, or refuse ingenu-
ously; one 3) of which is the business of an honest man, the
other of a good canvasser. It seems to belong peculiarly 4) to
a wise man to determine who is a wise man. The inexpensive-
ness of Augustus' furniture appears even now, his couches and
tables still existing 5), most of which are hardly elegant enough
for a private person 6). Tyre, founded by Agenor, brought
under its dominion not only the neighbouring sea, but every
one which 7) its fleets visited. It would be tedious 8), and not
suitable to the work which I have undertaken, to discuss what
Roman 9) first received a crown. Anger, on account of an-
other's fault, is characteristic of a narrow mind 10), nor will
Virtue ever be guilty of 1 1 ) imitating faults, while she represses
them. Tiberius wrote back to the prefects, who recom-
mended 12) that the provinces should be loaded with tributes,
" It is the duty of a good shepherd to shear his sheep, not to
flay them." All those things which were the woman's become
the man's under the name of dowry. Pergamus, Ephesus,
Miletus, in short, all Asia, came into the power of the Roman
people.
1) After magnus insert quidam, which Cicero frequently uses with his
epithets, Gr., p. 247. 2) Adversus. 3) Gr., p. 67. note 1. 4) Vel
maxime. 5) Reliquis, 79, 7. 6) * Of private elegance.' 7) Qui-
cunque. 8) 75, 1. note 2. 9) 71, 3. 10) Pectus. 11) Committo ut.
12) Part. pres.
SECT. Lxxi.j Ablative Case. 51
(II.) What is the construction of interest and
refert ? What other construction may be used beside
the genitive ? How is the degree of importance
expressed? (Note I.)
It is more for the interest of the republic, that a Ligiirian
fortress 1) should be taken, than that the cause of M. Curius
should be well defended. I will show how much it concerns
the common safety, that there should be two consuls in the
state. We inform our absent friends by letters, if there be
anything which it concerns either us or themselves that they
should know. This very much concerns you, O judges, that
the causes of honest men should not be estimated by 2) the
enmity or falsehood of witnesses. It makes a great difference,
whom any one hears constantly 3) at home, how fathers, peda-
gogues, and even mothers, speak. Whether 4) a pilot upsets
a ship laden with gold or chaff 5) makes some little differ-
ence in the thing itself; none in the ignorance of the pilot.
Alexander, having long struggled in vain with the knots, said,
" It matters nothing how it is untied," and cut 6) the thongs
with his sword.
SECT. LXXII.
Ablative Case.
(1.) How is the ablative used with an active,
transitive, or deponent verb ?
The wise man is accustomed to measure the use of money,
not by its magnitude, but its rational employment 7). The
1) ' Of the Ligurians.' 2) Ponderari ex 3) Quotidie.
4) P. 219, modes of double question : No. 12. 5) A ship of gold
or chaff.' 6) Rtimpo. 7) Ratio.
E 2
52 Ablative Case. [SECT. LXXII.
Roman king, when the enemy was conquered, tore in pieces,
by means of swift horses, Mettius Fufetius, the breaker of the
treaty. The soldiers who had surrounded the assembly,
clashed with their swords on their shields, and the voice of the
crier was heard calling 1) the names of the condemned (per-
sons). It is to be feared lest they expiate the impiety 2) which
they have committed, not only with their own blood, but even
by public calamity 3). The light-house 4) guides the course of
ships by nightly fires from its tower. Timanthes, wishing to
express the size of the sleeping Cyclops, painted satyrs near
(him), measuring his thumb with a thyrsus. The Roman re-
public was established by the genius, not of one (man), but of
many.
How is it used with the passive voice (or with
neuter and neuter passive verbs) ?
The Roman people was registered by Servius Tullius, ar-
ranged into classes, and distributed in wards 5) and colleges ;
and the whole republic ordered by the very great diligence of
the king. Augustus removed Pylades from the city and from
Italy, because he had pointed out with his finger, and made
conspicuous, a spectator by whom he was hissed 6). Alexander
was carried off by disease at Babylon; Philip was killed near
the theatre by Pausanias, when he was going to see the games.
The king of the Parthians, terrified by the renown of Nero, sent
his children as hostages to Caesar. No tree can be planted of
such long duration 7) by the culture of a husbandman as by the
verse of a poet. A public slave was sent with a sword to kill
Marius, who had been taken by that commander in the Cim-
brian war. Keep 8) wine from warm dispositions, lest, as Plato
says, fire be excited by fire. Athenagoras was beaten with rods,
1) Cito. 2) Piaculum. 3) Clades. 4) Pharos. 5) Curia.
6) Imperf. 7) Diuturnus. 8) Subtraho, 76, 5.
SECT. LXXII.] Ablative Case. 53
who had dared to export corn in a famine. The expectation
of a gladiatorial show 1) had increased by means of rumour,
and by the talk of the competitors. Fabricius being asked why
he voted for Rufinus as consul 2), a bad man, but an able 3)
general, when war was impending, replied, " that he had rather
be plundered by a fellow-citizen than be sold 4) by an enemy."
Adjectives which express a passive state take an ab-
lative, without a preposition, of the cause and instru-
ment by which it has been produced.
A saying 5) of Caesar's is preserved 6), to the pilot, alarmed
by the greatness of the danger ; " What dost thou fear ? Thou
hast Caesar on board ! " The Macedonian army was ready to halt
and to follow ; not overloaded with baggage ; attentive, not only
to the signal, but even to the nod of the general. Alexander
came next 7) toSidon,a town famous 8) for its antiquity and the
renown of its founders. Men, suffering 9) by a severe disease,
when they are made restless 10) by heat and fever, seem at
first to be relieved by drinking 1 1 ) cold water. Every one 12)
ought to be content with that time which is given him to
live 13). Epicurus affirms that the gods are furnished with
human limbs.
(10.) The ablative (if consisting of a substantive and
adjective) is joined with verbs and adjectives to ex-
press the manner in which an effect is produced.
On the death of Marcius, L. Tarquinius was created king,
with all the votes of the people. A camp-servant was once
found near the bed-chamber of Augustus, girt with a hunting-
1) Munus. 2) Suffragio suofacere. 3) Utilis. 4) Veneo.
5) Vox. 6) Exsto. 7) Inde. 8) Inclytus. 9) Mger.
10) Jactor. 11) ' If they shall have drunk.' 12) Quod cuiqueeo.
13) 80, 5.
54 Ablative Case. [SECT. LXXII.
knife. Betis, looking at Alexander, not only with an un-
daunted but even contumacious countenance, uttered no word
in answer to his threats. Dionysius sent a ship adorned with
garlands 1) to meet Plato; and himself, in a chariot of four
white horses 2), received him on the shore when he landed.
The fountain of the river Marsyas, running from the summit of
the mountain, falls on a rock below with a great noise of (its)
waters, and diffusing itself 3) thence, waters the surrounding
plains. The wife of a barbarian king, with a memorable ex-
ample, escaped from custody, and carried back to her husband
the head of the centurion torn off. A good man retains, with
unfading 4) memory, benefits received; those which he has
himself conferred (he retains), as long as he who has received
them is grateful. I came in a very heavy 5) rain to Capua,
the day before the nones ; the consuls had not yet arrived,
but were about to arrive.
(10.) In this case the preposition cum is frequently
joined with the ablative.
The Roman commander walked in the gymnasium, in a cloak
and slippers, and gave his attention 6) to the palaestra. The
sediles divided to the people, with the greatest fidelity and popu-
larity, a large quantity of corn which P. Scipio had sent from
Africa. The Romans borrowed 7 ) their armour and weapons
of war from the Samnites ; the insignia of their magistrates,
chiefly 8) from the Tuscans: and executed with the greatest
zeal, at home, what appeared useful among allies or enemies.
(10.) When substantives alone, without adjective
or pronoun, are used to denote the manner, the pre-
position cum is generally used.
1) Vittatus. 2) Quadiiga alba. 3) P. 77. note. 4) Immortalis.
5) Maximus. 6) Operam do- 7) Sumo. 8) Pleraque.
SECT. LXXII.] Ablative Case. 55
Isocrates, as he perceived that orators were heard with severe
judgement I), but poets with pleasure, is said to have culti-
vated 2) a rhythm, which we might use even in prose 3). The
Romans sent ambassadors to the consuls, to announce 4-) to
them, that they should collect with care the relics of the two
armies. We are so formed 5) by nature, that those things
which we have written with labour we think are also heard
with labour.
(10. note.) The ablative of the substantive is some-
times used without a preposition to denote the manner.
Augustus played at dice, marbles, or nuts, with boys of little
stature 6), whom he collected from all quarters, especially
Moors and Syrians. It was ascertained 7) that a child had
been born at Sinuessa, of doubtful sex, between male and
female ; arid that it had rained milk ; and that a boy had been
born with the head of an elephant. The Roman people placed
statues in every quarter 8) to Marius, and performed a suppli-
cation 9) for him with incense and wine. Danaus first came
from Egypt to Greece on shipboard.
(3.) How is a defining and limiting circumstance
expressed ?
lam inclined to think that 10), in eloquence, C. Gracchus
has no equal ; he is grand in diction, wise in sentiment, digni-
fied in his whole style 11). The wild bees are rough in their
appearance, much more passionate, but excellent in labour.
1) Severitas. 2) Sequor. 3) Oratio; here, as often, opposed
to verse, without any addition, these being the two great classes of com-
position. 4) 76, 12., h. 5) Comparatum est. 6) Parvulus.
7) Satis constat. 8) Picatim ; vicus was not a street, but a district or
quarter of the town. 9) Supplico ; applied either to solemn petitions
for some national prosperity, or thanks for its bestowment. 10) P. 220.
11) Genus.
56 Ablative Cane. [SECT. LXXII,
Pamphilus was a Macedonian by nation, and was the first
painter who 1 ) was skilled in all scientific attainments 2),
especially arithmetic and geometry, without which he said that
the art could not be perfected. When Augustus was supping
with one of his veterans at Bologna, he asked him whether it
were true that the man who had first violated the statue of
Anaitis had died blind and paralytic 3). He answered, that
Augustus was supping, at that very moment 4-), offalegof the
statue. Tullia, the wife of Tarquinius, was not dissimilar in
her character : who, to salute her husband king, drove her
affrighted horses over her bleeding father. The Roman state
passed 5) its infancy under seven kings, as various in their dis-
position as the benefit of the republic demanded. The lieu-
tenant of Metellus was C. Marius, born of equestrian rank 6),
pure in his life, excellent in war, most pernicious in peace. The
Lacedaemonian Agesilaus was king in name, not in power, like
the rest of the Spartans. Socrates, according to the testimony
of all learned men, and the judgement of all Greece, was the
prince of philosophers. We ought not to judge of benevolence,
according to the manner of young men, by a certain fervour
of love, but rather by steadiness and constancy. We dissent
widely from those who, like 7) brute animals, refer everything
to pleasure. Nothing is more scandalous than a man advanced
in age, who has no other argument by which to prove that he
has lived long than his age. Ennius was older than Plautus
and Naevius.
(4.) What are the principal verbs, participles, and
adjectives, which express plenty, want, abundance,
privation, &c. ?
Romulus chose a place for his city, both abounding in springs
1) 66, (Synt. of Rel.) 5. note 2. 2) Litters. 3) < Seized in eyes and
limbs.' 4) Turn maxima. 5) Habeo. 6; 72, 12. note. 7) Ritu>
SECT. LXXII.] Ablative Case. 57
and healthy, in a pestilential district : for the hills are them-
selves swept by the winds, and afford shade to the valleys. He
placed it on the bank of a river, discharging itself into the sea,
that it might receive (that) from the sea which it needed 1), and
give (that) of which it had a superfluity 2). Mute animals are
destitute of the affections of men; but they have certain impulses
resembling them. What will that man who fears only a wit-
ness, do, when he has got in his power 3), in a desert place,
(one) whom he can strip of a large sum of gold ? Apelles
painted a picture 4) of king Antigonus, wanting one eye, and
made it oblique, that the deficiency of the body might seem
rather a deficiency in the picture. The people of Minturnae 5)
putMarius on shipboard, furnished with travelling expenses and
garments raised by contribution 6). Pleminius put the tribunes
to death, and, not glutted with their punishment while living,
cast them forth unburied. Almost the whole of Spain abounds
7) with mines of lead, iron, brass, silver, (and) gold. No part
of life can be exempt from duty. The mind can never be free
from agitation and movement. Cato, exempt from all human
faults, always had fortune in his own power.
(2.) When is the cost or price put in the ablative
case ?
Sejus, during a dearth of corn, gave the people a bushel for
an as. Chrysogonus bought a vessel of Corinthian brass, for so
great a price, that those who heard the price reckoned, thought
a farm was selling 8). I know that a white nightingale (which is
a thing almost unheard of) was sold for six thousand sesterces 9),
for a present 10) to Agrippina, the wife of Claudius. There ex-
ists a citron-wood table of M. Cicero, purchased for a million
1) 76, 9. 2) Redundo. 3) Nanciscor. 4) Imago.
5) Minturnensis. 6) Collates. 7) Scateo. 8) Inf. present passive,
78, 1. 9) Of the Roman reckoning of money, see 84, ii. 10) ' Which
should be given as a present ;' 70, 9.
58 Ablative Case. L SECT>LXXII
sesterces ; and one of AsiniusGallus, for eleven hundred thou-
sand sesterces. On the part of Alexander, five hundred and
four were wounded, only 1) thirty-two of the infantry were
missing; one hundred and fifty of the cavalry were killed: so
little loss did so great a victory cost. The vindication of
liberty cost Cicero his life 2).
(5.) What is the construction of opus est (' there is
need of) ?
We need magistrates, without whose prudence and diligence
the city cannot exist 3). Where testimonies of facts are at
hand, what need is there of words? The body needs much
food, much drink, much oil, lastly, long labour; virtue will
be your portion 4<)j without expense.
What do you need in order to be good ? To will. Atticus
gave all things from his own property which his friends needed.
Verres said that many things were necessary for himself, many
for the dogs which he had 5) about him.
(6.) What deponent verbs take an ablative ?
Augustus scarcely ever 6) used any other than a home-made
garment, made by his wife and sister and daughter and grand-
daughters. Tiberius enjoyed 7) excellent health, although,
from the thirtieth year of his age, he managed it at his own
pleasure, without aid or ad vice of physicians. Hannibal, having
possessed himself of the ring of Marcellus, along with his body,
sent letters to Salapia, drawn up 8) in his name. There is a
certain race of men which is called Helots, of whom a great
multitude tills the fields of the Lacedaemonians^ and discharges
the duty of slaves. Nature impels 9) us to favour those who
1) Omnino. 2) The ablative of price is, in the Latin, not vita, but
morte. 3) Esse. 4) Contingo. 5) 76, 8.
6) Non tcmere. 7) Ulor prospera. 8) Composite. 9) Fero.
SECT.LXXII.] Ablative Case. 59
are entering on the same dangers which we have gone through.
The wise man both remembers past things with gratitude 1),
and so enjoys present things, as to perceive how great and how
pleasant they are. Nature gave either strength or fleetness to
those animals 2), whose food it was to live on other animals 3).
We see that the blessings 4-) which we possess, the light which
we enjoy, and the breath which we draw, are given and im-
parted to us by God.
(70 What adjectives take an ablative case ? N.B.
alienus, which is commonly reckoned with these,
belongs to (4.), pr&ditus and contentus to (3.).
It is unworthy of God to do anything in vain, and without a
motive 5). The virtue of excellent men is worthy of imitation,
not of envy. I think the man who has no sense of shame 6),
worthy, not only of blame, but of punishment. Relying on
your intelligence, I discourse more briefly than the cause
requires. Most persons, trusting to their talent, think and
speak at once; but certainly they would speak considerably
better if they took 7) one time for thinking, another for
speaking.
(8.) When do verbs which denote a local sepa-
ration take an ablative, with or without a preposi-
tion ? When must a preposition be joined with
them ?
Marius in his seventieth year, being dragged from a bed of
reeds, in 8) which he had hidden himself, was taken to the
prison of Minturnae by the command of the duumvir. Publius
Laenas hurled S. Lucilius from the Tarpeian Rock, and when
1) Grate. 2) Bestia. 3) Begin this sentence thus :
bestiis: 66, (Synt. of Rel.) 4. 4) Commoda. 5) Causa.
6) Pudct, 71, 7. 7) 'Took to themselves.' 8) Ace. 69, 9, note.
60 Ablative Case. [SECT. LXXII.
his colleagues had fled to Sylla, forbade 1) them fire and
water. The children of the proscribed, excluded from their
paternal property, were also forbidden the right of being com-
petitors for honours. The agents of Sylla being in search of
Caesar to put him to death 2), he changed his garments, and
stole by night from the city. The ibises avert pestilence from
Egypt, by killing and consuming the winged serpents. The
Lacedaemonians desisted from their long contention, and spon-
taneously yielded to Athens the supremacy of the sea 3). By
my own grief, O Romans, I warded off, from you and your
children, devastation, conflagration 4), rapine 5). The Portian
law forbade the rod to be applied to the body of any Roman
citizen 6). P. Claudius, when the chickens, set free from the
coop, would not feed, ordered them to be plunged in water 7),
that, as they would not eat, they might drink.
(8.) What verbs take an ablative without a prepo-
sition ?
Manlins repeatedly said 8) that the treasures of Gallic gold
were hidden by the senators ; and that, if that matter were
exposed 9), the people might be released from their debt. " De-
part in friendship 1 0) ; relieve the city of a, perhaps, ground-
less fear." The performance of these expiations 11), according
to the Sibylline Books, in great measure freed the minds of
the Romans from superstitious fear 12).
(8.) What verbs denoting a difference are usually
joined with a preposition?
1) 70, 4. note 2. p. 273. 2) Ad necem. 3) Imperil maritimi princi-
patus. 4) Plur. 5) Plur. 6) ' Removed rods from the body of all
the Roman citizens.' 7) 69, 9. note. 8) Jacio. 9) Palamfio.
10) Amicus. The imperative takes its subject in the vocative, but its predi-
cate in the nominative. 1 1) Hcec procurata, 79, 3. Procure, in the
religious language of the Romans, meant doing anything which tended to
remove the ominous effect of a supernatural occurrence. 12) Religio.
SECT. LXXII.J Ablative Case. 61
Poets have raised 1) a question, what that was in which they
themselves differed from orators? Your plans 2) will not differs)
at all from mine. Cato, when he gave his opinion in the
senate, was accustomed to discuss grave topics of philosophy,
remote 3) from forensic use. Malevolent persons, ignorant of
my steadiness, endeavoured to alienate my affection from you.
There is great danger lest the knights, if they should obtain
nothing, should be entirely alienated from the senate. The life
of man is very widely removed from the life 4) of brutes. All
artifices must be taken away, and that mischievous cunning 5)
which wishes to seem 6) prudence, but is very widely re-
moved from it.
(9.) How is the ablative used with esse, or with a
substantive without esset In this case, what must
be joined with the ablative ?
Among the Romans, scribes were deemed mercenaries ; but
among the Greeks, no one was admitted to this office, except
of respectable birth and known fidelity and industry. Cato was
characterized in all things by singular sagacity and industry :
for he was a skilful farmer, learned in the law, and a great com-
mander and a respectable 7) orator. Augustus was informed
of what age, stature, and complexion 8) every one was who
visited his daughter Julia. Caesar sent to Ariovistus, Valerius,
a young man of the highest valour and amiable manners 9).
Caesar is said to have been of tall stature, fair complexion, dark
eyes, and sound 10) health. Good health is pleasanter to those
who have recovered from a severe disease, than those who have
1) Affero. 2) Rationes. 3) Abhorreo. 4) Victus.
5) Malitia, defined by Cicero " Versuta et fallax nocendi ratio." 6) ' Wishes
that itself should seem/ 78, 7- note 3. 7) I'robabilis, one who
deserves approbation, but not high admiration. 8) Color.
9) Humanitas. 10) Prosperus (very rare in the nominative sing, masc.,
either in this form or that of prosper).
62 Ablative Case. [SECT. LXXII.
never had a sickly body. Marcellus laboured under unfavour-
able reports 1) (in addition to the circumstance that 2) he
had fought badly) because he had led his soldiers to quarters
atVenusia 3) in the middle of summer. Curio was so devoid
of memory, that often when he had laid down three heads 4)
in his discourse, he added a fourth.
(11. 0.) How is the point of time expressed?
Who is there that c 
